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The final first edition should be on -file around midnight, October 31, 1993. - -As usual, the margination in these reports may be rough, and another -edition should appear, somewhat neater in appearance, as a Gutenberg -volunteer will probably start work on this shortly. - -This file has been edited in such a manner as to delete redundancies -[some, not all] and extra spaces [some, not all], enough that a file -from Project Gutenberg should be enough smaller that storarge/search -requirements should be reduced by 15 to 20%. - -To search for information on a specific country from the list below, -search for *country: *Afganistan, for example. You can also search -directly for one of the categories of that country as follows: - -*Afghanistan, Geography -*Afghanistan, People -*Afghanistan, Government -*Afghanistan, Economy -*Afghanistan, Communications -*Afghanistan, Defense Forces - - -*The Project Gutenberg Edition of the 1993 CIA World Factbook* - - - -Central Intelligence Agency - -The World Factbook 1993 - -Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations -A -Afghanistan -Albania -Algeria -American Samoa -Andorra -Angola -Anguilla -Antarctica -Antigua and Barbuda -Arctic Ocean -Argentina -Armenia -Aruba -Ashmore and Cartier Islands -Atlantic Ocean -Australia -Austria -Azerbaijan - -B -Bahamas, The -Bahrain -Baker Island -Bangladesh -Barbados -Bassas da India -Belarus -Belgium -Belize -Benin -Bermuda -Bhutan -Bolivia -Bosnia and Herzegovina -Botswana -Bouvet Island -Brazil -British Indian Ocean Territory -British Virgin Islands -Brunei -Bulgaria -Burkina -Burma -Burundi - -C -Cambodia -Cameroon -Canada -Cape Verde -Cayman Islands -Central African Republic -Chad -Chile -China (also see separate Taiwan entry) -Christmas Island -Clipperton Island -Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Colombia -Comoros -Congo -Cook Islands -Coral Sea Islands -Costa Rica -Cote d'Ivoire -Croatia -Cuba -Cyprus -Czech Republic - -D -Denmark -Djibouti -Dominica -Dominican Republic - -E -Ecuador -Egypt -El Salvador -Equatorial Guinea -Eritrea -Estonia -Ethiopia -Europa Island - -F -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Faroe Islands -Fiji -Finland -France -French Guiana -French Polynesia -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -G -Gabon -Gambia, The -Gaza Strip -Georgia -Germany -Ghana -Gibraltar -Glorioso Islands -Greece -Greenland -Grenada -Guadeloupe -Guam -Guatemala -Guernsey -Guinea -Guinea-Bissau -Guyana - -H -Haiti -Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Holy See (Vatican City) -Honduras -Hong Kong -Howland Island -Hungary - -I -Iceland -India -Indian Ocean -Indonesia -Iran -Iraq -Ireland -Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank -entries) -Italy - -J -Jamaica -Jan Mayen -Japan -Jarvis Island -Jersey -Johnston Atoll -Jordan (also see separate West Bank entry) -Juan de Nova Island - -K -Kazakhstan -Kenya -Kingman Reef -Kiribati -Korea, North -Korea, South -Kuwait -Kyrgyzstan - -L -Laos -Latvia -Lebanon -Lesotho -Liberia -Libya -Liechtenstein -Lithuania -Luxembourg - -M -Macau -Macedonia -Madagascar -Malawi -Malaysia -Maldives -Mali -Malta -Man, Isle of -Marshall Islands -Martinique -Mauritania -Mauritius -Mayotte -Mexico -Micronesia, Federated States of -Midway Islands -Moldova -Monaco -Mongolia -Montserrat -Morocco -Mozambique - -N -Namibia -Nauru -Navassa Island -Nepal -Netherlands -Netherlands Antilles -New Caledonia -New Zealand -Nicaragua -Niger -Nigeria -Niue -Norfolk Island -Northern Mariana Islands -Norway - -O -Oman - -P -Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the -Pacific Ocean 2 -Pakistan -Palmyra Atoll -Panama -Papua New Guinea -Paracel Islands -Paraguay -Peru -Philippines -Pitcairn Islands -Poland -Portugal -Puerto Rico - -Q -Qatar - -R -Reunion -Romania -Russia -Rwanda - -S -Saint Helena -Saint Kitts and Nevis -Saint Lucia -Saint Pierre and Miquelon -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -San Marino -Sao Tome and Principe -Saudi Arabia -Senegal -Serbia and Montenegro -Seychelles -Sierra Leone -Singapore -Slovakia -Slovenia -Solomon Islands -Somalia -South Africa -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -Spain -Spratly Islands -Sri Lanka -Sudan -Suriname -Svalbard -Swaziland -Sweden -Switzerland -Syria - -T -Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe -Tajikistan -Tanzania -Thailand -Togo -Tokelau -Tonga -Trinidad and Tobago -Tromelin Island -Tunisia -Turkey -Turkmenistan -Turks and Caicos Islands -Tuvalu - -U -Uganda -Ukraine -United Arab Emirates -United Kingdom -United States -Uruguay -Uzbekistan - -V -Vanuatu -Venezuela -Vietnam -Virgin Islands - -W -Wake Island -Wallis and Futuna -West Bank -Western Sahara -Western Samoa -World - -Y -Yemen - -Z -Zaire -Zambia -Zimbabwe -Taiwan - -Appendixes -A: The United Nations System -B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups -C: International Organizations and Groups -D: Weights and Measures -E: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names - -Reference Maps -The World -North America -Central America and the -Caribbean -South America -Europe -Ethnic Groups in Eastern -Europe -Middle East -Africa -Asia -Commonwealth of Independent States-- -European States -Commonwealth of Independent States--Central Asian States -Southeast Asia -Oceania -Arctic Region -Antarctic Region -Standard Time Zones of the World - -There have been some significant changes in this edition. Czechoslovakia has -been superseded by the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Eritrea gained independence -from Ethiopia. The name of the Ivory Coast has been changed to Cote d'Ivoire and -the Vatican City became the Holy See. New entries include Location, Map -references, Abbreviation (often substituted for the country name), and Digraph -(two-letter country code). Names is a new entry which includes long and short -forms of both conventional and local names of countries as well as any former -names. Most diacritical marks have been omitted. The electronic files used to -produce the Factbook have been restructured into a database. As a result, the -formats of some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changes -will occur in the 1994 Factbook. Irrigated land is a new entry with the data -separate from the Land use entry. The Disputes entry is now International -disputes. The GNP/GDP entry was renamed National Product and the per capita and -real growth rate data placed in separate entries. Similar changes were made in -the Population and Diplomatic Representation entries. - -Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for international organizations and groups) - -avdp. -avoirdupois - -c.i.f. -cost, insurance, and freight - -CY -calendar year - -DWT -deadweight ton - -est. -estimate - -Ex-Im -Export-Import Bank of the United States - -f.o.b. -free on board - -FRG -Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3 -October 1990 or CY91 - -FY -fiscal year - -GDP -gross domestic product - -GDR -German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3 -October 1990 or CY91 - -GNP -gross national product - -GRT -gross register ton - -GWP -gross world product - -km -kilometer - -km2 -square kilometer - -kW -kilowatt - -kWh -kilowatt hour - -m -meter - -NA -not available - -NEGL -negligible - -nm -nautical mile - -NZ -New Zealand - -ODA -official development assistance - -OOF -other official flows - -PDRY -People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for -information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 - -UAE -United Arab Emirates - -UK -United Kingdom - -US -United States - -USSR -Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated -before 25 December 1991 - -YAR -Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used -for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 - -Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order -administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on -Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by -BGN are noted. - -Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by -international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all -surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding -inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based on -total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of -the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 km2, -69 miles 2) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 km2, 0.23 miles 2,146 acres). - -Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 -population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. - -Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1993 was -used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates for 1 -July 1993, with population growth rates estimated for calendar year 1993. Major -political events have been updated through June 1993. - -Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 -population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. - -Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code'' that precisely identifies -every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is the -digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical data element -promulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) -10-3 by the National Bureau of Standards (US Department of Commerce) and -maintained by the Office of the Geographer (US Department of State). The digraph -is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, -processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful -for interchanging data between databases. - -Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with 180 -nations. The US has diplomatic relations with 174 of the 182 UN members -(excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status in the UN -is unclear)--the exceptions are Angola, Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Macedonia, -North Korea, and Vietnam. In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 7 -nations that are not in the UN-Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, -Tonga, and Tuvalu. - -Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official development -assistance (ODA), which is defined as government grants that are administered -with the promotion of economic development and welfare of LDCs as their main -objective and are concessional in character and contain a grant element of at -least 25%, and other official flows (OOF) or transactions by the official sector -whose main objective is other than development motivated or whose grant element -is below the 25% threshold for ODA. OOF transactions include official export -credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official equity and portfolio investment, -and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional -terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by -the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent. - -Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, -and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are -not officially recognized by the US Government. "Nation'' refers to a people -politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. -"Dependent area" refers to a broad category of political entities that are -associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually -the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are -266 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: - -NATIONS - -182 -UN members (excluding the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia whose status -in the UN is unclear) - -8 -nations that are not members of the UN--Andorra, Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, -Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu - -OTHER - -1 -Taiwan - -DEPENDENT AREAS - -6 -Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) -Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island - -2 -Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland - -16 -France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French -Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, -Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre -and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna - -2 -Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles - -3 -New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau - -3 -Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard - -1 -Portugal--Macau - -16 -United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British -Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong -Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South -Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands - -15 -United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis -Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern -Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Palmyra Atoll, -Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island - -MISCELLANEOUS - -6 -Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western -Sahara - -OTHER ENTITIES - -4 -oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean - -1 -World - -266 -total - -note: The US Government does not recognize the four so-called independent -homelands of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and Venda in South Africa. -Exchange rate: The value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or over a -given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and -as determined by international market forces or official fiat. - -Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all goods and services produced -domestically in a given year. - -Gross national product (GNP): The value of all goods and services produced -domestically in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by -foreigners from domestic production. - -Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and services -produced worldwide in a given year. - -GNP/GDP methodology: In the "Economy'' section, GNP/GDP dollar estimates for the -OECD countries, the former Soviet republics, and the East European countries are -derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from -conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally -involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are applied to the -quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. In addition to the -lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the statistician faces a -major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality of -goods and services. The division of a PPP GNP/GDP estimate in dollars by the -corresponding estimate in the local currency gives the PPP conversion rate. One -thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods in the US as one -thousand dollars--converted to the local currency at the PPP conversion rate-- -will buy in the other country. GNP/GDP estimates for the LDCs, on the other -hand, are based on the conversion of GNP/GDP estimates in local currencies to -dollars at the official currency exchange rates. Because currency exchange rates -depend on a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often -have little relation to domestic output, use of these rates is less satisfactory -for calculating GNP/GDP than the PPP method. Furthermore, exchange rates may -suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat -whereas real output has remained unchanged. One additional caution: the -proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percent of GNP/GDP in local -currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GNP/GDP -accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer estimates -the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures; similar problems -exist when components are expressed in dollars under currency exchange rate -procedures. Finally, as academic research moves forward on the PPP method, we -hope to convert all GNP/GDP estimates to this method in future editions of The -World Factbook. - -Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, resulting -from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants -entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. - -Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs--narcotics, -stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These -categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well -as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. - -Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides -hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, -Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish -(hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). - -Coca (Erythroxylon coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant -cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and -is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. - -Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. - -Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include -chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), -benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide -(Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). - -Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or -behavioral change in an individual. - -Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in -physical, -mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. - -Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and -emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, -buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, -angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others -(psilocybin, psilocyn). - -Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). - -Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. - -Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). - -Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, -opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium -(paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol -w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic -narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic -narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone -(Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). - -Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. - -Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and -semisynthetic narcotics. - -Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium -poppy. - -Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is -chewed or drunk as tea. - -Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, -and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), -phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, -Sanorex, Tenuate). - -Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in a -given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. - -International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that -range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one -sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international boundaries -and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the Department of State. References -to other situations may also be included that are border or frontier relevant, -such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. -However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or -recognition by the US Government. - -Irrigated land: The figure refers to the number of km 2 that is artifically -supplied with water. - -Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land--land -cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); -permanent crops--land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each -harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures--land permanently used -for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland land--under dense or open -stands of trees; and other--any land type not specifically mentioned above -(urban areas, roads, desert). - -Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who represents -the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved with the day- -to-day activities of the government. The head of government is the -administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government. -In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the head -of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head -of government. - -Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group of -people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in -the future. - -Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless -otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition--the ability -to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual -countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of -this publication. - -Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version of The World -Factbook for the foreseeable future. - -Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national -claims from being extended the full distance. - -Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial -vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing -vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by -nationality or register. - -Captive register--A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or -colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent -country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an -internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the -parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime -laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a -captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent -country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. -The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it -is not the register of an independent state. - -Flag of convenience register--A national register offering registration to a -merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) -attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent -taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are -characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in -the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a -given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the -merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register. - -Flag state--The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal -jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Differences -in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned and taxed and -whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. - -Internal register--A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national -register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that -nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on -the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of -profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag -state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship -Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of -an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the -national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreignowned ships to -the Norwegian and Danish flags. - -Merchant ship--A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonly -used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial -vessels only. - -Register--The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the -maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual -ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and -makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state) -regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. - -Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise -indicated. - -National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a given -year. See Gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national product (GNP), and -GNP/GDP methodology. - -Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and -leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear -population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net -immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the -country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). - -Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on -statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample -surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. - -Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per -woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore -children according to a given fertility rate at each age. - -Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as -fiscal year (FY). - -*** - -THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 - -*Afghanistan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, between Iran and Pakistan -Map references: - Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 647,500 km2 - land area: - 647,500 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,529 km, China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan - 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Iran supports clients - in country, private Pakistani and Saudi sources may also be active; power - struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries - among emerging warlords, traditional tribal disputes continue; support to - Islamic fighters in Tajikistan's civil war; border dispute with Pakistan - (Durand Line) -Climate: - arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest -Natural resources: - natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, - iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 46% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 39% -Irrigated land: - 26,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, - desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution, flooding -Note: - landlocked - -*Afghanistan, People - -Population: - 16,494,145 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.45% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 19.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 158.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 44.41 years - male: - 45.09 years - female: - 43.71 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Afghan(s) - adjective: - Afghan -Ethnic divisions: - Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar - Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1% -Languages: - Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and - Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much - bilingualism -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 29% - male: - 44% - female: - 14% -Labor force: - 4.98 million - by occupation: - agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%, - commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7% (1980 est.) - -*Afghanistan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Islamic State of Afghanistan - conventional short form: - Afghanistan - former: - Republic of Afghanistan -Digraph: - AF -Type: - transitional government -Capital: - Kabul -Administrative divisions: - 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, - Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, - Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, - Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol - note: - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) -Independence: - 19 August 1919 (from UK) -Constitution: - the old Communist-era constitution has been suspended; a new Islamic - constitution has yet to be ratified -Legal system: - a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has - declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari'a) -National holiday: - Victory of the Muslim Nation, 28 April; Remembrance Day for Martyrs and - Disabled, 4 May; Independence Day, 19 August -Political parties and leaders: - current political organizations include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), - Burhanuddin RABBANI, Ahmad Shah MASOOD; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic - Party), Gulbuddin HIKMATYAR faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) - Yunis KHALIS faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic - Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; - Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi - MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National - Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National - Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), - Abdul Ali MAZARI; Harakat-i-Islami (Islamic Movement), Mohammed Asif - MOHSENI; a new northern organization consisting of resistance and former - regional figures is Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), - Rashid DOSTUM - note: - the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded -Other political or pressure groups: - the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the - countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most - cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders -Suffrage: - undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 -Elections: - President: last held NA December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - - Burhanuddin RABBANI was elected to a two-year term by a national shura - -*Afghanistan, Government - -Executive branch: - president, prime minister; Afghan leaders are still in the process of - choosing a cabinet (May 1993) -Legislative branch: - a unicameral parliament consisting of 205 members was chosen by the shura in - January 1993; non-functioning as of June 1993 -Judicial branch: - an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new - court system has not yet been organized -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Burhanuddin RABBANI (since 2 January 1993); First Vice President - Mohammad NABI Mohammadi (since NA); First Vice President Mohammad SHAH Fazli - (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister-designate Gulbaddin HIKMATYAR (since NA); Deputy Prime - Minister Sulayman GAILANI (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Din MOHAMMAD - (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad SHAH Ahmadzai (since NA) -Member of: - AsDB (has previously been a member of), CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Abdul RAHIM - chancery: - 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-3770 or 3771 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - 62230 through 62235 or 62436 - note: - US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989 -Flag: - a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag - consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, - with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black - and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a - radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band - -*Afghanistan, Economy - -Overview: - Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly - dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and - goats). Economic considerations have played second fiddle to political and - military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including the nearly - 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the - past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan - sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 million. Another - 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. - Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than - 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of - trade and transport. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $200 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - over 90% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, - hides, and pelts - partners: - former USSR, Pakistan -Imports: - $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - food and petroleum products - partners: - former USSR, Pakistan -External debt: - $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 480,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and - cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper -Agriculture: - largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton -Illicit drugs: - an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug - trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major - source of hashish -Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 - billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million - -*Afghanistan, Economy - -Currency: - 1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls -Exchange rates: - afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 1,019 (March 1993), 900 (November 1991), 850 - (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the free - market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rates -Fiscal year: - 21 March - 20 March - -*Afghanistan, Communications - -Railroads: - 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to - Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment - point on south bank of Amu Darya -Highways: - 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated - gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks -Inland waterways: - total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to - about 500 metric tons -Pipelines: - petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; - natural gas 180 km -Ports: - Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) -Airports: - total: - 41 - usable: - 36 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 11 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 16 -Telecommunications: - limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television - introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 - TV; 1 satellite earth station - -*Afghanistan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - the military still does not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of - the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard - Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and tribal militias remain intact -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,094,481; fit for military service 2,196,136; reach - military age (22) annually 153,333 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget - -*Albania, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula between Serbia and Montenegro - and Greece -Map references: - Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 28,750 km2 - land area: - 27,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 720 km, Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km - (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) -Coastline: - 362 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with - Greece -Climate: - mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior - is cooler and wetter -Terrain: - mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel -Land use: - arable land: - 21% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: 15% - forest and woodland: - 38% - other: - 22% -Irrigated land: - 4,230 km2 (1989) -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea - and Mediterranean Sea) - -*Albania, People - -Population: - 3,333,839 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.21% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 23.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 31.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73 years - male: - 70.01 years - female: - 76.21 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Albanian(s) - adjective: - Albanian -Ethnic divisions: - Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) - (1989 est.) -Religions: - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% - note: - all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances - prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious - practice -Languages: - Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek -Literacy: - age 9 and over can read and write (1955) - total population: - 72% - male: - 80% - female: - 63% -Labor force: - 1.5 million (1987) - by occupation: - agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) - -*Albania, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Albania - conventional short form: - Albania - local long form: - Republika e Shqiperise - local short form: - Shqiperia - former: - People's Socialist Republic of Albania -Digraph: - AL -Type: - nascent democracy -Capital: - Tirane -Administrative divisions: - 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, - Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Korce, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, - Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, - Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore -Independence: - 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; - a new constitution was to be drafted for adoption in 1992, but is still in - process -Legal system: - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) -Political parties and leaders: - there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian - Socialist Party (ASP; formerly the Albania Workers Party), Fatos NANO, first - secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian - Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek minority party), leader NA - (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human Rights Party (UHP)); Social - Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; Democratic Alliance Party (DAP), - Spartak NGJELA, chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age, universal and compulsory -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP - 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP - 1, UHP 2 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime - ministers of the Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) - -*Albania, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander Gabriel MEKSI (since - 10 April 1992) -Member of: - BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roland BIMO - chancery: - 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC - telephone: - (202) 223-4942 - FAX: - (202) 223-4950 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William E. RYERSON - embassy: - Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane - mailing address: - PSC 59, Box 100 (A), APO AE 09624 - telephone: - 355-42-32875, 33520 - FAX: - 355-42-32222 -Flag: - red with a black two-headed eagle in the center - -*Albania, Economy - -Overview: - The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in - Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a - fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over - 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy operated on the principle of central - planning and state ownership of the means of production. Fitful economic - reforms begun during 1991, including the liberalization of prices and trade, - the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform, were crippled by - widespread civil disorder. Following its overwhelming victory in the 22 - March 1992 elections, the new Democratic government announced a program of - shock therapy to stabilize the economy and establish a market economy. In an - effort to expand international ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic - relations with the major republics of the former Soviet Union and the US and - has joined the IMF and the World Bank. The Albanians have also passed - legislation allowing foreign investment, but not foreign ownership of real - estate. Albania possesses considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, - was largely self-sufficient in food; however, the breakup of cooperative - farms in 1991 and general economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign - aid to maintain adequate supplies. In 1992 the government tightened - budgetary contols leading to another drop in domestic output. The - agricultural sector is steadily gaining from the privatization process. Low - domestic output is supplemented by remittances from the 200,000 Albanians - working abroad. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $760 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 210% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 40% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $45 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - asphalt, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables, - fruits, tobacco - partners: - Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, - Bulgaria, Hungary -Imports: - $120 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery, consumer goods, grains - partners: - Italy, Macedonia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, - Bulgaria, Greece -External debt: - $500 million (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -55% (1991 est.) -Electricity: 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,520 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Albania, Economy - -Industries: - food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, - mining, basic metals, hydropower -Agriculture: - arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now - in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of - temperate-zone crops and livestock -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - recipient - $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in - loans/guarantees/credits -Currency: - 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars -Exchange rates: - leke (L) per US$1 - 97 (January 1993), 50 (January 1992), 25 (September - 1991) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Albania, Communications - -Railroads: - 543 km total; 509 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km - narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and - Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 -Highways: - 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart - roads (1990) -Inland waterways: - 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa - (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991) -Ports: - Durres, Sarande, Vlore -Merchant marine: - 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,967 GRT/76,887 DWT -Airports: - total: - 12 - usable: - 10 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; - 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) - -*Albania, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 896,613; fit for military service 739,359; reach military - age (19) annually 32,740 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 215 million leke, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Algeria, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia -Map references: - Africa, Europe -Area: - total area: - 2,381,740 km2 - land area: - 2,381,740 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 6,343 km, Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco - 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km -Coastline: - 998 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Libya claims part of southeastern Algeria; land boundary disputes with - Tunisia under discussion -Climate: - arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier - with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, - dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer -Terrain: - mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous - coastal plain -Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 13% - forest and woodland: - 2% - other: - 82% -Irrigated land: - 3,360 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification -Note: - second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan) - -*Algeria, People - -Population: - 27,256,252 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.34% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 30.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.35 years - male: - 66.32 years - female: - 68.41 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Algerian(s) - adjective: - Algerian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% -Languages: - Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 57% - male: - 70% - female: - 46% -Labor force: - 6.2 million (1992 est.) - by occupation: - government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction and public works 16.2%, - industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%, transportation and - communication 5.2% (1989) - -*Algeria, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria - conventional short form: - Algeria - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah - local short form: - Al Jaza'ir -Digraph: - AG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Algiers -Administrative divisions: - 48 provinces (wilayast, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain - Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou - Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, - El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, - Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, - Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, - Tebessa, Tiaret, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen -Independence: - 5 July 1962 (from France) -Constitution: - 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised February 1989 -Legal system: - socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative - acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, - including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954) -Political parties and leaders: - Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader - HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR; National Liberation Front (FLN), - Abdelhamid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine - Ait AHMED, Secretary General - note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of - 31 December 1990, over 30 legal parties existed -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National People's Assembly: - first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military - after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the - 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (municipal and - wilaya) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS - 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating - President of the High State Committee: - next election to be held December 1993 -Executive branch: - President of the High State Committee, prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani) - -*Algeria, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - High State Committee President Ali KAFI (since 2 July 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Belaid ABDESSELAM (since 8 July 1992) -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, - UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mohamed ZARHOUNI - chancery: - 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-2800 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mary Ann CASEY - embassy: - 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers - mailing address: - B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers - telephone: - [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186 - FAX: - [213] (2) 603979 - consulate: Oran -Flag: - two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red - five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green - are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion) - -*Algeria, Economy - -Overview: - The oil and natural gas sector forms the backbone of the economy, - hydrocarbons accounting for nearly all export receipts, about 30% of - government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in - oil prices led to a booming economy and helped to finance an ambitious - program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the - mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, has brought the - nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since full - independence in 1988. The current government has put reform, including - privatization of some public sector companies and an overhaul of the banking - and financial system, on hold, but has continued efforts to admit private - enterprise to the hydrocarbon industry. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $42 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,570 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 55% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 35% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $14.4 billion; expenditures $14.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: - $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum and natural gas 97% - partners: - Italy, France, US, Germany, Spain -Imports: - $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumer goods 11.8% (1990) - partners: - France, Italy, Germany, US, Spain -External debt: - $26 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 6,380,000 kW capacity; 16,834 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, - food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 10.8% of GDP (1991) and employs 22% of labor force; products- - wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, cattle; net - importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $925 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 - billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), -$375 million -Currency: - 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes - -*Algeria, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 22.787 (January 1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 - (1991), 8.958 (1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Algeria, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,060 km total; 2,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,188 km 1.055-meter - gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track -Highways: - 90,031 km total; 58,868 km concrete or bituminous, 31,163 km gravel, crushed - stone, unimproved earth (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km -Ports: - Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, - Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda -Merchant marine: - 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT; includes 5 - short-sea passenger, 27 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 oil tanker, 9 - liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized tanker -Airports: - total: - 141 - usable: - 124 - with permanent-surface runways: - 53 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 32 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 65 -Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the - south; 822,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, no FM, 18 TV; - 1,600,000 TV sets; 5,200,000 radios; 5 submarine cables; microwave radio - relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to - Morocco and Tunisia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, l ARABSAT, and 12 domestic; 20 - additional satellite earth stations are planned - -*Algeria, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial Air Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,610,342; fit for military service 4,063,261; reach - military age (19) annually 291,685 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.36 billion, 2.5% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*American Samoa, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*American Samoa, Geography - -Location: - in the South Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about - halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 199 km2 - land area: - 199 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: - includes Rose Island and Swains Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 116 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall - averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from - May to October; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two - coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island) -Natural resources: - pumice, pumicite -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 75% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - typhoons common from December to March -Note: - Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the South Pacific - Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protected by peripheral - mountains from high winds; strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean - -*American Samoa, People - -Population: - 53,139 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.9% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73 years - male: - 71 years - female: - 75 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - American Samoan(s) - adjective: - American Samoan -Ethnic divisions: - Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%, other 5% -Religions: - Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant - denominations and other 30% -Languages: - Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), - English; most people are bilingual -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 97% - male: - 97% - female: - 97% -Labor force: - 14,400 (1990) - by occupation: - government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990) - -*American Samoa, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of American Samoa - conventional short form: - American Samoa -Abbreviation: - AS -Digraph: - AQ -Type: - unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US - Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs -Capital: - Pago Pago -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: - ratified 1966, in effect 1967 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Governor: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - A. - P. LUTALI was elected (percent of vote NA) - House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 - total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swains Island) - Senate: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 - total) number of seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni - R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegate -Executive branch: - popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) consists of an upper house or Senate - (appointed by county village chiefs) and a lower house or House of - Representatives (elected) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - Head of Government: - Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993); Lieutenant Governor Tauese P. - SUNIA (since 3 January 1993) - -*American Samoa, Government - -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and - extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying - toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of - authority, a staff and a war club - -*American Samoa, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa - does 80-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants - are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. - The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two largest employers. - Other economic activities include a slowly developing tourist industry. - Transfers from the US government add substantially to American Samoa's - economic well-being. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $128 million (1991) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $2,600 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $97,000,000 (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and $54,000,000 - in grant revenue); including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91) -Exports: - $306 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - canned tuna 93% - partners: - US 99.6% -Imports: - $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and - parts 6% - partners: - US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 42,000 kW capacity; 100 million kWh produced, 2,020 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishing vessels), meat canning, - handicrafts -Agriculture: - bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra, pineapples, - papayas, dairy farming -Economic aid: - $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 in construction funds for - capital improvement projects from the US Department of Interior (1991) -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*American Samoa, Communications - -Railroads: none -Highways: - 350 km total; 150 km paved, 200 km unpaved -Ports: - Pago Pago, Ta'u, Ofu, Auasi, Aanu'u (new construction), Faleosao -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m : - 1 (international airport at Tafuna) - with runways 1,200 to 2,439 m: - 0 - note: - small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu -Telecommunications: - 8,399 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; good telex, - telegraph, and facsimile services; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station, 1 - COMSAT earth station - -*American Samoa, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Andorra, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, between France and Spain -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 450 km2 - land area: - 450 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and cool, dry summers -Terrain: - rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys -Natural resources: - hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 56% - forest and woodland: - 22% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - deforestation, overgrazing -Note: - landlocked - -*Andorra, People - -Population: - 61,962 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.27% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 25.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 78.22 years - male: - 75.35 years - female: - 81.34 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Andorran(s) - adjective: - Andorran -Ethnic divisions: - Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% -Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant) -Languages: - Catalan (official), French, Castilian -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Andorra, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Principality of Andorra - conventional short form: - Andorra - local long form: - Principat d'Andorra - local short form: - Andorra -Digraph: - AN -Type: - parliamentary coprincipality under formal sovereignty of president of France - and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials - called veguers; to be changed to a parliamentary form of government -Capital: - Andorra la Vella -Administrative divisions: - 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La - Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria -Independence: - 1278 -Constitution: - Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March - 1993; to take effect within 15 days -Legal system: - based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative - acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September -Political parties and leaders: - political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political - parties but partisans for particular independent candidates for the General - Council on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward - Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first - formal political party, Andorran Democratic Association, was formed in 1976 - and reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Democratic Party -Suffrage: - 18 years of age, universal -Elections: - General Council of the Valleys: - last held 12 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - two co-princes (president of France, bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain), two - designated representatives (French veguer, Episcopal veguer), two permanent - delegates (French prefect for the department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Spanish - vicar general for the Seo de Urgel diocese), president of government, - Executive Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council of the Valleys (Consell General de las Valls) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the - Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil cases, - Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases - -*Andorra, Government - -Leaders: - Chiefs of State: - French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981), represented by - Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (since NA); Spanish Episcopal - Co-Prince Mgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by - Veguer Episcopal Francesc BADIA Bata - Head of Government: - Executive Council President Oscar RIBAS Reig (since 10 Decmber 1989) -Member of: - INTERPOL, IOC -Diplomatic representation in US: - Andorra has no mission in the US -US diplomatic representation: - Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the - US Consul General visits Andorra periodically -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the - national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features - a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not - have a national coat of arms in the center - -*Andorra, Economy - -Overview: - The mainstay of Andorra's economy is tourism. An estimated 13 million - tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its - summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, - also contributes significantly to the economy. Agricultural production is - limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The - principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly - of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Although it is a member of the EC - customs union, it is unclear what effect the European Single Market will - have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free status. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $760 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $14,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 0% -Budget: - revenues $119.4 million; expenditures $190 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $23 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - electricity, tobacco products, furniture - partners: - France, Spain -Imports: - $888.7 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - consumer goods, food - partners: - France, Spain -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 35,000 kW capacity; 140 million kWh produced, 2,570 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, banking -Agriculture: - sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and - some vegetables -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - the French and Spanish currencies are used -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) - per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 - (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Andorra, Communications - -Highways: - 96 km -Telecommunications: - international digital microwave network; international landline circuits to - France and Spain; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 17,700 telephones - -*Andorra, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France and Spain - -*Angola, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Namibia and - Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,246,700 km2 - land area: - 1,246,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire 2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 - km -Coastline: - 1,600 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 20 nm -International disputes: - civil war since independence on 11 November 1975; a ceasefire held from 31 - May 1991 until October 1992, when the insurgent National Union for the Total - Independence of Angola refused to accept its defeat in internationally - monitored elections; fighting has since resumed across the countryside -Climate: - semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May - to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April) -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau -Natural resources: - petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, - uranium -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 23% - forest and woodland: 43% - other: - 32% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on plateau; desertification -Note: - Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire - -*Angola, People - -Population: - 9,545,235 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.67% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 18.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 148.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 45.26 years - male: - 43.26 years - female: - 47.35 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Angolan(s) - adjective: - Angolan -Ethnic divisions: - Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (est.) -Languages: - Portuguese (official), Bantu dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 42% - male: - 56% - female: - 28% -Labor force: - 2.783 million economically active - by occupation: - agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.) - -*Angola, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Angola - conventional short form: - Angola - local long form: - Republic de Angola - local short form: - Angola - former: - People's Republic of Angola -Digraph: - AO -Type: - transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong - presidential system -Capital: - Luanda -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, - Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, - Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire -Independence: - 11 November 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, and 6 March 1991 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to - accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets -National holiday: - Independence Day, 11 November (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose EDUARDO - DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National - Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, - remains a legal party despite its returned to armed resistance to the - government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National - Assembly -Other political or pressure groups: - Cabindan State Liberation Front (FLEC), NZZIA Tiago, leader - note: - FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed struggle for the - independence of Cabinda Province -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - first nationwide, multiparty elections were held in late September 1992 with - disputed results; further elections are being discussed -Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacrao) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS (since 21 September 1979) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2 December 1992) - -*Angola, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none - representation: - Jose PATRICIO, Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States - address: - Permanent Observer to the Organization of American States, 1899 L Street, - NW, 5th floor, Washington, DC 20038 - telephone: - (202) 785-1156 - FAX: - (202) 785-1258 -US diplomatic representation: - director: - Edmund DE JARNETTE - liaison office: - Rua Major Kanhangolo, Nes 132/138, Luanda - mailing address: - CP6484, Luanda, Angola (mail international); USLO Luanda, Department of - State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) - telephone: - [244] (2) 34-54-81 - FAX: - [244] (2) 39-05-15 - note: - the US maintains a liaison office in Luanda accredited to the Joint - Political Military Commission that oversees implementation of the Angola - Peace Accords; this office does not perform any commercial or consular - services; the US does not maintain diplomatic relations with the Government - of the Republic of Angola -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow - emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a - machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle) - -*Angola, Economy - -Overview: - Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the - population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital - to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Bitter internal fighting - continues to severely affect the nonoil economy, and food needs to be - imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural - resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To - realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace - but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and - imbalances throughout the economy. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.7% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $950 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1,000% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.1 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $963 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish - products, timber, cotton - partners: - US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil -Imports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and - spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military - deliveries - partners: - Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain -External debt: - $8 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output -Electricity: - 510,000 kW capacity; 800 million kWh produced, 84 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum; mining diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, - uranium, and gold;, fish processing; food processing; brewing; tobacco; - sugar; textiles; cement; basic metal products -Agriculture: - cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar cane, manioc, tobacco; food - crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production - accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output; - disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food - imports -Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements - (1985-89), $750 million - -*Angola, Economy - -Currency: - 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 kwei -Exchange rates: - kwanza (Kz) per US$1 -4,000 (black market rate was 17,000 on 30 April 1993) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Angola, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge; - limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil - war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war -Highways: - 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed - stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,295 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 179 km -Ports: - Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda -Merchant marine: - 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 302 - usable: - 173 - with permanent-surface runways: - 32 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 17 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 57 -Telecommunications: - limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high - frequency radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; - broadcast stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - stations - -*Angola, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and - Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,204,155; fit for military service 1,109,292; reach - military age (18) annually 94,919 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Anguilla, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Anguilla, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 270 km east of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 91 km2 - land area: - 91 km2 - comparative area: - about half the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 61 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone -Natural resources: - negligible; salt, fish, lobster -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt - ponds) -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October) - -*Anguilla, People - -Population: - 7,006 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.64% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -9.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.89 years - male: - 71.1 years - female: - 76.7 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.09 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Anguillan(s) - adjective: - Anguillan -Ethnic divisions: - black African -Religions: - Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman - Catholic 3%, other 12% -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - age 12 and over can read and write (1984) - total population: - 95% - male: - 95% - female: 95% -Labor force: - 2,780 (1984) - by occupation: - NA - -*Anguilla, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Anguilla -Digraph: - AV -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - The Valley -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 April 1982 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Anguilla Day, 30 May -Political parties and leaders: - Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP), - Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP - 1, independent 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Alan W. - SHARE (since August 1992) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since NA March 1984, served previously from - February 1977 to May 1980) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CDB -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with - three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the - white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990 - -*Anguilla, Economy - -Overview: - Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on - lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. - In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism. - Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, - particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $47.4 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6.5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,800 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital - expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $1.4 million (f.o.b., 1987) - commodities: - lobster and salt - partners: - NA -Imports: - $10.3 million (f.o.b., 1987) - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 862 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, boat building, salt -Agriculture: - pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry, - fishing (including lobster) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38 - million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Anguilla, Communications - -Highways: - 60 km surfaced -Ports: - Road Bay, Blowing Point -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 (1,000 m at Wallblake Airport) - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - 1 FM, no TV; radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin - -*Anguilla, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Antarctica, Geography - -Location: - continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle -Map references: - Antarctic Region -Area: - total area: - 14 million km2 (est.) - land area: - 14 million km2 (est.) - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US - note: - second-smallest continent (after Australia) -Land boundaries: - none, but see entry on International disputes -Coastline: - 17,968 km -Maritime claims: - none, but see entry on International Disputes -International disputes: - Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); - sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France - (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and - UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of - other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve - the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between - 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west, where, because of floating ice, - Antarctica is unapproachable from the sea -Climate: - severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the - ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher - elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher - temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below - freezing -Terrain: - about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average - elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 - meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, - Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on - McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, - and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent -Natural resources: - none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum - and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, - uncommercial quantities -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 - -*Antarctica, Geography - -Environment: - mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from - the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a - circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic - storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches - the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an - equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield, - which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had - dwindled to the lowest level ever recorded over Antarctica; active volcanism - on Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic - activity rare and weak -Note: - the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent - -*Antarctica, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonally staffed research - stations - Summer (January) population: - over 4,115 total; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile - 256, China NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, - India 60, Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, - Norway 23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, - Uruguay NA, US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90) - Winter (July) population: - over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China - NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, - NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR - 313 (1989-90) - Year-round stations: - 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, - France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South - Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, former USSR 6 (1990-91) - Summer only stations: - over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, - Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, - UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the - former USSR has placed the status and future of its Antarctic facilities in - doubt; stations may be subject to closings at any time because of ongoing - economic difficulties - -*Antarctica, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Antarctica -Digraph: - AY -Type: - Antarctic Treaty Summary: - The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 - June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. - Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 17th - Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Venice in November 1992. - Currently, there are 41 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 15 - acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim - portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 - nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims - have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of - others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted - to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country - was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, - Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant - consultative nations are--Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador - (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, - South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South - Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. - Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, - are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba - (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala - (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania - (1971), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). - Article 1: - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as - weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be - used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose - Article 2: - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue - Article 3: - free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and - other international agencies - Article 4: - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new - claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force - Article 5: - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes - Article 6: - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 - minutes south - Article 7: - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to - any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance - notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must - be given - Article 8: - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states - Article 9: - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations - -*Antarctica, Government - - Article 10: - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that - are contrary to the treaty - Article 11: - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, - by the ICJ - Article 12, 13, 14: - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved - nations - Other agreements: - more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and - ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of - Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of - Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine - Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 - but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental - Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this - agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through - five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental - impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits - all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; - four parties have ratified Protocol as of June 1993 -Legal system: - US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such - as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. - Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic - Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and - criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by - regulation of statute: The taking of native mammals or birds; the - introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially - protected or scientific areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and - the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of - the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines - and 1 year in prison. The Departments of Treasury, Commerce, Transportation, - and Interior share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US - Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, requires expeditions from the US to - Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans and Polar Affairs, - Room 5801, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such - plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more - information contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National - Science Foundation, Washington, DC 20550. - -*Antarctica, Economy - -Overview: - No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and - small-scale tourism, both based abroad. - -*Antarctica, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations -Airports: - 42 landing facilities at different locations operated by 15 national - governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by - commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of - these locations; runways at 10 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, - or compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved - runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by - ski-equipped planes--11 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 3 runways/skiways - less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of - unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe - restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic - conditions; airports do not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from - governments required for landing - -*Antarctica, Defense Forces - -Note: - the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature, such as - the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of - military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use - of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other - peaceful purposes - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 440 km2 - land area: - 440 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes Redonda -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 153 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas -Natural resources: - negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism -Land use: - arable land: - 18% permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 16% - other: - 59% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient - freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural - harbors - -*Antigua and Barbuda, People - -Population: - 64,406 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.51% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.83 years - male: - 70.81 years - female: - 74.95 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) - adjective: - Antiguan, Barbudan -Ethnic divisions: - black African, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian -Religions: - Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic -Languages: - English (official), local dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1960) - total population: - 89% - male: 90% - female: - 88% -Labor force: - 30,000 - by occupation: - commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983) - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Antigua and Barbuda -Digraph: - AC -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Saint John's -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint, John, Saint Mary, Saint -Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip -Independence: - 1 November 1981 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 November 1981 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 November (1981) -Political parties and leaders: - Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United - Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER -Other political or pressure groups: - United Progressive Party (UPP), headed by Baldwin SPENCER, a coalition of - three opposition political parties - the United National Democratic Party - (UNDP); the Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM); and the - Progressive Labor Movement (PLM); Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), - headed by Noel THOMAS -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor - since 1976) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime - Minister Lester BIRD (since NA) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Government - - chancery: - Suite 2H, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122, 5225 - consulate: - Miami -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in - his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant J. SALTER - embassy: - Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's - mailing address: - FPO AA 34054-0001 - telephone: - (809) 462-3505 or 3506 - FAX: - (809) 462-3516 -Flag: - red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag; - the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and - white with a yellow rising sun in the black band - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important - determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP - expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct - contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors - - particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although - Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a - labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it has been hurt in 1991-92 - by a downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US - recession. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $424 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.4% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,600 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $105 million; expenditures $161 million, including capital - expenditures of $56 million (1992) -Exports: - $32 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%, - machinery and transport equipment 17% - partners: - OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3% -Imports: - $317.5 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, - chemicals, oil - partners: - US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50% -External debt: - $250 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household - appliances) -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and - livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; - not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and - OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Communications - -Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost - exclusively for handling sugarcane -Highways: - 240 km -Ports: - Saint John's -Merchant marine: - 149 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 529,202 GRT/778,506 DWT; includes 96 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 21 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 - multifunction large-load carrier, 2 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 2 bulk; - note - a flag of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter - links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2 - shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Antigua and Barbuda, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police - Force (including the Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY90/91) - -*Arctic Ocean, Geography - -Location: - body of water mostly north of the Arctic Circle -Map references: - Arctic Region, Asia, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 14.056 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's - four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean) - note: - includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian - Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and - other tributary water bodies -Coastline: - 45,389 km -International disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states); Svalbard is the focus of a - maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia -Climate: - polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual - temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and - stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by - continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or - snow -Terrain: - central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages - about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times - that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly - straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark - Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open - seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and - extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50% - continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a - central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera, - Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the - Fram Basin -Natural resources: - sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and - gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales) -Environment: - endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands - occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from - glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow - cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and - lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from - October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from - disruptions or damage -Note: - major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific - Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from - October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia; - shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia, - floating research stations operated by the US and Russia - -*Arctic Ocean, Government - -Digraph: - XQ - -*Arctic Ocean, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources, - including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals. - -*Arctic Ocean, Communications - -Ports: - Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US) -Telecommunications: - no submarine cables -Note: - sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage - (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal - waterways - -*Argentina, Geography - -Location: - Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Chile and - Uruguay -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,766,890 km2 - land area: - 2,736,690 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US -Land boundaries: - total 9,665 km, Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay - 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km -Coastline: - 4,989 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - not specified - territorial sea: - 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of - the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland - Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British-administered South Georgia and the - South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica -Climate: - mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest -Terrain: - rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of - Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border -Natural resources: - fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, - petroleum, uranium -Land use: - arable land: - 9% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 52% - forest and woodland: - 22% - other: - 13% -Irrigated land: - 17,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are - violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil - degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires - -*Argentina, Geography - -Note: - second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location - relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans - (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) - -*Argentina, People - -Population: - 33,533,256 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.13% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.64 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.19 years - male: - 67.91 years - female: - 74.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.72 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Argentine(s) - adjective: - Argentine -Ethnic divisions: - white 85%, mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%, - Jewish 2%, other 6% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 95% - male: - 96% - female: - 95% -Labor force: - 10.9 million - by occupation: - agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.) - -*Argentina, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Argentine Republic - conventional short form: - Argentina - local long form: - Republica Argentina - local short form: - Argentina -Digraph: - AR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Buenos Aires -Administrative divisions: - 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 federal district*, (distrito federal); -Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, - Corrientes, Distrito Federal*, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La, Rioja, Mendoza, -Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, - Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego (Territorio - Nacional de la Tierra del Fuego, Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur), - Tucuman - note: - the national territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does - not recognize claims to Antarctica -Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 1 May 1853 -Legal system: - mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) -Political parties and leaders: - Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political - organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately - left-of-center party; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, - conservative party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist - party; Dignity and Independence Political Party (MODIN), Aldo RICO, - right-wing party; several provincial parties -Other political or pressure groups: - Peronist-dominated labor movement; General Confederation of Labor (CGT; - Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Argentine Industrial Union - (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' - association); business organizations; students; the Roman Catholic Church; - the Armed Forces -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats; seats (254 - total) - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37 (1993) - President: - last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul - MENEM was elected - -*Argentina, Government - - Senate: - last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for - indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the - national senate in May 1992; seats (46 total) - JP 27, UCR 14, others 5 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position - vacant) -Member of: - AG (observer), Australian Group, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, - G-24, AfDB, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, - LORCS, MERCOSUR, MINURSO, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS - chancery: - 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 939-6400 through 6403 - consulates general: - Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto - Rico) - consulates: - Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador James CHEEK (since 28 May 1993) - embassy: - 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires - mailing address: - APO AA 34034 - telephone: - [54] (1) 774-7611 or 8811, 9911 - FAX: - [54] (1) 775-4205 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue; - centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known - as the Sun of May - -*Argentina, Economy - -Overview: - Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population, - an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. - Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the - economy in the late 1980s was plagued with huge external debts and recurring - bouts of hyperinflation. Elected in 1989, in the depths of recession, - President MENEM has implemented a comprehensive economic restructuring - program that shows signs of putting Argentina on a path of stable, - sustainable growth. Argentina's currency has traded at par with the US - dollar since April 1991, and inflation has fallen to its lowest level in 20 - years. Argentines have responded to the relative price stability by - repatriating flight capital and investing in domestic industry. Much remains - to be done in the 1990s in dismantling the old statist barriers to growth - and in solidifying the recent economic gains. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $112 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,400 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17.7% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 6.9% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $33.1 billion; expenditures $35.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.5 billion (1992) -Exports: - $12.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool - partners: - US 12%, Brazil, Italy, Japan, Netherlands -Imports: - $14.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants, - agricultural products - partners: - US 22%, Brazil, Germany, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands -External debt: - $54 billion (June 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 10% (1992 est.); accounts for 26% of GDP -Electricity: - 17,911,000 kW capacity; 51,305 million kWh produced, 1,559 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and - petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel -Agriculture: - accounts for 8% of GDP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both - domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain - and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets -Illicit drugs: - increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and - Europe - -*Argentina, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million -Currency: - 1 peso = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - pesos per US$1 - 0.99000 (January1993), 0.99064 (1992), 0.95355 (1991), - 0.48759 (1990), 0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Argentina, Communications - -Railroads: - 34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of - 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow - gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge -Highways: - 208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved - earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 11,000 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km -Ports: - Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia, La Plata, Rosario, Santa Fe -Merchant marine: - 60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,695,420 GRT/1,073,904 DWT; includes - 30 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 railcar carrier, 14 oil - tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 1 roll-on/roll-off -Airports: - total: - 1,700 - usable: - 1,451 - with permanet-surface runways: - 137 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 31 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 326 -Telecommunications: - extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones); - microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13 - shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite - network has 40 earth stations - -*Argentina, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force, - National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only), - National Aeronautical Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 8,267,316; fit for military service 6,702,303; reach - military age (20) annually 284,641 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Armenia, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, between Turkey and Azerbaijan -Map references: - Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle - East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 29,800 km2 - land area: - 28,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 1,254 km, Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia - 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian - exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in - southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey - have greatly subsided -Climate: - continental, hot, and subject to drought -Terrain: - high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing - rivers; good soil in Aras River valley -Natural resources: - small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina -Land use: - arable land: - 29% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 15% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 56% -Irrigated land: - 3,050 km2 (1990) -Environment: - pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan; energy - blockade has led to deforestation as citizens scavenge for firewood, use of - Lake Sevan water for hydropower has lowered lake level, threatened fish - population -Note: - landlocked - -*Armenia, People - -Population: - 3,481,207 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.23% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 28.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.77 years - male: - 68.36 years - female: - 75.36 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Armenian(s) - adjective: - Armenian -Ethnic divisions: - Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other 2% -Religions: - Armenian Orthodox 94% -Languages: - Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2% -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 1.63 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% - (1990) - -*Armenia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Armenia - conventional short form: - Armenia - local long form: - Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun - local short form: Hayastan - former: - Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic -Digraph: - AM -Type: - republic -Capital: - Yerevan -Administrative divisions: - none (all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction) -Independence: - 23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978; post-Soviet constitution not yet adopted -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National Democratic - Union; National Self-Determination Association; Armenian Democratic Liberal - Organization, Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party (Armenian - Revolutionary Federation, ARF), Rouben MIRZAKHANIN; Chairman of - Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN; Christian Democratic Union; - Constitutional Rights Union; Republican Party -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 16 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Levon Akopovich - TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists about 7%; note - Levon TER-PETROSYAN - was elected Chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet 4 August 1990 - Supreme Soviet: - last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (240 total) non-aligned 149, Armenian National Movement - 52, Armenian Democratic Liberal Organization 14, Dashnatktsutyan 12, - National Democratic Union 9, Christian Democratic Union 1, Constitutional - Rights Union 1, National Self-Determination Association 1, Republican Party - 1 -Executive branch: - president, council of ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice - President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991) - -*Armenia, Government - - Head of Government: Prime Minister Hrant BAGRATYAN (since NA February 1993); Supreme Soviet - Chairman Babken ARARKTSYAN (since NA 1990) -Member of: - BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Rouben SHUGARIAN - chancery: - 122 C Street NW, Suite 360, Washington, DC 20001 - telephone: - (202) 628-5766 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Designate Harry GILMORE - embassy: - 18 Gen Bagramian, Yerevan - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - (7) (885) 215-1122, 215-1144 - FAX: - (7) (885) 215-1122 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and gold - -*Armenia, Economy - -Overview: - Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile, - machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to - sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials - and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the - republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has - been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the - Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave - within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright - warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the - Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleaguered - Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed - about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has - not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been - disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central - USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the - earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of - Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of - the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of - nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are - largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem - particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high - dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of - transformation. The dramatic drop in output in 1992 is attributable largely - to the cumulative impact of the blockade; of particular importance was the - shutting off in the summer of 1992 of rail and road links to Russia through - Georgia due to civil strife in the latter republic. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -34% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 2% of officially registered unemployed but large numbers of underemployed -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $30 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., - 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, light industrial products, processed food - items (1991) - partners: - NA -Imports: - $300 million from outside the successor statees of the former USSR (c.i.f., - 1992) - commodities: - machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991) - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -50% (1992 est.) - -*Armenia, Economy - -Electricity: - 2,875,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 2,585 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting - machine tools (5.5%), forging-pressing machines (1.9%), electric motors - (9%), tires (1.5%), knitted wear (4.4%), hosiery (3.0%), shoes (2.2%), silk - fabric (0.8%), washing machines (2.0%), chemicals, trucks, watches, - instruments, and microelectronics (1990) -Agriculture: - accounts for about 20% of GDP; only 29% of land area is arable; employs 18% - of labor force; citrus, cotton, and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan - are famous for brandy and other liqueurs -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - wheat from US, Turkey -Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Armenia, Communications - -Railroads: - 840 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 11,300 km total; 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - natural gas 900 km (1991) -Ports: - none; landlocked -Airports: - total: - 12 - useable: - 10 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - progress on installation of fiber optic cable and construction of facilities - for mobile cellular phone service remains in the negotiation phase for joint - venture agreement; Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about - 110,000 are in Yerevan; average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; - international connections to other former republics of the USSR are by - landline or microwave and to other countries by satellite and by leased - connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; broadcast - stations - 100% of population receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; - satellite earth station - INTELSAT - -*Armenia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border - troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 848,223; fit for military service 681,058; reach military - age (18) annually 28,101 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 250 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the - military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could - produce misleading results - -*Aruba, Header - -Affiliation: - (part of the Dutch realm) - -*Aruba, Geography - -Location: - in the southern Caribbean Sea, 28 km north of Venezuela and 125 km east of - Colombia -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 193 km2 - land area: - 193 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 68.5 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - flat with a few hills; scant vegetation -Natural resources: - negligible; white sandy beaches -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt - -*Aruba, People - -Population: - 65,117 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.66% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.3 years - male: - 72.65 years - female: - 80.13 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Aruban(s) - adjective: - Aruban -Ethnic divisions: - mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, Jewish -Languages: - Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English - dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - most employment is in the tourist industry (1986) - -*Aruba, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Aruba -Digraph: - AA -Type: - part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986 - upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles -Capital: - Oranjestad -Administrative divisions: - none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) -Independence: - none (part of the Dutch realm; in 1990, Aruba requested and received from - the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give - independence to the island in 1996) -Constitution: - 1 January 1986 -Legal system: - based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence -National holiday: - Flag Day, 18 March -Political parties and leaders: - Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP), - Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New - Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny - NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86 - (AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OLA), Glenbert - CROES - note: - governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislature: - last held 8 January 1993 (next to be held by NA January 1997); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 9, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPA 1, - OLA 1, other 1 -Executive branch: - Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral legislature (Staten) -Judicial branch: - Joint High Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by - Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989) -Member of: - ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) -Flag: - blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and - a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner - -*Aruba, Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is the mainstay of the economy, although offshore banking and oil - refining and storage are also important. Hotel capacity expanded rapidly - between 1985 and 1989 and nearly doubled in 1990 alone. Unemployment has - steadily declined from about 20% in 1986 to about 3% in 1991. The reopening - of the local oil refinery, once a major source of employment and foreign - exchange earnings, promises to give the economy an additional boost. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $14,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $145 million; expenditures $185 million, including capital - expenditures of $42 million (1988) -Exports: - $902.4 million, including oil re-exports (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - mostly petroleum products - partners: - US 64%, EC -Imports: - $1,311.3 million, including oil for processing and re-export (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - food, consumer goods, manufactures, petroleum products - partners: - US 8%, EC -External debt: - $81 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 310,000 kW capacity; 945 million kWh produced, 14,610 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining -Agriculture: - poor quality soils and low rainfall limit agricultural activity to the - cultivation of aloes, some livestock, and fishing -Illicit drugs: - drug money laundering center -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $220 - million -Currency: - 1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Aruba, Communications - -Highways: - NA km all-weather highways -Ports: - Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 - note: - government-owned airport east of Oranjestad accepts transatlantic flights -Telecommunications: - generally adequate; extensive interisland microwave radio relay links; - 72,168 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 1 submarine cable - to Sint Maarten - -*Aruba, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the Netherlands - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the Indian Ocean, 320 km off the northwest coast of Australia, between - Australia and Indonesia -Map references: - Oceania, Southeast Asia -Area: - total area: - 5 km2 - land area: - 5 km2 - comparative area: - about 8.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC - note: - includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 74.1 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploration - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - low with sand and coral -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (all grass and sand) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - surrounded by shoals and reefs; Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve - established in August 1983 - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are only seasonal caretakers - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands - conventional short form: - Ashmore and Cartier Islands -Digraph: - AT -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Australian Ministry for Arts, - Sports, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Legal system: - relevant laws of the Northern Territory of Australia -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of Australia) -US diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -*Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal - Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force - -*Atlantic Ocean, Geography - -Location: - body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Europe/Africa -Map references: Africa, Antarctic Region, Arctic Region, Central America and the Caribbean, - Europe, North America, South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 82.217 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than nine times the size of the US; second-largest of the - world's four oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than Indian Ocean - or Arctic Ocean) - note: - includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, - Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, - Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Coastline: - 111,866 km -International disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape - Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from - May to December, but are most frequent from August to November -Terrain: - surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and - Baltic Sea from October to June; clockwise warm water gyre (broad, circular - system of currents) in the north Atlantic, counterclockwise warm water gyre - in the south Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic - Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin; - maximum depth is 8,605 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel - aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones -Environment: - endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, - and whales; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and - eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake - Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and municipal - sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; icebergs - common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic from - February to August and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the - Madeira Islands; icebergs from Antarctica occur in the extreme southern - Atlantic -Note: - ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north Atlantic from October - to May and extreme south Atlantic from May to October; persistent fog can be - a hazard to shipping from May to September; major choke points include the - Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; - strategic straits include the Dover Strait, Straits of Florida, Mona - Passage, The Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; north Atlantic shipping - lanes subject to icebergs from February to August; the Equator divides the - Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean - -*Atlantic Ocean, Government - -Digraph: ZH - -*Atlantic Ocean, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to exploitation of natural resources, - especially fish, dredging aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and crude oil and - natural gas production (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea). - -*Atlantic Ocean, Communications - -Ports: - Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), - Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen - (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki - (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon - (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal - (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), - Oslo (Norway), Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam - (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (formerly Leningrad; Russia), Stockholm - (Sweden) -Telecommunications: - numerous submarine cables with most between continental Europe and the UK, - North America and the UK, and in the Mediterranean; numerous direct links - across Atlantic via INTELSAT satellite network -Note: - Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways - -*Australia, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, between Indonesia and New Zealand -Map references: - Southeast Asia, Oceania, Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 7,686,850 km2 - land area: - 7,617,930 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than the US - note: - includes Macquarie Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 25,760 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory) -Climate: - generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north -Terrain: - mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast -Natural resources: - bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, - mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 58% - forest and woodland: - 14% - other: - 22% -Irrigated land: - 18,800 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited - freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, - invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs along west coast in - summer; desertification -Note: - world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country - -*Australia, People - -Population: - 17,827,204 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.41% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 7.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.36 years - male: 74.24 years - female: - 80.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Australian(s) - adjective: - Australian -Ethnic divisions: - Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, Aboriginal and other 1% -Religions: - Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3% -Languages: - English, native languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 8.63 million (September 1991) - by occupation: - finance and services 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale - and retail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1% - (1987) - -*Australia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Commonwealth of Australia - conventional short form: - Australia -Digraph: - AS -Type: - federal parliamentary state -Capital: - Canberra -Administrative divisions: - 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New South Wales,, Northern -Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,, Western Australia -Dependent areas: - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, - Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island -Independence: - 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) -Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 -Legal system: - based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Australia Day, 26 January -Political parties and leaders: - government: - Australian Labor Party, Paul John KEATING - opposition: - Liberal Party, John HEWSON; National Party, Timothy FISCHER; Australian - Democratic Party, John COULTER -Other political or pressure groups: - Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter - group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party - splinter group) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (147 total) Labor 80, Liberal-National 65, - independent 2 - Senate: - last held 13 March 1993 (next to be held by NA May 1999); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) Liberal-National 36, Labor 30, - Australian Democrats 7, Greens 2, independents 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a - lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - High Court - -*Australia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - William George HAYDEN (since 16 February 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Paul John KEATING (since 20 December 1991); Deputy Prime - Minister Brian HOWE (since 4 June 1991) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, COCOM, - CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, G-8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. COOK - chancery: - 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 797-3000 - consulates general: - Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American - Samoa), and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 - mailing address: - APO AP 96549 - telephone: - [61] (6) 270-5000 - FAX: - [61] (6) 270-5970 - consulates general: - Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney - consulate: - Brisbane -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large - seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a - representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small - five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars - -*Australia, Economy - -Overview: - Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with a per - capita GDP comparable to levels in industrialized West European countries. - Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural - products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels. Of the top 25 exports, 21 are - primary products, so that, as happened during 1983-84, a downturn in world - commodity prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is - pushing for increased exports of manufactured goods, but competition in - international markets continues to be severe. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $293.5 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 2.5% (1992) -National product per capita: - $16,700 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 0.8% (September 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 11.3% (December 1992) -Budget: - revenues $68.5 billion; expenditures $78.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY93) -Exports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment - partners: - Japan 26%, US 11%, NZ 6%, South Korea 4%, Singapore 4%, UK, Taiwan, Hong - Kong -Imports: - $37.8 billion (f.o.b., FY91) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, crude oil - and petroleum products - partners: - US 24%, Japan 19%, UK 6%, FRG 7%, NZ 4% (1990) -External debt: - $130.4 billion (June 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 32% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000,000 kW capacity; 150,000 million kWh produced, 8,475 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, - steel -Agriculture: - accounts for 5% of GDP and 37% of export revenues; world's largest exporter - of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; - major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, - poultry -Illicit drugs: - Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; - government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation - and output of poppy straw concentrate -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.4 billion -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents - -*Australia, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Australia, Communications - -Railroads: - 40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130 km electrified; - government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers of privately owned - track) (1985) -Highways: - 837,872 km total; 243,750 km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km -Ports: - Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart, - Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville -Merchant marine: - 82 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,347,271 GRT/3,534,926 DWT; includes - 2 short-sea passenger, 8 cargo, 7 container, 8 roll-on/roll-off, 1 vehicle - carrier, 17 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 30 bulk, 2 - combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 481 - usable: - 439 - with permanent-surface runways: - 243 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 268 -Telecommunications: - good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones; broadcast - stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New - Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service; satellite stations - 4 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Australia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,830,068; fit for military service 4,198,622; reach - military age (17) annually 135,591 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*Austria, Geography - -Location: - Central Europe, between Germany and Hungary -Map references: - Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: 83,850 km2 - land area: - 82,730 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maine -Land boundaries: - total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy - 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km, Switzerland - 164 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in lowlands - and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers -Terrain: - in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and - northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping -Natural resources: - iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite, - copper, hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 17% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 24% - forest and woodland: - 39% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 40 km2 (1989) -Environment: - population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor - soils, and low temperatures elsewhere -Note: - landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many - easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube - -*Austria, People - -Population: - 7,915,145 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.55% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.4 years - male: - 73.18 years - female: - 79.8 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Austrian(s) - adjective: - Austrian -Ethnic divisions: - German 99.4%, Croatian 0.3%, Slovene 0.2%, other 0.1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 6%, other 9% -Languages: - German -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1974) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 3.47 million (1989) - by occupation: - services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and forestry 8.1% - note: - an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; - foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988) - -*Austria, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Austria - conventional short form: - Austria - local long form: - Republik Oesterreich - local short form: - Oesterreich -Digraph: - AU -Type: federal republic -Capital: - Vienna -Administrative divisions: - 9 states (bundeslander, singular - bundesland); Burgenland, Karnten, - Niederosterreich, Oberosterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark, Tirol, Vorarlberg, - Wien -Independence: - 12 November 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire) -Constitution: - 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1945) -Legal system: - civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts - by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme - courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 26 October (1955) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPO), Franz VRANITZKY, chairman; - Austrian People's Party (OVP), Erhard BUSEK, chairman; Freedom Party of - Austria (FPO), Jorg HAIDER, chairman; Communist Party (KPO), Walter - SILBERMAYER, chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL), Johannes VOGGENHUBER, - chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation - (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's - Party (OVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; OVP-oriented League - of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay - organization, Catholic Action -Suffrage: - 19 years of age, universal; compulsory for presidential elections -Elections: - President: - last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held 1996); results of second ballot - - Thomas KLESTIL 57%, Rudolf STREICHER 43% - National Council: - last held 7 October 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - SPO 43%, - OVP 32.1%, FPO 16.6%, GAL 4.5%, KPO 0.7%, other 0.32%; seats - (183 total) - SPO 80, OVP 60, FPO 33, GAL 10 -Executive branch: - president, chancellor, vice chancellor, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) consists of an upper council - or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower council or National Council - (Nationalrat) - -*Austria, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Judicial Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for civil and criminal cases, - Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) for bureaucratic cases, - Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof) for constitutional cases -Leaders: - Chief of State: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992) - Head of Government: - Chancellor Franz VRANITZKY (since 16 June 1986); Vice Chancellor Erhard - BUSEK (since 2 July 1991) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM - (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Friedrich HOESS - chancery: - 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 - telephone: - (202) 895-6700 - FAX: - (202) 895-6750 - consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roy Michael HUFFINGTON - chancery: - Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1091, Unit 27937, Vienna - mailing address: - APO AE 09222 - telephone: - [43] (1) 31-339 - FAX: - [43] (1) 310-0682 - consulate general: - Salzburg -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red - -*Austria, Economy - -Overview: - Austria boasts a prosperous and stable socialist market economy with a - sizable proportion of nationalized industry and extensive welfare benefits. - Thanks to an excellent raw material endowment, a technically skilled labor - force, and strong links to German industrial firms, Austria occupies - specialized niches in European industry and services (tourism, banking) and - produces almost enough food to feed itself with only 8% of the labor force - in agriculture. Increased export sales resulting from German unification, - continued to boost Austria's economy through 1991. However, Germany's - economic difficulties in 1992 slowed Austria's GDP growth to 2% from the 3% - of 1991. Austria's economy, moreover, is not expected to grow by more than - 1% in 1993, and inflation is forecast to remain about 4%. Unemployment will - likely remain at current levels at least until 1994. Living standards in - Austria are comparable with the large industrial countries of Western - Europe. Problems for the l990s include an aging population, the high level - of subsidies, and the struggle to keep welfare benefits within budgetary - capabilities. The continued opening of Eastern European markets, however, - will increase demand for Austrian exports. Austria, a member of the European - Free Trade Association (EFTA), in 1992 ratified the European Economic Area - Treaty, which will extend European Community rules on the free movement of - people, goods, capital and services to the EFTA countries, and Austrians - plan to hold a national referendum within the next two years to vote on EC - membership. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $141.3 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.8% (1992) -National product per capita: - $18,000 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 6.4% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $47.8 billion; expenditures $53.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $43.5 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, iron and steel, lumber, textiles, paper products, - chemicals - partners: - EC 65.8% (Germany 39%), EFTA 9.1%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 9.0%, Japan - 1.7%, US 2.8% (1991) -Imports: - $50.7 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, vehicles, chemicals, - textiles and clothing, pharmaceuticals - partners: - EC 67.8% (Germany 43.0%), EFTA 6.9%, Eastern Europe/former USSR 6.0%, Japan - 4.8%, US 3.9% (1991) -External debt: - $11.8 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.0% (1991) -Electricity: - 17,600,000 kW capacity; 49,500 million kWh produced, 6,300 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Austria, Economy - -Industries: - foods, iron and steel, machines, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and - pulp, tourism, mining, motor vehicles -Agriculture: - accounts for 3.2% of GDP (including forestry); principal crops and animals - - grains, fruit, potatoes, sugar beets, sawn wood, cattle, pigs, poultry; - 80-90% self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.4 billion -Currency: - 1 Austrian schilling (S) = 100 groschen -Exchange rates: - Austrian schillings (S) per US$1 - 11.363 (January 1993), 10.989 (1992), - 11.676 (1991), 11.370 (1990), 13.231 (1989), 12.348 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Austria, Communications - -Railroads: - 5,749 km total; 5,652 km government owned and 97 km privately owned (0.760-, - 1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge); 5,394 km 1.435-meter standard gauge of which - 3,154 km is electrified and 1,520 km is double tracked; 339 km 0.760-meter - narrow gauge of which 84 km is electrified -Highways: - 95,412 km total; 34,612 km are the primary network (including 1,012 km of - autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and 23,200 km of provincial roads); of this - number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800 km are unpaved; in addition, there - are 60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) -Inland waterways: - 446 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 554 km; natural gas 2,611 km; petroleum products 171 km -Ports: - Vienna, Linz (Danube river ports) -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,159 GRT/256,765 DWT; includes 23 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk -Airports: - total: - 55 - usable: - 55 - with permanent-surface runways: - 20 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - highly developed and efficient; 4,014,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 - AM, 21 (545 repeaters) FM, 47 (870 repeaters) TV; satellite ground stations - for Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and EUTELSAT systems - -*Austria, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Flying Division) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,016,464; fit for military service 1,694,140; reach - military age (19) annually 50,259 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 0.9% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Azerbaijan, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, between Armenia and Turkmenistan, bordering the Caspian - Sea -Map references: - Africa, Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, - Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Middle East, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 86,600 km2 - land area: - 86,100 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maine - note: - includes the Nakhichevan' Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh - Autonomous Oblast; region's autonomy was abolished by Azerbaijan Supreme - Soviet on 26 November 1991 -Land boundaries: - total 2,013 km, Armenia (west) 566 km, Armenia (southwest) 221 km, Georgia - 322 km, Iran (south) 432 km, Iran (southwest) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey - 9 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) - note: - Azerbaijan does border the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.) -Maritime claims: - NA - note: - Azerbaijani claims in Caspian Sea unknown; 10 nm fishing zone provided for - in 1940 treaty regarding trade and navigation between Soviet Union and Iran -International disputes: - violent and longstanding dispute with Armenia over status of - Nagorno-Karabakh, lesser dispute concerns Nakhichevan; some Azerbaijanis - desire absorption of and/or unification with the ethnically Azeri portion of - Iran; minor irredentist disputes along Georgia border -Climate: - dry, semiarid steppe; subject to drought -Terrain: - large, flat Kura-Aras Lowland (much of it below sea level) with Great - Caucasus Mountains to the north, Karabakh Upland in west; Baku lies on - Aspheson Peninsula that juts into Caspian Sea -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina -Land use: - arable land: - 18% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 57% -Irrigated land: - 14,010 km2 (1990) - -*Azerbaijan, Geography - -Environment: - local scientists consider Apsheron Peninsula, including Baku and Sumgait, - and the Caspian Sea to be "most ecologically devastated area in the world" - because of severe air and water pollution -Note: - landlocked - -*Azerbaijan, People - -Population: - 7,573,435 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.5% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.6 years - male: - 66.77 years - female: - 74.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.76 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Azerbaijani(s) - adjective: Azerbaijani -Ethnic divisions: - Azeri 82.7%, Russian 5.6%, Armenian 5.6%, Daghestanis 3.2%, other 2.9%, note - - Armenian share may be less than 5.6% because many Armenians have fled the - ethnic violence since 1989 census -Religions: - Moslem 87%, Russian Orthodox 5.6%, Armenian Orthodox 5.6%, other 1.8% -Languages: - Azeri 82%, Russian 7%, Armenian 5%, other 6% -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 2.789 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 32%, industry and construction 26%, other 42% - (1990) - -*Azerbaijan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Azerbaijan - conventional short form: - Azerbaijan - local long form: - Azarbaijchan Respublikasy - local short form: - none - former: - Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - AJ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Baku (Baky) -Administrative divisions: - 1 autonomous republic (avtomnaya respublika); Nakhichevan (administrative - center at Nakhichevan) - note: - all rayons except for the exclave of Nakhichevan are under direct republic - jurisdiction; 1 autonomous oblast, Nagorno-Karabakh (officially abolished by - Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991) has declared itself - Nagorno-Karabakh Republic -Independence: - 30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978; writing a new constitution mid-1993 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - New Azerbaijan Party, ALIYEV; Musavat Party (Azerbaijan Popular Front - - APF), Isa GAMBAROV; National Independence Party (main opposition party), - Etibar MAMEDOV; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Zardusht Ali ZADE; Party of - Revolutionary Revival (successor to the Communist Party), Sayad Afes OGLV, - general secretary; Party of Independent Azerbaijan, SOVLEYMANOV -Other political or pressure groups: - self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Abdulfaz Ali ELCHIBEY, - won 60% of vote - National Council: - last held 30 September and 14 October 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next - expected to be held late 1993 for the National Council); seats for Supreme - Soviet - (360 total) Communists 280, Democratic Bloc 45 (grouping of - opposition parties), other 15, vacant 20; note - on 19 May 1992 the Supreme - Soviet was disbanded in favor of a Popular Front-dominated National Council; - seats - (50 total) 25 Popular Front, 25 opposition elements -Executive branch: - president, council of ministers -Legislative branch: - National Parliament (National Assembly or Milli Mejlis) - -*Azerbaijan, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ebulfez ELCHIBEY (since 7 June 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Penah HUSEYNOV (since 29 April 1993; resigned 7 June 1993; - likely replacement - E'tibar MAMEDOV); National Parliament Chairman Isa - GAMBAROV (since 19 May 1992; resigned 13 June 1993; likely replacement - Geydar ALIYEV) -Member of: - BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDB, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NACC, OIC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV - chancery: - 1615 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MILES - embassy: - Hotel Intourist, Baku - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - 7-8922-91-79-56 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a crescent and - eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band - -*Azerbaijan, Economy - -Overview: - Azerbaijan is less developed industrially than either Armenia or Georgia, - the other Transcaucasian states. It resembles the Central Asian states in - its majority Muslim population, high structural unemployment, and low - standard of living. The economy's most prominent products are cotton, oil, - and gas. Production from the Caspian oil and gas field has been in decline - for several years. With foreign assistance, the oil industry might generate - the funds needed to spur industrial development. However, civil unrest, - marked by armed conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region between Muslim - Azeris and Christian Armenians, makes foreign investors wary. Azerbaijan - accounted for 1.5% to 2% of the capital stock and output of the former - Soviet Union. Azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the ex-Soviet - republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but - its considerable energy resources brighten its propects somewhat. Old - economic ties and structures have yet to be replaced. A particularly galling - constraint on economic revival is the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, said to - consume 25% of Azerbaijan's economic resources. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -25% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% per month (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 0.2% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of - underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $821 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., - 1992 est.) - commodities: - oil and gas, chemicals, oilfield equipment, textiles, cotton (1991) - partners: - mostly CIS and European countries -Imports: - $300 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., - 1992 est.) - commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, foodstuffs, textiles (1991) - partners: - European countries -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -27% (1992) -Electricity: - 6,025,000 kW capacity; 22,300 million kWh produced, 2,990 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment; steel, - iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco; cattle, pigs, - sheep and goats - -*Azerbaijan, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit - drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - wheat from Turkey -Currency: - 1 manat (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles; ruble still used -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Azerbaijan, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,090 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 36,700 km total (1990); 31,800 km hard surfaced; 4,900 km earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,130 km, petroleum products 630 km, natural gas 1,240 km -Ports: - inland - Baku (Baky) -Airports: - total: - 65 - useable: - 33 - with permanent-surface runways: - 26 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 8 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 23 -Telecommunications: - domestic telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; 644,000 - domestic telephone lines (density - 9 lines per 100 persons (1991)), 202,000 - persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991); connections to - other former USSR republics by cable and microwave and to other countries - via the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station - installed in late 1992 in Baku with Turkish financial assistance with access - to 200 countries through Turkey; domestic and Russian TV programs are - received locally and Turkish and Iranian TV is received from an INTELSAT - satellite through a receive-only earth station - -*Azerbaijan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border - troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,842,917; fit for military service 1,497,640; reach - military age (18) annually 66,928 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 2,848 million rubles, NA% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of the - military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could - produce misleading results - -*The Bahamas, Geography - -Location: - in the western North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida and northwest of - Cuba -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 13,940 km2 - land area: - 10,070 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 3,542 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream -Terrain: - long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills -Natural resources: - salt, aragonite, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 32% - other: - 67% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms that cause extensive flood - damage -Note: - strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain - -*The Bahamas, People - -Population: - 268,726 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.62% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 31.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.02 years - male: - 68.19 years - female: - 75.96 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bahamian(s) adjective: - Bahamian -Ethnic divisions: - black 85%, white 15% -Religions: - Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Methodist 6%, Church of God - 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% -Languages: - English, Creole, among Haitian immigrants -Literacy: - age 15 and over but definition of literacy not available (1963) - total population: - 90% - male: - 90% - female: - 89% -Labor force: - 127,400 - by occupation: - government 30%, hotels and restaurants 25%, business services 10%, - agriculture 5% (1989) - -*The Bahamas, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - The Commonwealth of The Bahamas - conventional short form: - The Bahamas -Digraph: - BF -Type: - commonwealth -Capital: - Nassau -Administrative divisions: - 21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat Island, Exuma, - Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green Turtle Cay, Harbour Island, - High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New - Providence, Nichollstown and Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy - Point, San Salvador and Rum Cay -Independence: - 10 July 1973 (from UK) -Constitution: - 10 July 1973 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - National Day, 10 July (1973) -Political parties and leaders: - Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. PINDLING; Free National - Movement (FNM), Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM; Vanguard Nationalist and - Socialist Party (VNPS), Lionel CAREY, chairman; People's Democratic Force - (PDF), Fred MITCHELL -Other political or pressure groups: - Vanguard Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a small leftist party - headed by Lionel CAREY; Trade Union Congress (TUC), headed by Arlington - MILLER -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 19 August 1992 (next to be held by August 1997); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) FNM 32, PLP 17 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an appointed upper house or Senate and a - directly elected lower house or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Clifford DARLING (since 2 January 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hubert INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992) -Member of: - ACP, C, CCC, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO - -*The Bahamas, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Timothy Baswell DONALDSON - chancery: - 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 319-2660 - consulates general: - Miami and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Chic HECHT - embassy: - Mosmar Building, Queen Street, Nassau - mailing address: - P. O. Box N-8197, Nassau - telephone: - (809) 322-1181 or 328-2206 - FAX: - (809) 328-7838 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and aquamarine with - a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side - -*The Bahamas, Economy - -Overview: - The Bahamas is a stable, middle-income, developing nation whose economy is - based primarily on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone provides - about 50% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs about 50,000 people or - 40% of the local work force. The economy has slackened in recent years, as - the annual increase in the number of tourists slowed. Nonetheless, per - capita GDP is one of the highest in the region. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991) -National product per capita: - $10,200 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.2% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 16% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $627.5 million; expenditures $727.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $100 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $306 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish - partners: - US 41%, Norway 30%, Denmark 4% -Imports: - $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels, crude oil - partners: - US 35%, Nigeria 21%, Japan 13%, Angola 11% -External debt: - $1.2 billion (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3% (1990); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 424,000 kW capacity; 929 million kWh produced, 3,599 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, banking, cement, oil refining and transshipment, salt production, - rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral welded steel pipe -Agriculture: - accounts for 5% of GDP; dominated by small-scale producers; principal - products-citrus fruit, vegetables, poultry; large net importer of food -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $1.0 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $345 million -Currency: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1-1.00 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*The Bahamas, Communications - -Highways: - 2,400 km total; 1,350 km paved, 1,050 km gravel -Ports: - Freeport, Nassau -Merchant marine: - 853 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,136,078 GRT/33,119,750 DWT; - includes 53 passenger, 18 short-sea passenger, 159 cargo, 40 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48 container, 6 vehicle carrier, 181 oil tanker, 14 - liquefied gas, 22 combination ore/oil, 43 chemical tanker, 1 specialized - tanker, 159 bulk, 7 combination bulk, 102 refrigerated cargo; note-a flag of - convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 60 - usable: - 55 - with permanent-surface runways: - 31 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3, 659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - highly developed; 99,000 telephones in totally automatic system; - tropospheric scatter and submarine cable links to Florida; broadcast - stations-3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*The Bahamas, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Bahamas Defense Force (Coast Guard only), Royal Bahamas Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 68,020; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion-$65 million, 2.7% of GDP (1990) - -*Bahrain, Geography - -Location: Middle East, in the central Persian Gulf, between Saudi Arabia and Qatar -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 620 km2 - land area: - 620 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 161 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - territorial dispute with Qatar over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary - with Qatar -Climate: - arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers -Terrain: - mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment -Natural resources: - oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 90% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subsurface water sources being rapidly depleted (requires development of - desalination facilities); dust storms; desertification -Note: - close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in - Persian Gulf through which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to - reach open ocean - -*Bahrain, People - -Population: 568,471 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.01% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 3.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 7.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 20.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.12 years - male: - 70.72 years - female: - 75.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bahraini(s) - adjective: - Bahraini -Ethnic divisions: - Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%, other 6% -Religions: - Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30% -Languages: - Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 77% - male: - 82% - female: - 69% -Labor force: - 140,000 - by occupation: - industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982) - note: - 42% of labor force is Bahraini - -*Bahrain, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - State of Bahrain - conventional short form: - Bahrain - local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn - local short form: - Al Bahrayn -Digraph: - BA -Type: - traditional monarchy -Capital: - Manama -Administrative divisions: - 12 districts (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al - Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al - Muharraq, Ar Rifa'wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, - Madinat 'Isa, Mintaqat Juzur Hawar, Sitrah -Independence: - 15 August 1971 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 May 1973, effective 6 December 1973 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 December -Political parties and leaders: - political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic - fundamentalist groups are active -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Executive branch: - amir, crown prince and heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative - powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established - 16 December 1992 -Judicial branch: - High Civil Appeals Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Amir 'ISA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 2 November 1961); Heir Apparent HAMAD - bin 'Isa Al Khalifa (son of Amir; born 28 January 1950) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since 19 January 1970) -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman Faris Al KHALIFA - chancery: - 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - -*Bahrain, Government - - telephone: - (202) 342-0741 or 342-0742 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dr. Charles W. HOSTLER - embassy: - Road No. 3119 (next to Alahli Sports Club), Zinj District, Manama - mailing address: - P. O. 26431, Manama, or FPO AE 09834-6210 - telephone: - [973] 273-300 - FAX: - (973) 272-594 -Flag: - red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side - -*Bahrain, Economy - -Overview: - Petroleum production and processing account for about 80% of export - receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 31% of GDP. Economic conditions - have fluctuated with the changing fortunes of oil since 1985, for example, - during the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Bahrain with its highly developed - communication and transport facilities is home to numerous multinational - firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consists of - petroleum products made from imported crude. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.3 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $7,800 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 8%-10% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.32 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 80%, aluminum 7% - partners: - Japan 13%, UAE 12%, India 10%, Pakistan 8% -Imports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - nonoil 59%, crude oil 41% - partners: - Saudi Arabia 41%, US 14%, UK 7%, Japan 5% -External debt: - $1.8 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.8% (1988); accounts for 44% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,600,000 kW capacity; 4,700 million kWh produced, 8,500 kWh per capita - (1992 est.) -Industries: - petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship - repairing -Agriculture: - including fishing, accounts for less than 2% of GDP; not self-sufficient in - food production; heavily subsidized sector produces fruit, vegetables, - poultry, dairy products, shrimp, fish; fish catch 9,000 metric tons in 1987 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $24 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $45 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.8 billion -Currency: - 1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Bahrain, Communications - -Highways: - 200 km bituminous surfaced, including 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia - opened in November 1986; NA km natural surface tracks -Pipelines: - crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km -Ports: - Mina' Salman, Manama, Sitrah -Merchant marine: - 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,331 GRT/249,490 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - modern system; good domestic services; 98,000 telephones (1 for every 6 - persons); excellent international connections; tropospheric scatter to - Qatar, UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, - UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV - -*Bahrain, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 194,770; fit for military service 107,696; reach military - age (15) annually 5,043 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $245 million, 6% of GDP (1990) - -*Baker Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Baker Island, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator, 2,575 km southwest of - Honolulu, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 1.4 km2 - land area: - 1.4 km2 - comparative area: - about 2.3 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 4.8 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until 1891) -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses, prostrate - vines, and low growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, - roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife - -*Baker Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air - and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World - War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit - only and generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and - cemetery ruinsare located near the middle of the west coast - -*Baker Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Baker Island -Digraph: - FQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge system -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Baker Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Baker Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the - west coast -Airports: - 1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m -Note: - there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -*Baker Island, Defense Forces - - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -*Bangladesh, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, almost completely surrounded - by India -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 144,000 km2 - land area: - 133,910 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Wisconsin -Land boundaries: - total 4,246 km, Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km -Coastline: - 580 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 18 nm - continental shelf: - up to outer limits of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute; water-sharing problems - with upstream riparian India over the Ganges -Climate: - tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to - June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October) -Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast -Natural resources: - natural gas, arable land, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 67% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 16% - other: - 11% -Irrigated land: - 27,380 km2 (1989) -Environment: - vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer - monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation - -*Bangladesh, People - -Population: - 122,254,849 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 109.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 54.7 years - male: - 55 years - female: - 54.38 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.55 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bangladeshi(s) - adjective: - Bangladesh -Ethnic divisions: - Bengali 98%, Biharis 250,000, tribals less than 1 million -Religions: - Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, Buddhist, Christian, other -Languages: - Bangla (official), English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 35% - male: - 47% - female: - 22% -Labor force: - 35.1 million - by occupation: - agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86) - note: - extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991) - -*Bangladesh, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - People's Republic of Bangladesh - conventional short form: - Bangladesh - former: - East Pakistan -Digraph: - BG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dhaka -Administrative divisions: - 64 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla); Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, - Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chapai Nawabganj, Chattagram, - Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, - Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jaipurhat, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, - Jhenaidah, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Laksmipur, - Lalmonirhat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Moulavibazar, - Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsingdi, Nator, - Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagar, Parbattya Chattagram, - Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariyatpur, - Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, Thakurgaon -Independence: - 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan) -Constitution: - 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 - March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended NA March 1991 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 March (1971) -Political parties and leaders: - Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Khaleda ZIAur Rahman; Awami League (AL), - Sheikh Hasina WAJED; Jatiyo Party (JP), Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (in jail); - Jamaat-E-Islami (JI), Ali KHAN; Bangladesh Communist Party (BCP), Saifuddin - Ahmed MANIK; National Awami Party (Muzaffar); Workers Party, leader NA; - Jatiyo Samajtantik Dal (JSD), Serajul ALAM KHAN; Ganotantri Party, leader - NA; Islami Oikya Jote, leader NA; National Democratic Party (NDP), leader - NA; Muslim League, Khan A. SABUR; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE - Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar MUSHTAQUE Ahmed; United People's Party, - Kazi ZAFAR Ahmed -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 27 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (330 total, 300 elected and 30 seats - reserved for women) BNP 168, AL 93, JP 35, JI 20, BCP 5, National Awami - Party (Muzaffar) 1, Workers Party 1, JSD 1, Ganotantri Party 1, Islami Oikya - Jote 1, NDP 1, independents 3 - President: - last held 8 October 1991 (next to be held by NA October 1996); results - - Abdur Rahman BISWAS received 52.1% of parliamentary vote -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament (Jatiya Sangsad) - -*Bangladesh, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Abdur Rahman BISWAS (since 8 October 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Khaleda ZIAur Rahman (since 20 March 1991) -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - MINURSO, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, - UNTAC, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WCL, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Abul AHSAN - chancery: - 2201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 342-8372 through 8376 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William B. MILAM - embassy: - Diplomatic Enclave, Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka - mailing address: - G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1212 - telephone: [880] (2) 884700-22 - FAX: - [880] (2) 883648 -Flag: - green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is - the traditional color of Islam - -*Bangladesh, Economy - -Overview: - Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest, most densely populated, and least - developed nations. Its economy is overwhelmingly agricultural. Major - impediments to growth include frequent cyclones and floods, government - interference with the economy, a rapidly growing labor force that cannot be - absorbed by agriculture, a low level of industrialization, failure to fully - exploit energy resources (natural gas), and inefficient and inadequate power - supplies. An excellent rice crop and expansion of the export garment - industry helped growth in FY91/92. Policy reforms intended to reduce - government regulation of private industry and promote public-sector - efficiency have been announced but are being implemented only slowly. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $23.8 billion (FY92) -National product real growth rate: - 3.8% (FY92) -National product per capita: - $200 (FY92) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.09% (FY92) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92) -Exports: - $2.0 billion (FY92) - commodities: - garments, jute and jute goods, leather, shrimp - partners: - US 28%, Western Europe 39% (FY91) -Imports: - $3.4 billion (FY91/92) - commodities: - capital goods, petroleum, food, textiles - partners: - Japan 10.0%, Western Europe 17%, US 5.0% (FY91) -External debt: - $11.8 billion (FY92 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.0% (FY92 est.); accounts for less than 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,400,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - jute manufacturing, cotton textiles, food processing, steel, fertilizer -Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP, 60% of employment, and one-fifth of exports; - imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; - commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, - milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils, cotton; fish catch - 778,000 metric tons in 1986 -Illicit drugs: - transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $11.65 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $6.52 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.5 - billion -Currency: - 1 taka (Tk) = 100 paise - -*Bangladesh, Economy - -Exchange rates: - taka (Tk) per US$1 - 39.000 (January 1993), 38.951 (1992), 36.596 (1991), - 34.569 (1990), 32.270 (1989), 31.733 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Bangladesh, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km 1.000 meter gauge, 978 km 1.676 meter broad - gauge -Highways: - 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840 km paved, 3,400 km unpaved -Inland waterways: - 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo - routes) -Pipelines: - natural gas 1,220 km -Ports: - Chittagong, Chalna -Merchant marine: - 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 314,228 GRT/461,607 DWT; includes 34 - cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 bulk -Airports: - total: - 16 - usable: - 12 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 6 -Telecommunications: - adequate international radio communications and landline service; fair - domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 241,250 - telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 6 FM, 11 TV; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - satellite earth stations - -*Bangladesh, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force - paramilitary forces: - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Defense Parties, - National Cadet Corps -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 30,909,597; fit for military service 18,348,702 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $355 million, 1.5% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*Barbados, Geography - -Location: - in the extreme eastern Caribbean Sea, about 375 km northeast of Venezuela -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 430 km2 - land area: - 430 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 97 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (June to October) -Terrain: - relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region -Natural resources: - petroleum, fishing, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: 77% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 14% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (especially June to October) -Note: - easternmost Caribbean island - -*Barbados, People - -Population: - 255,338 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.18% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -5.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 21.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.49 years - male: - 70.75 years - female: - 76.46 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.77 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Barbadian(s) - adjective: - Barbadian -Ethnic divisions: - African 80%, mixed 16%, European 4% -Religions: - Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other 12%), - Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, unknown 3%, other 9% (1980) -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: 99% - male: - 99% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 120,900 (1991) - by occupation: - services and government 37%, commerce 22%, manufacturing and construction - 22%, transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%, - agriculture 8%, utilities 2% (1985 est.) - -*Barbados, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Barbados -Digraph: - BB -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Bridgetown -Administrative divisions: - 11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint James, Saint - John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, - Saint Thomas - note: - the new city of Bridgetown may be given parish status -Independence: - 30 November 1966 (from UK) -Constitution: - 30 November 1966 -Legal system: - English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 November (1966) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Erskine SANDIFORD; Barbados Labor Party (BLP), - Henry FORDE; National Democratic Party (NDP), Richie HAYNES -Other political or pressure groups: - Barbados Workers Union, Leroy TROTMAN; People's Progressive Movement, Eric - SEALY; Workers' Party of Barbados, Dr. George BELLE; Clement Payne Labor - Union, David COMMISSIONG -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 22 January 1991 (next to be held by January 1996); results - DLP - 49.8%; seats - (28 total) DLP 18, BLP 10 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Judicature -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Nita BARROW (since 6 June 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine SANDIFORD (since 2 June 1987) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, - LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dr. Rudi WEBSTER - -*Barbados, Government - - chancery: - 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-9200 through 9202 - consulate general: - New York - consulate: - Los Angeles -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador G. Philip HUGHES - embassy: - Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street, Bridgetown - mailing address: - P. O. Box 302, Box B, FPO AA 34054 - telephone: - (809) 436-4950 through 4957 - FAX: - (809) 429-5246 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and blue with the - head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the trident head - represents independence and a break with the past (the colonial coat of arms - contained a complete trident) - -*Barbados, Economy - -Overview: - A per capita income of $7,000 gives Barbados one of the highest standards of - living of all the small island states of the eastern Caribbean. - Historically, the economy was based on the cultivation of sugarcane and - related activities. In recent years, however, the economy has diversified - into manufacturing and tourism. The tourist industry is now a major employer - of the labor force and a primary source of foreign exchange. The economy - slowed in 1990-91, however, and Bridgetown's declining hard currency - reserves and inability to finance its deficits have caused it to adopt an - austere economic reform program. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion ( 1991) -National product real growth rate: - -4% (1991) -National product per capita: - $7,000 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.1% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 23% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $547 million; expenditures $620 million (FY92-93), including - capital expenditures of $60 million -Exports: - $205.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - sugar and molasses, chemicals, electrical components, clothing, rum, - machinery and transport equipment - partners: - CARICOM 31%, US 16%, UK 13% -Imports: - $697 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer durables, raw materials, machinery, crude oil, - construction materials, chemicals - partners: - US 34%, CARICOM 16%, UK 11%, Canada 6% -External debt: - $750 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.3% (1991); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 152,100 kW capacity; 540 million kWh produced, 2,118 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export, - petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 8% of GDP; major cash crop is sugarcane; other crops - - vegetables, cotton; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $171 million -Currency: - 1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Barbados, Communications - -Highways: - 1,570 km total; 1,475 km paved, 95 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Bridgetown -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 48,710 GRT79,263 DWT; includes 1 cargo, - 2 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - islandwide automatic telephone system with 89,000 telephones; tropospheric - scatter link to Trinidad and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 - (1 is pay) TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Barbados, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Barbados Defense Force, including the Ground Forces and Coast Guard, - Royal Barbados Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 70,254; fit for military service 49,096 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $10 million, 0.7% of GDP (1989) - -*Bassas da India, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Bassas da India, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between - Madagascar and Mozambique -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - NA km2 - land area: - NA km2 - comparative area: - NA -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 35.2 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - a volcanic rock 2.4 meters high -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (all rock) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones -Note: - navigational hazard since it is usually under water during high tide - -*Bassas da India, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Bassas da India, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Bassas da India -Digraph: - BS -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Jacques - DEWATRE (since July 1991), resident in Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Bassas da India, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Bassas da India, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -*Bassas da India, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Belarus, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, between Poland and Russia -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 207,600 km2 - land area: - 207,600 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kansas -Land boundaries: total 3,098 km, Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 - km, Ukraine 891 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - mild and moist; transitional between continental and maritime -Terrain: - generally flat and contains much marshland -Natural resources: - forest land, peat deposits -Land use: - arable land: - 29% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 15% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 56% -Irrigated land: - 1,490 km2 (1990) -Environment: - southern part of Belarus highly contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear - reactor accident at Chornobyl' -Note: - landlocked - -*Belarus, People - -Population: - 10,370,269 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.34% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.28 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.73 years - male: - 66.04 years - female: - 75.66 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Belarusian(s) - adjective: - Belarusian -Ethnic divisions: - Belarusian 77.9%, Russian 13.2%, Polish 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.9%, other 1.9% -Religions: - Eastern Orthodox NA%, other NA% -Languages: - Byelorussian, Russian, other -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 5.418 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% - (1990) - -*Belarus, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Belarus - conventional short form: - Belarus - local long form: - Respublika Belarus - local short form: - none - former: - Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - BO -Type: - republic -Capital: - Minsk -Administrative divisions: - 6 oblasts (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and one municipality* (harady,, singular - horad); -Brestskaya, Homyel'skaya, Minsk*, Hrodzyenskaya,, Mahilyowskaya, Minskaya, Vitsyebskaya - note: - each voblasts' has the same name as its administrative center -Independence: - 25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted NA April 1978 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - 24 August (1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), Zenon PAZNYAK, chairman; United Democratic - Party of Belarus (UDPB), Aleksandr DOBROVOLSKIY, chairman; Social Democratic - Party of Belarus (SDBP), Mikhail TKACHEV, chairman; Belarus Workers Union, - Mikhail SOBOL, Chairman; Belarus Peasants Party; Party of People's Unity, - Gennadiy KARPENKO; Communist Party of Belarus -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Supreme Soviet: - last held 4 April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communists 87%; seats - - (360 total) number of seats by party NA; note - 50 seats are for public - bodies; the Communist Party obtained an overwhelming majority -Executive branch: - chairman of the Supreme Soviet, chairman of the Council of Ministers; note - - Belarus has approved a directly elected presidency but so far no elections - have been scheduled -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet Stanislav S. SHUSHKEVICH (since 18 September - 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vyacheslav F. KEBICH (since NA April 1990), First Deputy - Prime Minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since NA 1991) - -*Belarus, Government - -Member of: - CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IOC, ITU, - NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Designate Sergey Nikolayevich MARTYNOV - chancery: - 1511 K Street NW, Suite 619, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 638-2954 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador David H. SWARTZ - embassy: - Starovilenskaya #46, Minsk - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 telephone: - 7-0172-34-65-37 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of white (top), red, and white - -*Belarus, Economy - -Overview: - In many ways Belarus resembles the three Baltic states, for example, in its - industrial competence, its higher-than-average standard of living, and its - critical dependence on the other former Soviet states for fuels and raw - materials. Belarus ranks fourth in gross output among the former Soviet - republics, having produced 4% of the total GDP and employing 4% of the labor - force in the old USSR. Once a mainly agricultural area, it now supplies - important producer and consumer goods - sometimes as the sole producer - to - the other states. Belarus had a significant share of the machine-building - capacity of the former USSR. It is especially noted for production of - tractors, large trucks, machine tools, and automation equipment. The soil in - Belarus is not as fertile as the black earth of Ukraine, but by emphasizing - favorable crops and livestock (especially pigs and chickens), Belarus has - become a net exporter to the other former republics of meat, milk, eggs, - flour, and potatoes. Belarus produces only small amounts of oil and gas and - receives most of its fuel from Russia through the Druzhba oil pipeline and - the Northern Lights gas pipeline. These pipelines transit Belarus en route - to Eastern Europe. Belarus produces petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic - fibers (nearly 30% of former Soviet output), and fertilizer (20% of former - Soviet output). Raw material resources are limited to potash and peat - deposits. The peat (more than one-third of the total for the former Soviet - Union) is used in domestic heating, as boiler fuel for electric power - stations, and in the production of chemicals. The potash supports fertilizer - production. In 1992 GDP fell an estimated 13%, largely because the country - is highly dependent on the ailing Russian economy for raw materials and - parts. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -13% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 30% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.5% of officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed - workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $1.1 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (f.o.b., - 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: - NA -Imports: $751 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (c.i.f., - 1992) - commodities: - machinery, chemicals, textiles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $2.6 billion (end of 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -9.6%; accounts for about 50% of GDP (1992) - -*Belarus, Economy - -Electricity: - 8,025,000 kW capacity; 37,600 million kWh produced, 3,626 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - employ about 27% of labor force and produce a wide variety of products - essential to the other states; products include (in percent share of total - output of former Soviet Union): tractors (12%); metal-cutting machine tools - (11%); off-highway dump trucks up to 110-metric-ton load capacity (100%); - wheel-type earthmovers for construction and mining (100%); eight- - wheel-drive, high-flotation trucks with cargo capacity of 25 metric tons for - use in tundra and roadless areas (100%); equipment for animal husbandry and - livestock feeding (25%); motorcycles (21.3%); television sets (11%); - chemical fibers (28%); fertilizer (18%); linen fabric (11%); wool fabric - (7%); radios; refrigerators; and other consumer goods -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 25% of GDP and 5.7% of total agricultural output of - former Soviet Union; employs 20% of the labor force; in 1988 produced the - following (in percent of total Soviet production): grain (3.6%), potatoes - (12.2%), vegetables (3.0%), meat (6.0%), milk (7.0%); net exporter of meat, - milk, eggs, flour, potatoes -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for the domestic market; - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 rubel (abbreviation NA) = 10 Russian rubles - note: - the rubel circulates with the Russian ruble; certain purchase are made only - with rubels; government has established a different, and varying, exchange - rate for trade between Belarus and Russia -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Belarus, Communications - -Railroads: 5,570 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 98,200 km total; 66,100 km hard surfaced, 32,100 km earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,470 km, refined products 1,100 km, natural gas 1,980 km (1992) -Ports: - none; landlocked -Merchant marine: - claims 5% of former Soviet fleet -Airports: - total: - 124 - useable: - 55 - with permanent-surface runways: - 31 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 28 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 20 -Telecommunications: - construction of NMT-450 analog cellular network proceeding in Minsk, in - addition to installation of some 300 km of fiber optic cable in the city - network; telephone network has 1.7 million lines, 15% of which are switched - automatically; Minsk has 450,000 lines; telephone density is approximately - 17 per 100 persons; as of 1 December 1991, 721,000 applications from - households for telephones were still unsatisfied; international connections - to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave and to other - countries by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway - switch; Belarus has not constructed ground stations for international - telecommunications via satellite to date - -*Belarus, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Security Forces (internal and border - troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,491,039; fit for military service 1,964,577; reach - military age (18) annually 71,875 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 56.5 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the - military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could - produce misleading results - -*Belgium, Geography - -Location: Western Europe, bordering on the North Sea, between France and the - Netherlands -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 30,510 km2 - land area: - 30,230 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 1,385 km, France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, - Netherlands 450 km -Coastline: - 64 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - equidistant line with neighbors - exclusive fishing zone: - equidistant line with neighbors (extends about 68 km from coast) - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy -Terrain: - flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged mountains of - Ardennes Forest in southeast -Natural resources: - coal, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 24% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 21% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - air and water pollution -Note: - crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals within - 1,000 km of Brussels which is the seat of the EC - -*Belgium, People - -Population: 10,040,939 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.23% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.94 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.72 years - male: - 73.41 years - female: - 80.21 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Belgian(s) - adjective: - Belgian -Ethnic divisions: - Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%, mixed or other 12% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25% -Languages: - Flemish (Dutch) 56%, French 32%, German 1%, legally bilingual 11% divided - along ethnic lines -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 4.126 million - by occupation: - services 63.6%, industry 28%, construction 6.1%, agriculture 2.3% (1988) - -*Belgium, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Belgium - conventional short form: - Belgium - local long form: - Royaume de Belgique local short form: - Belgique -Digraph: - BE -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Brussels -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Flemish: provincien, - singular - provincie); Antwerpen, Brabant, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, - Luxembourg, Namur, Oost-Vlaanderen, West-Vlaanderen -Independence: - 4 October 1830 (from the Netherlands) -Constitution: - 7 February 1831, last revised 8-9 August 1980; the government is in the - process of revising the Constitution with the aim of federalizing the - Belgian state -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial - review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - National Day, 21 July (ascension of King Leopold to the throne in 1831) -Political parties and leaders: - Flemish Social Christian (CVP), Herman VAN ROMPUY, president; Walloon Social - Christian (PSC) , Melchior WATHELET, president; Flemish Socialist (SP), - Frank VANDENBROUCKE, president; Walloon Socialist (PS), Guy SPITAELS; - Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD), Guy VERHOFSTADT, president; Walloon - Liberal (PRL), Antoine DUQUESNE, president; Francophone Democratic Front - (FDF), Georges CLERFAYT, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak GABRIELS, - president; Communist Party (PCB), Louis VAN GEYT, president; Vlaams Blok - (VB), Karel VAN DILLEN, chairman; ROSSEM, Jean Pierre VAN ROSSEM; National - Front (FN), Werner van STEEN; Live Differently (AGALEV; Flemish Green - party), Leo COX; Ecologist (ECOLO; Francophone Green party), NA; other minor - parties -Other political or pressure groups: - Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Industries; - numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, - middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various - organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; - various peace groups such as the Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear - Weapons and Pax Christi -Suffrage: - 18 years of age, universal and compulsory -Elections: - Senate: - last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (184 total; of which 106 are directly - elected) CVP 20, SP 14, PVV (now VLD) 13, VU 5, AGALEV 5, VB 5, ROSSEN 1, PS - 18, PRL 9, PSC 9, ECOLO 6, FDF 1 - -*Belgium, Government - - Chamber of Representatives: - last held 24 November 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); results - CVP - 16.7%, PS 13.6%, SP 12.0%, PVV (now VLD) 11.9%, PRL 8.2%, PSC 7.8%, VB 6.6%, - VU 5.9%, ECOLO 5.1%, AGALEV 4.9%, FDF 2.6%, ROSSEM 3.2%, FN 1.5%; seats - - (212 total) CVP 39, PS 35, SP 28, PVV (now VLD) 26, PRL 20, PSC 18, FB 12, - VU 10, ECOLO 10, AGALEV 7, FDF 3, ROSSEM 3, FN 1 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Flemish - - Senaat, French - Senat) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives - (Flemish - Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers, French - Chambre des - Representants) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Flemish - Hof van Cassatie, French - Cour de - Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King BAUDOUIN I (since 17 July 1951); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT of Liege - (brother of the King; born 6 June 1934) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jean-Luc DEHAENE (since 6 March 1992) -Member of: - AG (observer), ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australian Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, - CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMOGIP, - UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, - ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Juan CASSIERS - chancery: - 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 333-6900 - FAX: - (202) 333-3079 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Bruce S. GELB - embassy: - 27 Boulevard du Regent, Brussels - mailing address: - B-1000 Brussels, PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09724 - telephone: - [32] (2) 513-3830 - FAX: - [32] (2) 511-2725 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red; the - design was based on the flag of France - -*Belgium, Economy - -Overview: - This small private enterprise economy has capitalized on its central - geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified - industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the - populous Flemish area in the north, although the government is encouraging - reinvestment in the southern region of Walloon. With few natural resources - Belgium must import essential raw materials, making its economy closely - dependent on the state of world markets. Over 70% of trade is with other EC - countries. The economy grew at a strong 4% pace during the period 1988-90, - but economic growth slowed to a 1% pace in 1991-92. The economy is expected - to turn in another sluggish 1% performance in 1993. Belgium's public debt - remains high at 120% of GDP and the government is trying to control its - expenditures to bring the figure more into line with other industrialized - countries. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $177.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 0.8% (1992) -National product per capita: - $17,800 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9.8% (end 1992) -Budget: - revenues $97.8 billion; expenditures $109.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $118 billion (f.o.b., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - commodities: - iron and steel, transportation equipment, tractors, diamonds, petroleum - products - partners: - EC 75.5%, US 3.7%, former Communist countries 1.4% (1991) -Imports: - $121 billion (c.i.f., 1991) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union - commodities: - fuels, grains, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: - EC 73%, US 4.8%, oil-exporting less developed countries 4%, former Communist - countries 1.8% (1991) -External debt: - $31.3 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 17,500,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 6,790 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, processed food and - beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum, coal -Agriculture: accounts for 2.3% of GDP; emphasis on livestock production - beef, veal, - pork, milk; major crops are sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, - tobacco; net importer of farm products -Illicit drugs: - source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors; - increasingly important gateway country for cocaine entering the European - market - -*Belgium, Economy - -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.8 billion -Currency: - 1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), 34.148 - (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Belgium, Communications - -Railroads: - Belgian National Railways (SNCB) operates 3,568 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, government owned; 2,563 km double track; 2,207 km electrified -Highways: - 103,396 km total; 1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717 km - national highway; 1,362 km provincial road; about 38,000 km paved and 51,000 - km unpaved rural roads -Inland waterways: - 2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) -Pipelines: - petroleum products 1,167 km; crude oil 161 km; natural gas 3,300 km -Ports: - Antwerp, Brugge, Gent, Oostende, Zeebrugge -Merchant marine: - 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 96,949 GRT/133,658 DWT; includes 10 - cargo, 5 oil tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 5 chemical tanker, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 42 - usable: - 42 - with permanent-surface runways: - 24 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 14 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated - domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; extensive - cable network; limited microwave radio relay network; 4,720,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 3 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV; 5 submarine cables; 2 satellite - earth stations - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide - mobile phone system - -*Belgium, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,556,189; fit for military service 2,133,051; reach - military age (19) annually 63,532 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $4 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) - -*Belize, Geography - -Location: - Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and Mexico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 22,960 km2 - land area: - 22,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - total 516 km, Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km -Coastline: - 386 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south - note: - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye, Belize's territorial - sea is 3 miles; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose - of this limitation is to provide a framework for - the negotiation of a definitive agreement on territorial differences with - Guatemala -International disputes: - border with Guatemala in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have - begun -Climate: - tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to February) -Terrain: - flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south -Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 44% - other: - 52% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - frequent devastating hurricanes (September to December) and coastal flooding - (especially in south); deforestation -Note: - national capital moved 80 km inland from Belize City to Belmopan because of - hurricanes; only country in Central America without a coastline on the North - Pacific Ocean - -*Belize, People - -Population: - 203,957 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.42% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 36.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.85 years - male: - 65.91 years - female: - 69.88 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.53 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Belizean(s) - adjective: - Belizean -Ethnic divisions: - Mestizo 44%, Creole 30%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 7%, other 8% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite - 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other - 2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980) -Languages: - English (official), Spanish, Maya, Garifuna (Carib) -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 91% - male: - 91% - female: - 91% -Labor force: - 51,500 - by occupation: - agriculture 30%, services 16%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, - manufacturing 10.3% - note: - shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985) - -*Belize, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Belize - former: - British Honduras -Digraph: - BH -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Belmopan -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo -Independence: - 21 September 1981 (from UK) -Constitution: - 21 September 1981 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 September -Political parties and leaders: - People's United Party (PUP), George PRICE, Florencio MARIN, Said MUSA; - United Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean LINDO, Dean BARROW; - National Alliance for Belizean Rights, leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR), Assad SHOMAN; - United Workers Front, leader NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 4 September 1989 (next to be held September 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) PUP 15, UDP 13; note - in - January 1990 one member expelled from UDP joined PUP, making the seat count - PUP 16, UDP 12 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Minita Elmira GORDON (since 21 September 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister George Cadle PRICE (since 4 September 1989) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador James V. HYDE - -*Belize, Government - - chancery: - 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-9636 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Eugene L. SCASSA - embassy: - Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street, Belize City - mailing address: - P. O. Box 286, Belize City - telephone: - [501] (2) 77161 through 77163 - FAX: - [501] (2) 30802 -Flag: - blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges; centered - is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of arms features a - shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany tree with the related - motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, - all encircled by a green garland - -*Belize, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based primarily on agriculture, agro-based industry, and - merchandising, with tourism and construction assuming increasing importance. - Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and provides 75% of export - earnings, while sugar, the chief crop, accounts for almost 40% of hard - currency earnings. The US, Belize's main trading partner, is assisting in - efforts to reduce dependency on sugar with an agricultural diversification - program. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $373 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 10% (1990) -National product per capita: - $1,635 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.5% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $126.8 million; expenditures $123.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $44.8 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $95.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - sugar, citrus, clothing, bananas, fish products, molasses - partners: - US 49%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991) -Imports: - $194 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels, - chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 60%, UK, EC, Mexico (1991) -External debt: - $143.7 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.7% (1990); accounts for 12% of GDP -Electricity: - 34,532 kW capacity; 90 million kWh produced, 393 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - garment production, citrus concentrates, sugar refining, rum, beverages, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 22% of GDP (including fish and forestry); commercial crops - include sugarcane, bananas, coca, citrus fruits; expanding output of lumber - and cultured shrimp; net importer of basic foods -Illicit drugs: - an illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; - eradication program cut marijuana production from 200 metric tons in 1987 to - about 50 metric tons in 1991; transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $104 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $215 million -Currency: - 1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate) - -*Belize, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Belize, Communications - -Highways: - 2,710 km total; 500 km paved, 1,600 km gravel, 300 km improved earth, and - 310 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 825 km river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable -Ports: - Belize City; additional ports for shallow draught craft include Corozol, - Punta Gorda, Big Creek -Merchant marine: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,768 GRT/12,721 DWT; includes 3 cargo, - 1 roll-on/roll-off -Airports: - total: - 42 - usable: - 32 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,229-2,439 mr: - 2 -Telecommunications: - 8,650 telephones; above-average system based on microwave radio relay; - broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Belize, Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Forces Belize, Belize Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air - Force, and Volunteer Guard), Belize National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 47,135; fit for military service 28,070; reach military age - (18) annually 2,066 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $5.4 million, 2% of GDP (1992) - -*Benin, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Nigeria and Togo -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 112,620 km2 - land area: - 110,620 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - total 1,989 km, Burkina 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km -Coastline: - 121 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains -Natural resources: - small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 45% -Irrigated land: - 60 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north in winter; deforestation; - desertification -Note: - recent droughts have severely affected marginal agriculture in north; no - natural harbors - -*Benin, People - -Population: - 5,166,735 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.33% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 48.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 14.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 51.31 years - male: - 49.51 years - female: - 53.16 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Beninese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Beninese -Ethnic divisions: - African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, - Bariba), Europeans 5,500 -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15% -Languages: - French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal - languages (at least six major ones in north) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 23% - male: - 32% - female: - 16% -Labor force: - 1.9 million (1987) - by occupation: - agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less - than 2% - note: - 49% of population of working age (1985) - -*Benin, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Benin - conventional short form: - Benin - local long form: - Republique Populaire du Benin - local short form: - Benin - former: - Dahomey -Digraph: - BN -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule dropped Marxism-Leninism December - 1989; democratic reforms adopted February 1990; transition to multiparty - system completed 4 April 1991 -Capital: - Porto-Novo -Administrative divisions: - 6 provinces; Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Mono, Oueme, Zou -Independence: - 1 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 2 December 1990 -Legal system: - based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 1 August (1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Alliance of the Democratic Union for the Forces of Progress (UDFP), Timothee - ADANLIN; Movement for Democracy and Social Progress (MDPS), Jean-Roger - AHOYO; Union for Liberty and Development (ULD), Marcellin DEGBE; Alliance of - the National Party for Democracy and Development (PNDD) and the Democratic - Renewal Party (PRD), Pascal Chabi KAO; Alliance of the Social Democratic - Party (PSD) and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress (UNSP), Bruno - AMOUSSOU; Our Common Cause (NCC), Albert TEVOEDJRE; National Rally for - Democracy (RND), Joseph KEKE; Alliance of the National Movement for - Democracy and Development (MNDD), leader NA; Movement for Solidarity, Union, - and Progress (MSUP), Adebo ADENIYI; Union for Democracy and National - Reconstruction (UDRN), Azaria FAKOREDE; Union for Democracy and National - Solidarity (UDS), Mama Amadou N'DIAYE; Assembly of Liberal Democrats for - National Reconstruction (RDL), Severin ADJOVI; Alliance of the Alliance for - Social Democracy (ASD), Robert DOSSOU; Bloc for Social Democracy (BSD), - Michel MAGNIDE; Alliance of the Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ADP), - Akindes ADEKPEDJOU; Democratic Union for Social Renewal (UDRS), Bio Gado - Seko N'GOYE; National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP), Robert - TAGNON; Party for Progress and Democracy, Theophile NATA; numerous other - small parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (64 total) UDFP-MDPS-ULD 12, PNDD/PRD 9, PSD/UNSP 8, NCC 7, RND 7, - MNDD/MSUP/UDRN 6, UDS 5, RDL 4, ASD/BSD 3, ADP/UDRS 2, UNDP 1 - -*Benin, Government - - President: - last held 10 and 24 March 1991; results - Nicephore SOGLO 68%, Mathieu - KEREKOU 32% -Executive branch: - president, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Nicephore SOGLO (since 4 April 1991) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Candide AHOUANSOU - chancery: - 2737 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-6656 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ruth A. DAVIS - embassy: - Rue Caporal Anani Bernard, Cotonou - mailing address: - B. P. 2012, Cotonou - telephone: - [229] 30-06-50, 30-05-13, 30-17-92 - FAX: - [229] 30-14-39 and 30-19-74 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a vertical green - band on the hoist side - -*Benin, Economy - -Overview: - Benin is one of the least developed countries in the world because of - limited natural resources and a poorly developed infrastructure. Agriculture - accounts for about 35% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and - generates a major share of foreign exchange earnings. The industrial sector - contributes only about 15% to GDP and employs 2% of the work force. Low - prices in recent years have kept down hard currency earnings from Benin's - major exports of agricultural products and crude oil. -National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991) -National product per capita: - $410 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $194 million; expenditures $390 million, including capital - expenditures of $104 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $263.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, cotton, palm products, cocoa - partners: - FRG 36%, France 16%, Spain 14%, Italy 8%, UK 4% -Imports: - $428 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco, petroleum products, intermediate goods, - capital goods, light consumer goods - partners: - France 34%, Netherlands 10%, Japan 7%, Italy 6%, US 4% -External debt: - $1 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -0.7% (1988); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - textiles, cigarettes, construction materials, beverages, food production, - petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 35% of GDP; small farms produce 90% of agricultural output; - production is dominated by food crops - corn, sorghum, cassava, beans, rice; - cash crops include cotton, palm oil, peanuts; poultry and livestock output - has not kept up with consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $46 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,300 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) - -*Benin, Economy - -Fiscal year: calendar year - -*Benin, Communications - -Railroads: - 578 km, all 1.000-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 5,050 km total; 920 km paved, 2,600 laterite, 1,530 km improved earth -Inland waterways: - navigable along small sections, important only locally -Ports: - Cotonou -Airports: - total: - 7 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,439-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - fair system of open wire, submarine cable, and radio relay microwave; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Benin, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,075,053; females age 15-49 1,170,693; males fit for - military service 550,645; females fit for military service 591,506; males - reach military age (18) annually 56,872; females reach military age (18) - annually 55,141 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.7% of GDP (1988 est.) - -*Bermuda, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Bermuda, Geography - -Location: - in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1,050 km east of North Carolina -Map references: - North America -Area: - total area: - 50 km2 - land area: - 50 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 103 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter -Terrain: - low hills separated by fertile depressions -Natural resources: - limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 20% - other: - 80% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360 - small coral islands -Note: - some reclaimed land leased by US Government - -*Bermuda, People - -Population: - 60,686 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.78% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 13.16 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.03 years - male: - 73.36 years - female: - 76.97 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bermudian(s) - adjective: - Bermudian -Ethnic divisions: - black 61%, white and other 39% -Religions: - Anglican 37%, Roman Catholic 14%, African Methodist Episcopal (Zion) 10%, - Methodist 6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, other 28% -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 32,000 - by occupation: - clerical 25%, services 22%, laborers 21%, professional and technical 13%, - administrative and managerial 10%, sales 7%, agriculture and fishing 2% - (1984) - -*Bermuda, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Bermuda -Digraph: - BD -Type: dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Hamilton -Administrative divisions: - 9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*, Paget,, Pembroke, Saint -George*, Saint Georges, Sandys, Smiths, Southampton, Warwick, Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 8 June 1968 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Bermuda Day, 22 May -Political parties and leaders: - United Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. SWAN; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), - Frederick WADE; National Liberal Party (NLP), Gilbert DARRELL -Other political or pressure groups: - Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU), Ottiwell SIMMONS -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total) UBP 23, PLP 15, NLP 1, other - 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, deputy governor, premier, deputy premier, - Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Lord - David WADDINGTON (since NA) - Head of Government: - Premier John William David SWAN (since NA January 1982) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CCC, ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a dependent territory of the UK, Bermuda's interests in the US are - represented by the UK -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Consul General L. Ebersole GAINES - consulate general: - Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire, Hamilton - -*Bermuda, Government - - mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; PSC 1002, FPO AE 09727-1002 - telephone: - (809) 295-1342 - FAX: - (809) 295-1592 -Flag: - red with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Bermudian coat of arms (white and blue shield with a red lion holding a - scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in - 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag - -*Bermuda, Economy - -Overview: - Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, having - successfully exploited its location by providing luxury tourist facilities - and financial services. The tourist industry attracts more than 90% of its - business from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture - is severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food needs are - imported. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.3 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - -1.5% (1991) -National product per capita: - $22,000 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.4% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 6% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $327.5 million; expenditures $308.9 million, including capital - expenditures of $35.4 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $50 million (f.o.b., FY89) - commodities: - semitropical produce, light manufactures, re-exports of pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 55%, UK 32%, Canada 11%, other 2% -Imports: - 527.2 million (f.o.b., FY89) - commodities: - fuel, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - US 60%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7%, Canada 5%, Japan 5%, other 15% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 154,000 kW capacity; 504 million kWh produced, 8,370 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, finance, structural concrete products, paints, pharmaceuticals, - ship repairing -Agriculture: - accounts for less than 1% of GDP; most basic foods must be imported; - produces bananas, vegetables, citrus fruits, flowers, dairy products -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $34 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $277 million -Currency: - 1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Bermuda, Communications - -Highways: - 210 km public roads, all paved (about 400 km of private roads) -Ports: - Freeport, Hamilton, Saint George -Merchant marine: - 72 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,451.099 GRT/5,937,636 DWT; includes - 5 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 21 oil - tanker, 13 liquefied gas, 16 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - modern with fully automatic telephone system; 52,670 telephones; broadcast - stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV; 3 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth stations - -*Bermuda, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Bhutan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 47,000 km2 - land area: - 47,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than half the size of Indiana -Land boundaries: - total 1,075 km, China 470 km, India 605 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central - valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas -Terrain: - mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide, tourism potential -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 70% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 340 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - violent storms coming down from the Himalayas were the source of the country - name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls several key - Himalayan mountain passes - -*Bhutan, People - -Population: - 700,000 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.33% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 39.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.26 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 123.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 50.17 years - male: - 50.74 years - female: - 49.58 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bhutanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Bhutanese -Ethnic divisions: - Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes 15% -Religions: - Lamaistic Buddhism 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25% -Languages: - Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects; Nepalese speak - various Nepalese dialects -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2% - note: - massive lack of skilled labor - -*Bhutan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Bhutan - conventional short form: - Bhutan -Digraph: - BT -Type: - monarchy; special treaty relationship with India -Capital: - Thimphu -Administrative divisions: - 18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha, Chirang, - Daga, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, - Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang -Independence: - 8 August 1949 (from India) -Constitution: - no written constitution or bill of rights -Legal system: - based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 17 December (1907) (Ugyen Wangchuck became first hereditary - king) -Political parties and leaders: - no legal parties -Other political or pressure groups: - Buddhist clergy; Indian merchant community; ethnic Nepalese organizations - leading militant antigovernment campaign -Suffrage: - each family has one vote in village-level elections -Elections: - no national elections -Executive branch: - monarch, chairman of the Royal Advisory Council, Royal Advisory Council - (Lodoi Tsokde), chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers - (Lhengye Shungtsog) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Tshogdu) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972) -Member of: - AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, - NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - no formal diplomatic relations; the Bhutanese mission to the UN in New York - has consular jurisdiction in the US -US diplomatic representation: - no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained - between the Bhutanese and US Embassies in New Delhi (India) -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper triangle is - orange and the lower triangle is red; centered along the dividing line is a - large black and white dragon facing away from the hoist side - -*Bhutan, Economy - -Overview: - The economy, one of the world's least developed, is based on agriculture and - forestry, which provide the main livelihood for 90% of the population and - account for about 50% of GDP. Rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make - the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The - economy is closely aligned with that of India through strong trade and - monetary links. The industrial sector is small and technologically backward, - with most production of the cottage industry type. Most development - projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's - hydropower potential and its attraction for tourists are its most important - natural resources; however, the government limits the number of tourists to - 3,000/year to minimize foreign influence. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $320 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.1% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $200 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $112 million; expenditures $121 million, including capital - expenditures of $58 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $74 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - cardamon, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit, electricity (to India) - partners: - India 90% -Imports: - $106.4 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics - partners: - India 83% -External debt: - $120 million (June 91) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 18% of GDP; primarily cottage industry and - home based handicrafts -Electricity: - 336,000 kW capacity; 1,542.2 million kWh produced, 2,203 kWh per capita - (25.8% is exported to India, leaving only 1,633 kWh per capita) (1990-91) -Industries: - cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium - carbide -Agriculture: - accounts for 45% of GDP; based on subsistence farming and animal husbandry; - self-sufficient in food except for foodgrains; other production - rice, - corn, root crops, citrus fruit, dairy products, eggs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $115 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $11 million -Currency: - 1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender - -*Bhutan, Economy - -Exchange rates: - ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 - (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988); note - the Bhutanese - ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Bhutan, Communications - -Highways: - 2,165 km total; 1,703 km surfaced -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use; - international telephone and telegraph service is by land line through India; - a satellite earth station was planned (1990); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 - FM, no TV (1990) - -*Bhutan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Bhutan Army, Palace Guard, Militia -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 415,315; fit for military service 222,027; reach military - age (18) annually 17,344 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Bolivia, Geography - -Location: - Central South America, between Brazil and Chile -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: 1,098,580 km2 - land area: - 1,084,390 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Montana -Land boundaries: - total 6,743 km, Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay - 750 km, Peru 900 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama - area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca water - rights -Climate: - varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid -Terrain: - rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills, lowland - plains of the Amazon basin -Natural resources: - tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron ore, - lead, gold, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 52% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - 1,650 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - cold, thin air of high plateau is obstacle to efficient fuel combustion; - overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, - with Peru - -*Bolivia, People - -Population: - 7,544,099 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.31% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 32.83 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 76.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.77 years - male: - 60.34 years - female: - 65.33 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bolivian(s) - adjective: - Bolivian -Ethnic divisions: - Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 25-30%, European 5-15% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) -Languages: - Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 78% - male: - 85% - female: - 71% -Labor force: - 1.7 million - by occupation: - agriculture 50%, services and utilities 26%, manufacturing 10%, mining 4%, - other 10% (1983) - -*Bolivia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Bolivia - conventional short form: - Bolivia - local long form: - Republica de Bolivia - local short form: - Bolivia -Digraph: - BL -Type: - republic -Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) -Administrative divisions: - 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca, - Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija -Independence: - 6 August 1825 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 2 February 1967 -Legal system: - based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 August (1825) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora; Nationalist - Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo BANZER Suarez; Nationalist Revolutionary - Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ de Lozada; Civic Solidarity Union (UCS), Max - FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE - Aviles; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDO; Free Bolivia - Movement (MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist - parties that includes Patriotic National Convergency Axis (EJE-P), Walter - DELGADILLO and Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), Humberto RAMIREZ; - Revolutionary Vanguard - 9th of April (VR-9), Carlos SERRATE Reich -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (married) 21 years of age; - universal and compulsory (single) -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a - unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on - presidential election results; seats - (130 total) MNR 40, ADN 35, MIR 33, - IU 10, CONDEPA 9, PDC 3 - Chamber of Senators: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; note - legislative and presidential candidates run on a - unified slate, so vote percentages are the same as in section on - presidential election results; seats - (27 total) MNR 9, ADN 7, MIR 8, - CONDEPA 2, PDC 1 - -*Bolivia, Government - - President: - last held 7 May 1989 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - Gonzalo - SANCHEZ de Lozada (MNR) 23%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%, Jaime PAZ Zamora - (MIR) 19%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Jaime PAZ - Zamora (MIR) formed a coalition with Hugo BANZER (ADN); with ADN support, - PAZ Zamora won the congressional runoff election on 4 August and was - inaugurated on 6 August 1989 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber - of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Jaime PAZ Zamora (since 6 August 1989); Vice President Luis OSSIO - Sanjines (since 6 August 1989) -Member of: - AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, - OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jorge CRESPO - chancery: - 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-4410 through 4412 - consulates general: - Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS - embassy: - Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calles Mercado y Colon, La Paz - mailing address: - P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032 - telephone: - [591] (2) 350251 or 350120 - FAX: - [591] (2) 359875 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the coat - of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of Ghana, which has - a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band - -*Bolivia, Economy - -Overview: - With its long history of semifeudalistic social controls, dependence on - volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation, - Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin American - countries. Since August 1989, President PAZ Zamora, despite his Marxist - origins, has maintained a moderate policy of repressing domestic terrorism, - containing inflation, and achieving annual GDP growth of 3 to 4%. For many - farmers, who constitute half of the country's work force, the main cash crop - is coca, which is sold for cocaine processing. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 3.8% (1992) -National product per capita: - $670 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10.5% (December 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.57 billion, including capital - expenditures of $627 million (1993 est.) -Exports: - $609 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - metals 46%, hydrocarbons 21%, other 33% (coffee, soybeans, sugar, cotton, - timber) - partners: - US 15%, Argentina -Imports: - 1.185 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods - partners: - US 22% -External debt: - $3.7 billion (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 32% of GDP -Electricity: - 865,000 kW capacity; 1,834 million kWh produced, 250 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts, - clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its revenues -Agriculture: - accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries); principal - commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, timber; - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated - 47,900 hectares under cultivation; voluntary and forced eradication program - unable to prevent production from rising to 82,000 metric tons in 1992 from - 74,700 tons in 1989; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit; - intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through Colombia and - Brazil to the US and other international drug markets -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,025 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million - -*Bolivia, Economy - -Currency: - 1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 3.9437 (August 1992), 3.85 (1992), 3.5806 (1991), - 3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502 (1988), 2.0549 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Bolivia, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km - 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track -Highways: - 38,836 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km -Ports: - none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani and Ilo - in Peru -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,051 GRT/22,155 DWT -Airports: - total: - 1,225 - usable: - 1,043 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 161 -Telecommunications: - microwave radio relay system being expanded; improved international - services; 144,300 telephones; broadcast stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 - shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Bolivia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (Fuerza Navala), Air Force - (Fuerza Aereo de Bolivia), National Police Force (Boliviano Policia - Nacional) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,786,137; fit for military service 1,162,160; reach - military age (19) annually 78,125 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $80 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Header - -Note: - Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife which - began in March 1992 after the Bosnian Government held a referendum on - independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded - with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines - and joining Serb held areas to a "greater Serbia". Since the onset of the - conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war population of - 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian Croats - have asserted control of more than three-quarters of the territory formerly - under the control of the Bosnian Government. The UN and the EC are - continuing to try to mediate a plan for peace. - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and - Montenegro -Map references: - Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 51,233 km2 - land area: - 51,233 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia - and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro) -Coastline: - 20 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth - exclusive economic zone: - 12 nm - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; - Muslim majority being forced from many areas -Climate: - hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool - summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast -Terrain: - mountains and valleys -Natural resources: - coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, - lead, zinc -Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 36% - other: - 17% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing - of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, People - -Population: - 4,618,804 (July 1993 est.) - note: - all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of - the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing -Population growth rate: - 0.72% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.8 years - male: - 72.11 years - female: - 77.67 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) - adjective: - Bosnian, Herzegovinian -Ethnic divisions: - Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8% -Religions: - Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 99% -Literacy: - total population: NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1,026,254 - by occupation: - agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.) - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina - conventional short form: - Bosnia and Herzegovina - local long form: - Republika Bosna i Hercegovina - local short form: - Bosna i Hercegovina -Digraph: - BK -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Sarajevo -Administrative divisions: - 109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, - Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa, - Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko - Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice, - Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, - Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak - Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, - Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, - Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum, - Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, - (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, - Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, - Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, - Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, - Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno, - Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, - Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice - note: - currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators -Independence: - NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) -Constitution: - NA -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: NA -Political parties and leaders: - Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of - Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of - Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; - Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic - Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic - Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; - Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ - BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), - Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government - -Elections: - Chamber of Municipalities: - last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total) - SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1 - Chamber of Citizens: - last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH - 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, - DSZ 1, LS 1 -Executive branch: - collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of - Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens - (Vijece Gradanstvo) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the - collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December - 1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA - December 1992), Fikret ABDIC - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister - Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since - NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA) -Member of: - CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - NA - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and -Herzegovina but - has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo -Flag: - white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with - a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly - side - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy - -Overview: - Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in - the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in - private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic - traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly - overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning - and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in - the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of - Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was - being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused - production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery - to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available, - although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -37% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,200 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 80% per month (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 28% (February 1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $2,054 million (1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw - materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%, - fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -Imports: - $1,891 million (1990) - commodities: - fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other - manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals - 5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and - interrepublic warfare (1991-92) -Electricity: - 3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and - bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, - wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and - aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food - needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, - livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation - leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms - are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - $NA -Currency: - Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all - other areas -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications - -Railroads: - NA km -Highways: - 21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth; - note - highways now disrupted -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted -Ports: - coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River -Airports: - total: - 27 - useable: - 22 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3659: - 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: - 4 - with runways 1220-2439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, - many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former - Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 - TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite - ground stations - none - -*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach - military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Botswana, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, north of South Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 600,370 km2 - land area: - 585,370 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; disputed island with - Namibia in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe - is in disagreement; recent dispute with Namibia over uninhabited Sidudu - Island in Linyanti River -Climate: - semiarid; warm winters and hot summers -Terrain: - predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest -Natural resources: - diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver -Land use: arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 75% - forest and woodland: - 2% - other: - 21% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - overgrazing, desertification -Note: - landlocked - -*Botswana, People - -Population: - 1,325,920 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.53% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.54 years - male: - 59.52 years - female: - 65.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) - adjective: - Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural) -Ethnic divisions: - Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%, white 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50% -Languages: - English (official), Setswana -Literacy: - age 15 and over able to read and write simple sentences (1990) - total population: 72% - male: - 67% - female: - 74% -Labor force: - 400,000 - by occupation: - 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising - and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.); 14,600 are employed in various - mines in South Africa (1990) - -*Botswana, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Botswana - conventional short form: - Botswana - former: - Bechuanaland -Digraph: - BC -Type: - parliamentary republic -Capital: - Gaborone -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts; Central, Chobe, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, - Ngamiland, North-East, South-East, Southern; in addition, there are 4 town - councils - Francistown, Gaborone, Lobaste, Selebi-Phikwe -Independence: - 30 September 1966 (from UK) -Constitution: - March 1965, effective 30 September 1966 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to - matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 September (1966) -Political parties and leaders: - Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Sir Ketumile MASIRE; Botswana National - Front (BNF), Kenneth KOMA; Boswana People's Party (BPP), Knight MARIPE; - Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai MPHO -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total, 34 elected) BDP 35, BNF 3 - President: - last held 7 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - President - Sir Ketumile MASIRE was reelected by the National Assembly -Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or House of Chiefs - and a lower house or National Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Sir Ketunile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980); Vice President Festus - MOGAE (since 9 March 1992 ) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Botsweletse Kingsley SEBELE - chancery: - Suite 7M, 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - -*Botswana, Government - - telephone: - (202) 244-4990 or 4991 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador David PASSAGE - embassy: - address NA, Gaborone - mailing address: - P. O. Box 90, Gaborone - telephone: - [267] 353-982 - FAX: - [267] 356-947 -Flag: - light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center - -*Botswana, Economy - -Overview: - The economy has historically been based on cattle raising and crops. - Agriculture today provides a livelihood for more than 80% of the population, - but produces only about 50% of food needs. The driving force behind the - rapid economic growth of the 1970s and 1980s has been the mining industry. - This sector, mostly on the strength of diamonds, has gone from generating - 25% of GDP in 1980 to 50% in 1991. No other sector has experienced such - growth, especially not agriculture, which is plagued by erratic rainfall and - poor soils. The unemployment rate remains a problem at 25%. Although diamond - production was down slightly in 1992, substantial gains in coal output and - manufacturing helped boost the economy -National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.6 billion (FY92 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.8% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,450 (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 16.5% (December 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.99 billion, including capital - expenditures of $652 million (FY94) -Exports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b. 1991) - commodities: - diamonds 78%, copper and nickel 8%, meat 4% - partners: - Switzerland, UK, SACU (Southern African Customs Union) -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - foodstuffs, vehicles and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products - partners: - Switzerland, SACU (Southern African Customs Union), UK, US -External debt: - $344 million (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.9% (1991); accounts for about 53% of GDP, including mining -Electricity: - 220,000 kW capacity; 1,123 million kWh produced, 846 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock - processing -Agriculture: - accounts for only 5% of GDP; subsistence farming predominates; cattle - raising supports 50% of the population; must import up to of 80% of food - needs -Economic aid: - US aid, $13 million (1992); US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $257 - million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $1,875 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $43 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $29 million; in 1992: Norway (largest donor) - $16 million, Sweden $15.5 million, Germany $3.6 million, EC/Lome-IV $3-6 - million in grants, $28.7 million in long-term projects -Currency: - 1 pula (P) = 100 thebe - -*Botswana, Economy - -Exchange rates: - pula (P) per US$1 - 2.31 (February 1993), 2.1327 (1992), 2.0173 (1991), - 1.8601 (1990), 2.0125 (1989), 1.8159 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Botswana, Communications - -Railroads: - 712 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 11,514 km total; 1,600 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel, 5,177 km - improved earth, 3,037 km unimproved earth -Airports: - total: - 100 - usable: - 87 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 29 -Telecommunications: - the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay - links, and a few radio-communications stations; 26,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 7 AM, 13 FM, no TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Botswana, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Botswana Defense Force (including Army and Air Wing), Botswana National - Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 282,885; fit for military service 148,895; reach military - age (18) annually 14,868 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $196 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY93/94) - -*Bouvet Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Norway) - -*Bouvet Island, Geography - -Location: - in the south Atlantic Ocean, 2,575 km south-southwest of the Cape of Good - Hope (South Africa) -Map references: Antarctic Region -Area: - total area: - 58 km2 - land area: - 58 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 29.6 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 4 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: - volcanic; maximum elevation about 800 meters; coast is mostly inaccessible -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (all ice) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - covered by glacial ice -Note: - located in the South Atlantic Ocean - -*Bouvet Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Bouvet Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: Bouvet Island -Digraph: - BV -Type: - territory of Norway -Capital: - none; administered from Oslo, Norway -Independence: - none (territory of Norway) - -*Bouvet Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Bouvet Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Telecommunications: - automatic meteorological station - -*Bouvet Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Norway - -*Brazil, Geography - -Location: - Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 8,511,965 km2 - land area: - 8,456,510 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than the US - note: - includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, Ilha da - Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo -Land boundaries: - total 14,691 km, Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, - French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, - Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km -Coastline: 7,491 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of the boundary with Paraguay (just west of Guaira Falls on - the Rio Parana) is in dispute; two short sections of boundary with Uruguay - are in dispute - Arrio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio - Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai - (Rio Cuareim) and the Uruguay -Climate: - mostly tropical, but temperate in south -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and - narrow coastal belt -Natural resources: - iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, - gold, platinum, petroleum, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 19% - forest and woodland: - 67% - other: - 6% -Irrigated land: - 27,000 km2 (1989 est.) - -*Brazil, Geography - -Environment: - recurrent droughts in northeast; floods and frost in south; deforestation in - Amazon basin; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and - several other large cities -Note: - largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with every South - American country except Chile and Ecuador - -*Brazil, People - -Population: - 156,664,223 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 21.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 61.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.7 years - male: - 58.28 years - female: - 67.33 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.49 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Brazilian(s) - adjective: - Brazilian -Ethnic divisions: - Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, Amerindian, black 6%, white 55%, - mixed 38%, other 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic (nominal) 90% -Languages: - Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 81% - male: - 82% - female: - 80% -Labor force: - 57 million (1989 est.) - by occupation: - services 42%, agriculture 31%, industry 27% - -*Brazil, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Federative Republic of Brazil - conventional short form: - Brazil - local long form: - Republica Federativa do Brasil - local short form: Brasil -Digraph: - BR -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Brasilia -Administrative divisions: - 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal); Acre, -Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*,, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato -Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas - Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande - do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, - Sergipe, Tocantins -Independence: - 7 September 1822 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 5 October 1988 -Legal system: - based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 September (1822) -Political parties and leaders: - National Reconstruction Party (PRN), Daniel TOURINHO, president; Brazilian - Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Roberto ROLLEMBERG, president; Liberal - Front Party (PFL), Jose Mucio MONTEIRO, president; Workers' Party (PT), Luis - Ignacio (Lula) da SILVA, president; Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Luiz - GONZAGA de Paiva Muniz, president; Democratic Labor Party (PDT), Leonel - BRIZOLA, president; Democratic Social Party (PPS), Paulo MALUF, president; - Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Tasso JEREISSATI, president; - Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Roberto FREIRE, president; Communist Party of - Brazil (PCdoB), Joao AMAZONAS, secretary general; Christian Democratic Party - (PDC), Siqueira CAMPOS, president -Other political or pressure groups: - left wing of the Catholic Church and labor unions allied to leftist Worker's - Party are critical of government's social and economic policies -Suffrage: - voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 and - under 70 years of age -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - PMDB - 21%, PFL 17%, PDT 9%, PDS 8%, PRN 7.9%, PTB 7%, PT 7%, other 23.1%; seats - - (503 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 108, PFL 87, PDT 46, PDS 43, PRN 40, - PTB 35, PT 35, other 109 - Federal Senate: - last held 3 October 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total as of 3 February 1991) PMDB 27, PFL - 15, PSDB 10, PTB 8, PDT 5, other 16 - -*Brazil, Government - - President: - last held 15 November 1989, with runoff on 17 December 1989 (next to be held - November 1994); results - Fernando COLLOR de Mello 53%, Luis Inacio da SILVA - 47%; note - first free, direct presidential election since 1960 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional) consists of an upper - chamber or Federal Senate (Senado Federal) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camara dos Deputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Federal Tribunal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Itamar FRANCO (since 29 December 1992) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Rubens RICUPERO - chancery: - 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 745-2700 - consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, and New York - consulates: - Dallas, Houston, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard MELTON - embassy: - Avenida das Nacoes, Lote 3, Brasilia, Distrito Federal - mailing address: - APO AA 34030 - telephone: - [55] (61) 321-7272 - FAX: - [55] (61) 225-9136 - consulates general: - Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo - consulates: - Porto Alegre, Recife -Flag: - green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial - globe with 23 white five-pointed stars (one for each state) arranged in the - same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial - band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress) - -*Brazil, Economy - -Overview: - The economy, with large agrarian, mining, and manufacturing sectors, entered - the 1990s with declining real growth, runaway inflation, an unserviceable - foreign debt of $122 billion, and a lack of policy direction. In addition, - the economy remained highly regulated, inward-looking, and protected by - substantial trade and investment barriers. Ownership of major industrial and - mining facilities is divided among private interests - including several - multinationals - and the government. Most large agricultural holdings are - private, with the government channeling financing to this sector. Conflicts - between large landholders and landless peasants have produced intermittent - violence. The COLLOR government, which assumed office in March 1990, - launched an ambitious reform program that sought to modernize and - reinvigorate the economy by stabilizing prices, deregulating the economy, - and opening it to increased foreign competition. The government also - obtained an IMF standby loan in January 1992 and reached agreements with - commercial bankers on the repayment of interest arrears and on the reduction - of debt and debt service payments. Galloping inflation - the rate doubled in - 1992 - continues to undermine economic stability. Itamar FRANCO, who assumed - the presidency following President COLLOR'S resignation in December 1992, - has promised to support the basic premises of COLLOR'S reform program but - has yet to define clearly his economic policies. Brazil's natural resources - remain a major, long-term economic strength. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $369 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -0.2% (1992) -National product per capita: - $2,350 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1,174% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 5.9% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $164.3 billion; expenditures $170.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $32.9 billion (1990) -Exports: - $35.0 billion (1992) - commodities: - iron ore, soybean bran, orange juice, footwear, coffee, motor vehicle parts - partners: - EC 32.3%, US 20.3%, Latin America 11.6%, Japan 9% (1991) -Imports: - $20.0 billion (1992) - commodities: - crude oil, capital goods, chemical products, foodstuffs, coal - partners: - Middle East 12.4%, US 23.5%, EC 21.8%, Latin America 18.8%, Japan 6% (1991) -External debt: - $123.3 billion (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -3.8% (1992); accounts for 39% of GDP -Electricity: - 63,765,000 kW capacity; 242,184 million kWh produced, 1,531 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles and other consumer goods, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron - ore, steel, motor vehicles and auto parts, metalworking, capital goods, tin - -*Brazil, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP; world's largest producer and exporter of coffee and - orange juice concentrate and second- largest exporter of soybeans; other - products - rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, beef; self-sufficient in food, - except for wheat -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and coca, mostly for domestic consumption; - government has a modest eradication program to control cannabis and coca - cultivation; important transshipment country for Bolivian and Colombian - cocaine headed for the US and Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.5 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $284 million; former Communist countries (1970-89), - $1.3 billion -Currency: - 1 cruzeiro (Cr$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - cruzeiros (Cr$) per US$1 - 13,827.06 (January 1993), 4,506.45 (1992), 406.61 - (1991), 68.300 (1990), 2.834 (1989), 0.26238 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Brazil, Communications - -Railroads: - 28,828 km total; 24,864 km 1.000-meter gauge, 3,877 km 1.600-meter gauge, 74 - km mixed 1.600-1.000-meter gauge, 13 km 0.760-meter gauge; 2,360 km - electrified -Highways: - 1,448,000 km total; 48,000 km paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth -Inland waterways: - 50,000 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,000 km; petroleum products 3,804 km; natural gas 1,095 km -Ports: - Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de - Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos -Merchant marine: - 232 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,335,234 GRT/8,986,734 DWT; includes - 5 passenger-cargo, 42 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 11 - roll-on/roll-off, 58 oil tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 12 combination ore/oil, - 65 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 11 vehicle carrier; in addition, 1 naval tanker - is sometimes used commercially -Airports: - total: - 3,613 - usable: 3,031 - with permanent-surface runways: - 431 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 22 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 584 -Telecommunications: - good system; extensive microwave radio relay facilities; 9.86 million - telephones; broadcast stations - 1,223 AM, no FM, 112 TV, 151 shortwave; 3 - coaxial submarine cables, 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and 64 - domestic satellite earth stations - -*Brazil, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil (including Marines), Brazilian Air Force, - Military Police (paramilitary) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 42,623,934; fit for military service 28,721,849; reach - military age (18) annually 1,655,918 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Geography - -Location: - in the Indian Ocean, south of India about halfway between Africa and - Indonesia -Map references: - Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 60 km2 - land area: - 60 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes the island of Diego Garcia -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: 698 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - the entire Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius -Climate: - tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - flat and low (up to 4 meters in elevation) -Natural resources: - coconuts, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - archipelago of 2,300 islands -Note: - Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location - in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants - note: - there are UK-US military personnel; civilian inhabitants, known as the - Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius before construction of UK-US military - facilities - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - British Indian Ocean Territory - conventional short form: - none -Abbreviation: - BIOT -Digraph: IO -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - none -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Commissioner Mr. T. G. HARRIS (since NA); Administrator Mr. R. G. WELLS - (since NA 1991); note - both reside in the UK -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of UK) -Flag: - white with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and six blue - wavy horizontal stripes bearing a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the - outer half of the flag - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Economy - -Overview: - All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, - where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and - various services needed to support the military installations are done by - military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and - the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. -Electricity: - provided by the US military - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Communications - -Highways: - short stretch of paved road between port and airfield on Diego Garcia -Ports: - Diego Garcia -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 on Diego Garcia - with runways 2,439-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,229-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - minimal facilities; broadcast stations (operated by US Navy) - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 - TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*British Indian Ocean Territory, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*British Virgin Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*British Virgin Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 150 km2 - land area: - 150 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes the island of Anegada -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 80 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: 33% - forest and woodland: - 7% - other: - 33% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and tropical storms from July to October -Note: - strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico - -*British Virgin Islands, People - -Population: - 12,707 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.22% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19.68 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.62 years - male: - 70.77 years - female: - 74.6 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.28 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - British Virgin Islander(s) - adjective: - British Virgin Islander -Ethnic divisions: - black 90%, white, Asian -Religions: - Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%, Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day - Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic - 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981) -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% female: - 98% -Labor force: - 4,911 (1980) - by occupation: - NA - -*British Virgin Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - British Virgin Islands -Abbreviation: - BVI -Digraph: - VI -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Road Town -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 June 1977 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Territory Day, 1 July -Political parties and leaders: - United Party (UP), Conrad MADURO; Virgin Islands Party (VIP), H. Lavity - STOUTT; Independent Progressive Movement (IPM), Cyril B. ROMNEY -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held 12 November 1990 (next to be held by November 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) VIP 6, IPM 1, independents 2 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Peter - Alfred PENFOLD (since NA 1991) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT (since NA 1986) -Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, ECLAC (associate), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO - (associate) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin - Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of - arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a vertical column of six oil - lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful) - -*British Virgin Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The economy, one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean area, is highly - dependent on the tourist industry, which generates about 21% of the national - income. In 1985 the government offered offshore registration to companies - wishing to incorporate in the islands, and, in consequence, incorporation - fees generated about $2 million in 1987. The economy slowed in 1991 because - of the poor performances of the tourist sector and tight commercial bank - credit. Livestock raising is the most significant agricultural activity. The - islands' crops, limited by poor soils, are unable to meet food requirements. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $133 million (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 2% (1991) -National product per capita: - $10,600 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.5% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $51 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital - expenditures of $38 million (1991) -Exports: - $2.7 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - rum, fresh fish, gravel, sand, fruits, animals - partners: - Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US -Imports: - $11.5 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US -External debt: - $4.5 million (1985) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.0% (1985) -Electricity: - 10,500 kW capacity; 43 million kWh produced, 3,510 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore - financial center -Agriculture: - livestock (including poultry), fish, fruit, vegetables -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*British Virgin Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 106 km motorable roads (1983) -Ports: - Road Town -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; worldwide external telephone service; submarine cable - communication links to Bermuda; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -*British Virgin Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Brunei, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, on the northern coast of Borneo almost completely surrounded - by Malaysia -Map references: - Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 5,770 km2 land area: - 5,270 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Delaware -Land boundaries: - total 381 km, Malysia 381 km -Coastline: - 161 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that divides the country; all of - the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them - are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an - exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef, but has not publicly - claimed the island -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, rainy -Terrain: - flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 79% - other: - 18% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare -Note: - close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific - Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of - Malaysia - -*Brunei, People - -Population: - 276,984 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.77% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 25.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.94 years - male: - 69.27 years - female: - 72.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bruneian(s) - adjective: - Bruneian -Ethnic divisions: - Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16% -Religions: - Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and - other 15% (1981) -Languages: - Malay (official), English, Chinese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 77% - male: - 85% - female: - 69% -Labor force: - 89,000 (includes members of the Army) - by occupation: - government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction - 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986) - note: - 33% of labor force is foreign (1988) - -*Brunei, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Negara Brunei Darussalam - conventional short form: - Brunei -Digraph: - BX -Type: - constitutional sultanate -Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan -Administrative divisions: - 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and Muara, - Temburong, Tutong -Independence: - 1 January 1984 (from UK) -Constitution: - 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency - since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984) -Legal system: - based on Islamic law -National holiday: - 23 February (1984) -Political parties and leaders: - Brunei United National Party (inactive), Anak HASANUDDIN, chairman; Brunei - National Democratic Party (the first legal political party and now banned), - leader NA -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held in March 1962; in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive - body by decree of the sultan and no elections are planned -Executive branch: - sultan, prime minister, Council of Cabinet Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council (Majlis Masyuarat Megeri) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji - HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967) -Member of: - APEC, ASEAN, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, IDB, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mohamed KASSIM bin Haji Mohamed Daud - chancery: - 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Suite 3000, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 342-0159 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Donald Burnham ENSENAT - embassy: - Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan - -*Brunei, Government - - mailing address: - American Embassy Box B, APO AP 96440 - telephone: [673] (2) 229-670 - FAX: - [673] (2) 225-293 -Flag: - yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black - starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is - superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top - of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by - two upraised hands - -*Brunei, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, - government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is - almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with - revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more than 50% of GDP. Per - capita GDP of $8,800 is among the highest in the Third World, and - substantial income from overseas investment supplements domestic production. - The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and - housing. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $8,800 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 3.7% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $255 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products - partners: - Japan 53%, UK 12%, South Korea 9%, Thailand 7%, Singapore 5% (1990) -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals - partners: - Singapore 35%, UK 26%, Switzerland 9%, US 9%, Japan 5% (1990) -External debt: - $0 -Industrial production: - growth rate 12.9% (1987); accounts for 52.4% of GDP -Electricity: - 310,000 kW capacity; 890 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction -Agriculture: - imports about 80% of its food needs; principal crops and livestock include - rice, cassava, bananas, buffaloes, and pigs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $20.6 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $153 million -Currency: - 1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), - 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988); note - the - Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Brunei, Communications - -Railroads: - 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-gauge private line -Highways: - 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated) and another 52 km under - construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved -Inland waterways: - 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters -Pipelines: - crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km -Ports: - Kuala Belait, Muara -Merchant marine: - 7 liquefied gas carriers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 - DWT -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runway over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runway 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runway 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international - service good to adjacent Malaysia; radiobroadcast coverage good; 33,000 - telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 4 AM/FM, 1 TV; 74,000 radio - receivers (1987); satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -*Brunei, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Royal Brunei Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 77,407; fit for military service 45,112; reach military age - (18) annually 2,676 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 9% of GDP (1990) - -*Bulgaria, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey -Map references: - Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Middle East, - Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 110,910 km2 - land area: - 110,550 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - total 1,808 km, Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 318 km (all with Serbia), Turkey 240 km -Coastline: - 354 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Macedonia question with Greece and Macedonia -Climate: - temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly mountains with lowlands in north and south -Natural resources: - bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land -Land use: - arable land: - 34% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to earthquakes, landslides; deforestation; air pollution -Note: - strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from - Europe to Middle East and Asia - -*Bulgaria, People - -Population: - 8,831,168 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.39% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.82 years - male: - 69.55 years - female: - 76.26 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.71 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Bulgarian(s) - adjective: - Bulgarian -Ethnic divisions: - Bulgarian 85.3%, Turk 8.5%, Gypsy 2.6%, Macedonian 2.5%, Armenian 0.3%, - Russian 0.2%, other 0.6% -Religions: - Bulgarian Orthodox 85%, Muslim 13%, Jewish 0.8%, Roman Catholic 0.5%, Uniate - Catholic 0.2%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other 0.5% -Languages: - Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: - 93% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 4.3 million by occupation: - industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987) - -*Bulgaria, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Bulgaria - conventional short form: - Bulgaria -Digraph: - BU -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Sofia -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Burgas, Grad Sofiya, Khaskovo, - Lovech, Mikhaylovgrad, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Sofiya, Varna -Independence: - 22 September 1908 (from Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - adopted 12 July 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; has accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - 3 March (1878) -Political parties and leaders: - Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), Filip DIMITROV, chairman, an alliance of - approximately 20 pro-Democratic parties including United Democratic Center, - Democratic Party, Radical Democratic Party, Christian Democratic Union, - Alternative Social Liberal Party, Republican Party, Civic Initiative - Movement, Union of the Repressed, and about a dozen other groups; Movement - for Rights and Freedoms (ethnic Turkish party) (MRF), Ahmed DOGAN, chairman; - Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), Zhan VIDENOV, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Ecoglasnost; Podkrepa (Support) Labor Confederation; Fatherland Union; - Bulgarian Democratic Youth (formerly Communist Youth Union); Confederation - of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria (KNSB); Nationwide Committee for - Defense of National Interests; Peasant Youth League; Bulgarian Agrarian - National Union - United (BZNS); Bulgarian Democratic Center; "Nikola Petkov" - Bulgarian Agrarian National Union; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary - Organization - Union of Macedonian Societies (IMRO-UMS); numerous regional, - ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held January 1992; results - Zhelyu ZHELEV was elected by popular vote - National Assembly: - last held 13 October 1991; results - UDF 34%, BSP 33%, MRF 7.5%; seats - - (240 total) UDF 110, BSP 106, Movement for Rights and Freedoms 24 -Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister), three - deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Narodno Sobranie) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Zhelyu Mitev ZHELEV (since 1 August 1990); Vice President Blaga - Nikolova DIMITROVA (since NA) - -*Bulgaria, Government - - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV - (since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers - (Deputy Prime Ministers) Valentin KARABASHEV, Neycho NEEV, and Evgeniy - MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992) -Member of: - BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV - chancery: - 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 387-7969 - FAX: - (202) 234-7973 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL - embassy: - 1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia, Unit 25402 - mailing address: - APO AE 09213-5740 - telephone: - [359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05 - FAX: - [359] (2) 80-19-77 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national - emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it - contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red - five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian - state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control) - -*Bulgaria, Economy - -Overview: - Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in - the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion - - giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and - leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments. - The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging - industrial plant; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological - developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of - electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and - motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their - enterprises. Political bickering in Sofia and the collapse of the DIMITROV - government in October 1992 have slowed the economic reform process. New - Prime Minister BEROV, however, has pledged to continue the reforms initiated - by the previous government. He has promised to continue cooperation with the - World Bank and IMF, advance negotiations on rescheduling commercial debt, - and push ahead with privatization. BEROV's government - whose main - parliamentary supporters are the former Communist Bulgarian Socialist Party - (BSP) - nonetheless appears likely to pursue more interventionist tactics in - overcoming the country's economic problems. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.1 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -7.7% (1992) -National product per capita: - $3,800 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 80% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $8 billion; expenditures $5 billion, including capital expenditures - of $NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured - consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 10.5%; - other 12.7% (1991) - partners: - former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia 0.9%); - developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less developed - countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991) -Imports: - $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment 15.8%; - manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%; other 5.9% - partners: - former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); developed - countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed countries 16.2% - (Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%) -External debt: - $12 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -21% (1992 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990) -Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,070 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Bulgaria, Economy - -Industries: - machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles, - building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals -Agriculture: - accounts for 22% of GDP (1990); climate and soil conditions support - livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds, - vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land - devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food - producer -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki -Exchange rates: - leva (Lv) per US$1 - 24.56 (January 1993),17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 (March - 1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note - - floating exchange rate since February 1991 -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Bulgaria, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km electrified -Highways: - 36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways); - 3,373 km earth roads (1987) -Inland waterways: - 470 km (1987) -Pipelines: - crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1992) -Ports: - coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the - Danube -Merchant marine: - 112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,262,320 GRT/1,887,729 DWT; - includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo - training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 railcar - carrier, 50 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717 - DWT operating under Liberian registry -Airports: - total: - 380 usable: - 380 - with permanent-surface runways: - 120 - with runways over 3659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 20 -Telecommunications: - extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and mirowave - radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone - density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost two-thirds of the lines - are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988); - telephone service is available in most villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM, - 15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets - (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1 - satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a - Greek earth station - -*Bulgaria, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,178,136; fit for military service 1,819,901; reach - military age (19) annually 69,495 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Burkina, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, between Ghana and Mali -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 274,200 km2 - land area: - 273,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Colorado -Land boundaries: - total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000 - km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: none; landlocked -International disputes: - the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted - to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ - issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; - Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the - tripoint with Niger -Climate: - tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers -Terrain: - mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast -Natural resources: - manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, - nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 37% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 27% -Irrigated land: - 160 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural - activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -*Burkina, People - -Population: - 9,852,529 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.83% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 48.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 18.19 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 119.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 47.47 years - male: - 46.66 years - female: - 48.3 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Burkinabe (singular and plural) - adjective: - Burkinabe -Ethnic divisions: - Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10% -Languages: - French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90% - of the population -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 18% - male: - 28% - female: - 9% -Labor force: - 3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners - by occupation: - agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5% - note: - 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for - seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985) - -*Burkina, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Burkina Faso - conventional short form: - Burkina - former: - Upper Volta -Digraph: - UV -Type: - parliamentary -Capital: - Ouagadougou -Administrative divisions: - 30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou, - Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga, - Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, - Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo -Independence: - 5 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - June 1991 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983) -Political parties and leaders: - Organization for People's Democracy-Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party, - Marc Christian Roch KABORE; National Convention of Progressive - Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Pierre TAPSOBA; African - Democratic Assembly (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy - and Federation (ADF), Herman YAMEOGO -Other political or pressure groups: - committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political action - groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - President: - last held December 1991 - Assembly of People's Deputies: - last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - Assembly of People's Deputies - note: - the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which had - not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992 -Judicial branch: - Appeals Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987) - -*Burkina, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-5577 or 6895 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN - embassy: - Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou - mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou - telephone: - [226] 30-67- 23 through 25 - FAX: - [226] 31-23-68 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed - star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Burkina, Economy - -Overview: - One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population - density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic - development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked - country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a - subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable - government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 1.3% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $350 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -1% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $495 million; expenditures $786 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $304.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - cotton, gold, animal products - partners: - EC 45%, Taiwan 15%, Cote d'Ivoire 15% (1987) -Imports: - $593 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery, food products, petroleum - partners: - EC 51%, Africa 25%, US 6% (1987) -External debt: - $865 million (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 23% of GDP (1989) -Electricity: - 120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, - gold mining and extraction -Agriculture: - accounts for about 30% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, - cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not - self-sufficient in food grains -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 - (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Burkina, Communications - -Railroads: - 620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km - Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track -Highways: - 16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved - (1985) -Airports: - total: - 48 - usable: - 38 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication - stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Burkina, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's Militia -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,947,935; fit for military service 995,532 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Burma, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 678,500 km2 - land area: - 657,740 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 - km, Thailand 1,800 km -Coastline: - 1,930 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or to the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June - to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower - humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) -Terrain: - central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands -Natural resources: - petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some - marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 15% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 49% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - 10,180 km2 (1989) -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides - common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation -Note: - strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes - -*Burma, People - -Population: - 43,455,953 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.88% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 28.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 65.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 59.5 years - male: - 57.5 years - female: - 61.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Burmese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Burmese -Ethnic divisions: - Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, - other 5% -Religions: - Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, - animist beliefs 1%, other 2% -Languages: - Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 81% - male: - 89% - female: - 72% -Labor force: - 16.007 million (1992) - by occupation: - agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% - (FY89 est.) - -*Burma, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Union of Burma - conventional short form: - Burma - local long form: - Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of - Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) - local short form: - Myanma Naingngandaw - former: - Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma -Digraph: - BM -Type: - military regime -Capital: - Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon) -Administrative divisions: - 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -, pyine); Chin State, -Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State,, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine, -State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan, State, Tenasserim*, Independence: - 4 January 1948 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National Convention - started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a new constitution -Legal system: - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 January (1948) -Political parties and leaders: - National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for - Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB), - SEIN WIN (which consists of individuals legitimately elected to parliament, - but not recognized by military regime) fled to border area and joined with - insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government -Other political or pressure groups: - Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National - Union (KNU - the only non-drug group); several Shan factions, including the - Mong Tai Army (MTA) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats - - (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79 -Executive branch: - chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order - Restoration Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup - of 18 September 1988 -Judicial branch: none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18 - September 1988 - -*Burma, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE - (since 23 April 1992) -Member of: - AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador U THAUNG - chancery: - 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-9044 through 9046 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr. - embassy: - 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon - mailing address: - GPO Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546 - telephone: - [95] (1) 82055, 82181 - FAX: - [95] (1) 80409 -Flag: - red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in - white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of - rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions - -*Burma, Economy - -Overview: - Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $660. The - nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export - earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports. - For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices - has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In - 1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this - position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which - generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work - force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces - and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little - success. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.3% (1992) -National product per capita: - $660 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 50% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 9.6% (FY89 est.) in urban areas -Budget: - revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $11.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $535.1 million (FY92) - commodities: - teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems - partners: - China, India, Thailand, Singapore -Imports: - $907.0 million (FY92) - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products - partners: - Japan, China, Singapore -External debt: - $4 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,100,000 kW capacity; 2,800 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; - petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction - materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in - food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; - world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of - export revenues -Illicit drugs: - world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of - cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production has nearly - doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs - -*Burma, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million -Currency: - 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas -Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990), - 6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987); unofficial - 105 -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Burma, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km - narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track -Highways: - 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel, - 6,100 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km -Ports: - Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein -Merchant marine: - 62 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 940,264 GRT/1,315,156 DWT; includes 3 - passenger-cargo, 18 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 2 - container, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 23 bulk, 1 - combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 83 - usable: - 78 - with permanent-surface runways: - 26 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 38 -Telecommunications: - meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and - government; international service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986); - radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Burma, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 11,004,419; females age 15-49 10,945,899; males fit for - military service 5,894,514; females fit for military service 5,847,958; - males reach military age (18) annually 435,030; females reach military age - (18) annually 420,487 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military - service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP (1992) - -*Burundi, Geography - -Location: - Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 27,830 km2 - land area: - 25,650 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands -Terrain: - mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains -Natural resources: - nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet - exploited), vanadium -Land use: - arable land: - 43% - permanent crops: - 8% - meadows and pastures: - 35% - forest and woodland: - 2% - other: - 12% -Irrigated land: - 720 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation -Note: - landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed - -*Burundi, People - -Population: - 5,985,308 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.34% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 21.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 40.75 years - male: - 38.79 years - female: - 42.76 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.76 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Burundian(s) - adjective: - Burundi -Ethnic divisions: - Africans: - Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans - include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians) - non-Africans: - Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000 -Religions: - Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%, - Muslim 1% -Languages: - Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in - the Bujumbura area) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 50% - male: - 61% - female: - 40% -Labor force: - 1.9 million (1983 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services - 1.5% - note: - 52% of population of working age (1985) - -*Burundi, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Burundi - conventional short form: - Burundi - local long form: - Republika y'u Burundi - local short form: - Burundi -Digraph: - BY -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bujumbura -Administrative divisions: - 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, - Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi -Independence: - 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) -Constitution: - 13 March 1992 draft provides for establishment of plural political system -Legal system: - based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 July (1962) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI, - secretary general; - note: - although Burundi is still officially a one-party state, at least four - political parties were formed in 1991 and set the precedent for - constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU), - Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of Burundi - (PSB), Royalist Parliamentary Party (PRP) - the most significant opposition - party is FRODEBU, led by Melchior NDADAYE; the Party for the Liberation of - the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early 1980s, is an - ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; the government - has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic politics and - fomenting violence against the state; PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist charter makes - it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new constitution that - will require party membership open to all ethnic groups -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - National Assembly: - note - The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for - constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February - 1991; new elections to the National Assembly are to take place 29 June 1993; - presidential elections are to take place 1 June 1993 -Executive branch: - president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity - and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister - -*Burundi, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following - the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from - 27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity - and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National - Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to - constitutional government -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Major Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE - chancery: - Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 342-2574 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY - embassy: - Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura - mailing address: - B. P. 1720, Bujumbura - telephone: - [257] (223) 454 - FAX: - [257] (222) 926 -Flag: - divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green - panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the - center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a - triangular design (one star above, two stars below) - -*Burundi, Economy - -Overview: - A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic - development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic - industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts - for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to - pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the - climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform - agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi - is trying to diversify its agricultural exports and attract foreign - investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized - via public auction in September 1991. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.23 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $205 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $318 million; expenditures $326 million, including capital - expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $91.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - coffee 81%, tea, hides, and skins - partners: - EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2% -Imports: - $246 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods - partners: - EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3% -External debt: - $1 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - real growth rate 11.0% (1991 est.); accounts for about 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports; - public works construction; food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming; - marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton, - tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock - - meat, milk, hides and skins -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 - million -Currency: - 1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes - -*Burundi, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 235.75 (January 1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 - (1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Burundi, Communications - -Highways: - 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved - or unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Tanganyika -Ports: - Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and - Zaire -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave radio - relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Burundi, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,283,308; fit for military service 670,381; reach military - age (16) annually 62,700 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989) - -*Cambodia, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand and Vietnam -Map references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 181,040 km2 - land area: - 176,520 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oklahoma -Land boundaries: - total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km -Coastline: - 443 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in - dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined -Climate: - tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to - March); little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north -Natural resources: - timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower - potential -Land use: - arable land: - 16% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 76% - other: - 4% -Irrigated land: - 920 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap -Note: - buffer between Thailand and Vietnam - -*Cambodia, People - -Population: - 9,898,900 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 4.41% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 15.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 111.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 49.06 years - male: - 47.6 years - female: - 50.6 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cambodian(s) - adjective: - Cambodian -Ethnic divisions: - Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% -Religions: - Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5% -Languages: - Khmer (official), French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 35% - male: - 48% - female: - 22% -Labor force: - 2,500,000 to 3,000,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 80% (1988 est.) - -*Cambodia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Cambodia -Digraph: - CB -Type: - transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National - Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation - for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including - representatives from each of the country's four political factions -Capital: - Phnom Penh -Administrative divisions: - 20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang, - Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, - Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey - Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev -Independence: - 9 November 1949 (from France) -Constitution: - a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - NGC: - Independence Day, 17 April (1975) - SOC: - Liberation Day, 7 January (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU - SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under - CHEA SIM; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN; - National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative - Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Liberal Democratic - Party (LDP) under SAK SUTSAKHAN -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on - proportional representation within each province is scheduled for 23-27 May - 1993; the assembly will draft and approve a constitution and then transform - itself into a legislature that will create a new Cambodian Government -Executive branch: - a 12 member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM - SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political - factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC) - - HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer - People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front - for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) - - Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH -Legislative branch: - pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's unicameral - National Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent - SOC faction's Supreme People's Court is the only functioning national - judicial body - -*Cambodia, Government - -Leaders: Chief of State: - SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under UN supervision - Head of Government: - NGC - vacant, but will be determined following the national election in - 1993; SOC - Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January - 1985) -Member of: - AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international - organizations -US diplomatic representation: - US representative: - Charles TWINNING - mission: - 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh - mailing address: - Box P, APO AP 96546 - telephone: - (855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438 - FAX: - (855) 23-26437 -Flag: - SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal - horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered - temple representing Angkor Wat in the center - -*Cambodia, Economy - -Overview: - Cambodia remains a desperately poor country whose economic recovery is held - hostage to continued political unrest and factional hostilities. The - country's immediate economic challenge is an acute financial crisis that is - undermining monetary stability and preventing disbursement of foreign - development assistance. Cambodia is still recovering from an abrupt shift in - 1990 to free-market economic mechanisms and a cutoff in aid from former - Soviet bloc countries; these changes have severely impacted on public sector - revenues and performance. The country's infrastructure of roads, bridges, - and power plants has been severely degraded, now having only 40-50% of - prewar capacity. The economy remains essentially rural, with 90% of the - population living in the countryside and dependent mainly on subsistence - agriculture. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and - unreliable. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $280 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 250-300% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $120 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $59 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood - partners: - Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India -Imports: - $170 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery - partners: - Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India -External debt: - $717 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining -Agriculture: - mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice, - rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, - sugar, flour -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US - countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8 - billion -Currency: - 1 riel (CR) = 100 sen - -*Cambodia, Economy - -Exchange rates: - riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560 - (1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Cambodia, Communications - -Railroads: - 612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned -Highways: - 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or - improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair -Inland waterways: - 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to - craft drawing 1.8 meters -Ports: - Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh -Airports: - total: - 15 - usable: - 9 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually - nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and - other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -*Cambodia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - SOC: - Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF) - Communist resistance forces: - National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) - non-Communist resistance forces: - Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as - National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), Khmer People's National - Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,883,679; fit for military service 1,033,168; reach - military age (18) annually 74,585 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Cameroon, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial Guinea - and Nigeria -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 475,440 km2 - land area: - 469,440 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523 - km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km -Coastline: - 402 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 50 nm -International disputes: - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with - Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet - convened -Climate: - varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north -Terrain: - diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, - mountains in west, plains in north -Natural resources: - petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 13% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 54% - other: - 13% -Irrigated land: - 280 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; - overgrazing; desertification -Note: - sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa - -*Cameroon, People - -Population: - 12,755,873 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.9% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 40.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: total population: - 56.66 years - male: - 54.65 years - female: - 58.74 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cameroonian(s) - adjective: - Cameroonian -Ethnic divisions: - Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, - Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African - less than 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16% -Languages: - 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 54% - male: - 66% - female: - 43% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983) - note: - 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985) - -*Cameroon, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Cameroon - conventional short form: - Cameroon - former: - French Cameroon -Digraph: - CM -Type: - unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties - legalized 1990) -Capital: - Yaounde -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, - Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest -Independence: - 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) -Constitution: - 20 May 1972 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 20 May (1972) -Political parties and leaders: - Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is - government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition - parties were legalized in 1990 - major opposition parties: - National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP) - major oppositon parties: - Social Democratic Front (SDF) - major opposition parties: - Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC) -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180 - seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6 - President: - last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with - about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate - John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19% - of the vote -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982) - -*Cameroon, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992) -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: Ambassador Paul PONDI - chancery: - 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-8790 through 8794 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Harriet ISOM - embassy: - Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde - mailing address: - B. P. 817, Yaounde - telephone: - [237] 234-014 - FAX: - [237] 230-753 - consulate: - Douala -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a - yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Cameroon, Economy - -Overview: - Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest - incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious - problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political - instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate - for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid - economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986 - precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee, - cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and - inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support - from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms - designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, - and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by - opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,040 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $422 million (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products, timber - partners: - EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countries -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment - partners: - EC about 60%, France 41%, Germany 9%, African countries, Japan, US 4% -External debt: - $6 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 755,000 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer goods, - textiles, sawmills -Agriculture: - the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of - the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree - of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include - coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock, - root starches -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125 - million - -*Cameroon, Economy - -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Cameroon, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge -Highways: - about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and - improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,090 km; of decreasing importance -Ports: Douala -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT -Airports: - total: - 59 - usable: - 51 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 51 -Telecommunications: - good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio relay; - 26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available only to - business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Cameroon, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie, - Presidential Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,844,280; fit for military service 1,432,563; reach - military age (18) annually 125,453 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Canada, Geography - -Location: - Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific - Ocean north of the US -Map references: - Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 9,976,140 km2 - land area: - 9,220,970 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than US -Land boundaries: - total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) -Coastline: - 243,791 km -Maritime claims: continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus - of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France -Climate: - varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north -Terrain: - mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast -Natural resources: - nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, - wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 57% -Irrigated land: - 8,400 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous - permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development -Note: - second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between - Russia and US via north polar route - -*Canada, People - -Population: - 27,769,993 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.28% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.98 years - male: 74.54 years - female: - 81.6 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Canadian(s) - adjective: - Canadian -Ethnic divisions: - British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous - Indian and Eskimo 1.5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28% -Languages: - English (official), French (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 13.38 million - by occupation: - services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% - (1988) - -*Canada, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Canada -Digraph: - CA -Type: - confederation with parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Ottawa -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New, Brunswick, -Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario,, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, -Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*, Independence: - 1 July 1867 (from UK) -Constitution: - amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; - charter of rights and unwritten customs -Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based - on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Canada Day, 1 July (1867) -Political parties and leaders: - Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean - CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston - MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Commons: - last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results - - Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party - 20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159, - Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June - 1993 - -*Canada, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB - (non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state), - FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL, - PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN - chancery: - 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001 - telephone: - (202) 682-1740 - FAX: - (202) 682-7726 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, - Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD - embassy: - 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa - mailing address: - P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430 - telephone: - (613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470 - FAX: - (613) 238-5720 - consulates general: - Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver -Flag: - three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and - red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band - -*Canada, Economy - -Overview: - As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles - the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of - production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing, - mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural - economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada - registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations, - averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force, - and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However, - the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking - areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn - investors have become edgy. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 0.9% (1992) -National product per capita: - $19,600 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.5% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 11.5% (December 1992) -Budget: - revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, - aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment - partners: - US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China -Imports: - $118 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods, - electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts - partners: - US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea -External debt: - $247 billion (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP -Electricity: - 109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, - transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural - gas -Agriculture: - accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and - exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural - imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial - fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is - exported - -*Canada, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of - hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of - high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin - and cocaine entering the US market -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion -Currency: - 1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), - 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Canada, Communications - -Railroads: - 146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems - - Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger - service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified -Highways: - 884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth -Inland waterways: - 3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway -Pipelines: - crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km -Ports: - Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's - (Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver -Merchant marine: - 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar - carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil - tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not - include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes -Airports: - total: - 1,420 - useable: - 1,142 - with permanent-surface runways: - 457 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 30 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 330 -Telecommunications: - excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones; - broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial - submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4 - Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems - -*Canada, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air - Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted - Police (RCMP) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach - military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*Cape Verde, Geography - -Location: - in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west of Senegal in Western - Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 4,030 km2 - land area: - 4,030 km2 comparative area: - slightly larger than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 965 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic -Terrain: - steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic -Natural resources: - salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 9% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 85% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility; - volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing -Note: - strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south - sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air - refueling site - -*Cape Verde, People - -Population: - 410,535 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.03% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 47.02 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.43 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: 59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.18 years - male: - 60.3 years - female: - 64.15 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cape Verdean(s) - adjective: - Cape Verdean -Ethnic divisions: - Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs -Languages: - Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1989) - total population: - 66% - male: - NA - female: - NA -Labor force: - 102,000 (1985 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981) - note: - 51% of population of working age (1985) - -*Cape Verde, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Cape Verde - conventional short form: - Cape Verde - local long form: - Republica de Cabo Verde - local short form: - Cabo Verde -Digraph: - CV -Type: - republic -Capital: - Praia -Administrative divisions: 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo, -Maio, - Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, - Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal -Independence: - 5 July 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September - 1990 (legalized opposition parties) -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 5 July (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and - chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona - Rodrigues PIRES, chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - People's National Assembly: - last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this - multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule - President: - last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results - - Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January - 1991) - -*Cape Verde, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape - Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council on 1 January - 1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA - chancery: - 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 965-6820 consulate general: - Boston -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Joseph SEGARS - embassy: - Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia - mailing address: - C. P. 201, Praia - telephone: - [238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17 - FAX: - [238] 61-13-55 -Flag: - a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag - consisted of two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a - vertical red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is - a black five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell; - uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of - Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in - the red band - -*Cape Verde, Economy - -Overview: - Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a - serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service - oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 60% - of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, - agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts for 4%. - About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster - and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of - GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances - from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the new - democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the private - sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $310 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $800 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $104 million; expenditures $133 million, including capital - expenditures of $72 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $5.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish, bananas, hides and skins - partners: Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.) -Imports: - $120 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment - partners: - Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US - (1990 est.) -External debt: - $156 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 4% of GDP -Electricity: - 15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction - materials, food and beverage production -Agriculture: - accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming; - bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes, - coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and - scanty rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both - domestic consumption and small exports -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36 - million - -*Cape Verde, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 75.47 (January 1993), 73.10 (1992), - 71.41 (1991), 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Cape Verde, Communications - -Ports: - Mindelo, Praia -Merchant marine: - 7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 6 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal - and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1 - TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Cape Verde, Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy), - Security Service -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 75,431; fit for military service 44,358 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Cayman Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Cayman Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between Cuba and Honduras -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 260 km2 - land area: - 260 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 160 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively - dry winters (November to April) -Terrain: - low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs -Natural resources: - fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 8% - forest and woodland: - 23% - other: - 69% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - within the Caribbean hurricane belt -Note: - important location between Cuba and Central America - -*Cayman Islands, People - -Population: - 30,440 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 4.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.1 years - male: - 75.37 years - female: - 78.81 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.48 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Caymanian(s) - adjective: - Caymanian -Ethnic divisions: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20% -Religions: - United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman - Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 8,061 - by occupation: - service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and - investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979) - -*Cayman Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Cayman Islands -Digraph: - CJ -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - George Town -Administrative divisions: - 8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West - End, Western -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1959, revised 1972 -Legal system: - British common law and local statutes -National holiday: - Constitution Day (first Monday in July) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal political parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since NA May - 1992) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are - represented by the UK -Flag: - blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the - flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with - three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom - bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS - -*Cayman Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export - earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed - at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America. - About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported. - The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.4% (1991) -National product per capita: - $23,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 7% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $141.5 million; expenditures $160.7 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.) - commodities: - turtle products, manufactured consumer goods - partners: - mostly US -Imports: - $136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactured goods - partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan -External debt: - $15 million (1986) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 8,780 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials, - furniture making -Agriculture: - minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million -Currency: - 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Cayman Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 160 km of main roads -Ports: - George Town, Cayman Brac -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,738 GRT/468,659 DWT; includes 1 - passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 oil tanker, 2 chemical - tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 4 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag - of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - 35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access - international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV - -*Cayman Islands, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF) -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Central African Republic, Geography - -Location: - Central Africa, between Chad and Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 622,980 km2 - land area: - 622,980 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 - km, Zaire 1,577 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers -Terrain: - vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and - southwest -Natural resources: - diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 64% - other: - 28% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has - diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification -Note: - landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa - -*Central African Republic, People - -Population: - 3,073,979 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.23% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 42.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 20.49 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 138.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 42.94 years - male: - 41.46 years - female: - 44.45 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Central African(s) - adjective: - Central African -Ethnic divisions: - Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans - 6,500 (including 3,600 French) -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, - other 11% - note: - animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority -Languages: - French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, - Hunsa, Swahili -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 27% - male: - 33% - female: - 15% -Labor force: - 775,413 (1986 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3% - note: - about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985) - -*Central African Republic, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Central African Republic - conventional short form: - none - local long form: - Republique Centrafricaine - local short form: - none - former: - Central African Empire -Abbreviation: - CAR -Digraph: - CT -Type: - republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986 -Capital: - Bangui -Administrative divisions: - 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*, (prefectures -economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 - commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,, Haute-Sangha, -Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere, - Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga, Independence: - 13 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 21 November 1986 -Legal system: - based on French law -National holiday: - National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic) -Political parties and leaders: - Central African Democratic Party (RDC), the government party, Laurent - GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates Coalition includes; Union of the People - for Economic and Social Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal - Republican Party (PARELI), Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist - Movement (MSCA), Michel BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a - coalition of 13 parties, including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress - (ADP), Francois PEHOUA; Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth - ROLLAND; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum - (FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor - KOMBOT-NAGUEMON -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to - dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 - October 1993 - National Assembly: last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to - dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17 - October 1993 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) - -*Central African Republic, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic - and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit - together this is known as the Congress (Congres) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE (since 2 March 1993) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET - chancery: - 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-7800 or 7801 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN - embassy: - Avenue David Dacko, Bangui - mailing address: - B. P. 924, Bangui - telephone: - [236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10 - FAX: - [236] 61-44-94 -Flag: - four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a - vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the - hoist side of the blue band - -*Central African Republic, Economy - -Overview: - Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR - economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In - 1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural - products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry - for 30%. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's - landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a weak human resource - base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, particularly from - France, plays a major role in providing capital for new investment. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -3% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $440 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -3% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1988 est.) in Bangui -Budget: - revenues $175 million; expenditures $312 million, including capital - expenditures of $122 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $138 million (1991 est.) - commodities: - diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco - partners: - France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US -Imports: - $205 million (1991 est.) - commodities: - food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor - vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products - partners: - France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria -External debt: - $859 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of - bicycles and motorcycles -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for - grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops - - manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) - -*Central African Republic, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Central African Republic, Communications - -Highways: - 22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000 - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; - Oubangui is the most important river -Airports: - total: - 66 - usable: - 51 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 20 -Telecommunications: - fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with - low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Central African Republic, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National - Gendarmerie, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 685,575; fit for military service 358,836 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Chad, Geography - -Location: - Central Africa, between the Central African Republic and Libya -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 1.284 million km2 - land area: - 1,259,200 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of California -Land boundaries: - total 5,968 km, Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya - 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north; - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria -Climate: - tropical in south, desert in north -Terrain: - broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, - lowlands in south -Natural resources: - petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, - fish (Lake Chad) -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 36% - forest and woodland: - 11% - other: - 51% -Irrigated land: - 100 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification - adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts -Note: - landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel - -*Chad, People - -Population: - 5,350,971 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.13% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 42.21 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: 20.93 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 134 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 40.41 years - male: - 39.36 years - female: - 41.5 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Chadian(s) - adjective: - Chadian -Ethnic divisions: - north and center: - Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, - Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) - south: - non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) - nonindigenous 150,000, of whom 1,000 are French -Religions: - Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23% -Languages: - French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), Sango (in south), - more than 100 different languages and dialects are spoken -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic (1990) - total population: - 30% - male: - 42% - female: - 18% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and - fishing) - -*Chad, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Chad - conventional short form: - Chad - local long form: - Republique du Tchad local short form: - Tchad -Digraph: - CD -Type: - republic -Capital: - N'Djamena -Administrative divisions: - 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, - Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, - Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile -Independence: - 11 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1 - March 1991; national conference drafting new constitution to submit to - referendum January 1993 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - 11 August -Political parties and leaders: - Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY, - chairman - note: - President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new constitution, and - free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident groups; 26 opposition - political parties -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - universal at age NA -Elections: - National Consultative Council: - last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990 - President: - last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein - HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then - President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3 - December 1990; national conference opened 15 January 1993; election to - follow by end of year -Executive branch: - president, Council of State (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was - disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the - Republic, with 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991 -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal - -*Chad, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Joseph YODOYMAN (since NA August 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kombaria Loumaye MEKONYO - chancery: - 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 462-4009 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN - embassy: - Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena - mailing address: - B. P. 413, N'Djamena - telephone: - [235] (51) 62-18, 40-09, or 51-62-11 - FAX: - [235] 51-33-72 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to - the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a - national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow - band; design was based on the flag of France - -*Chad, Economy - -Overview: - The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural - resources make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in the world. - Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict with Libya, - drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its 1977 level, - with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports. Over 80% of - the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing. Industry is - based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural products, including - cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent on foreign aid, with - its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from shortages. Oil - companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the Doba basin in - the south. Good crop weather led to 8.4% growth in 1991. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 8.4% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $215 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2%-3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $115 million; expenditures $412 million, including capital - expenditures of $218 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $193.9 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish - partners: - France, Nigeria, Cameroon -Imports: - $294.1 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum - products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment - partners: - US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon -External debt: - $492 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate), - soap, cigarettes -Agriculture: - accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most - important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, - potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient - in food in years of adequate rainfall -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - -*Chad, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Chad, Communications - -Highways: - 31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,000 km navigable -Airports: - total: - 69 - usable: - 55 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 24 -Telecommunications: - fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast - stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative; - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Chad, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,246,617; fit for military service 647,908; reach military - age (20) annually 52,870 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $58 million, 5.6% of GDP (1989) - -*Chile, Geography - -Location: - Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Argentina - and Peru -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 756,950 km2 - land area: - 748,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana - note: - includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez -Land boundaries: - total 6,171 km, Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km -Coastline: 6,435 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia - has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama - area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water - rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) - partially overlaps Argentine and British claims -Climate: - temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south -Terrain: - low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east -Natural resources: - copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 16% - forest and woodland: - 21% - other: - 56% -Irrigated land: - 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one - of world's driest regions; desertification -Note: - strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage) - -*Chile, People - -Population: - 13,739,759 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.54% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.15 years - male: - 71.16 years - female: - 77.29 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.51 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Chilean(s) - adjective: - Chilean -Ethnic divisions: - European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 93% - male: - 94% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 4.728 million - by occupation: - services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% - (1990) - -*Chile, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Chile - conventional short form: - Chile - local long form: - Republica de Chile - local short form: - Chile -Digraph: - CI -Type: - republic -Capital: - Santiago -Administrative divisions: - 13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez - del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador - General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, - Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso - note: - the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica -Independence: - 18 September 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989 -Legal system: - based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes - influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts - in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 September (1810) -Political parties and leaders: - Concertation of Parties for Democracy consists mainly of four parties: PDC, - PPD, PR, PS; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; - Party for Democracy (PPD), Sergio BITAR; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ - Marquez; Sociaistl Party (PS), German CORREA; Independent Democratic Union - (UDI), Jovino NOVOA; National Renovation (RN), Andree ALLAMAND; - Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco Juner ERRAZURIZ; Communist Party of - Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM; Allende Leftist Democratic Movement - (MIDA), Mario PALESTRO -Other political or pressure groups: - revitalized university student federations at all major universities - dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT) - includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor - confederations; Roman Catholic Church -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of Parties for - Democracy 71 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 11), RN 29, UDI 11, right-wing - independents 9 - President: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4% - -*Chile, Government - - Senate: - last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected) Concertation of - Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD 1), RN 6, UDI 2, - right-wing independents 8 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house - or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990) -Member of: - CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, - LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UNMOGIP, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique - chancery: - 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 785-1746 - consulates general: - Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Curtis W. KAMMAN - embassy: - Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas, Santiago - mailing address: - APO AA 34033 - telephone: - [56] (2) 671-0133 - FAX: - [56] (2) 699-1141 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square - the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; - the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based - on the US flag - -*Chile, Economy - -Overview: - The government of President AYLWIN, which took power in 1990, retained the - economic policies of PINOCHET, although the share of spending for social - welfare has risen steadily. In 1991 growth in GDP recovered to 6% (led by - consumer spending) after only 2% growth in 1990. The pace accelerated in - 1992 as the result of strong investment and export growth, and GDP rose - 10.4%. Nonetheless, inflation fell further, to 12.7%, compared with 27.3% in - 1990 and 18.7% in 1991. The buoyant economy spurred a 25% growth in imports, - and the trade surplus fell in 1992, although international reserves - increased. Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1993, and - economic growth is likely to approach 7%. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.7 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: 10.4% (1992) -National product per capita: - $2,550 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.7% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 4.9% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $10.9 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.2 billion (1993) -Exports: - $10 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - copper 41%, other metals and minerals 8.7%, wood products 7.1%, fish and - fishmeal 9.8%, fruits 8.4% (1991) - partners: - EC 32%, US 18%, Japan 18%, Brazil 5% (1991) -Imports: - $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - capital goods 25.2%, spare parts 24.8%, raw materials 15.4%, petroleum 10%, - foodstuffs 5.7% - partners: - US 21%, EC 18%, Brazil 9%, Japan 8% (1991) -External debt: - $16.9 billion (year end 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 14.56% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,769,000 kW capacity; 22,010 million kWh produced, 1,630 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood - and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major - exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn, - grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products - - beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1991 fish catch of 6.6 - million metric tons; net agricultural importer -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million - -*Chile, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 384.04 (January 1993), 362.59 (1992), 349.37 - (1991), 305.06 (1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Chile, Communications - -Railroads: - 7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; 1,865 km 1.676-meter gauge and 80 km - 1.000-meter gauge electrified -Highways: - 79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and - unimproved earth (1984) -Inland waterways: - 725 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km -Ports: - Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio, - Talcahuano, Arica -Merchant marine: - 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 445,330 GRT/756,018 DWT; includes 8 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 - chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 8 bulk; note - - in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used - commercially -Airports: - total: - 396 - usable: - 351 - with permanent-surface runways: - 48 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 13 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 57 -Telecommunications: - modern telephone system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities; - 768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 - shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 - domestic - -*Chile, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and - Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police), - Investigative Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3.653 million; fit for military service 2,722,479; reach - military age (19) annually 119,434 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.) - -*China, Header - -Affiliation: - (also see separate Taiwan entry) - -*China, Geography - -Location: - East Asia, between India and Mongolia -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 9,596,960 km2 - land area: - 9,326,410 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than the US -Land boundaries: - total 22,143.34 km, Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong - Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, - Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal - 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) - 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km -Coastline: - 14,500 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve - disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan - under dispute; a short section of the boundary with North Korea is - indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with - Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime - boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands - occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims - Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu - Tai) -Climate: - extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north -Terrain: - mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills - in east -Natural resources: - coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, - molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's - largest hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 31% - forest and woodland: - 14% - other: - 45% -Irrigated land: - 478,220 km2 (1991 - Chinese statistic) - -*China, Geography - -Environment: - frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern - coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil - erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution; - desertification -Note: - world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada) - -*China, People - -Population: - 1,177,584,537 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.1% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.34 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.74 years - male: - 66.78 years - female: - 68.8 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Chinese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Chinese -Ethnic divisions: - Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, - Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1% -Religions: - Daoism (Taoism), Buddhism, Muslim 2-3%, Christian 1% (est.) - note: - officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic -Languages: - Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue - (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), - Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic divisions entry) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 73% - male: - 84% - female: - 62% -Labor force: - 567.4 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%, construction and - mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.) - -*China, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - People's Republic of China - conventional short form: - China - local long form: - Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo - local short form: - Zhong Guo -Abbreviation: - PRC -Digraph: - CH -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Beijing -Administrative divisions: - 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,, singular and -plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);, Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu,, -Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, -Jilin, Liaoning, - Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,, Sichuan, Tianjin -Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang, note: - China considers Taiwan its 23rd province -Independence: 221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing or Ch'ing - Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912; People's Republic - established 1 October 1949) -Constitution: - most recent promulgated 4 December 1982 -Legal system: - a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary - civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 - January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, - administrative, criminal, and commercial law -National holiday: - National Day, 1 October (1949) -Political parties and leaders: - Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the Central - Committee (since 24 June 1989); eight registered small parties controlled by - CCP -Other political or pressure groups: - such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually - within the party and government organization, that vary by issue -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National People's Congress: - last held March 1993 (next to be held March 1998); results - CCP is the only - party but there are also independents; seats - (2,977 total) (elected at - county or xian level) - President: - last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - JIANG Zemin was - nominally elected by the Eighth National People's Congress -Executive branch: - president, vice president, premier, four vice premiers, State Council - -*China, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui) -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993); Vice President RONG Yiren - (since 27 March 1993) - Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto): - DENG Xiaoping (since NA 1977) - Head of Government: - Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9 - April 1988) Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZOU - Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993); - Vice Premier LI Lanqing (29 March 1993) -Member of: - AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM - (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UN Security - Council, UNTAC, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador LI Daoyu - chancery: - 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 328-2500 through 2502 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY - embassy: - Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing - mailing address: - 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002 - telephone: - [86] (1) 532-3831 - FAX: - [86] (1) 532-3178 - consulates general: - Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang -Flag: - red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow - five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the - flag) in the upper hoist-side corner - -*China, Economy - -Overview: - Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the - economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more - productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the - framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have - switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of - the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and - plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale - enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign - economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying - result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in - the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal - areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and - modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and - export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the - darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the - worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of - capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has - periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and - thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991, and again - in 1992, output rose substantially, particularly in the favored coastal - areas. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority - by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is - essential to the nation's long-term economic viability. -National product: GNP $NA -National product real growth rate: - 12.8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.4% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 2.3% in urban areas (1992) -Budget: - deficit $16.3 billion (1992) -Exports: - $85.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum, - minerals - partners: - Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Germany, South Korea, Russia (1992) -Imports: - $80.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel, - textile yarn, fertilizer - partners: - Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, US, Taiwan, Germany, Russia (1992) -External debt: - $69.3 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 20.8% (1992) -Electricity: - 158,690,000 kW capacity; 740,000 million kWh produced, 630 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*China, Economy - -Industries: - iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, - cement, chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, - potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops - include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock - products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 13.35 million - metric tons (including fresh water and pond raised) (1991) -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium in at least 18 provinces and administrative - regions; bulk of production is in Yunnan Province; transshipment point for - heroin produced in the Golden Triangle -Economic aid: - donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, - including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA - and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion -Currency: - 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao -Exchange rates: - yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.7640 (January 1993), 5.5146 (1992), 5.3234 (1991), - 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*China, Communications - -Railroads: - total about 64,000 km; 54,000 km of common carrier lines, of which 53,400 km - are 1.435-meter gauge (standard) and 600 km are 1.000-meter gauge (narrow); - 11,200 km of standard gauge common carrier route are double tracked and - 6,900 km are electrified (1990); an additional 10,000 km of varying gauges - (0.762 to 1.067-meter) are dedicated industrial lines -Highways: - about 1,029,000 km (1990) total; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads, 648,000 km - (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved earth roads - and tracks -Inland waterways: - 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km -Ports: - Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, - Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou -Merchant marine: - 1,478 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,029,320 GRT/21,120,522 DWT; - includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6 - cargo/training, 811 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 81 container, 18 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 oil tanker, 11 - chemical tanker, 263 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9 combination - bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an additional 227 - ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 6,187,117 DWT that operate - under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian, Vanuatu, Cypriot, - Saint Vincent, Bahamian, and Romanian registry -Airports: - total: - 330 - usable: - 330 - with permanent-surface runways: - 260 - with runways over 3,500 m: - fewer than 10 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 90 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 200 -Telecommunications: - domestic and international services are increasingly available for private - use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, - industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December - 1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV; - more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth - stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, - and 55 domestic - -*China, Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 343,361,925; fit for military service 190,665,512; reach - military age (18) annually 10,844,047 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -*Christmas Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Christmas Island, Geography - -Location: - in the Indian Ocean, between Australia and Indonesia -Map references: - Southeast Asia -Area: - total area: - 135 km2 - land area: - 135 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 138.9 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau -Natural resources: - phosphate -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - almost completely surrounded by a reef -Note: - located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean - -*Christmas Island, People - -Population: - 1,685 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -2.44% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Christmas Islander(s) - adjective: - Christmas Island -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no indigenous population -Religions: - Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church - of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, - Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981) -Languages: - English -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas - Island, Ltd. - -*Christmas Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Christmas Island - conventional short form: - Christmas Island -Digraph: - KT -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - The Settlement -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Christmas Island Act of 1958 -Legal system: - under the authority of the governor general of Australia -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - none -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory - Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator M. J. GRIMES (since NA) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of Australia) -US diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -*Christmas Island, Economy - -Overview: - Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in - December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer - economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also - to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date - during the first half of 1992. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - phosphate - partners: - Australia, NZ -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - consumer goods - partners: - principally Australia -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 17,800 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate extraction (near depletion) -Agriculture: - NA -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Christmas Island, Communications - -Highways: - adequate road system -Ports: - Flying Fish Cove -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 4,000 radios (1982); broadcasting stations - 1 AM, 1 TV - -*Christmas Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -*Clipperton Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Clipperton Island, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km southwest of Mexico -Map references: - World -Area: - total area: - 7 km2 - land area: - 7 km2 - comparative area: - about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 11.1 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Mexico -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - coral atoll -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (all coral) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - reef about 8 km in circumference - -*Clipperton Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Clipperton Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Clipperton Island - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ile Clipperton - former: - sometimes called Ile de la Passion -Digraph: IP -Type: - French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High - Commissioner of the Republic -Capital: - none; administered by France from French Polynesia -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Clipperton Island, Economy - -Overview: - The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station. - -*Clipperton Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -*Clipperton Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the Indian Ocean, 1,070 km southwest of Indonesia, about halfway between - Australia and Sri Lanka -Map references: - Southeast Asia -Area: - total area: - 14 km2 - land area: - 14 km2 - comparative area: - about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC - note: - includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island -Land boundaries: 0 km -Coastline: - 2.6 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - pleasant, modified by the southeast trade wind for about nine months of the - year; moderate rain fall -Terrain: - flat, low-lying coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, People - -Population: - 593 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.53% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/women -Nationality: - noun: - Cocos Islander(s) - adjective: - Cocos Islander -Ethnic divisions: - West Island: - Europeans - Home Island: - Cocos Malays -Religions: - Sunni Muslims -Languages: - English -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands - conventional short form: - Cocos (Keeling) Islands -Digraph: - CK -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - West Island -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 -Legal system: - based upon the laws of Australia and local laws -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of - the Islands Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Islands Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator B. CUNNINGHAM (since NA); Chairman of the Islands Council Haji - WAHIN bin Bynie (since NA) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of Australia) -US diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and - fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing - contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other - necessities must be imported from Australia. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - copra - partners: - Australia -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - foodstuffs - partners: - Australia -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra products -Agriculture: - gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2836 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Communications - -Ports: - none; lagoon anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications - via satellite with Australia; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -*Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -*Colombia, Geography - -Location: - Northern South America, between Panama and Venezuela -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 1,138,910 km2 - land area: - 1,038,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Montana - note: - includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank -Land boundaries: - total 7,408 km, Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900 - km, Venezuela 2,050 km -Coastline: - 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km) -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; - territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y - Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank -Climate: - tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands -Terrain: - flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes mountains, eastern - lowland plains -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 29% - forest and woodland: - 49% - other: - 16% -Irrigated land: - 5,150 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from - overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts -Note: - only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and - Caribbean Sea - -*Colombia, People - -Population: - 34,942,767 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.83% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.72 years - male: - 68.99 years - female: - 74.53 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Colombian(s) - adjective: - Colombian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian - 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 87% - male: - 88% - female: - 86% -Labor force: - 12 million (1990) - by occupation: - services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990) - -*Colombia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Colombia - conventional short form: - Colombia local long form: - Republica de Colombia - local short form: - Colombia -Digraph: - CO -Type: - republic; executive branch dominates government structure -Capital: - Bogota -Administrative divisions: - 23 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 5 commissariats*, (comisarias, singular -- comisaria), 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular, - intendencia), and 1 special district***, -(distrito especial); Amazonas*,, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bogota***, Bolivar, Boyaca,, -Caldas, Caqueta, - Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*,, Huila, La Guajira, -Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**,, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y -Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima,, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*, note: - the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and - intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito - capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997 -Independence: - 20 July 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 5 July 1991 -Legal system: - based on Spanish law; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 20 July (1810) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president; Social Conservative - Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), - Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance M-19 (AD/M-19) is headed by 19th - of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small - leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union - (UP) is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of - Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO -Other political or pressure groups: - three insurgent groups are active in Colombia - Revolutionary Armed Forces - of Colombia (FARC), Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation - Army (ELN), Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized - People's Liberation Army (EPL), Francisco CARABALLO -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Cesar GAVIRIA - Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) - 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12% - -*Colombia, Government - - Senate: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (102 total) Liberal 58, Conservative 22, AD/M-19 - 9, MSN 5, UP 1, other 7 - House of Representatives: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (161 total) Liberal 87, Conservative 31, AD/M-19 - 13, MSN 10, UP 3, other 17 -Executive branch: - president, presidential designate, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and a nationally elected lower chamber or House of - Representatives (Camara de Representantes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justical), Constitutional Court, - Council of State -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990) -Member of: - AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, - PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra - chancery: - 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 387-8338 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - consulates: - Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Tampa -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Morris D. BUSBY - embassy: - Calle 38, No. 8-61, Bogota - mailing address: - P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO AA 34038 - telephone: - [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688 - FAX: - [57] (1) 288-5687 - consulate: - Barranquilla -Flag: - three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar - to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of - arms superimposed in the center - -*Colombia, Economy - -Overview: - Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates - remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have - kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid - development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries in recent - years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices - Colombia's major - export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of - 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, energy rationing, and drug-related - violence have dampened growth. The level of violence, in Bogota in - particular, surged to higher levels in the first quarter of 1993, further - delaying the economic resurgence expected from government reforms. These - reforms center on fiscal restraint, trade and investment liberalization, - financial and labor reform, and privatization of state utilities and - commercial banks. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $51 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 25% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $5.0 billion; current expenditures $5.1 billion, capital - expenditures $964 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, coffee, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers - partners: - US 44%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3% (1991) -Imports: - $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods, chemicals, - paper products - partners: - US 36%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3% (1991) -External debt: - $17 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -0.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 10,193,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, - metal products, cement; mining - gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, - salt -Agriculture: - growth rate 3% (1991 est.) accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds - and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a - wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa - beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming - more important - -*Colombia, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, coca, and opium; about 37,500 hectares of coca - under cultivation; the world's largest processor of coca derivatives into - cocaine; supplier of cocaine to the US and other international drug markets -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.3 billion, - Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million -Currency: - 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 820.08 (January 1993), 759.28 (1992), - 633.05 (1991), 502.26 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Colombia, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km - 1.435-meter gauge -Highways: - 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces -Inland waterways: - 14,300 km, navigable by river boats -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural - gas liquids 125 km -Ports: - Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, - Tumaco -Merchant marine: - 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 227,719 GRT/356,665 DWT; includes 9 - cargo, 3 oil tanker, 8 bulk, 7 container -Airports: - total: - 1,233 - usable: - 1,059 - with permanent-surface: - 69 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 with runways 2,440-2,459 m: - 9 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 200 -Telecommunications: - nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - and 11 domestic satellite earth stations - -*Colombia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, including Marines), Air - Force (Fuerza Aerea Colombiana), National Police (Policia Nacional) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 9,428,358; fit for military service 6,375,944; reach - military age (18) annually 356,993 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $630 million, 1.3% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Comoros, Geography - -Location: - in the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way - between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,170 km2 - land area: - 2,170 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 340 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims French-administered Mayotte -Climate: - tropical marine; rainy season (November to May) -Terrain: - volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: arable land: - 35% - permanent crops: - 8% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 16% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy - season -Note: - important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel - -*Comoros, People - -Population: - 511,651 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.54% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 46.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 57.35 years - male: - 55.23 years - female: - 59.55 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Comoran(s) - adjective: - Comoran -Ethnic divisions: - Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14% -Languages: - Arabic (official), French (official), Comoran (a blend of Swahili and - Arabic) -Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 48% - male: - 56% - female: - 40% -Labor force: - 140,000 (1982) - by occupation: - agriculture 80%, government 3% - note: - 51% of population of working age (1985) - -*Comoros, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros - conventional short form: - Comoros - local long form: - Republique Federale Islamique des Comores - local short form: - Comores -Digraph: - CN -Type: - independent republic -Capital: - Moroni -Administrative divisions: - three islands; Njazidja (Grand Comore), Nzwani (Anjouan), and Mwali (Moheli) - note: - there are also four municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and - Mutsamudu -Independence: - 6 July 1975 (from France) -Constitution: - 7 June 1992 -Legal system: - French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 July (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - over 20 political parties are currently active, the most important of which - are; Comoran Union for Progress (UDZIMA), Omar TAMOU; Islands' Fraternity - and Unity Party (CHUMA), Said Ali KEMAL; Comoran Party for Democracy and - Progress (PCDP), Ali MROUDJAE; Realizing Freedom's Capability (UWEZO), - Mouazair ABDALLAH; Democratic Front of the Comoros (FDR), Moustapha CHELKH; - Dialogue Proposition Action (DPA/MWANGAZA), Said MCHAWGAMA; Rally for Change - and Democracy (RACHADE), Hassan HACHIM; Union for Democracy and - Decentralization (UNDC), Mohamed Taki Halidi IBRAHAM; Maecha Bora, leader - NA; MDP/NGDC (expansion NA), leader NA; Comoran Popular Front (FPC), Mohamed - HASSANALI, Mohamed El Arif OUKACHA, Abdou MOUSTAKIM (Secretary General) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Federal Assembly: - last held November-December 1992 (next to be held NA March 1997); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) UNDC 7, CHUMA 3, ADP 2, - MDP/NGDC 5, FDC 2, MAECHA BORA 2, FPC 2, RACHADE 1, UWEZO 1, MWANGAZA 1, 16 - other seats to smaller parties - President: - last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results - Said Mohamed - DJOHAR (UDZIMA) 55%, Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45% -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - -*Comoros, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990); Prime Minister Ibrahim - HALIDI (since 1 January 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN - chancery: - (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th - Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017 - telephone: - (212) 972-8010 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER - embassy: - address NA, Moroni - mailing address: - B. P. 1318, Moroni - telephone: - [269] 73-22-03, 73-29-22 - FAX: - no service available at this time -Flag: - green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent - points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white - five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the - crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four - stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali, Njazidja, - Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but - claimed by the Comoros) - -*Comoros, Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands - that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing - population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the - labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high - unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical - assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, is the - leading sector of the economy. It contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the - labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not - self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for - 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an - annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in - 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for - about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of - 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and - balance-of-payments difficulties. Preliminary estimates for FY92 show a - moderate increase in the growth rate based on increased exports, tourism, - and government investment outlays. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $260 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.7% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $540 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - over 16% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $96 million; expenditures $88 million, including capital - expenditures of $33 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra, ylang-ylang - partners: - US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988) -Imports: - $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods - partners: - Europe 62% (France 22%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988) -External debt: - $196 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -6.5% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 16,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials, - soft drinks -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture - and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export - vanilla, cloves, - perfume essences, copra; principal food crops - coconuts, bananas, cassava; - world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and - second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer - -*Comoros, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $435 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 - million -Currency: - 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 - (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)); note - linked to the - French franc at 50 to 1 French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Comoros, Communications - -Highways: - 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel -Ports: - Mutsamudu, Moroni -Airports: - total: - 4 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations - for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over - 1,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV - -*Comoros, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Comoran Defense Force (FDC) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 108,867; fit for military service 65,106 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Congo, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Gabon and Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 342,000 km2 - land area: - 341,500 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana -Land boundaries: - total 5,504 km, Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 - km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km -Coastline: - 169 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of - the river or its islands has been made) -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); - constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate - astride the Equator -Terrain: - coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin -Natural resources: - petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural - gas -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 29% - forest and woodland: - 62% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 40 km2 (1989) -Environment: - deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe - Noire, or along the railroad between them - -*Congo, People - -Population: - 2,388,667 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.44% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 40.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.28 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 112.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 48.04 years - male: - 46.3 years - female: - 49.84 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.38 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Congolese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Congolese or Congo -Ethnic divisions: - south: - Kongo 48% - north: - Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12% - center: - Teke 17%, Europeans 8,500 (mostly French) -Religions: - Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2% -Languages: - French (official), African languages (Lingala and Kikongo are the most - widely used) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 57% - male: - 70% - female: - 44% -Labor force: - 79,100 wage earners - by occupation: - agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25% - note: - 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active - (1985) - -*Congo, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of the Congo - conventional short form: - Congo - local long form: - Republique Populaire du Congo - local short form: - Congo - former: - Congo/Brazzaville -Digraph: - CF -Type: - republic -Capital: - Brazzaville -Administrative divisions: - 9 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, -Kouilou,, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, - Sangha -Independence: - 15 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 8 July 1979, currently being modified -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Congolese National Day, 15 August (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - Congolese Labor Party (PCT), headed by former president Denis - SASSOU-NGUESSO; Union for Democratic Renewal (URD) - a coalition of - opposition parties; Panafrican Union for Social Development (UPADS) -Other political or pressure groups: - Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC); Congolese Trade Union Congress - (CSC); Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC); General Union of - Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 2-16 August 1992 (next to be held August 1997); results - - President Pascal LISSOUBA won with 61% of the vote - National Assembly: - last held 24 June-19 July 1992; results - (125 total) UPADS 39, MCDDI (part - of URD coalition) 29, PCT 19; more than a dozen smaller parties split the - remaining 38 seats - note: - National Assembly dissolved in November 1992; next election to be held May - 1993 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved on NA - November 1992 -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - -*Congo, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Claude Antoine DA COSTA (since December 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO - chancery: - 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: - (202) 726-5500 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS - embassy: - Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville - mailing address: - B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO AE 09828 - telephone: - (242) 83-20-70 - FAX: - [242] 83-63-38 -Flag: - red, divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the - upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Congo, Economy - -Overview: - Congo's economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, a - beginning industrial sector based largely on oil, supporting services, and a - government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. A reform - program, supported by the IMF and World Bank, ran into difficulties in - 1990-91 because of problems in changing to a democratic political regime and - a heavy debt-servicing burden. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay - of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and - exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to - finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, - one of the highest rates in Africa. During the period 1987-91, however, - growth has slowed to an average of roughly 1.5% annually, only half the - population growth rate. The new government, responding to pressure from - businessmen and the electorate, has promised to reduce the bureaucracy and - government regulation but little has been accomplished as of early 1993. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.6% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,070 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -0.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $765 million; expenditures $952 million, including capital - expenditures of $65 million (1990) -Exports: - $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds - partners: - US, France, other EC countries -Imports: - $704 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment - partners: - France, Italy, other EC countries, US, Germany, Spain, Japan, Brazil -External debt: - $4.1 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP; includes petroleum -Electricity: - 140,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 135 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, cement, lumbering, brewing, sugar milling, palm oil, soap, - cigarette -Agriculture: - accounts for 13% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts - for 90% of food output; other crops - rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash - crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; - imports over 90% of food needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $63 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 - million - -*Congo, Economy - -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Congo, Communications - -Railroads: - 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately - owned) -Highways: - 11,960 km total; 560 km paved; 850 km gravel and laterite; 5,350 km improved - earth; 5,200 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially - navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only -Pipelines: - crude oil 25 km -Ports: - Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port) -Airports: - total: - 44 - usable: - 41 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 16 -Telecommunications: - services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio - relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, - and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 - Atlantic Ocean satellite earth station - -*Congo, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 534,802; fit for military service 272,051; reach military - age (20) annually 24,190 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Cook Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (free association with New Zealand) - -*Cook Islands, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway - between Hawaii and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 240 km2 - land area: - 240 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 120 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 22% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: - 74% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons from November to March - -*Cook Islands, People - -Population: - 18,903 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.18% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 23.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 24.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.14 years - male: - 69.2 years - female: - 73.1 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cook Islander(s) - adjective: - Cook Islander -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and - other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9% -Religions: - Christian (majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church) -Languages: - English (official), Maori -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 5,810 - by occupation: - agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, other 4% (1981) - -*Cook Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Cook Islands -Digraph: - CW -Type: - self-governing parliamentary government in free association with New - Zealand; Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand - retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook - Islands -Capital: - Avarua -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August - 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by - unilateral action) -Constitution: - 4 August 1965 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 4 August -Political parties and leaders: - Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; - Democratic Party, Terepai MAOATE; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; - Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, - Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) - 9, independent 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, - prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament; note - the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on - traditional matters, but has no legislative powers -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir - Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK - (since NA) Head of Government: - Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since 1 February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister - Inatio AKARURU (since NA February 1989) -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP (associate), ICAO, IOC, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) - -*Cook Islands, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand) -Flag: - blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large - circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the - outer half of the flag - -*Cook Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, - copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a - fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development - is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack - of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is - annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. - Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential - and expanding the fishing industry. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $40 million (1988 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.3% (1986-88 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,200 (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing - partners: - NZ 80%, Japan -Imports: - $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber - partners: NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fruit processing, tourism -Agriculture: - export crops - copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; - subsistence crops - yams, taro -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $128 million -Currency: - 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9490 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), - 1.7266 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Cook Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km - unimproved earth -Ports: - Avatiu -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 or over) totaling 1,464 GRT/2,181 DWT -Airports: - total: - 7 - usable: - 7 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 11,000 radio receivers; 17,000 TV - receivers (1989); 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Cook Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -*Coral Sea Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Coral Sea Islands, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - less than 3 km2 - land area: - less than 3 km2 - comparative area: - NA - note: - includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about - 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 3,095 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays) -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) -Irrigated land: 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important - nesting area for birds and turtles - -*Coral Sea Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists - -*Coral Sea Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Coral Sea Islands Territory - conventional short form: - Coral Sea Islands -Digraph: - CR -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the - Environment, Tourism, and Territories -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - the flag of Australia is used - -*Coral Sea Islands, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Coral Sea Islands, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorages only - -*Coral Sea Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal - Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors - -*Costa Rica, Geography - -Location: - Central America, between Nicaragua and Panama -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America -Area: - total area: - 51,100 km2 - land area: - 50,660 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia - note: - includes Isla del Coco -Land boundaries: - total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km -Coastline: - 1,290 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November) -Terrain: - coastal plains separated by rugged mountains -Natural resources: - hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: - 45% - forest and woodland: - 34% - other: - 8% -Irrigated land: - 1,180 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent - flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; - deforestation; soil erosion - -*Costa Rica, People - -Population: - 3,264,776 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.38% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 3.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.49 years - male: - 75.56 years - female: - 79.52 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Costa Rican(s) - adjective: - Costa Rican -Ethnic divisions: - white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 93% - male: - 93% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 868,300 - by occupation: - industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%, - other 4.9% (1985 est.) - -*Costa Rica, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Costa Rica - conventional short form: - Costa Rica local long form: - Republica de Costa Rica - local short form: - Costa Rica -Digraph: - CS -Type: - democratic republic -Capital: - San Jose -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, - Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 9 November 1949 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in - the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social - Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist - Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic - Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac - Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON - Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey -Other political or pressure groups: - Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party - affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate); - Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party - affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic - Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants); - National Association of Educators (ANDE) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional - parties 2 - President: - last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael - Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47% -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) - -*Costa Rica, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice - President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President - Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990) -Member of: - AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, - LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda - chancery: - Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 234-2945 through 2947 - consulates general: - Albuquerque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego, - San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulate: - Buffalo -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr. - embassy: - Pavas Road, San Jose - mailing address: - APO AA 34020 - telephone: - [506] 20-39-39 - FAX: - (506) 20-2305 -Flag: - five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and - blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red - band - -*Costa Rica, Economy - -Overview: - In 1992 the economy grew at an estimated 5.4%, up from the 2.5% gain of 1991 - and the gain of 1990. Increases in agricultural production (on the strength - of good coffee and banana crops) and in nontraditional exports are - responsible for much of the growth. In 1992 consumer prices rose by 17%, - below the 27% of 1991. The trade deficit of $100 million was substantially - below the 1991 deficit of $270 million. Unemployment is officially reported - at 4.0%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita - basis, is among the world's highest. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.4% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.34 billion, including capital - expenditures of $110 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar - partners: - US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum - partners: - US 45%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany -External debt: - $3.2 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.0% (1991); accounts for 19% of GDP -Electricity: - 927,000 kW capacity; 3,612 million kWh produced, 1,130 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, - plastic products -Agriculture: - accounts for 17% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, beef, - bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; - normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest - resources resulting in lower timber output -Illicit drugs: - illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment - country for cocaine from South America -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million; - Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million -Currency: - 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos - -*Costa Rica, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 137.72 (January 1993), 134.51 (1992), - 122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Costa Rica, Communications - -Railroads: - 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified -Highways: - 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - about 730 km, seasonally navigable -Pipelines: - petroleum products 176 km -Ports: - Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT -Airports: - total: - 162 - usable: - 144 - with permanent-surface runways: - 28 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into - Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, - 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Costa Rica, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard - note: - constitution prohibits armed forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 851,713; fit for military service 573,854; reach military - age (18) annually 31,987 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989) - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Header - -Affiliation: - (also known as Ivory Coast) - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 322,460 km2 - land area: - 318,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, - Mali 532 km -Coastline: - 515 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry - (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to - October) -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest -Natural resources: - petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper -Land use: - arable land: - 9% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 52% -Irrigated land: - 620 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation - -*Cote d'Ivoire, People - -Population: 13,808,447 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.5% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 46.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 15.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 48.97 years - male: - 46.98 years - female: - 51.03 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ivorian(s) - adjective: - Ivorian -Ethnic divisions: - Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign Africans - (mostly Burkinabe about 2 million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French - 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000) -Religions: - indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12% -Languages: - French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spoken -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 54% - male: - 67% - female: - 40% -Labor force: - 5.718 million - by occupation: - over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; - about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and - the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions - note: - 54% of population of working age (1985) - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire - conventional short form: - Cote d'Ivoire - local long form: - Republique de Cote d'Ivoire - local short form: - Cote d'Ivoire - former: - Ivory Coast -Digraph: - IV -Type: - republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960 -Capital: - Yamoussoukro - note: - although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan remains the - administrative center; foreign governments, including the United States, - maintain presence in Abidjan -Administrative divisions: - 49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, - Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, - Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, - Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, - Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, - Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, - Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula -Independence: - 7 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 3 November 1960 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the - Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 7 December -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; - Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), - Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 - smaller parties -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results - - President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first - contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive - five-year term - National Assembly: - last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, - independents 2 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles GOMIS - chancery: - 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 797-0300 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Hume A. HORAN - embassy: - 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan - mailing address: - 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan - telephone: - [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72 - FAX: - [225] 22-32-59 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar - to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green - (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is - green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy - -Overview: - Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of - coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is - highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and - cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to - diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related - industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and - about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A - collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a - recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing low - prices for commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated - public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery - in 1991. The government, which has sponsored various economic reform - programs, especially in agriculture, projected an increase of 1.6% in GNP in - 1992. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - -0.6% (1991) -National product per capita: - $800 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 14% (1985) -Budget: - revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $274 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas, - pineapples, palm oil, cotton - partners: - France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985) -Imports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel - partners: - France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989) -External debt: - $15 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,210,000 kW capacity; 1,970 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, - fertilizer, beverage -Agriculture: - most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; - cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, - rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient - in bread grain and dairy products -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some - international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to - Europe - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy - -Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Communications - -Railroads: - 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 - km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track) -Highways: - 46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, - and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved -Inland waterways: - 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons -Ports: - Abidjan, San-Pedro -Merchant marine: - 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 1 oil - tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off -Airports: - total: - 42 - usable: - 37 - with permanent-surface runways: - 7 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 15 -Telecommunications: - well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity; - consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700 - telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables - -*Cote d'Ivoire, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military - Fire Group -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3,131,016; fit for military service 1,624,401; reach - military age (18) annually 145,827 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) - -*Croatia, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic Sea, - between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina -Map references: - Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 56,538 km2 - land area: - 56,410 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - total 1,843 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina - (southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km (239 km with - Serbia; 15 km with Montenego), Slovenia 455 km -Coastline: - 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km) -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 12 nm - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Serbian enclaves in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and - Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic -Climate: - Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot - summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast -Terrain: - geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains - and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands -Natural resources: - oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, - silica, mica, clays, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 32% - permanent crops: - 20% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: 15% - other: - 15% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution - from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive - earthquakes - -*Croatia, Geography - -Note: - controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish - Straits - -*Croatia, People - -Population: - 4,694,398 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.19 years - male: - 69.7 years - female: - 76.89 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Croat(s) - adjective: - Croatian -Ethnic divisions: - Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others - 8.1% -Religions: - Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others - and unknown 9.8% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4% -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1,509,489 - by occupation: - industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%, other - -*Croatia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Croatia - conventional short form: - Croatia - local long form: - Republika Hrvatska - local short form: - Hrvatska -Digraph: - HR -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Zagreb -Administrative divisions: - 100 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Beli Manastir, Biograd (Biograd Na - Moru), Bielovar, Bjelovar, Brac, Buje, Buzet, Cabar, Cakovec, Cazma, Cres - Losinj, Crikvenica, Daruvar, Delnice, Djakovo (Dakovo), Donja Stubica, Donji - Lapac, Dordevac, Drnis, Dubrovnik, Duga Resa, Dugo Selo, Dvor, Garesnica, - Glina, Gospic, Gracac, Grubisno Polje, Hvar, Imotski, Ivanec, Ivanic-Grad, - Jastrebarsko, Karlovac, Klanjec, Knin, Koprivnica, Korcula, Kostajnica, - Krapina, Krizevci, Krk, Kutina, Labin, Lastovo, Ludbreg, Makarska, Metkovic, - Nova Gradiska, Novi Marof, Novska, Obrovac, Ogulin, Omis, Opatija, - Orahovica, Osijek, Otocac, Ozalj, Pag, Pazin, Petrinja, Ploce (Kardeljevo), - Podravska Slatina, Porec, Pregrada, Pukrac, Pula, Rab, Rijeka, Rovinj, - Samobor (part of Zagreb), Senj, Sesvete, Sibenik, Sinj, Sisak, Slavonska - Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Slunj, Split (Solin, Kastela), Titova Korenica, - Trogir, Valpovo, Varazdin, Vinkovci, Virovitica, Vukovar, Vis, Vojnic, - Vrborsko, Vrbovec, Vrgin-Most, Vrgorac, Zabok, Zadar, Zagreb (Grad Zagreb), - Zelina (Sveti Ivan Zelina), Zlatar Bistrica, Zupanja -Independence: - NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) -Constitution: - adopted on 2 December 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Statehood Day, 30 May (1990) -Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the -executive - council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president; - Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR, president; Croatian - Party of Rights, Dobroslav PARAGA; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), - Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), leader NA; Istrian - Democratic Assembly (IDS), leader NA; Social-Democratic Party (SDP), leader - NA; Croatian National Party (PNS), leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal -Elections: - President: - last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with - about 56% of the vote; Dobroslav PARAGA 5% - House of Parishes: - last held 7 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); seats - (68 - total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, IDS - 3, SDP 1, PNS 1 - -*Croatia, Government - - Chamber of Deputies: - last held NA August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); seats - (138 - total) 87 HDZ -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Parishes - (Zupanije Dom) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Predstavnicke Dom) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since NA April 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers - Mate GRANIC, Vladimir SEKS, Borislav SKEGRO (since NA) -Member of: - CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, IMO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Peter A. SARCEVIC - chancery: - 2356 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 543-5586 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb - mailing address: AMEMB Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5080 - telephone: - [38] (41) 444-800 - FAX: - [38] (41) 440-235 -Flag: - red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and - white checkered) - -*Croatia, Economy - -Overview: - Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after - Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita - output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above - the Yugoslav average. Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one - third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of - Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution - of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental problems stemming - from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large - foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines, - buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and - Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former - Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum, - extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil - industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation. - However, peace and political stability must come first. As of June 1993, - fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries - and final political arrangements are still in doubt. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.3 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -25% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $5,600 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 50% (monthly rate, December 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (December 1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $2.9 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals - 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics -Imports: - $4.4 billion (1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and - live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous - manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1% - partners: - principally other former Yugoslav republics -External debt: - $2.6 billion (will assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) -Industrial production: - growth rate -29% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 3,570,000 kW capacity; 11,500 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig - iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products - (including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles, - shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and - beverages - -*Croatia, Economy - -Agriculture: - Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private - hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria; - much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat, - corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in - Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal - production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming; - coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and - vegetables -Economic aid: - $NA -Currency: - 1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras -Exchange rates: - Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Croatia, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified (1992); - note - disrupted by territorial dispute -Highways: - 32,071 km total; 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth (1990); note - - key highways note disrupted because of territorial dispute -Inland waterways: - 785 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km (1992); note - - now disrupted because of territorial dispute -Ports: - coastal - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek, - Sisak, Vinkovci -Merchant marine: - 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,074 GRT/93,052 DWT; includes 4 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 10 passenger ferries, 2 bulk, 1 oil tanker; note - - also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over) - under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling - 2,602,678 GRT/4,070,852 DWT; includes 89 cargo, 9 roll-on/ roll-off, 6 - refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 3 multifunction large load carriers, 51 - bulk, 5 passenger, 11 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 6 service vessel -Airports: - total: - 75 - usable: - 72 - with permanent-surface runways: - 15 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - 350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV; - 1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite - ground stations - none - -*Croatia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,177,029; fit for military service 943,259; reach military - age (19) annually 32,873 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 337-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion - of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate - could produce misleading results - -*Cuba, Geography - -Location: - in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West (Florida) -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 110,860 km2 - land area: - 110,860 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29 km - note: - Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba -Coastline: - 3,735 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US - abandonment of the area can terminate the lease -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy - season (May to October) -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the - southeast -Natural resources: - cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum -Land use: - arable land: - 23% - permanent crops: - 6% - meadows and pastures: - 23% - forest and woodland: - 17% - other: - 31% -Irrigated land: - 8,960 km2 (1989) -Environment: - averages one hurricane every other year -Note: - largest country in Caribbean - -*Cuba, People - -Population: - 10,957,088 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.72 years - male: - 74.59 years - female: - 78.99 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cuban(s) - adjective: - Cuban -Ethnic divisions: - mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 94% - male: - 95% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector - by occupation: - services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, - construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990) - -*Cuba, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Cuba - conventional short form: - Cuba - local long form: - Republica de Cuba - local short form: - Cuba -Digraph: - CU -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Havana -Administrative divisions: - 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*, (municipio -especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La - Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las, Tunas, Matanzas, -Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa - Clara -Independence: - 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 - to 1902) -Constitution: - 24 February 1976 -Legal system: - based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal - theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary -Suffrage: - 16 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly of People's Power: - last held December 1986 (next to be held February 1993); results - PCC is - the only party; seats - (510 total; after the February election, the - National Assembly will have 590 seats) indirectly elected from slates - approved by special candidacy commissions -Executive branch: - president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of - State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice - president of the Council of Ministers, Executive Committee of the Council of - Ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del - Poder Popular) -Judicial branch: - People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers - Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 - when office was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice - President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of - Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) - -*Cuba, Government - -Member of: - CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal - participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992) - chancery: - 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, - Washington, DC 20009 telephone: - (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN - US Interests Section: - USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana - mailing address: - USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado, Havava - telephone: - 32-0051, 32-0543 - FAX: - no service available at this time - note: - protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss - Embassy -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; - a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white - five-pointed star in the center - -*Cuba, Economy - -Overview: - Since Castro's takeover of Cuba in 1959, the economy has been run in the - Soviet style of government ownership of substantially all the means of - production and government planning of all but the smallest details of - economic activity. Thus, Cuba, like the former Warsaw Pact nations, has - remained in the backwater of economic modernization. The economy contracted - by about one-third between 1989 and 1992 as it absorbed the loss of $4 - billion of annual economic aid from the former Soviet Union and much smaller - amounts from Eastern Europe. The government implemented numerous energy - conservation measures and import substitution schemes to cope with a large - decline in imports. To reduce fuel consumption, Havana has cut back bus - service and imported approximately 1 million bicycles from China, - domesticated nearly 200,000 oxen to replace tractors, and halted a large - amount of industrial production. The government has prioritized domestic - food production and promoted herbal medicines since 1990 to compensate for - lower imports. Havana also has been shifting its trade away from the former - Soviet republics and Eastern Europe toward the industrialized countries of - Latin America and the OECD. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $14.9 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -15% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,370 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) -Exports: - $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee - partners: - Russia 30%, Canada 10%, China 9%, Japan 6%, Spain 4% (1992 est.) -Imports: - $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals - partners: - Russia 10%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 5%, Italy 5%, Canada 4%, France 4% - (1992 est.) -External debt: - $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) -Industrial production: - NA -Electricity: - 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,248 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, - textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), - cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery - -*Cuba, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial - crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, - rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not - self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt by growing shortages - of fuels and parts -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion -Currency: - 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Cuba, Communications - -Railroads: - 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter - gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of - 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge -Highways: - 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 - est.) -Inland waterways: - 240 km -Ports: - Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 - minor -Merchant marine: - 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 511,522 GRT/720,270 DWT; includes 42 - cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 oil tanker, 1 chemical - tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional - 38 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of - Panama, Cyprus, and Malta -Airports: - total: - 186 - usable: - 166 - with permanent-surface runways: - 73 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 12 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 19 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; - 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Cuba, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including Ground Forces, Revolutionary - Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Ministry of the Armed Forces - Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth - Labor Army (EJT) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3,087,255; females age 15-49 3,064,663; males fit for - military service 1,929,698; females fit for military service 1,910,733; - males reach military age (17) annually 90,409; females reach military age - (17) annually 87,274 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion; 10% of GNP in 1990 plan was for - defense and internal security -Note: - the breakup of the Soviet Union, the key military supporter and supplier of - Cuba, has resulted in substantially less outside help for Cuba's defense - forces - -*Cyprus, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria and 64 km west of - Turkey -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 9,250 km2 - land area: - 9,240 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 648 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a - Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land - area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a - narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas - (about 5% of the island's land area) -Climate: - temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters -Terrain: - central plain with mountains to north and south -Natural resources: - copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment -Land use: - arable land: - 40% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: - 10% - forest and woodland: - 18% - other: - 25% -Irrigated land: - 350 km2 (1989) -Environment: - moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir - catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources - concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area) - -*Cyprus, People - -Population: - 723,371 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: 0.94% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.14 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.98 years - male: - 73.75 years - female: - 78.31 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Cypriot(s) - adjective: - Cypriot -Ethnic divisions: - Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4% -Religions: - Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4% -Languages: - Greek, Turkish, English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1987) - total population: - 94% - male: - 98% - female: - 91% -Labor force: - Greek area: - 282,000 - by occupation: - services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1991) - Turkish area: - 72,000 - by occupation: - services 57%, industry 22%, agriculture 21% (1991) - -*Cyprus, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Cyprus - conventional short form: - Cyprus -Digraph: - CY -Type: - republic - note: - a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began - after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further - solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which - gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots - control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 - Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the - formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been - recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of - intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government -Capital: - Nicosia -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos -Independence: - 16 August 1960 (from UK) -Constitution: - 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised - constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and - Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots - created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish - Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of - Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by - referendum in May 1985 -Legal system: - based on common law, with civil law modifications -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day - in the Turkish area) -Political parties and leaders: - Greek Cypriot: - Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios - CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party - (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), - Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis - PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU - Turkish area: - National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), - Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus - Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New - Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet - KOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United Sovereignty - Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland - Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic - Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and - TKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at - stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election - -*Cyprus, Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of - Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; - pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); - Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish - Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions - (Dev-Is) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results - - Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7% - House of Representatives: - last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO - 19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL - (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7 - Turkish Area: President: - last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R. - DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05% - Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic: - last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP - (conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP - (conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October - 1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed their - own party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP - 1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president, - prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993) - note: - Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February - 1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20 - July 1985 -Member of: - C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, - ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS - chancery: - 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 462-5772 - consulate general: - New York note: - Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667 - K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198 - -*Cyprus, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert E. LAMB - embassy: - corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia - mailing address: - APO AE 09836 - telephone: - [357] (2) 465151 - FAX: - [357] (2) 459-571 -Flag: - white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is - derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive - branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for - peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities - note: - the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom - with a red crescent and red star on a white field - -*Cyprus, Economy - -Overview: - The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry - contributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the - service sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force. - Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in - tourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between - 1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the - adverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, the - World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. In - contrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy has - less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991. - Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of the - fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, the - Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkey - to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkish - government extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used for - economic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites a - substantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy. -National product: - Greek area: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992) - Turkish area: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990) -National product real growth rate: Greek area: - 6.5% (1992) - Turkish area: - 5.9% (1990) -National product per capita: - Greek area: - $11,000 (1992) - Turkish area: - $4,000 (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - Greek area: - 5.1% (1991) - Turkish area: - 69.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - Greek area: - 2.4% (1991) - Turkish area: - 1.5% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $350 million (1993) -Exports: - $875 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes - partners: - UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5% -Imports: - $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery - partners: - UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1% - -*Cyprus, Economy - -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDP -Electricity: - 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products -Agriculture: - contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major - crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits; - vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues -Illicit drugs: - transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe, - especially from Lebanon and Turkey -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 - million -Currency: - 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Cyprus, Communications - -Highways: - 10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth -Ports: - Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos -Merchant marine: - 1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT; - includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77 - refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction large - load carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26 - chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48 - combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag of - convenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latvia - also has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5 -Airports: - total: - 13 - usable: - 13 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek - area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; - largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8 - FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish - sector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables, - and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations - -*Cyprus, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Greek area: - Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek - Cypriot Police - Turkish area: - Turkish Cypriot Security Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach military - age (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Czech Republic, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, between Germany and Slovakia -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 78,703 km2 - land area: - 78,645 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 - km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from - its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does - not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power; - unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution of - Czech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of international - border between Czech Republic and Slovakia -Climate: - temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters -Terrain: - two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills, - and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east, - consisting of very hilly country -Natural resources: - hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphite -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - NA -Note: - landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most - significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military - corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe - -*Czech Republic, People - -Population: - 10,389,256 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.16% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.64 years - male: - 68.9 years - female: - 76.58 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Czech(s) - adjective: - Czech -Ethnic divisions: - Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian - 0.2%, other 1% -Religions: - atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other - 13.4% -Languages: - Czech, Slovak -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: 5.389 million - by occupation: - industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and - other 45.2% (1990) - -*Czech Republic, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Czech Republic - conventional short form: - none - local long form: - Ceska Republika - local short form: - Cechy -Digraph: - EZ -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Prague -Administrative divisions: - 7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, - Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky -Independence: - 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) -Constitution: - ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to - expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union, - leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian - Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX; - Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA; - Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-Governing - Democracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal Social - Union, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic Movement -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results - - Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council - Senate: - elections not yet held; seats (81 total) - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian Democratic - Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal Social - Union 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for - the Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for - Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet - -*Czech Republic, Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house or - Senate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber of - Deputies -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers - Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992) -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 - January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY - chancery: - 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 363-6315 or 6316 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA - embassy: - Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 - mailing address: - Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630 - telephone: - [42] (2) 536-641/6 - FAX: - [42] (2) 532-457 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles - triangle based on the hoist side - -*Czech Republic, Economy - -Overview: - The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - the - Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of - moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, - even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from - an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and - many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of - communist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic - launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and - controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in - privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the - setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in - inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole - inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czech - lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a more - moderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipates - inflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as some - large-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%, - mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although the - governments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining the - koruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countries - ended the currency union in February 1993. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $7,300 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3.1% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, - minerals, and metals - partners: - Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CIS - republics -Imports: - $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods, - raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products - partners: - Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK, - Italy -External debt: - $3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% of - GDP -Electricity: - 16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Czech Republic, Economy - -Industries: - fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles, - glass, armaments -Agriculture: - largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock - production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, - cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products -Illicit drugs: - the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian - heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine - (1992) -Economic aid: - the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to - non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89) -Currency: - 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru -Exchange rates: - koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), - 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Czech Republic, Communications - -Railroads: - 9,434 km total (1988) -Highways: - 55,890 km total (1988) -Inland waterways: - NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river -Pipelines: - natural gas 5,400 km -Ports: - coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), - Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are - Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe) -Merchant marine: - the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 - GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with Slovakia -Airports: - total: - 75 - usable: - 75 - with permanent-surface runways: 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - NA - -*Czech Republic, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reach - military age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Denmark, Geography - -Location: - Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of Germany -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 43,070 km2 - land area: - 42,370 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts - note: - includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of - metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland -Land boundaries: - total 68 km, Germany 68 km -Coastline: - 3,379 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 4 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK - (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); - dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean - between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of Justice -Climate: - temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers -Terrain: - low and flat to gently rolling plains -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 61% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 12% - other: - 21% -Irrigated land: - 4,300 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - air and water pollution -Note: - controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas - -*Denmark, People - -Population: - 5,175,922 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.23% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.51 years - male: - 72.63 years - female: - 78.56 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Dane(s) adjective: - Danish -Ethnic divisions: - Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% - (1988) -Languages: - Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 2,553,900 - by occupation: - private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining - 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%, - electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991) - -*Denmark, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Denmark - conventional short form: - Denmark - local long form: - Kongeriget Danmark - local short form: - Danmark -Digraph: - DA -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Copenhagen -Administrative divisions: - metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*, (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, -Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, - Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,, Vestsjaelland, Viborg - note: - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of - the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions -Independence: - 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy) -Constitution: - 5 June 1953 -Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul - SCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, - Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party, - Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian - People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish - Workers' Party -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - - Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, - Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party - 5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%; - seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) - Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, - Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian - People's 4 -Executive branch: - monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Folketing) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Denmark, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince - FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, - CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG - chancery: - 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-4300 - FAX: - (202) 328-1470 consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard B. STONE - embassy: - Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O - mailing address: - APO AE 09716 - telephone: - [45] (31) 42-31-44 - FAX: - [45] (35) 43-0223 -Flag: - red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of - the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic - countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden - -*Denmark, Economy - -Overview: - This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale - and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable - living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's new - center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent - high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the - previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current - account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the - Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. - The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall - tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax - reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare - services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister - RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic and - monetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the EC - the right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark - is, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time. - Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West - European countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1 - January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup to - around 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on EC - political and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse the - drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplus - remains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expected - to be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Although - unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1% (1992) -National product per capita: - $18,200 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 11.4% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), - fish, chemicals, industrial machinery - partners: - EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%, - US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992) -Imports: - $30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, - textiles, paper - partners: - EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%, - US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992) -External debt: - $40 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.9% (1992) - -*Denmark, Economy - -Electricity: - 11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical - products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products, - shipbuilding -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing and - forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; - principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; - self-sufficient in food production -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion -Currency: - 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 - (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Denmark, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line - and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; - 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated -Highways: - 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km - gravel, crushed stone, improved earth -Inland waterways: - 417 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km -Ports: - Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor - ports -Merchant marine: - 328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes - 13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37 - roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36 - liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note - - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish - International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish - manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the - Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged - to the DIS -Airports: - total: - 118 - usable: - 109 - with permanent-surface runways: - 28 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 9 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 7 -Telecommunications: - excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 - telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay support - trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial - cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT - -*Denmark, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reach - military age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) - -*Djibouti, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Somalia -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 22,000 km2 - land area: - 21,980 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 km -Coastline: - 314 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis -Climate: - desert; torrid, dry -Terrain: - coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains -Natural resources: - geothermal areas -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 91% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - vast wasteland -Note: - strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian - oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia - -*Djibouti, People - -Population: - 401,579 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.7% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 48.78 years - male: - 47.01 years - female: - 50.59 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Djiboutian(s) - adjective: - Djiboutian -Ethnic divisions: - Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% -Religions: - Muslim 94%, Christian 6% -Languages: - French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 48% - male: - 63% - female: - 34% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers - note: - 52% of population of working age (1983) - -*Djibouti, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Djibouti - conventional short form: Djibouti - former: - French Territory of the Afars and Issas French Somaliland -Digraph: - DJ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Djibouti -Administrative divisions: - 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, - Obock, Tadjoura -Independence: - 27 June 1977 (from France) -Constitution: - multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 June (1977) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon - other parties: - Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic National - Party (PND), ADEN Robleh Awaleh -Other political or pressure groups: - Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates; - Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 - total) RPP 65 - President: - last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President - Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, - IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, - UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO - -*Djibouti, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roble OLHAYE - chancery: - Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: - (202) 331-0270 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III - embassy: - Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti - mailing address: - B. P. 185, Djibouti - telephone: - [253] 35-39-95 - FAX: - [253] 35-39-40 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star - in the center - -*Djibouti, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's - strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. - Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an - international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural - resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent - on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance - development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a - major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last - five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including - immigrants and refugees). -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.2% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,030 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - over 30% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capital - expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit) - partners: - Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9% -Imports: - $360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products - partners: - Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19% -External debt: - $355 million (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and - mineral-water bottling -Agriculture: - accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to - mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding - goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) - countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 - billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries - (1970-89), $35 million -Currency: - 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973) - -*Djibouti, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Djibouti, Communications - -Railroads: - the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti -Highways: - 2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982) -Ports: - Djibouti -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT -Airports: - total: - 13 - usable: - 11 with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the - microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country; - international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and by - satellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian Ocean - INTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV - -*Djibouti, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security - Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989) - -*Dominica, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and - Tobago -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 750 km2 - land area: - 750 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 148 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall -Terrain: - rugged mountains of volcanic origin -Natural resources: - timber -Land use: - arable land: - 9% - permanent crops: - 13% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 41% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes - -*Dominica, People - -Population: - 86,547 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.31% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.72 years - male: - 73.89 years - female: - 79.71 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Dominican(s) - adjective: - Dominican -Ethnic divisions: - black, Carib Indians -Religions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other - 5% -Languages: - English (official), French patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 94% - male: - 94% - female: - 94% -Labor force: - 25,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984) - -*Dominica, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Commonwealth of Dominica - conventional short form: - Dominica -Digraph: - DO -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Roseau -Administrative divisions: - 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint - Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter -Independence: - 3 November 1978 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 November 1978 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 November (1978) -Political parties and leaders: - Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party - (DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES -Other political or pressure groups: - Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected - representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4 - President: - last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results - - President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of - Assembly -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a - third term 28 May 1990) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - there is no chancery in the US -US diplomatic representation: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), - but travels frequently to Dominica - -*Dominica, Government - -Flag: - green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is - yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top), - black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk - bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in - yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes) - -*Dominica, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to - climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs - 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, - root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industry - remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an - international airport. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.1% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,100 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital - expenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges - partners: - UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, Italy -Imports: - $110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals - partners: - US 27%, CARICOM, UK, Canada -External debt: - $87 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root - crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and - fisheries potential not exploited -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $120 million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Dominica, Communications - -Highways: - 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Roseau, Portsmouth -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint - Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3 - AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV - -*Dominica, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Dominican Republic, Geography - -Location: - in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 48,730 km2 - land area: - 48,380 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire -Land boundaries: - total 275 km, Haiti 275 km -Coastline: - 1,288 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 6 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed -Natural resources: - nickel, bauxite, gold, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 23% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: - 43% - forest and woodland: - 13% - other: - 14% -Irrigated land: - 2,250 km2 (1989) -Environment: - subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation -Note: - shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern - two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) - -*Dominican Republic, People - -Population: - 7,683,940 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.86% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.98 years - male: - 65.87 years - female: - 70.21 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Dominican(s) - adjective: - Dominican -Ethnic divisions: - mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 83% - male: - 85% - female: - 82% -Labor force: - 2,300,000 to 2,600,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986) - -*Dominican Republic, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Dominican Republic - conventional short form: - none - local long form: - Republica Dominicana - local short form: - none -Digraph: - DR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Santo Domingo -Administrative divisions: - 29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);, Azua, Baoruco, -Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El, Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, -Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La - Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, - Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San - Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, - Valverde -Independence: - 27 February 1844 (from Haiti) -Constitution: - 28 November 1966 -Legal system: - based on French civil codes -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 February (1844) -Political parties and leaders: - Major parties: - Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican - Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party - (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), - Jacobo MAJLUTA - Minor parties: - National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; - Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; - Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive - Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio - DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde; - Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic - Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party - (APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA - note: - in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the - Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party - structures -Other political or pressure groups: - Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless of - age - note: - members of the armed forces and police cannot vote - -*Dominican Republic, Government - -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2 - President: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER - (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4% - Senate: - last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber - or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de - Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term - began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 - August 1986) -Member of: - ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, - ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez - chancery: - 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: (202) 332-6280 - consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, - New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico) - consulates: - Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, - Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO - embassy: - corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo - Domingo - mailing address: - APO AA 34041-0008 - telephone: - (809) 541-2171 and 541-8100 - FAX: - (809) 686-7437 -Flag: - a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four - rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are - red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the - cross - -*Dominican Republic, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60% - of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free - trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for - export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also - increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a - source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The - principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, - and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural - products, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officially - reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,120 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $600 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoa - partners: - US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990) -Imports: - $2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 50% -External debt: - $4.7 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,283,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement, - tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the - most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and - tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output - - cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million -Currency: - 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos - -*Dominican Republic, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.7 (1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 (1990), - 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Dominican Republic, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to - 1.435 m -Highways: - 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km - unimproved -Pipelines: - crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km -Ports: - Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata -Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT -Airports: - total: - 36 - usable: - 30 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay - network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6 - shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Dominican Republic, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,064,244; fit for military service 1,302,644; reach - military age (18) annually 80,991 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 0.7% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Ecuador, Geography - -Location: - Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator between - Colombia and Peru -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 283,560 km2 - land area: - 276,840 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Nevada - note: - includes Galapagos Islands -Land boundaries: - total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km -Coastline: - 2,237 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute -Climate: - tropical along coast becoming cooler inland -Terrain: - coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to - rolling eastern jungle (Oriente) -Natural resources: - petroleum, fish, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 17% - forest and woodland: - 51% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 5,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; - deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts -Note: - Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world - -*Ecuador, People - -Population: - 10,461,072 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.61 years - male: - 67.09 years - female: - 72.25 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ecuadorian(s) - adjective: - Ecuadorian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 86% - male: - 88% - female: - 84% -Labor force: - 2.8 million - by occupation: - agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and other - activities 28% (1982) - -*Ecuador, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Ecuador - conventional short form: - Ecuador - local long form: - Republica del Ecuador - local short form: - Ecuador -Digraph: - EC -Type: - republic -Capital: - Quito -Administrative divisions: - 21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, - Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, - Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha, - Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe -Independence: - 24 May 1822 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 10 August 1979 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito) -Political parties and leaders: - Center-Right parties: - Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican Unity - Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE), - Vice President Alberto DAHIK, president - Center-Left parties: - Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders; - Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian Radical - Liberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical Alfarista - Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director - Populist parties: - Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration of - Popular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular Revolutionary - Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB), - Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA, - director - Far-Left parties: - Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; Ecuadorian - Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Jose - Xavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo - CASTILLO, director - Communists: - Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon Mague - MOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party of - Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, - optional for other eligible voters - -*Ecuador, Government - -Elections: - President: - runoff election held 5 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto - DURAN-BALLEN elected as president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice - president - National Congress: - last held 17 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (77 total) PSC 20, PRE 15, PUR 12, ID 7, PC 6, DP - 5, PSE 3, MPD 3, PLRE 2, CFP 2, FRA 1, APRE 1 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto - DAHIK (since 10 August 1992) -Member of: - AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edgar TERAN - chancery: - 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 234-7200 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San - Francisco - consulate: - San Diego -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F. MACK - embassy: - Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito - mailing address: - P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039-3420 - telephone: - [593] (2) 562-890 - FAX: - [593] (2) 502-052 - consulate general: - Guayaquil -Flag: - three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the - coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of - Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms - -*Ecuador, Economy - -Overview: - Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growth - has been uneven because of natural disasters, fluctuations in global oil - prices, and government policies designed to curb inflation. Banana exports, - second only to oil, have suffered as a result of EC import quotas and banana - blight. The new President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, has a much more favorable - attitude toward foreign investment than did his predecessor. Ecuador has - implemented trade agreements with Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela and - has applied for GATT membership. At the end of 1991, Ecuador received a - standby IMF loan of $105 million, which will permit the country to proceed - with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt. In September 1992, the government - launched a new, macroeconomic program that gives more play to market forces; - as of March 1993, the program seemed to be paying off. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.8 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1992) -National product per capita: - $1,100 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 8% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $1.9 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - petroleum 42%, bananas, shrimp, cocoa, coffee - partners: - US 53.4%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries -Imports: - $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicals - partners: - US 32.7%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countries, Japan -External debt: - $12.7 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.9% (1991); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 2,921,000 kW capacity; 7,676 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, wood - products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timber -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing and - forestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; other - exports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes, - manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef, - pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugar -Illicit drugs: - minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaign - of 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of coca - originating in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals - used in production of illicit narcotics; important money-laundering hub - -*Ecuador, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $64 million -Currency: - 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,453.8 (August 1992), 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 - (December 1990), 767.75 (1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Ecuador, Communications - -Railroads: - 965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single track -Highways: - 28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000 - km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,500 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km -Ports: - Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, Esmeraldas -Merchant marine: - 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 333,380 GRT/483,862 DWT; includes 2 - passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off, - 15 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 174 - usable: - 173 - with permanent-surface runways: - 52 - with runway over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 21 -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - -*Ecuador, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (Fuerza - Aerea Ecuatoriana), National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,655,520; fit for military service 1,798,122; reach - military age (20) annually 109,413 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Egypt, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, between - Sudan and Libya -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,001,450 km2 - land area: - 995,450 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 2,689 km, Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 - km -Coastline: - 2,450 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international - boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of 20,580 km2, the - dispute over this area escalated in 1993 -Climate: - desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters -Terrain: - vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, - talc, asbestos, lead, zinc -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 95% -Irrigated land: - 25,850 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization below - Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; - water pollution; desertification -Note: - controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of - Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between Indian - Ocean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish its - major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics - -*Egypt, People - -Population: - 59,585,529 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.3% (1993 est.) - note: - the US Bureau of the Census has lowered its 1993 estimate of growth to 2.0% - on the basis of a 1992 Egyptian government survey, whereas estimates of - other observers go as high as 2.9% -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - NEGL -Infant mortality rate: - 78.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 60.46 years - male: - 58.61 years - female: - 62.41 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Egyptian(s) - adjective: - Egyptian -Ethnic divisions: - Eastern Hamitic stock 90%, Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10% -Religions: - Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94% (official estimate), Coptic Christian and other 6% - (official estimate) -Languages: - Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 48% - male: - 63% - female: - 34% -Labor force: - 15 million (1989 est.) - by occupation: - government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture - 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984) - note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi - Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.) - -*Egypt, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Arab Republic of Egypt - conventional short form: - Egypt - local long form: - Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah - local short form: - none - former: - United Arab Republic (with Syria) -Digraph: - EG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Cairo -Administrative divisions: - 26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al - Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, Al - Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al - Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu't, Bani Suwayf, Bur - Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, Suhaj -Independence: - 28 February 1922 (from UK) -Constitution: - 11 September 1971 -Legal system: - based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial - review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of - administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952) -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, - is the dominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party - (SLP), Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National - Progressive Unionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad - al-SABAHI; New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'ad SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party - (Young Egypt Party), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJABD; - Nasserist Arab Democratic Party, Muhammad Rif'at al-MUHAMI; Democratic - Unionist Party, Mohammed 'Abd-al-Mun'im TURK; Democratic Peoples' Party, - Anwar AFISI - note: - formation of political parties must be approved by government -Other political or pressure groups: - Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is - tolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations are - officially sanctioned -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - Advisory Council: - last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats - - (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172 - -*Egypt, Government - - People's Assembly: - last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP - 78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) NDP - 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition parties boycotted - President: - last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - President - Hosni MUBARAK was reelected -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an Advisory - Council (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative role -Judicial branch: - Supreme Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October - 1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as president on - 14 October 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, - CCC, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, - UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, UNRWA, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ahmed MAHER El Sayed - chancery: - 2310 Decatur Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-5400 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU - embassy: - Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo - mailing address: - APO AE 09839 telephone: - [20] (2) 355-7371 - FAX: - [20] (2) 355-7375 - consulate general: - Alexandria -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with the - national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoist - side above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in - the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band; - also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flag - of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a - horizontal line centered in the white band - -*Egypt, Economy - -Overview: - Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third World - economies, most industrial plants being owned by the government. - Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment. - Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but - in 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of - debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for - balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby arrangement concluded - in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988 because of the government's failure - to adopt promised reforms. Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and - also negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in 1991. In - 1991-92 the government made solid progress on administrative reforms such as - liberalizing exchange and interest rates but resisted implementing major - structural reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the - economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a growing - problem. In 1992-93 tourism has plunged 20% or so because of sporadic - attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist groups. President MUBARAK has cited - population growth as the main cause of the country's economic troubles. The - addition of about 1.4 million people a year to the already huge population - of 60 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area available - for agriculture. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.2 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.1% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $730 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 21% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $12.6 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $4 billion (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $3.6 billion (f.o.b., FY92 est.) - commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metal - products, chemicals - partners: - EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan -Imports: - $10.0 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumer - goods, capital goods - partners: - EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe -External debt: - $38 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 14,175,000 kW capacity; 47,000 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction, - cement, metals - -*Egypt, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force; - dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton - exporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, - vegetables; not self-sufficient in food for a rapidly expanding population; - livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish catch about - 140,000 metric tons -Illicit drugs: - a transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and opium - moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop for Nigerian couriers; - large domestic consumption of hashish and heroin from Lebanon and Syria -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 - billion -Currency: - 1 Egyptian pound (#E) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.345 (November 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 - (1989), 2.2233 (1988), 1.5183 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Egypt, Communications - -Railroads: - 5,110 km total; 4,763 km 1,435-meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter - gauge; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified -Highways: - 51,925 km total; 17,900 km paved, 2,500 km gravel, 13,500 km improved earth, - 18,025 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 3,500 km (including the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and - numerous smaller canals in the delta); Suez Canal, 193.5 km long (including - approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of water -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km -Ports: - Alexandria, Port Said, Suez, Bur Safajah, Damietta -Merchant marine: - 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,097,707 GRT/1,592,885 DWT; includes - 25 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 88 cargo, 3 - refrigerated cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off, 13 oil tanker, 16 bulk, 1 container -Airports: - total: - 92 - usable: - 82 - with permanent-surface runways: - 66 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 44 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 24 -Telecommunications: - large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present - requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading; about 600,000 telephones - (est.) - 11 telephones per 1,000 persons; principal centers at Alexandria, - Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable - and microwave radio relay; international traffic is carried by satellite - - one earth station for each of Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, Indian Ocean - INTELSAT, ARABSAT and INMARSAT; by 5 coaxial submarine cables, microwave - troposcatter (to Sudan), and microwave radio relay (to Libya, Israel, and - Jordan); broadcast stations - 39 AM, 6 FM, and 41 TV - -*Egypt, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 14,513,752; fit for military service 9,434,020; reach - military age (20) annually 581,858 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.05 billion, 5% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*El Salvador, Geography - -Location: - Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and - Honduras -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 21,040 km2 - land area: - 20,720 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Massachusetts -Land boundaries: - total 545 km, Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km -Coastline: - 307 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm -International disputes: - land boundary dispute with Honduras mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 - International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime - boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and - advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and - Nicaragua likely would be required -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April) -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau -Natural resources: - hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum -Land use: - arable land: - 27% - permanent crops: - 8% - meadows and pastures: - 29% - forest and woodland: - 6% - other: - 30% -Irrigated land: - 1,200 km2 (1989) -Environment: - the Land of Volcanoes; subject to frequent and sometimes very destructive - earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution -Note: - smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline on - Caribbean Sea - -*El Salvador, People - -Population: - 5,636,524 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.04% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 42.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 66.5 years - male: - 63.93 years - female: - 69.2 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.87 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Salvadoran(s) - adjective: - Salvadoran -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 94%, Indian 5%, white 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 75% - note: - Roman Catholic about 75%; there is extensive activity by Protestant groups - throughout the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 - million Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador -Languages: - Spanish, Nahua (among some Indians) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 73% - male: - 76% - female: - 70% -Labor force: - 1.7 million (1982 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, government 13%, financial - services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1% - note: - shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower - training programs improving situation (1984 est.) - -*El Salvador, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of El Salvador - conventional short form: - El Salvador - local long form: - Republica de El Salvador - local short form: - El Salvador -Digraph: - ES -Type: - republic -Capital: - San Salvador -Administrative divisions: - 14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Ahuachapan, - Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, - San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente, Sonsonate, Usulutan -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 20 December 1983 -Legal system: - based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - National Republican Alliance (Arena), Armando CALDERON Sol, president; - Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Fidel CHAVEZ Mena, secretary general; - National Conciliation Party (PCN), Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president; Democratic - Convergence (CD) is a coalition of three parties - the Social Democratic - Party (PSD), Carlos Diaz BARRERA, secretary general; Democratic Nationalist - Union (UDN), Mario AGUINADA Carranza, secretary general; and the Popular - Social Christian Movement (MPSC), Dr. Ruben Ignacio ZAMORA Rivas; Authentic - Christian Movement (MAC), Guillermo Antonia GUEVARA Lacayo, president; - Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLM), Jorge Shafik HANDAL, - general coordinator, has five factions - Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), - Salvador SANCHEZ Ceren; Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN), Ferman - CIENFUEGOS; People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Joaquin VILLA LOBOS Huezo; - Salvadoran Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liberation (PCES/FAL), Jorge - Shafik HANDAL; and - Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/Popular Liberation - Revolutionary Aermed Forces (FARLP), Francisco JOVEL -Other political or pressure groups: - FMLN labor front organizations: - National Union of Salvadoran Workers (UNTS), leftist umbrella front group, - leads FMLN front network; National Federation of Salvadoran Workers - (FENASTRAS), best organized of front groups and controlled by FMLN's - National Resistance (RN); Social Security Institute Workers Union (STISSS), - one of the most militant fronts, is controlled by FMLN's Armed Forces of - National Resistance (FARN) and RN; Association of Telecommunications Workers - (ASTTEL); Unitary Federation of Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; Treasury - Ministry Employees (AGEMHA) - -*El Salvador, Government - - FMLN nonlabor front organizations: - Committee of Mothers and Families of Political Prisoners, Disappeared - Persons, and Assassinated of El Salvador (COMADRES); Nongovernmental Human - Rights Commission (CDHES); Committee of Dismissed and Unemployed of El - Salvador (CODYDES); General Association of Salvadoran University Students - (AGEUS); National Association of Salvadoran Educators (ANDES-21 DE JUNIO); - Salvadoran Revolutionary Student Front (FERS), associated with the Popular - Forces of Liberation (FPL); Association of National University Educators - (ADUES); Salvadoran University Students Front (FEUS); Christian Committee - for the Displaced of El Salvador (CRIPDES), an FPL front; The Association - for Communal Development in El Salvador (PADECOES), controlled by the - People's Revolutionary Army (ERP); Confederation of Cooperative Associations - of El Salvador (COACES) - labor organizations: - Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), - independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; - Democratic Workers Central (CTD), moderate; General Confederation of Workers - (CGT), moderate; National Union of Workers and Peasants (UNOC), moderate - labor coalition of democratic labor organizations; United Workers Front - (FUT) - business organizations: - National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive - Alliance (AP), conservative; National Federation of Salvadoran Small - Businessmen (FENAPES), conservative -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 10 March 1991 (next to be held March 1994); results - ARENA 44.3%, - PDC 27.96%, CD 12.16%, PCN 8.99%, MAC 3.23%, UDN 2.68%; seats - (84 total) - ARENA 39, PDC 26, PCN 9, CD 8, UDN 1, MAC 1 - President: - last held 19 March 1989 (next to be held March 1994); results - Alfredo - CRISTIANI (ARENA) 53.8%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 36.6%, other 9.6% -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President (Felix) Alfredo CRISTIANI Buchard (since 1 June 1989); Vice - President (Jose) Francisco MERINO Lopez (since 1 June 1989) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), - LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: - Ambassador Miguel Angel SALAVERRIA - chancery: - 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-9671 through 3482 - consulates general: - Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco - -*El Salvador, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Charge d'Affaires Peter F. ROMERO - embassy: - Final Boulevard, Station Antigua Cuscatlan, San Salvador - mailing address: - APO AA 34023 - telephone: - [503] 78-4444 - FAX: - [503] 78-6011 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the - national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features - a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA - CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of - arms centered in the white band - it features a triangle encircled by the - words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also - similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X - pattern centered in the white band - -*El Salvador, Economy - -Overview: - The agricultural sector accounts for 24% of GDP, employs about 40% of the - labor force, and contributes about 66% to total exports. Coffee is the major - commercial crop, accounting for 45% of export earnings. The manufacturing - sector, based largely on food and beverage processing, accounts for 18% of - GDP and 15% of employment. Economic losses because of guerrilla sabotage - total more than $2 billion since 1979. The costs of maintaining a large - military seriously constrain the government's efforts to provide essential - social services. Nevertheless, growth in national output during the period - 1990-92 exceeded growth in population for the first time since 1987. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.9 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,060 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 7.5% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $846 million; expenditures $890 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $693 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - coffee 45%, sugar, shrimp, cotton - partners: - US 33%, Guatemala, Germany, Costa Rica -Imports: - $1.47 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods - partners: - US 43%, Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela, Germany -External debt: - $2.6 billion (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.7% (1991); accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 713,800 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing, beverages, petroleum, nonmetallic products, tobacco, - chemicals, textiles, furniture -Agriculture: - accounts for 24% of GDP and 40% of labor force (including fishing and - forestry); coffee most important commercial crop; other products - - sugarcane, corn, rice, beans, oilseeds, beef, dairy products, shrimp; not - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $2.95 billion, plus $250 million - for 1992-96; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments - (1970-89), $525 million -Currency: - 1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos - -*El Salvador, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 - 8.7600 (January 1993), 9.1700 (1992), - 8.0300 (1991), fixed rate of 5.000 (1986-1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*El Salvador, Communications - -Railroads: - 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 542 km in use -Highways: - 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Rio Lempa partially navigable -Ports: - Acajutla, Cutuco -Airports: - total: - 105 - usable: - 74 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - nationwide trunk microwave radio relay system; connection into Central - American Microwave System; 116,000 telephones (21 telephones per 1,000 - persons); broadcast stations - 77 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 2 shortwave; 1 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*El Salvador, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,305,853; fit for military service 836,192; reach military - age (18) annually 71,101 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $104 million, 3%-4% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Equatorial Guinea, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cameroon and - Gabon -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 28,050 km2 - land area: - 28,050 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 539 km, Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km -Coastline: - 296 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Gabon because of disputed sovereignty over - islands in Corisco Bay -Climate: - tropical; always hot, humid -Terrain: - coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic -Natural resources: - timber, petroleum, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 51% - other: - 33% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to violent windstorms -Note: - insular and continental regions rather widely separated - -*Equatorial Guinea, People - -Population: - 399,055 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.6% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 41.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 15.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 104.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 51.63 years - male: - 49.56 years - female: 53.76 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s) - adjective: - Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean -Ethnic divisions: - Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily Fang), - Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish -Religions: - nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan practices -Languages: - Spanish (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 50% - male: - 64% - female: - 37% -Labor force: - 172,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980) - note: - labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985) - -*Equatorial Guinea, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Equatorial Guinea - conventional short form: - Equatorial Guinea - local long form: - Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial - local short form: - Guinea Ecuatorial - former: - Spanish Guinea -Digraph: - EK -Type: - republic in transition to multiparty democracy -Capital: - Malabo -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko - Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas -Independence: - 12 October 1968 (from Spain) -Constitution: - new constitution 17 November 1991 -Legal system: - partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 October (1968) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling - Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea (PDGE), Brig. Gen. (Ret.) - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, party leader -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - President: - last held 25 June 1989 (next to be held 25 June 1996); results - President - Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO was reelected without - opposition - Chamber of People's Representatives: - last held 10 July 1988 (next to be held 10 July 1993); results - PDGE is the - only party; seats - (41 total) PDGE 41 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives of the People (Camara de Representantes - del Pueblo) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August - 1979) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Silvestre SIALE BILEKA (since 17 January 1992); Deputy Prime - Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG MIFUMU (since 22 January 1992) - -*Equatorial Guinea, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAS - (observer), OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Damaso OBIANG NDONG - chancery: - (temporary) 57 Magnolia Avenue, Mount Vernon, NY 10553 - telephone: - (914) 667-9664 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John E. BENNETT - embassy: - Calle de Los Ministros, Malabo - mailing address: P.O. Box 597, Malabo - telephone: - [240] (9) 2185 - FAX: - [240] (9) 2164 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a blue - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms centered in - the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow six-pointed stars - (representing the mainland and five offshore islands) above a gray shield - bearing a silk-cotton tree and below which is a scroll with the motto - UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice) - -*Equatorial Guinea, Economy - -Overview: - The economy, devastated during the regime of former President Macias NGUEMA, - is based on agriculture, forestry, and fishing, which account for about half - of GDP and nearly all exports. Subsistence agriculture predominates, with - cocoa, coffee, and wood products providing income, foreign exchange, and - government revenues. There is little industry. Commerce accounts for about - 8% of GDP and the construction, public works, and service sectors for about - 38%. Undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, manganese, - uranium, and alluvial gold. Oil exploration, taking place under concessions - offered to US, French, and Spanish firms, has been moderately successful. - Increased production from recently discovered natural gas deposits will - provide a greater share of exports by 1995. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $144 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -1% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $380 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $26 million; expenditures $30 million, including capital - expenditures of $3 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $37 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - coffee, timber, cocoa beans - partners: - Spain 38.2%, Italy 12.2%, Netherlands 11.4%, FRG 6.9%, Nigeria 12.4% (1988) -Imports: - $63.0 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - petroleum, food, beverages, clothing, machinery - partners: - France 25.9%, Spain 21.0%, Italy 16%, US 12.8%, Netherlands 8%, FRG 3.1%, - Gabon 2.9%, Nigeria 1.8% (1988) -External debt: $213 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.8% (1990 est.) -Electricity: - 23,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fishing, sawmilling -Agriculture: - cash crops - timber and coffee from Rio Muni, cocoa from Bioko; food crops - - rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, livestock -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY81-89), $14 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $130 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $55 million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) - -*Equatorial Guinea, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Equatorial Guinea, Communications - -Highways: - Rio Muni - 2,460 km; Bioko - 300 km -Ports: - Malabo, Bata -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,413 GRT/6,699 DWT; includes 1 cargo - and 1 passenger-cargo -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - poor system with adequate government services; international communications - from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Equatorial Guinea, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 84,323; fit for military service 42,812 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Eritrea, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea between Djibouti and Sudan -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 121,320 km2 - land area: - 121,320 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - total 1,630 km, Djibouti 113 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km -Coastline: - 1,151 km (land and island coastline is 2,234 km) -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central - highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and - lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except on coast desert -Terrain: - dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, - descending on the east to a coastal desert plan, on the northwest to hilly - terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains -Natural resources: - gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, probably oil, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 2% (coffee) - meadows and pastures: - 40% - forest and woodland: - 5% other: - 50% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - frequent droughts, famine; deforestation; soil eroision; overgrazing; loss - of infrastructure from civil warfare -Note: - strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes and - close to Arabian oilfields, Eritrea retained the entire coastline of - Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 27 - April 1993 - -*Eritrea, People - -Population: - 3,467,087 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.46% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Eritrean(s) - adjective: - Eritrean -Ethnic divisions: - ethnic Tigrays 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast - dwellers) 3% -Religions: - Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant -Languages: - Tigre and Kunama, Cushitic dialects, Tigre, Nora Bana, Arabic -Literacy: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Eritrea, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Eritrea - local long form: - none - local short form: - none - former: - Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia -Digraph: - ER -Type: - transitional government - note: - on 29 May 1991 ISSAIAS Afeworke, secretary general of the Eritrean People's - Liberation Front (EPLF), announced the formation of the Provisional - Government in Eritrea (PGE), in preparation for the 23-25 April 1993 - referendum on independence for the autonomous region of Eritrea; the result - was a landslide vote for independence that was announced on 27 April 1993 -Capital: - Asmara (formerly Asmera) -Administrative divisions: - NA -Independence: - 27 April 1993 (from Ethiopia; formerly the Eritrea Autonomous Region) -Constitution: - transitional "constitution" decreed 19 May 1993 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - National Day (independence from Ethiopia), 24 May (1993) -Political parties and leaders: - Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) (Christian Muslim), ISSAIAS - Aferworke, PETROS Soloman; Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) (Muslim), - ABDULLAH Muhammed; Eritrean Liberation Front - United Organization (ELF-UO), - leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); - numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's - resignation, including several Islamic militant groups -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - multinational election before 20 May 1997 -Executive branch: - president, Eritrean National Council -Legislative branch: - National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Judiciary -Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: - President ISSAIAS Aferworke -Member of: - OAU, UN, UNCTAD - -*Eritrea, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - NA - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Joseph P. O'NEILL - embassy: - NA - mailing address: - NA - telephone: - 251-4-113-720 - FAX: - NA -Flag: - red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two - right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold - wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the - red triangle - -*Eritrea, Economy - -Overview: - With independence from Ethiopia on 27 April 1993, Eritrea faces the bitter - economic problems of a small, desperately poor African country. Most of the - population will continue to depend on subsistence farming. Domestic output - is substantially augmented by worker remittances from abroad. Government - revenues come from custom duties and income and sales taxes. Eritrea has - inherited the entire coastline of Ethiopia and has long-term prospects for - revenues from the devlopment of offshore oil, offshore fishing and tourist - development. For the time being, Ethiopia will be largely dependent on - Eritrean ports for its foreign trade. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $400 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $115 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; NA kWh produced, NA kWh per capita -Industries: - food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles -Agriculture: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - NA -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Eritrea, Communications - -Railroads: - 307 km total; 307 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge - (nonoperational) linking Ak'ordat and Asmera with the port of Mits'iwe (1993 - est.) -Highways: - 3,845 km total; 807 km paved, 840 km gravel, 402 km improved earth, 1,796 km - unimproved earth -Ports: - Assab (formerly Aseb), Massawa (formerly Mits'iwa) -Merchant marine: - 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,837 GRT/90,492 DWT; includes 9 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll off, 1 livestock carrier, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated - cargo -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 5 with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - NA - -*Eritrea, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA; reach military age (18) - annually NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Estonia, Geography - -Location: - Northeastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia -Map references: - Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 45,100 km2 - land area: - 43,200 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Hampshire and Vermont combined - note: - includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea -Land boundaries: - total 557 km, Latvia 267 km, Russia 290 km -Coastline: - 1,393 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - international small border strips along the northern (Narva) and southern - (Petseri) sections of eastern border with Russia ceded to Russia in 1945 by - the Estonian SSR -Climate: - maritime, wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - marshy, lowlands -Natural resources: shale oil, peat, phosphorite, amber -Land use: - arable land: - 22% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 11% - forest and woodland: - 31% - other: - 36% -Irrigated land: - 110 km2 (1990) -Environment: - air heavily polluted with sulphur dioxide from oil-shale burning power - plants in northeast; radioactive wastes dumped in open reservoir in - Sillamae, a few dozen meters from Baltic Sea; contamination of soil and - ground water with petroleum products, chemicals at military bases - -*Estonia, People - -Population: - 1,608,469 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.52% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.75 years - male: - 64.75 years - female: - 74.99 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Estonian(s) - adjective: - Estonian -Ethnic divisions: - Estonian 61.5%, Russian 30.3%, Ukrainian 3.17%, Belarusian 1.8%, Finn 1.1%, - other 2.13% (1989) -Religions: - Lutheran -Languages: Estonian (official), Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, other -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 796,000 - by occupation: - industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 20%, other 38% - (1990) - -*Estonia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Estonia - conventional short form: - Estonia - local long form: - Eesti Vabariik - local short form: - Eesti - former: - Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - EN -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tallinn -Administrative divisions: - none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction) -Independence: - 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted 28 June 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 February (1918) -Political parties and leaders: - Popular Front of Estonia (Rahvarinne), NA chairman; Estonian Christian - Democratic Party, Aivar KALA, chairman; Estonian Christian Democratic Union, - Illar HALLASTE, chairman; Estonian Heritage Society (EMS), Trivimi VELLISTE, - chairman; Estonian National Independence Party (ENIP), Lagle PAREK, - chairman; Estonian Social Democratic Party, Marju LAURISTIN, chairman; - Estonian Green Party, Tonu OJA; Independent Estonian Communist Party, Vaino - VALJAS; People's Centrist Party, Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman; Estonian Royalist - Party (ERP), Kalle KULBOK, chairman; Entrpreneurs' Party (EP), Tiit MADE; - Estonian Fatherland Party, Mart LAAR, chairman; Safe Home; Moderates; - Estonian Citizen -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - no candidate - received majority; newly elected Parliament elected Lennart MERI (NA October - 1992) - Parliament: - last held 20 September 1992; (next to be held NA); results - Fatherland 21%, - Safe Home 14%, Popular Front 13%, Moderates 10%, Estonian National - Independence Party 8%, Royalists 7%, Estonian Citizen 7%, Estonian - Entrepreneurs 2%, other 18%; seats - (101 total) Fatherland 29, Safe Home - 18, Popular Front 15, Moderates 12, ENIP 10, Royalists 8, Estonian Citizen - 8, Estonian Entrepreneurs 1 - Congress of Estonia: - last held March 1990 (next to be held NA); note - Congress of Estonia was a - quasi-governmental structure which disbanded itself October 1992 after the - new Parliament and government were installed -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, cabinet - -*Estonia, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Riigikogu) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Lennart MERI (since NA October 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since NA October 1992) -Member of: - CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, NACC, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Toomas Hendrik IIVES - chancery: - (temporary) 630 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2415, New York, NY 10111 - telephone: - (212) 247-2131 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert C. FRASURE - embassy: - Kentmanni 20, Tallin EE 0001 - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - 011-[358] (49) 303-182 (cellular) FAX: - [358] (49) 306-817 (cellular) - note: - dialing to Baltics still requires use of an international operator unless - you use the cellular phone lines -Flag: - pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal - horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white - -*Estonia, Economy - -Overview: - As of June 1993 Estonia ranks first among the 15 former Soviet republics in - moving from its obsolete command economy to a modern market economy. Yet - serious problems remain. In contrast to the estimated 30% drop in output in - 1992, GDP should grow by a small percent in 1993. Of key importance has been - the introduction of the kroon in August 1993 and the subsequent reductions - in inflation to 1%-2% per month. Starting in July 1991, under a new law on - private ownership, small enterprises, such as retail shops and restaurants, - were sold to private owners. The auctioning of large-scale enterprises is - progressing with the proceeds being held in escrow until the prior ownership - (that is, Estonian or the Commonwealth of Independent States) can be - established. Estonia ranks first in per capita consumption among the former - Soviet republics. Agriculture is well developed, especially meat production, - and provides a surplus for export. Only about one-fifth of the work force is - in agriculture. The major share of the work force engages in manufacturing - both capital and consumer goods based on raw materials and intermediate - products from the other former Soviet republics. These manufactures are of - high quality by ex-Soviet standards and are exported to the other republics. - Estonia's mineral resources are limited to major deposits of shale oil (60% - of the old Soviet total) and phosphorites (400 million tons). Estonia has a - large, relatively modern port and produces more than half of its own energy - needs at highly polluting shale oil power plants. It has advantages in the - transition, not having suffered so long under the Soviet yoke and having - better chances of developing profitable ties to the Nordic and West European - countries. Like Latvia, but unlike Lithuania, the large portion of ethnic - Russians (30%) in the population poses still another difficulty in the - transition to an independent market economy. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -30% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1%-2% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (March 1993); but large number of underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $223 million; expenditures $142 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: textile 11%, wood products and timber 9%, dairy products 9% - partners: - Russia and the other former Soviet republics 50%, West 50% (1992) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - machinery 45%, oil 13%, chemicals 12% - partners: - Finland 15%, Russia 18% -External debt: - $650 million (end of 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -40% (1992) -Electricity: - 3,700,000 kW capacity; 22,900 million kWh produced, 14,245 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Estonia, Economy - -Industries: - accounts for 30% of labor force; oil shale, shipbuilding, phosphates, - electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, clothing, textiles, paper, - shoes, apparel -Agriculture: - employs 20% of work force; very efficient; net exports of meat, fish, dairy - products, and potatoes; imports of feedgrains for livestock; fruits and - vegetables -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe; limited illicit opium producer; mostly for domestic - production -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million -Currency: - 1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 NA; (introduced in August 1992) -Exchange rates: - kroons (EEK) per US$1 - 12 (January 1993) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Estonia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,030 km (includes NA km electrified); does not include industrial lines - (1990) -Highways: - 30,300 km total (1990); 29,200 km hard surfaced; 1,100 km earth -Inland waterways: - 500 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - natural gas 420 km (1992) -Ports: coastal - Tallinn, Novotallin, Parnu; inland - Narva -Merchant marine: - 68 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 394,501 GRT/526,502 DWT; includes 52 - cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 2 short-sea passenger, 6 bulk, 2 container -Airports: - total: - 29 - useable: - 18 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - 300,000 telephone subscribers in 1990 with international direct dial service - available to Finland, Germany, Austria, UK and France; 21 telephone lines - per 100 persons as of 1991; broadcast stations - 3 TV (provide Estonian - programs as well as Moscow Ostenkino's first and second programs); - international traffic is carried to the other former USSR republics by - landline or microwave and to other countries by leased connection to the - Moscow international gateway switch via 19 incoming/20 outgoing - international channels, by the Finnish cellular net, and by an old copper - submarine cable to Finland soon to be replaced by an undersea fiber optic - cable system; there is also a new international telephone exchange in - Tallinn handling 60 channels via Helsinki; 2 analog mobile cellular networks - with international roaming capability to Scandinavia are operating in major - cities - -*Estonia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Maritime Border Guard, National Guard (Kaitseliit), Security - Forces (internal and border troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 387,733; fit for military service 306,056; reach military - age (18) annually 11,570 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 124.4 million kroons, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of - the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could - produce misleading results - -*Ethiopia, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, between Somalia and Sudan -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 1,127,127 km2 - land area: - 1,119,683 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Erithea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 - km, Sudan 1,606 km -Coastline: - none - landlocked -Maritime claims: - none - landlocked -International disputes: - southern half of the boundary with Somalia is a Provisional Administrative - Line; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis; - territorial dispute with Somalia over the Ogaden -Climate: - tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation; some areas prone - to extended droughts -Terrain: - high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley -Natural resources: - small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 41% - forest and woodland: - 24% - other: - 22% -Irrigated land: - 1,620 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic - eruptions; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; - frequent droughts; famine -Note: - landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure - independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993 - -*Ethiopia, People - -Population: - 53,278,446 (July 1993 est.) - note: - Ethiopian demographic data, except population and population growth rate, - include Eritrea -Population growth rate: - 3.41% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 14.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 108.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 52.21 years - male: - 50.6 years - female: - 53.88 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ethiopian(s) - adjective: - Ethiopian -Ethnic divisions: - Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigrean 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar - 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% -Religions: - Muslim 45-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35-40%, animist 12%, other 5% -Languages: - Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English - (major foreign language taught in schools) -Literacy: - age 10 and over can read and write (1983) - total population: - 62% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 18 million - by occupation: - agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and services 12%, industry - and construction 8% (1985) - -*Ethiopia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Ethiopia - local long form: - none - local short form: Ityop'iya -Digraph: - ET -Type: - transitional government - note: - on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) - toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took - control in Addis Ababa; the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), - announced a two-year transitional period -Capital: - Addis Ababa -Administrative divisions: - 14 administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular - astedader - akababi) Addis Ababa, Afar, Amhara, Benishangul, Gambela, - Gurage-Hadiya-Kambata, Harer, Kefa, Omo, Oromo, Sidamo, Somali, Tigray, - Wolayta -Independence: - oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at - least 2,000 years -Constitution: - to be redrafted by 1993 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Oromo Liberation Front (OLF); Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP); - numerous small, ethnic-based groups have formed since Mengistu's - resignation, including several Islamic militant groups -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 10 September 1987; next election planned after new constitution - drafted; results - MENGISTU Haile-Mariam elected by the now defunct National - Assembly, but resigned and left Ethiopia on 21 May 1991 - Constituent Assembly: - now planned for January 1994 (to ratify constitution to be drafted by end of - 1993) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Constituent Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President MELES Zenawi (since 1 June 1991) - -*Ethiopia, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister TAMIRAT Layne (since 6 June 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador BERHANE Gebre-Christos - chancery: - 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-2281 or 2282 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Marc A. BAAS - embassy: - Entoto Street, Addis Ababa - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa - telephone: - [251] (1) 550-666 - FAX: - [251] (1) 551-166 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red; Ethiopia is - the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so - often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became - known as the pan-African colors - -*Ethiopia, Economy - -Overview: - With the independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993, Ethiopia continues to - face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed - countries in Africa. (The accompanying analysis and figures predate the - independence of Eritrea.) Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, - which accounts for about 45% of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total - employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The manufacturing - sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90% - of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state run; the - government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants. - Favorable agricultural weather largely explains the 4.5% growth in output in - FY89, whereas drought and deteriorating internal security conditions - prevented growth in FY90. In 1991 the lack of law and order, particularly in - the south, interfered with economic development and growth. In 1992, because - of some easing of civil strife and aid from the outside world, the economy - substantially improved. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (FY92 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $130 (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.8% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $565 million (FY91) -Exports: - $276 million (f.o.b., FY90) - commodities: - coffee, leather products, gold, petroleum products - partners: - EC, Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, US -Imports: - $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90) - commodities: - capital goods, consumer goods, fuel - partners: - EC, Eastern Europe, Japan, US -External debt: - $3.48 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP -Electricity: - 330,000 kW capacity; 650 million kWh produced, 10 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, cement -Agriculture: - accounts for 47% of GDP and is the most important sector of the economy even - though frequent droughts and poor cultivation practices keep farm output - low; famines not uncommon; export crops of coffee and oilseeds grown partly - on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production at subsistence - level; principal crops and livestock - cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, - sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, - goats - -*Ethiopia, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and - destined for Europe and North America; cultivates qat (chat) for local use - and regional export -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $504 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $8 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.0 - billion -Currency: - 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - birr (Br) per US$1 - 5.0000 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 8 July - 7 July - -*Ethiopia, Communications - -Railroads: - 781 km total; 781 km 1.000-meter gauge; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge linking - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) to Djibouti; control of railroad is shared between - Djibouti and Ethiopia -Highways: - 39,150 km total; 2,776 km paved, 7,504 km gravel, 2,054 km improved earth, - 26,816 km unimproved earth (1993 est.) -Ports: - none; landlocked -Merchant marine: - none; landlocked -Airports: - total: - 121 - usable: - 82 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 13 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 83 (1993 est.) -Telecommunications: - open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use; open-wire to - Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; broadcast - stations - 4 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 100,000 TV sets; 9,000,000 radios; satellite - earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -*Ethiopia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 12,793,340; fit for military service 6,640,616; reach - military age (18) annually 576,329 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Europa Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Europa Island, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the southern Mozambique Channel about halfway between - Madagascar and Mozambique -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - 28 km2 - land area: - 28 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 22.2 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - NA -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% (heavily wooded) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - wildlife sanctuary - -*Europa Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Europa Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Europa Island - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ile Europa -Digraph: - EU -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic; resident in - Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Europa Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Europa Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,439-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 1 meteorological station - -*Europa Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Geography - -Location: - in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the southern coast of Argentina -Map references: - Antarctic Region, South America -Area: - total area: - 12,170 km2 - land area: - 12,170 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut - note: - includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small - islands -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,288 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 100 m depth - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina -Climate: - cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than - half of days in year; occasional snow all year, except in January and - February, but does not accumulate -Terrain: - rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains -Natural resources: - fish, wildlife -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 99% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: 1% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - poor soil fertility and a short growing season -Note: - deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), People - -Population: - 2,206 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.43% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Falkland Islander(s) - adjective: - Falkland Island -Ethnic divisions: - British -Religions: - primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church, - Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - English -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1,100 (est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding) - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Colony of the Falkland Islands - conventional short form: - Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) -Digraph: - FA -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Stanley -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 3 October 1985 -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held 11 October 1989 (next to be held October 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (10 total, 8 elected) number of seats by party - NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992) -Member of: - ICFTU -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -US diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of - the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major - economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the - islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sheep farming, which directly or indirectly employs - most of the work force. A few dairy herds are kept to meet domestic - consumption of milk and milk products, and crops grown are primarily those - for providing winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to - the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. Rich stocks of fish in the - surrounding waters are not presently exploited by the islanders. So far, - efforts to establish a domestic fishing industry have been unsuccessful. In - 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers - operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees - amount to more than $40 million per year and are a primary source of income - for the government. To encourage tourism, the Falkland Islands Development - Corporation has built three lodges for visitors attracted by the abundant - wildlife and trout fishing. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7.4% (1980-87 average) -Unemployment rate: - NA%; labor shortage -Budget: - revenues $62.7 million; expenditures $41.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90) -Exports: - at least $14.7 million - commodities: - wool, hides and skins, and meat - partners: - UK, Netherlands, Japan (1987 est.) -Imports: - at least $13.9 million - commodities: - food, clothing, fuels, and machinery - partners: - UK, Netherlands Antilles (Curacao), Japan (1987 est.) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,200 kW capacity; 17 million kWh produced, 8,940 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - wool and fish processing -Agriculture: - predominantly sheep farming; small dairy herds; some fodder and vegetable - crops -Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $277 million -Currency: - 1 Falkland pound (#F) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Falkland pound (#F) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 - (1991), 0.5604 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Falkland - pound is at par with the British pound - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Communications - -Highways: - 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth -Ports: - Stanley -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radio networks provide - effective service to almost all points on both islands; 590 telephones; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station with links through London to other countries - -*Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Forces Falkland Islands (including Army, Royal Air Force, Royal - Navy, and Royal Marines), Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Faroe Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (part of the Danish realm) - -*Faroe Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the north Atlantic Ocean, located half way between Norway and Iceland -Map references: - Arctic Region -Area: - total area: - 1,400 km2 - land area: - 1,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than eight times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 764 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy -Terrain: - rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 98% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands; archipelago - of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets -Note: - strategically located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic - -*Faroe Islands, People - -Population: - 48,065 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.67% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.45 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -4.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.92 years - male: - 74.51 years - female: - 81.45 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.52 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Faroese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Faroese -Ethnic divisions: - Scandinavian -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran -Languages: - Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 17,585 - by occupation: - largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce - -*Faroe Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Faroe Islands local long form: - none - local short form: - Foroyar -Digraph: - FO -Type: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division of - Denmark -Capital: - Torshavn -Administrative divisions: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Independence: - none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative - division of Denmark) -Constitution: - Danish -Legal system: - Danish -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Political parties and leaders: - three-party ruling coalition: - Social Democratic Party, Marita PETERSEN; Republican Party, Signer HANSEN; - Home Rule Party, Hilmar KASS - opposition: - Cooperation Coalition Party, Pauli ELLEFSEN; Progressive and Fishing - Industry Party-Christian People's Party (PFIP-CPP), leader NA; Progress - Party, leader NA; People's Party, Jogvan SUND-STEIN -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - Danish Parliament: - last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) Social Democratic 1, People's - Party 1; note - the Faroe Islands elects two representatives to the Danish - Parliament - Faroese Parliament: - last held 17 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - Social - Democratic 27.4%, People's Party 21.9%, Cooperation Coalition Party 18.9%, - Republican Party 14.7%, Home Rule 8.8%, PFIP-CPP 5.9%, other 2.4%; seats - - (32 total) two-party coalition 17 (Social Democratic 10, People's Party 7), - Cooperation Coalition Party 6, Republican Party 4, Home Rule 3, PFIP-CPP 2 -Executive branch: - Danish monarch, high commissioner, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet (Landsstyri) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Lgting) -Judicial branch: - none - -*Faroe Islands, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner - Bent KLINTE (since NA) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Marita PETERSEN (since 18 January 1993) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -US diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Flag: - white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) - -*Faroe Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The Faroese, who have long enjoyed the affluent living standards of the - Danes and other Scandinavians, now must cope with the decline of the - all-important fishing industry and one of the world's heaviest per capita - external debts of nearly $30,000. When the nations of the world extended - their fishing zones to 200 nautical miles in the early 1970s, the Faroese no - longer could continue their traditional long-distance fishing and - subsequently depleted their own nearby fishing areas. The government's tight - controls on fish stocks and its austerity measures have caused a recession, - and subsidy cuts will force nationalization in the fishing industry, which - has already been plagued with bankruptcies. Copenhagen has threatened to - withhold its annual subsidy of $130 million - roughly one-third of the - islands' budget revenues - unless the Faroese make significant efforts to - balance their budget. To this extent the Faroe government is expected to - continue its tough policies, including introducing a 20% VAT in 1993, and - has agreed to an IMF economic-political stabilization plan. In addition to - its annual subsidy, the Danish government has bailed out the second largest - Faroe bank to the tune of $140 million since October 1992. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $662 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1989 est.) -National product per capita: - $14,000 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - 5%-6% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $425 million; expenditures $480 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $386 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish and fish products 88%, animal feedstuffs, transport equipment (ships) - (1989) - partners: - Denmark 20%, Germany 18.3%, UK 14.2%, France 11.2%, Spain 7.9%, US 4.5% -Imports: - $322 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 24.4%, manufactures 24%, food and - livestock 19%, fuels 12%, chemicals 6.5% - partners: - Denmark 43.8%, Norway 19.8%, Sweden 4.9%, Germany 4.2%, US 1.3% -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 80,000 kW capacity; 280 million kWh produced, 5,760 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - fishing, shipbuilding, handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for 27% of GDP and employs 27% of labor force; principal crops - - potatoes and vegetables; livestock - sheep; annual fish catch about 360,000 - metric tons -Economic aid: - receives an annual subsidy from Denmark of about $130 million - -*Faroe Islands, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 - (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Faroe Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 200 km -Ports: - Torshavn, Tvoroyri -Merchant marine: - 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,015 GRT/24,007 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 5 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 2 refrigerated cargo; note - - a subset of the Danish register -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 with runways over 3659 m: - 0 - with runways 2440-3659 m: - 0 - with runways 1220-2439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 27,900 - telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 (10 repeaters) FM, 3 (29 repeaters) - TV; 3 coaxial submarine cables - -*Faroe Islands, Defense Forces - -Branches: - small Police Force, no organized native military forces -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Denmark - -*Fiji, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 2,500 km north of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 18,270 km2 - land area: - 18,270 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,129 km -Maritime claims: - (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines) - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains of volcanic origin -Natural resources: - timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential -Land use: arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 65% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes from November to January; includes 332 islands of - which approximately 110 are inhabited - -*Fiji, People - -Population: - 756,762 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.95% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.74 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -8.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 18.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 64.86 years - male: - 62.62 years - female: - 67.21 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.98 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Fijian(s) - adjective: - Fijian -Ethnic divisions: - Fijian 49%, Indian 46%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, - and other 5% -Religions: - Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, - other 2% - note: - Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a Muslim - minority (1986) -Languages: English (official), Fijian, Hindustani -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: - 86% - male: - 90% - female: - 81% -Labor force: - 235,000 - by occupation: - subsistence agriculture 67%, wage earners 18%, salary earners 15% (1987) - -*Fiji, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Fiji - conventional short form: - Fiji -Digraph: - FJ -Type: - republic - note: - military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a - republic on 6 October 1987 -Capital: - Suva -Administrative divisions: - 4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*, Western, Independence: - 10 October 1970 (from UK) -Constitution: - 10 October 1970 (suspended 1 October 1987); a new Constitution was proposed - on 23 September 1988 and promulgated on 25 July 1990; the 1990 Constitution - is currently still under review (February 1993) -Legal system: - based on British system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 10 October (1970) -Political parties and leaders: - Fijian Political Party (SVT - primarily Fijian), leader Maj. Gen. Sitivini - RABUKA; National Federation Party (NFP; primarily Indian), Siddiq KOYA; - Christian Fijian Nationalist Party (CFNP), Sakeasi BUTADROKA; Fiji Labor - Party (FLP), Jokapeci KOROI; All National Congress (ANC), Apisai TORA; - General Voters Party (GVP), Max OLSSON; Fiji Conservative Party (FCP), - Isireli VUIBAU; Conservative Party of Fiji (CPF), Jolale ULUDOLE and Viliame - SAVU; Fiji Indian Liberal Party, Swami MAHARAJ; Fiji Indian Congress Party, - Ishwari BAJPAI; Fiji Independent Labor (Muslim), leader NA; Four Corners - Party, David TULVANUAVOU -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 23-29 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (70 total, with ethnic Fijians allocated 37 seats, - ethnic Indians 27 seats, and independents and other 6 seats) number of seats - by party NA -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet, Great Councils of Chiefs (highest - ranking members of the traditional chiefly system) -Legislative branch: - the bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives, was dissolved following the coup of 14 - May 1987; the Constitution of 23 September 1988 provides for a bicameral - Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ratu Sir Penaia Kanatabatu GANILAU (since 5 December 1987); Vice - President Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA (since 14 April 1992); Vice President Ratu - Sir Josaia TAIVAIQIA (since 14 April 1992) - -*Fiji, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sitiveni RABUKA (since 2 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister - Filipe BOLE (since 11 June 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Ratu Timoci VESIKULA - (since 11 June 1993) -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Pita Kewa NACUVA - chancery: - Suite 240, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 337-8320 - consulate: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Evelyn I. H. TEEGEN - embassy: - 31 Loftus Street, Suva - mailing address: - P. O. Box 218, Suva - telephone: - [679] 314-466 - FAX: - [679] 300-081 -Flag: - light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a - yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George - featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove - -*Fiji, Economy - -Overview: - Fiji's economy is primarily agricultural, with a large subsistence sector. - Sugar exports are a major source of foreign exchange, and sugar processing - accounts for one-third of industrial output. Industry, including sugar - milling, contributes 13% to GDP. Fiji traditionally had earned considerable - sums of hard currency from the 250,000 tourists who visited each year. In - 1987, however, after two military coups, the economy went into decline. GDP - dropped by 7.8% in 1987 and by another 2.5% in 1988; political uncertainty - created a drop in tourism, and the worst drought of the century caused sugar - production to fall sharply. In contrast, sugar and tourism turned in strong - performances in 1989, and the economy rebounded vigorously. In 1990 the - economy received a setback from cyclone Sina, which cut sugar output by an - estimated 21%. Sugar exports recovered in 1991-92. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,900 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.9% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $455 million; expenditures $546 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $435 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - sugar 40%, gold, clothing, copra, processed fish, lumber - partners: - EC 31%, Australia 21%, Japan 8%, US 6% -Imports: - $553 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 32%, food 15%, petroleum products, - consumer goods, chemicals - partners: - Australia 30%, NZ 17%, Japan 13%, EC 6%, US 6% -External debt: - $428 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.4% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: - 215,000 kW capacity; 420 million kWh produced, 560 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - sugar, tourism, copra, gold, silver, clothing, lumber, small cottage - industries -Agriculture: - accounts for 23% of GDP; principal cash crop is sugarcane; coconuts, - cassava, rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; small livestock sector includes - cattle, pigs, horses, and goats; fish catch nearly 33,000 tons (1989) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), - $815 million -Currency: - 1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents - -*Fiji, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.5809 (January 1993), 1.5029 (1992), 1.4756 - (1991), 1.4809 (1990), 1.4833 (1989), 1.4303 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Fiji, Communications - -Railroads: - 644 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, belonging to the government-owned Fiji - Sugar Corporation -Highways: - 3,300 km total; 1,590 km paved; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth (1984) -Inland waterways: - 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges -Ports: - Lambasa, Lautoka, Savusavu, Suva -Merchant marine: - 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,072 GRT/47,187 DWT; includes 2 - roll-on/roll-off, 2 container, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 cargo -Airports: - total: - 25 - usable: - 22 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public - and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; - regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US-Canada and New - Zealand-Australia; 53,228 telephones (71 telephones per 1,000 persons); - broadcast stations - 7 AM, 1 FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Fiji, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Fiji Military Force (FMF; including a naval division, police) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 194,634; fit for military service 107,304; reach military - age (18) annually 7,834 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22.4 million, about 2% of GDP (FY91/92) - -*Finland, Geography - -Location: - Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea between Sweden and Russia -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 337,030 km2 - land area: - 305,470 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana -Land boundaries: - total 2,628 km, Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km -Coastline: - 1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations) -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 6 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 4 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively mild because of - moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more - than 60,000 lakes -Terrain: - mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills -Natural resources: - timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 76% - other: - 16% -Irrigated land: - 620 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - permanently wet ground covers about 30% of land; population concentrated on - small southwestern coastal plain -Note: - long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on - European continent - -*Finland, People - -Population: - 5,050,942 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.37% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.65 years - male: - 71.85 years - female: - 79.62 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.79 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Finn(s) - adjective: - Finnish -Ethnic divisions: - Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy, Tatar -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1% -Languages: - Finnish 93.5% (official), Swedish 6.3% (official), small Lapp- and - Russian-speaking minorities -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: 100% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 2.533 million - by occupation: - public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, finance, insurance, - and business services 10.2%, agriculture and forestry 8.6%, transport and - communications 7.7%, construction 7.2% - -*Finland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Finland - conventional short form: - Finland - local long form: - Suomen Tasavalta - local short form: - Suomi -Digraph: - FI -Type: - republic -Capital: - Helsinki -Administrative divisions: - 12 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Ahvenanmaa, Hame, Keski-Suomi, - Kuopio, Kymi, Lappi, Mikkeli, Oulu, Pohjois-Karjala, Turku ja Pori, Uusimaa, - Vaasa -Independence: - 6 December 1917 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - 17 July 1919 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation - interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 December (1917) -Political parties and leaders: - government coalition: - Center Party, Esko AHO; National Coalition (conservative) Party, Perti - SALOLAINEN; Swedish People's Party, (Johan) Ole NORRBACK; Finnish Christian - League, Toimi KANKAANNIEMI - other parties: - Social Democratic Party, Antero KEKKONEN, Acting Chairman; Leftist Alliance - (Communist) People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative, Claes - ANDERSON; Green League, Pekka SAURI; Rural Party, Tina MAKELA; Liberal - People's Party, Kalle MAATTA -Other political or pressure groups: Finnish Communist Party-Unity, Yrjo HAKANEN; Constitutional -Rightist Party; - Finnish Pensioners Party; Communist Workers Party, Timo LAHDENMAKI -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 31 January - 1 February and 15 February 1988 (next to be held - January 1994); results - Mauno KOIVISTO 48%, Paavo VAYRYNEN 20%, Harri - HOLKERI 18% - Parliament: - last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - Center Party - 24.8%, Social Democratic Party 22.1%, National Coalition (Conservative) - Party 19.3%, Leftist Alliance (Communist) 10.1%, Green League 6.8%, Swedish - People's Party 5.5%, Rural 4.8%, Finnish Christian League 3.1%, Liberal - People's Party 0.8%; seats - (200 total) Center Party 55, Social Democratic - Party 48, National Coalition (Conservative) Party 40, Leftist Alliance - (Communist) 19, Swedish People's Party 12, Green League 10, Finnish - Christian League 8, Rural 7, Liberal People's Party 1 - -*Finland, Government - -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of State - (Valtioneuvosto) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Eduskunta) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Korkein Oikeus) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mauno KOIVISTO (since 27 January 1982) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Esko AHO (since 26 April 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ilkka - KANERVA (since 26 April 1991) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM - (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA (associate), FAO, G-9, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NAM (guest), - NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, - UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jukka VALTASAARI - chancery: - 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 - telephone: - (202) 363-2430 - FAX: - (202) 363-8233 - consulates general: - Los Angeles and New York - consulates: Chicago and Houston -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John H. KELLY - embassy: - Itainen Puistotie 14A, SF-00140, Helsinki - mailing address: - APO AE 09723 - telephone: - [358] (0) 171931 - FAX: - [358] (0) 174681 -Flag: - white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the DANNEBROG - (Danish flag) - -*Finland, Economy - -Overview: - Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free market economy, with per - capita output two-thirds of the US figure. Its key economic sector is - manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, and engineering industries. - Trade is important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of GDP. - Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw - materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of - the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining - self-sufficiency in basic products. The economy, which experienced an - average of 4.9% annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep - recession in 1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which - continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been caused by - economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and the dismantling of the - barter system between Finland and the former Soviet Union under which Soviet - oil and gas had been exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish - Government has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and - efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in public - expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises, and changes in - monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied the markka to the EC's - European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote stability. Ongoing speculation - resulting from a lack of confidence in the government's policies forced - Helsinki to devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to - indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the - competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably have kept the - economic downturn from being even more severe. Unemployment probably will - remain a serious problem during the next few years - monthly figures in - early 1993 are approaching 20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a - weak domestic market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets. - Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive funding to - bail out the banking system are expected to push the central government's - budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993. Helsinki continues to harmonize its - economic policies with those of the EC during Finland's current EC - membership bid. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $79.4 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -3.5% (1992) -National product per capita: - $15,900 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.1% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 13.1% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $26.8 billion; expenditures $40.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, clothing and footwear - partners: - EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5% (Sweden 12.8%), US 5.9%, - Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992) -Imports: - $21.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport - equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, fodder - grains - -*Finland, Economy - - partners: - EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0% (Sweden 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan - 5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992) -External debt: - $25 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 13,500,000 kW capacity; 55,300 million kWh produced, 11,050 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), - copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 5% of GDP (including forestry); livestock production, - especially dairy cattle, predominates; forestry is an important export - earner and a secondary occupation for the rural population; main crops - - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains - and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7 billion -Currency: - 1 markkaa (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia -Exchange rates: - markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.4193 (January 1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440 - (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912 (1989), 4.1828 (1988) -Fiscal year: calendar year - -*Finland, Communications - -Railroads: - 5,924 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total of 5,863 km - 1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are multiple track and 1,445 km are - electrified -Highways: - about 103,000 km total, including 35,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, - bituminous-treated surface) and 38,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, - gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of private (state-subsidized) roads -Inland waterways: - 6,675 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers -Pipelines: - natural gas 580 km -Ports: - Helsinki, Oulu, Pori, Rauma, Turku -Merchant marine: - 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 935,260 GRT/973,995 DWT; includes 3 - passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 17 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 26 - roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 bulk -Airports: - total: - 160 - usable: - 157 - with permanent-surface runways: - 66 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 25 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 22 -Telecommunications: - good service from cable and microwave radio relay network; 3,140,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 105 FM, 235 TV; 1 submarine cable; - INTELSAT satellite transmission service via Swedish earth station and a - receive-only INTELSAT earth station near Helsinki - -*Finland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Frontier Guard (including Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,323,381; fit for military service 1,091,613; reach - military age (17) annually 33,828 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.93 billion, about 2% of GDP (1992) - -*France, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Germany -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 547,030 km2 - land area: - 545,630 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Colorado - note: - includes Corsica and the rest of metropolitan France, but excludes the - overseas administrative divisions -Land boundaries: - total 2,892.4 km, Andorra 60 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 - km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km -Coastline: - 3,427 km (mainland 2,783 km, Corsica 644 km) -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12-24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de - Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims - Tromelin Island; Seychelles claims Tromelin Island; Suriname claims part of - French Guiana; Mexico claims Clipperton Island; territorial claim in - Antarctica (Adelie Land); Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus of maritime - boundary dispute between Canada and France -Climate: - generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers - along the Mediterranean -Terrain: - mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is - mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east -Natural resources: - coal, iron ore, bauxite, fish, timber, zinc, potash -Land use: - arable land: - 32% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 23% - forest and woodland: - 27% - other: - 16% -Irrigated land: 11,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - most of large urban areas and industrial centers in Rhone, Garonne, Seine, - or Loire River basins; occasional warm tropical wind known as mistral -Note: - largest West European nation - -*France, People - -Population: - 57,566,091 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.48% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.3 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 78 years - male: - 74.04 years - female: - 82.16 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) - adjective: - French -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque - minorities -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African workers) - 1%, unaffiliated 6% -Languages: - French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, - Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 24.17 million by occupation: - services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.2% (1987) - -*France, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - French Republic - conventional short form: - France - local long form: - Republique Francaise - local short form: - France -Digraph: - FR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Paris -Administrative divisions: - 22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne, - Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, - Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, - Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, - Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes - note: - the 22 regions are subdivided into 96 departments; see separate entries for - the overseas departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) - and the territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon) -Dependent areas: - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French - Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New - Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna - note: - the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica -Independence: - 486 (unified by Clovis) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, - ammended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992 -Legal system: - civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not - legislative acts -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of theBastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR), Jacques CHIRAC; Union for French Democracy - (UDF, federation of UREI, UC, RDE), Valery Giscard d'ESTAING; Republican - Party (PR), Gerard LONGUET; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre - MEHAIGNERIE; Radical (RAD), Yves GALLAND; Socialist Party (PS), Michel - ROCARD; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Emile ZUCCARELLI; Communist Party - (PCF), Georges MARCHAIS; National Front (FN), Jean-Marie LE PEN; Union of - Republican and Independents (UREI); Centrist Union (UC); (RDE) -Other political or pressure groups: - Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly - 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation - Francaise Democratique du Travail or CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; - independent labor union (Force Ouvriere) 1 million members (est.); - independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 - members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du - Patronat Francais - CNPF or Patronat) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*France, Government - -Elections: - President: - last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1995); results - Second Ballot - Francois MITTERRAND 54%, Jacques CHIRAC 46% - Senate: - last held NA September 1992 (next to be held September 1995 - nine-year - term, elected by thirds every three years); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (321 total; 296 metropolitan France, 13 for overseas - departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad) RPR 91, UDF - 142 (UREI 51, UC 68, RDE 23), PS 66, PCF 16, independents 2, other 4 - National Assembly: - last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (577 total) RPR 247, UDF 213, PS 67, PCF 24, - independents 26 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (Cour Constitutionnelle) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Edouard BALLADUR (since 29 March 1993) -Member of: - ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB - (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, - ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, FZ, GATT, G-5, G-7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, - UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, - UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jacques ANDREANI - chancery: - 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: (202) 944-6000 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New - Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Pamela HARRIMAN - embassy: - 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08, Unit 21551 - mailing address: - APO AE 09777 - telephone: - [33] (1) 4296-12-02 or 4261-80-75 - FAX: - [33] (1) 4266-9783 - consulates general: - Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg - -*France, Government - -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as - the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and colors have been the basis - for a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote - d'Ivoire, and Luxembourg; the official flag for all French dependent areas - -*France, Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's most developed economies, France has substantial - agricultural resources and a highly diversified modern industrial sector. - Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and - subsidies have combined to make it the leading agricultural producer in - Western Europe. France is largely self-sufficient in agricultural products - and is a major exporter of wheat and dairy products. The industrial sector - generates about one-quarter of GDP, and the growing services sector has - become crucial to the economy. The French economy is entering its fourth - consecutive year of sluggish growth after a strong expansion in the late - 1980s. Growth averaged only 1.3% in 1990-92 and is expected to drop to - between zero and -0.5% in 1993. The government budget deficit rose to 3.2% - of GDP in 1992 and is expected to be far larger than planned in the 1993 - budget. Paris remains committed to maintaining the franc-deutsch mark - parity, which has kept French interest rates high despite France's low - inflation. Although the pace of economic integration within the European - Community has slowed down, integration presumably will remain a major force - shaping the fortunes of the various economic sectors. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.08 trillion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.1% (1992) -National product per capita: - $18,900 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.1% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10.5% (end 1992) -Budget: - revenues $220.5 billion; expenditures $249.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $47 billion (1993 budget) -Exports: - $212.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural - products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing - partners: - Germany 18.6%, Italy 11.0%, Spain 11.0%, Belgium-Luxembourg 9.1%, UK 8.8%, - Netherlands 7.9%, US 6.4%, Japan 2.0%, former USSR 0.7% (1991 est.) -Imports: - $230.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, iron - and steel products - partners: - Germany 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, US 9.5%, Netherlands 8.9%, Spain 8.8%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 8.5%, UK 7.5%, Japan 4.1%, former USSR 1.3% (1991 est.) -External debt: - $270 billion (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.2% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 110,000,000 kW capacity; 426,000 million kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - steel, machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, - mining, textiles, food processing, tourism - -*France, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); one of the world's - top five wheat producers; other principal products - beef, dairy products, - cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most - temperate-zone foods; shortages include fats and oils and tropical produce, - but overall net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 850,000 metric tons - ranks among world's top 20 countries and is all used domestically -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.1 billion -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*France, Communications - -Railroads: - French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,322 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge; 12,434 km electrified, 15,132 km double or multiple track; 99 km of - various gauges (1.000-meter), privately owned and operated -Highways: - 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km national highway; 347,000 km departmental - highway; 421,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of - controlled-access divided autoroutes; about 803,000 km paved -Inland waterways: - 14,932 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km -Ports: - coastal - Bordeaux, Boulogne, Brest, Cherbourg, Dunkerque, Fos-Sur-Mer, Le - Havre, Marseille, Nantes, Sete, Toulon; inland - Rouen -Merchant marine: - 130 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,224,945 GRT/5,067,252 DWT; includes - 7 short-sea passenger, 10 cargo, 20 container, 1 multifunction large-load - carrier, 27 roll-on/roll-off, 36 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied - gas, 2 specialized tanker, 10 bulk; note - France also maintains a captive - register for French-owned ships in the Kerguelen Islands (French Southern - and Antarctic Lands) and French Polynesia -Airports: - total: - 471 - usable: - 461 - with permanent-surface runways: - 256 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 37 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 136 -Telecommunications: - highly developed; extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks; - large-scale introduction of optical-fiber systems; satellite systems for - domestic traffic; 39,200,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 41 AM, 800 - (mostly repeaters) FM, 846 (mostly repeaters) TV; 24 submarine coaxial - cables; 2 INTELSAT earth stations (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for the - Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 3 for the Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT); HF radio - communications with more than 20 countries; INMARSAT service; EUTELSAT TV - service - -*France, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air), Air Force, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 14,662,761; fit for military service 12,247,950; reach - military age (18) annually 386,504 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $36.6 billion, 3.1% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*French Guiana, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas department of France) - -*French Guiana, Geography - -Location: - northern South America, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean between - Suriname and Brazil -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 91,000 km2 - land area: - 89,150 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - total 1,183 km, Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km -Coastline: - 378 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both - headwaters of the Lawa) -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains -Natural resources: - bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 82% - other: - 18% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - mostly an unsettled wilderness - -*French Guiana, People - -Population: - 133,376 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 4.42% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.46 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 22.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.87 years - male: - 71.59 years - female: - 78.32 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - French Guianese (singular and plural) - adjective: - French Guianese -Ethnic divisions: - black or mulatto 66%, Caucasian 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, - other 10% -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: - 82% - male: - 81% - female: - 83% -Labor force: - 23,265 - by occupation: - services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% - (1980) - -*French Guiana, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Department of Guiana - conventional short form: - French Guiana - local long form: - none - local short form: - Guyane -Digraph: - FG -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Cayenne -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Guianese Socialist Party (PSG), Gerard HOLDER; Rally for the Republic (RPR), - Paulin BRUNE; Union of the Center Rally (URC); Union for French Democracy - (UDF), Claude Ho A CHUCK; Guyana Democratic Front (FDG), Georges OTHILY -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French National Assembly: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) PSG 1, RPR 1 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PSG 1 - Regional Council: - last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (31 total) PSG 16 -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the republic -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council and a unicameral Regional Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeals (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction - over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA 1992) -Member of: - FZ, WCL -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas department of France, the interests of French Guiana are - represented in the US by France - -*French Guiana, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - none (overseas department of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*French Guiana, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is tied closely to that of France through subsidies and imports. - Besides the French space center at Kourou, fishing and forestry are the most - important economic activities, with exports of fish and fish products - (mostly shrimp) accounting for more than 60% of total revenue in 1987. The - large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an - expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation - of crops - rice, cassava, bananas, and sugarcane - is limited to the coastal - area, where the population is largely concentrated. French Guiana is heavily - dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, - particularly among younger workers. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $421 million (1986) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $4,390 (1986) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1987) -Unemployment rate: - 13% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $735 million; expenditures $735 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1987) -Exports: - $64.8 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence - partners: - France 36%, US 14%, Japan 6% (1990) -Imports: - $435 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, - petroleum - partners: France 62%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, US 4%, FRG 3% (1987) -External debt: - $1.2 billion (1988) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 92,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining -Agriculture: - some vegetables for local consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, - sugar; livestock - cattle, pigs, poultry -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $1.51 billion -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*French Guiana, Communications - -Highways: - 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170 km improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 460 km, navigable by small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal - steamers; 3,300 km navigable by native craft -Ports: - Cayenne -Airports: - total: - 10 - usable: - 10 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system; 18,100 telephones; - broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 9 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*French Guiana, Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males 15-49 39,005; fit for military service 25,477 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*French Polynesia, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas territory of France) - -*French Polynesia, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, halfway between Australia and South America -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 3,941 km2 - land area: - 3,660 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 2,525 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderate -Terrain: - mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs -Natural resources: - timber, fish, cobalt -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 19% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: - 44% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - occasional cyclonic storm in January; includes five archipelagoes -Note: - Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands - in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and - Nauru - -*French Polynesia, People - -Population: - 210,333 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.26% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 27.89 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.33 years - male: - 67.95 years - female: - 72.84 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.32 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - French Polynesian(s) - adjective: - French Polynesian -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4% -Religions: - Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16% -Languages: - French (official), Tahitian (official) -Literacy: - age 14 and over but definition of literacy not available (1977) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 76,630 employed (1988) - -*French Polynesia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of French Polynesia - conventional short form: - French Polynesia - local long form: - Territoire de la Polynesie Francaise - local short form: - Polynesie Francaise -Digraph: - FP -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1946 -Capital: - Papeete -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 5 archipelagic - divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des - Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent - note: - Clipperton Island is administered by France from French Polynesia -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - based on French system -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Rally (Tahoeraa Huiraatira; Gaullist), Gaston FLOSSE; Polynesian - Union Party (Te Tiarama; centrist), Alexandre LEONTIEFF; New Fatherland - Party (Ai'a Api), Emile VERNAUDON; Polynesian Liberation Front (Tavini - Huiraatira), Oscar TEMARU; other small parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (2 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) - 1, New Fatherland Party 1 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) party NA - Territorial Assembly: - last held 17 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) People's Rally (Gaullist) 18, - Polynesian Union Party 14, New Fatherland Party 5, other 4 -Executive branch: - French president, high commissioner of the republic, president of the - Council of Ministers, vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of - Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, Court of the First Instance, Court of Administrative Law - -*French Polynesia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); High Commissioner of the - Republic Michel JAU (since NA 1992) - Head of Government: - President of the Council of Ministers Gaston FLOSSE (since 10 May 1991); - Vice President of the Council of Ministers Joel BUILLARD (since 12 September - 1991) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas territory of France, French Polynesian interests are - represented in the US by France -US diplomatic representation: - none (overseas territory of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*French Polynesia, Economy - -Overview: - Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region, French - Polynesia has changed from a subsistence economy to one in which a high - proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports - the tourist industry. Tourism accounts for about 20% of GDP and is a primary - source of hard currency earnings. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.2 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $6,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.9% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 14.9% (1988 est.) -Budget: - revenues $614 million; expenditures $957 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1988) -Exports: - $88.9 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - coconut products 79%, mother-of-pearl 14%, vanilla, shark meat - partners: - France 54%, US 17%, Japan 17% -Imports: - $765 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - fuels, foodstuffs, equipment - partners: - France 53%, US 11%, Australia 6%, NZ 5% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 75,000 kW capacity; 275 million kWh produced, 1,330 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - coconut and vanilla plantations; vegetables and fruit; poultry, beef, dairy - products -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), - $3.95 billion -Currency: - 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January - 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 - (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*French Polynesia, Communications - -Highways: - 600 km (1982) -Ports: - Papeete, Bora-bora -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,127 GRT/6,710 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo; note - a captive subset of the French - register -Airports: - total: - 43 - usable: - 41 - with permanent-surface runways: - 23 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 12 -Telecommunications: - 33,200 telephones; 84,000 radio receivers; 26,400 TV sets; broadcast - stations - 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*French Polynesia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - French forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force), Gendarmerie -Note: - defense is responsibility of France - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas territory of France) - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Geography - -Location: - in the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, - and Australia -Map references: - Antarctic Region, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 7,781 km2 - land area: - 7,781 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Delaware - note: - includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Crozet; - excludes Terre Adelie claim of about 500,000 km2 in Antarctica that is not - recognized by the US -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,232 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen only - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Terre Adelie claim in Antarctica is not recognized by the US -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: volcanic -Natural resources: - fish, crayfish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes -Note: - remote location in the southern Indian Ocean - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are researchers whose numbers vary - from 150 in winter (July) to 200 in summer (January) - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands - conventional short form: - French Southern and Antarctic Lands - local long form: - Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises - local short form: - Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises -Digraph: - FS -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1955; governed by High Administrator - Bernard de GOUTTES (since May 1990), who is assisted by a 7-member - Consultative Council and a 12-member Scientific Council -Capital: - none; administered from Paris, France -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named - Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes Terre - Adelie claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US -Independence: none (overseas territory of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical - research stations and French and other fishing fleets. The fishing catches - landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and - Reunion. -Budget: - revenues $17.5 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1992) - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Merchant marine: - 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 292,490 GRT/514,389 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 3 bulk, - 1 multifunction large load carrier; note - a captive subset of the French - register -Telecommunications: - NA - -*French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - - -*Gabon, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator between the - Congo and Equatorial Guinea -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 267,670 km2 - land area: - 257,670 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Colorado -Land boundaries: total 2,551 km, Cameroon 298 km, Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km -Coastline: - 885 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed - sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay -Climate: - tropical; always hot, humid -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south -Natural resources: - petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 78% - other: - 2% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - deforestation - -*Gabon, People - -Population: - 1,122,550 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.45% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 28.63 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 14.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 97.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 54.19 years - male: - 51.46 years female: - 57.01 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Gabonese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Gabonese -Ethnic divisions: - Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou, - Bateke), Africans and Europeans 100,000, including 27,000 French -Religions: - Christian 55-75%, Muslim less than 1%, animist -Languages: - French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 61% - male: - 74% - female: - 48% -Labor force: - 120,000 salaried - by occupation: - agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services 2.5%, government - 2.5% - note: - 58% of population of working age (1983) - -*Gabon, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Gabonese Republic - conventional short form: - Gabon - local long form: - Republique Gabonaise - local short form: - Gabon -Digraph: - GB -Type: - republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized 1990) -Capital: - Libreville -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga, - Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem -Independence: - 17 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 21 February 1961, revised 15 April 1975 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction not accepted -National holiday: - Renovation Day, 12 March (1968) (Gabonese Democratic Party established) -Political parties and leaders: - Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG, former sole party), El Hadj Omar BONGO, - president; National Recovery Movement - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons); - Gabonese Party for Progress (PGP); National Recovery Movement - (Morena-Original); Association for Socialism in Gabon (APSG); Gabonese - Socialist Union (USG); Circle for Renewal and Progress (CRP); Union for - Democracy and Development (UDD) -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held on 28 October 1990 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (120 total, 111 elected) PDG 62, National Recovery Movement - - Lumberjacks (Morena-Bucherons) 19, PGP 18, National Recovery Movement - (Morena-Original) 7, APSG 6, USG 4, CRP 1, independents 3 - President: - last held on 9 November 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results - - President Omar BONGO was reelected without opposition -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Casimir OYE-MBA (since 3 May 1990) - -*Gabon, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS (associate), NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 797-1000 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador John C. WILSON IV - embassy: - Boulevard de la Mer, Libreville - mailing address: - B. P. 4000, Libreville - telephone: - (241) 762003/4, or 743492 - FAX: - [241] 745-507 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue - -*Gabon, Economy - -Overview: - The economy, dependent on timber and manganese until the early 1970s, is now - dominated by the oil sector. In 1981-85, oil accounted for about 45% of GDP, - 80% of export earnings, and 65% of government revenues on average. The high - oil prices of the early 1980s contributed to a substantial increase in per - capita national income, stimulated domestic demand, reinforced migration - from rural to urban areas, and raised the level of real wages to among the - highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The subsequent slide of Gabon's economy, - which began with falling oil prices in 1985, was reversed in 1989-90, but - debt servicing obligations continue to limit prospects for further domestic - development. Real growth in 1991-92 was weak because of a combination of an - overstaffed bureaucracy, a large budget deficit, and the continued - underdevelopment of the whole economy outside the petroleum sector. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 13% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $4,200 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 0.7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $247 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - crude oil 80%, manganese 7%, wood 7%, uranium 2% - partners: - France 48%, US 15%, Germany 2%, Japan 2% -Imports: - $702 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, chemical products, petroleum products, construction materials, - manufactures, machinery - partners: - France 64%, African countries 7%, US 5%, Japan 3% -External debt: $4.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate - 10% (1988 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 315,000 kW capacity; 995 million kWh produced, 920 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - petroleum, food and beverages, lumbering and plywood, textiles, mining - - manganese, uranium, gold, cement -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cash crops - - cocoa, coffee, palm oil; livestock not developed; importer of food; small - fishing operations provide a catch of about 20,000 metric tons; okoume (a - tropical softwood) is the most important timber product -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $68 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2,342 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $27 million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - -*Gabon, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Gabon, Communications - -Railroads: - 649 km 1.437-meter standard-gauge single track (Transgabonese Railroad) -Highways: - 7,500 km total; 560 km paved, 960 km laterite, 5,980 km earth -Inland waterways: - 1,600 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km -Ports: - Owendo, Port-Gentil, Libreville -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,563 GRT/25,330 DWT -Airports: - total: - 68 - usable: - 56 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 22 -Telecommunications: - adequate system of cable, radio relay, tropospheric scatter links and - radiocommunication stations; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 - FM, 3 (5 repeaters) TV; satellite earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - and 12 domestic satellite - -*Gabon, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Guard, National Gendarmerie, National - Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 269,066; fit for military service 135,836; reach military - age (20) annually 9,680 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $102 million, 3.2% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*The Gambia, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean almost completely - surrounded by Senegal -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 11,300 km2 - land area: - 10,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Delaware -Land boundaries: - total 740 km, Senegal 740 km -Coastline: - 80 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 18 nm - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of boundary with Senegal is indefinite -Climate: - tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November - to May) -Terrain: - flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 16% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 20% - other: - 55% -Irrigated land: - 120 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of Africa - -*The Gambia, People - -Population: - 930,249 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 46.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 126.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 49.61 years - male: - 47.41 years - female: - 51.87 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Gambian(s) - adjective: - Gambian -Ethnic divisions: - African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other - 4%), non-Gambian 1% -Religions: - Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% -Languages: - English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 27% - male: - 39% - female: - 16% -Labor force: - 400,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1% - note: - 55% population of working age (1983) - -*The Gambia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of The Gambia - conventional short form: - The Gambia -Digraph: - GA -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Banjul -Administrative divisions: - 5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Lower River, MacCarthy Island, North Bank,, Upper River, -Western -Independence: - 18 February 1965 (from UK; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 - December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be - known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989) -Constitution: - 24 April 1970 -Legal system: - based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 February (1965) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Progressive Party (PPP), Dawda K. JAWARA, secretary general; - National Convention Party (NCP), Sheriff DIBBA; Gambian People's Party - (GPP), Hassan Musa CAMARA; United Party (UP), leader NA; People's Democratic - Organization of Independence and Socialism (PDOIS), leader NA; People's - Democratic Party (PDP), Jabel SALLAH -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held by March 1992); results - PPP - 56.6%, NCP 27.6%, GPP 14.7%, PDOIS 1%; seats - (43 total, 36 elected) PPP - 31, NCP 5 - President: - last held on 11 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results - Sir Dawda - JAWARA (PPP) 61.1%, Sherif Mustapha DIBBA (NCP) 25.2%, Assan Musa CAMARA - (GPP) 13.7% -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba JAWARA (since 24 April 1970); Vice - President Saihou SABALLY (since NA) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ousman A. SALLAH - -*The Gambia, Government - - chancery: - Suite 720, 1030 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: - (202) 842-1356 or 842-1359 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Arlene RENDER - embassy: - Pipeline Road (Kairaba Avenue), Fajara, Banjul - mailing address: - P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul - telephone: - [220] 92856 or 92858, 91970, 91971 - FAX: - (220) 92475 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges, and green - -*The Gambia, Economy - -Overview: - The Gambia has no important mineral or other natural resources and has a - limited agricultural base. It is one of the world's poorest countries with a - per capita income of about $325. About 75% of the population is engaged in - crop production and livestock raising, which contribute 30% to GDP. - Small-scale manufacturing activity - processing peanuts, fish, and hides - - accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Tourism is a growing industry. The Gambia - imports one-third of its food, all fuel, and most manufactured goods. - Exports are concentrated on peanut products (about 75% of total value). -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $292 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991) -National product per capita: - $325 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $94 million; expenditures $80 million, including capital - expenditures of $25 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $133 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels - partners: - Japan 60%, Europe 29%, Africa 5%, US 1%, other 5% (1989) -Imports: - $174 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, manufactures, raw materials, fuel, machinery and transport - equipment - partners: - Europe 57%, Asia 25%, USSR and Eastern Europe 9%, US 6%, other 3% (1989) -External debt: - $336 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.7%; accounts for 5.8% of GDP (FY90) -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - peanut processing, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, - woodworking, metalworking, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of GDP and employs about 75% of the population; imports - one-third of food requirements; major export crop is peanuts; other - principal crops - millet, sorghum, rice, corn, cassava, palm kernels; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; forestry and fishing resources not fully - exploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $93 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $535 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $39 million -Currency: - 1 dalasi (D) = 100 bututs -Exchange rates: - dalasi (D) per US$1 - 8.673 (October 1992), 8.803 (1991), 7.883 (1990), - 7.5846 (1989), 6.7086 (1988), 7.0744 (1987) - -*The Gambia, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*The Gambia, Communications - -Highways: - 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 400 km -Ports: - Banjul -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones; broadcast - stations - 3 AM, 2 FM; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*The Gambia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Gendarmerie, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 201,026; fit for military service 101,642 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Gaza Strip, Header - -Note: - The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in - control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan - Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords and reaffirmed by - President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the - West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a - peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will - resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, - it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - has yet to be determined. In the US view, the term West Bank describes all - of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before - the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. With respect to negotiations envisaged in the - framework agreement, however, it is US policy that a distinction must be - made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's - special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the - final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the - rest of the West Bank. - -*Gaza Strip, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and - Israel -Map references: - Middle East -Area: - total area: - 380 km2 - land area: - 380 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 62 km, Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -International disputes: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -Climate: - temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers -Terrain: - flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 13% - permanent crops: - 32% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 55% -Irrigated land: 200 km2 -Environment: - desertification - -*Gaza Strip, People - -Population: - 705,834 (July 1993 est.) - note: - in addition, there are 4,000 Jewish settlers in the Gaza Strip (1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.56% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 38.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.26 years - male: - 66.01 years - female: - 68.57 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.51 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - NA - adjective: - NA -Ethnic divisions: - Palestinian Arab and other 99.8%, Jewish 0.2% -Religions: - Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 99%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.3% -Languages: - Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers), English (widely understood) -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - small industry, commerce and business 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and - other 25.5%, agriculture 18.1% (1984) - note: - excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - -*Gaza Strip, Government - -Note: - The Gaza Strip is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and - Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the - Gaza Strip will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. - These negotiations will determine how this area is to be governed. -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Gaza Strip - local long form: - none - local short form: - Qita Ghazzah -Digraph: - GZ - -*Gaza Strip, Economy - -Overview: - In 1990 roughly 40% of Gaza Strip workers were employed across the border by - Israeli industrial, construction, and agricultural enterprises, with worker - remittances accounting for about one-third of GNP. The construction, - agricultural, and industrial sectors account for about 15%, 12%, and 8% of - GNP, respectively. Gaza depends upon Israel for some 90% of its external - trade. Unrest in the territory in 1988-93 (intifadah) has raised - unemployment and substantially lowered the standard of living of Gazans. The - Persian Gulf crisis and its aftershocks also have dealt severe blows to Gaza - since August 1990. Worker remittances from the Gulf states have plunged, - unemployment has increased, and exports have fallen dramatically. The area's - economic outlook remains bleak. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $380 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -30% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $590 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $33.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY88) -Exports: - $30 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - citrus - partners: Israel, Egypt -Imports: - $255 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - food, consumer goods, construction materials - partners: - Israel, Egypt -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for about 8% of GNP -Electricity: - power supplied by Israel -Industries: - generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood - carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some - small-scale modern industries in an industrial center -Agriculture: - accounts for about 12% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - beef, dairy products -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.4591 (1992), - 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -*Gaza Strip, Communications - -Railroads: - one line, abandoned and in disrepair, some trackage remains -Highways: - small, poorly developed indigenous road network -Ports: - facilities for small boats to service the city of Gaza -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - no AM, no FM, no TV - -*Gaza Strip, Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 136,311; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Georgia, Header - -Note: - Georgia is currently besieged by conflicts driven by separatists in its - Abkazian and South Ossetian enclaves, and supporters of ousted President - GAMAKHURDIA control much of western Georgia - -*Georgia, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia -Map references: - Africa, Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 69,700 km2 - land area: - 69,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 - km -Coastline: - 310 km -Maritime claims: - note: - 12 nm in 1973 USSR-Turkish Protocol concerning the sea boundary between the - two states in the Black Sea; Georgia claims the coastline along the Black - Sea as its international waters, although it cannot control this area and - the Russian navy and commercial ships transit freely -International disputes: - none -Climate: - warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast -Terrain: - largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser - Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in - the west; Kura River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood - plains, foothills of Kolkhida lowland -Natural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal - and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and - citrus growth -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - 4,660 km2 (1990) -Environment: - air pollution, particularly in Rustavi; heavy pollution of Kura River, Black - Sea - -*Georgia, People - -Population: - 5,634,296 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.85% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 16.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) note - this data may be low - because of movement of Ossetian, Russian, and Abkhaz refugees due to ongoing - conflicts -Infant mortality rate: - 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.58 years - male: - 68.89 years - female: - 76.46 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.21 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Georgian(s) - adjective: - Georgian -Ethnic divisions: - Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz - 1.8%, other 5% -Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox - 8%, unknown 6% -Languages: - Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7% -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 2.763 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44% - (1990) - -*Georgia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Georgia - conventional short form: - Georgia - local long form: - Sakartvelo Respublika - local short form: - Sakartvelo - former: - Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - GG -Type: - republic -Capital: - T'bilisi (Tbilisi) -Administrative divisions: - 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); - Abkhazia (Sukhumi), Ajaria (Batumi) - note: - the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in - parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under - direct republic jurisdiction; also included is the South Ossetia Autonomous - Oblast -Independence: - 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted NA 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and - popular review by late 1995 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 9 April 1991 -Political parties and leaders: - All-Georgian Merab Kostava Society, Vazha ADAMIA, chairman; All-Georgian - Traditionalists' Union, Akakiy ASATIANI, chairman; Georgian National Front - - Radical Union, Ruslan GONGADZE, chairman; Georgian Social Democratic Party, - Guram MUCHAIDZE, chairman; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA, chairman; - Monarchist-Conservative Party (MCP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI, chairman; Georgian - Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE, chairman; National Democratic Party - (NDP), Georgi CHANTURIA, chairman; National Independence Party (NIP), Irakli - TSERETELI and Irakli BATIASHVILI, chairmen; Charter 1991 Party, Tedo - PAATASHVILI, chairman; Democratic Georgia Party, Georgiy SHENGELAYA, - Chairman; Peace Bloc; Unity; October 11 -Other political or pressure groups: - supporters of ousted President GAMSAKHURDIA boycotted the October elections - and remain an important source of opposition and instability -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Chairman of Parliament: - last held NA October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - Eduard - SHEVARDNADZE 95% - -*Georgia, Government - - Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): - last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA; note - - representatives of 26 parties elected; Peace Bloc, October 11, Unity, - National Democratic Party, and the Greens Party won the largest - representation -Executive branch: - chairman of Parliament, Council of Ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (since 10 March - 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Tengiz SIGUA (since NA January 1992); First Deputy Prime - Minister Roman GOTSIRIDZE (since NA); Deputy Prime Ministers Aleksandr - KAVADZE, Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since NA) -Member of: - BSEC, CSCE, EBRD, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - NA - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN - embassy: - #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - (7) 8832-74-46-23 -Flag: - maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle - divided horizontally with black on top, white below - -*Georgia, Economy - -Overview: - Among the former Soviet republics, Georgia has been noted for its Black Sea - tourist industry, its large output of citrus fruits and tea, and an - industrial sector that accounted, however, for less than 2% of the USSR's - output. Another salient characteristic of the economy has been a flourishing - private sector (compared with the other republics). About 25% of the labor - force is employed in agriculture. Mineral resources consist of manganese and - copper, and, to a lesser extent, molybdenum, arsenic, tungsten, and mercury. - Except for very small quantities of domestic oil, gas, and coal, fuel must - be imported from neighboring republics. Oil and its products have been - delivered by pipeline from Azerbaijan to the port of Batumi for export and - local refining. Gas has been supplied in pipelines from Krasnodar and - Stavropol'. The dismantling of central economic controls has been delayed by - political factionalism, marked by bitter armed struggles. In early 1993 the - Georgian economy was operating at well less than half capacity due to - disruptions in fuel supplies and vital transportation links as a result of - conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, antigovernment activity in Western - Georgia, and Azerbaijani pressure against Georgian assistance for Armenia. - To restore economic viability, Georgia must establish domestic peace and - must maintain economic ties to the other former Soviet republics while - developing new links to the West. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -35% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 50% per month (January 1993 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3% but large numbers of underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - citrus fruits, tea, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; - ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles - partners: - Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992) -Imports: $NA - commodities: - machinery and parts, fuel, transport equipment, textiles - partners: - Russia, Ukraine (1992) -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -50% (1992) -Electricity: - 4,875,000 kW capacity; 15,800 million kWh produced, about 2,835 kWh per - capita (1992) - -*Georgia, Economy - -Industries: - heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, cement, lumber; - machine tools, foundry equipment, electric mining locomotives, tower cranes, - electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation, meat packing, - dairy, and fishing industries; air-conditioning electric motors up to 100 kW - in size, electric motors for cranes, magnetic starters for motors; devices - for control of industrial processes; trucks, tractors, and other farm - machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes -Agriculture: - accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; - berries and grapes; sugar; vegetables, grains, potatoes; cattle, pigs, - sheep, goats, poultry; tobacco -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari - at undetermined future date; Russian ruble remains official currency until - introduction of the lari -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Georgia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,570 km, does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 33,900 km total; 29,500 km hard surfaced, 4,400 km earth (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 370 km, refined products 300 km, natural gas 440 km (1992) -Ports: - coastal - Batumi, Poti, Sukhumi -Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 658,192 GRT/1,014,056 DWT; includes 16 - bulk cargo, 30 oil tanker, and 1 specialized liquid carrier -Airports: - total: - 37 - useable: - 26 - with permanent-surface runways: - 19 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 9 -Telecommunications: - poor telephone service; as of 1991, 672,000 republic telephone lines - providing 12 lines per 100 persons; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for - telephones (31 January 1992); international links via landline to CIS - members and Turkey; low capacity satellite earth station and leased - international connections via the Moscow international gateway switch; - international electronic mail and telex service established -Note: - transportation network is disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, - and fuel shortages - -*Georgia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, National Guard, Interior Ministry Troops -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,338,606; fit for military service 1,066,309; reach - military age (18) annually 43,415 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GNP -Note: - Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's - control - -*Germany, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, bordering the North Sea between France and Poland -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 356,910 km2 - land area: - 349,520 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Montana - note: - includes the formerly separate Federal Republic of Germany, the German - Democratic Republic, and Berlin following formal unification on 3 October - 1990 -Land boundaries: - total 3,621 km, Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, - Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland - 456 km, Switzerland 334 km -Coastline: - 2,389 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm in North Sea and Schleswig-Holstein coast of Baltic Sea (extends, at - one point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander Bucht); 12 nm in remainder of Baltic - Sea -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional - warm, tropical foehn wind; high relative humidity -Terrain: - lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south -Natural resources: - iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, - nickel -Land use: - arable land: - 34% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 16% - forest and woodland: - 30% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 4,800 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - air and water pollution; groundwater, lakes, and air quality in eastern - Germany are especially bad; significant deforestation in the eastern - mountains caused by air pollution and acid rain - -*Germany, Geography - -Note: - strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance to the - Baltic Sea - -*Germany, People - -Population: - 80,767,591 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.4% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76 years - male: - 73 years - female: - 79 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - German(s) - adjective: - German -Ethnic divisions: - German 95.1%, Turkish 2.3%, Italians 0.7%, Greeks 0.4%, Poles 0.4%, other - 1.1% (made up largely of people fleeing the war in the former Yugoslavia) -Religions: - Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 37%, unaffiliated or other 18% -Languages: - German -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1977 est.) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 36.75 million - by occupation: - industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987) - -*Germany, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Federal Republic of Germany conventional short form: - Germany - local long form: - Bundesrepublik Deutschland - local short form: - Deutschland -Digraph: - GM -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Berlin - note: - the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with - Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several ministries -Administrative divisions: - 16 states (laender, singular - land); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, - Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, - Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, - Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen -Independence: - 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of - occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; - Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and - included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic - (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR - zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October - 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 -Constitution: - 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law -Legal system: - civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative - acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - German Unity Day, 3 October (1990) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social - Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus - KINKEL, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD); Green Party, Ludger VOLMER, - Christine WEISKE, co-chairmen (after the 2 December 1990 election the East - and West German Green Parties united); Alliance 90 united to form one party - in September 1991, Petra MORAWE, chairwoman; Party of Democratic Socialism - (PDS), Gregor GYSI, chairman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National - Democratic Party (NPD), Walter BACHMANN; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER -Other political or pressure groups: - expellee, refugee, and veterans groups -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*Germany, Government - -Elections: - Federal Diet: last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held October 1994); results - CDU - 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS - 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other - 2.1%; seats - (662 total, 656 statutory with special rules to allow for - slight expansion) CDU 268, SPD 239, FDP 79, CSU 51, PDS 17, Alliance - 90/Green Party (East Germany) 8; note - special rules for this election - allowed former East German parties to win seats if they received at least 5% - of vote in eastern Germany -Executive branch: - president, chancellor, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral parliament (no official name for the two chambers as a whole) - consists of an upper chamber or Federal Council (Bundesrat) and a lower - chamber or Federal Diet (Bundestag) -Judicial branch: - Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984) - Head of Government: - Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BDEAC, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CDB - (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-5, - G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNHCR, UNTAC, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Juergen RUHFUS - chancery: - 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 298-4000 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - San Francisco, Seattle - consulates: - Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands) and Wellington (America - Samoa) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert M. KIMMITT - embassy: - Deichmanns Avenue, 5300 Bonn 2, Unit 21701 - mailing address: - APO AE 09080 - telephone: - [49] (228) 3391 - FAX: - [49] (228) 339-2663 - branch office: - Berlin - consulates general: - Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich, and Stuttgart -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and yellow - -*Germany, Economy - -Overview: - With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, prospects seemed - bright for a fairly rapid incorporation of East Germany into the highly - successful West German economy. The Federal Republic, however, continues to - experience difficulties in integrating and modernizing eastern Germany, and - the tremendous costs of unification have sunk western Germany deeper into - recession. The western German economy grew by less than 1% in 1992 as the - Bundesbank set high interest rates to offset the inflationary effects of - large government deficits and high wage settlements. Eastern Germany grew by - 6.8% in 1992 but this was from a shrunken base. Despite government transfers - to the east amounting to nearly $110 billion annually, a self-sustaining - economy in the region is still some years away. The bright spots are eastern - Germany's construction, transportation, telecommunications, and service - sectors, which have experienced strong growth. Western Germany has an - advanced market economy and is a world leader in exports. It has a highly - urbanized and skilled population that enjoys excellent living standards, - abundant leisure time, and comprehensive social welfare benefits. Western - Germany is relatively poor in natural resources, coal being the most - important mineral. Western Germany's world-class companies manufacture - technologically advanced goods. The region's economy is mature: services and - manufacturing account for the dominant share of economic activity, and raw - materials and semimanufactured goods constitute a large portion of imports. - In recent years, manufacturing has accounted for about 31% of GDP, with - other sectors contributing lesser amounts. Gross fixed investment in 1992 - accounted for about 21.5% of GDP. GDP in the western region is now $20,000 - per capita, or 85% of US per capita GDP. Eastern Germany's economy appears - to be changing from one anchored on manufacturing into a more - service-oriented economy. The German government, however, is intent on - maintaining a manufacturing base in the east and is considering a policy for - subsidizing industrial cores in the region. Eastern Germany's share of - all-German GDP is only 7% and eastern productivity is just 30% that of the - west even though eastern wages are at roughly 70% of western levels. The - privatization agency for eastern Germany, Treuhand, has privatized more than - four-fifths of the almost 12,000 firms under its control and will likely - wind down operations in 1994. Private investment in the region continues to - be lackluster, resulting primarily from the deepening recession in western - Germany and excessively high eastern wages. Eastern Germany has one of the - world's largest reserves of low-grade lignite coal but little else in the - way of mineral resources. The quality of statistics from eastern Germany is - improving, yet many gaps remain; the federal government began producing - all-German data for select economic statistics at the start of 1992. The - most challenging economic problem is promoting eastern Germany's economic - reconstruction - specifically, finding the right mix of fiscal, monetary, - regulatory, and tax policies that will spur investment in eastern Germany - - without destabilizing western Germany's economy or damaging relations with - West European partners. The government hopes a "solidarity pact" among labor - unions, business, state governments, and the SPD opposition will provide the - right mix of wage restraints, investment incentives, and spending cuts to - stimulate eastern recovery. Finally, the homogeneity of the German economic - culture has been changed by the admission of large numbers of immigrants. -National product: - Germany: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.398 trillion (1992) - western: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.294 trillion (1992) - eastern: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $104 billion (1992) - -*Germany, Economy - -National product real growth rate: - Germany: - 1.5% (1992) - western: - 0.9% (1992) - eastern: - 8% (1992) -National product per capita: - Germany: - $17,400 (1992) - western: - $20,000 (1992) - eastern: - $6,500 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - western: - 4% (1992) - eastern: - NA% -Unemployment rate: - western: - 7.1% (1992) - eastern: - 13.5% (December 1992) -Budget: - western (federal, state, local): - revenues $684 billion; expenditures $704 billion, including capital - expenditures $NA (1990) - eastern: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $378.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactures 86.6% (including machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor - vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 4.9%, raw - materials 2.3%, fuels 1.3% - partners: - EC 54.3% (France 12.9%, Netherlands 8.3%, Italy 9.3%, UK 7.7%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 7.4%), other Western Europe 17.0%, US 6.4%, Eastern - Europe 5.6%, OPEC 3.4% (1992) -Imports: - $354.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: manufactures 68.5%, agricultural products 12.0%, fuels 9.7%, raw materials - 7.1% - partners: - EC 52.0 (France 12.0%, Netherlands 9.6%, Italy 9.2%, UK 6.8%, - Belgium-Luxembourg 7.0%), other Western Europe 15.2%, US 6.6%, Eastern - Europe 5.5%, OPEC 2.4% (1992) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - western: - growth rates -5% (1992 est.) - eastern: - $NA -Electricity: - 134,000,000 kW capacity; 580,000 million kWh produced, 7,160 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Germany, Economy - -Industries: - western: - among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, - machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics; food and beverages - eastern: - metal fabrication, chemicals, brown coal, shipbuilding, machine building, - food and beverages, textiles, petroleum refining -Agriculture: - western: - accounts for about 2% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); diversified - crop and livestock farming; principal crops and livestock include potatoes, - wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbage, cattle, pigs, poultry; net - importer of food; fish catch of 202,000 metric tons in 1987 - eastern: - accounts for about 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal - crops - wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, fruit; livestock products - include pork, beef, chicken, milk, hides and skins; net importer of food; - fish catch of 193,600 metric tons in 1987 -Illicit drugs: - source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine processors -Economic aid: - western: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $75.5 billion - eastern: - donor - $4.0 billion extended bilaterally to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - 1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige -Exchange rates: - deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 - (1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Germany, Communications - -Railroads: - western: - 31,443 km total; 27,421 km government owned, 1.435-meter standard gauge - (12,491 km double track, 11,501 km electrified); 4,022 km nongovernment - owned, including 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (214 km electrified) - and 424 km 1.000-meter gauge (186 km electrified) - eastern: - 14,025 km total; 13,750 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 275 km 1.000-meter or - other narrow gauge; 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-meter standard gauge double-track; - 3,475 km overhead electrified (1988) -Highways: - western: - 466,305 km total; 169,568 km primary, includes 6,435 km autobahn, 32,460 km - national highways (Bundesstrassen), 65,425 km state highways - (Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads (Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of - secondary communal roads (Gemeindestrassen) - eastern: - 124,604 km total; 47,203 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,855 - km are autobahn and limited access roads, 11,326 km are trunk roads, and - 34,022 km are regional roads; 77,401 km municipal roads (1988) -Inland waterways: - western: - 5,222 km, of which almost 70% are usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton - capacity or larger; major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is - an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea - eastern: - 2,319 km (1988) -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,644 km; petroleum products 3,946 km; natural gas 97,564 km - (1988) -Ports: - coastal - Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Cuxhaven, Emden, Bremen, Hamburg, Kiel, - Lubeck, Wilhelmshaven, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz; inland - 31 - major on Rhine and Elbe rivers -Merchant marine: - 565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,928,759 GRT/6,292,193 DWT; includes - 5 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger, 303 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 134 - container, 28 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 7 barge carrier, 9 - oil tanker, 21 chemical tanker, 17 liquefied gas tanker, 5 combination - ore/oil, 6 combination bulk, 12 bulk; note - the German register includes - ships of the former East and West Germany; during 1991 the fleet underwent - major restructuring as surplus ships were sold off -Airports: - total: - 499 - usable: - 492 - with permanent-surface runways: - 271 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 59 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 67 - -*Germany, Communications - -Telecommunications: - western: - highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the - country; fully adequate in all respects; 40,300,000 telephones; intensively - developed, highly redundant cable and microwave radio relay networks, all - completely automatic; broadcast stations - 80 AM, 470 FM, 225 (6,000 - repeaters) TV; 6 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 12 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT antennas, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT antennas, - EUTELSAT, and domestic systems; 2 HF radiocommunication centers; - tropospheric links - eastern: - badly needs modernization; 3,970,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 23 AM, - 17 FM, 21 TV (15 Soviet TV repeaters); 6,181,860 TVs; 6,700,000 radios; 1 - satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT and Intersputnik systems - -*Germany, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 20,295,655; fit for military service 17,577,570; reach - military age (18) annually 411,854 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $42.4 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1992) - -*Ghana, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and - Togo -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 238,540 km2 - land area: - 230,020 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - total 2,093 km, Burkina 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km -Coastline: - 539 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in - southwest; hot and dry in north -Terrain: - mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area -Natural resources: - gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: - 15% - forest and woodland: - 37% - other: - 36% -Irrigated land: - 80 km2 (1989) -Environment: - recent drought in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind - (January to March) -Note: - Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake - -*Ghana, People - -Population: - 16,699,105 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.12% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 84.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 55.19 years - male: 53.27 years - female: - 57.17 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.21 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ghanaian(s) - adjective: - Ghanaian -Ethnic divisions: - black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga - 8%), European and other 0.2% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8% -Languages: - English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, - and Ga) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 60% - male: - 70% - female: - 51% -Labor force: - 3.7 million - by occupation: - agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, - services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7% - note: - 48% of population of working age (1983) - -*Ghana, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Ghana - conventional short form: - Ghana - former: - Gold Coast -Digraph: - GH -Type: - constitutional democracy -Capital: - Accra -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, - Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western -Independence: - 6 March 1957 (from UK) -Constitution: - new constitution approved 28 April 1992 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 March (1957) -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Congress, Jerry John Rawlings; New Patriotic Party, - Albert Adu BOAHEN; People's Heritage Party, Alex Erskine; various other - smaller parties -Suffrage: - universal at 18 -Elections: - President: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA) - National Assembly: - last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA) -Executive branch: - president, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, - ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, - UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dr. Joseph ABBEY - chancery: - 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 686-4520 - consulate general: - New York - -*Ghana, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN - embassy: - Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra - mailing address: - P. O. Box 194, Accra - telephone: - [233] (21) 775348, 775349, 775295 or 775298 - FAX: [233] (21) 776008 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large - black five-pointed star centered in the gold band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a - coat of arms centered in the yellow band - -*Ghana, Economy - -Overview: - Supported by substantial international assistance, Ghana has been - implementing a steady economic rebuilding program since 1983, including - moves toward privatization and relaxation of government controls. Heavily - dependent on cocoa, gold, and timber exports, economic growth so far has not - spread substantially to other areas of the economy. The costs of sending - peacekeeping forces to Liberia and preparing for the transition to a - democratic government have boosted government expenditures and undercut - structural adjustment reforms. Ghana opened a stock exchange in 1990. - Meanwhile, declining world commodity prices for Ghana's exports has placed - the government under severe financial pressure. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.9% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $410 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $905 million, including capital - expenditures of $200 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - cocoa 45%, gold, timber, tuna, bauxite, and aluminum - partners: - Germany 29%, UK 12%, US 12%, Japan 5% -Imports: - $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 16%, consumer goods, foods, intermediate goods, capital equipment - partners: - UK 23%, US 11%, Germany 10%, Japan 6% -External debt: - $4.6 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.6% in manufacturing (1991); accounts for almost 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,180,000 kW capacity; 4,490 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum, food processing -Agriculture: accounts for about 50% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); the major - cash crop is cocoa; other principal crops - rice, coffee, cassava, peanuts, - corn, shea nuts, timber; normally self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $455 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $78 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $106 - million -Currency: - 1 cedi (C) = 100 pesewas -Exchange rates: - ceolis per US$1 - 437 (July 1992) - -*Ghana, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Ghana, Communications - -Railroads: - 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; railroads undergoing - major renovation -Highways: - 32,250 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel, - laterite, and improved earth surfaces -Inland waterways: - Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for - launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder - waterways -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - Tema, Takoradi -Merchant marine: - 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 59,293 GRT/78,246 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 10 - usable: - 9 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 6 -Telecommunications: - poor to fair system handled primarily by microwave radio relay links; 42,300 - telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 4 (8 translators) TV; 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Ghana, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force, Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3,766,073; fit for military service 2,105,865; reach - military age (18) annually 171,145 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $30 million, less than 1% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Gibraltar, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Gibraltar, Geography - -Location: - Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the - North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of - Spain -Map references: - Africa, Europe -Area: - total area: - 6.5 km2 - land area: - 6.5 km2 - comparative area: - about 11 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 1.2 km, Spain 1.2 km -Coastline: - 12 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 3 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - source of occasional friction between Spain and the UK -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers -Terrain: - a narrow coastal lowland borders The Rock -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - natural freshwater sources are meager, so large water catchments (concrete - or natural rock) collect rain water -Note: - strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic - Ocean and Mediterranean Sea - -*Gibraltar, People - -Population: - 31,508 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.53% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.89 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.06 years - male: - 73.18 years - female: - 78.91 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Gibraltarian(s) - adjective: - Gibraltar -Ethnic divisions: - Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, Spanish -Religions: - Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 11% (Church of England 8%, other 3%), Moslem - 8%, Jewish 2%, none or other 5% (1981) -Languages: - English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, - Portuguese, Russian -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) - note: - UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the - labor force - -*Gibraltar, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Gibraltar -Digraph: - GI -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Gilbraltar -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 30 May 1969 -Legal system: - English law -National holiday: - Commonwealth Day (second Monday of March) -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Labor Party (SL), Joe BOSSANO; Gibraltar Labor Party/Association - for the Advancement of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), leader NA; Gibraltar Social - Democrats, Peter CARUANA; Gibraltar National Party, Joe GARCIA -Other political or pressure groups: - Housewives Association; Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives - Organization -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects resident six months or - more -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held on 16 January 1992 (next to be held January 1996); results - SL - 73.3%; seats - (18 total, 15 elected) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief minister, Gibraltar Council, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor and - Commander in Chief Adm. Sir Derek REFFELL (since NA 1989) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Joe BOSSANO (since 25 March 1988) -Member of: - INTERPOL (subbureau) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -US diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a - three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the - castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band - -*Gibraltar, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends heavily on British defense expenditures, revenue from - tourists, fees for services to shipping, and revenues from banking and - finance activities. Because more than 70% of the economy is in the public - sector, changes in government spending have a major impact on the level of - employment. Construction workers are particularly affected when government - expenditures are cut. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $182 million (FY87) -National product real growth rate: - 5% (FY87) -National product per capita: - $4,600 (FY87) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $136 million; expenditures $139 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY88) -Exports: - $82 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - (principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%, other 8% - partners: - UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, FRG -Imports: - $258 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs - partners: - UK, Spain, Japan, Netherlands -External debt: - $318 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 47,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 6,740 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, banking and finance, construction, commerce; support to large UK - naval and air bases; transit trade and supply depot in the port; light - manufacturing of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, - and canned fish -Agriculture: - none -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $0.8 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $188 million -Currency: - 1 Gibraltar pound (#G) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Gibraltar pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), - 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the - Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Gibraltar, Communications - -Railroads: - 1.000-meter-gauge system in dockyard area only -Highways: - 50 km, mostly good bitumen and concrete -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - Gibraltar -Merchant marine: - 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 642,446 GRT/1,141,592 DWT; includes 4 - cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 18 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, - 5 bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international - radiocommunication and microwave facilities; 9,400 telephones; broadcast - stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Gibraltar, Defense Forces - -Branches: - British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Glorioso Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Glorioso Islands, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the Indian Ocean just north of Madagascar -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - 5 km2 - land area: - 5 km2 - comparative area: - about 8.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC - note: - includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 35.2 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: NA -Natural resources: - guano, coconuts -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones - -*Glorioso Islands, People - -Population: - unihabited - -*Glorioso Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Glorioso Islands - local long form: - none - local short form: - Iles Glorieuses -Digraph: - GO -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in - Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Glorioso Islands, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Glorioso Islands, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runsways over 3,6359 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 - -*Glorioso Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Greece, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea between Turkey and Bulgaria -Map references: - Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 131,940 km2 - land area: - 130,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Alabama -Land boundaries: - total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia - 228 km -Coastline: - 13,676 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 6 nm, but Greece has threatened to claim 12 nm -International disputes: - air, continental shelf, and territorial water disputes with Turkey in Aegean - Sea; Cyprus question; northern Epirus question with Albania; Macedonia - question with Bulgaria and Macedonia -Climate: - temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of - islands -Natural resources: - bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble -Land use: - arable land: - 23% - permanent crops: - 8% - meadows and pastures: - 40% - forest and woodland: - 20% - other: - 9% -Irrigated land: - 11,900 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes; air pollution -Note: - strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to - Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about - 2,000 islands - -*Greece, People - -Population: - 10,470,460 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.95% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 10.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.36 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 8.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.5 years - male: - 75.02 years - female: - 80.12 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Greek(s) - adjective: Greek -Ethnic divisions: - Greek 98%, other 2% - note: - the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece -Religions: - Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% -Languages: - Greek (official), English, French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 93% - male: - 98% - female: - 89% -Labor force: - 3,966,900 - by occupation: - services 45%, agriculture 27%, industry 28% (1990) - -*Greece, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Hellenic Republic - conventional short form: - Greece - local long form: - Elliniki Dhimokratia - local short form: - Ellas - former: - Kingdom of Greece -Digraph: - GR -Type: - presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 - December 1974 -Capital: - Athens -Administrative divisions: - 52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, - Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, - Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, - Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, - Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, - Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, - Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, - Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt. - Athos) -Independence: - 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - 11 June 1975 -Legal system: - based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and - administrative courts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence) -Political parties and leaders: - New Democracy (ND; conservative), Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS; Panhellenic - Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Left Alliance, Maria - DAMANAKI; Democratic Renewal (DIANA), Konstantinos STEFANOPOULOS; Communist - Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 4 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - Konstantinos - KARAMANLIS was elected by Parliament - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 8 April 1990 (next must be held by May 1994); results - ND 46.89%, - PASOK 38.62%, Left Alliance 10.27%, PASOK/Left Alliance 1.02%, - Ecologist-Alternative List 0.77%, DIANA 0.67%, Muslim independents 0.5%; - seats - (300 total) ND 150, PASOK 123, Left Alliance 19, PASOK-Left Alliance - 4, Muslim independents 2, DEANA 1, Ecologist-Alternative List 1 - note: - deputies shifting from one party to another and the dissolution of party - coalitions have resulted in the following seating arrangement: ND 152, PASOK - 124, Left Alliance 14, KKE 7, Muslim deputies 2, Ecologist-Alternative List - 1 - -*Greece, Government - -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Greek Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme Tribunal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Konstantinos KARAMANLIS (since 5 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Konstantinos MITSOTAKIS (since 11 April 1990) -Member of: - Australian Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, - FAO, G-6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, - NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WEU (observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Christos ZACHARAKIS - chancery: - 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: - (202) 939-5800 - FAX: - (202) 939-5824 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco - consulate: - New Orleans -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James A. WILLIAMS - embassy: - 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens - mailing address: - PSC 108, Box 56, APO AE 09842 - telephone: - [30] (1) 721-2951 or 721-8401 - FAX: - [30] (1) 645-6282 - consulate general: - Thessaloniki -Flag: - nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a - blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross - symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country - -*Greece, Economy - -Overview: - Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic entrepreneurial system - overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that enlarged the public sector - from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% when Prime Minister MITSOTAKIS took - office. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and - agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal - feedstuffs. Since 1986, real GDP growth has averaged only 1.6% a year, - compared with the Europen Community average of 3%. The MITSOTAKIS government - has made little progress during its two and one-half years in power in - coming to grips with Greece's main economic problems: an inflation rate - still four times the EC average, a large public sector deficit, and a - fragile current account position. In early 1991, the government secured a - three-year, $2.5 billion assistance package from the EC under the strictest - terms yet imposed on a member country, as the EC finally ran out of patience - with Greece's failure to put its financial affairs in order. On the advice - of the EC Commission, Greece delayed applying for the second installment - until 1993 because of the failure of the government to meet the 1992 - targets. Although MITSOTAKIS faced down the unions in mid-1992 in a dispute - over privatization plans, social security reform, and tax and price - increases, and his new economics czar, Stephanos MANOS, is a respected - economist committed to renovating the ailing economy. However, a national - elections due by May 1994 will probably prompt MITSOTAKIS to backtrack on - economic reform. In 1993, the GDP growth rate likely will remain low; the - inflation rate probably will continue to fall, while remaining the highest - in the EC. -National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $82.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.2% (1992) -National product per capita: - $8,200 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15.6% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 9.1% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $37.6 billion; expenditures $45.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $5.4 billion (1993) -Exports: - $6.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 31%, fuels 9% - partners: - Germany 24%, France 18%, Italy 17%, UK 7%, US 6% -Imports: - $21.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 71%, foodstuffs 14%, fuels 10% - partners: - Germany 20%, Italy 14%, France 8%, UK 5%, US 4% -External debt: - $23.7 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.0% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 10,500,000 kW capacity; 36,400 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Greece, Economy - -Industries: - food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, - mining, petroleum -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of the labor - force; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, - tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, - dairy products, and animal feedstuffs; fish catch of 116,600 metric tons in - 1988 -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly for domestic - production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis - and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor - chemicals to the East; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin - transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,390 million -Currency: - 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta -Exchange rates: - drachma (Dr) per US$1 - 215.82 (January 1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991), - 158.51 (1990), 162.42 (1989), 141.86 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Greece, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,479 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, of which 36 km - electrified and 100 km double track; 892 km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km - 0.750-meter narrow gauge; all government owned -Highways: - 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 - km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal - (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth - with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to - Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers -Pipelines: - crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km -Ports: - Piraievs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki -Merchant marine: - 998 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,483,768 GRT/47,047,285 DWT; - includes 14 passenger, 66 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 128 cargo, - 26 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle - carrier, 214 oil tanker, 19 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 42 combination - ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 424 bulk, 22 combination bulk, 1 livestock - carrier; note - ethnic Greeks also own large numbers of ships under the - registry of Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Malta, and The Bahamas -Airports: - total: - 78 - usable: - 77 - with permanent-surface runways: - 63 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 24 -Telecommunications: - adequate, modern networks reach all areas; 4,080,000 telephones; microwave - radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine - cables to off-shore islands; broadcast stations - 29 AM, 17 (20 repeaters) - FM, 361 TV; tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 1 satellite earth - station operating in INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna), - and EUTELSAT systems - -*Greece, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,606,267; fit for military service 1,996,835; reach - military age (21) annually 73,541 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $4.2 billion, 5.1% of GDP (1992) - -*Greenland, Header - -Affiliation: - (part of the Danish realm) - -*Greenland, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Canada and Norway -Map references: - Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,175,600 km2 - land area: - 341,700 km2 (ice free) - comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 44,087 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan - Mayen -Climate: - arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters -Terrain: - flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow, mountainous, - barren, rocky coast -Natural resources: - zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 99% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - sparse population confined to small settlements along coast; continuous - permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island -Note: - dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe - -*Greenland, People - -Population: - 56,533 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 28.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 66.19 years - male: - 61.79 years - female: - 70.6 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Greenlander(s) - adjective: - Greenlandic -Ethnic divisions: - Greenlander 86% (Eskimos and Greenland-born Caucasians), Danish 14% -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran -Languages: - Eskimo dialects, Danish -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% female: - NA% -Labor force: - 22,800 - by occupation: - largely engaged in fishing, hunting, sheep breeding - -*Greenland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Greenland - local long form: - none - local short form: - Kalaallit Nunaat -Digraph: - GL -Type: - part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative division -Capital: - Nuuk (Godthab) -Administrative divisions: - 3 municipalities (kommuner, singular - kommun); Nordgronland, Ostgronland, - Vestgronland -Independence: - none (part of the Danish realm; self-governing overseas administrative - division) -Constitution: - Danish -Legal system: - Danish -National holiday: - Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940) -Political parties and leaders: - two-party ruling coalition; Siumut (a moderate socialist party that - advocates more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from - Denmark), Lars Emil JOHANSEN, chairman; Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA; a - Marxist-Leninist party that favors complete independence from Denmark rather - than home rule), Arqaluk LYNGE; Atassut Party (a more conservative party - that favors continuing close relations with Denmark), leader NA; Polar Party - (conservative-Greenland nationalist), Lars CHEMNITZ; Center Party (a new - nonsocialist protest party), leader NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Danish Folketing: - last held on 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); Greenland - elects two representatives to the Folketing; results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (2 total) Siumut 1, Atassut 1 - Landsting: - last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held 5 March 1995); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) Siumut 11, Atassut Party 8, Inuit - Ataqatigiit 5, Center Party 2, Polar Party 1 -Executive branch: - Danish monarch, high commissioner, home rule chairman, prime minister, - Cabinet (Landsstyre) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Landsting) -Judicial branch: - High Court (Landsret) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner - Torben Hede PEDERSEN (since NA) - -*Greenland, Government - - Head of Government: - Home Rule Chairman Lars Emil JOHANSEN (since 15 March 1991) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -US diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark) -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk slightly - to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is red, the bottom - half is white - -*Greenland, Economy - -Overview: - Greenland's economic situation at present is difficult and unemployment - increases. Prospects for economic growth in the immediate future are not - bright. The Home Rule Government's economic restraint measures introduced in - the late 1980s have assisted in shifting red figures into a balance in the - public budget. Foreign trade produced a surplus in 1989 and 1990, but has - now returned to a deficit. Following the closing of the Black Angel lead and - zinc mine in 1989, Greenland today is fully dependent on fishing and fish - processing, this sector accounting for 95% of exports. Prospects for - fisheries are not bright, as the important shrimp catches will at best - stabilize and cod catches have dropped. Resumption of mining and hydrocarbon - activities is not around the corner, thus leaving only tourism with some - potential for the near future. The public sector in Greenland, i.e. the HRG - and its commercial entities and the municipalities, plays a dominant role in - Greenland accounting for about two thirds of total employment. About half - the government's revenues come from grants from the Danish Government. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $500 million (1988) -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1990) -National product per capita: - $9,000 (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $381 million; expenditures $381 million, including capital - expenditures of $36 million (1989) -Exports: - $340.6 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fish and fish products 95% - partners: - Denmark 79%, Benelux 9%, Germany 5% -Imports: - $403 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 28%, machinery and transport equipment 24%, food and live - animals 12.4%, petroleum products 12% - partners: - Denmark 65%, Norway 8.8%, US 4.6%, Germany 3.8%, Japan 3.8%, Sweden 2.4% -External debt: - $480 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 84,000 kW capacity; 176 million kWh produced, 3,060 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - fish processing (mainly shrimp), lead and zinc mining, handicrafts, some - small shipyards, potential for platinum and gold mining -Agriculture: - sector dominated by fishing and sheep raising; crops limited to forage and - small garden vegetables; 1988 fish catch of 133,500 metric tons -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re - -*Greenland, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 - (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Greenland, Communications - -Highways: - 80 km -Ports: - Kangerluarsoruseq (Faeringehavn), Paamiut (Frederikshaab), Nuuk (Godthaab), - Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Julianehaab, Maarmorilik, North Star Bay -Airports: total: - 11 - usable: - 8 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave - radio relay; 17,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 (35 repeaters) - FM, 4 (9 repeaters) TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Greenland, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is responsibility of Denmark - -*Grenada, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 150 im north of Trinidad and Tobago -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 340 km2 - land area: - 340 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 121 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - volcanic in origin with central mountains -Natural resources: - timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors -Land use: - arable land: - 15% - permanent crops: - 26% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 9% - other: - 47% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to November -Note: - islands of the Grenadines group are divided politically with Saint Vincent - and the Grenadines - -*Grenada, People - -Population: - 93,830 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.24% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 30.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -21.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.15 years - male: - 67.79 years - female: - 72.54 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Grenadian(s) - adjective: - Grenadian -Ethnic divisions: - black African -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Protestant sects -Languages: English (official), French patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 36,000 - by occupation: - services 31%, agriculture 24%, construction 8%, manufacturing 5%, other 32% - (1985) - -*Grenada, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Grenada -Digraph: - GJ -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Saint George's -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*, Saint Andrew,, Saint David, Saint -George, Saint John, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick -Independence: - 7 February 1974 (from UK) -Constitution: - 19 December 1973 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 February (1974) -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Congress (NDC), Nicholas BRATHWAITE; Grenada United - Labor Party (GULP), Sir Eric GAIRY; The National Party (TNP), Ben JONES; New - National Party (NNP), Keith MITCHELL; Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement - (MBPM), Terrence MARRYSHOW; New Jewel Movement (NJM), Bernard COARD -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 13 March 1990 (next to be held by NA March 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) NDC 8, GULP 3, TNP 2, NNP 2 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Ministers of Government - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Reginald Oswald PALMER (since 6 August 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nicholas BRATHWAITE (since 13 March 1990) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Denneth MODESTE - chancery: - 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 265-2561 - -*Grenada, Government - - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Charge d'Affaires Annette T. VELER - embassy: - Ross Point Inn, Saint George's - mailing address: - P. O. Box 54, Saint George's - telephone: - (809) 444-1173 through 1178 - FAX: - (809) 444-4820 -Flag: - a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and bottom) and - green triangles (hoist side and outer side) with a red border around the - flag; there are seven yellow five-pointed stars with three centered in the - top red border, three centered in the bottom red border, and one on a red - disk superimposed at the center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg - pod on the hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest - producer of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven - administrative divisions - -*Grenada, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is essentially agricultural and centers on the traditional - production of spices and tropical plants. Agriculture accounts for about 16% - of GDP and 80% of exports and employs 24% of the labor force. Tourism is the - leading foreign exchange earner, followed by agricultural exports. - Manufacturing remains relatively undeveloped, but is expected to grow, given - a more favorable private investment climate since 1983. The economy achieved - an impressive average annual growth rate of 5.5% in 1986-91 but stalled in - 1992. Unemployment remains high at about 25%. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $250 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -0.4% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.6% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $78 million; expenditures $51 million, including capital - expenditures of $22 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - nutmeg 36%, cocoa beans 9%, bananas 14%, mace 8%, textiles 5% - partners: - US 12%, UK, FRG, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago (1989) -Imports: - $110 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - food 25%, manufactured goods 22%, machinery 20%, chemicals 10%, fuel 6% - (1989) - partners: - US 29%, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (1989) -External debt: - $104 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 9% of GDP -Electricity: - 12,500 kW capacity; 26 million kWh produced, 310 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food and beverage, textile, light assembly operations, tourism, construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP and 80% of exports; bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, and mace - account for two-thirds of total crop production; world's second-largest - producer and fourth-largest exporter of nutmeg and mace; small-size farms - predominate, growing a variety of citrus fruits, avocados, root crops, - sugarcane, corn, and vegetables -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY84-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $70 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $32 million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Grenada, Communications - -Highways: - 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved -Ports: - Saint George's -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,650 telephones; new SHF radio - links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to - Trinidad and Carriacou; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV - -*Grenada, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Grenada Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Guadeloupe, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas department of France) - -*Guadeloupe, Geography - -Location: - in the Caribbean Sea, 500 km southeast of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 1,780 km2 land area: - 1,760 km2 - comparative area: - 10 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 306 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical tempered by trade winds; relatively high humidity -Terrain: - Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is - low limestone formation -Natural resources: - cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism -Land use: - arable land: - 18% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 13% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 24% -Irrigated land: - 30 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (June to October); La Soufriere is an active volcano - -*Guadeloupe, People - -Population: - 422,114 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.67% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 76.72 years - male: - 73.67 years - female: - 79.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Guadeloupian(s) - adjective: - Guadeloupe -Ethnic divisions: - black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% -Languages: - French, creole patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: - 90% - male: - 90% - female: - 91% -Labor force: - 120,000 - by occupation: - services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry 25.8%, agriculture 21.2% - -*Guadeloupe, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Department of Guadeloupe - conventional short form: - Guadeloupe - local long form: - Departement de la Guadeloupe - local short form: - Guadeloupe -Digraph: - GP -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Basse-Terre -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR), Marlene CAPTANT; Communist Party of Guadeloupe - (PCG), Christian Medard CELESTE; Socialist Party (PS), Dominique LARIFLA; - Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Independent - Republicans; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for the Center Rally - (URC coalition of the PS, RPR, and UDF); Guadeloupe Objective (OG), Lucette - MICHAUX-CHEVRY -Other political or pressure groups: - Popular Union for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG); Popular Movement for - Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI); General Union of Guadeloupe Workers (UGTG); - General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers (CGT-G); Christian Movement for the - Liberation of Guadeloupe (KLPG) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French National Assembly: - last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held March 1993); Guadeloupe - elects four representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (4 total) PS 2 seats, RPR 1 seat, PCG 1 seat - French Senate: - last held in September 1986 (next to be held September 1995); Guadeloupe - elects two representatives; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (2 total) PCG 1, PS 1 - General Council: - last held 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA 1992); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (42 total) PS 26, URC 16 - Regional Council: - last held on 22 March 1992 (next to be held by 16 March 1998); results - OG - 33.1%, PSG 28.7%, PCG 23.8%, UDF 10.7%, other 3.7%; seats - (41 total) OG - 15, PSG 12, PCG 10, UDF 4 -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council - -*Guadeloupe, Government - -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French - Guiana, and Martinique -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Prefect Franck PERRIEZ (since NA 1992) -Member of: - FZ, WCL -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas department of France, the interests of Guadeloupe are - represented in the US by France -US diplomatic representation: - none (overseas department of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Guadeloupe, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light industry, and services. - It is also dependent upon France for large subsidies and imports. Tourism is - a key industry, with most tourists from the US. In addition, an increasingly - large number of cruise ships visit the islands. The traditionally important - sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by other crops, such as bananas - (which now supply about 50% of export earnings), eggplant, and flowers. - Other vegetables and root crops are cultivated for local consumption, - although Guadeloupe is still dependent on imported food, which comes mainly - from France. Light industry consists mostly of sugar and rum production. - Most manufactured goods and fuel are imported. Unemployment is especially - high among the young. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1989) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $4,700 (1989) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.7% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 31.3% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $333 million; expenditures $671 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $168 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - bananas, sugar, rum - partners: - France 68%, Martinique 22% (1987) -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - vehicles, foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, construction - materials, petroleum products - partners: - France 64%, Italy, FRG, US (1987) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 171,500 kW capacity; 441 million kWh produced, 1,080 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism -Agriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane; other products include tropical fruits and - vegetables; livestock - cattle, pigs, goats; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $4 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.235 billion -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guadeloupe, Communications - -Railroads: - privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines -Highways: - 1,940 km total; 1,600 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Pointe-a-Pitre, Basse-Terre -Airports: - total: - 9 - usable: - 9 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities inadequate; 57,300 telephones; interisland microwave - radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, 8 FM (30 private stations licensed to broadcast FM), 9 TV; - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT ground station - -*Guadeloupe, Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 98,069; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) -Note: - defense is responsibility of France - -*Guam, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Guam, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,955 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about - three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 541.3 km2 - land area: - 541.3 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 125.5 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade - winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; - little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat coraline - limestone plateau (source of most fresh water) with steep coastal cliffs and - narrow coastal plains in north, low-rising hills in center, mountains in - south -Natural resources: - fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan) -Land use: - arable land: - 11% - permanent crops: - 11% - meadows and pastures: - 15% - forest and woodland: - 18% - other: 45% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - frequent squalls during rainy season; subject to relatively rare, but - potentially very destructive typhoons (especially in August) -Note: - largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago; - strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean - -*Guam, People - -Population: - 145,935 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.53% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 3.86 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 15.17 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.29 years - male: - 72.42 years - female: - 76.13 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Guamanian(s) - adjective: - Guamanian -Ethnic divisions: - Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, Caucasian 10%, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and - other 18% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98%, other 2% -Languages: - English, Chamorro, Japanese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 96% - male: - 96% - female: - 96% -Labor force: 46,930 (1990) - by occupation: - federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, services - 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990) - -*Guam, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Guam - conventional short form: - Guam -Digraph: - GQ -Type: - organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations between - Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of Territorial and - International Affairs, US Department of the Interior -Capital: - Agana -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: - Organic Act of 1 August 1950 -Legal system: - modeled on US; federal laws apply -National holiday: - Guam Discovery Day (first Monday in March); Liberation Day, 21 July -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party (controls the legislature); Republican Party (party of the - Governor) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential - elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held on 6 November 1990 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Joseph F. ADA reelected - Legislature: - last held on 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) Democratic 14, Republican 7 - US House of Representatives: - last held 9 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); Guam elects - one delegate; results - Robert UNDERWOOD was elected as delegate; seats - (1 - total) Democrat 1 -Executive branch: - US president, governor, lieutenant governor, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislature -Judicial branch: - Federal District Court, Territorial Superior Court -Leaders: Chief of State: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - Head of Government: - Governor Joseph A. ADA (since November 1986); Lieutenant Governor Frank F. - BLAS (since NA) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), IOC, SPC -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of the US) - -*Guam, Government - -Flag: - territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four sides; - centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse containing a beach - scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree with the word GUAM - superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the national flag - -*Guam, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends mainly on US military spending and on revenues from - tourism. Over the past 20 years the tourist industry has grown rapidly, - creating a construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones. - Visitors numbered about 900,000 in 1992. About 60% of the labor force works - for the private sector and the rest for government. Most food and industrial - goods are imported, with about 75% from the US. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $2 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $14,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $525 million; expenditures $395 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $34 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products, construction materials, - fish, food and beverage products - partners: - US 25%, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 63%, other 12% -Imports: - $493 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods - partners: - US 23%, Japan 19%, other 58% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 500,000 kW capacity; 2,300 million kWh produced, 16,300 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete - products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles -Agriculture: - relatively undeveloped with most food imported; fruits, vegetables, eggs, - pork, poultry, beef, copra -Economic aid: - although Guam receives no foreign aid, it does receive large transfer - payments from the general revenues of the US Federal Treasury into which - Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special - law of Congress, the Guamanian Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, - receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal - employees stationed in Guam -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Guam, Communications - -Highways: - 674 km all-weather roads -Ports: - Apra Harbor -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,200-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - 26,317 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 3 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 2 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT ground stations - -*Guam, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Guatemala, Geography - -Location: - Central America, between Honduras and Mexico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 108,890 km2 - land area: - 108,430 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - total 1,687 km, Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico - 962 km -Coastline: - 400 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - the outer edge of the continental shelf - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - border with Belize in dispute; negotiations to resolve the dispute have - begun -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau - (Peten) -Natural resources: - petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 12% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 32% -Irrigated land: - 780 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - numerous volcanoes in mountains, with frequent violent earthquakes; - Caribbean coast subject to hurricanes and other tropical storms; - deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution -Note: - no natural harbors on west coast - -*Guatemala, People - -Population: - 10,446,015 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.63% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 36.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 55.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 63.99 years - male: - 61.46 years - female: - 66.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Guatemalan(s) - adjective: - Guatemalan -Ethnic divisions: - Ladino 56% (mestizo - mixed Indian and European ancestry), Indian 44% -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Protestant, traditional Mayan -Languages: - Spanish 60%, Indian language 40% (18 Indian dialects, including Quiche, - Cakchiquel, Kekchi) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 55% - male: - 63% - female: - 47% -Labor force: - 2.5 million - by occupation: - agriculture 60%, services 13%, manufacturing 12%, commerce 7%, construction - 4%, transport 3%, utilities 0.8%, mining 0.4% (1985) - -*Guatemala, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Guatemala - conventional short form: - Guatemala - local long form: - Republica de Guatemala - local short form: - Guatemala -Digraph: - GT -Type: - republic -Capital: - Guatemala -Administrative divisions: - 22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta Verapaz, Baja - Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso, Escuintla, Guatemala, - Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten, Quetzaltenango, Quiche, - Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, - Totonicapan, Zacapa -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986 - note: - suspended on 25 May 1993 by President SERRANO; reinstated on 5 June 1993 - following ouster of president -Legal system: - civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - National Centrist Union (UCN), Jorge CARPIO Nicolle; Solidarity Action - Movement (MAS), Jorge SERRANO Elias; Christian Democratic Party (DCG), - Alfonso CABRERA Hidalgo; National Advancement Party (PAN), Alvaro ARZU - Irigoyen; National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario SANDOVAL Alarcon; Social - Democratic Party (PSD), Mario SOLARZANO Martinez; Popular Alliance 5 (AP-5), - Max ORLANDO Molina; Revolutionary Party (PR), Carlos CHAVARRIA; National - Authentic Center (CAN), Hector MAYORA Dawe; Democratic Institutional Party - (PID), Oscar RIVAS; Nationalist United Front (FUN), Gabriel GIRON; - Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG), Efrain RIOS Montt -Other political or pressure groups: - Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF); Mutual Support Group - (GAM); Agrarian Owners Group (UNAGRO); Committee for Campesino Unity (CUC); - leftist guerrilla movement known as Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union - (URNG) has four main factions - Guerrilla army of the Poor (EGP); - Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA); Rebel Armed Forces - (FAR); Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT/O) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Congress: - last held on 11 November 1990 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - - UCN 25.6%, MAS 24.3%, DCG 17.5%, PAN 17.3%, MLN 4.8%, PSD/AP-5 3.6%, PR - 2.1%; seats - (116 total) UCN 38, DCG 27, MAS 18, PAN 12, Pro - Rios Montt - 10, MLN 4, PR 1, PSD/AP-5 1, independent 5 - -*Guatemala, Government - - President: - runoff held on 11 January 1991 (next to be held 11 November 1995); results - - Jorge SERRANO Elias (MAS) 68.1%, Jorge CARPIO Nicolle (UCN) 31.9% - note: - President SERRANO resigned on 1 June 1993 shortly after dissolving Congress - and the judiciary; on 6 June 1993, Ramiro DE LEON Carpio was chosen as the - new president by a vote of Congress; he will finish off the remainder of - SERRANO's five-year term which expires in 1995 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Ramiro DE LEON Carpio (since 6 June 1993); Vice President Arturo - HERBRUGER (since 18 June 1993) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, - LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Juan Jose CASO-FANJUL - chancery: - 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 745-4952 through 4954 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San - Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Marilyn MCAFEE (since 28 May 1993) - embassy: - 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City - mailing address: - APO AA 34024 - telephone: - [502] (2) 31-15-41 - FAX: - [502] (2) 318855 -Flag: three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and light blue - with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms includes - a green and red quetzal (the national bird) and a scroll bearing the - inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of - independence from Spain) all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a - pair of crossed swords and framed by a wreath - -*Guatemala, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on family and corporate agriculture, which accounts for - 26% of GDP, employs about 60% of the labor force, and supplies two-thirds of - exports. Manufacturing, predominantly in private hands, accounts for about - 18% of GDP and 12% of the labor force. In both 1990 and 1991, the economy - grew by 3%, the fourth and fifth consecutive years of mild growth. In 1992 - growth picked up to 4% as government policies favoring competition and - foreign trade and investment took stronger hold. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.2% (1992) -National product per capita: - $1,300 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 14% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 6.5% (1991 est.), with 30-40% underemployment -Budget: - revenues $604 million; expenditures $808 million, including capital - expenditures of $134 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - coffee 26%, sugar 13%, bananas 7%, beef 3% - partners: - US 36%, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Germany, Honduras -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - fuel and petroleum products, machinery, grain, fertilizers, motor vehicles - partners: - US 40%, Mexico, Venezuela, Japan, Germany -External debt: - $2.5 billion (December 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 847,600 kW capacity; 2,500 million kWh produced, 260 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, - rubber, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GDP; most important sector of economy; contributes - two-thirds of export earnings; principal crops - sugarcane, corn, bananas, - coffee, beans, cardamom; livestock - cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens; food - importer -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug - trade; the government has an active eradication program for cannabis and - opium poppy; transit country for cocaine shipments -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.92 billion -Currency: - 1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos - -*Guatemala, Economy - -Exchange rates: - free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 5.2850 (December 1993), 5.1706 (1992), - 5.0289 (1991), 2.8161 (1989), 2.6196 (1988); note - black-market rate 2.800 - (May 1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guatemala, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,019 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track; 917 km government owned, 102 km - privately owned -Highways: - 26,429 km total; 2,868 km paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved -Inland waterways: - 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water - season -Pipelines: - crude oil 275 km -Ports: - Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,129 GRT/6,450 DWT -Airports: - total: - 474 - usable: - 418 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 21 -Telecommunications: - fairly modern network centered in Guatemala [city]; 97,670 telephones; - broadcast stations - 91 AM, no FM, 25 TV, 15 shortwave; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Guatemala, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,410,760; fit for military service 1,576,569; reach - military age (18) annually 115,178 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $121 million, 1% of GDP (1993) - -*Guernsey, Header - -Affiliation: - (British crown dependency) - -*Guernsey, Geography - -Location: - in the English Channel, 52 km west of France between UK and France -Map references: - Europe -Area: - total area: - 194 km2 - land area: - 194 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: - includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other smaller islands -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 50 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast -Terrain: - mostly level with low hills in southwest -Natural resources: - cropland -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port - -*Guernsey, People - -Population: - 63,075 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.02% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.08 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 7.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.96 years - male: - 75.27 years - female: - 80.68 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Channel Islander(s) - adjective: - Channel Islander -Ethnic divisions: - UK and Norman-French descent -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational, Methodist -Languages: - English, French; Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Guernsey, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Bailiwick of Guernsey - conventional short form: - Guernsey -Digraph: - GK -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Saint Peter Port -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Legal system: - English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - none; all independents -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Assembly of the States: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party - since all are independents; seats - (60 total, 33 elected), all independents -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff, deputy bailiff -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the States -Judicial branch: - Royal Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Lt. Gen. Sir Michael WILKINS - (since NA 1990); Bailiff Mr. Graham Martyn DOREY (since February 1992) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (British crown dependency) -US diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) extending - to the edges of the flag - -*Guernsey, Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is a major source of revenue. Other economic activity includes - financial services, breeding the world-famous Guernsey cattle, and growing - tomatoes and flowers for export. -National product: - GDP - $NA -National product real growth rate: - 9% (1987) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $208.9 million; expenditures $173.9 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1988) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables - partners: - UK (regarded as internal trade) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - coal, gasoline, and oil - partners: - UK (regarded as internal trade) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 173,000 kW capacity; 525 million kWh produced, 9,060 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, banking -Agriculture: - tomatoes, flowers (mostly grown in greenhouses), sweet peppers, eggplant, - other vegetables, fruit; Guernsey cattle -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Guernsey (#G) pound = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Guernsey pounds (#G) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 - (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Guernsey - pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guernsey, Communications - -Ports: - Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson -Airports: - total: - 2 - useable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 41,900 telephones; 1 submarine cable - -*Guernsey, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Guinea, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and - Sierra Leone -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 245,860 km2 - land area: - 245,860 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - total 3,399 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Liberia 563 km, - Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km -Coastline: - 320 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with - southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly - harmattan winds -Terrain: - generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior -Natural resources: - bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 12% - forest and woodland: - 42% - other: - 40% -Irrigated land: - 240 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; - deforestation - -*Guinea, People - -Population: - 6,236,506 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.46% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.76 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 20.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 141.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 43.68 years - male: - 41.49 years - female: - 45.93 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: noun: - Guinean(s) - adjective: - Guinean -Ethnic divisions: - Fulani 35%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, indigenous tribes 15% -Religions: - Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7% -Languages: - French (official); each tribe has its own language -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 24% - male: - 35% - female: - 13% -Labor force: - 2.4 million (1983) - by occupation: - agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services 5.4% - note: - 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985) - -*Guinea, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Guinea - conventional short form: - Guinea - local long form: - Republique de Guinee - local short form: - Guinee - former: - French Guinea -Digraph: - GV -Type: - republic -Capital: - Conakry -Administrative divisions: - 33 administrative regions (regions administratives, singular - region - administrative); Beyla, Boffa, Boke, Conakry, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, - Dinguiraye, Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, - Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola, - Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele, Tougue, - Yomou -Independence: - 2 October 1958 (from France) -Constitution: 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale) -Legal system: - based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes - currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Second Republic, 3 April (1984) -Political parties and leaders: - political parties were legalized on 1 April 1992 - pro-government: - Party for Unity and Progress (PUP), leader NA - other: - Rally for the Guinean People (RPG), Alpha CONDE; Union for a New Republic - (UNR), Mamadon BAH; Party for Renewal and Progress (PRP), Siradion DIALLO -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Executive branch: - president, Transitional Committee for National Recovery (Comite - Transitionale de Redressement National or CTRN) replaced the Military - Committee for National Recovery (Comite Militaire de Redressement National - or CMRN); Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire) was - dissolved after the 3 April 1984 coup; framework established in December - 1991 for a new National Assembly with 114 seats -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Gen. Lansana CONTE (since 5 April 1984) - -*Guinea, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Ansoumane CAMARA - chancery: - 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-9420 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dane F. SMITH, Jr. - embassy: - 2nd Boulevard and 9th Avenue, Conakry - mailing address: - B. P. 603, Conakry - telephone: (224) 44-15-20 through 24 - FAX: - (224) 44-15-22 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Rwanda, which - has a large black letter R centered in the yellow band - -*Guinea, Economy - -Overview: - Although possessing many natural resources and considerable potential for - agricultural development, Guinea is one of the poorest countries in the - world. The agricultural sector contributes about 40% to GDP and employs more - than 80% of the work force, while industry accounts for 27% of GDP. Guinea - possesses over 25% of the world's bauxite reserves; exports of bauxite and - alumina accounted for about 70% of total exports in 1989. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3 billion (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.3% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $410 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 19.6% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $449 million; expenditures $708 million, including capital - expenditures of $361 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $788 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - alumina, bauxite, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels - partners: - US 33%, EC 33%, USSR and Eastern Europe 20%, Canada -Imports: - $692 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, - textiles, and other grain - partners: - US 16%, France, Brazil -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 27% of GDP -Electricity: - 113,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - bauxite mining, alumina, gold, diamond mining, light manufacturing and - agricultural processing industries -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP (includes fishing and forestry); mostly subsistence - farming; principal products - rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, - cassava, bananas, sweet potatoes, timber; livestock - cattle, sheep and - goats; not self-sufficient in food grains -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $227 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,465 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $120 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $446 - million -Currency: - 1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 675 (1990), 618 (1989), 515 (1988), 440 - (1987), 383 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guinea, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge -Highways: - 30,100 km total; 1,145 km paved, 12,955 km gravel or laterite (of which - barely 4,500 km are currently all-weather roads), 16,000 km unimproved earth - (1987) -Inland waterways: - 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft -Ports: - Conakry, Kamsar -Airports: - total: - 15 - usable: - 15 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 10 -Telecommunications: - poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiocommunication stations, - and new radio relay system; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM 1 - FM, 1 TV; 65,000 TV sets; 200,000 radio receivers; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station - -*Guinea, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Presidential Guard, - Republican Guard, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, National Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,403,776; fit for military service 708,078 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $29 million, 1.2% of GDP (1988) - -*Guinea-Bissau, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and - Senegal -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 36,120 km2 - land area: - 28,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - total 724 km, Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km -Coastline: - 350 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its - decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal -Climate: - tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to - November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with - northeasterly harmattan winds -Terrain: - mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east -Natural resources: - unexploited deposits of petroleum, bauxite, phosphates, fish, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 11% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 43% - forest and woodland: - 38% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season - -*Guinea-Bissau, People - -Population: - 1,072,439 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.38% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 41.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 17.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 122.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 47.03 years - male: - 45.38 years - female: - 48.73 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Guinea-Bissauan(s) - adjective: - Guinea-Bissauan -Ethnic divisions: - African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), - European and mulatto less than 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 30%, Christian 5% -Languages: - Portuguese (official), Criolo, African languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 36% - male: - 50% - female: - 24% -Labor force: - 403,000 (est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5% - note: - population of working age 53% (1983) - -*Guinea-Bissau, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Guinea-Bissau - conventional short form: - Guinea-Bissau - local long form: - Republica de Guine-Bissau - local short form: - Guine-Bissau - former: - Portuguese Guinea -Digraph: - PU -Type: - republic highly centralized multiparty since mid-1991; the African Party for - the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) held an - extraordinary party congress in December 1990 and established a two-year - transition program during which the constitution will be revised, allowing - for multiple political parties and a presidential election in 1993 -Capital: - Bissau -Administrative divisions: - 9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, - Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali -Independence: - 10 September 1974 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 16 May 1984 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 10 September (1974) -Political parties and leaders: - African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), - President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA, leader; Democratic Social Front (FDS), - Rafael BARBOSA, leader; Bafata Movement, Domingos Fernandes GARNER, leader; - Democratic Front, Aristides MENEZES, leader - note: - PAIGC is still the major party (of 10 parties) and controls all aspects of - the government -Suffrage: - 15 years of age; universal -Elections: - National People's Assembly: - last held 15 June 1989 (next to be held 15 June 1994); results - PAIGC is - the only party; seats - (150 total) PAIGC 150, appointed by Regional - Councils - President of Council of State: - last held 19 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - Gen. Joao - Bernardo VIEIRA was reelected without opposition by the National People's - Assembly -Executive branch: - president of the Council of State, vice presidents of the Council of State, - Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular) -Judicial branch: - none; there is a Ministry of Justice in the Council of Ministers - -*Guinea-Bissau, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President of the Council of State Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (assumed power - 14 November 1980 and elected President of Council of State on 16 May 1984) -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, - UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Alfredo Lopes CABRAL - chancery: - 918 16th Street NW, Mezzanine Suite, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: - (202) 872-4222 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roger A. MAGUIRE - embassy: - 17 Avenida Domingos Ramos, Bissau - mailing address: - 1067 Bissau Codex, Bissau - telephone: - [245] 20-1139, 20-1145, 20-1113 - FAX: - [245] 20-1159 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red - band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the - red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the - flag of Cape Verde, which has the black star raised above the center of the - red band and is framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell - -*Guinea-Bissau, Economy - -Overview: - Guinea-Bissau ranks among the poorest countries in the world, with a per - capita GDP of roughly $200. Agriculture and fishing are the main economic - activities. Cashew nuts, peanuts, and palm kernels are the primary exports. - Exploitation of known mineral deposits is unlikely at present because of a - weak infrastructure and the high cost of development. The government's - four-year plan (1988-91) targeted agricultural development as the top - priority. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $210 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: 2.3% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $210 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 55% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $33.6 million; expenditures $44.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $.57 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $20.4 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - cashews, fish, peanuts, palm kernels - partners: - Portugal, Senegal, France, The Gambia, Netherlands, Spain -Imports: - $63.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment, consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, foods, petroleum - partners: - Portugal, Netherlands, Senegal, USSR, Germany -External debt: - $462 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.) -Electricity: - 22,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing, beer, soft drinks -Agriculture: - accounts for over 50% of GDP, nearly 100% of exports, and 90% of employment; - rice is the staple food; other crops include corn, beans, cassava, cashew - nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, and cotton; not self-sufficient in food; - fishing and forestry potential not fully exploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $615 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $41 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $68 - million -Currency: - 1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 1987.2 (1989), 1363.6 (1988), 851.65 - (1987), 238.98 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guinea-Bissau, Communications - -Highways: - 3,218 km; 2,698 km bituminous, remainder earth -Inland waterways: - scattered stretches are important to coastal commerce -Ports: - Bissau -Airports: - total: - 33 - usable: - 15 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - poor system of radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiocommunications; 3,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 1 TV - -*Guinea-Bissau, Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; including Army, Navy, Air Force), - paramilitary force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 235,931; fit for military service 134,675 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $9.3 million, 5%-6% of GDP (1987) - -*Guyana, Geography - -Location: - Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Suriname - and Venezuela -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 214,970 km2 - land area: - 196,850 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Idaho -Land boundaries: - total 2,462 km, Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km -Coastline: - 459 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - all of the area west of the Essequibo River claimed by Venezuela; Suriname - claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers - (all headwaters of the Courantyne) -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons - (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January) -Terrain: - mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south -Natural resources: - bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 83% - other: - 8% -Irrigated land: - 1,300 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - flash floods a constant threat during rainy seasons; water pollution - -*Guyana, People - -Population: - 734,640 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.68% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -19.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 49.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 64.7 years - male: - 61.46 years - female: - 68.1 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: Guyanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Guyanese -Ethnic divisions: - East Indian 51%, black and mixed 43%, Amerindian 4%, European and Chinese 2% -Religions: - Christian 57%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 1% -Languages: - English, Amerindian dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended scool (1990) - total population: - 95% - male: - 98% - female: - 96% -Labor force: - 268,000 - by occupation: - industry and commerce 44.5%, agriculture 33.8%, services 21.7% - note: - public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985) - -*Guyana, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Co-operative Republic of Guyana - conventional short form: - Guyana - former: - British Guiana -Digraph: - GY -Type: - republic -Capital: - Georgetown -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East - Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice, - Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper - Takutu-Upper Essequibo -Independence: - 26 May 1966 (from UK) -Constitution: - 6 October 1980 -Legal system: - based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 23 February (1970) -Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond HOYTE; People's -Progressive - Party (PPP), Cheddi JAGAN; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Eusi KWAYANA, - Rupert ROOPNARINE; Democratic Labor Movement (DLM), Paul TENNASSEE; People's - Democratic Movement (PDM), Llewellyn JOHN; National Democratic Front (NDF), - Joseph BACCHUS; The United Force (TUF), Manzoor NADIR; United Republican - Party (URP), Leslie RAMSAMMY; National Republican Party (NRP), Robert - GANGADEEN; Guyana Labor Party (GLP), Nanda GOPAUL -Other political or pressure groups: - Trades Union Congress (TUC); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); - Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC) - note: - the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Executive President: - last held on 5 October 1992; results - Cheddi JAGAN was elected president - since he was leader of the party with the most votes in the National - Assembly elections - National Assembly: - last held on 5 October 1992 (next to be held in 1997); results - PPP 53.4%, - PNC 42.3%, WPA 2%, TUF 1.2%; seats - (65 total, 53 elected) PPP 36, PNC 26, - WPA 2, TUF 1 -Executive branch: - executive president, first vice president, prime minister, first deputy - prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Judicature - -*Guyana, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Executive President Cheddi JAGAN (since 5 October 1992); First Vice - President Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sam HINDS (since 5 October 1992) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, - UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dr. Odeen ISHMAEL - chancery: - 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-6900 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: Ambassador George Jones - embassy: - 99-100 Young and Duke Streets, Georgetown - mailing address: - P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown - telephone: - [592] (2) 54900 through 54909 and 57960 through 57969 - FAX: - [592] (2) 58497 -Flag: - green with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed - on a long yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow black border between the red - and yellow, and a narrow white border between the yellow and the green - -*Guyana, Economy - -Overview: - Guyana is one of the world's poorest countries with a per capita income less - than one-fifth the South American average. After growing on average at less - than 1% a year in 1986-87, GDP dropped by 5% a year in 1988-90. The decline - resulted from bad weather, labor trouble in the cane fields, and flooding - and equipment problems in the bauxite industry. Consumer prices rose about - 100% in 1989 and 75% in 1990, and the current account deficit widened - substantially as sugar and bauxite exports fell. Moreover, electric power - has been in short supply and constitutes a major barrier to future gains in - national output. The government, in association with international financial - agencies, seeks to reduce its payment arrears and to raise new funds. The - government's stabilization program - aimed at establishing realistic - exchange rates, reasonable price stability, and a resumption of growth - - requires considerable public administrative abilities and continued patience - by consumers during a long incubation period. Buoyed by a recovery in mining - and agriculture, the economy posted 6% growth in 1991 and 7% growth in 1992, - according to official figures. A large volume of illegal and quasi-legal - economic activity is not captured in estimates of the country's total - output. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $267.5 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $370 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 12%-15% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $121 million; expenditures $225 million, including capital - expenditures of $50 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $268 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - sugar, bauxite/alumina, rice, gold, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum - partners: - UK 28%, US 25%, FRG 8%, Canada 7%, Japan 6% (1989) -Imports: - $242.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum - partners: - US 40%, Trinidad & Tobago 13%, UK 11%, Japan 5%, Netherland Antilles 3% - (1989) -External debt: - $2 billion including arrears (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for about 24% of GDP -Electricity: - 253,500 kW capacity; 276 million kWh produced, 370 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - bauxite mining, sugar, rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp), textiles, - gold mining -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and about half of exports; - sugar and rice are key crops; development potential exists for fishing and - forestry; not self-sufficient in food, especially wheat, vegetable oils, and - animal products - -*Guyana, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $116 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $325 million; - Communist countries 1970-89, $242 million -Currency: - 1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 125.8 (January 1993) 125.0 (1992), 111.8 - (1991), 39.533 (1990), 27.159 (1989), 10.000 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Guyana, Communications - -Railroads: - 187 km total, all single track 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km - unimproved -Inland waterways: - 6,000 km total of navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo - Rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, - respectively -Ports: - Georgetown, New Amsterdam -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,317 GRT/2,558 DWT -Airports: total: - 53 - usable: - 48 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 13 -Telecommunications: - fair system with radio relay network; over 27,000 telephones; tropospheric - scatter link to Trinidad; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, no TV, 1 - shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Guyana, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Guyana Defense Force (GDF; including the Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air - Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 196,960; fit for military service 149,583 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Haiti, Geography - -Location: - in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 90 km southeast of Cuba -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 27,750 km2 - land area: - 27,560 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 275 km, Dominican Republic 275 km -Coastline: - 1,771 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm -International disputes: - claims US-administered Navassa Island -Climate: - tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds -Terrain: - mostly rough and mountainous -Natural resources: - bauxite -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 13% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 45% -Irrigated land: - 750 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe storms from - June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes; deforestation; soil - erosion -Note: - shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western one-third is - Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic) - -*Haiti, People - -Population: - 6,384,877 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.68% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 40.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 18.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -5.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 109.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 45.45 years - male: - 43.88 years - female: - 47.11 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: noun: - Haitian(s) - adjective: - Haitian -Ethnic divisions: - black 95%, mulatto and European 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 80% (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo), - Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none - 1%, other 3% (1982) -Languages: - French (official) 10%, Creole -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 53% - male: - 59% - female: - 47% -Labor force: - 2.3 million - by occupation: - agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9% - note: - shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982) - -*Haiti, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Haiti - conventional short form: - Haiti - local long form: - Republique d'Haiti - local short form: - Haiti -Digraph: - HA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Port-au-Prince -Administrative divisions: - 9 departments, (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite, Centre, - Grand'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est -Independence: - 1 January 1804 (from France) -Constitution: - 27 August 1983, suspended February 1986; draft constitution approved March - 1987, suspended June 1988, most articles reinstated March 1989; October - 1991, government claims to be observing the Constitution -Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 January (1804) -Political parties and leaders: - National Front for Change and Democracy (FNCD), including National Congress - of Democratic Movements (CONACOM), Victor BENOIT, and National Cooperative - Action Movement (MKN), Volvick Remy JOSEPH; Movement for the Installation of - Democracy in Haiti (MIDH), Marc BAZIN; National Progressive Revolutionary - Party (PANPRA), Serge GILLES; National Patriotic Movement of November 28 - (MNP-28), Dejean BELIZAIRE; National Agricultural and Industrial Party - (PAIN), Louis DEJOIE; Movement for National Reconstruction (MRN), Rene - THEODORE; Haitian Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Joseph DOUZE; Assembly - of Progressive National Democrats (RDNP), Leslie MANIGAT; National Party of - Labor (PNT), Thomas DESULME; Mobilization for National Development (MDN), - Hubert DE RONCERAY; Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Haiti - (MODELH), Francois LATORTUE; Haitian Social Christian Party (PSCH), Gregoire - EUGENE; Movement for the Organization of the Country (MOP), Gesner COMEAU - and Jean MOLIERE -Other political or pressure groups: - Democratic Unity Confederation (KID); Roman Catholic Church; Confederation - of Haitian Workers (CTH); Federation of Workers Trade Unions (FOS); - Autonomous Haitian Workers (CATH); National Popular Assembly (APN) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 16 December 1990, with runoff held 20 January 1991 (next to be - held by December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (83 total) - FNCD 27, ANDP 17, PDCH 7, PAIN 6, RDNP 6, MDN 5, PNT 3, MKN 2, MODELH 2, MRN - 1, independents 5, other 2 - President: - last held 16 December 1990 (next election to be held by December 1995); - results - Rev. Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 67.5%, Marc BAZIN 14.2%, Louis DEJOIE - 4.9% - -*Haiti, Government - - Senate: - last held 18 January 1993, widely condemned as illegitimate (next to be held - December 1994); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (27 total) FNCD 12, - ANDP 8, PAIN 2, MRN 1, RDNP 1, PNT 1, independent 2 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) consisting of an upper - house or Senate and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour de Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7 February 1991), ousted in a coup - in September 1991, but still recognized by international community as Chief - of State - Head of Government: de facto Prime Minister Marc BAZIN (since NA June 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, CARICOM (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LAES, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jean CASIMIR - chancery: - 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-4090 through 4092 - consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Special Charge d'Affaires Charles REDMAN - embassy: - Harry Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince - telephone: - [509] 22-0354, 22-0368, 22-0200, or 22-0612 - FAX: - [509] 23-9007 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white - rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by - flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE - (Union Makes Strength) - -*Haiti, Economy - -Overview: - About 75% of the population live in abject poverty. Agriculture is mainly - small-scale subsistence farming and employs nearly three-fourths of the work - force. The majority of the population does not have ready access to safe - drinking water, adequate medical care, or sufficient food. Few social - assistance programs exist, and the lack of employment opportunities remains - one of the most critical problems facing the economy, along with soil - erosion and political instability. Trade sanctions applied by the - Organization of American States in response to the September 1991 coup - against President ARISTIDE have further damaged the economy. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -4% (FY91 est.) -National product per capita: - $340 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% (FY91 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25-50% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $300 million; expenditures $416 million, including capital - expenditures of $145 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $146 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - light manufactures 65%, coffee 19%, other agriculture 8%, other 8% - partners: - US 84%, Italy 4%, France 3%, other industrial countries 6%, less developed - countries 3% (1987) -Imports: - $252 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machines and manufactures 34%, food and beverages 22%, petroleum products - 14%, chemicals 10%, fats and oils 9% - partners: - US 64%, Netherlands Antilles 5%, Japan 5%, France 4%, Canada 3%, Germany 3% - (1987) -External debt: - $838 million (December 1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate -2.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 217,000 kW capacity; 480 million kWh produced, 75 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, tourism, - light assembly industries based on imported parts -Agriculture: - accounts for 28% of GDP and employs around 70% of work force; mostly - small-scale subsistence farms; commercial crops - coffee, mangoes, - sugarcane, wood; staple crops - rice, corn, sorghum; shortage of wheat flour -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $700 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $770 million -Currency: - 1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes - -*Haiti, Economy - -Exchange rates: - gourdes (G) per US$1 - 8.4 (December 1991), fixed rate of 5.000 through - second quarter of 1991) -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Haiti, Communications - -Railroads: - 40 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge, single-track, privately owned industrial - line -Highways: - 4,000 km total; 950 km paved, 900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km unimproved -Inland waterways: - negligible; less than 100 km navigable -Ports: - Port-au-Prince, Cap-Haitien -Airports: - total: - 13 - usable: - 10 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly - better; 36,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 33 AM, no FM, 4 TV, 2 - shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Haiti, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Police), Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,289,310; fit for military service 695,997; reach military - age (18) annually 60,588 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988 est.) - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the Indian Ocean, 4,100 km southwest of Australia -Map references: - Antarctic Region -Area: - total area: - 412 km2 - land area: - 412 km2 comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 101.9 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - antarctic -Terrain: - Heard Island - bleak and mountainous, with an extinct volcano; McDonald - Islands - small and rocky -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - primarily used for research stations - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands - conventional short form: - Heard Island and McDonald Islands -Digraph: - HM -Type: - territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the - Environment, Tourism and Territories -Capital: - none; administered from Canberra, Australia -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -*Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome - central Italy -Map references: - Europe -Area: - total area: - 0.44 km2 - land area: - 0.44 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 3.2 km, Italy 3.2 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers - (May to September) -Terrain: - low hill -Natural resources: none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - urban -Note: - landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the - Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer - residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights - -*Holy See (Vatican City), People - -Population: - 811 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.15% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - none - adjective: - none -Ethnic divisions: - Italians, Swiss -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: Italian, Latin, various other languages -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside - the Vatican - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) - conventional short form: - Holy See (Vatican City) - local long form: - Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) - local short form: - Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano) -Digraph: - VT -Type: - monarchical-sacerdotal state -Capital: - Vatican City -Independence: - 11 February 1929 (from Italy) -Constitution: - Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Installation Day of the Pope, 22 October (1978) (John Paul II) - note: - Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 -Political parties and leaders: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) -Suffrage: - limited to cardinals less than 80 years old -Elections: - Pope: - last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current - pope); results - Karol WOJTYLA was elected for life by the College of - Cardinals -Executive branch: - pope -Legislative branch: - unicameral Pontifical Commission -Judicial branch: - none; normally handled by Italy -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978) - Head of Government: - Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo Cardinal SODANO (since NA) -Member of: - CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS - (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN - chancery: - 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 333-7121 - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Raymond L. FLYNN - embassy: - Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome - mailing address: - PSC 59, APO AE 09624 - telephone: - [396] 46741 - FAX: - [396] 638-0159 -Flag: - two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of - Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Economy - -Overview: - This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions - (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale - of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and - the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers - are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work - in the city of Rome. -Budget: - revenues $86 million; expenditures $178 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Electricity: - 5,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by Italy -Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; - worldwide banking and financial activities -Currency: - 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi -Exchange rates: - Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), - 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988); note - the - Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Communications - -Railroads: - 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of - Saint Peter's) -Highways: - none; all city streets -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone - exchange; no communications satellite systems - -*Holy See (Vatican City), Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at - entrances to the Vatican City - -*Honduras, Geography - -Location: - Central America, between Guatemala and Nicaragua -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 112,090 km2 - land area: - 111,890 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - total 1,520 km, Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km -Coastline: - 820 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - land boundary dispute with El Salvador mostly resolved by 11 September 1992 - International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision; ICJ referred the maritime - boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca to an earlier agreement in this century and - advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and - Nicaragua likely would be required -Climate: - subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains -Terrain: - mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains -Natural resources: - timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 14% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 30% - forest and woodland: - 34% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - 900 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; damaging hurricanes - and floods along Caribbean coast; deforestation; soil erosion - -*Honduras, People - -Population: - 5,170,108 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.8% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.17 years - male: - 64.82 years - female: 69.62 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.87 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Honduran(s) - adjective: - Honduran -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and European) 90%, Indian 7%, black 2%, white 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minority -Languages: - Spanish, Indian dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 73% - male: - 76% - female: - 71% -Labor force: - 1.3 million - by occupation: - agriculture 62%, services 20%, manufacturing 9%, construction 3%, other 6% - (1985) - -*Honduras, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Honduras - conventional short form: - Honduras - local long form: - Republica de Honduras - local short form: - Honduras -Digraph: - HO -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tegucigalpa -Administrative divisions: - 18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, - Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, - Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, - Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982 -Legal system: - rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; - accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Party (PLH), Carlos Roberto REINA, presidential candidate, Rafael - PINEDA Ponce, president; National Party (PN) has two factions: Movimiento - Nacional de Reivindication Callejista (Monarca), Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS, - and Oswaldista, Oswaldo RAMOS SOTO, presidential candidate; National - Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), German LEITZELAR, president; Christian - Democratic Party (PDCH), Efrain DIAZ Arrivillaga, president -Other political or pressure groups: - National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH); Honduran Council of - Private Enterprise (COHEP); Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH); - National Union of Campesinos (UNC); General Workers Confederation (CGT); - United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH); Committee for the Defense of - Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH); Coordinating Committee of Popular - Organizations (CCOP) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - - Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS (PNH) 51%, Carlos FLORES Facusse (PLH) 43.3%, other - 5.7% - National Congress: - last held on 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - PNH - 51%, PLH 43%, PDCH 1.9%, PINU-SD 1.5%, other 2.6%; seats - (128 total) PNH - 71, PLH 55, PINU-SD 2 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) - -*Honduras, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Rafael Leonardo CALLEJAS Romero (since 26 January 1990) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, - OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Rene Arturo BENDANA-VALENZUELA - chancery: - 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 966-7702 - consulates general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco - consulates: - Baton Rouge, Boston, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William Bryce (since 28 May 1993) - embassy: - Avenida La Paz, Tegucigalpa - mailing address: - APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa - telephone: - [504] 32-3120 - FAX: - [504] 32-0027 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with five blue - five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band; the - stars represent the members of the former Federal Republic of Central - America - Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; - similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled - by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the - white band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a triangle - encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on - the bottom, centered in the white band - -*Honduras, Economy - -Overview: - Honduras is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. - Agriculture, the most important sector of the economy, accounts for more - than 25% of GDP, employs 62% of the labor force, and produces two-thirds of - exports. Productivity remains low. Industry, still in its early stages, - employs nearly 9% of the labor force, accounts for 15% of GDP, and generates - 20% of exports. The service sectors, including public administration, - account for 50% of GDP and employ nearly 20% of the labor force. Basic - problems facing the economy include rapid population growth, high - unemployment, a lack of basic services, a large and inefficient public - sector, and the dependence of the export sector mostly on coffee and - bananas, which are subject to sharp price fluctuations. A far-reaching - reform program initiated by President CALLEJAS in 1990 is beginning to take - hold. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.5 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,090 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (30-40% underemployed) (1989) -Budget: - revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $511 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - bananas, coffee, shrimp, lobster, minerals, meat, lumber - partners: - US 65%, Germany 9%, Japan 8%, Belgium 7% -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f. 1991) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, chemical products, manufactured goods, - fuel and oil, foodstuffs - partners: - US 45%, Japan 9%, Netherlands 7%, Mexico 7%, Venezuela 6% -External debt: - $2.8 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.8% (1990 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 575,000 kW capacity; 2,000 million kWh produced, 390 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - agricultural processing (sugar and coffee), textiles, clothing, wood - products -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for more than 25% of GDP, more than 60% of - the labor force, and two-thirds of exports; principal products include - bananas, coffee, timber, beef, citrus fruit, shrimp; importer of wheat -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally - for local consumption; transshipment point for cocaine -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion - -*Honduras, Economy - -Currency: - 1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - lempiras (L) per US$1 - 5.4 (fixed rate); 5.70 parallel black-market rate - (November 1990); the lempira was allowed to float in 1992; current rate - about US$1 - 5.65 -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Honduras, Communications - -Railroads: - 785 km total; 508 km 1.067-meter gauge, 277 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by small craft -Ports: - Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo -Merchant marine: - 252 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 819,100 GRT/1,195,276 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 162 cargo, 20 refrigerated cargo, 10 container, 6 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 22 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 specialized - tanker, 22 bulk, 3 passenger, 2 short-sea passenger; note - a flag of - convenience registry; Russia owns 10 ships under the Honduran flag -Airports: - total: - 165 - usable: - 137 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 14 -Telecommunications: - inadequate system with only 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; international - services provided by 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earch stations and the - Central American microwave radio relay system; broadcast stations - 176 AM, - no FM, 7 SW, 28 TV - -*Honduras, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Public Security Forces (FUSEP) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,185,072; fit for military service 706,291; reach military - age (18) annually 58,583 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $45 million, about 1% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Hong Kong, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Hong Kong, Geography - -Location: - East Asia, on the southeast coast of China bordering the South China Sea -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 1,040 km2 - land area: - 990 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than six times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 30 km, China 30 km -Coastline: - 733 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 3 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring - through summer, warm and sunny in fall -Terrain: - hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north -Natural resources: - outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 12% - other: - 79% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989) -Environment: - more than 200 islands; occasional typhoons - -*Hong Kong, People - -Population: - 5,552,965 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.06% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.27 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 79.99 years - male: - 76.55 years - female: - 83.64 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Chinese - adjective: - Chinese -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 98%, other 2% -Religions: - eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% -Languages: - Chinese (Cantonese), English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: - 77% - male: - 90% - female: - 64% -Labor force: - 2.8 million (1990) - by occupation: - manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels - 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate 9.2%, transport - and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989) - -*Hong Kong, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Hong Kong -Abbreviation: - HK -Digraph: - HK -Type: - dependent territory of the UK scheduled to revert to China in 1997 -Capital: - Victoria -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK; the UK signed an agreement with China - on 19 December 1984 to return Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997; in the - joint declaration, China promises to respect Hong Kong's existing social and - economic systems and lifestyle) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice; new Basic Law - approved in March 1990 in preparation for 1997 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 29 August (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - United Democrats of Hong Kong, Martin LEE, chairman; Democratic Alliance for - the Betterment of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Democratic Foundation -Other political or pressure groups: - Cooperative Resources Center, Allen LEE, chairman; Meeting Point, Anthony - CHEUNG, chairman; Association of Democracy and People's Livelihood, - Frederick FUNG Kin Kee, chairman; Liberal Democratic Federation, HEUNG Yee - Kuk; Federation of Trade Unions (pro-China); Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade - Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Confederation of Trade Unions (prodemocracy); - Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Chinese General Chamber of Commerce - (pro-China); Federation of Hong Kong Industries; Chinese Manufacturers' - Association of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union; Hong Kong - Alliance in Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement in China -Suffrage: - direct election 21 years of age; universal as a permanent resident living in - the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years indirect election - limited to about 100,000 professionals of electoral college and functional - constituencies -Elections: - Legislative Council: - indirect elections last held 12 September 1991 and direct elections were - held for the first time 15 September 1991 (next to be held in September 1995 - when the number of directly-elected seats increases to 20); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total; 21 indirectly elected by - functional constituencies, 18 directly elected, 18 appointed by governor, 3 - ex officio members); indirect elections - number of seats by functional - constituency NA; direct elections - UDHK 12, Meeting Point 3, ADPL 1, other - 2 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, chief secretary of the Executive Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council - -*Hong Kong, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Governor Chris PATTEN (since NA July 1992); Chief Secretary Sir David Robert - FORD (since NA February 1987) -Member of: APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP (associate), GATT, ICFTU, IMO (associate), INTERPOL - (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), WCL, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of Hong Kong in the US are - represented by the UK -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Consul General Richard L. WILLIAMS - embassy: - Consulate General at 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong - mailing address: - Box 30, Hong Kong, or FPO AP 96522-0002 - telephone: - [852] 239-011 -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with the Hong - Kong coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; - the coat of arms contains a shield (bearing two junks below a crown) held by - a lion (representing the UK) and a dragon (representing China) with another - lion above the shield and a banner bearing the words HONG KONG below the - shield - -*Hong Kong, Economy - -Overview: - Hong Kong has a bustling free market economy with few tariffs or nontariff - barriers. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be - imported. Manufacturing accounts for about 18% of GDP, employs 28% of the - labor force, and exports about 90% of its output. Real GDP growth averaged a - remarkable 8% in 1987-88, slowed to 3.0% in 1989-90, and picked up to 4.2% - in 1991 and 5.9% in 1992. Unemployment, which has been declining since the - mid-1980s, is now about 2%. A shortage of labor continues to put upward - pressure on prices and the cost of living. Short-term prospects remain - bright so long as major trading partners continue to be reasonably - prosperous. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $86 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.9% (1992) -National product per capita: - $14,600 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9.4% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $14.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92) -Exports: - $118 billion, including reexports of $85.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - clothing, textiles, yarn and fabric, footwear, electrical appliances, - watches and clocks, toys - partners: US 29%, China 21%, Germany 8%, UK 6%, Japan 5% (1990) -Imports: - $120 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, transport equipment, raw materials, semimanufactures, petroleum - partners: - China 37%, Japan 16%, Taiwan 9%, US 8% (1990) -External debt: - $9.5 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,566,000 kW capacity; 29,400 million kWh produced, 4,980 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, clothing, tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks -Agriculture: - minor role in the economy; rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% - self-sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water -Illicit drugs: - a hub for Southeast Asian heroin trade; transshipment and major financial - and money-laundering center -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $152 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $923 million -Currency: - 1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents - -*Hong Kong, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.800 (1992), 7.771 (1991), 7.790 (1990), - 7.800 (1989), 7.810 (1988), 7.760 (1987); note - linked to the US dollar at - the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$ since 1985 -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Hong Kong, Communications - -Railroads: - 35 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, government owned -Highways: - 1,100 km total; 794 km paved, 306 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth -Ports: - Hong Kong -Merchant marine: - 176 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 5,870,007 GRT/10,006,390 DWT; - includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, - 29 container, 15 oil tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 6 combination ore/oil, 5 - liquefied gas, 88 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience - registry; ships registered in Hong Kong fly the UK flag, and an estimated - 500 Hong Kong-owned ships are registered elsewhere -Airports: - total: - 2 - useable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; - 3,000,000 telephones; microwave transmission links and extensive optical - fiber transmission network; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 6 FM, 4 TV; 1 British - Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) repeater station and 1 British Forces - Broadcasting Service repeater station; 2,500,000 radio receivers; 1,312,000 - TV sets (1,224,000 color TV sets); satellite earth stations - 1 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; coaxial cable to Guangzhou, - China; links to 5 international submarine cables providing access to ASEAN - member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe - -*Hong Kong, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Headquarters of British Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Hong Kong - Auxiliary Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,635,516; fit for military service 1,256,057; reach - military age (18) annually 43,128 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $300 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989 est.); this - represents one-fourth of the total cost of defending itself, the remainder - being paid by the UK -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Howland Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Howland Island, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,575 km southwest of Honolulu, just north of - the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and Australia -Map references: Oceania -Area: - total area: - 1.6 km2 - land area: - 1.6 km2 - comparative area: - about 2.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 6.4 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or the depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: - low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing - reef; depressed central area -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 5% - other: - 95% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing - shrubs; small area of trees in the center; lacks fresh water; primarily a - nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine - wildlife; feral cats - -*Howland Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air - and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World - War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit - only and generally restricted to scientists and educators - -*Howland Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Howland Island -Digraph: - HQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge System -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Howland Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Howland Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only, one boat landing area along the middle of the - west coast -Airports: - airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the - round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, - New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is - no longer serviceable -Note: - Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was - partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in - memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart - -*Howland Island, Defense Forces - - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -*Hungary, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, between Slovakia and Romania -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe -Area: - total area: - 93,030 km2 - land area: - 92,340 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - total 1,952 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 292 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia), Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km, - Ukraine 103 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and - awarded to the former Yugoslavia by treaty of Trianon in 1920 -Climate: - temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling plains -Natural resources: - bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils -Land use: - arable land: - 50.7% - permanent crops: - 6.1% - meadows and pastures: - 12.6% - forest and woodland: - 18.3% - other: - 12.3% -Irrigated land: - 1,750 km2 (1989) -Environment: - levees are common along many streams, but flooding occurs almost every year -Note: - landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western - Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean - basin - -*Hungary, People - -Population: - 10,324,018 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 13.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.86 years - male: - 66.81 years - female: - 75.12 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Hungarian(s) - adjective: - Hungarian -Ethnic divisions: - Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5% -Languages: - Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - 99% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 5.4 million - by occupation: - services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture - 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991) - -*Hungary, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Hungary - conventional short form: - Hungary - local long form: - Magyar Koztarsasag - local short form: - Magyarorszag -Digraph: HU -Type: - republic -Capital: - Budapest -Administrative divisions: - 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1 capital city* (fovaros);, Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, -Bekes, Bekescsaba, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*,, Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Fejer, -Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, - Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, - Kecskemet, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, - Pecs, Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, - Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala, Zalaegerszeg -Independence: - 1001 (unification by King Stephen I) -Constitution: - 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October - 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks - on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of - parliamentary oversight -Legal system: - in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model -National holiday: - October 23 (1956) (commemorates the Hungarian uprising) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Forum, Jozsef ANTALL, chairman, Dr. Lajos FUR, executive - chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKGP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president; - Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), Gyula HORN, chairman; Christian Democratic - People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president; Federation of Young - Democrats (FIDESZ), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats - (SZDSZ), Ivan PETO, chairman - note: - the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSZMP) renounced - Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSP) in October 1989; - there is still a small (fringe) MSZMP -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 3 August 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ - elected by parliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the - National Assembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim President - from 2 May 1990 until elected President - National Assembly: - last held on 25 March 1990 (first round, with the second round held 8 April - 1990); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (386 total) Democratic - Forum 162, Free Democrats 90, Independent Smallholders 45, Hungarian - Socialist Party (MSP) 33, Young Democrats 22, Christian Democrats 21, - independents or jointly sponsored candidates 13 - -*Hungary, Government - -Executive branch: - president, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Orszaggyules) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previously interim president - from 2 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jozsef ANTALL (since 21 May 1990) -Member of: - Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, GATT, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Pal TAR - chancery: - 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 362-6730 - FAX: - (202) 966-8135 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles H. THOMAS - embassy: - V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest - mailing address: - Am Embassy, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5270 - telephone: - [36] (1) 112-6450 - FAX: - [36] (1) 132-8934 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green - -*Hungary, Economy - -Overview: - Hungary is in the midst of a difficult transition from a command to a market - economy. Agriculture is an important sector, providing sizable export - earnings and meeting domestic food needs. Industry accounts for about 40% of - GDP and 30% of employment. Hungary claims that less than 25% of foreign - trade is now with former CEMA countries, while about 70% is with OECD - members. Hungary's economic reform programs during the Communist era gave it - a head start in creating a market economy and attracting foreign investment. - In 1991, Hungary received 60% of all foreign investment in Eastern Europe, - and in 1992 received the largest single share. The growing private sector - accounts for about one-third of national output according to unofficial - estimates. Privatization of state enterprises is progressing, although - excessive red tape, bureaucratic oversight, and uncertainties about pricing - have slowed the process. Escalating unemployment and high rates of inflation - may impede efforts to speed up privatization and budget reform, while - Hungary's heavy foreign debt will make the government reluctant to introduce - full convertibility of the forint before 1994 and to rein in inflation. The - government is projecting an end to the 5-year recession in 1993, and GDP is - forecast to grow 0%-3%. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $55.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $5,380 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 23% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 12.3% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $15.4 billion, including capital - expenditures $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 35.5%, machinery 13.5%, light - industry 23.3%, food and agricultural 24.8%, fuels and energy 2.8% - partners: - OECD 70.7%, (EC 50.1%, EFTA 15.0%), LDCs 5.1%, former CEMA members 23.2%, - others 1.0% (1991) -Imports: - $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - fuels and energy 14.9%, raw materials, semi-finished goods, chemicals 37.6%, - machinery 19.7%, light industry 21.5%, food and agricultural 6.3% - partners: - OECD 71.0%, (EC 45.4%, EFTA 20.0%), LDCs 3.9%, former CEMA members 23.9%, - others 1.2% (1991) -External debt: - $23.5 billion (September 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -10% (1992) -Electricity: - 7,200,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, - chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, automobiles - -*Hungary, Economy - -Agriculture: - including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of employment; highly - diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, - sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy - products; self-sufficient in food output -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - recipient - $9.1 billion in assistance from OECD countries (from 1st quarter - 1990 to end of 2nd quarter 1991) -Currency: - 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler -Exchange rates: - forints per US$1 - 83.97 (December 1992), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21 - (1990), 59.07 (1989), 50.41 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Hungary, Communications - -Railroads: - 7,765 km total; 7,508 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 222 km narrow gauge - (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.520-meter broad gauge; 1,236 km double track, - 2,249 km electrified; all government owned (1990) -Highways: - 130,218 km total; 29,919 km national highway system (27,212 km asphalt, 126 - km concrete, 50 km stone and road brick, 2,131 km macadam, 400 km unpaved); - 58,495 km country roads (66% unpaved), and 41,804 km other roads (70% - unpaved) (1988) -Inland waterways: - 1,622 km (1988) -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991) -Ports: - Budapest and Dunaujvaros are river ports on the Danube; coastal outlets are - Rostock (Germany), Gdansk (Poland), Gdynia (Poland), Szczecin (Poland), - Galati (Romania), and Braila (Romania) -Merchant marine: - 12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) and 1 bulk totaling 83,091 GRT/115,950 - DWT -Airports: - total: - 92 - usable: - 92 - with permanent-surface runways: - 25 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 28 -Telecommunications: - automatic telephone network based on microwave radio relay system; 1,128,800 - phones (1991); telephone density is at 19.4 per 100 inhabitants; 49% of all - phones are in Budapest; 608,000 telephones on order (1991); 12-15 year wait - for a phone; 14,213 telex lines (1991); broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15 FM, - 41 TV (8 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.2 million TVs (1990); 1 satellite ground - station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik - -*Hungary, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard, Territorial Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,630,552; fit for military service 2,101,637; reach - military age (18) annually 91,979 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 66.5 billion forints, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Iceland, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland and Norway -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 103,000 km2 - land area: - 100,250 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kentucky -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 4,988 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Ireland, and the UK - (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area) -Climate: - temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, - cool summers -Terrain: - mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply - indented by bays and fiords -Natural resources: - fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite -Land use: - arable land: - 1% permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 1% - other: - 78% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to earthquakes and volcanic activity -Note: - strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European - country; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe - -*Iceland, People - -Population: - 261,270 (July 1993 est.) - note: - population data estimates based on average growth rate may differ slightly - from official population data because of volatile migration rates -Population growth rate: - 0.88% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 16.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 78.69 years - male: - 76.45 years - female: - 81.04 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Icelander(s) - adjective: - Icelandic -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%, none 1% - (1988) -Languages: - Icelandic -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 100% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 127,900 - by occupation: - commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing - and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990) - -*Iceland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Iceland - conventional short form: - Iceland - local long form: - Lyoveldio Island - local short form: - Island -Digraph: - IC -Type: - republic -Capital: - Reykjavik -Administrative divisions: - 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and 14 independent towns*, (kaupstadhir, singular - -kaupstadhur); Akranes*, Akureyri*, Arnessysla,, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla, Austur-Hunavatnssysla, -Austur-Skaftafellssysla, - Borgarfjardharsysla, Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, - Hafnarfjordhur*, Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*,, Myrasysla, -Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,, Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, -Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,, Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*,, -Skagafjardharsysla, - Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla, - Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,, Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, -Vestur-Isafjardharsysla, Vestur-Skaftafellssysla -Independence: - 17 June 1944 (from Denmark) -Constitution: - 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 -Legal system: - civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June (1944) -Political parties and leaders: - Independence Party (conservative), David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, - Steingrimur HERMANNSSON; Social Democratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; - People's Alliance (left socialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's List -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996); results - there - was no election in 1992 as President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposed - Althing: - last held on 20 April 1991 (next to be held by April 1995); results - - Independence Party 38.6%, Progressive Party 18.9%, Social Democratic Party - 15.5%, People's Alliance 14.4%, Womens List 8.3%, Liberals 1.2%, other 3.1%; - seats - (63 total) Independence 26, Progressive 13, Social Democratic 10, - People's Alliance 9, Womens List 5 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Althing) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Haestirettur) - -*Iceland, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991) -Member of: - Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, - NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - 2022 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-6653 through 6655 - FAX: - (202) 265-6656 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jon GUNDERSEN - embassy: - Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavik - mailing address: - USEMB, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340 - telephone: - [354] (1) 29100 - FAX: [354] (1) 29139 -Flag: - blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -*Iceland, Economy - -Overview: - Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an - extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively - even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing - industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of - the workforce. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy - - Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. Iceland's - economy has been in recession since 1988. The recession deepened in 1992 due - to severe cutbacks in fishing quotas and falling world prices for the - country's main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. - Real GDP declined 3.3% in 1992 and is forecast to contract another 1.5% in - 1993. The center-right government's economic goals include reducing the - budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing - inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the - economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The recession has led to a - wave of bankruptcies and mergers throughout the economy, as well as the - highest unemployment of the post-World War II period. The national - unemployment rate reached 5% in early 1993, with some parts of the country - experiencing unemployment in the 9-10% range. Inflation, previously a - serious problem, declined from double digit rates in the 1980s to only 3.7% - in 1992. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.5 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -3.3% (1992) -National product per capita: - $17,400 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.7% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (first quarter 1993) -Budget: - revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $191 million (1992) -Exports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, ferrosilicon, diatomite - partners: - EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992) -Imports: - $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, - textiles - partners: EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992) -External debt: - $3.9 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,063,000 kW capacity; 5,165 million kWh produced, 19,940 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal - power - -*Iceland, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for about 25% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity, - contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes, - turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; self-sufficient in crops; fish catch of - about 1.4 million metric tons in 1989 -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million -Currency: - 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar -Exchange rates: - Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 63.789 (January 1993), 57.546 (1992), - 58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Iceland, Communications - -Highways: - 11,543 km total; 2,690 km hard surfaced, 8,853 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur, - Siglufjordhur, Vestmannaeyjar -Merchant marine: - 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,832 GRT/53,037 DWT; includes 3 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 - chemical tanker -Airports: - total: - 90 - usable: - 84 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 12 -Telecommunications: - adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and microwave - radio relay for trunk network; 140,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 - AM, 147 (transmitters and repeaters) FM, 202 (transmitters and repeaters) - TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station carries all - international traffic; a second INTELSAT earth station is scheduled to be - operational in 1993 - -*Iceland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police, Coast Guard - note: - no armed forces, Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic - Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 69,499; fit for military service 61,798 (1993 est.); no - conscription or compulsory military service -Defense expenditures: - none - -*India, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between - Bangladesh and Pakistan -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 3,287,590 km2 - land area: - 2,973,190 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than one-third the size of the US -Land boundaries: - total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China - 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km -Coastline: - 7,000 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status of Kashmir with Pakistan; - water-sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges - and Pakistan over the Indus -Climate: - varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north -Terrain: - upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the - Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north -Natural resources: - coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, - bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 55% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 23% - other: - 17% -Irrigated land: - 430,390 km2 (1989) -Environment: - droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil - erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes - -*India, People - -Population: - 903,158,968 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.86% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 29.11 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 80.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 58.12 years - male: - 57.69 years - female: - 58.59 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.57 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: Indian(s) - adjective: - Indian -Ethnic divisions: - Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% -Religions: - Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains - 0.5%, other 0.4% -Languages: - English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for - national, political, and commercial communication, Hindi the national - language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali (official), Telugu - (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official), Urdu (official), Gujarati - (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada (official), Oriya (official), - Punjabi (official), Assamese (official), Kashmiri (official), Sindhi - (official), Sanskrit (official), Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, - is spoken widely throughout northern India - note: - 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerous other - languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 48% - male: - 62% - female: - 34% -Labor force: - 284.4 million - by occupation: - agriculture 67% (FY85) - -*India, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of India - conventional short form: - India -Digraph: - IN -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - New Delhi -Administrative divisions: - 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra, Pradesh, Arunachal -Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar, Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,, -Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, - Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,, Maharashtra, Manipur, -Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, -Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal -Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 January 1950 -Legal system: - based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; - accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950) -Political parties and leaders: - Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party, - M. M. JOSHI; Janata Dal Party; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), - Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; - Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. Rama RAO; All-India - Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regional party in Tamil Nadu), - JAYALALITHA Jeyaram; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR; Shiv Sena, Bal - THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), Tridip CHOWDHURY; Bahujana - Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party, leader NA; Communist - Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan SINGH; Dravida - Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M. KARUNANIDHI; Akali - Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab; National - Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH; - Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), Prafulla MAHANTA -Other political or pressure groups: - various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy; - numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam - Sena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - People's Assembly: - last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2 - appointed) Congress (I) Party 245, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal - Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, - AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) - Party 1, other 23, vacant 9 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers - -*India, Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council of - States (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); Vice President K.R. - NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991) -Member of: - AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, AfDB, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - ONUSAL, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, - UNTAC, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY - chancery: - 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-7000 - consulates general: - Chicago, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering - embassy: - Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [91] (11) 600651 - FAX: - [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391 - consulates general: - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue - chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of - Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band - -*India, Economy - -Overview: - India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, modern - agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude - of support services. Faster economic growth in the 1980s permitted a - significant increase in real per capita private consumption. A large share - of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, remains too poor to afford an - adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 and 1991 prompted government - austerity measures that slowed industrial growth but permitted India to meet - its international payment obligations without rescheduling its debt. Policy - reforms since 1991 have extended earlier economic liberalization and greatly - reduced government controls on production, trade, and investment. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $240 billion (FY93 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4% (FY93 est.) -National product per capita: - $270 (FY93 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11.9% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $39.2 billion; expenditures $41.06 billion, including capital - expenditures of $10.2 billion (FY92) -Exports: - $19.8 billion (f.o.b., FY93 est.) - commodities: - gems and jewelry, clothing, engineering goods, leather manufactures, cotton - yarn, and fabric - partners: - USSR 16.1%, US 14.7%, West Germany 7.8% (FY91) -Imports: - $25.5 billion (c.i.f., FY93 est.) - commodities: - crude oil and petroleum products, gems, fertilizer, chemicals, machinery - partners: - US 12.1%, West Germany 8.0%, Japan 7.5% (FY91) -External debt: - $73 billion (March 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.5% (FY93 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 82,000,000 kW capacity; 310,000 million kWh produced, 340 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, - cement, mining, petroleum, machinery -Agriculture: - accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force; principal - crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; - livestock - cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3 - million metric tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nations -Illicit drugs: - licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opium - is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for - illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of - hashish - -*India, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; - Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million -Currency: - 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise -Exchange rates: - Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 26.156 (January 1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 - (1991), 17.504 (1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*India, Communications - -Railroads: - 61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km - 1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter); - 12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrified -Highways: - 1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel, - crushed stone, or earth -Inland waterways: - 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989) -Ports: - Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (Andaman - Islands) -Merchant marine: - 306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,278,672 GRT/10,446,073 DWT; - includes 1 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger-cargo, 87 cargo, 1 - roll-on/roll-off, 8 container, 63 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 - combination ore/oil, 114 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gas -Airports: - total: - 336 - usable: - 285 - with permanent-surface runways: - 205 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 58 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 90 -Telecommunications: - domestic telephone system is poor providing only one telephone for about 200 - persons on average; long distance telephoning has been improved by a - domestic satellite system which also carries TV; international service is - provided by 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations and by submarine cables - to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, - 274 TV (government controlled) - -*India, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces (including Border - Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 242,866,053; fit for military service 143,008,471; about - 9,466,323 reach military age (17) annually (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5.8 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY93/94) - -*Indian Ocean, Geography - -Location: - body of water between Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica -Map references: - Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 73.6 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean - (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Arctic - Ocean) - note: - includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, Persian Gulf, - Red Sea, Straight of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Coastline: - 66,526 km -International disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); - tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the north - Indian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian Ocean -Terrain: - surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of - currents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in - the north Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from - hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and - southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern - Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and - northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the - Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, - Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 - meters in the Java Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer - deposits, polymetallic nodules -Environment: - endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales; - oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea -Note: - major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait of - Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; ships - subject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May to - October - -*Indian Ocean, Government - -Digraph: - XO - -*Indian Ocean, Economy - -Overview: - The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, - Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a - particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil - fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing - importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. - Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian - Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being - tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western - Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes - from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore - placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly - India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. -Industries: - based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life, - minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates, - placer deposits - -*Indian Ocean, Communications - -Ports: - Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), - Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne - (Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa) -Telecommunications: - submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia, and from - Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia - -*Indonesia, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia -Map references: - Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,919,440 km2 - land area: - 1,826,440 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km -Coastline: - 54,716 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal - and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains -Natural resources: - petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, - coal, gold, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 67% - other: - 15% -Irrigated land: - 75,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severe - droughts, and tsunamis; deforestation -Note: - straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from - Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean - -*Indonesia, People - -Population: - 197,232,428 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.61% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.84 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 60.26 years - male: - 58.28 years - female: - 62.34 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Indonesian(s) - adjective: - Indonesian -Ethnic divisions: - Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% -Religions: - Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other - 1% (1985) -Languages: - Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local - dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 77% - male: - 84% - female: - 68% -Labor force: - 67 million - by occupation: - agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and - communications 3% (1985 est.) - -*Indonesia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Indonesia - conventional short form: - Indonesia - local long form: - Republik Indonesia - local short form: - Indonesia - former name: - Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies -Digraph: - ID -Type: - republic -Capital: - Jakarta -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*, (daerah-daerah -istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital - city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,, Jakarta Raya**,, -Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan - Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, - Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, - Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera - Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence: - 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia - became legally independent from the Netherlands) -Constitution: - August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional - Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and - by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 17 August (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) - WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of - former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; Development - Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan - METAREUM, chairman -Suffrage: - 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, - PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR - 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note - - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) - includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five - years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to - determine national policy - -*Indonesia, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. - (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY - chancery: - 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: - (202) 775-5200 - consulates general: - Houston, New York, and Los Angeles - consulates: - Chicago and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert L. BARRY - embassy: - Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta - mailing address: - APO AP 96520 - telephone: - [62] (21) 360-360 - FAX: - [62] (21) 360-644 - consulates: - Medan, Surabaya -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of - Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white - (top) and red - -*Indonesia, Economy - -Overview: - Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central - planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. - Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly - increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 - averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash - underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the - labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important - sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. - The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia - is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and - textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job - generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is - based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural - gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the - external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and - 40% of export earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly - dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains - Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the - money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary - policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for - investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore - commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit - foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in - moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly - tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at - 6%. -National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $680 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3% ; underemployment 45% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91) -Exports: - $29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, - coffee 3% - partners: - Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991) -Imports: - $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16% - partners: - Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991) -External debt: - $50.5 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP - -*Indonesia, Economy - -Electricity: - 11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, - plywood, food, rubber -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 20% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder - and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, - peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, - poultry, beef, pork, eggs -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a - major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting - traffickers -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175 - million -Currency: - 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used) -Exchange rates: - Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), - 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Indonesia, Communications - -Railroads: - 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km - 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government - owned -Highways: - 119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km - district roads -Inland waterways: - 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 - km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989) -Ports: - Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang, - Surabaya -Merchant marine: - 401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT; includes - 6 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 238 cargo, 10 container, 4 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 78 oil tanker, 6 chemical tanker, - 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 26 bulk, 2 - passenger -Airports: - total: - 435 - usable: - 411 - with permanent-surface runways: - 119 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 11 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 67 -Telecommunications: - interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, - international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones - (1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - station; and 1 domestic satellite communications system - -*Indonesia, Defense Forces - -Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 53,160,364; fit for military service 31,395,254; reach - military age (18) annually 2,148,927 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY93/94 est.) - -*Iran, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, between the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea -Map references: - Asia, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1.648 million km2 - land area: - 1.636 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - total 5,440 km, Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 - km, Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey - 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km -Coastline: - 2,440 km - note: - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive fishing zone: - 50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelf - boundaries, or median lines in the Persian Gulf - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to - work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their - eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom - of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; Iran occupies - two islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic), - Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra - (Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointly - administers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE, - Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian); in 1992 the dispute over - Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried - to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu - Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant - diplomatic support for the UAE in the region; periodic disputes with - Afghanistan over Helmand water rights, -Climate: - mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast -Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, - discontinuous plains along both coasts -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, - zinc, sulfur -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 27% - forest and woodland: - 11% - -*Iran, Geography - - other: - 54% -Irrigated land: - 57,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; desertification - -*Iran, People - -Population: - 63,369,809 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.49% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.26 years - male: - 64.37 years - female: - 66.19 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Iranian(s) - adjective: - Iranian -Ethnic divisions: - Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, - Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1% -Religions: - Shi'a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and - Baha'i 1% -Languages: - Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish - 9%, Luri 2%, Baloch 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 54% - male: - 64% - female: - 43% -Labor force: - 15.4 million - by occupation: - agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21% - note: - shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.) - -*Iran, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Islamic Republic of Iran - conventional short form: - Iran - local long form: - Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran - local short form: - Iran -Digraph: - IR -Type: - theocratic republic -Capital: - Tehran -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari, - Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari, - Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzestan, - Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Ahmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi, Mazandaran, - Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan -Independence: - 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed) -Constitution: - 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and - eliminate the prime ministership -Legal system: - the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government -National holiday: - Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are - - Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; Militant - Clerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad Asqar - MUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALI -Other political or pressure groups: - groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah, - Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim Students - Following the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almost - completely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e Khalq - Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Society - for the Defense of Freedom -Suffrage: - 15 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held July 1989 (next to be held 11 June 1993); results - Ali Akbar - HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token opposition - Islamic Consultative Assembly: - last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - supreme leader (velay-t-e faqih), president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Iran, Government - -Leaders: - Supreme Leader and functional Chief of State: - Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4 - June 1989) - Head of Government: - President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989) -Member of: - CCC, CP, ESCAP, ECO, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, DC - chancery: - Iranian Interests Section, 2209 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 965-4990 -US diplomatic representation: - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the national - emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered in - the white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script is - repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times along - the top edge of the red band - -*Iran, Economy - -Overview: - Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and - other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private - trading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's - real GDP grew by 10% in FY90 and 6% in FY91, according to Iranian Government - statistics. An oil windfall in 1990 combined with a substantial increase in - imports contributed to Iran's recent economic growth. Iran has also begun - implementing a number of economic reforms to reduce government intervention - (including subsidies) and has allocated substantial resources to development - projects in the hope of stimulating the economy. Lower oil revenues in 1991 - - oil accounts for more than 90% of export revenues - together with a surge - in imports greatly weakened Iran's international financial position. By - mid-1992 Iran was unable to meet its obligations to foreign creditors. - Subsequently the government has tried to boost oil exports, curb imports - (especially of consumer goods), and renegotiate terms of its foreign debts. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 billion (FY92) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (FY91) -National product per capita: - $1,500 (FY91) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 23.7% (September 1991-September 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capital - expenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $17.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hides - partners: - Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and Germany -Imports: - $21.0 billion (c.i.f., FY91 est.) - commodities: - machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, - technical services, refined oil products - partners: - Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, France -External debt: - $17 billion (FY91 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 30% of GDP, including - petroleum -Electricity: 15,649,000 kW capacity; 43,600 million kWh produced, 710 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials, - food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), - metal fabricating -Agriculture: - accounts for about 20% of GDP; principal products - wheat, rice, other - grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not - self-sufficient in food - -*Iran, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drug - trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharply - following the 1979 revolution -Currency: - 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 10 tomans -Exchange rates: - Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 67.095 (January 1993), 65.552 (1992), 67.505 - (1991), 68.096 (1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988); black-market rate 1,400 - (January 1991); note - in March 1993 the Iranian government announced a new - single-parity exchange rate system with a new official rate of 1,538 rials - per dollar -Fiscal year: - 21 March - 20 March - -*Iran, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,852 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 km - under construction from Bafq to Bandar-e Abbas, rail construction from Bafq - to Sirjan has been completed and is operational; section from Sirjan to - Bandar-e Abbas still under construction -Highways: - 140,200 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushed - stone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road network -Inland waterways: - 904 km; the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about - 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use -Pipelines: - crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km -Ports: - Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti, - Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Torkeman - (Caspian Sea port), Khorramshahr (repaired after being largely destroyed in - fighting during 1980-88 war) has been in limited operation since November - 1992 -Merchant marine: - 135 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,480,726 GRT/8,332,593 DWT; includes - 39 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 - refrigerated cargo, 48 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gas -Airports: - total: - 219 - usable: - 194 - with permanent-surface runways: - 83 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 16 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 70 -Telecommunications: - microwave radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; - 2,143,000 telephones (35 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, - Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber optic - cable to UAE - -*Iran, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, - Revolutionary Guards (including Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval - forces), Law Enforcement Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 13,812,367; fit for military service 8,218,286; reach - military age (21) annually 575,392 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - hard currency expenditures on defense are 7-10% of total hard currency - expenditures; rial expenditures on defense are 8-13% of total rial - expenditures (1992 est.) - note: - conversion of rial expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing - exchange rate could produce misleading results - -*Iraq, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, between Iran and Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 437,072 km2 land area: - 432,162 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Idaho -Land boundaries: - total 3,631 km, Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 242 km, Saudi Arabia - 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 km -Coastline: - 58 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying to - work out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from their - eight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedom - of navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt al Arab waterway; in April 1991 - official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, which - demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its - 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and Warbah - Islands or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN - Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security - Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the - decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a - completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi - officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; periodic disputes - with upstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute - over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Climate: - mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; - northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold - winters with occasionally heavy snows -Terrain: - mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borders - with Iran and Turkey -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 75% -Irrigated land: - 25,500 km2 (1989 est) - -*Iraq, Geography - -Environment: - development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements - with upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soil - degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification - -*Iraq, People - -Population: - 19,161,956 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.73% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 71.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 64.96 years - male: - 64.2 years - female: - 65.76 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Iraqi(s) - adjective: - Iraqi -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% -Religions: - Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3% -Languages: - Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 60% - male: - 70% - female: - 49% -Labor force: - 4.4 million (1989) - by occupation: - services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22% - note: - severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1,600,000 (July - 1990); since then, it has declined substantially - -*Iraq, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Iraq - conventional short form: - Iraq - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah - local short form: - Al Iraq -Digraph: - IZ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Baghdad -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al - Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, - Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, - Wasit -Independence: - 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) -Constitution: - 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); new - constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted -Legal system: - based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system - elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968) -Political parties and leaders: - Ba'th Party -Other political or pressure groups: - political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some opposition - to regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi'a - religious and Kurdish ethnic dissidents; the Green Party - (government-controlled) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%, - Shi'a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) number - of seats by party NA - note: - in northern Iraq, a "Kurdish Assembly" was elected in May 1992 and calls for - Kurdish self-determination within a federated Iraq -Executive branch: - president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, - vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, first - deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation - -*Iraq, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyi - al-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN - (since 23 March 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); Deputy - Prime Minister Tariq 'AZIZ (since NA 1979) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian embassy in Washington, DC - chancery: - Iraqi Interests Section, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 483-7500 - FAX: - (202) 462-5066 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); note - operations have been temporarily suspended; a US Interests - Section is located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad - embassy: - Masbah Quarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad - mailing address: - P. O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad - telephone: - [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139, 718-1840, 719-3791 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green - five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the - phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the - right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was - added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of - Syria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has a - plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symbolic - eagle centered in the white band - -*Iraq, Economy - -Overview: - The Ba'thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management of - industrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scale - industry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. The - economy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally - provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s, financial - problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and - damage to oil export facilities by Iran, led the government to implement - austerity measures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt - payments. After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually - increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged - facilities. Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, - salinization, and dislocations caused by previous land reform and - collectivization programs. The industrial sector, although accorded high - priority by the government, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's - seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic - embargoes, and military action by an international coalition beginning in - January 1991 drastically changed the economic picture. Industrial and - transportation facilities suffered severe damage and have been only - partially restored. Oil exports remain at less than 10% of the previous - level. Shortages of spare parts continue. Living standards deteriorated even - further in 1992 and early 1993; consumer prices at least tripled in 1992. - The UN-sponsored economic embargo has reduced exports and imports and has - contributed to the sharp rise in prices. The government's policies of - supporting large military and internal security forces and of allocating - resources to key supporters of the regime have exacerbated shortages. In - brief, per capita output in early 1993 is far below the 1989-90 level, but - no reliable estimate is available. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 10% (1989 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,940 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 200% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - less than 5% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfur - partners: - US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990) -Imports: - $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - manufactures, food - partners: - Germany, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990) -External debt: - $45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to Arab - Gulf states -Industrial production: NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989) - -*Iraq, Economy - -Electricity: - 7,300,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kW capacity due to Gulf war; 12,900 - million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, construction - materials, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GNP and 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat, - barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock - - cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billion -Currency: - 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.2 (fixed official rate since 1982); - black-market rate (April 1993) US$1 = 53.5 Iraqi dinars -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Iraq, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gauge -Highways: - 34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 km - unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about - 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 meters and is in use; Tigris and - Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft; Shatt - al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 - because of the Persian Gulf war -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km -Ports: - Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980) -Merchant marine: - 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 930,780 GRT/1,674,878 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - none of the - Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January 1993 -Airports: - total: - 114 - usable: 99 - with permanent-surface runways: - 74 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 9 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 52 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 12 -Telecommunications: - reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after Desert - Storm, most damaged facilities have been rebuilt; the network consists of - coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links; 632,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 16 AM, 1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean GORIZONT - in the Intersputnik system and 1 ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave radio - relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, Kuwait line is probably - non-operational - -*Iraq, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard - Force, Internal Security Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,235,321; fit for military service 2,379,999; reach - military age (18) annually 211,776 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -*Ireland, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, across the Irish Sea from Great Britain -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 70,280 km2 - land area: - 68,890 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - total 360 km, UK 360 km -Coastline: - 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute - involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area) -Climate: - temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool - summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time -Terrain: - mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low - mountains; sea cliffs on west coast -Natural resources: - zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, - dolomite, peat, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 14% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 71% - forest and woodland: - 5% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - strategic location on major air and sea routes between North American and - northern Europe - -*Ireland, People - -Population: - 3,529,566 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.26% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.38 years - male: - 72.56 years - female: 78.36 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural) - adjective: - Irish -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic, English -Religions: - Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) -Languages: - Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard, - English is the language generally used -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 98% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1.37 million - by occupation: - services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry, - and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992) - -*Ireland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Ireland -Digraph: - EI -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dublin -Administrative divisions: - 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, - Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, - Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, - Wexford, Wicklow -Independence: - 6 December 1921 (from UK) -Constitution: - 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 -Legal system: - based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; - judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor - Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, - Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond - O'MALLEY - note: - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and - the Labor Party -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary - Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% - Senate: - last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 26, - Fine Gael 16, Labor 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1, - independents 6 - House of Representatives: - last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results - - Fianna Fail 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labor Party 19.3%, Progressive Democrats - 4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fein 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%, - independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fail 68, Fine Gael 45, Labor - Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1, - independents 5 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate - (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail - Eireann) - -*Ireland, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) -Member of: - Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, COCOM (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, EC, - ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NEA, NSG, - OECD, ONUSAL, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, - UNPROFRO, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER chancery: - 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 462-3939 - consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William Henry G. FITZGERALD; Ambassador Designate Jean Kennedy - SMITH (17 March 1993) - embassy: - 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [353] (1) 687122 - FAX: - [353] (1) 689946 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar - to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors - reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag - of Italy, which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and - red - -*Ireland, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is small and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most - important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP, - about 80% of exports, and employs 28% of the labor force. Since 1987, real - GDP growth, led by exports, has averaged 4% annually. Over the same period, - inflation has fallen sharply and chronic trade deficits have been - transformed into annual surpluses. Unemployment, at 22.7% remains a serious - problem, however, and job creation is the main focus of government policy. - To ease unemployment, Dublin aggressively courts foreign investors and - recently created a new industrial development agency to aid small indigenous - firms. Government assistance is constrained by Dublin's continuing deficit - reduction measures. After five years of fiscal restraint, total government - debt still exceeds GDP. Growth probably will moderate in 1993 as the heavily - indebted and trade-dependent economy is highly sensitive to changes in - exchange rates and world interest rates. Exports to the UK, Ireland's major - export market, probably will be hurt by the recent appreciation of the Irish - currency against sterling - for the first time since 1979 the value of the - Irish pound exceeds that of its British counterpart. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $42.4 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 2% (1992) -National product per capita: - $12,000 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.5% (1992) -Unemployment rate: 22.7% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $16.0 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: - $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, - animal products - partners: - EC 75% (UK 32%, Germany 13%, France 10%), US 9% -Imports: - $23.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - food, animal feed, data processing equipment, petroleum and petroleum - products, machinery, textiles, clothing - partners: - EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 8%, Netherlands 4%), US 15% -External debt: - $15 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.0% (1992 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,000,000 kW capacity; 14,500 million kWh produced, 4,120 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, - machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal - -*Ireland, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 11% of GDP and 13% of the labor force; principal crops - - turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairy - products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, - fruits, vegetables -Economic aid: - donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million -Currency: - 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6118 (January 1993), 0.5864 (1992), 0.6190 - (1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Ireland, Communications - -Railroads: - Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, - government owned; 485 km double track; 37 km electrified -Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone -Inland waterways: - limited for commercial traffic -Pipelines: - natural gas 225 km -Ports: - Cork, Dublin, Waterford -Merchant marine: - 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 154,647 GRT/186,432 DWT; includes 4 - short-sea passenger, 33 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 3 oil - tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 5 bulk -Airports: - total: - 40 - usable: - 39 - with permanent-surface runways: - 13 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 6 -Telecommunications: - modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine - cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Ireland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (Garda - Siochana) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 903,536; fit for military service 731,085; reach military - age (17) annually 33,932 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $569 million, 1-2% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Israel, Header - -Affiliation: - (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) -Note: - The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included - in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed - by President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of - the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a - peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these - negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending - the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the - West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza - Strip entries). On 25 April 1982, Israel relinquished control of the Sinai - to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in - the Syria entry. - -*Israel, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and - Lebanon -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 20,770 km2 - land area: - 20,330 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 1,006 km, Egypt 255 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 - km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km -Coastline: - 273 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; - differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that - separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied - with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli - troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan -Climate: - temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas -Terrain: - Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift - Valley -Natural resources: - copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, - small amounts of natural gas and crude oil -Land use: - arable land: - 17% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 40% - forest and woodland: - 6% - other: 32% -Irrigated land: - 2,140 km2 (1989) -Environment: - sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and - natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation -Note: - there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the - Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built - Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem - -*Israel, People - -Population: - 4,918,946 (July 1993 est.) - note: - includes 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 14,000 in the - Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 4,000 in the Gaza Strip, and 134,000 in East - Jerusalem (1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.08% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 16.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.77 years - male: - 75.72 years - female: - 79.93 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Israeli(s) - adjective: - Israeli -Ethnic divisions: - Jewish 83%, non-Jewish 17% (mostly Arab) -Religions: - Judaism 82%, Islam 14% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian 2%, Druze and other - 2% -Languages: - Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most - commonly used foreign language -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1983) - total population: 92% - male: - 95% - female: - 89% -Labor force: - 1.4 million (1984 est.) - by occupation: - public services 29.3%, industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%, commerce - 12.8%, finance and business 9.5%, transport, storage, and communications - 6.8%, construction and public works 6.5%, personal and other services 5.8%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%, electricity and water 1.0% (1983) - -*Israel, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - State of Israel - conventional short form: - Israel - local long form: - Medinat Yisra'el - local short form: - Yisra'el -Digraph: - IS -Type: - republic -Capital: - Jerusalem - note: - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all - other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv -Administrative divisions: - 6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, - Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv -Independence: - 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) -Constitution: - no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled - by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament - (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law -Legal system: - mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal - matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, - Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 14 May 1948 (Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, - but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May) -Political parties and leaders: - members of the government: - Labor Party, Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN; MERETZ, Minister of Education - Shulamit ALONI; SHAS, Minister of Interior Arieh DERI - opposition parties: - Likud Party, Binyamin NETANYAHU; Tzomet, Rafael EITAN; National Religious - Party, Zevulun HAMMER; United Torah Jewry, Avraham SHAPIRA; Democratic Front - for Peace and Equality (Hadash), Hashim MAHAMID; Moledet, Rehavam ZEEVI; - Arab Democratic Party, Abd al Wahab DARAWSHAH - note: - Israel currently has a coalition government comprising 3 parties that hold - 62 seats of the Knesset's 120 seats -Other political or pressure groups: - Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West - Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza - Strip and Lebanon policies -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 24 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1999); results - Ezer - WEIZMAN elected by Knesset - -*Israel, Government - - Knesset: - last held June 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (120 total) Labor Party 44, Likud bloc 32, Meretz 12, - Tzomet 8, National Religious Party 6, Shas 6, United Torah Jewry 4, - Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, Moledet 3, Arab Democratic Party - 2 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Knesset) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ezer WEIZMAN (since 13 May 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Yitzhak RABIN (since July 1992) -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, CERN (oberver), EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Itamar RABINOVICH - chancery: - 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 364-5500 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, - Philadelphia, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: - Acting Ambassador William BROWN - embassy: - 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv - mailing address: - APO AE 09830 - telephone: - [972] (3) 654338 - FAX: - [972] (3) 663449 - consulate general: - Jerusalem -Flag: - white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen - David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands - near the top and bottom edges of the flag - -*Israel, Economy - -Overview: - Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It - depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military - equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively - developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. - Industry employs about 20% of Israeli workers, agriculture 5%, and services - most of the rest. Diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural - products (fruits and vegetables) are leading exports. Israel usually posts - balance-of-payments deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments - from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's $17 - billion external debt is owed to the United States, which is its major - source of economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel - has been targeting high-technology niches in international markets, such as - medical scanning equipment. The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former - USSR, which topped 400,000 during the period 1990-92, has increased - unemployment, intensified housing problems, and widened the government - budget deficit. At the same time, a considerable number of the immigrants - bring to the economy valuable scientific and professional expertise. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $57.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6.4% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $12,100 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 11% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $33.9 billion; expenditures $36.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $9.3 billion (FY93) -Exports: - $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed - foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics - partners: - US, EC, Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland -Imports: - $19.6 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and - steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft - partners: - US, EC, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong -External debt: - $25 billion of which government debt is $17 billion (December 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.4% (1992 est.); accounts for about 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,835,000 kW capacity; 21,840 million kWh produced, 4,600 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, - chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, - electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, - high-technology electronics, tourism - -*Israel, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for about 3% of GDP; largely self-sufficient in food production, - except for grains; principal products - citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - cotton; livestock products - beef, dairy, poultry -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.8 billion -Currency: - 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.8000 (December 1992), 2.4591 (1992), - 2.2791 (1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -*Israel, Communications - -Railroads: - 600 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated -Highways: - 4,750 km; majority is bituminous surfaced -Pipelines: - crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km -Ports: - Ashdod, Haifa -Merchant marine: - 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 678,584 GRT/785,220 DWT; includes 8 - cargo, 24 container, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off; note - Israel - also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at - least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience - fleet typically includes all of its oil tankers -Airports: - total: - 53 - usable: - 46 - with permanent-surface runways: - 28 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 12 -Telecommunications: - most highly developed in the Middle East although not the largest; good - system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 14 AM, 21 FM, 20 TV; 3 submarine cables; satellite - earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -*Israel, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Israel Defense Forces (including ground, naval, and air components) - note: - historically, there have been no separate Israeli military services -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,240,757; females age 15-49 1,218,610; males fit for - military service 1,018,212; females fit for military service 996,089; males - reach military age (18) annually 46,131; females reach military age (18) - annually 44,134 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military service -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12.5 billion, 18% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Italy, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, a peninsula in the central Mediterranean Sea -Map references: - Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 301,230 km2 - land area: - 294,020 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Arizona - note: - includes Sardinia and Sicily -Land boundaries: - total 1,899.2 km, Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 - km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 199 km, Switzerland 740 km -Coastline: - 4,996 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - small vocal minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of - southwestern Slovenia -Climate: - predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands -Natural resources: - mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil - reserves, fish, coal -Land use: - arable land: - 32% - permanent crops: - 10% - meadows and pastures: - 17% - forest and woodland: - 22% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 31,000 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, - volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice -Note: - strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea - and air approaches to Western Europe - -*Italy, People - -Population: - 58,018,540 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.2% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 10.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.43 years - male: - 74.22 years - female: - 80.85 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Italian(s) - adjective: - Italian -Ethnic divisions: - Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians - in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south), - Sicilians, Sardinians -Religions: - Roman Catholic 100% -Languages: - Italian, German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly - German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta - region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 97% - male: - 98% - female: - 96% -Labor force: - 23.988 million - by occupation: - services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988) - -*Italy, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Italian Republic - conventional short form: - Italy - local long form: - Repubblica Italiana - local short form: - Italia - former: - Kingdom of Italy -Digraph: - IT -Type: - republic -Capital: - Rome -Administrative divisions: - 20 regions (regioni, singular - regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, - Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, - Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto - Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto -Independence: - 17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed) -Constitution: - 1 January 1948 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals - treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in - Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party (DC), Fermo Mino MARTINAZZOLI, general secretary; - Rosa Russo JERVOLINO, president; Socialist Party (PSI), Giorgio BENVENUTO, - party secretary; Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Enrico FERRI, party - secretary; Liberal Party (PLI); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS - was - Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO, secretary - general; Italian Social Movement (MSI), Gianfranco FINI, national secretary; - Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio BOGI, political secretary; Lega Nord - (Northern League), Umberto BOSSI, president; Communist Renewal (RC), Sergio - GARAVINI -Other political or pressure groups: - the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL - - formerly Communist dominated, CISL - Christian Democratic, and UIL - Social - Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association - (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age, universal (except in senatorial elections, where minimum - age is 25) -Elections: - Senate: - last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC - 27.3%, PDS 17.0%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.2%, other 33.9%; seats - - (326 total; 315 elected, 11 appointed senators-for-life) DC 107, PDS 64, PSI - 49, Leagues 25, other 70 - -*Italy, Government - - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 5-6 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - DC - 29.7%, PDS 16.1%, PSI 13.6%, Northern Leagues 8.7%, RC 5.6%, MSI 5.4%, PRI - 4.4%, PLI 2.8%, PSDI 2.7%, other 11%; seats - (630 total) DC 206, PDS 107, - PSI 92, Northern Leagues 55, RC 35, MSI 34, PRI 27, PLI 17, PSDI 16, other - 41 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of - the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camera dei Deputati) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Oscar Luigi SCALFARO (since 28 May 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (29 April 1993) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), - CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), - LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTSO, UPU, - WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Boris BIANCHERI CHIAPPORI - chancery: - 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 328-5500 - consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San - Francisco - consulates: - Detroit, New Orleans, and Newark (New Jersey) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Via Veneto 119/A, 00187, Rome - mailing address: - PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624 - telephone: - [39] (6) 46741 - FAX: - [39] (6) 488-2672 - consulates general: - Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo (Sicily) -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to - the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and - orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors - reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green - -*Italy, Economy - -Overview: - Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture - into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per - capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a - developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and an - undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. - Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 35%, agriculture 4%, and public - administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of - energy requirements must be imported. After growing at an annual average - rate of 3% in 1983-90, growth slowed to about 1% in 1991 and 1992. In the - second half of 1992, Rome became unsettled by the prospect of not qualifying - to participate in EC plans for economic and monetary union later in the - decade; thus it finally began to address its huge fiscal imbalances. Thanks - to the determination of Prime Minister AMATO, the government adopted a - fairly stringent budget for 1993, abandoned its highly inflationary wage - indexation system, and started to scale back its extremely generous social - welfare programs, including pension and health care benefits. Monetary - officials, who were forced to withdraw the lira from the European monetary - system in September 1992 when it came under extreme pressure in currency - markets, remain committed to bringing the currency back into the grid as - soon as conditions warrant. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of - refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major - industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying - the ongoing economic integration of the European Community. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.012 trillion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 0.9% (1992) -National product per capita: - $17,500 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.4% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 11% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $447 billion; expenditures $581 billion, including capital - expenditures of $46 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: - $168.8 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles, wearing apparel, metals, production machinery, motor vehicles, - transportation equipment, chemicals, other - partners: - EC 58.3%, US 6.8%, OPEC 5.1% (1992) -Imports: - $169.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural - products - partners: - EC 58.8%, OPEC 6.1%, US 5.5% (1992) -External debt: - $42 billion (September 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -0.5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 35% of GDP -Electricity: - 58,000,000 kW capacity; 235,000 million kWh produced, 4,060 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Italy, Economy - -Industries: - machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor - vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics -Agriculture: - accounts for about 4% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; - self-sufficient in foods other than meat, dairy products, and cereals; - principal crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, - soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 525,000 metric tons in 1990 -Illicit drugs: - increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering - the European market -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion -Currency: - 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi -Exchange rates: - Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), - 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Italy, Communications - -Railroads: - 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge - (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned - 2,100 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge - (380 km electrified) -Highways: - 298,000 km total; autostrada (expressway) 6,000 km, state highways 46,000 - km, provincial highways 103,000 km, communal highways 143,000 km; 270,000 km - paved, 23,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 5,000 km earth -Inland waterways: - 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited - overall value -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km -Ports: - Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), - Taranto, Trieste, Venice -Merchant marine: - 536 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,788,938 GRT/10,128,468 DWT; - includes 15 passenger, 36 short-sea passenger, 87 cargo, 4 refrigerated - cargo, 21 container, 69 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 vehicle carrier, 1 - multifunction large-load carrier, 138 oil tanker, 34 chemical tanker, 45 - liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 9 combination ore/oil, 57 bulk, 2 - combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 137 - usable: 133 - with permanent-surface runways: - 92 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 36 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 39 -Telecommunications: - modern, well-developed, fast; 25,600,000 telephones; fully automated - telephone, telex, and data services; high-capacity cable and microwave radio - relay trunks; broadcast stations - 135 AM, 28 (1,840 repeaters) FM, 83 - (1,000 repeaters) TV; international service by 21 submarine cables, 3 - satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT with 3 Atlantic Ocean - antennas and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; also participates in INMARSAT and - EUTELSAT systems - -*Italy, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 14,898,913; fit for military service 12,989,142; reach - military age (18) annually 425,286 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $24.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1992) - -*Jamaica, Geography - -Location: - in the northern Caribbean Sea, about 160 km south of Cuba -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 10,990 km2 - land area: - 10,830 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,022 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain -Natural resources: - bauxite, gypsum, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 19% - permanent crops: - 6% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 28% - other: - 29% -Irrigated land: - 350 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water - pollution -Note: - strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea - lanes for Panama Canal - -*Jamaica, People - -Population: - 2,529,981 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.96% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 22.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.09 years - male: - 71.92 years - female: - 76.36 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Jamaican(s) - adjective: Jamaican -Ethnic divisions: - African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3%, - white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2% -Religions: - Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church - 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other, including some spiritual cults - 39.1% (1982) -Languages: - English, Creole -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 1,062,100 - by occupation: - services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%, unemployed 17.5% (1989) - -*Jamaica, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Jamaica -Digraph: - JM -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Kingston -Administrative divisions: - 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint - Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint - Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland -Independence: - 6 August 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 6 August 1962 -Legal system: - based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day (first Monday in August) -Political parties and leaders: - People's National Party (PNP) P. J. PATTERSON; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), - Edward SEAGA -Other political or pressure groups: - Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 30 March 1993 (next to be held by February 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) PNP 52, JLP 8 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Howard COOKE (since 1 August 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister P. J. PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, G-15, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, - ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard BERNAL - chancery: - Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: - (202) 452-0660 - -*Jamaica, Government - - consulates general: - Miami and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN - embassy: - Kingston - mailing address: - 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston - telephone: - (809) 929-4850 through 4859 - FAX: - (809) 926-6743 -Flag: - diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and - bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side) - -*Jamaica, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a - setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina - industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic - recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the - bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The - recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism - sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on - crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the - economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was - largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991, - however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower world - bauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%, - supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollar - in the second half of 1992. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 52% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15.4% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum - partners: - US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7% -Imports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transport - equipment, other machinery and equipment - partners: - US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5% -External debt: - $4.4 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; - commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; - livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not - self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products -Illicit drugs: - illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from - Central and South America to North America; government has an active - cannabis eradication program - -*Jamaica, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries, - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion -Currency: - 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991), - 7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Jamaica, Communications - -Railroads: - 294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track -Highways: - 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth -Pipelines: - petroleum products 10 km -Ports: - Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio -Merchant marine: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulk -Airports: - total: - 36 - usable: - 23 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 - coaxial submarine cables - -*Jamaica, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing), - Jamaica Constabulary Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); no - conscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92) - -*Jan Mayen, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Norway) - -*Jan Mayen, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km - north-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea -Map references: - Arctic Region -Area: - total area: - 373 km2 - land area: - 373 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 124.1 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 10 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 4 nm -International disputes: - Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan - Mayen -Climate: - arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog -Terrain: - volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, - with an elevation of 2,277 meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed - in 1970 - -*Jan Mayen, People - -Population: - no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN C - base and the weather and coastal services radio station - -*Jan Mayen, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Jan Mayen -Digraph: - JN -Type: - territory of Norway -Capital: - none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann) - resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard) -Independence: - none (territory of Norway) - -*Jan Mayen, Economy - -Overview: - Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. - Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's - radio and meteorological stations located on the island. -Electricity: - 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) - -*Jan Mayen, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - radio and meteorological station - -*Jan Mayen, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Norway - -*Japan, Geography - -Location: - Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean - peninsula -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 377,835 km2 - land area: - 374,744 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than California - note: - includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, - Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands - (Kazan-retto) -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 29,751 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: 12 nm - 3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and - Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait -International disputes: - Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group - occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by - Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku - Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan -Climate: - varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous -Natural resources: - negligible mineral resources, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 13% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 67% - other: - 18% -Irrigated land: - 28,680 km2 (1989) -Environment: - many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences - (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis -Note: - strategic location in northeast Asia - -*Japan, People - -Population: - 124,711,551 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 79.18 years - male: - 76.35 years - female: - 82.15 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Japanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Japanese -Ethnic divisions: - Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean) -Religions: - Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% - note: - most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add - to more than 100% -Languages: - Japanese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 63.33 million - by occupation: - trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%, - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988) - -*Japan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Japan -Digraph: - JA -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Tokyo -Administrative divisions: - 47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, - Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, - Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, - Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, - Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, - Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi -Independence: - 660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu) -Constitution: - 3 May 1947 -Legal system: - modled after European civil law system with English-American influence; - judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933) -Political parties and leaders: - Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Seiroku - KAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Sadao - YAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman; - Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito - (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party - (JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairman -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Councillors: - last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12, - JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22 - House of Representatives: - last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP - 46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15 -Executive branch: - Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors - (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991) - -*Japan, Government - -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE - (observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG, - OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA, - UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA - chancery: - 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-6700 - consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas - City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, - and Portland (Oregon) - consulates: - Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST - embassy: - 10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo - mailing address: - APO AP 96337-0001 - telephone: - [81] (3) 3224-5000 - FAX: - [81] (3) 3505-1862 - consulates general: - Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo - consulate: - Fukuoka -Flag: - white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the - center - -*Japan, Economy - -Overview: - Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively - small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary - rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important - sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and - fuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its - requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the - world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global - catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the - 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedly - in 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended to - wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At the - same time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing export - growth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to run - a huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the year - earlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The - crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are two - major long-run problems. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.5% (1992) -National product per capita: - $19,800 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.1% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 2.2% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capital - expenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93) -Exports: - $339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer - electronics 10%) - partners: - Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%, - Middle East 3% -Imports: - $232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23% - partners: - Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former - Communist countries and China 8% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDP -Electricity: - 196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction - and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and - telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated - production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding, - chemicals, textiles, food processing - -*Japan, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with - crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets, - vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; - about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, - soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991 -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1 - billion in 1990 (est.) -Currency: - 1 yen (Y) = 100 sen -Exchange rates: - yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), - 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Japan, Communications - -Railroads: - 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km - predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack - sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km - 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987) -Highways: - 1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or - unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539 - km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km - other -Inland waterways: - about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas -Pipelines: - crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km -Ports: - Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, - Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, - Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu -Merchant marine: - 950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT; - includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo, - 43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle - carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination - ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load - carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including - up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag -Airports: - total: - 162 - usable: - 159 - with permanent-surface runways: - 132 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 32 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 50 -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater); - satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia - -*Japan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force - (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency - (Coast Guard) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach - military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.) - -*Jarvis Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Jarvis Island, Geography - -Location: - in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the - Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 4.5 km2 - land area: - 4.5 km2 - comparative area: - about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 8 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun -Terrain: - sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until late 1800s) -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh - water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, - shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats - -*Jarvis Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island - occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it - was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year - by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only - and generally restricted to scientists and educators - -*Jarvis Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Jarvis Island -Digraph: - DQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge System -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Jarvis Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Jarvis Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the - west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island -Note: - there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast - -*Jarvis Island, Defense Forces - - defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast - Guard - -*Jersey, Header - -Affiliation: - (British crown dependency) - -*Jersey, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English Channel -Map references: - Europe -Area: - total area: - 117 km2 - land area: - 117 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 70 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; mild winters and cool summers -Terrain: - gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast -Natural resources: - agricultural land -Land use: - arable land: - 57% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: NA% -Environment: - about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier -Note: - largest and southernmost of Channel Islands - -*Jersey, People - -Population: - 85,450 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.7% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.4 years - male: - 73.28 years - female: - 79.86 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Channel Islander(s) - adjective: - Channel Islander -Ethnic divisions: - UK and Norman-French descent -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, - Presbyterian -Languages: - English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in - country districts -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Jersey, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Bailiwick of Jersey - conventional short form: - Jersey -Digraph: - JE -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Saint Helier -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Legal system: - English law and local statute -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - none; all independents -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - Assembly of the States: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party - since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the States -Judicial branch: - Royal Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON - (since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (British crown dependency) -US diplomatic representation: - none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) - extending to the corners of the flag - -*Jersey, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and - tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are - important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy - cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk - products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector - overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the - island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light - industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry - has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw - material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of - Jersey's food needs. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - 8% (1987 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1988 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1985) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles - partners: - UK -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral - fuels, chemicals - partners: - UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by France -Industries: - tourism, banking and finance, dairy -Agriculture: - potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 - (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is at - par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Jersey, Communications - -Ports: - Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine - cables - -*Jersey, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Johnston Atoll, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Johnston Atoll, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about - one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 2.8 km2 - land area: - 2.8 km2 - comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 10 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little - seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters -Natural resources: - guano (deposits worked until about 1890) -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - some low-growing vegetation -Note: - strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand - Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are - manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former - nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal - System (JACADS) - -*Johnston Atoll, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personnel - and contractors - -*Johnston Atoll, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Johnston Atoll -Digraph: - JQ -Type: - unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear - Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife - Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National - Wildlife Refuge system -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - the flag of the US is used - -*Johnston Atoll, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel - and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must - be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by the management and operations contractor - -*Johnston Atoll, Communications - -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m: - 1 with TACAN and beacon - with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, - digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), - commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio - -*Johnston Atoll, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Jordan, Header - -Affiliation: - (also see separate West Bank entry) - -*Jordan, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, between Israel and Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 89,213 km2 - land area: - 88,884 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana -Land boundaries: - total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 - km, West Bank 97 km -Coastline: - 26 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that - separates the two countries; water-sharing issues with Israel -Climate: - mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April) -Terrain: - mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley - separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River -Natural resources: - phosphates, potash, shale oil -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 0.5% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 0.5% - other: - 94% -Irrigated land: 570 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification - -*Jordan, People - -Population: - 3,823,636 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.57% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.61 years - male: - 69.83 years - female: - 73.51 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Jordanian(s) - adjective: - Jordanian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8% -Languages: - Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 80% - male: - 89% - female: - 70% -Labor force: - 572,000 (1988) - by occupation: - agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.) - -*Jordan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan - conventional short form: - Jordan - local long form: - Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah - local short form: - Al Urdun - former: - Transjordan -Digraph: - JO -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Amman -Administrative divisions: - 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al - Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'an -Independence: - 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration) -Constitution: - 8 January 1952 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts - in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 May (1946) -Political parties and leaders: - approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but - the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein - promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter - that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the - creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special - National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to - be passed by National Assembly -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) - 22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc - (mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist - bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house or - House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House of - Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has - been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in - November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation - -*Jordan, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEH - chancery: - 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 966-2664 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON - embassy: - Jebel Amman, Amman - mailing address: - P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892 - telephone: - [962] (6) 644-371 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white - seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven - fundamental laws of the Koran - -*Jordan, Economy - -Overview: - Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late - 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In - the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker - remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. - Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been - outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and - borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling - negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually - reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The - Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's - already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF - program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid - from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have - flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is - unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,100 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 40% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures - partners: - India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China -Imports: - $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured - goods - partners: - EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey -External debt: - $9 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing -Agriculture: - accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus - fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large - net importer of food - -*Jordan, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 - million -Currency: - 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), - 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Jordan, Communications - -Railroads: - 789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone -Pipelines: - crude oil 209 km -Ports: - Al 'Aqabah -Merchant marine: - 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1 - cargo and 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 19 - usable: - 15 - with permanent-surface runways: - 14 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 13 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500 - telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations - - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic - TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and - Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, a - microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, - Algeria, and Morocco - -*Jordan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force, - Public Security Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach military - age (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Juan de Nova Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Juan de Nova Island, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of the - way between Madagascar and Mozambique -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - 4.4 km2 - land area: - 4.4 km2 - comparative area: - about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 24.1 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Madagascar -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - NA -Natural resources: - guano deposits and other fertilizers -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 90% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary - -*Juan de Nova Island, People - -Population: - uninhibited - -*Juan de Nova Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Juan de Nova Island - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ile Juan de Nova -Digraph: - JU -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in - Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Juan de Nova Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Juan de Nova Island, Communications - -Railroads: - short line going to a jetty -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permament-surface runways: - 0 with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,439-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 - -*Juan de Nova Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Kazakhstan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and - the Aral Sea -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,717,300 km2 - land area: - 2,669,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than four times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, - Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km) -Maritime claims: - landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with - Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be - determined -International disputes: - none -Climate: - continental, arid and semiarid -Terrain: - extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western - Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia -Natural resources: - petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper, - molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron -Land use: - arable land: - 15% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: - 57% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 24% -Irrigated land: - 23,080 km2 (1990) -Environment: - drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical - pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution -Note: - landlocked - -*Kazakhstan, People - -Population: - 17,156,370 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.65% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.83 years - male: - 63.17 years - female: - 72.73 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Kazakhstani(s) - adjective: - Kazakhstani -Ethnic divisions: - Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, - Tatar 2%, other 7.1% -Religions: - Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36% -Languages: - Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic - communication) -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 7.563 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45% - (1990) - -*Kazakhstan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Kazakhstan - conventional short form: - Kazakhstan - local long form: - Kazakhstan Respublikasy - local short form: - none - former: - Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - KZ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Almaty (Alma-Ata) -Administrative divisions: - 19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular - - qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,, Mangghystau, -Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar, - Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay, - Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan, -Independence: - 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted 18 January 1993 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 December -Political parties and leaders: - Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen; - Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, - chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman; - Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade - union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by - party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed - Supreme Council: - last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338 -Executive branch: - president, cabinet of ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik - ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991) - -*Kazakhstan, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime - Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman - Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE - chancery: - 3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 333-4504 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William H. COURTNEY - embassy: - Furumanova 99/97, Almaty - mailing address: - US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030 - telephone: - (3272) 63-24-26 -Flag: - sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays - soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a - "national ornamentation" in yellow - -*Kazakhstan, Economy - -Overview: - The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has - vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent - on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer - and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution - problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The - government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed - many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the - ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the - disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new - economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and - managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been - enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example, - oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across - independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic - Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million - Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility - of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the - formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the - creation of a productive, technologically advancing society. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -15% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 28% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of - underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76 - billion (1991) -Exports: - $1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991) - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - machinery and parts, industrial materials - partners: - Russia and other former Soviet republics, China -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material product -Electricity: - 19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, - copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and - steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric - motors, construction materials - -*Kazakhstan, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the - labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit - drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - recipient of limited foreign aid (1992) -Currency: - retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993) -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Kazakhstan, Communications - -Railroads: - 14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km - earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - Syr Darya -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992) -Ports: - inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea) -Airports: - total: - 365 - useable: - 152 - with permanent-surface runways: - 49 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 8 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 38 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 71 -Telecommunications: - telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100 - persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has - 184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China - carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and - through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow - international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita - (TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with - Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width - -*Kazakhstan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach - military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of - the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could - produce misleading results - -*Kenya, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and - Somalia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 582,650 km2 - land area: - 569,250 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Nevada -Land boundaries: - total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 - km, Uganda 933 km -Coastline: - 536 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international - boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis -Climate: - varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior -Terrain: - low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile - plateau in west -Natural resources: - gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, - wildlife -Land use: - arable land: - 3% permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 85% -Irrigated land: - 520 km2 (1989) -Environment: - unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and - economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on - Mt. Kenya -Note: - the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural - production regions in Africa - -*Kenya, People - -Population: - 27,372,266 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.18% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 54.07 years - male: - 52.27 years - female: - 55.92 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Kenyan(s) - adjective: - Kenyan -Ethnic divisions: - Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, - Asian, European, and Arab 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs - 18%, Muslim 6% -Languages: - English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 69% - male: - 80% - female: - 58% -Labor force: - 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of - the labor force) - by occupation: - services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989) - -*Kenya, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Kenya - conventional short form: - Kenya - former: - British East Africa -Digraph: - KE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Nairobi -Administrative divisions: - 8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift - Valley, Western -Independence: - 12 December 1963 (from UK) -Constitution: - 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, - 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992 -Legal system: - based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in - High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; - constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state - repealed in 1991 -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 December (1963) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, - president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy - (FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of - Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya - Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance - (KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK), - Otieno OTOERA -Other political or pressure groups: - labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was - reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki - (SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17% - National Assembly: - last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya - 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12 - additional members - note: - first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court - -*Kenya, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President - George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE - chancery: - 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 387-6101 - consulates general: - Los Angeles and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr. - embassy: - corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi - mailing address: - P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO AE 09831 - telephone: - [254] (2) 334141 - FAX: - [254] (2) 340838 - consulate: - Mombasa -Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is - edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is - superimposed at the center - -*Kenya, Economy - -Overview: - Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world - - presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP - growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually - averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a - shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading - economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and - sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important - population growth figure, and in 1992 output fell. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -1% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $320 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 30% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990) - partners: - EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1990) -Imports: - $2.05 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products - 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989) - partners: - EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988) -External debt: - $7 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: - 730,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, - cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism -Agriculture: - most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash - crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products - corn, wheat, - sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs; - food output not keeping pace with population growth, and crop production has - been extended into marginal land -Illicit drugs: - widespread wild, small-plot cultivation of marijuana and gat; most locally - consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian heroin moving to West Africa - and onward to Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on - way to South Africa - -*Kenya, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 - million -Currency: - 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 -36.227 (January 1993), 32.217 (1992), - 27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Kenya, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth -Inland waterways: - part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya -Pipelines: - petroleum products 483 km -Ports: - coastal - Mombasa, Lamu; inland - Kisumu -Merchant marine: - 1 oil tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,727 GRT/5,558 DWT -Airports: - total: - 247 - usable: - 208 - with permanent-surface runways: - 18 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 43 -Telecommunications: - in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links; - over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite - earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -*Kenya, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,912,744; fit for military service 3,654,738 (1993 est.); - no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $294 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY88/89 est.) - -*Kingman Reef, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Kingman Reef, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about - halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 1 km2 - land area: - 1 km2 - comparative area: - about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 3 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds -Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time -Note: - maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed - to the public - -*Kingman Reef, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Kingman Reef, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Kingman Reef -Digraph: - KQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Kingman Reef, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Kingman Reef, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by - Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938 - -*Kingman Reef, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Kiribati, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between - Hawaii and Australia -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 717 km2 - land area: - 717 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix - Islands -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,143 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs -Natural resources: - phosphate (production discontinued in 1979) -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 51% - meadows and pastures: - 0% forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 46% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 - islands are inhabited -Note: - Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock - islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia - and Nauru - -*Kiribati, People - -Population: - 76,320 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.03% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 32.03 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 54.16 years - male: - 52.56 years - female: - 55.78 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - I-Kiribati (singular and plural) - adjective: - I-Kiribati -Ethnic divisions: - Micronesian -Religions: - Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day - Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985) -Languages: - English (official), Gilbertese -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% female: - NA% -Labor force: - 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.) - -*Kiribati, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Kiribati - conventional short form: - Kiribati - former: - Gilbert Islands -Digraph: - KR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tarawa -Administrative divisions: - 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands - note: - a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, - Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been - changed to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named - Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, - Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, - Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina -Independence: - 12 July 1979 (from UK) -Constitution: - 12 July 1979 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 July (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party, - Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka - TENTOA; Maneaba Party, Roniti TEIWAKI - note: - there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati; - they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no - party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - Teatao - TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28% - House of Assembly: - last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party - NA -Executive branch: - president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA - (since 8 July 1991) - -*Kiribati, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, - SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) -US diplomatic representation: - the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati -Flag: - the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising - sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to - represent the ocean - -*Kiribati, Economy - -Overview: - The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate - deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish - now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated - widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish - catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production - was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real - GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in - copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output - in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $525 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.8% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - copra 18%, fish 17%, seaweed 13% - partners: - EC 50%, Fiji 22%, US 18% (1990) -Imports: - $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel - partners: - Australia 33%, Japan 24%, Fiji 19%, NZ 6%, US 6% (1990) -External debt: - $2 million (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about - 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro, - breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $273 million -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Kiribati, Communications - -Highways: - 640 km of motorable roads -Inland waterways: - small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands -Ports: - Banaba and Betio (Tarawa) -Airports: - total: - 21 - useable: - 20 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m : - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - 1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Kiribati, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; - there are small police posts on all islands); no military force is - maintained -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Korea, North, Geography - -Location: - Northeast Asia, between China and South Korea -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 120,540 km2 - land area: - 120,410 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Mississippi -Land boundaries: - total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km -Coastline: - 2,495 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - military boundary line: - 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the - Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are - banned -International disputes: - short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with - South Korea -Climate: - temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer -Terrain: - mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains - wide in west, discontinuous in east -Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, - pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 18% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 74% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 14,000 km2 (1989) -Environment: - mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely - populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding -Note: - strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia - -*Korea, North, People - -Population: - 22,645,811 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.86% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.51 years - male: - 66.42 years - female: - 72.75 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Korean(s) - adjective: - Korean -Ethnic divisions: - racially homogeneous -Religions: - Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo - note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored - religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom -Languages: - Korean -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 99% - male: - 99% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 9.615 million - by occupation: - agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64% - note: - shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.) - -*Korea, North, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Democratic People's Republic of Korea - conventional short form: - North Korea - local long form: - Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk - local short form: - none -Abbreviation: - DPRK -Digraph: - KN -Type: - Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship -Capital: - P'yongyang -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural); -Chagang-do (Chagang Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North - Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto - (North Hwanghae Province), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province), - Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si*, (Namp'o City), -P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo - (South P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do, (Yanggang Province) -Independence: - 9 September 1948 - note: - 15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and celebrated in - North Korea as National Liberation Day -Constitution: - adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April - 1992 -Legal system: - based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist - legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948) -Political parties and leaders: - major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, - and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social - Democratic Party, KIM Yong-ho, vice-chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG - Sin-hyok, chairman -Suffrage: - 17 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA 1994); results - President KIM - Il-song was reelected without opposition - Supreme People's Assembly: - last held on 7-9 April 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of - candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few - seats -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, premier, ten vice premiers, State - Administration Council (cabinet) - -*Korea, North, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui) -Judicial branch: - Central Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1948, president since 28 - December 1972); designated successor KIM Chong-il (son of president, born 16 - February 1942) - Head of Government: - Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992) -Member of: - ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none -US diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red - band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk - with a red five-pointed star - -*Korea, North, Economy - -Overview: - More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is - collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. - State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist - country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the - strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during - the period 1984-88 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 3-5% annually - during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in - socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In 1992, - output dropped sharply, by perhaps 10-15%, as the economy felt the - cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The leadership - insisted in maintaining its high level of military outlays from a shrinking - economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in inventories and critical - shortages in the energy sector have led to increasing interruptions in - industrial production. Abundant mineral resources and hydropower have formed - the basis of industrial development since WWII. Output of the extractive - industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, - and precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, including - military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use - of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of - fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food - production. Five consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with - distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea - remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -10% to -15% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $18.5 billion; expenditures $18.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and fishery products, - manufactures (including armaments) - partners: - China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico -Imports: - $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, consumer goods - partners: - China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore -External debt: - $8 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -15% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 7,300,000 kW capacity; 26,000 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Korea, North, Economy - -Industries: - machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, - metallurgy, textiles, food processing -Agriculture: - accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice, - corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle, - hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 - million metric tons in 1987 -Economic aid: - Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s -Currency: - 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon -Exchange rates: - North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 - (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Korea, North, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter - narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned - (1989) -Highways: - about 30,000 km (1991); 92.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 7.5% - paved -Inland waterways: - 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only -Pipelines: - crude oil 37 km -Ports: - primary - Ch'ongjin, Hungnam (Hamhung), Najin, Namp'o, Wonsan; secondary - - Haeju, Kimchaek, Kosong, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang -Merchant marine: - 80 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 675,666 GRT/1,057,815 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 oil tanker, - 5 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container -Airports: - total: - 55 - usable : - 55 (est.) - with permanent-surface runways: - about 30 - with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 30 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 300,000 TV sets (1989); 3,500,000 - radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Korea, North, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security - Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,567,684; fit for military service 3,996,893; reach - military age (18) annually 208,132 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note - - the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of - GNP (1991 est.) - -*Korea, South, Geography - -Location: - Northeast Asia, between North Korea and Japan -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 98,480 km2 - land area: - 98,190 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Indiana -Land boundaries: - total 238 km, North Korea 238 km -Coastline: - 2,413 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea Strait -International disputes: - Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan -Climate: - temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter -Terrain: - mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south -Natural resources: - coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 21% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 67% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - 13,530 km2 (1989) -Environment: - occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; - air pollution in large cities - -*Korea, South, People - -Population: - 44,613,993 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.05% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.29 years - male: - 67.1 years - female: - 73.68 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Korean(s) - adjective: - Korean -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese) -Religions: - Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, pervasive folk religion - (Shamanism), Chondogyo (religion of the heavenly way) 0.2% -Languages: - Korean, English widely taught in high school -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 96% - male: - 99% - female: - 94% -Labor force: - 19 million - by occupation: - services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, agriculture, fishing, - forestry 21% (1991) - -*Korea, South, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Korea - conventional short form: - South Korea - local long form: - Taehan-min'guk - local short form: - none -Abbreviation: - ROK -Digraph: - KS -Type: - republic -Capital: - Seoul -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural); -Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, - Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,, Kwangju-jikhalsi*,, -Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, - Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*, Independence: - 15 August 1948 -Constitution: - 25 February 1988 -Legal system: - combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American - law, and Chinese classical thought -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 August (1948) -Political parties and leaders: - majority party: - Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Young Sam, president - opposition: - Democratic Party (DP), LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; United People's - Party (UPP), CHUNG Ju Yung, chairman; several smaller parties - note: - the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), - Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party - (NDRP) on 9 February 1990 -Other political or pressure groups: - Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; - National Federation of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers' - Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade - Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries; - Korean Traders Association -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1997); results - - KIM Young Sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Dae Jung (DP) 33.8%, CHUNG Ju Yung (UPP) - 16.3%, other 8% - -*Korea, South, Government - - National Assembly: - last held on 24 March 1992; results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification - National Party (UNP) 17.3% (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats - - (299 total) DLP 149, DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as - of May 1993 was DLP 167, DP 95, UPP 14, other 23 - note: - the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of the current - situation where party members are constantly switching from one party to - another -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President KIM Young Sam (since 25 February 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister HWANG In Sung (since 25 February 1993); Deputy Prime Minister - LEE Kyung Shick (since 25 February 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister HAN Wan - Sang (since 25 February 1993) -Member of: - AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador HAN Seung Soo - chancery: - 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-5600 - consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, - New York, San Francisco, and Seattle -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant), Charge d'Affaires Raymond BURGHARDT - embassy: - 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, AMEMB, Unit 15550 - mailing address: - APO AP 96205-0001 - telephone: - [82] (2) 732-2601 through 2618 - FAX: - [82] (2) 738-8845 - consulate: - Pusan -Flag: - white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a - different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each - corner of the white field - -*Korea, South, Economy - -Overview: - The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned - development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial - society. Real GNP increased more than 10% annually between 1986 and 1991. - This growth ultimately led to an overheated situation characterized by a - tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising - current account deficit. As a result, in 1992, focusing attention on slowing - the growth rate of inflation and reducing the deficit is leading to a - slow-down in growth. The economy remains the envy of the great majority of - the world's peoples. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $287 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2.4% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $48.4 billion; expenditures $48.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993) -Exports: - $76.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear, - machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish - partners: - US 24%, Japan 15% (1992) -Imports: - $81.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport - equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains - partners: - Japan 24%, US 22% (1992) -External debt: - $42 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.0% (1992 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP -Electricity: - 24,000,000 kW capacity; 105,000 million kWh produced, 2,380 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel, - electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding -Agriculture: - accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and - forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; - livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs; - self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric - tons, seventh-largest in world -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries - (1970-89), $3.0 billion -Currency: - 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical) - -*Korea, South, Economy - -Exchange rates: - South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 791.99 (January 1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35 - (1991), 707.76 (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Korea, South, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,091 km total (1991); 3,044 km 1.435 meter standard gauge, 47 km - 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 847 km double track; 525 km electrified, - government owned -Highways: - 63,201 km total (1991); 1,551 expressways, 12,190 km national highway, - 49,460 km provincial and local roads -Inland waterways: - 1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft -Pipelines: - petroleum products 455 km -Ports: - Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan -Merchant marine: - 431 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,689,227 GRT/11,016,014 DWT; - includes 2 short-sea passenger, 138 cargo, 61 container, 11 refrigerated - cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 45 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 13 liquefied - gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 135 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 multifunction - large-load carrier -Airports: - total: - 103 - usable: - 93 - with permanent-surface runways: - 59 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 22 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 18 -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international services; 13,276,449 telephone - subscribers; broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or - greater); satellite earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT - -*Korea, South, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 13,286,969; fit for military service 8,542,640; reach - military age (18) annually 432,434 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12.2 billion, 3.6% of GNP (1993 est.) - -*Kuwait, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, at the head of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 17,820 km2 - land area: - 17,820 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km -Coastline: - 499 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - in April 1991 Iraq officially accepted UN Security Council Resolution 687, - which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth - in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and - Warbah Islands, or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN - Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security - Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the - decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a - completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi - officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; ownership of Qaruh - and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia -Climate: - dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters -Terrain: - flat to slightly undulating desert plain -Natural resources: - petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 8% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 92% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities - provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - strategic location at head of Persian Gulf - -*Kuwait, People - -Population: - 1,698,077 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 8.67% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 30.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 2.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 58.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: total population: - 74.62 years - male: - 72.47 years - female: - 76.87 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Kuwaiti(s) - adjective: - Kuwaiti -Ethnic divisions: - Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7% -Religions: - Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and - other 15% -Languages: - Arabic (official), English widely spoken -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 73% - male: - 77% - female: - 67% -Labor force: - 566,000 (1986) - by occupation: - services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, manufacturing 8.6%, finance - and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power and water 1.7%, mining and - quarrying 1.4% - note: - 70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986) - -*Kuwait, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - State of Kuwait - conventional short form: - Kuwait - local long form: - Dawlat al Kuwayt - local short form: - Al Kuwayt -Digraph: - KU -Type: - nominal constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Kuwait -Administrative divisions: - 5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah, - Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah -Independence: - 19 June 1961 (from UK) -Constitution: - 16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962) -Legal system: - civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 25 February -Political parties and leaders: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - 40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a - fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government - policies are active -Suffrage: - adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at - age 21 - note: - out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only 5% actually vote -Elections: - National Assembly: - dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a - second election in the 14th and 16th constituencies scheduled for 15 - February 1993 -Executive branch: - amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al 'umma) dissolved 3 July 1986; - elections for new Assembly held 5 October 1992 -Judicial branch: - High Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA'D al-'Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since 8 - February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah - (since 17 October 1992) - -*Kuwait, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Muhammad al-Sabah al-Salim al-SABAH - chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 966-0702 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr. - embassy: - Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City - mailing address: - P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880 - telephone: - [965] 242-4151 through 4159 - FAX: - [956] 244-2855 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black - trapezoid based on the hoist side - -*Kuwait, Economy - -Overview: - Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proven crude oil reserves - of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait is rebuilding - its war-ravaged petroleum sector and the increase in crude oil production to - nearly 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 1992 led to an enormous - increase in GDP for the year. The government ran a cumulative fiscal deficit - of approximately $70 billion over its last two fiscal years, reducing its - foreign asset position and increasing its public debt to roughly $40 - billion. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and over 90% of export - and government revenue. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $15.3 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 80% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $11,100 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88) -Exports: - $750 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - oil - partners: - France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11% -Imports: - $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing - partners: US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9% -External debt: - $7.2 billion (December 1989 est.) - note: - external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay for - restoration of war damage -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDP -Electricity: - 6,873,000 kW available out of 7,398,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war; - 12,264 million kWh produced, 8,890 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building - materials, salt, construction -Agriculture: - practically none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water - must be distilled or imported -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries - (1979-89) -Currency: - 1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils -Exchange rates: - Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3044 (January 1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843 - (1991), 0.2915 (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988) - -*Kuwait, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Kuwait, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel -Pipelines: - crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km -Ports: - Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi -Merchant marine: - 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,996,052 GRT/3,373,088 DWT; includes - 7 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 24 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 3 container -Airports: - total: - 7 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm and - reconstruction is still under way with some restored international and - domestic capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite - earth stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf War and not rebuilt yet; - temporary mobile satellite ground stations provide international - telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; - service to Iraq is nonoperational - -*Kuwait, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 498,254; fit for military service 298,865; reach military - age (18) annually 14,459 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 7.3% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*Kyrgyzstan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, between China and Kazakhstan -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 198,500 km2 - land area: - 191,300 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Dakota -Land boundaries: - total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, - Uzbekistan 1,099 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley - area -Climate: - dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana - Valley) -Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins - encompass entire nation -Natural resources: - small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil, nepheline, rare earth metals, - mercury, bismuth, gold, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - 10,320 km2 (1990) -Environment: - NA -Note: - landlocked - -*Kyrgyzstan, People - -Population: - 4,625,954 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.56% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 47.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.71 years - male: - 63.47 years - female: - 72.15 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.39 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Kirghiz(s) - adjective: - Kirghiz -Ethnic divisions: - Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%, - other 8.3% -Religions: - Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA% -Languages: - Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 1.748 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 33%, industry and construction 28%, other 39% - (1990) - -*Kyrgyzstan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Kyrgyzstan - conventional short form: - Kyrgyzstan - local long form: - Kyrgyzstan Respublikasy - local short form: - none - former: - Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - KG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bishkek (Frunze) -Administrative divisions: - 6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Jalal-Abad, Ysyk-Kul', Naryn, - Osh, Talas -Independence: - 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted 5 May 1993 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - National Day, 2 December -Political parties and leaders: - Kyrgyz Democratic Movement, Kazat AKMAKOV, chairman; Civic Accord, Coalition - representing nonnative minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner) - Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, chairman; Communist Party was banned but has - registered as political party 18 September 1992 -Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of -Free Trade - Unions; Union of Entrepreneurs -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Askar AKAYEV - won in uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting; - note - president elected by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular - vote 12 October 1991 - Zhogorku Keneshom: - last held 25 February 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held no later - than NA November 1994 for the Zhgorku Keneshom); results - Commnunists 90%; - seats - (350 total) Communists 310 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet of Ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Zhogorku Keneshom -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); Vice President Feliks KULOV - (since 12 October 1992) - -*Kyrgyzstan, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992); Deputy Prime - Minister Abdygani ERKEBAYEV; Supreme Soviet Chairman Medetkan SHERIMKULOV - (since NA) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roza OTUNBAYEVA - chancery: - 1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC - telephone: - (202) 347-5029 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edward HURWITZ - embassy: - (temporary) Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek - mailing address: - APO AE 09721 - telephone: - 7-3312 22-26-93, 22-35-51, 22-29-20 - FAX: - 7-3312 22-35-51 -Flag: - red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40 - Krygyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the - reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two - sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the - traditional Kyrgyz yurt - -*Kyrgyzstan, Economy - -Overview: - Kyrgyzstan's small economy (less than 1% of the total for the former Soviet - Union) is oriented toward agriculture, producing mainly livestock such as - goats and sheep, as well as cotton, grain, and tobacco. Industry, - concentrated around Bishkek, produces small quantities of electric motors, - livestock feeding equipment, washing machines, furniture, cement, paper, and - bricks. Mineral extraction is small, the most important minerals being coal, - rare earth metals and gold. Kyrgyzstan is a net importer of many types of - food and fuel but is a net exporter of electricity. In 1992, the Kirghiz - leadership made progress on reform, primarily by privatizing business, - granting life-long tenure to farmers, and freeing most prices. Nonetheless, - in 1992 overall industrial and livestock output declined because of acute - fuel shortages and a widespread lack of spare parts. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -25% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 29% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.1% includes officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of - underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - wool, chemicals, cotton, ferrous and nonferrous metals, shoes, machinery, - tobacco - partners: - Russia 70%, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and others -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - lumber, industrial products, ferrous metals, fuel, machinery, textiles, - footwear - partners: - other CIS republics -External debt: - $650 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% (1992) -Electricity: - 4,100,000 kW capacity; 11,800 million kWh produced, 2,551 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - small machinery, textiles, food-processing industries, cement, shoes, sawn - logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, and rare earth metals -Agriculture: - wool, tobacco, cotton, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle), vegetables, meat, - grapes, fruits and berries, eggs, milk, potatoes -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit - drugs to Western Europel -Economic aid: - $300 million official and commitments by foreign donors (1992) - -*Kyrgyzstan, Economy - -Currency: - introduced national currency, the som (10 May 1993) -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Kyrgyzstan, Communications - -Railroads: - 370 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 30,300 km total; 22,600 km paved or graveled, 7,700 km earth(1990) -Pipelines: - natural gas 200 km -Ports: - none; landlocked -Airports: - total: - 52 - useable: - 27 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 13 -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; 56 telephones per 1000 persons (December 1990); - connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave and with other - countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch; - satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new - intelsat earth station provide TV receive-only capability for Turkish - broadcasts - -*Kyrgyzstan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops), Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,093,694; fit for military service 890,961 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Laos, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, between Vietnam and Thailand -Map references: - Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 236,800 km2 - land area: - 230,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Utah -Land boundaries: - total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 - km, Vietnam 2,130 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - boundary dispute with Thailand -Climate: - tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to - April) -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 58% - other: - 35% -Irrigated land: - 1,200 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion; subject to floods -Note: - landlocked - -*Laos, People - -Population: - 4,569,327 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.86% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 15.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 104.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 51.18 years - male: - 49.67 years - female: - 52.77 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Lao(s) or Laotian(s) - adjective: - Lao or Laotian -Ethnic divisions: - Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and other - 15% -Religions: - Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15% -Languages: - Lao (official), French, English -Literacy: - age 15-45 can read and write (1985) - total population: - 84% - male: - 92% - female: - 76% -Labor force: - 1-1.5 million - by occupation: - agriculture 85-90% (est.) - -*Laos, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Lao People's Democratic Republic - conventional short form: - Laos - local long form: - Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao - local short form: - none -Digraph: - LA -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Vientiane -Administrative divisions: - 16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality* (kampheng, nakhon, singular and -plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai, Champasak, - Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang, Oudomxai, Phongsali, - Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, Vientiane, Vientiane*, Xaignabouri,, Xiangkhoang -Independence: - 19 July 1949 (from France) -Constitution: - promulgated August 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic - Republic) -Political parties and leaders: - Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party president; - includes Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC); other parties moribund -Other political or pressure groups: - non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders fled the country in - 1975 -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Third National Assembly: - last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - president, prime minister and two deputy prime ministers, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President NOUHAK Phoumsavan (since 25 November 1992) - Head of Government: Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 15 August 1991) -Member of: - ACCT (associate), AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO - -*Laos, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador HIEM Phommachanh - chancery: - 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-6416 or 6417 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles B. SALMON, Jr. - embassy: - Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane - mailing address: - B. P. 114, Vientiane, or AMEMB, Box V, APO AP 96546 - telephone: - (856) 2220, 2357, 2384 - FAX: - (856) 4675 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with a - large white disk centered in the blue band - -*Laos, Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest nations, Laos has had a Communist centrally - planned economy with government ownership and control of productive - enterprises of any size. In recent years, however, the government has been - decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a - landlocked country with a primitive infrastructure; that is, it has no - railroads, a rudimentary road system, limited external and internal - telecommunications, and electricity available in only a limited area. - Subsistence agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of - GDP and providing about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is - rice. For the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its - survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources; aid - from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $900 million (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 4% (1991) -National product per capita: - $200 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 21% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $83 million; expenditures $188.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $94 million (1990 est.) -Exports: - $72 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - electricity, wood products, coffee, tin - partners: - Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, USSR, US, China -Imports: - $238 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.) - commodities: - food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures - partners: - Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam, China -External debt: - $1.1 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 226,000 kW capacity; 990 million kWh produced, 220 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural processing, - construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force; subsistence - farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in nondrought years; - principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land), sweet potatoes, vegetables, - corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock - buffaloes, hogs, cattle, - poultry -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug trade, - third-largest opium producer - -*Laos, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million -Currency: - 1 new kip (NK) = 100 at -Exchange rates: - new kips (NK) per US$1 - 710 (May 1992), 710 (December 1991), 700 (September - 1990), 576 (1989), 385 (1988), 200 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Laos, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - about 27,527 km total; 1,856 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 7,451 km - gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 18,220 km unimproved earth and - often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September -Inland waterways: - about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional - kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m -Pipelines: - petroleum products 136 km -Ports: - none -Airports: - total: - 54 - usable: - 41 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 15 -Telecommunications: - service to general public practically non-existant; radio communications - network provides generally erratic service to government users; 7,390 - telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite - earth station - -*Laos, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia elements), - Air Force, National Police Department -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 980,274; fit for military service 528,450; reach military - age (18) annually 43,849 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Latvia, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, bordering on the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia -Map references: - Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: 64,100 km2 - land area: - 64,100 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - total 1,078 km, Belarus 141 km, Estonia 267 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 - km -Coastline: - 531 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - the Abrene section of border ceded by the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic - to Russia in 1944 -Climate: - maritime; wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - low plain -Natural resources: - minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite -Land use: - arable land: - 27% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 13% - forest and woodland: - 39% - other: - 21% -Irrigated land: - 160 km2 (1990) -Environment: - heightened levels of air and water pollution because of a lack of waste - conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily polluted; - contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and petroleum products - at military bases - -*Latvia, People - -Population: - 2,735,573 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.5% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: 3.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.23 years - male: - 64.15 years - female: - 74.55 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Latvian(s) - adjective: - Latvian -Ethnic divisions: - Latvian 51.8%, Russian 33.8%, Belarusian 4.5%, Ukrainian 3.4%, Polish 2.3%, - other 4.2% -Religions: - Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox -Languages: - Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 1.407 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 16%, other 43% - (1990) - -*Latvia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Latvia - conventional short form: - Latvia - local long form: - Latvijas Republika - local short form: - Latvija - former: - Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - LG -Type: republic -Capital: - Riga -Administrative divisions: - none (all districts are under direct republic jurisdiction) -Independence: - 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted NA May 1922, considering rewriting constitution -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 November (1918) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Labor Party of Latvia, Juris BOJARS, chairman; Inter-Front of the - Working People of Latvia, Igor LOPATIN, chairman (Inter-Front was banned - after the coup); Latvian National Movement for Independence, Eduards - BERKLAVS, chairman; Latvian Democratic Party, Janis DINEVICS, chairman; - Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party, Uldis BERZINS, chairman; Latvian - People's Front, Uldis AUGST-KALNS, chairman; Latvian Liberal Party, Georg - LANSMANIS, chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held October 1988 (next to be held NA); note - Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS - elected by Supreme Soviet; elected to restyled post of Chairman of the - Supreme Council on 3 May 1990; new elections have not been scheduled - Supreme Council: - last held 18 March 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held 5-6 June - 1993 for the Saeima); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (234 - total) Latvian Communist Party 59, Latvian Democratic Workers Party 31, - Social Democratic Party of Latvia 4, Green Party of Latvia 7, Latvian - Farmers Union 7, Latvian Popular Front 126; note - the Supreme Council is an - interim 201-seats legislative body; a new parliament or Saiema to be elected - in June 1993 - Congress of Latvia: - last held April 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (231 total) number of seats by party NA; note - the - Congress of Latvia is a quasi-governmental structure -Executive branch: - Chairman of Supreme Council (president), prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council - -*Latvia, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chairman Supreme Council Anatolijs V. GORBUNOVS (since NA October 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ivars GODMANIS (since NA May 1990) -Member of: - CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IOM (observer), ITU, - NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ojars KALNINS - chancery: - 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: - (202) 726-8213 and 8214 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ints M, SILINS; - embassy: - Raina Boulevard 7, Riga 226050 - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - 0-11 [358] (49) 311-348 (cellular) - FAX: - [358] (49) 314-665 (cellular), (7) (01-32) 220-502 - note: - dialing to the Baltics still requires use of an international operator, - unless you use the cellular phone lines -Flag: - two horizontal bands of maroon (top and bottom), white (middle, narrower - than other two bands) - -*Latvia, Economy - -Overview: - Latvia is in the process of reforming the centrally planned economy - inherited from the former USSR into a market economy. Prices have been - freed, and privatization of shops and farms has begun. Latvia lacks natural - resources, aside from its arable land and small forests. Its most valuable - economic asset is its work force, which is better educated and disciplined - than in most of the former Soviet republics. Industrial production is highly - diversified, with products ranging from agricultural machinery to consumer - electronics. One conspicuous vulnerability: Latvia produces only 10% of its - electric power needs. Latvia in the near term must retain key commercial - ties to Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine while moving in the long run toward - joint ventures with technological support from, and trade ties to the West. - Because of the efficiency of its mostly individual farms, Latvians enjoy a - diet that is higher in meat, vegetables, and dairy products and lower in - grain and potatoes than diets in the 12 non-Baltic republics of the former - USSR. Good relations with Russia are threatened by animosity between ethnic - Russians (34% of the population) and native Latvians. The cumulative - difficulties in replacing old sources of supply and old markets, together - with the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium of exchange, help - account for the sharp 30% drop in GDP in 1992. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -30% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 3.6% (March 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -35% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 2,140,000 kW capacity; 5,800 million kWh produced, 2,125 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - employs 33% of labor force; highly diversified; dependent on imports for - energy, raw materials, and intermediate products; produces buses, vans, - street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers, agricultural machinery, - fertilizers, washing machines, radios, electronics, pharmaceuticals, - processed foods, textiles - -*Latvia, Economy - -Agriculture: - employs 16% of labor force; principally dairy farming and livestock feeding; - products - meat, milk, eggs, grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; - fishing and fish packing -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic - consumption; also produces illicit amphetamines for export -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 lat = 100 NA; introduced NA March 1993 -Exchange rates: - lats per US$1 - 1.32 (March 1993) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Latvia, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,400 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 59,500 km total; 33,000 km hard surfaced 26,500 km earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - 300 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 750 km, refined products 780 km, natural gas 560 km (1992) -Ports: - coastal - Riga, Ventspils, Liepaja; inland - Daugavpils -Merchant marine: - 96 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 905,006 GRT/1,178,844 DWT; includes 14 - cargo, 27 refrigerated cargo, 2 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 44 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 50 - useable: - 15 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 7 -Telecommunications: - NMT-450 analog cellular network is operational covering Riga, Ventspils, - Daugavpils, Rezekne, and Valmiera; broadcast stations - NA; international - traffic carried by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway - switch and through new independent international automatic telephone - exchange in Riga and the Finnish cellular net - -*Latvia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border - troops), Border Guard, Home Guard (Zemessardze) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 648,273; fit for military service 511,297; reach military - age (18) annually 18,767 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 176 million rubles, 3-5% of GDP; note - conversion of the military budget - into US$ using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results - -*Lebanon, Header - -Note: - Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions and - regaining its national sovereignty since the end of the devastating 16-year - civil war in October 1990. Under the Ta'if accord - the blueprint for - national reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable - political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in the - political process. Since December 1990, the Lebanese have formed three - cabinets and conducted the first legislative election in 20 years. Most of - the militias have been weakened or disbanded. The Lebanese Armed Forces - (LAF) has seized vast quantities of weapons used by the militias during the - war and extended central government authority over about one-half of the - country. Hizballah, the radical Sh'ia party, is the only significant group - that retains most of its weapons. Foreign forces still occupy areas of - Lebanon. Israel continues to support a proxy militia, The Army of South - Lebanon (ASL), along a narrow stretch of territory contiguous to its border. - The ASL's enclave encompasses this self-declared security zone and about 20 - kilometers north to the strategic town of Jazzine. As of December 1992, - Syria maintained about 30,000 troops in Lebanon. These troops are based - mainly in Beirut, North Lebanon, and the Bekaa Valley. Syria's deployment - was legitimized by the Arab League early in Lebanon's civil war and in the - Ta'if accord. Citing the continued weakness of the LAF, Beirut's requests, - and failure of the Lebanese Government to implement all of the - constitutional reforms in the Ta'if accord, Damascus has so far refused to - withdraw its troops from Beirut. - -*Lebanon, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and Syria -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 10,400 km2 - land area: - 10,230 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.8 times the size of Connecticut -Land boundaries: - total 454 km, Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km -Coastline: - 225 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in southern - Lebanon since June 1982; Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern - Lebanon since October 1976 -Climate: - Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon - mountians experience heavy winter snows -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa' (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and - Anti-Lebanon Mountains -Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region -Land use: - arable land: - 21% - permanent crops: - 9% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 8% - other: - 61% -Irrigated land: - 860 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - rugged terrain historically helped isolate, protect, and develop numerous - factional groups based on religion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil - erosion; air and water pollution; desertification -Note: - Nahr al Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an international - boundary - -*Lebanon, People - -Population: - 3,552,369 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.81% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 27.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 41 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.01 years - male: - 66.63 years - female: - 71.52 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Lebanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Lebanese -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% -Religions: - Islam 70% (5 legally recognized Islamic groups - Alawite or Nusayri, Druze, - Isma'ilite, Shi'a, Sunni), Christian 30% (11 legally recognized Christian - groups - 4 Orthodox Christian, 6 Catholic, 1 Protestant), Judaism NEGL% -Languages: - Arabic (official), French (official), Armenian, English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 80% - male: - 88% - female: - 73% -Labor force: - 650,000 - by occupation: - industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government 10% (1985) - -*Lebanon, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Lebanon - conventional short form: - Lebanon - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah - local short form: - none -Digraph: - LE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Beirut -Administrative divisions: - 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Biqa, 'Al Janub, Ash - Shamal, Bayrut, Jabal Lubnan -Independence: - 22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French - administration) -Constitution: - 26 May 1926 (amended) -Legal system: - mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no - judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 22 November (1943) -Political parties and leaders: - political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; - numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political - figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic - considerations -Suffrage: 21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at age 21 - with elementary education -Elections: - National Assembly: - Lebanon's first legislative election in 20 years was held in the summer of - 1992; the National Assembly is composed of 128 deputies, one-half Christian - and one-half Muslim; its mandate expires in 1996 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet; note - by custom, the president is a - Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of - the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Arabic - Majlis Alnuwab, French - Assemblee - Nationale) -Judicial branch: - four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and - one court for criminal cases) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ilyas HARAWI (since 24 November 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 22 October 1992) - -*Lebanon, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Simon KARAM - chancery: - 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-6300 - consulates general: - Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER - mailing embassy: - Antelias, Beirut - address: - P. O. Box 70-840, Beirut, or Box B, FPO AE 09836 - telephone: - [961] 417774 or 415802, 415803, 402200, 403300 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width), and red with a - green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band - -*Lebanon, Economy - -Overview: - Since 1975 civil war has seriously damaged Lebanon's economic - infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended Lebanon's - position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. Following October - 1990, however, a tentative peace has enabled the central government to begin - restoring control in Beirut, collect taxes, and regain access to key port - and government facilities. The battered economy has also been propped up by - a financially sound banking system and resilient small- and medium-scale - manufacturers. Family remittances, banking transactions, manufactured and - farm exports, the narcotics trade, and international emergency aid are main - sources of foreign exchange. In the relatively settled year of 1991, - industrial production, agricultural output, and exports showed substantial - gains. The further rebuilding of the war-ravaged country was delayed in 1992 - because of an upturn in political wrangling. Hope for restoring economic - momentum in 1993 rests with the new, business-oriented Prime Minister - HARIRI. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.8 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $1,400 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 100% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 35% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $533 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $490 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, precious and semiprecious metals - and jewelry, metals and metal products - partners: - Saudi Arabia 21%, Switzerland 9.5%, Jordan 6%, Kuwait 12%, US 5% -Imports: - $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - Consumer goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products - partners: - Italy 14%, France 12%, US 6%, Turkey 5%, Saudi Arabia 3% -External debt: - $400 million (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,413 million kWh produced, 990 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - banking, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, - jewelry, some metal fabricating -Agriculture: - accounts for about one-third of GDP; principal products - citrus fruits, - vegetables, potatoes, olives, tobacco, hemp (hashish), sheep, goats; not - self-sufficient in grain - -*Lebanon, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium, hashish, and heroin for the international drug - trade; opium poppy production in Al Biqa almost completely eradicated this - year; hashish production is shipped to Western Europe, Israel, US, the - Middle East, and South America -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $356 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $664 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $962 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $9 - million -Currency: - 1 Lebanese pound (#L) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - Lebanese pounds (#L) per US$1 - 1,742.00 (April 1993), 1,712.80 (1992), - 928.23 (1991), 695.09 (1990), 496.69 (1989), 409.23 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Lebanon, Communications - -Railroads: - system in disrepair, considered inoperable -Highways: - 7,300 km total; 6,200 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km - improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 72 km (none in operation) -Ports: - Beirut, Tripoli, Ra'Sil'ata, Juniyah, Sidon, Az Zahrani, Tyre, Jubayl, - Shikka Jadidah -Merchant marine: - 63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,505 GRT/403,328 DWT; includes 39 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 1 - container, 9 livestock carrier, 2 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 4 - bulk, 1 combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 9 - usable: - 8 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - telecommunications system severely damaged by civil war; rebuilding still - underway; 325,000 telephones (95 telephones per 1,000 persons); domestic - traffic carried primarily by microwave radio relay and a small amount of - cable; international traffic by satellite - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth - station and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station (erratic operations), - coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond - Syria to Jordan, 3 submarine coaxial cables; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 - FM, 13 TV (numerous AM and FM stations are operated sporadically by various - factions) - -*Lebanon, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 798,299; fit for military service 495,763 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $271 million, 8.2% of GDP (1992 budget) - -*Lesotho, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 30,350 km2 - land area: - 30,350 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 909 km, South Africa 909 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers -Terrain: - mostly highland with some plateaus, hills, and mountains -Natural resources: - some diamonds and other minerals, water, agricultural and grazing land -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 0% meadows and pastures: - 66% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 24% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in - overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification -Note: - landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will - control, store, and redirect water to South Africa - -*Lesotho, People - -Population: - 1,896,484 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.52% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 34.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 71.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 61.73 years - male: - 59.91 years - female: - 63.6 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural) - adjective: - Basotho -Ethnic divisions: - Sotho 99.7%, Europeans 1,600, Asians 800 -Religions: - Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs -Languages: - Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1966) - total population: - 59% - male: 44% - female: - 68% -Labor force: - 689,000 economically active - by occupation: - 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% - of active male labor force works in South Africa - -*Lesotho, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Lesotho - conventional short form: - Lesotho - former: - Basutoland -Digraph: - LT -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Maseru -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, - Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka -Independence: - 4 October 1966 (from UK) -Constitution: - 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of - legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 October (1966) -Political parties and leaders: - Basotho National Party (BNP), Evaristus SEKHONYANA; Basutoland Congress - Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE; National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI; - Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), Vincent MALEBO; United Democratic Party, - Charles MOFELI; Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), JCOB M. KENA -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; military has pledged - elections will take place in March 1993 -Executive branch: - monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - none - the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in - January 1986; note - a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 - to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it - has no legislative authority -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, - exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Military Council Gen. Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April - 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO - -*Lesotho, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Designate Teboho KITLEI - chancery: - 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 797-5534 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Sr. - embassy: - address NA, Maseru - mailing address: - P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Lesotho - telephone: - [266] 312-666 - FAX: - (266) 310-116 -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white - bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; - the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner - -*Lesotho, Economy - -Overview: - Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural - resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light - manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($439 - million in 1991). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods - from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on - farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; - other industries include textile, clothing, and construction (in particular, - a major water improvement project which will permit the sale of water to - South Africa). Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. - Political and economic instability in South Africa raises uncertainty for - Lesotho's economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances - - recently the equivalent of nearly three-fourths of domestic output. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $620 million (1991 est.) - note: - GNP of $1.0 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.3% (1991 est.); GNP 2.2% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $340 (1991 est.); GNP $570 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 17.9% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - at least 55% among adult males (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $388 million; expenditures $399 million, including capital - expenditures of $132 million (FY93) -Exports: - $57 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets - partners: - South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989) -Imports: - $805 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, - petroleum - partners: - South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989) -External debt: - $358 million (for public sector) (December 1990/91 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - power supplied by South Africa -Industries: - food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 19% of GDP (1990 est.) and employs 60-70% of all households; - exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal - crops corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; US, $10.3 million - (1992), $10.1 million (1993 est.); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF - bilateral commitments (1970-89), $819 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), - $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 million - -*Lesotho, Economy - -Currency: - 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente -Exchange rates: - maloti (M) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), - 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Basotho loti is at - par with the South African rand -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Lesotho, Communications - -Railroads: - 2.6 km; owned, operated by, and included in the statistics of South Africa -Highways: - 7,215 km total; 572 km paved; 2,337 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil; 1,806 km improved earth, 2,500 km unimproved earth -Airports: - total: - 28 - usable: - 28 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - rudimentary system consisting of a few landlines, a small microwave system, - and minor radio communications stations; 5,920 telephones; broadcast - stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Lesotho, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; including Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho - Mounted Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 422,802; fit for military service 228,102 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 13% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Liberia, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Pacific Ocean between Cote d'Ivoire and - Sierra Leone -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 111,370 km2 - land area: - 96,320 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Tennessee -Land boundaries: - total 1,585 km, Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km -Coastline: - 579 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; - wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low - mountains in northeast -Natural resources: - iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 39% - other: - 55% -Irrigated land: - 20 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation - -*Liberia, People - -Population: - 2,874,881 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.37% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: 115.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 57.28 years - male: - 54.88 years - female: - 59.76 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.42 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Liberian(s) - adjective: - Liberian -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, - Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella), Americo-Liberians - 5% (descendants of repatriated slaves) -Religions: - traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10% -Languages: - English 20% (official), Niger-Congo language group about 20 local languages - come from this group -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 40% - male: - 50% - female: - 29% -Labor force: - 510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy - by occupation: - agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2% - note: - non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and - engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age - -*Liberia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Liberia - conventional short form: - Liberia -Digraph: - LI -Type: - republic -Capital: - Monrovia -Administrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Cape Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand -Kru, - Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, River Cess, Sinoe -Independence: - 26 July 1847 -Constitution: - 6 January 1986 -Legal system: - dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the - modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for - indigenous sector -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 July (1847) -Political parties and leaders: - National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman; - Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman; Unity Party (UP), - Carlos SMITH, chairman; United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus - MATTHEWS, chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - Gen. Dr. Samuel - Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note - - President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990 - Senate: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, UPP 1 - House of Representatives: - last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, UPP 2 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - People's Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990) - note: - this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West - African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under - a West African-brokered peace plan; a rebel faction led by Charles TAYLOR is - challenging the SAWYER government's legitimacy; former president, Gen. Dr. - Samuel Kanyon DOE, was killed on 9 September 1990 by Prince Y. JOHNSON - -*Liberia, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: - Ambassador James TARPEH - chancery: - 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: - (202) 723-0437 through 0440 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William H. TWADDELL - embassy: - 111 United Nations Drive, Monrovia - mailing address: - P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO AE 09813 - telephone: - [231] 222991 through 222994 - FAX: - (231) 223710 -Flag: - 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; - there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side - corner; the design was based on the US flag - -*Liberia, Economy - -Overview: - Civil war since 1990 has destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the - infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Businessmen have fled the country, - taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. Richly endowed - with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to - agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products, - while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. - Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction and - repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who have fled to neighboring - countries. The political impasse between the interim government and rebel - leader Charles Taylor has prevented restoration of normal economic life, - including the re-establishment of a strong central government with effective - economic development programs. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $988 million (1988) -National product real growth rate: - 1.5% (1988) -National product per capita: - $400 (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 43% urban (1988) -Budget: - revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $29.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) - commodities: - iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee - partners: - US, EC, Netherlands -Imports: - $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.) - commodities: - rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other - foodstuffs - partners: - US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS -External debt: - $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP -Electricity: - 410,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 275 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm - oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds) -Agriculture: - accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal - products - rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, - sugarcane, bananas, sheep, goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports 25% - of rice consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $870 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 - million - -*Liberia, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial - parallel exchange rate of L$7 = US$1, January 1992 -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Liberia, Communications - -Railroads: - 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow - gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign - steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government -Highways: - 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km - dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads - open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies -Ports: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas) -Merchant marine: - 1,618 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,769,476 DWT/ 101,391,576 DWT; - includes 20 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 132 cargo, 56 refrigerated - cargo, 21 roll-on/roll-off, 58 vehicle carrier, 97 container, 3 barge - carrier, 499 oil tanker, 108 chemical, 68 combination ore/oil, 62 liquefied - gas, 6 specialized tanker, 456 bulk, 31 combination bulk; note - a flag of - convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top 4 owning flags - are US 16%, Japan 14%, Norway 11%, and Hong Kong 9% -Airports: - total: - 59 - usable: - 41 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is - Monrovia; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - earth station; most telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency - movement - -*Liberia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - the ultimate structure of the Liberian military force will depend on who is - the victor in the ongoing civil war -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 684,681; fit for military service 365,518 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Libya, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, between - Egypt and Tunisia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,759,540 km2 - land area: - 1,759,540 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - total 4,383 km, Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, - Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km -Coastline: - 1,770 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm - Gulf of Sidra closing line: - 32 degrees 30 minutes north -International disputes: - claims and occupies the Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary - dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims part of northern Niger and part of - southeastern Algeria -Climate: - Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior -Terrain: - mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, gypsum -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 8% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 90% -Irrigated land: - 2,420 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in - spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources -Note: - the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the - world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to - coastal cities - -*Libya, People - -Population: - 4,872,598 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.73% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: 65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 63.47 years - male: - 61.35 years - female: - 65.7 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Libyan(s) - adjective: - Libyan -Ethnic divisions: - Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, - Turks, Indians, Tunisians -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 97% -Languages: - Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 64% - male: - 75% - female: - 50% -Labor force: - 1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners - by occupation: - industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18% - -*Libya, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya - conventional short form: - Libya - local long form: - Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishirakiyah - local short form: - none -Digraph: - LY -Type: - Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the populace - through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship -Capital: - Tripoli -Administrative divisions: 25 municipalities (baladiyah, singular - baladiyat); Ajdabiya, Al -'Aziziyah, - Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al Kufrah, An Nuqat al - Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, - Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt, Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, - Yafran, Zlitan -Independence: - 24 December 1951 (from Italy) -Constitution: - 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977 -Legal system: - based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious - courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Revolution Day, 1 September (1969) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection - (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning - clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees -Executive branch: - revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee (premier), - General People's Committee (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral General People's Congress -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Revolutionary Leader Col. Mu'ammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September - 1969) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abu Zayd 'umar DURDA - (since 7 October 1990) - -*Libya, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none -US diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion) - -*Libya, Economy - -Overview: - The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil - sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about - one-third of GDP. In 1990 per capita GDP was the highest in Africa at - $5,410, but GDP growth rates have slowed and fluctuate sharply in response - to changes in the world oil market. Import restrictions and inefficient - resource allocations have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, - although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the - Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have eased shortages. Austerity - budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's - ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development - projects. Windfall revenues from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 - improved the foreign payments position and resulted in a current account - surplus for the first time in five years. The nonoil manufacturing and - construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have expanded from - processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, - steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for only 5% of GDP, it - employs about 20% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils - severely limit farm output, and Libya imports about 75% of its food - requirements. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $26.1 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.2% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $5,800 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.) -Exports: - $9.71 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas - partners: - Italy, former USSR, Germany, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey -Imports: - $8.66 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods - partners: - Italy, former USSR, Germany, UK, Japan, Korea -External debt: - $3.5 billion excluding military debt (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 10.5%; accounts for 7.6% of GDP (not including oil) (1990) -Electricity: - 4,935,000 kW capacity; 14,385 million kWh produced, 2,952 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement -Agriculture: - 5% of GNP; cash crops - wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, - peanuts; 75% of food is imported - -*Libya, Economy - -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), - $242 million; no longer a recipient -Currency: - 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams -Exchange rates: - Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.2998 (January 1993), 0.3013 (1992), 0.2684 - (1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Libya, Communications - -Railroads: - Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all previous systems - having been dismantled; current plans are to construct a standard gauge - (1.435 m) line from the Tunisian frontier to Tripoli and Misratah, then - inland to Sabha, center of a mineral rich area, but there has been no - progress; other plans made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line - from As Sallum, Egypt to Tobruk with completion set for mid-1994, progress - unknown -Highways: - 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bituminous/bituminous treated, 8,500 km crushed - stone or earth -Inland waterways: - none -Pipelines: - crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; petroleum products 443 km - (includes liquified petroleum gas 256 km) -Ports: - Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Ra's al - Unif -Merchant marine: - 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 694,883 GRT/1,215,494 DWT; includes 4 - short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off, 10 oil tanker, 1 chemical - tanker, 2 liquefied gas -Airports: - total: - 138 - usable: - 124 - with permanent-surface runways: - 56 - with runways over 3,659 m: 9 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 27 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 47 -Telecommunications: - modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, - tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine - cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric - scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations - -*Libya, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (including Army, Navy, Air and - Air Defense Command) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,058,134; fit for military service 628,285; reach military - age (17) annually 50,997 (1993 est.); conscription now being implemented -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion, 15% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Liechtenstein, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, between Austria and Switzerland -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 160 km2 - land area: - 160 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 78 km, Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family - in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does not go back before - February 1948, when the Communists seized power -Climate: - continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to - moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers -Terrain: - mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third -Natural resources: - hydroelectric potential -Land use: - arable land: - 25% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 38% - forest and woodland: - 19% - other: - 18% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation -Note: - landlocked - -*Liechtenstein, People - -Population: - 29,894 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 6.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.29 years - male: - 73.65 years - female: - 80.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Liechtensteiner(s) - adjective: - Liechtenstein -Ethnic divisions: - Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988) -Languages: - German (official), Alemannic dialect -Literacy: - age 10 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and - Switzerland to work each day - by occupation: - industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture, fishing, - forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990) - -*Liechtenstein, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Principality of Liechtenstein - conventional short form: - Liechtenstein - local long form: - Furstentum Liechtenstein - local short form: - Liechtenstein -Digraph: - LS -Type: - hereditary constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Vaduz -Administrative divisions: - 11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, - Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz -Independence: - 23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established) -Constitution: - 5 October 1921 -Legal system: - local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Assumption Day, 15 August -Political parties and leaders: - Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), - Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FL) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Diet: - last held on 7 February 1993 (next to be held by March 1997); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (25 total) FBP 12, VU 11, FL 2 -Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of - government -Legislative branch: - unicameral Diet (Landtag) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases, Superior Court - (Obergericht) for civil cases -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 - August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 - June 1968) - Head of Government: - Markus BUECHEL (since 7 February 1993); Deputy Head of Government Dr. - Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986) -Member of: - CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, - UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO -Diplomatic representation in US: - in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the - Swiss Embassy - -*Liechtenstein, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US - Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the - hoist side of the blue band - -*Liechtenstein, Economy - -Overview: - The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and - tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment, the service sector - 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 2%. The sale of - postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low - business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules - have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to - establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated - solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied - closely to Switzerland's economy in a customs union, and incomes and living - standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $22,300 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5.4% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 1.5% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $259 million; expenditures $292 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $1.6 billion - commodities: - small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery - partners: - EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other 36.4% - (1990) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,230 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food - products, precision instruments, tourism -Agriculture: - livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi -Exchange rates: - Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), - 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Liechtenstein, Communications - -Railroads: - 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and - included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways -Highways: - 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads -Airports: - none -Telecommunications: - limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; - linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international - telephone, radio, and TV services - -*Liechtenstein, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is responsibility of Switzerland - -*Lithuania, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia -Map references: - Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 65,200 km2 - land area: - 65,200 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia - (Kaliningrad) 227 km -Coastline: - 108 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the Neman - River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank and not in midriver as - by international standards -Climate: - maritime; wet, moderate winters -Terrain: - lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil -Natural resources: - peat -Land use: - arable land: - 49.1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 22.2% - forest and woodland: - 16.3% - other: - 12.4% -Irrigated land: - 430 km2 (1990) -Environment: - risk of accidents from the two Chernobyl-type reactors at the Ignalina - Nuclear Power Plant; contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum - products and chemicals at military bases - -*Lithuania, People - -Population: - 3,819,638 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.76% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.12 years - male: - 66.39 years - female: - 76.08 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Lithuanian(s) - adjective: - Lithuanian -Ethnic divisions: - Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, Belarusian 1.5%, other 2.1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Lutheran, other -Languages: - Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 1.836 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40% - (1990) - -*Lithuania, Government - -Names: conventional long form: - Republic of Lithuania - conventional short form: - Lithuania - local long form: - Lietuvos Respublika - local short form: - Lietuva - former: - Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - LH -Type: - republic -Capital: - Vilnius -Administrative divisions: - NA districts -Independence: - 6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted 25 October 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 February -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party, Egidijus KLUMBYS, chairman; Democratic Labor - Party of Lithuania, Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian - Democratic Party, Sauluis PECELIUNAS, chairman; Lithuanian Green Party, - Irena IGNATAVICIENE, chairwoman; Lithuanian Humanism Party, Vytautas - KAZLAUSKAS, chairman; Lithuanian Independence Party, Virgilijus CEPAITIS, - chairman; Lithuanian Liberty League, Antanas TERLECKAS; Lithuanian Liberal - Union, Vytautus RADZVILAS, chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, Rimantas - SMETONA, chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, Aloizas SAKALAS, - chairman; Union of the Motherland, Vytavtas LANDSBERGIS, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Sajudis; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Algirdas - BRAZAUSKAS was elected - Seimas (parliament): - last held 26 October and 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); results - - Democratic Labor Party 51%; seats - (141 total) Democratic Labor Party 73 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Seimas (parliament) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Court of Appeals -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Seimas Chairman and Acting President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 15 - November 1992); Deputy Seimas Chairmen Aloyzas SAKALAS (since NA December - 1992) and Egidius BICKAUSKAS (since NA December 1992) - -*Lithuania, Government - - Head of Government: - Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since NA) -Member of: - CBSS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NACC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Stasys LOZORAITIS, Jr. - chancery: - 2622 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 234-5860, 2639 - FAX: - (202) 328-0466 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Darryl N. JOHNSON - embassy: - Akmenu 6, Vilnius 232600 - mailing address: - APO AE 09723 - telephone: - 011 [7] (012-2) 222-031 - FAX: - 011 [7] (012-2) 222-779 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red - -*Lithuania, Economy - -Overview: - Lithuania is striving to become an independent privatized economy. Although - it was substantially above average in living standards and technology in the - old USSR, Lithuania historically lagged behind Latvia and Estonia in - economic development. The country has no important natural resources aside - from its arable land and strategic location. Industry depends entirely on - imported materials that have come from the republics of the former USSR. - Lithuania benefits from its ice-free port at Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea and - its rail and highway hub at Vilnius, which provides land communication - between Eastern Europe and Russia, Latvia, Estonia, and Belarus. Industry - produces a small assortment of high-quality products, ranging from complex - machine tools to sophisticated consumer electronics. Because of nuclear - power, Lithuania is presently self-sufficient in electricity, exporting its - surplus to Latvia and Belarus; the nuclear facilities inherited from the - USSR, however, have come under world scrutiny as seriously deficient in - safety standards. Agriculture is efficient compared with most of the former - Soviet Union. Lithuania held first place in per capita consumption of meat, - second place for eggs and potatoes, and fourth place for milk and dairy - products. Grain must be imported to support the meat and dairy industries. - Lithuania is pressing ahead with plans to privatize at least 60% of - state-owned property (industry, agriculture, and housing), having already - sold almost all housing and many small enterprises using a voucher system. - Other government priorities include encouraging foreign investment by - protecting the property rights of foreign firms and redirecting foreign - trade away from Eastern markets to the more competitive Western markets. For - the moment, Lithuania will remain highly dependent on Russia for energy, raw - materials, grains, and markets for its products. In 1992, output plummeted - by 30% because of cumulative problems with inputs and with markets, problems - that were accentuated by the phasing out of the Russian ruble as the medium - of exchange. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -30% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10%-20% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 1% (February 1993); but large numbers of underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $258.5 million; expenditures $270.2 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989) - partners: - Russia 40%, Ukraine 16%, other former Soviet republics 32%, West 12% -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989) - partners: - Russia 62%, Belarus 18%, former Soviet republics 10%, West 10% -External debt: - $650 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -50% (1992 est.) - -*Lithuania, Economy - -Electricity: - 5,925,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced, 6,600 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - employs 25% of the labor force; shares in the total production of the former - USSR are: metal-cutting machine tools 6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; television - sets 6.2%; refrigerators and freezers 5.4%; other branches: petroleum - refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture making, textiles, food - processing, fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, - electronic components, computers, and amber -Agriculture: - employs around 20% of labor force; sugar, grain, potatoes, sugarbeets, - vegetables, meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, fish; most developed are the - livestock and dairy branches, which depend on imported grain; net exporter - of meat, milk, and eggs -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia to - Western Europe; limited producer of illicit opium; mostly for domestic - consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million; - Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million -Currency: - using talonas as temporary currency (March 1993), but planning introduction - of convertible litas (late 1993) -Exchange rates: - NA -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Lithuania, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,100 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 44,200 km total 35,500 km hard surfaced, 8,700 km earth (1990) -Inland waterways: - 600 km perennially navigable -Pipelines: - crude oil 105 km, natural gas 760 km (1992) -Ports: - coastal - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas -Merchant marine: - 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 282,633 GRT/332,447 DWT; includes 31 - cargo, 3 railcar carrier, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 11 combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 96 - useable: - 19 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 11 -Telecommunications: - better developed than in most other former USSR republics; operational - NMT-450 analog cellular network in Vilnius; fiber optic cable installed - beween Vilnius and Kaunas; 224 telephones per 1000 persons; broadcast - stations - 13 AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV; landlines or microwave to former - USSR republics; leased connection to the Moscow international switch for - traffic with other countries; satellite earth stations - (8 channels to - Norway); new international digital telephone exchange in Kaunas for direct - access to 13 countries via satellite link out of Copenhagen, Denmark - -*Lithuania, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border - troops), National Guard (Skat) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 933,245; fit for military service 739,400; reach military - age (18) annually 27,056 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, 5.5% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Luxembourg, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, between Belgium and Germany -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,586 km2 - land area: - 2,586 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - modified continental with mild winters, cool summers -Terrain: - mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to - slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in - the southeast -Natural resources: - iron ore (no longer exploited) -Land use: - arable land: - 24% - permanent crops: 1% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 21% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -*Luxembourg, People - -Population: - 398,220 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.04% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.96 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 6.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.43 years - male: - 72.71 years - female: - 80.3 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.63 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Luxembourger(s) - adjective: - Luxembourg -Ethnic divisions: - Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and - European (guest and worker residents) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3% -Languages: - Luxembourgisch, German, French, English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 100% - male: 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 177,300 one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, - Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany - by occupation: - services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988) - -*Luxembourg, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - conventional short form: - Luxembourg - local long form: - Grand-Duche de Luxembourg - local short form: - Luxembourg -Digraph: - LU -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Luxembourg -Administrative divisions: - 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg -Independence: - 1839 -Constitution: - 17 October 1868, occasional revisions -Legal system: - based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's - birthday) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party - (LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL), Andre - HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS -Other political or pressure groups: - group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry; Centrale - Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor - unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results - CSV - 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; - seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1 -Executive branch: - grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note - the Council of - State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the - Chamber of Deputies -Judicial branch: - Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of - Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister - Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984) - -*Luxembourg, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, - FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, - PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Alphonse BERNS - chancery: - 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-4171 - FAX: - (202) 328-8270 - consulates general: - New York and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL - embassy: - 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City - mailing address: - PSC 11, APO AE 09132-5380 - telephone: - [352] 460123 - FAX: - [352] 461401 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to - the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design - was based on the flag of France - -*Luxembourg, Economy - -Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible - unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive - family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by - steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward - high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial - sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, - especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. - Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most - financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the - Netherlands. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.5 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 2.5% (1992) -National product per capita: - $21,700 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 1.4% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $3.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $6.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other - industrial products - partners: - EC 76%, US 5% -Imports: - $8.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods - partners: - Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2% -External debt: - $131.6 million (1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -0.5% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,238,750 kW capacity; 1,375 million kWh produced, 3,450 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, - engineering, tires, glass, aluminum -Agriculture: - accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products - - barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising - widespread -Illicit drugs: - money-laundering hub -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes - -*Luxembourg, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 33.256 (January 1993), 32.150 (1992), - 34.148 (1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988); note - the - Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely - in Luxembourg -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Luxembourg, Communications - -Railroads: - Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 272 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge; 178 km double track; 178 km electrified -Highways: - 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km - limited access divided highway -Inland waterways: - 37 km; Moselle River -Pipelines: - petroleum products 48 km -Ports: - Mertert (river port) -Merchant marine: - 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,570,466 GRT/2,614,154 DWT; includes - 2 cargo, 5 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 6 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 - combination ore/oil, 8 liquefied gas, 2 passenger, 8 bulk, 6 combination - bulk, 4 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - highly developed, completely automated and efficient system, mainly buried - cables; 230,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV; 3 - channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable; 1 direct-broadcast - satellite earth station; nationwide mobile phone system - -*Luxembourg, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, National Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 103,607; fit for military service 86,003; reach military age - (19) annually 2,227 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.2% of GDP (1992) - -*Macau, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas territory of Portugal) - -*Macau, Geography - -Location: - East Asia, 27 km west-southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China - bordering the South China Sea -Map references: - Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 16 km2 - land area: - 16 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 0.34 km, China 0.34 km -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - not specified -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers -Terrain: - generally flat -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to - the peninsula on mainland - -*Macau, People - -Population: - 477,850 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.44% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 79.64 years - male: - 77.24 years - female: - 82.17 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.44 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Macanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Macau -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2% -Religions: - Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% - (1981) -Languages: - Portuguese (official), Cantonese is the language of commerce -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 90% - male: - 93% - female: - 86% -Labor force: - 180,000 (1986) - by occupation: - NA - -*Macau, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Macau - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ilha de Macau -Digraph: - MC -Type: - overseas territory of Portugal scheduled to revert to China in 1999 -Capital: - Macau -Administrative divisions: - 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Ilhas, Macau -Independence: - none (territory of Portugal; Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 - April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint - declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic - systems and lifestyle for 50 year after transition) -Constitution: - 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; basic law drafted primarily by - Beijing awaiting final approval -Legal system: - Portuguese civil law system -National holiday: - Day of Portugal, 10 June -Political parties and leaders: - Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group - to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group -Other political or pressure groups: - wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy - pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the - Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over - administration -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 10 March 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (23 total; 8 elected by universal suffrage, 8 by indirect suffrage, and 7 - appointed by the governor) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: Chief of State: - President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986) - Head of Government: - Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), GATT, IMO (associate), WTO (associate) - -*Macau, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in - the US are represented by Portugal -US diplomatic representation: - the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US - Consulate General in Hong Kong -Flag: - the flag of Portugal is used - -*Macau, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile and - fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small - industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector - has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided - about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry represented well - over 40% of GDP in 1992. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh - water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw - materials and capital goods. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 3.1% (1991) -National product per capita: - $6,700 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.2% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $1.8 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: - textiles, clothing, toys - partners: - US 36%, Hong Kong 13%, Germany 12%, France 8% (1991) -Imports: - $2.0 billion (1992 est.) - commodities: - raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods - partners: - Hong Kong 35%, China 22%, Japan 17% (1991) -External debt: - $91 million (1985) -Industrial production: - NA -Electricity: - 258,000 kW capacity; 855 million kWh produced, 1,806 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism -Agriculture: - rice, vegetables; food shortages - rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on - imports for food requirements -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos -Exchange rates: - patacas (P) per US$1 - 8.034 (1991), 8.024 (1990), 8.030 (1989), 8.044 - (1988), 7.993 (1987); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of - 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Macau, Communications - -Highways: - 42 km paved -Ports: - Macau -Airports: - none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station -Telecommunications: - fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and - international services; 52,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 3 FM, - no TV (TV programs received from Hong Kong); 115,000 radio receivers (est.); - international high-frequency radio communication facility; access to - international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Macau, Defense Forces - -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 137,738; fit for military service 77,159 (1993 est.) -Note: - defense is responsibility of Portugal - -*Macedonia, Header - - Macedonia has proclaimed independent statehood but has not been formally - recognized as a state by the United States. - -*Macedonia, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, between Serbia and Montenegro and Greece -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 25,333 km2 - land area: - 24,856 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Vermont -Land boundaries: - total 748 km, Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia) -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - Greece claims republic's name implies territorial claims against Aegean - Macedonia -Climate: - hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall -Terrain: - mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; there are three - large lakes, each divided by a frontier line -Natural resources: - chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, - asbestos, sulphur, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 30% - other: - 40% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - Macedonia suffers from high seismic hazard; air pollution from metallurgical - plants -Note: - landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to - Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe - -*Macedonia, People - -Population: - 2,193,951 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.91% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.79 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 29.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.19 years - male: - 71.15 years - female: - 75.41 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Macedonian(s) - adjective: - Macedonian -Ethnic divisions: - Macedonian 67%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%, other 6% -Religions: - Eastern Orthodox 59%, Muslim 26%, Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 10% -Languages: - Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3% -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 507,324 - by occupation: - agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990) - -*Macedonia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Macedonia - conventional short form: - Macedonia local long form: - Republika Makedonija - local short form: - Makedonija -Digraph: - MK -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Skopje -Administrative divisions: - 34 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, - Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, - Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, - Probistip, Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos, - Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti Nikole, - Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica -Independence: - 20 November 1991 (from Yugoslavia) -Constitution: - adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - Social-Democratic League of Macedonia (SDSM; former Communist Party), Branko - CRVENKOVSKI, president; Party for Democratic Prosperity in Macedonia (PDPM), - Nevzat HALILI, president; National Democratic Party (PDP), Ilijas HALINI, - president; Alliance of Reform Forces of Macedonia (SRSM), Stojan ANDOV, - president; Socialist Party of Macedonia (SPM), Kiro POPOVSKI, president; - Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization - Democratic Party for - Macedonian National Unity (VMRO-DPMNE), Ljupco GEORGIEVSKI, president; Party - of Yugoslavs in Macedonia (SJM), Milan DURCINOV, president -Other political or pressure groups: - Movement for All Macedonian Action (MAAK); League for Democracy; Albanian - Democratic Union-Liberal Party -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Kiro GLIGOROV was - elected by the Assembly - Assembly: - last held 11 and 25 November and 9 December 1990 (next to be held NA); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) VMRO-DPMNE 37, - SDSM 31, PDPM 25, SRSM 17, SJM 1, SPM 5, others 4 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers, prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly (Sobranje) -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court, Judicial Court of the Republic - -*Macedonia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since NA September 1992), Deputy Prime - Ministers Jovan ANDONOV (since NA March 1991), Stevo CRVENKOVSKI (since NA - September 1992), and Becir ZUTA (since NA March 1991) -Member of: - EBRD, ICAO, IMF, UN, UNCTAD, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none; US does not recognize Macedonia -US diplomatic representation: - none; US does not recognize Macedonia -Flag: - 16-point gold sun (Vergino, Sun) centered on a red field - -*Macedonia, Economy - -Overview: - Macedonia, although the poorest among the six republics of a dissolved - Yugoslav federation, can meet basic food and energy needs through its own - agricultural and coal resources. It will, however, move down toward a bare - subsistence level of life unless economic ties are reforged or enlarged with - its neighbors Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, and Bulgaria. The - economy depends on outside sources for all of its oil and gas and its modern - machinery and parts. Continued political turmoil, both internally and in the - region as a whole, prevents any swift readjustments of trade patterns and - economic programs. Inflation in early 1992 was out of control, the result of - fracturing trade links, the decline in economic activity, and general - uncertainties about the future status of the country; prices rose 38% in - March 1992 alone. In August 1992, Greece, angry at the use of "Macedonia" as - the republic's name, imposed a partial blockade for several months. This - blockade, combined with the effects of the UN sanctions on Serbia and - Montenegro, cost the economy approximately $1 billion in 1992 according to - official figures. Macedonia's geographical isolation, technological - backwardness, and potential political instability place it far down the list - of countries of interest to Western investors. Resolution of the dispute - with Greece and an internal commitment to economic reform would help to - encourage foreign investment over the long run. In the immediate future, the - worst scenario for the economy would be the spread of fighting across its - borders. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $7.1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -18% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,110 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 114.9% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1991 est.) -Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $578 million (1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 40%, machinery and transport equipment 14%, miscellaneous - manufactured articles 23%, raw materials 7.6%, food (rice) and live animals - 5.7%, beverages and tobacco 4.5%, chemicals 4.7% - partners: - principally Serbia and Montenegro and the other former Yugoslav republics, - Germany, Greece, Albania -Imports: - $1,112 million (1990) - commodities: - fuels and lubricants 19%, manufactured goods 18%, machinery and transport - equipment 15%, food and live animals 14%, chemicals 11.4%, raw materials - 10%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 8.0%, beverages and tobacco 3.5% - partners: - other former Yugoslav republics, Greece, Albania, Germany, Bulgaria -External debt: - $845.8 million -Industrial production: - growth rate -18% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 1,600,000 kw capacity; 6,300 million kWh produced, 2,900 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Macedonia, Economy - -Industries: - low levels of technology predominate, such as, oil refining by distillation - only; produces basic liquid fuels, coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, and - ferronickel; light industry produces basic textiles, wood products, and - tobacco -Agriculture: - provides 12% of GDP and meets the basic need for food; principal crops are - rice, tobacco, wheat, corn, and millet; also grown are cotton, sesame, - mulberry leaves, citrus fruit, and vegetables; Macedonia is one of the seven - legal cultivators of the opium poppy for the world pharmaceutical industry, - including some exports to the US; agricultural production is highly labor - intensive -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - $10 million from the US for humanitarian and technical assistance; EC - promised a 100 ECU million economic aid package -Currency: - 1 denar (abbreviation NA) = 100 NA -Exchange rates: - denar per US$1 - 240 (January 1991) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Macedonia, Communications - -Railroads: - NA -Highways: - 10,591 km total (1991); 5,091 km paved, 1,404 km gravel, 4,096 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - none -Ports: - none; landlocked -Airports: - total: - 17 - useable: - 17 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - 125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV; - 370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations - none - -*Macedonia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 597,024; fit for military service 484,701; reach military - age (19) annually 18,979 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the military - budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Madagascar, Geography - -Location: - in the western Indian Ocean, 430 km east of Mozambique in Southern Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 587,040 km2 - land area: - 581,540 km2 comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Arizona -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 4,828 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova - Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) -Climate: - tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center -Natural resources: - graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious - stones, mica, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 58% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 11% -Irrigated land: - 9,000 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to periodic cyclones; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification -Note: - world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel - -*Madagascar, People - -Population: - 13,005,989 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.2% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 13.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 91 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 53.52 years - male: - 51.65 years - female: - 55.45 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Malagasy (singular and plural) - adjective: - Malagasy -Ethnic divisions: - Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, - Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, - Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7% -Languages: - French (official), Malagasy (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 80% - male: - 88% - female: - 73% -Labor force: - 4.9 million 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence - agriculture; 175,000 wage earners - by occupation: - agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, industry 15%, commerce 14%, - construction 11%, services 9%, transportation 6%, other 2% - note: - 51% of population of working age (1985) - -*Madagascar, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Madagascar - conventional short form: - Madagascar - local long form: - Republique de Madagascar - local short form: - Madagascar - former: - Malagasy Republic -Digraph: - MA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Antananarivo -Administrative divisions: - 6 provinces - Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, - Toliary -Independence: - 26 June 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 12 September 1992 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 June (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - some 30 political parties now exist in Madagascar, the most important of - which are Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution (AREMA), Didier - RATSIRAKA; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), - RAKOTOVAO-ANDRIATIANA; Movement for National Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama - RAZANABAHINY; Malagasy Christian Democratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert - ANDRIAMORASATA; Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime - (MFM), Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA; National Movement for the Independence of - Madagascar (MONIMA), Monja JAONA; National Union for the Defense of - Democracy (UNDD), Albert ZAFY -Other political or pressure groups: - National Council of Christian Churches (FFKM), leader NA; Federalist - Movement, leader NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 10 February 1993 (next to be held 1998); results - Albert ZAFY - (UNDD), 67%; Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA), 33% - Popular National Assembly: - last held on 28 May 1989 (next to be held May 1993); results - AREMA 88.2%, - MFM 5.1%, AKFM 3.7%, VONJY 2.2%, other 0.8%; seats - (137 total) AREMA 120, - MFM 7, AKFM 5, VONJY 4, MONIMA 1 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers - -*Madagascar, Government - -Legislative branch: - unicameral Popular National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire); note - - the National Assembly has suspended its operations during 1992 and early - 1993 in preparation for new legislative elections. In its place, an interim - High Authority of State and a Social and Economic Recovery Council have been - established -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme), High Constitutional Court (Haute Cour - Constitutionnelle) -Leaders: Chief of State: - President Adm. Didier RATSIRAKA (since 15 June 1975) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Guy RAZANAMASY (since 8 August 1991) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Pierrot Jocelyn RAJAONARIVELO - chancery: - 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-5525 or 5526 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Douglas BARRETT - embassy: - 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo - mailing address: - B. P. 620, Antananarivo - telephone: - [261] (2) 212-57, 209-56, 200-89, 207-18 - FAX: - 261-234-539 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band - of the same width on hoist side - -*Madagascar, Economy - -Overview: - Madagascar is one of the poorest countries in the world. Agriculture, - including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting - for over 30% of GDP and contributing to more than 70% of total export - earnings. Industry is largely confined to the processing of agricultural - products and textile manufacturing; in 1991 it accounted for only 13% of - GDP. In 1986 the government introduced a five-year development plan that - stressed self-sufficiency in food (mainly rice) by 1990, increased - production for exports, and reduced energy imports. After mid-1991, however, - output dropped sharply because of protracted antigovernment strikes and - demonstrations for political reform. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $200 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: NA% -Budget: - revenues $250 million; expenditures $265 million, including capital - expenditures of $180 million (1991) -Exports: - $312 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - coffee 45%, vanilla 20%, cloves 11%, sugar, petroleum products - partners: - France, Japan, Italy, Germany, US -Imports: - $350 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - intermediate manufactures 30%, capital goods 28%, petroleum 15%, consumer - goods 14%, food 13% - partners: - France, Germany, UK, other EC, US -External debt: - $4.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: - 125,000 kW capacity; 450 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, breweries, - tanneries, sugar refining plants), light consumer goods industries - (textiles, glassware), cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 31% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, - cocoa; food crops - rice, cassava, beans, bananas, peanuts; cattle raising - widespread; almost self-sufficient in rice -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for - domestic consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $136 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,125 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $491 million - -*Madagascar, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 1,910.2 (December 1992), 1,867.9 (1992), - 1,835.4 (1991), 1,454.6 (December 1990), 1,603.4 (1989), 1,407.1 (1988), - 1,069.2 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Madagascar, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 40,000 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil, 34,495 km improved and unimproved earth (est.) -Inland waterways: - of local importance only; isolated streams and small portions of Canal des - Pangalanes -Ports: - Toamasina, Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toliara -Merchant marine: - 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,359 GRT/48,772 DWT; includes 6 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 - liquefied gas -Airports: - total: - 146 - usable: - 103 - with permanent-surface runways: - 30 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 36 -Telecommunications: - above average system includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay, - and troposcatter links; submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and broadcast stations - 17 AM, 3 FM, 1 (36 - repeaters) TV - -*Madagascar, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Popular Armed Forces (including Intervention Forces, Development Forces, - Aeronaval Forces - including Navy and Air Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential - Security Regiment -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,826,018; fit for military service 1,681,553; reach - military age (20) annually 118,233 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 2.2% of GDP (1991 est.) - -*Malawi, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, between Mozambique and Zambia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 118,480 km2 - land area: - 94,080 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Pennsylvania -Land boundaries: - total 2,881 km, Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November) -Terrain: - narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains -Natural resources: - limestone, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite -Land use: - arable land: - 25% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 50% - other: - 5% -Irrigated land: - 200 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation -Note: - landlocked - -*Malawi, People - -Population: - 9,831,935 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.95% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 51.1 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 22.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -37.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 141.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 40.48 years - male: - 39.61 years - female: - 41.37 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.5 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Malawian(s) - adjective: - Malawian -Ethnic divisions: - Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, - European -Religions: - Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, traditional indigenous - beliefs -Languages: - English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important - regionally -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1966) - total population: - 22% - male: - 34% - female: - 12% -Labor force: - 428,000 wage earners - by occupation: - agriculture 43%, manufacturing 16%, personal services 15%, commerce 9%, - construction 7%, miscellaneous services 4%, other permanently employed 6% - (1986) - -*Malawi, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Malawi - conventional short form: - Malawi - former: - Nyasaland -Digraph: - MI -Type: - one-party republic - note: - a referendum to determine whether Malawi should remain a one-party state is - scheduled to be held on 14 June 1993 -Capital: - Lilongwe -Administrative divisions: - 24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, - Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, - Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi, Salima, - Thyolo, Zomba -Independence: - 6 July 1964 (from UK) -Constitution: - 6 July 1964; republished as amended January 1974 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 6 July (1964) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Wadson DELEZA, administrative - secretary; John TEMBO, treasurer general; top party position of secretary - general vacant since 1983 -Other political or pressure groups: - Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), Chakufwa CHIHANA; United Democratic Front - (UDF) Bakili MULUZI; Malawi Democratic People (MDP), leader NA -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - President BANDA sworn in as President for Life on 6 July 1971 - National Assembly: - last held 26-27 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1997); results - MCP is - the only party; seats - (141 total, 136 elected) MCP 141 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Supreme Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Dr. Hastings Kamuzu BANDA (since 6 July 1966; sworn in as - President for Life 6 July 1971) - -*Malawi, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert B. MBAYA - chancery: - 2408 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 797-1007 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Michael T. F. PISTOR - embassy: - address NA, in new capital city development area in Lilongwe - mailing address: - P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe - telephone: - [265] 730-166 - FAX: - [265] 732-282 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, - rising, red sun centered in the black band; similar to the flag of - Afghanistan, which is longer and has the national coat of arms superimposed - on the hoist side of the black and red bands - -*Malawi, Economy - -Overview: - Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The - economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population - living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP and 90% of export - revenues. After two years of weak performance, economic growth improved - significantly in 1988-91 as a result of good weather and a broadly based - economic adjustment effort by the government. Drought cut overall output - sharply in 1992. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic - assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.9 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -7.7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $200 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 21% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $398 million; expenditures $510 million, including capital - expenditures of $154 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $400 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - tobacco, tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, wood products - partners: - US, UK, Zambia, South Africa, Germany -Imports: - $660 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation - equipment - partners: - South Africa, Japan, US, UK, Zimbabwe -External debt: - $1.8 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1988) -Electricity: - 190,000 kW capacity; 620 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer - goods -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; cash crops - tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, and - corn; subsistence crops - potatoes, cassava, sorghum, pulses; livestock - - cattle, goats -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $215 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2,150 million -Currency: - 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala -Exchange rates: - Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 4.3418 (November 1992), 2.8033 (1991), - 2.7289 (1990), 2.7595 (1989), 2.5613 (1988), 2.2087 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Malawi, Communications - -Railroads: - 789 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 13,135 km total; 2,364 km paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil; 10,520 km earth and improved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi); Shire River, 144 km -Ports: - Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, and Nkotakota - all on Lake Nyasa (Lake - Malawi) -Airports: - total: - 47 - usable: - 41 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 10 -Telecommunications: - fair system of open-wire lines, radio relay links, and radio communications - stations; 42,250 telephones; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, no TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT -Note: - a majority of exports would normally go through Mozambique on the Beira, - Nacala, and Limgogo railroads, but now most go through South Africa because - of insurgent activity and damage to rail lines - -*Malawi, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (including Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (including - paramilitary Mobile Force Unit), paramilitary Malawi Young Pioneers -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,059,509; fit for military service 1,048,986 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Malaysia, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Vietnam and Indonesia -Map references: - Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 329,750 km2 - land area: - 328,550 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km -Coastline: - 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km) -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South - China Sea - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, - Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by - the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that - divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two - islands in dispute with Indonesia -Climate: - tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to - February) monsoons -Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains -Natural resources: - tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 10% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 63% - other: - 24% -Irrigated land: - 3,420 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to flooding; air and water pollution -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea - -*Malaysia, People - -Population: - 18,845,340 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 28.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 68.82 years - male: - 65.96 years - female: - 71.81 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Malaysian(s) - adjective: - Malaysian -Ethnic divisions: - Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9% -Religions: - Peninsular Malaysia: - Muslim (Malays) - Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu (Indians) - Sabah: - Muslim 38% - Christian 17%, other 45% - Sarawak: - tribal religion 35% - Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5% -Languages: - Peninsular Malaysia: - Malay (official) - English, Chinese dialects, Tamil - State of Sabah: - English - Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects - predominate) - State of Sarawak: - English - Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages, -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 78% - male: - 86% - female: - 70% -Labor force: - 7.258 million (1991 est.) - -*Malaysia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Malaysia - former: - Malayan Union -Digraph: - MY -Type: - constitutional monarchy - note: - Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount - ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states - - hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by - Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited - by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in - House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security, - and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing - state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with - foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to - federal government -Capital: Kuala Lumpur -Administrative divisions: - 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories*, (wilayah-wilayah -persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, - Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau, Pinang, Sabah, -Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*, Independence: - 31 August 1957 (from UK) -Constitution: - 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963 -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 31 August (1957) -Political parties and leaders: - Peninsular Malaysia: - National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United - Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad; - Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat - Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S. - Samy VELLU - Sabah: - Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph - Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA - Sarawak: - coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra - Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United - People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National - Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk - Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM - Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal - -*Malaysia, Government - -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results - - National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP - 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO - got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats -Executive branch: - paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime - minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan - Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26 - April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26 - April 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime - Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed - chancery: - 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 328-2700 - consulates general: - Los Angeles and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John S. WOLF - embassy: - 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur - mailing address: - P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur - telephone: - [60] (3) 248-9011 - FAX: - [60] (3) 242-2207 -Flag: - fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white - (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a - yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the - star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of - the US - -*Malaysia, Economy - -Overview: - The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a soundly managed - public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 8%-9% average growth in - 1987-92. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in poverty and - a marked rise in real wages. Despite sluggish growth in the major world - economies in 1992, demand for Malaysian goods remained strong and foreign - investors continued to commit large sums in the economy. The government is - aware of the inflationary potential of this rapid development and is closely - monitoring fiscal and monetary policies. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.5 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: $2,960 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.7% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4.1% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $18.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $4.5 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: - $39.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and petroleum products, wood and - wood products, rubber, textiles - partners: - Singapore 23%, US 18.6%, Japan 13.2%, UK 4%, Germany 4% -Imports: - $39.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - food, consumer goods, petroleum products, chemicals, capital equipment - partners: - Japan 26%, US 15.8%, Singapore 15.7%, Taiwan 5.6%, Germany 4.2% -External debt: - $25.7 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for NA% of GDP -Electricity: - 8,000,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - Peninsular Malaysia: - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing - industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing - timber - Sabah: - logging, petroleum production - Sarawak: - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging -Agriculture: - accounts for 20% of GDP - Peninsular Malaysia: - natural rubber, palm oil, rice - Sabah: - mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice - -*Malaysia, Economy - - Sarawak: - rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000 - metric tons in 1987 -Illicit drugs: - transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, - and the Third World -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million -Currency: - 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen -Exchange rates: - ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6238 (January 1993), 2.5475 (1992), 2.7501 - (1991), 1.7048 (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Malaysia, Communications - -Railroads: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned - Sabah: - 136 km 1.000-meter gauge - Sarawak: - none -Highways: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 23,600 km; 19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous surface treatment, and - 4,248 km unpaved - Sabah: - 3,782 km - Sarawak: - 1,644 km -Inland waterways: - Peninsular Malaysia: - 3,209 km - Sabah: - 1,569 km - Sarawak: - 2,518 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km -Ports: - Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang, - Sandakan, Tawau -Merchant marine: - 184 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,869,817 GRT/2,786,765 DWT; includes - 1 passenger-cargo, 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 28 container, 2 vehicle - carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 38 oil tanker, 6 chemical - tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 27 bulk -Airports: - total: - 111 - usable: - 102 - with permanent-surface runways: - 32 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 18 -Telecommunications: - good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave - radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah - and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio - and television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations - - 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM - submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations - - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic - -*Malaysia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal - Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,837,256; fit for military service 2,941,577; reach - military age (21) annually 181,435 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992) - -*Maldives, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, in the Indian Ocean off the southwest coast of India -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 300 km2 - land area: - 300 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 644 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 35-310 nm as defined by geographic coordinates; segment of zone coincides - with maritime boundary with India - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, - southwest monsoon (June to August) -Terrain: flat with elevations only as high as 2.5 meters -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 84% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - 1,200 coral islands grouped into 19 atolls -Note: - archipelago of strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in - Indian Ocean - -*Maldives, People - -Population: - 243,094 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.64% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.34 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 57.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 63.86 years - male: - 62.5 years - female: - 65.28 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.36 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Maldivian(s) - adjective: - Maldivian -Ethnic divisions: - Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, African -Religions: - Sunni Muslim -Languages: - Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script derived from Arabic), English spoken by - most government officials -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: - 92% - male: - 92% - female: - 92% -Labor force: - 66,000 (est.) - by occupation: - fishing industry 25% - -*Maldives, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Maldives - conventional short form: - Maldives -Digraph: - MV -Type: - republic -Capital: - Male -Administrative divisions: - 19 districts (atolls); Aliff, Baa, Daalu, Faafu, Gaafu Aliff, Gaafu Daalu, - Haa Aliff, Haa Daalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Laviyani, Meemu, Naviyani, Noonu, Raa, - Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Waavu -Independence: - 26 July 1965 (from UK) -Constitution: - 4 June 1964 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in - commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 26 July (1965) -Political parties and leaders: - no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the - past eight centuries -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 23 September 1988 (next to be held September 1993); results - - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected - Citizens' Council: - last held on 7 December 1989 (next to be held 7 December 1994); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (48 total, 40 elected) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Citizens' Council (Majlis) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978) -Member of: - AsDB, C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - Maldives does not maintain an embassy in the US, but does have a UN mission - in New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic - visits there - consular agency: - Midhath Hilmy, Male - -*Maldives, Government - - telephone: - 2581 -Flag: - red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white - crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag - -*Maldives, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and shipping. Agriculture is - limited to the production of a few subsistence crops that provide only 10% - of food requirements. Fishing is the largest industry, employing 25% of the - work force and accounting for over 60% of exports; it is also an important - source of government revenue. During the 1980s tourism became one of the - most important and highest growth sectors of the economy. In 1988 industry - accounted for about 5% of GDP. Real GDP is officially estimated to have - increased by about 10% annually during the period 1974-90. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $140 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.7% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $620 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% -Budget: - revenues $52 million (excluding foreign transfers); expenditures $83 - million, including capital expenditures of $39 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $53.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fish, clothing - partners: - US, UK, Sri Lanka -Imports: - $150.9 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum products - partners: - Singapore, Germany, Sri Lanka, India -External debt: - $90 million (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 24.0% (1990); accounts for 6% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing and fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, some coconut - processing, garments, woven mats, coir (rope), handicrafts -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 25% of GDP (including fishing); fishing more important - than farming; limited production of coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; most - staple foods must be imported; fish catch of 67,000 tons (1990 est.) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $28 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $125 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $14 million -Currency: - 1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laaris -Exchange rates: - rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 10.506 (January 1993), 10.569 (1992), 10.253 (1991), - 9.509 (1990), 9.0408 (1989), 8.7846 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Maldives, Communications - -Highways: - Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city -Ports: - Male, Gan -Merchant marine: - 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,848 GRT/58,496 DWT; includes 12 - cargo, 1 container, 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 2 - useable: - 2 with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - minimal domestic and international facilities; 2,804 telephones; broadcast - stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Maldives, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Security Service (paramilitary police force) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 53,730; fit for military service 30,014 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Mali, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, between Mauritania and Niger -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1.24 million km2 - land area: - 1.22 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 7,243 km, Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote - d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted - to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ - issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept; - Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the - tripoint with Niger -Climate: - subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild - June to November; cool and dry November to February -Terrain: - mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, - rugged hills in northeast -Natural resources: - gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, bauxite, iron ore, - manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 7% - other: - 66% -Irrigated land: - 50 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dust-laden harmattan; haze common during dry seasons; desertification -Note: - landlocked - -*Mali, People - -Population: - 8,868,617 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.66% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 51.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 20.81 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -4.35 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 45.45 years - male: - 43.89 years - female: - 47.06 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Malian(s) - adjective: - Malian -Ethnic divisions: - Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, - Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5% -Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% -Languages: - French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 32% - male: - 41% - female: - 24% -Labor force: - 2.666 million (1986 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981) - note: - 50% of population of working age (1985) - -*Mali, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Mali - conventional short form: - Mali - local long form: - Republique de Mali - local short form: - Mali - former: - French Sudan -Digraph: - ML -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bamako -Administrative divisions: - 8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal, Koulikoro, Mopti, - Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou -Independence: - 22 September 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - new constitution adopted in constitutional referendum in January 1992 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniverary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 22 September (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - Alliance for Democracy (Adema), Alpha Oumar KONARE; National Committee for - Democratic Initiative (CNID), Mountaga TALL; Sudanese Union/African - Democratic Rally (US/RAD), Baba Hakib HAIDARA and Treoule Mamadon KONATE; - Popular Movement for the Development of the Republic of West Africa; Rally - for Democracy and Progress (RDP), Almamy SYLLA; Union for Democracy and - Development (UDD), Moussa Balla COULIBALY; Rally for Democracy and Labor - (RDT); Union of Democratic Forces for Progress (UFDP), Col. Youssouf TRAORE; - Party for Democracy and Progress (PDP), Idrissa TRAORE; Malian Union for - Democracy and Development (UMDD) -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held in April 1992; Alpha KONARE was elected in runoff race against - Montaga TALL - National Assembly: - last held on 8 March 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (total 116) Adema 76, CNID 9, US/RAD 8, Popular Movement - for the Development of the Republic of West Africa 6, RDP 4, UDD 4, RDT 3, - UFDP 3, PDP 2, UMDD 1 -Executive branch: - Transition Committee for the Salvation of the People (CTSP) composed of 25 - members, predominantly civilian -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) - -*Mali, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Younoussi TOURE (since 8 June 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Siragatou Ibrahim CISSE - chancery: - 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 332-2249 or 939-8950 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Herbert Donald GELBER - embassy: - Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V., Bamako - mailing address: - B. P. 34, Bamako - telephone: - [223] 225470 - FAX: - [233] 228059 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red; uses the - popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Mali, Economy - -Overview: - Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with about 70% of its land - area desert or semidesert. Economic activity is largely confined to the - riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population live as - nomads and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and - fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. - In consultation with international lending agencies, the government has - adopted a structural adjustment program for 1992-95, aiming at GDP annual - growth of 4.6%, inflation of no more than 2.5% on average, and a substantial - reduction in the external current account deficit. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -0.2% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $265 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.4% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $329 million; expenditures $519 million, including capital - expenditures of $178 (1989 est.) -Exports: - $320 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins - partners: - mostly franc zone and Western Europe -Imports: - $390 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, sugar, cereals - partners: - mostly franc zone and Western Europe -External debt: - $2.6 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 15.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 10.0% of GDP -Electricity: - 260,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - small local consumer goods and processing, construction, phosphate, gold, - fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP; most production based on small subsistence farms; - cotton and livestock products account for over 70% of exports; other crops - - millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $349 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,020 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $92 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $190 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) - -*Mali, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mali, Communications - -Railroads: - 642 km 1.000-meter gauge; linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes -Highways: - about 15,700 km total; 1,670 km paved, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, - 10,360 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 1,815 km navigable -Airports: - total: - 34 - usable: - 27 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 10 -Telecommunications: - domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service with radio - relay, wire, and radio communications stations; expansion of radio relay in - progress; 11,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT - -*Mali, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police (Surete - Nationale) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,749,662; fit for military service 995,554 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $41 million, 2% of GDP (1989) - -*Malta, Geography - -Location: - in the central Mediterranean Sea, 93 km south of Sicily (Italy), 290 km - north of Libya -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 320 km2 - land area: - 320 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 140 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 25 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers -Terrain: - mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs -Natural resources: - limestone, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 38% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 59% -Irrigated land: 10 km2 (1989) -Environment: - numerous bays provide good harbors; fresh water very scarce; increasing - reliance on desalination -Note: - the country comprises an archipelago, with only the 3 largest islands - (Malta, Gozo, and Comino) being inhabited - -*Malta, People - -Population: - 363,791 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.52 years - male: - 74.32 years - female: - 78.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Maltese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Maltese -Ethnic divisions: - Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98% -Languages: - Maltese (official), English (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1985) - total population: - 84% - male: - 86% - female: - 82% -Labor force: - 127,200 - by occupation: - government (excluding job corps) 37%, services 26%, manufacturing 22%, - training programs 9%, construction 4%, agriculture 2% (1990) - -*Malta, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Malta - conventional short form: - Malta -Digraph: - MT -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Valletta -Administrative divisions: - none (administration directly from Valletta) -Independence: - 21 September 1964 (from UK) -Constitution: - 26 April 1974, effective 2 June 1974 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Roman civil law; has accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 September -Political parties and leaders: - Nationalist Party (NP), Edward FENECH ADAMI; Malta Labor Party (MLP), Alfred - SANT -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 22 February 1992 (next to be held by February 1997); results - - NP 51.8%, MLP 46.5%; seats - (usually 65 total) MLP 36, NP 29; note - - additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to - ensure a legislative majority; current total 69 (MLP 33, NP 36 after - adjustment) -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Vincent (Censu) TABONE (since 4 April 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. Edward (Eddie) FENECH ADAMI (since 12 May 1987); Deputy - Prime Minister Dr. Guido DE MARCO (since 14 May 1987) -Member of: - C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, - IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Albert BORG OLIVIER DE PUGET - chancery: - 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 462-3611 or 3612 - FAX: - (202) 387-5470 - -*Malta, Government - - consulate: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - 2nd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana, Valletta - mailing address: - P. O. Box 535, Valletta - telephone: - [356] 240424, 240425, 243216, 243217, 243653, 223654 - FAX: - same as telephone numbers -Flag: - two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the upper - hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red - -*Malta, Economy - -Overview: - Significant resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a - productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has - limited freshwater supplies, and has no domestic energy sources. - Consequently, the economy is highly dependent on foreign trade and services. - Manufacturing and tourism are the largest contributors to the economy. - Manufacturing accounts for about 27% of GDP, with the electronics and - textile industries major contributors and the state-owned Malta drydocks - employing about 4,300 people. In 1991, about 900,000 tourists visited the - island. Per capita GDP at $7,600 places Malta in the middle-income range of - the world's nations. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 5.9% (1991) -National product per capita: - $7,600 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.9% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 3.6% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $161 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $l.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - clothing, textiles, footwear, ships - partners: - Italy 30%, Germany 22%, UK 11% -Imports: - $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - food, petroleum, machinery and semimanufactured goods - partners: - Italy 30%, UK 16%, Germany 13%, US 4% -External debt: - $127 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 19.0% (1990); accounts for 27% of GDP -Electricity: - 328,000 kW capacity; 1,110 million kWh produced, 3,000 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, electronics, ship repair yard, construction, food manufacturing, - textiles, footwear, clothing, beverages, tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 3% of GDP and 2.5% of the work force (1992); overall, 20% - self-sufficient; main products - potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, - barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; - generally adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk, pork products; - seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, other basic - foodstuffs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $172 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $336 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $76 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $48 - million -Currency: - 1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents - -*Malta, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3687 (January 1993), 0.3178 (1992), 0.3226 - (1991), 0.3172 (1990), 0.3483 (1989), 0.3306 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Malta, Communications - -Highways: - 1,291 km total; 1,179 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 - km improved and unimproved earth -Ports: - Valletta, Marsaxlokk -Merchant marine: - 789 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,059,874 GRT/18,758,969 DWT; - includes 6 passenger, 17 short-sea passenger, 272 cargo, 26 container, 2 - passenger-cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 barge carrier, 17 - refrigerated cargo, 19 chemical tanker, 15 combination ore/oil, 3 - specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 131 oil tanker, 223 bulk, 26 - combination bulk, 3 multifunction large load carrier, 1 railcar carrier; - note - a flag of convenience registry; China owns 2 ships, Russia owns 52 - ships, Cuba owns 10, Vietnam owns 6, Croatia owns 37, Romania owns 3 -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - automatic system satisfies normal requirements; 153,000 telephones; - excellent service by broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV; submarine - cable and microwave radio relay between islands; international service by 1 - submarine cable and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Malta, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Armed Forces, Maltese Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 97,446; fit for military service 77,481 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $21.9 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Man, Isle of, Header - -Affiliation: - (British crown dependency) - -*Man, Isle of, Geography - -Location: - in the Irish Sea, between Ireland and Great Britain -Map references: - Europe -Area: - total area: - 588 km2 - land area: - 588 km2 - comparative area: - nearly 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 113 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - cool summers and mild winters; humid; overcast about half the time -Terrain: - hills in north and south bisected by central valley -Natural resources: - lead, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% (extensive arable land and forests) -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - strong westerly winds prevail -Note: - one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a bird - sanctuary - -*Man, Isle of, People - -Population: - 71,263 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: 9.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.98 years - male: - 73.25 years - female: - 78.92 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.8 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Manxman, Manxwoman - adjective: - Manx -Ethnic divisions: - Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton -Religions: - Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of - Friends -Languages: - English, Manx Gaelic -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 25,864 (1981) - by occupation: - NA - -*Man, Isle of, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Isle of Man -Digraph: - IM -Type: - British crown dependency -Capital: - Douglas -Administrative divisions: - none (British crown dependency) -Independence: - none (British crown dependency) -Constitution: 1961, Isle of Man Constitution Act -Legal system: - English law and local statute -National holiday: - Tynwald Day, 5 July -Political parties and leaders: - there is no party system and members sit as independents -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Keys: - last held in 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote NA; - no party system; seats - (24 total) independents 24 -Executive branch: - British monarch, lieutenant governor, president, prime minister, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Tynwald consists of an upper house or Legislative Council and a - lower house or House of Keys -Judicial branch: - Court of Tynwald -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by - Lieutenant Governor Air Marshal Sir Laurence JONES (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - President of the Legislative Council Sir Charles KERRUISH (since NA 1990) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (British crown dependency) -US diplomatic representation: - none (British crown dependency) -Flag: - red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center; the three - legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in order to have the toes - pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used - -*Man, Isle of, Economy - -Overview: - Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. - The government's policy of offering incentives to high-technology companies - and financial institutions to locate on the island has paid off in expanding - employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture - and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their - shares of GNP. Banking now contributes over 20% to GNP and manufacturing - about 15%. Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access - to European Community markets. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $490 million (1988) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: $7,500 (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 1% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $130.4 million; expenditures $114.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $18.1 million (FY85 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, meat - partners: - UK -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - timber, fertilizers, fish - partners: - UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 61,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 2,965 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - an important offshore financial center; financial services, light - manufacturing, tourism -Agriculture: - cereals and vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 Manx pound (#M) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Manx pounds (#M) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 - (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Manx pound is at - par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Man, Isle of, Communications - -Railroads: - 60 km; 36 km electric track, 24 km steam track -Highways: - 640 km motorable roads -Ports: - Douglas, Ramsey, Peel -Merchant marine: - 59 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,363,502 GRT/2,363,502 DWT; includes - 10 cargo, 6 container, 9 roll-on/roll-off, 14 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, - 4 liquefied gas, 12 bulk; note - a captive register of the United Kingdom, - although not all ships on the register are British owned -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 24,435 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV - -*Man, Isle of, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Marshall Islands, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between - Hawaii and Papua New Guinea -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 181.3 km2 - land area: - 181.3 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: - includes the atolls of Bikini, Eniwetok, and Kwajalein -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 370.4 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims US territory of Wake Island -Climate: wet season May to November; hot and humid; islands border typhoon belt -Terrain: - low coral limestone and sand islands -Natural resources: - phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 60% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 40% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - occasionally subject to typhoons; two archipelagic island chains of 30 - atolls and 1,152 islands -Note: - Bikini and Eniwetok are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the famous - World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test range - -*Marshall Islands, People - -Population: - 51,982 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.87% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 46.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 50.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.79 years - male: - 61.27 years - female: - 64.38 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Marshallese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Marshallese -Ethnic divisions: Micronesian -Religions: - Christian (mostly Protestant) -Languages: - English (universally spoken and is the official language), two major - Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 93% - male: - 100% - female: - 88% -Labor force: - 4,800 (1986) - by occupation: - NA - -*Marshall Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of the Marshall Islands - conventional short form: - Marshall Islands - former: - Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) -Digraph: - RM -Type: - constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of - Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 -Capital: - Majuro -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship) -Constitution: - 1 May 1979 -Legal system: - based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, - common, and customary laws -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 1 May (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal parties; President KABUA is chief political (and traditional) - leader -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 6 January 1992 (next to be held NA; results - President Amata - KABUA was reelected - Parliament: - last held 18 November 1991 (next to be held November 1995); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (33 total) -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Nitijela (parliament) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Amata KABUA (since 1979) -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, - WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Wilfred I. KENDALL - chancery: - 2433 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-5414 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador David C. FIELDS - -*Marshall Islands, Government - - embassy: - NA address, Majuro - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands 96960-1379 - telephone: - (011) 692-4011 - FAX: - (011) 692-4012 -Flag: - blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner - orange - (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays and 20 small - rays on the hoist side above the two stripes - -*Marshall Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture and tourism are the mainstays of the economy. Agricultural - production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial - crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. A few cattle ranches - supply the domestic meat market. Small-scale industry is limited to - handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry is the primary - source of foreign exchange and employs about 10% of the labor force. The - islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. In 1987 - the US Government provided grants of $40 million out of the Marshallese - budget of $55 million. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $63 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $55 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1987 est.) -Exports: - $2.5 million (f.o.b., 1985) - commodities: - copra, copra oil, agricultural products, handicrafts - partners: - NA -Imports: - $29.2 million (c.i.f., 1985) - commodities: - foodstuffs, beverages, building materials - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 42,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,840 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, fish, tourism; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls; offshore - banking (embryonic) -Agriculture: - coconuts, cacao, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs, chickens -Economic aid: - under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US is to provide - approximately $40 million in aid annually -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Marshall Islands, Communications - -Highways: - paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, - or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks -Ports: Majuro -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,786,070 GRT/3,498,895 DWT; includes - 2 cargo, 1 container, 9 oil tanker, 15 bulk carrier, 2 combination ore/oil; - note - a flag of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 16 - usable: - 16 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - telephone network - 570 lines (Majuro) and 186 (Ebeye); telex services; - islands interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government - purposes); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; US Government satellite communications system - on Kwajalein - -*Marshall Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Martinique, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas department of France) - -*Martinique, Geography - -Location: - in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America -Area: - total area: - 1,100 km2 - land area: - 1,060 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 290 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October) -Terrain: - mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano -Natural resources: - coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 8% - meadows and pastures: - 30% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 26% -Irrigated land: - 60 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity that result in an - average of one major natural disaster every five years - -*Martinique, People - -Population: - 387,656 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.21% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.82 years - male: - 74.68 years - female: - 81.01 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: 1.94 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Martiniquais (singular and plural) - adjective: - Martiniquais -Ethnic divisions: - African and African-Caucasian-Indian mixture 90%, Caucasian 5%, East Indian, - Lebanese, Chinese less than 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5% -Languages: - French, Creole patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: - 93% - male: - 92% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 100,000 - by occupation: - service industry 31.7%, construction and public works 29.4%, agriculture - 13.1%, industry 7.3%, fisheries 2.2%, other 16.3% - -*Martinique, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Department of Martinique - conventional short form: - Martinique - local long form: - Departement de la Martinique - local short form: - Martinique -Digraph: - MB -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Fort-de-France -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union for a Martinique of Progress (UMP); - Martinique Progressive Party (PPM); Socialist Federation of Martinique - (FSM); Martinique Communist Party (PCM); Martinique Patriots (PM); Union for - French Democracy (UDF) -Other political or pressure groups: - Proletarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-Jeanne Socialist Revolution - Group (GRS); Martinique Independence Movement (MIM); Caribbean Revolutionary - Alliance (ARC); Central Union for Martinique Workers (CSTM), Marc PULVAR; - Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (2 total) UDF 1, PPM 1 - French National Assembly: - last held on 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (4 total) PPM 1, FSM 1, RPR 1, UDF 1 - General Council: - last held in 25 September and 8 October 1988 (next to be held by NA); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) number of seats by - party NA; note - a leftist coalition obtained a one-seat margin - Regional Assembly: - last held on NA March 1992 (next to be held by March 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (41 total) UMP 16 -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Martinique, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Government Commissioner Jean Claude ROURE (since 5 May 1989); President of - the General Council Emile MAURICE (since NA 1988) -Member of: - FZ, WCL -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas department of France, Martiniquais interests are represented - in the US by France -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Consul General Raymond G. ROBINSON - embassy: - Consulate General at 14 Rue Blenac, Fort-de-France - mailing address: - B. P. 561, Fort-de-France 97206 - telephone: [596] 63-13-03 -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Martinique, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light industry. - Agriculture accounts for about 10% of GDP and the small industrial sector - for 10%. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used - for the production of rum. Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to - France. The bulk of meat, vegetable, and grain requirements must be - imported, contributing to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual - transfers of aid from France. Tourism has become more important than - agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. The majority of the - work force is employed in the service sector and in administration. Banana - workers launched protests late in 1992 because of falling banana prices and - fears of greater competition in the European market from other producers. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1988) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $6,000 (1988) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.9% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - 32.1% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $268 million; expenditures $268 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) -Exports: - $196 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples - partners: - France 65%, Guadeloupe 24%, Germany (1987) -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction materials, vehicles, - clothing and other consumer goods - partners: - France 65%, UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, US (1987) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 113,100 kW capacity; 588 million kWh produced, 1,580 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 12% of GDP; principal - crops - pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, sugarcane for - rum; dependent on imported food, particularly meat and vegetables -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $10.1 billion -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) - -*Martinique, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Martinique, Communications - -Highways: - 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Fort-de-France -Airports: - total: - 2 - useable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - domestic facilities are adequate; 68,900 telephones; interisland microwave - radio relay links to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; broadcast - stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Martinique, Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces, Gendarmerie -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Mauritania, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, along the North Atlantic Ocean, between Western Sahara and - Senegal -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,030,700 km2 - land area: - 1,030,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 5,074 km, Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western - Sahara 1,561 km -Coastline: - 754 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - boundary with Senegal -Climate: - desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty -Terrain: - mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills -Natural resources: - iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 38% - forest and woodland: - 5% - other: - 56% -Irrigated land: - 120 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; - desertification; only perennial river is the Senegal - -*Mauritania, People - -Population: - 2,124,792 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.14% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 47.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 47.59 years - male: - 44.81 years - female: - 50.48 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mauritanian(s) - adjective: - Mauritanian -Ethnic divisions: - mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30% -Religions: - Muslim 100% -Languages: - Hasaniya Arabic (official), Pular, Soninke, Wolof (official) -Literacy: - age 10 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 34% - male: - 47% - female: - 21% -Labor force: - 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980) - by occupation: - agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10% - note: - 53% of population of working age (1985) - -*Mauritania, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Islamic Republic of Mauritania - conventional short form: - Mauritania local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah - local short form: - Muritaniyah -Digraph: - MR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Nouakchott -Administrative divisions: - 12 regions(regions, singular - region); Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet - Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh ech Chargui, Hodh el Gharbi, Inchiri, - Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza - note: - there may be a new capital district of Nouakchott -Independence: - 28 November 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - 12 July 1991 -Legal system: - three-tier system: Islamic (Shari'a) courts, special courts, state security - courts (in the process of being eliminated) -National holiday: - Independence Day, 28 November (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - legalized by constitution passed 12 July 1991, however, politics continue to - be tribally based; emerging parties include Democratic and Social Republican - Party (PRDS), led by President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA; Union of - Democratic Forces - New Era (UFD/NE), headed by Ahmed Ould DADDAH; Assembly - for Democracy and Unity (RDU), Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA; Popular Social and - Democratic Union (UPSD), Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH; Mauritanian Party for - Renewal (PMR), Hameida BOUCHRAYA; National Avant-Garde Party (PAN), Khattry - Ould JIDDOU; Mauritanian Party of the Democratic Center (PCDM), Bamba Ould - SIDI BADI -Other political or pressure groups: - Mauritanian Workers Union (UTM) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held January 1992 (next to be held January 1998); results - President - Col. Maaouya Ould Sid 'Ahmed TAYA elected - Senate: - last held 3 and 10 April 1992 (one-third of the seats up for re-election in - 1994) - National Assembly: - last held 6 and 13 March 1992 (next to be held March 1997) -Executive branch: - president -Legislative branch: - bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or Senate (Majlis - al-Shuyukh) and a lower house or National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani) - -*Mauritania, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, CEAO, - ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mohamed Fall OULD AININA - chancery: - 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-5700 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Gordon S. BROWN - embassy: - address NA, Nouakchott - mailing address: - B. P. 222, Nouakchott - telephone: - [222] (2) 526-60 or 526-63 - FAX: - [222] (2) 525-89 -Flag: - green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal crescent; - the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent, star, and color green - are traditional symbols of Islam - -*Mauritania, Economy - -Overview: - A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for - a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers - were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. - Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% - of total exports. The decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led - to cutbacks in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest - fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens - this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater port opened near - Nouakchott in 1986. In recent years, the droughts, the endemic conflict with - Senegal, rising energy costs, and economic mismanagement have resulted in a - substantial buildup of foreign debt. The government has begun the second - stage of an economic reform program in consultation with the World Bank, the - IMF, and major donor countries. But the reform process suffered a major - setback following the Gulf war of early 1991. Because of Mauritania's - support of SADDAM Husayn, bilateral aid from its two top donors, Saudi - Arabia and Kuwait, was suspended, and multilateral aid was reduced. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $555 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.2% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $280 million; expenditures $346 million, including capital - expenditures of $61 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $447 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - iron ore, processed fish, small amounts of gum arabic and gypsum; unrecorded - but numerically significant cattle exports to Senegal - partners: - EC 43%, Japan 27%, USSR 11%, Cote d'Ivoire 3% -Imports: - $385 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum products, capital goods - partners: - EC 60%, Algeria 15%, China 6%, US 3% -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.4% (1988 est.); accounts for almost 33% of GDP -Electricity: - 190,000 kW capacity; 135 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming and - nomadic cattle and sheep herding except in Senegal river valley; crops - - dates, millet, sorghum, root crops; fish products number-one export; large - food deficit in years of drought - -*Mauritania, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $168 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.3 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $490 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $277 - million; Arab Development Bank (1991), $20 million -Currency: - 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums -Exchange rates: - ouguiya (UM) per US$1 - 116.990 (February 1993), 87.082 (1992), 81.946 - (1991), 80.609 (1990), 83.051 (1989), 75.261 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mauritania, Communications - -Railroads: - 690 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge, single track, owned and operated by - government mining company -Highways: - 7,525 km total; 1,685 km paved; 1,040 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise - improved; 4,800 km unimproved roads, trails, tracks -Inland waterways: - mostly ferry traffic on the Senegal River -Ports: - Nouadhibou, Nouakchott -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,290 GRT/1,840 DWT -Airports: - total: - 29 - usable: - 29 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 16 -Telecommunications: - poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, - and radio communications stations (improvements being made); broadcast - stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT and 2 ARABSAT, with six planned - -*Mauritania, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Guard, National - Police, Presidential Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 452,008; fit for military service 220,717 (1993 est.); - conscription law not implemented -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 4.2% of GDP (1989) - -*Mauritius, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 900 km east of Madagascar -Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,860 km2 - land area: - 1,850 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 10.5 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and - Rodrigues -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 177 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims UK-administered Chagos Archipelago, which includes the island of - Diego Garcia in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims - French-administered Tromelin Island -Climate: - tropical modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to - November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May) -Terrain: - small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central - plateau -Natural resources: - arable land, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 54% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 31% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 170 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by - reefs - -*Mauritius, People - -Population: - 1,106,516 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.95% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.24 years - male: - 66.34 years - female: - 74.3 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.23 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mauritian(s) - adjective: - Mauritian -Ethnic divisions: - Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% -Religions: - Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim - 16.6%, other 3.1% -Languages: - English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori -Literacy: - age 13 and over can read and write (1962) - total population: - 61% - male: - 72% - female: - 50% -Labor force: - 335,000 - by occupation: - government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%, - other 22% - note: - 43% of population of working age (1985) - -*Mauritius, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius - conventional short form: - Mauritius -Digraph: - MP -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port Louis -Administrative divisions: - 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados, Carajos*, Flacq, -Grand, Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port - Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne, Independence: - 12 March 1968 (from UK) -Constitution: - 12 March 1968 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in - certain areas -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 March (1968) -Political parties and leaders: - government coalition: - Militant Socialist Movement (MSM), A. JUGNAUTH - Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), Paul BERENGER; Organization of the People - of Rodrigues (OPR), Louis Serge CLAIR; Democratic Labor Movement (MTD), Anil - BAICHOO - opposition: - Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), Navin RAMGOOLMAN - Socialist Workers Front, Sylvio MICHEL; Mauritian Social Democratic Party - (PMSD), X. DUVAL -Other political or pressure groups: - various labor unions -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 15 September 1991 (next to be held by 15 September 1996); - results - MSM/MMM 53%, MLP/PMSD 38%; seats - (70 total, 62 elected) MSM/MMM - alliance 59 (MSM 29, MMM 26, OPR 2, MTD 2); MLP/PMSD 3 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992); Vice President Robin Dranooth - GHURBURRON (since 1 July 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 12 June 1982); Deputy Prime - Minister Prem NABABSING (since 26 September 1990) - -*Mauritius, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING - chancery: - Suite 134, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 244-1491 or 1492 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador vacant - embassy: - 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis - mailing address: - 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis - telephone: - [230] 208-9763 through 208-9767 - FAX: - [230] 208-9534 -Flag: - four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green - -*Mauritius, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on sugar, manufacturing (mainly textiles), and tourism. - Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for - 40% of export earnings. The government's development strategy is centered on - industrialization (with a view to exports), agricultural diversification, - and tourism. Economic performance in FY91 was impressive, with 6% real - growth and low unemployment. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion (FY91 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6.1% (FY91 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,300 (FY91 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 7% (FY91) -Unemployment rate: - 2.4% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $557 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital - expenditures of $111 million (FY90) -Exports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - textiles 44%, sugar 40%, light manufactures 10% - partners: - EC and US have preferential treatment, EC 77%, US 15% -Imports: - $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - manufactured goods 50%, capital equipment 17%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum - products 8%, chemicals 7% - partners: - EC, US, South Africa, Japan -External debt: - $869 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7% (1990); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 235,000 kW capacity; 630 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, wearing apparel, - chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP; about 90% of cultivated land in sugarcane; other - products - tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses, cattle, goats, fish; net - food importer, especially rice and fish -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $76 million; Western (non-US) - countries (1970-89), $709 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $54 - million -Currency: - 1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 16.982 (January 1993), 15.563 (1992), - 15.652 (1991), 14.839 (1990), 15.250 (1989), 13.438 (1988) - -*Mauritius, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Mauritius, Communications - -Highways: - 1,800 km total; 1,640 km paved, 160 km earth -Ports: - Port Louis -Merchant marine: - 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 103,328 GRT/163,142 DWT; includes 3 - cargo, 1 liquefied gas, 3 bulk -Airports: total: - 5 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - small system with good service utilizing primarily microwave radio relay; - new microwave link to Reunion; high-frequency radio links to several - countries; over 48,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Mauritius, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Police Force (including the paramilitary Special Mobile Force - (SMF), Special Support Units (SSU), and National Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 312,056; fit for military service 159,408 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5 million, 0.2% of GDP (FY89) - -*Mayotte, Header - -Affiliation: - (territorial collectivity of France) - -*Mayotte, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the northern Mozambique Channel about halfway between - Madagascar and Mozambique -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - 375 km2 - land area: - 375 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: 185.2 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Comoros -Climate: - tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon - (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November) -Terrain: - generally undulating with ancient volcanic peaks, deep ravines -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to cyclones during rainy season -Note: - part of Comoro Archipelago - -*Mayotte, People - -Population: - 89,983 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.8% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 49.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.22 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 81.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 57.35 years - male: - 55.23 years - female: - 59.55 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.84 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mahorais (singular and plural) - adjective: - Mahoran -Ethnic divisions: - NA -Religions: - Muslim 99%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) -Languages: - Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French -Literacy: - total population: - NA - male: - NA - female: - NA -Labor force: - NA - -*Mayotte, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte - conventional short form: - Mayotte -Digraph: - MF -Type: - territorial collectivity of France -Capital: - Mamoutzou -Administrative divisions: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Independence: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Mahoran Popular Movement (MPM), Younoussa BAMANA; Party for the Mahoran - Democratic Rally (PRDM), Daroueche MAOULIDA; Mahoran Rally for the Republic - (RMPR), Mansour KAMARDINE; Union of the Center (UDC) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - General Council: last held March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (17 total) MPM 12, RPR 5 - French Senate: - last held on 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MPM 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDC 1 -Executive branch: - government commissioner -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council (Conseil General) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner, Representative of the French Government Jean-Paul COSTE (since - NA 1991); President of the General Council Youssouf BAMANA (since NA 1976) -Member of: - FZ -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a territorial collectivity of France, Mahoran interests are represented - in the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Mayotte, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including - fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not self-sufficient and must - import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from France. The - economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on French - financial assistance. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $37.3 million, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1985) -Exports: - $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - ylang-ylang, vanilla - partners: France 79%, Comoros 10%, Reunion 9% -Imports: - $21.8 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - building materials, transportation equipment, rice, clothing, flour - partners: - France 57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Pakistan 8% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - NA kW capacity; NA million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita -Industries: - newly created lobster and shrimp industry -Agriculture: - most important sector; provides all export earnings; crops - vanilla, - ylang-ylang, coffee, copra; imports major share of food needs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $402 million -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mayotte, Communications - -Highways: - 42 km total; 18 km bituminous -Ports: - Dzaoudzi -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanet-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - small system administered by French Department of Posts and - Telecommunications; includes radio relay and high-frequency radio - communications for links to Comoros and international communications; 450 - telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -*Mayotte, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Mexico, Geography - -Location: - Central America, between Guatemala and the US -Map references: - North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,972,550 km2 - land area: - 1,923,040 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 4,538 km, Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,326 km -Coastline: - 9,330 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the natural prolongation of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims Clipperton Island (French possession) -Climate: - varies from tropical to desert -Terrain: - high, rugged mountains, low coastal plains, high plateaus, and desert -Natural resources: - petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 12% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 39% - forest and woodland: - 24% - other: - 24% -Irrigated land: - 51,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to tsunamis along the Pacific coast and destructive earthquakes in - the center and south; natural water resources scarce and polluted in north, - inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; - deforestation; erosion widespread; desertification; serious air pollution in - Mexico City and urban centers along US-Mexico border -Note: - strategic location on southern border of US - -*Mexico, People - -Population: - 90,419,606 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.97% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 27.67 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 28.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.55 years - male: - 68.99 years - female: - 76.3 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mexican(s) - adjective: - Mexican -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (Indian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, - Caucasian or predominantly Caucasian 9%, other 1% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6% -Languages: - Spanish, various Mayan dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 87% - male: - 90% - female: - 85% -Labor force: - 26.2 million (1990) - by occupation: - services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce - 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining - and quarrying 1.5% - -*Mexico, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - United Mexican States - conventional short form: - Mexico - local long form: - Estados Unidos Mexicanos - local short form: - Mexico -Digraph: - MX -Type: - federal republic operating under a centralized government -Capital: - Mexico -Administrative divisions: - 31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito, federal); -Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, - Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango,, Guanajuato, Guerrero, -Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, - Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, - Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas -Independence: - 16 September 1810 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 5 February 1917 -Legal system: - mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of - legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 September (1810) -Political parties and leaders: - (recognized parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Fernando Ortiz - Arana; National Action Party (PAN), Carlos CASTILLO; Popular Socialist Party - (PPS), Indalecio SAYAGO Herrera; Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), - Roberto ROBLES Garnica; Cardenist Front for the National Reconstruction - Party (PFCRN), Rafael AGUILAR Talamantes; Authentic Party of the Mexican - Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique CANTU Rosas; Democratic Forum Party (PFD), - Pablo Emilio MADERO; Mexican Ecologist Party (PEM), Jorge GONZALEZ Torres -Other political or pressure groups: - Roman Catholic Church; Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM); Confederation - of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN); Confederation of National Chambers of - Commerce (CONCANACO); National Peasant Confederation (CNC); Revolutionary - Workers Party (PRT); Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants - (CROC); Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM); Confederation of - Employers of the Mexican Republic (COPARMEX); National Chamber of - Transformation Industries (CANACINTRA); Coordinator for Foreign Trade - Business Organizations (COECE); Federation of Unions Provding Goods and - Services (FESEBES) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced) -Elections: - President: - last held on 6 July 1988 (next to be held August 1994); results - Carlos - SALINAS de Gortari (PRI) 50.74%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (FDN) 31.06%, - Manuel CLOUTHIER (PAN) 16.81%; other 1.39%; note - several of the smaller - parties ran a common candidate under a coalition called the National - Democratic Front (FDN) - -*Mexico, Government - - Senate: - last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats in full Senate - (64 total) PRI 62, PRD - 1, PAN 1 - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 18 August 1991 (next to be held midyear 1994); results - PRI - 53%, PAN 20%, PFCRN 10%, PPS 6%, PARM 7%, PMS (now part of PRD) 4%; seats - - (500 total) PRI 320, PAN 89, PRD 41, PFCRN 23, PARM 15, PPS 12 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Congress (Congreso de la Union) consists of an upper - chamber or Senate (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of - Deputies (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Carlos SALINAS de Gortari (since 1 December 1988) -Member of: - AG (observer), CARICOM (observer), CCC, CDB, CG, EBRD, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-6, - G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, - LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jorge MONTANO Martinez - chancery: - 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: - (202) 728-1600 - consulates general: - Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - consulates: - Albuquerque, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico - (California), Corpus Christi, Detroit, Fresno (California), Miami, Nogales - (Arizona), Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, Seattle -US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: - Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE, Jr. - embassy: - Paseo de la Reforma 305, 06500 Mexico, D.F. - mailing address: - P. O. Box 3087, Laredo, TX 78044-3087 - telephone: - [52] (5) 211-0042 - FAX: - [52] (5) 511-9980, 208-3373 - consulates general: - Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana - consulates: - Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mazatlan, Merida, Nuevo Laredo -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; the coat - of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak) is centered - in the white band - -*Mexico, Economy - -Overview: - Mexico's economy is a mixture of state-owned industrial facilities (notably - oil), private manufacturing and services, and both large-scale and - traditional agriculture. In the 1980s, Mexico experienced severe economic - difficulties: the nation accumulated large external debts as world petroleum - prices fell; rapid population growth outstripped the domestic food supply; - and inflation, unemployment, and pressures to emigrate became more acute. - Growth in national output, however, has recovered, rising from 1.4% in 1988 - to 4% in 1990 and 3.6% in 1991 and coming in at 2.6% in 1992. The US is - Mexico's major trading partner, accounting for almost three-quarters of its - exports and imports. After petroleum, border assembly plants and tourism are - the largest earners of foreign exchange. The government, in consultation - with international economic agencies, has been implementing programs to - stabilize the economy and foster growth. For example, it has privatized more - than two-thirds of its state-owned companies (parastatals), including banks. - In 1991-92 the government conducted negotiations with the US and Canada on a - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was still being discussed - by the three countries in early 1993. In January 1993, Mexico replaced its - old peso with a new peso, at the rate of 1,000 old to 1 new peso. - Notwithstanding the palpable improvements in economic performance in the - early 1990s, Mexico faces substantial problems for the remainder of the - decade - e.g., rapid population growth, unemployment, and serious pollution, - particularly in Mexico City. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $328 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.6% (1992) -National product per capita: - $3,600 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11.9% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 14%-17% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $58.9 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6.5 billion (1991); figures do not include state-owned - companies -Exports: - $27.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, oil products, coffee, shrimp, engines, motor vehicles, cotton, - consumer electronics - partners: - US 74%, Japan 8%, EC 4% (1992 est.) -Imports: - $48.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - metal-working machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, - electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor - vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts - partners: - US 74%, Japan, 11%, EC 6% (1992) -External debt: - $104 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.5% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP -Electricity: - 27,000,000 kW capacity; 120,725 million kWh produced, 1,300 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Mexico, Economy - -Industries: - food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, - textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 9% of GDP and over 25% of work force; large number of small - farms at subsistence level; major food crops - corn, wheat, rice, beans; - cash crops - cotton, coffee, fruit, tomatoes; fish catch of 1.4 million - metric tons among top 20 nations (1987) -Illicit drugs: - illicit cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis continues in spite of active - government eradication program; major supplier to the US market; continues - as the primary transshipment country for US-bound cocaine from South America -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.7 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $110 million -Currency: - 1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 3.100 (January 1993), 3,198 - (November 1992), 3,018.4 (1991), 2,812.6 (1990), 2,461.3 (1989), 2,273.1 - (1988); note - the new pesos replaced the old pesos on 1 January 1993; 1 new - pesos = 1,000 old pesos -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mexico, Communications - -Railroads: - 24,500 km total -Highways: - 212,000 km total; 65,000 km paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone, - 62,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or roads under construction, 55,000 - km unimproved earth roads -Inland waterways: - 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals -Pipelines: - crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; - petrochemical 1,400 km -Ports: - Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, - Progreso, Puerto Vallarta, Salina Cruz, Tampico, Tuxpan, Veracruz -Merchant marine: - 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 858,162 GRT/1,278,488 DWT; includes 4 - short-sea passenger, 2 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 31 - oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 bulk, 5 container -Airports: - total: - 1,841 - usable: - 1,478 - with permanent-surface runways: - 200 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 35 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 273 -Telecommunications: - highly developed system with extensive microwave radio relay links; - privatized in December 1990; connected into Central America Microwave - System; 6,410,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 679 AM, no FM, 238 TV, 22 - shortwave; 120 domestic satellite terminals; earth stations - 4 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -*Mexico, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Defense (including Army and Air Force), Navy (including Marines) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 22,201,567; fit for military service 16,205,926; reach - military age (18) annually 1,049,729 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between - Hawaii and Indonesia -Map references: - Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 702 km2 - land area: - 702 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than four times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Truk (Chuuk), Yap, and Kosrae -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 6,112 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; - located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasional severe damage -Terrain: - islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral - atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Truk -Natural resources: - forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons from June to December; four major island groups totaling - 607 islands - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, People - -Population: - 117,588 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.37% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 28.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 11.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.45 years - male: - 65.49 years - female: - 69.44 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.04 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Micronesian(s) - adjective: - Micronesian; Kosrae(s), Pohnpeian(s), Trukese, Yapese -Ethnic divisions: - nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups -Religions: - Christian (divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant; other churches - include Assembly of God, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist, - Latter-Day Saints, and the Baha'i Faith) -Languages: - English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 90% - male: - 90% - female: - 85% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - two-thirds are government employees - note: - 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65 - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia - conventional short form: - none - former: - Kosrae, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific - Islands) -Abbreviation: - FSM -Digraph: - FM -Type: - constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of - Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 -Capital: - Kolonia (on the island of Pohnpei) - note: - a new capital is being built about 10 km southwest in the Palikir valley -Administrative divisions: - 4 states; Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk (Truk), Yap -Independence: - 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship) -Constitution: - 10 May 1979 -Legal system: - based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, - common, and customary laws -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Federated States of Micronesia, 10 May (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - no formal parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held ll May 1991 (next to be held March 1995); results - President - Bailey OLTER elected president; Vice-President Jacob NENA - Congress: - last held on 5 March 1991 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (14 total) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Congress -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Bailey OLTER (since 21 May 1991); Vice President Jacob NENA (since - 21 May 1991) -Member of: - AsDB, ESCAP, ICAO, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jesse B. MAREHALAU - chancery: - 1725 N St., NW, Washington, DC 20036 - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Government - - telephone: - (202) 223-4383 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL - embassy: - address NA, Kolonia - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1286, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 - telephone: - 691-320-2187 - FAX: - 691-320-2186 -Flag: - light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are - arranged in a diamond pattern - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The - islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade - phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness - of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. - Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the - US pledged to spend $1 billion in the islands in the l990s. Geographical - isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to - long-term growth. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $150 million (1989 est.) - note: - GNP numbers reflect US spending -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $165 million; expenditures $115 million, including capital - expenditures of $20 million (1988) -Exports: - $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - copra - partners: - NA -Imports: - $67.7 million (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - NA - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 18,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, 380 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and - pearls -Agriculture: - mainly a subsistence economy; black pepper; tropical fruits and vegetables, - coconuts, cassava, sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens -Economic aid: - under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US will provide $1.3 - billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001 -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Communications - -Highways: - 39 km of paved roads on major islands; also 187 km stone-, coral-, or - laterite-surfaced roads -Ports: - Colonia (Yap), Truk, Okat and Lelu (Kosrae) -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - telephone network - 960 telephone lines total at Kolonia and Truk; islands - interconnected by shortwave radio (used mostly for government purposes); - 16,000 radio receivers, 1,125 TV sets (est. 1987); broadcast stations - 5 - AM, 1 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Micronesia, Federated States of, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Midway Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Midway Islands, Geography - -Location: - located in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,350 km west-northwest of Honolulu, - about one-third of the way between Honolulu and Tokyo -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 5.2 km2 - land area: - 5.2 km2 - comparative area: - about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC - note: - includes Eastern Island and Sand Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 15 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly winds -Terrain: - low, nearly level -Natural resources: - fish, wildlife -Land use: - arable land: - 0% permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - coral atoll -Note: - closed to the public - -*Midway Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 453 US military personnel - -*Midway Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Midway Islands -Digraph: - MQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, under - command of the Barbers Point Naval Air Station in Hawaii and managed - cooperatively by the US Navy and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US - Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System; - legislation before Congress in 1990 proposed inclusion of territory within - the State of Hawaii -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC -Flag: - the US flag is used - -*Midway Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on providing support services for US naval operations - located on the islands. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by US Military - -*Midway Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 32 km total -Pipelines: - 7.8 km -Ports: - Sand Island -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 - -*Midway Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Moldova, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, between Ukraine and Romania -Map references: - Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 33,700 km2 - land area: - 33,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Hawaii -Land boundaries: - total 1,389 km, Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - potential dispute with Ukraine over former southern Bessarabian areas; - northern Bukovina ceded to Ukraine upon Moldova's incorporation into USSR -Climate: - mild winters, warm summers -Terrain: - rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea -Natural resources: - lignite, phosphorites, gypsum -Land use: - arable land: - 50% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 9% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 41% -Irrigated land: - 2,920 km2 (1990) -Environment: - heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as - DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive erosion from poor - farming methods -Note: - landlocked - -*Moldova, People - -Population: - 4,455,645 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.4% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 16.15 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 30.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.92 years - male: - 64.49 years - female: - 71.53 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Moldovan(s) - adjective: - Moldovan -Ethnic divisions: - Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish - 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 figures) - note: - internal disputes with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the Dniester region - and Gagauz Turks in the south -Religions: - Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) - (1991) - note: - almost all churchgoers are ethnic Moldovan; the Slavic population are not - churchgoers -Languages: - Moldovan (official); note - virtually the same as the Romanian language, - Russian -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 2.095 million - by occupation: - agriculture 34.4%, industry 20.1%, other 45.5% (1985 figures) - -*Moldova, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Moldova - conventional short form: - Moldova - local long form: - Republica Moldoveneasca - local short form: - none - former: - Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia -Digraph: - MD -Type: - republic -Capital: - Chisinau (Kishinev) -Administrative divisions: - previously divided into 40 rayons; to be divided into fewer, larger - districts at some future point -Independence: - 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - as of mid-1993 the new constitution had not been adopted; old constitution - (adopted NA 1979) is still in effect but has been heavily amended during the - past few years -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts; does not - accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and CSCE documents -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 August 1991 -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Popular Front (formerly Moldovan Popular Front), Ivrie - ROSCA, chairman; Yedinstvo Intermovement, V. YAKOVLEV, chairman; Social - Democratic Party, Oazul NANTOI, chairman, two other chairmen; Agrarian - Democratic Party, Valery CHEBOTARV, leader; Democratic Party, Gheorghe - GHIMPU, chairman; Democratic Labor Party, Alexandru ARSENI, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - United Council of Labor Collectives (UCLC), Igor SMIRNOV, chairman; The - Ecology Movement of Moldova (EMM), G. MALARCHUK, chairman; The Christian - Democratic League of Women of Moldova (CDLWM), L. LARI, chairman; National - Christian Party of Moldova (NCPM), D. TODIKE, M. BARAGA, V. NIKU, leaders; - The Peoples Movement Gagauz Khalky (GKh), S. GULGAR, leader; The Democratic - Party of Gagauzia (DPG), G. SAVOSTIN, chairman; The Alliance of Working - People of Moldova (AWPM), G. POLOGOV, president; Christian Alliance for - Greater Romania; Women's League; Stefan the Great Movement -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 8 December 1991 (next to be held NA1996); results - Mircea SNEGUR - ran unopposed and won 98.17% of vote - Parliament: - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (350 total) Christian Democratic Popular Front 50; - Club of Independent Deputies 25; Agrarian Club 90; Social Democrats 60-70; - Russian Conciliation Club 50; 60-70 seats belong to Dniester region deputies - who usually boycott Moldovan legislative proceedings; the remaining seats - filled by independents; note - until May 1991 was called Supreme Soviet - -*Moldova, Government - -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Mircea Ivanovich SNEGUR (since 3 September 1990) - Head of Legislature: - Chairman of the Parliament Petru LUCINSCHI (since 4 February 1993); Prime - Minister Andrei SANGHELI (since 1 July 1992) -Member of: - BSEC, CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Permanent Representative to the UN Tudor PANTIRU (also acts as - representative to US) - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mary C. PENDLETON - embassy: - Strada Alexei Mateevich #103, Chisinau - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - 7-0422-23-37-72 or 23-34-94 - FAX: - 7-0422-23-34-94 -Flag: - same color scheme as Romania - 3 equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), - yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold - outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its - beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in - its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over - blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined - yellow - -*Moldova, Economy - -Overview: - Moldova, the next-to-smallest of the former Soviet republics in area, is the - most densely inhabited. Moldova has a little more than 1% of the population, - labor force, capital stock, and output of the former Soviet Union. Living - standards have been below average for the European USSR. The country enjoys - a favorable climate, and economic development has been primarily based on - agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Industry - accounts for 20% of the labor force, whereas agriculture employs more than - one-third. Moldova has no major mineral resources and has depended on other - former Soviet republics for coal, oil, gas, steel, most electronic - equipment, machine tools, and major consumer durables such as automobiles. - Its industrial and agricultural products, in turn, have been exported to the - other republics. Moldova has freed prices on most goods and has legalized - private ownership of property. Moldova's near-term economic prospects are - dimmed, however, by the difficulties of moving toward a market economy, the - political problems of redefining ties to the other former Soviet republics - and Romania, and the ongoing separatist movements in the Dniester and Gagauz - regions. In 1992, national output fell substantially for the second - consecutive year - down 22% in the industrial sector and 20% in agriculture. - The decline is mainly attributable to the drop in energy supplies. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -26% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.7% (includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of - underemployed workers) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - 100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - foodstuffs, wine, tobacco, textiles and footwear, machinery, chemicals - (1991) - partners: - Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania -Imports: - 100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - oil, gas, coal, steel machinery, foodstuffs, automobiles, and other consumer - durables - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Romania -External debt: - $100 million (1993 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -22% (1992) -Electricity: - 3,115,000 kW capacity; 11,100 million kWh produced, 2,491 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - key products (with share of total former Soviet output in parentheses where - known): agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and - freezers (2.7%), washing machines (5.0%), hosiery (2.0%), refined sugar - (3.1%), vegetable oil (3.7%), canned food (8.6%), shoes, textiles - -*Moldova, Economy - -Agriculture: - Moldova's principal economic activity; products (shown in share of total - output of the former Soviet republics): Grain (1.6%), sugar beets (2.6%), - sunflower seed (4.4%), vegetables (4.4%), fruits and berries (9.7%), grapes - (20.1%), meat (1.7%), milk (1.4%), eggs (1.4%) -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium and cannabis; mostly for CIS consumption; - transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - IMF credit, $18.5 million (1992); EC agricultural credit, $30 million - (1992); US commitments, $10 million for grain (1992); World Bank credit, $31 - million -Currency: - plans to introduce the Moldovan lei in 1993 or 1994, until then retaining - Russian ruble as currency -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Moldova, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,150 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 20,000 km total; 13,900 km hard-surfaced, 6,100 km earth (1990) -Pipelines: - natural gas 310 km (1992) -Ports: - none; landlocked -Airports: - total: - 26 - useable: - 15 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - poorly supplied with telephones (as of 1991, 494,000 telephones total, with - a density of 111 lines per 1000 persons); 215,000 unsatisfied applications - for telephone installations (31 January 1990); connected to Ukraine by - landline and to countries beyond the former USSR through the international - gateway switch in Moscow - -*Moldova, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Air and Air Defence Force, Security Forces (internal and - border troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,082,562; fit for military service 859,948; reach military - age (18) annually 35,769 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Monaco, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, in southern France near the - border with Italy -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 1.9 km2 - land area: - 1.9 km2 - comparative area: - about three times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 4.4 km, France 4.4 km -Coastline: - 4.1 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers -Terrain: - hilly, rugged, rocky -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - almost entirely urban -Note: - second smallest independent state in world (after Holy See) - -*Monaco, People - -Population: - 31,008 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.93% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 10.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 10.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: total population: - 77.5 years - male: - 73.7 years - female: - 81.49 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s) - adjective: - Monacan or Monegasque -Ethnic divisions: - French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% -Languages: - French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Monaco, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Principality of Monaco - conventional short form: - Monaco - local long form: - Principaute de Monaco - local short form: - Monaco -Digraph: - MN -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Monaco -Administrative divisions: - 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, - Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo -Independence: - 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi) -Constitution: - 17 December 1962 -Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 19 November -Political parties and leaders: - National and Democratic Union (UND); Democratic Union Movement (MUD); Monaco - Action; Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM) -Suffrage: - 25 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Council: - last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24 January 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) UND 18 -Executive branch: - prince, minister of state, Council of Government (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Council (Conseil National) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT - Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958) - Head of Government: - Minister of State Jacques DUPONT (since NA) -Member of: - ACCT, CSCE, IAEA, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO -Diplomatic representation in US: - honorary consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan - (Puerto Rico) - honorary consulates: - Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and Washington -US diplomatic representation: - no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille, France, is - accredited to Monaco - -*Monaco, Government - -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of - Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and - red - -*Monaco, Economy - -Overview: - Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, - attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The Principality has - successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, - nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes - and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established - residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. - About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue comes from value-added taxes on hotels, - banks, and the industrial sector; about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. - Living standards are high, that is, roughly comparable to those in - prosperous French metropolitan suburbs. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $475 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $16,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% -Budget: - revenues $424 million; expenditures $376 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates - Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs - union with France -Imports: - $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates - Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system through customs - union with France -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 10,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power imported from France -Agriculture: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Monaco, Communications - -Railroads: - 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge -Highways: - none; city streets -Ports: - Monaco -Merchant marine: - 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT -Airports: - 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways -Telecommunications: - served by cable into the French communications system; automatic telephone - system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; no - communication satellite earth stations - -*Monaco, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Mongolia, Geography - -Location: - East Central Asia, between China and Russia -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1.565 million km2 - land area: - 1.565 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Alaska -Land boundaries: - total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) -Terrain: - vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi - Desert in southeast -Natural resources: - oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, - wolfram, fluorspar, gold -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 79% - forest and woodland: - 10% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - 770 km2 (1989) -Environment: - harsh and rugged -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia - -*Mongolia, People - -Population: - 2,367,054 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.62% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.41 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 44.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.77 years - male: - 63.53 years - female: - 68.13 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.41 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mongolian(s) - adjective: - Mongolian -Ethnic divisions: - Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% -Religions: - predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% - note: - previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime -Languages: - Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - primarily herding/agricultural - note: - over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large - percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor - -*Mongolia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Mongolia - local long form: - none - local short form: - Mongol Uls - former: - Outer Mongolia -Digraph: - MG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Ulaanbaatar -Administrative divisions: - 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud,, singular - hot); -Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*,, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, -Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd,, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, -Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs, Independence: - 13 March 1921 (from China) -Constitution: - adopted 13 January 1992 -Legal system: - blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional - provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 11 July (1921) -Political parties and leaders: - Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, - presidium chairman; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, - general coordinator; National Progress Party (NPP), S. BYAMBAA and - Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; Social Democratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and - Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders; Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. - ZORIGT, leader; United Party of Mongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); - Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP; merger of the MDP, United Party, - Renaissance Party, and PNP), D. GANBOLD - note: - opposition parties were legalized in May 1990; additional parties exist: The - Mongolian Green Party, The Buddhist Believers' Party, The Republican Party, - Mongolian People's Party, and United Herdsmen and Farmers Party (MHFUP), - Mongolian Bourgeois Party (BP), Mongolian Private Property Owners Party, - Mongolian Workers Party -Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held 6 June 1993); results - - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural; other candidate - Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) - State Great Hural: - first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - MPRP 56.9%; - seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, MDP/PNP 3, SDP 1, independent 1 - note: - the People's Small Hural no longer exists - -*Mongolia, Government - -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, first deputy prime minister, - cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral State Great Hural -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, - but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); Vice President - Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since 7 September 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); First Deputy Prime - Minister Puntsagiyn JASRAY (since NA) -Member of: - AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIV - chancery: - NA - telephone: - (301) 983-1962 - FAX: - (301) 983-2025 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE - embassy: - address NA, Ulaanbaatar - mailing address: - Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Rind Road; - PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002 - telephone: - [976] (1) 329095, 329606 - FAX: - Telex 080079253 AMEMB MH -Flag: - three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on - the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a - columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, - moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) - -*Mongolia, Economy - -Overview: - Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of - unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity - traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In - recent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Soviet - support. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, - tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber - and fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadership - continued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainly - attributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading trade - and development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little was - provided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainly - due to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports. - By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a complete - shutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coal - shortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrally - planned economy through privatization and price reform. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -15% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $800 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 325% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991 est.) -Budget: - deficit of $67 million (1991) -Exports: - $347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other - nonferrous metals - partners: - USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4% -Imports: - $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, - chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea - partners: - USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% -External debt: - $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR -Industrial production: - growth rate -15% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and - beverage, mining (particularly coal) -Agriculture: - accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the - population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but - also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage - -*Mongolia, Economy - -Economic aid: - about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSR - and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170 - million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries, - including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over - $200 million from donor countries projected in 1992 -Currency: - 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos -Exchange rates: - tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mongolia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988) -Highways: - 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988) -Inland waterways: - 397 km of principal routes (1988) -Airports: - total: - 81 - usable: - 31 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - fewer than 5 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - fewer than 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 12 -Telecommunications: - 63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 - provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; at - least 1 earth station - -*Mongolia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier - Guards), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach military - age (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992) - -*Montserrat, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Montserrat, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 100 km2 - land area: - 100 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 40 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: 20% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 10% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 30% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to severe hurricanes from June to November -Note: - located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea - -*Montserrat, People - -Population: - 12,661 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.36% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.76 years - male: - 74 years - female: - 77.56 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Montserratian(s) - adjective: - Montserratian -Ethnic divisions: - black, Europeans -Religions: - Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, - other Christian denominations -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: 97% - male: - 97% - female: - 97% -Labor force: - 5,100 - by occupation: - community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, - restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, - and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.) - -*Montserrat, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Montserrat -Digraph: - MH -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Plymouth -Administrative divisions: - 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 January 1960 -Legal system: - English common law and statute law -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June) -Political parties and leaders: - National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation - Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand - OSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLE -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1 -Executive branch: - monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David - TAYLOR (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991) -Member of: - CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCL -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat - of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a - black cross - -*Montserrat, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism and - construction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughly - one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%. - The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable to - fluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic parts - sold to the US. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 13.5% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $5,800 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $3.2 million (1988) -Exports: - $1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattle - partners: - NA -Imports: - $31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, - fuels, lubricants, and related materials - partners: - NA -External debt: - $2.05 million (1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliances -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions, - peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock products -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90 - million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Montserrat, Communications - -Highways: - 280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Plymouth -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV - -*Montserrat, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Morocco, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, - between Algeria and Western Sahara -Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 446,550 km2 - land area: - 446,300 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km -Coastline: - 1,835 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UN - is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has been - currently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of - sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the - coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the - islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas - Chafarinas -Climate: - Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains with rich coastal plains -Natural resources: - phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 18% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 28% - forest and woodland: - 12% - other: - 41% -Irrigated land: - 12,650 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; - desertification -Note: - strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar - -*Morocco, People - -Population: - 27,955,090 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.16% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.5 years - male: - 65.7 years - female: - 69.4 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Moroccan(s) - adjective: - Moroccan -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% -Religions: - Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% -Languages: - Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, - government, and diplomacy -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 50% - male: - 61% - female: - 38% -Labor force: - 7.4 million - by occupation: - agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985) - -*Morocco, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Morocco - conventional short form: Morocco - local long form: - Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah - local short form: - Al Maghrib -Digraph: - MO -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Rabat -Administrative divisions: - 37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al, Hoceima, Azilal, -Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er -Rachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, -Laayoune, Larache, - Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,, -Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, - Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit -Independence: - 2 March 1956 (from France) -Constitution: - 10 March 1972, revised in September 1992 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial - review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court -National holiday: - National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession to - the throne) -Political parties and leaders: - Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union - (UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; - Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN), - Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of Popular - Forces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; - Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - Chamber of Representatives: - last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, but - postponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61, - MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992) - -*Morocco, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, - G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS - (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYAT - chancery: - 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; - telephone: - (202) 462-7979 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat - mailing address: - P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718 - telephone: - [212] (7) 76-22-65 - FAX: - [212] (7) 76-56-61 - consulate general: - Casablanca -Flag: - red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's - seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam - -*Morocco, Economy - -Overview: - The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of a - trade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textile - sales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in worker - remittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt rescheduling - agreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helped - real GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financial - policies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery of - domestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume was - adversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992, - Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with the - IMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco's - commercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993 - the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt service - obligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, high - unemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remain - severe long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program to - privatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cut - back agricultural output in 1992. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,060 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 19% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992) -Exports: - $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%, - phosphates 17% - partners: - EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2% -Imports: - $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel and - lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9% - partners: - EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2% -External debt: - $20 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990) -Electricity: - 2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods, - textiles, construction, tourism - -*Morocco, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; not - self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; - barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000 - metric tons in 1987 -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domestic - and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed to - Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South America - destined for Western Europe. -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional - $123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 - billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debt - canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million; - World Bank, $450 million (1991) -Currency: - 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 - (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Morocco, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 km - electrified) -Highways: - 59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improved - earth, and unimproved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 km -Ports: - Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, - Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla -Merchant marine: - 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2 - container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11 - chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passenger -Airports: - total: - 73 - usable: - 65 - with permanent-surface runways: - 26 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 13 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; - principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, - Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephones - per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26 - repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and - Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radio - relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and - Morocco - -*Morocco, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, Royal - Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reach - military age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget) - -*Mozambique, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa and - Tanzania opposite the island of Madagascar -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 801,590 km2 - land area: - 784,090 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, - Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km -Coastline: - 2,470 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical to subtropical -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, - mountains in west -Natural resources: - coal, titanium -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 56% - forest and woodland: 20% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - 1,150 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification - -*Mozambique, People - -Population: - 16,341,777 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 6.06% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 48.03 years - male: - 46.22 years - female: - 49.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Mozambican(s) - adjective: - Mozambican -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, - Indians 15,000 -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% -Languages: - Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 33% - male: - 45% - female: - 21% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture - -*Mozambique, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Mozambique - conventional short form: - Mozambique - local long form: - Republica Popular de Mocambique - local short form: - Mocambique -Digraph: - MZ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Maputo -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, - Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia -Independence: - 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 30 November 1990 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 June (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, - chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR; - FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the new - Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system - note: - the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties, - including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the Mozambique - National Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and the - Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), have - already emerged -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly - elections -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO - -*Mozambique, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIO - chancery: - Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 293-7146 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr. - embassy: - Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo - mailing address: - P. O. Box 783, Maputo - telephone: - [258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50 - FAX: - [258] (1) 49-01-14 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in - white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a - crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book - -*Mozambique, Economy - -Overview: - One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the - economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and - transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and - investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of - internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing - foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic - reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late - 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output, - nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be - imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy depends - heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civil - strife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3% - in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $115 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 50% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 50% (1989 est.) -Budget: - revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3% - partners: - US, Western Europe, Germany, Japan -Imports: - $899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum - partners: - US, Western Europe, USSR -External debt: - $5.4 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1989 est.) -Electricity: - 2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, - textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton, - cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice, - tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890 - million -Currency: - 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos - -*Mozambique, Economy - -Exchange rates: - meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47 - (1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Mozambique, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; - Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject to - closure because of insurgency -Highways: - 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized - soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - about 3,750 km of navigable routes -Pipelines: - crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km -Ports: - Maputo, Beira, Nacala -Merchant marine: - 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWT -Airports: - total: - 194 - usable: - 131 - with permanent-surface runways: - 25 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcast - stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and - 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT - -*Mozambique, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Namibia, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and South - Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 824,290 km2 - land area: - 823,290 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than half the size of Alaska -Land boundaries: - total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km, - Zambia 233 km -Coastline: - 1,489 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island with - Botswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe - is in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands - administered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed to - jointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be - covered by joint administration arrangements have not been established at - this time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over - the entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili - (Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti River -Climate: - desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic -Terrain: - mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east -Natural resources: - diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, - vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, - iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 64% - forest and woodland: - 22% - other: - 13% -Irrigated land: - 40 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertification -Note: - Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia - -*Namibia, People - -Population: - 1,541,321 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.46% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 61.2 years - male: - 58.57 years - female: - 63.91 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Namibian(s) - adjective: - Namibian -Ethnic divisions: - black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% - note: - about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the - Kavangos tribe -Religions: - Christian -Languages: - English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population - and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1960) - total population: - 38% - male: - 45% - female: - 31% -Labor force: - 500,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%, - mining 6% (1981 est.) - -*Namibia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Namibia - conventional short form: - Namibia -Digraph: - WA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Windhoek -Administrative divisions: - 13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena, - Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa - note: - the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland, - Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg, - Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland, - Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund, - Tsumeb, Windhoek -Independence: - 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate) -Constitution: - ratified 9 February 1990 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution -National holiday: - Independence Day, 21 March (1990) -Political parties and leaders: - South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia - (DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; United - Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN), - Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal - Convention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), - Vekuii RUKORO -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam - NUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the National - Assembly) - National Assembly: - last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4, - ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1 - National Council: - last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); - seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and a - lower house or National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Namibia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990) -Member of: - ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM - (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH - chancery: - 1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box - 34738, Washington, DC 20043) - telephone: - (202) 986-0540 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEY - embassy: - Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek - mailing address: - P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000 - telephone: - [264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680 - FAX: - [264] (61) 229-792 -Flag: - a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, - and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the - triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow - white-edge borders - -*Namibia, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and - process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia - is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's - fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the - richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality - diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, - and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely - subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,300 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1992) in urban area -Unemployment rate: - 25-35% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capital - expenditures of $144 million (FY 92) -Exports: - $1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakul - skins - partners: - Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan -Imports: - $1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - -*Namibia, Economy - - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment - partners: - South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland -External debt: - about $220 million (1992 est.) -Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including mining -Electricity: - 490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, - diamond, uranium) -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising major - source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch - potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catch - reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), - $47.2 million -Currency: - 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 - (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Namibia, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracks -Ports: - Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa) -Airports: - total: - 137 - usable: - 112 - with permanent-surface runways: - 21 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 62 -Telecommunications: - good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires - extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations - - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV - -*Namibia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Defense Force (Army), Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92) - -*Nauru, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New Guinea -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 21 km2 - land area: - 21 km2 - comparative area: - about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 30 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February) -Terrain: - sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate - plateau in center -Natural resources: - phosphates -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - only 53 km south of Equator -Note: - Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French - Polynesia - -*Nauru, People - -Population: - 9,882 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.42% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 66.68 years - male: - 64.3 years - female: - 69.18 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Nauruan(s) - adjective: - Nauruan -Ethnic divisions: - Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% -Religions: - Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) -Languages: - Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely - understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - by occupation: - NA - -*Nauru, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Nauru - conventional short form: - Nauru - former: - Pleasant Island -Digraph: - NR -Type: - republic -Capital: - no official capital; government offices in Yaren -Administrative divisions: - 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, - Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren -Independence: - 31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK) -Constitution: - 29 January 1968 -Legal system: - own Acts of Parliament and British common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 31 January (1968) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - - Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliament - Parliament: - last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989) -Member of: - AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU -Diplomatic representation in US: - there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam) -US diplomatic representation: - the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to Nauru -Flag: - blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large - white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates - the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and - the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru - -*Nauru, Economy - -Overview: - Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are - expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans - one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually. - Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including - fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the - replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. - Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help - cushion the transition. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $10,000 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 0% -Budget: - revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY86 est.) -Exports: - $93 million (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - phosphates - partners: - Australia, NZ -Imports: - $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery - partners: - Australia, UK, NZ, Japan -External debt: - $33.3 million -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products -Agriculture: - coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completely - dependent on imports for food and water -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Nauru, Communications - -Railroads: - 3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processing - facilities on the southwest coast -Highways: - about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth -Ports: - Nauru -Merchant marine: - 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWT -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - adequate local and international radio communications provided via - Australian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Nauru, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Directorate of the Nauru Police Force - note: - no regular armed forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA -Defense expenditures: - $NA - no formal defense structure - -*Navassa Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Navassa Island, Geography - -Location: - in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo - (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 5.2 km2 - land area: - 5.2 km2 - comparative area: - about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 8 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Haiti -Climate: - marine, tropical -Terrain: - raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical - white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high) -Natural resources: - guano -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 10% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 90% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense - stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus -Note: - strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba - -*Navassa Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the - island - -*Navassa Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Navassa Island -Digraph: - BQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Navassa Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Navassa Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only - -*Navassa Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Nepal, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and India -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 140,800 km2 - land area: - 136,800 km2 - comparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas -Land boundaries: - total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers - and mild winters in south -Terrain: - Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, - rugged Himalayas in north -Natural resources: - quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, small - deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 17% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 13% - forest and woodland: - 33% - other: - 37% -Irrigated land: - 9,430 km2 (1989) -Environment: - contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion; - water pollution -Note: - landlocked; strategic location between China and India - -*Nepal, People - -Population: - 20,535,466 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.43% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 37.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 13.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 85.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 51.98 years male: - 51.84 years - female: - 52.12 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Nepalese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Nepalese -Ethnic divisions: - Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, - Sherpas -Religions: - Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981) - note: - only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between - many Hindu and Buddhist groups -Languages: - Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 26% - male: - 38% - female: - 13% -Labor force: - 8.5 million (1991 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2% - note: - severe lack of skilled labor - -*Nepal, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Nepal - conventional short form: - Nepal -Digraph: - NP -Type: - parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991 -Capital: - Kathmandu -Administrative divisions: - 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, - Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, - Sagarmatha, Seti -Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah) -Constitution: - 9 November 1990 -Legal system: - based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Party president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, Prime - Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGH - center: - the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), - Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa), - Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, Gayendra - Narayan SINGH - Communist: - Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man Mohan - ADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL; - Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; - Democratic Party, leader NA - note: - the two factions of the NDP announced a merger in late 1991 -Other political or pressure groups: - numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, - radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%, - CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana - Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats - - (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, - NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note - - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy - system for the first time in 32 years -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and a - lower house or House of Representatives - -*Nepal, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24 - February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son - of the King (born 21 June 1971) - Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991) -Member of: - AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYA - chancery: - 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 667-4550 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCH - embassy: - Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890 - FAX: - [977] (1) 419963 -Flag: - red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right - triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the - larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun - -*Nepal, Economy - -Overview: - Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. - Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over - 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity is - limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, - sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has - expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in - FY91. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural - resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the - late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of - 2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished partly because of - poor distribution. The top 10% of the population receives 47% of total - income, the bottom 20% less than 5% of the total. Since May 1991, the - government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by - eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order to - simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been - cutting public expenditures by reducing subsides, privatizing state - industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade and - investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size of - the economy, its technological backwardness, and its remoteness. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (FY92) -National product real growth rate: - 3.1% (FY92) -National product per capita: - $170 (FY92) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 14% (November 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1987); underemployment estimated at 25-40% -Budget: - revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $672.0 million, including capital - expenditures of $396 million (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $313 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) but does not include unrecorded border - trade with India - commodities: - carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain - partners: - US, Germany, India, UK -Imports: - $751 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% - partners: - India, Singapore, Japan, Germany -External debt: - $2 billion (FY92 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 300,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet, - cement, and brick production; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn, - wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient in - food, particularly in drought years - -*Nepal, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drug - markets; probable transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the West -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286 - million -Currency: - 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa -Exchange rates: - Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 43.200 (January 1993), 42.742 (1992), - 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988) -Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July - -*Nepal, Communications - -Railroads: - 52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indian - border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government owned -Highways: - 7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone; - also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracks -Airports: - total: - 37 - usable: - 37 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcast - service; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000 - telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Nepal, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,849,109; fit for military service 2,517,385; reach - military age (17) annually 234,060 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92) - -*Netherlands, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 37,330 km2 - land area: - 33,920 km2 comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km -Coastline: - 451 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters -Terrain: - mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast -Natural resources: - natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil -Land use: - arable land: - 26% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 32% - forest and woodland: - 9% - other: - 32% -Irrigated land: - 5,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - without an extensive system of dikes and dams, nearly one-half of the total - area would be inundated by sea water -Note: - located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, - Schelde) - -*Netherlands, People - -Population: - 15,274,942 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.63% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.81 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.55 years - male: - 74.48 years - female: - 80.78 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.59 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) - adjective: - Dutch -Ethnic divisions: - Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988) -Languages: - Dutch -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1979) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 5.3 million - by occupation: - services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government 15.9%, - agriculture 5.8% (1986) - -*Netherlands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of the Netherlands - conventional short form: - Netherlands - local long form: - Koninkrijk de Nederlanden - local short form: - Nederland -Digraph: - NL -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government -Administrative divisions: - 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, - Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, - Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland -Dependent areas: - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles -Independence: - 1579 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 17 February 1983 -Legal system: - civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the - Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States - General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; - Liberal (VVD), Frederick BOLKSTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; a - host of minor parties -Other political or pressure groups: - large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement - (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade - union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the - nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch - Peace Council (IKV) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - First Chamber: - last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected by - the country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats by - party NA - Second Chamber: - last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held in May 1994); results - CDA - 35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 total) - CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of Ministers -Legislative branch: - bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber or - First Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (Tweede - Kamer) - -*Netherlands, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent - WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April - 1967) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ruud (Rudolph) F. M. LUBBERS (since 4 November 1982); Vice - Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 2 November 1989) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, - COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, IADB, - IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), - NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Johan Hendrick MEESMAN - chancery: - 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 244-5300 - FAX: - (202) 362-3430 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Manila (Trust Territories of the Pacific - Islands), New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas H. GEWECKE - embassy: - Lange Voorhout 102, The Hague - mailing address: - PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715 - telephone: - [31] (70) 310-9209 - FAX: - [31] (70) 361-4688 - consulate general: - Amsterdam -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the - flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer - -*Netherlands, Economy - -Overview: - This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. - The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, - permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic - activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of - GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the - food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly - mechanized agricultural sector employs only 5% of the labor force, but - provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing - industry. Unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most - serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will - reflect the course of European economic integration. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $259.8 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.6% (1992) -National product per capita: - $17,200 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.3% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $109.9 billion; expenditures $122.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $128.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - agricultural products, processed foods and tobacco, natural gas, chemicals, - metal products, textiles, clothing - partners: - EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), US 4% (1991) -Imports: - $117.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation - equipment, crude oil, food products - partners: - EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991) -External debt: - $0 -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.6% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 22,216,000 kW capacity; 63,500 million kWh produced, 4,200 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and - equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics -Agriculture: - accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, - potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and - oils -Illicit drugs: - transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; - European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion - -*Netherlands, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.8167 (January - 1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990), 2.1207 (1989), 1.9766 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Netherlands, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,828 km 1.435-meter standard gauge operated by Netherlands Railways (NS) - (includes 1,957 km electrified and 1,800 km double track) -Highways: - 108,360 km total; 92,525 km paved (including 2,185 km of limited access, - divided highways); 15,835 km gravel, crushed stone -Inland waterways: - 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or - larger -Pipelines: - crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km -Ports: - coastal - Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Den Helder, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Ijmuiden, - Rotterdam, Scheveningen, Terneuzen, Vlissingen; inland - 29 ports -Merchant marine: - 344 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,762,000 GRT/3,675,649 DWT; includes - 3 short-sea passenger, 193 cargo, 30 refrigerated cargo, 26 container, 13 - roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 11 multifunction large-load carrier, - 23 oil tanker, 22 chemical tanker, 10 liquefied gas, 2 specialized tanker, 6 - bulk, 4 combination bulk; note - many Dutch-owned ships are also registered - on the captive Netherlands Antilles register -Airports: - total: - 28 - usable: - 28 - with permanent-surface runways: - 20 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 11 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 6 -Telecommunications: - highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant - system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay - microwave links; 9,418,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 (3 relays) AM, - 12 (39 repeaters) FM, 8 (7 repeaters) TV; 5 submarine cables; 1 - communication satellite earth station operating in INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean - and 2 Atlantic Ocean antenna) and EUTELSAT systems; nationwide mobile phone - system - -*Netherlands, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (including Naval Air Service - and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,183,167; fit for military service 3,677,445; reach - military age (20) annually 104,263 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 3% of GDP (1992) - -*Netherlands Antilles, Header - -Affiliation: - (part of the Dutch realm) - -*Netherlands Antilles, Geography - -Location: - two island groups - Curacas and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean Sea are - about 70 km north of Venezuela near Aruba and the rest of the country is - about 800 km to the northeast about one-third of the way between Antigua and - Barbuda and Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 960 km2 - land area: - 960 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch - part of the island of Saint Martin) -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 364 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds -Terrain: - generally hilly, volcanic interiors -Natural resources: - phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 92% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely - threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes - from July to October - -*Netherlands Antilles, People - -Population: - 184,990 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.4% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.73 years - male: - 73.55 years - female: - 78.03 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Netherlands Antillean(s) - adjective: - Netherlands Antillean -Ethnic divisions: - mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, Oriental -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - Dutch (official), Papiamento a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect - predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 94% - male: - 94% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 89,000 - by occupation: - government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) - -*Netherlands Antilles, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Netherlands Antilles - local long form: - none - local short form: - Nederlandse Antillen -Digraph: - NA -Type: - part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 -Capital: - Willemstad -Administrative divisions: - none (part of the Dutch realm) -Independence: - none (part of the Dutch realm) -Constitution: - 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended -Legal system: - based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence -National holiday: - Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) -Political parties and leaders: - political parties are indigenous to each island - Bonaire: - Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire - (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN - Curacao: - National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement - (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson - (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; - Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA - Saba: - Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba - Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS - Sint Eustatius: - Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward - Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL - Sint Maarten: - Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic - Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: Staten: - last held on 16 March 1990 (next to be held March 1994); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (22 total) PNP 7, FOL-SI 3, UPB 3, MAN 2, - DP-St. M 2, DP 1, SPM 1, WIPM 1, DP-St. E 1, Nos Patria 1; note - the - government of Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS is a coalition of several - parties -Executive branch: - Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of - Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral legislature (Staten) - -*Netherlands Antilles, Government - -Judicial branch: - Joint High Court of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by - Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Maria LIBERIA-PETERS (since 17 May 1988, previously served - from September 1984 to November 1985) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO - (associate), UPU, WMO, WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an autonomous part of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antillean interests in - the US are represented by the Netherlands -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Consul General Bernard J. WOERZ - consulate general: - Saint Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao - mailing address: - P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao - telephone: - [599] (9) 613066 - FAX: - [599] (9) 616489 -Flag: - white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical - red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an - oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the - five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint - Maarten - -*Netherlands Antilles, Economy - -Overview: - Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of the - economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed - infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Unlike many - Latin American countries, the Netherlands Antilles has avoided large - international debt. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with - the US being the major supplier. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $8,700 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 16.4% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $209 million; expenditures $232 million, including capital - expenditures of $8 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $200 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum products 98% - partners: - US 40%, UK 7%, Guadeloupe 5% -Imports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures - partners: - Venezuela 42%, US 21%, Netherlands 8% -External debt: - $701 million (December 1987) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 125,000 kW capacity; 365 million kWh produced, 1,980 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum - transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing - (Curacao) -Agriculture: - hampered by poor soils and scarcity of water; chief products - aloes, - sorghum, peanuts, fresh vegetables, tropical fruit; not self-sufficient in - food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $513 million -Currency: - 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 - (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Netherlands Antilles, Communications - -Highways: - 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth -Ports: - Willemstad, Philipsburg, Kralendijk -Merchant marine: - 89 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 781,646 GRT/962,138 DWT; includes 4 - passenger, 29 cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 7 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off, - 12 multifunction large-load carrier, 5 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 2 - bulk, 1 oil tanker, 1 railcar carrier, 1 combination ore/oil; note - all but - a few are foreign owned, mostly in the Netherlands -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - generally adequate facilities; extensive interisland microwave radio relay - links; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; 2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Netherlands Antilles, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National - Guard, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 48,965; fit for military service 27,531; reach military age - (20) annually 1,638 (1993 est.) -Note: - defense is responsibility of the Netherlands - -*New Caledonia, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas territory of France) - -*New Caledonia, Geography - -Location: - in the South Pacific Ocean, 1,750 km east of Australia -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 19,060 km2 - land area: - 18,760 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 2,254 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid -Terrain: - coastal plains with interior mountains -Natural resources: - nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 14% - forest and woodland: - 51% - other: - 35% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - typhoons most frequent from November to March - -*New Caledonia, People - -Population: - 178,056 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.83% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 22.7 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.01 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.22 years - male: - 69.92 years - female: - 76.7 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - New Caledonian(s) - adjective: - New Caledonian -Ethnic divisions: - Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%, - Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10% -Languages: - French, 28 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 91% - male: - 91% - female: - 90% -Labor force: - 50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, - Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.) - by occupation: - NA - -*New Caledonia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies - conventional short form: - New Caledonia - local long form: - Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances - local short form: - Nouvelle-Caledonie -Digraph: - NC -Type: - overseas territory of France since 1956 -Capital: - Noumea -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative - divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named - Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France; a referendum on independence will be - held in 1998) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; - formerly under French law -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - white-dominated Rassemblement pour la Caledonie dans la Republique (RPCR), - conservative, Jacques LAFLEUR - affiliated to France's Rassemblement pour la - Republique (RPR); Melanesian proindependence Kanaka Socialist National - Liberation Front (FLNKS), Paul NEAOUTYINE; Melanesian moderate Kanak - Socialist Liberation (LKS), Nidoish NAISSELINE; National Front (FN), extreme - right, Guy GEORGE; Caledonie Demain (CD), right-wing, Bernard MARANT; Union - Oceanienne (UO), conservative, Michel HEMA; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak - (FULK), proindependence, UREGEI; Union Caledonian (UC), Francois BURCK -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French Senate: - last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held September 2001); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPCR 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held 21 and 28 March 1993); results - - RPR 83.5%, FN 13.5%, other 3%; seats - (2 total) RPCR 2 - Territorial Assembly: - last held 11 June 1989 (next to be held 1993); results - RPCR 44.5%, FLNKS - 28.5%, FN 7%, CD 5%, UO 4%, other 11%; seats - (54 total) RPCR 27, FLNKS 19, - FN 3, other 5; note - election boycotted by FULK -Executive branch: - French president, high commissioner, Consultative Committee (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal - -*New Caledonia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Alain - CHRISTNACHT (since 15 January 1991) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), FZ, ICFTU, SPC, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: as an overseas territory of France, New Caledonian interests are -represented - in the US by France -US diplomatic representation: - none (overseas territory of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*New Caledonia, Economy - -Overview: - New Caledonia has more than 25% of the world's known nickel resources. In - recent years the economy has suffered because of depressed international - demand for nickel, the principal source of export earnings. Only a - negligible amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts - for about 25% of imports. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.4% (1988) -National product per capita: - $6,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1989) -Unemployment rate: - 16% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $224.0 million; expenditures $211.0 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1985) -Exports: - $671 million (f.o.b., 1989) - commodities: - nickel metal 87%, nickel ore - partners: - France 52.3%, Japan 15.8%, US 6.4% -Imports: - $764 million (c.i.f., 1989) - commodities: - foods, fuels, minerals, machines, electrical equipment - partners: - France 44.0%, US 10%, Australia 9% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 400,000 kW capacity; 2,200 million kWh produced, 12,790 kWh per capita - (1990) -Industries: - nickel mining and smelting -Agriculture: - large areas devoted to cattle grazing; coffee, corn, wheat, vegetables; 60% - self-sufficient in beef -Illicit drugs: - illicit cannabis cultivation is becoming a principal source of income for - some families -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $4,185 million -Currency: - 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais duPacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January - 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.00 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 - (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*New Caledonia, Communications - -Highways: - 6,340 km total; only about 10% paved (1987) -Ports: - Noumea, Nepoui, Poro, Thio -Airports: - total: - 29 - usable: - 27 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - 32,578 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; 1 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*New Caledonia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Gendarmerie, Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*New Zealand, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, southeast of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: total area: - 268,680 km2 - land area: - 268,670 km2 - comparative area: - about the size of Colorado - note: - includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands, Campbell - Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 15,134 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) -Climate: - temperate with sharp regional contrasts -Terrain: - predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains -Natural resources: - natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 53% - forest and woodland: - 38% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 2,800 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - earthquakes are common, though usually not severe - -*New Zealand, People - -Population: - 3,368,774 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.61% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.11 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.11 years - male: - 72.46 years - female: - 79.95 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.07 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - New Zealander(s) - adjective: - New Zealand -Ethnic divisions: - European 88%, Maori 8.9%, Pacific Islander 2.9%, other 0.2% -Religions: - Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5%, Baptist - 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none 9% (1986) -Languages: - English (official), Maori -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1,603,500 (June 1991) - by occupation: - services 67.4%, manufacturing 19.8%, primary production 9.3% (1987) - -*New Zealand, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - New Zealand -Abbreviation: - NZ -Digraph: - NZ -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Wellington -Administrative divisions: 93 counties, 9 districts*, and 3 town districts**; Akaroa, Amuri,, -Ashburton, - Bay of Islands, Bruce, Buller, Chatham Islands, Cheviot, Clifton, Clutha, - Cook, Dannevirke, Egmont, Eketahuna, Ellesmere, Eltham, Eyre, Featherston, - Franklin, Golden Bay, Great Barrier Island, Grey, Hauraki Plains, Hawera*,, Hawke's Bay, -Heathcote, Hikurangi**, Hobson, Hokianga, Horowhenua, Hurunui,, Hutt, Inangahua, Inglewood, -Kaikoura, Kairanga, Kiwitea, Lake, Mackenzie, - Malvern, Manaia**, Manawatu, Mangonui, Maniototo, Marlborough, Masterton,, Matamata, Mount -Herbert, Ohinemuri, Opotiki, Oroua, Otamatea, Otorohanga*,, Oxford, Pahiatua, Paparua, Patea, -Piako, Pohangina, Raglan, Rangiora*,, Rangitikei, Rodney, Rotorua*, Runanga, Saint Kilda,, -Silverpeaks, Southland, - Stewart Island, Stratford, Strathallan, Taranaki, Taumarunui, Taupo, - Tauranga, Thames-Coromandel*, Tuapeka, Vincent, Waiapu, Waiheke, Waihemo,, Waikato, Waikohu, -Waimairi, Waimarino, Waimate, Waimate West, Waimea, Waipa, - Waipawa*, Waipukurau*, Wairarapa South, Wairewa, Wairoa, Waitaki, Waitomo*,, Waitotara, Wallace, -Wanganui, Waverley**, Westland, Whakatane*, Whangarei,, Whangaroa, Woodville -Dependent areas: - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau -Independence: - 26 September 1907 (from UK) -Constitution: - no formal, written constitution; consists of various documents, including - certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; Constitution Act 1986 - was to have come into force 1 January 1987, but has not been enacted -Legal system: - based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for - Maoris; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British - sovereignty) -Political parties and leaders: - National Party (NP; government), James BOLGER; New Zealand Labor Party - (NZLP; opposition), Michael MOORE; NewLabor Party (NLP), Jim ANDERTON; - Democratic Party, Dick RYAN; New Zealand Liberal Party, Hanmish MACINTYRE - and Gilbert MYLES; Green Party, no official leader; Mana Motuhake, Martin - RATA; Socialist Unity Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), Kenneth DOUGLAS - note: - the New Labor, Democratic, and Mana Motuhake parties formed a coalition - called the Alliance Party, Jim ANDERTON, president, in September 1991; the - Green Party joined the coalition in May 1992 -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*New Zealand, Government - -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held on 27 October 1990 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - - NP 49%, NZLP 35%, Green Party 7%, NLP 5%; seats - (97 total) NP 67, NZLP 29, - NLP 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (commonly called Parliament) -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Dame Catherine TIZARD (since 12 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister James BOLGER (since 29 October 1990); Deputy Prime Minister - Donald McKINNON (since 2 November 1990) -Member of: - ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, - AsDB, Australia Group, C, CCC, CP, COCOM (cooperating country), EBRD, ESCAP, - FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, - NAM (guest), OECD, PCA, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Denis Bazely Gordon McLEAN - chancery: - 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 328-4800 - consulates general: - Los Angeles and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, FPO AP 96531-1001 - telephone: - [64] (4) 722-068 - FAX: - [64] (4) 723-537 - consulate general: - Auckland -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with four red - five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer half of the flag; - the stars represent the Southern Cross constellation - -*New Zealand, Economy - -Overview: - Since 1984 the government has been reorienting an agrarian economy dependent - on a guaranteed British market to an open free market economy that can - compete on the global scene. The government has hoped that dynamic growth - would boost real incomes, broaden and deepen the technological capabilities - of the industrial sector, reduce inflationary pressures, and permit the - expansion of welfare benefits. The results have been mixed: inflation is - down from double-digit levels, but growth was sluggish in 1988-91, and - unemployment, always a highly sensitive issue, has exceeded 10% since May - 1991. In 1992, growth picked up to 3%, a sign that the new economic approach - is beginning to pay off. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $49.8 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1992) -National product per capita: - $14,900 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.2% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 10.1% (September 1992) -Budget: - revenues $14.0 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $3.65 billion (f.o.b., FY92) - commodities: - wool, lamb, mutton, beef, fruit, fish, cheese, manufactures, chemicals, - forestry products - partners: - EC 18.3%, Japan 17.9%, Australia 17.5%, US 13.5%, China 3.6%, South Korea - 3.1% -Imports: - $3.99 billion (f.o.b., FY92) - commodities: - petroleum, consumer goods, motor vehicles, industrial equipment - partners: - Australia 19.7%, Japan 16.9%, EC 16.9%, US 15.3%, Taiwan 3.0% -External debt: - $38.5 billion (September 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.9% (1990); accounts for about 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 8,000,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 9,250 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery, - transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining -Agriculture: - accounts for about 9% of GDP and about 10% of the work force; livestock - predominates - wool, meat, dairy products all export earners; crops - wheat, - barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; surplus producer of farm - products; fish catch reached a record 503,000 metric tons in 1988 -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $526 million -Currency: - 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents - -*New Zealand, Economy - -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), - 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*New Zealand, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,716 km total; all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km - electrified; over 99% government owned -Highways: - 92,648 km total; 49,547 km paved, 43,101 km gravel or crushed stone -Inland waterways: - 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation -Pipelines: - natural gas 1,000 km; petroleum products 160 km; condensate (liquified - petroleum gas - LPG) 150 km -Ports: - Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Wellington, Tauranga -Merchant marine: - 18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 182,206 GRT/246,446 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 5 roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 4 oil tanker, 1 liquefied gas, - 5 bulk -Airports: - total: - 120 - usable: - 120 - with permanent-surface runways: - 33 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 42 -Telecommunications: - excellent international and domestic systems; 2,110,000 telephones; - broadcast stations - 64 AM, 2 FM, 14 TV; submarine cables extend to - Australia and Fiji; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*New Zealand, Defense Forces - -Branches: - New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 878,028; fit for military service 741,104; reach military - age (20) annually 29,319 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $792 million, 2% of GDP (FY90/91) - -*Nicaragua, Geography - -Location: - Central America, between Costa Rica and Honduras -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America -Area: - total area: - 129,494 km2 - land area: - 120,254 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New York State -Land boundaries: - total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km -Coastline: - 910 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 25 nm security zone (status of claim uncertain) - continental shelf: - not specified - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y - Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; International Court of Justice (ICJ) - referred the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca to an - earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite - resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be - required -Climate: - tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands -Terrain: - extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; - narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes -Natural resources: - gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 9% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 43% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 12% -Irrigated land: - 850 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasional - severe hurricanes; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution - -*Nicaragua, People - -Population: - 3,987,240 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.74% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 54.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 63.5 years - male: - 60.7 years - female: - 66.41 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.48 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Nicaraguan(s) - adjective: - Nicaraguan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% -Languages: - Spanish (official) - note: - English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: - 57% - male: - 57% - female: - 57% -Labor force: - 1.086 million - by occupation: - service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) - -*Nicaragua, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua - conventional short form: - Nicaragua - local long form: - Republica de Nicaragua - local short form: - Nicaragua -Digraph: - NU -Type: - republic -Capital: - Managua -Administrative divisions: - 17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, - Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, - Masaya, Matagalpa, North Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAN), Nueva - Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, South Atlantic Coast Autonomous Zone (RAAS) -Independence: - 15 September 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - January 1987 -Legal system: - civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 15 September (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling coalition: - National Opposition Union (UNO) is a 10-party alliance - moderate parties: - National Conservative Party (PNC), Silviano MATAMOROS Lacayo, president; - Liberal Constitutionalist Party (PLC), Jose Ernesto SOMARRIBA, Arnold - ALEMAN; Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN, Agustin - JARQUIN, Azucena FERREY, Roger MIRANDA, Francisco MAYORGA; National - Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; National Action Party (PAN), - Duilio BALTODANO; NOU - hardline parties: Independent Liberal Party (PLI), - Wilfredo NAVARRO,Virgilio GODOY Reyes; Social Democratic Party (PSD), - Guillermo POTOY, Alfredo CESAR Aguirre, secretary general; Conservative - Popular Alliance Party (PAPC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Communist Party of Nicaragua - (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez; Neo-Liberal Party (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA - Esquivel - opposition parties: - Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Central American - Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS; Democratic Conservative Party of - Nicaragua (PCDN), Jose BRENES; Liberal Party of National Unity (PLUIN), - Eduardo CORONADO; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Francisco SAMPER; - Social Christian Party (PSC), Erick RAMIREZ; Revolutionary Workers' Party - (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Social Conservative Party (PSOC), Fernando - AGUERRO; Popular Action Movement - Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; - Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC), Mauricio DIAZ - -*Nicaragua, Government - -Other political or pressure groups: - National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor - unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC); - Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE); - National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists - of Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional - Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers - (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four - non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS); - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent General - Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); - Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior - Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups -Suffrage: - 16 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - - Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) - 40.8%, other 4.5% - National Assembly: - last held on 25 February 1990 (next to be held February 1996); results - UNO - 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 42, FSLN 39, - PSC 1, MUR 1, "Centrist" (Dissident UNO) 9 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President - Virgilio GODOY Reyes (since 25 April 1990) -Member of: - BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA - (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roberto MAYORGA (since January 1993) - chancery: - 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 939-6570 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Charge d'Affaires Ronald GODARD - embassy: - Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua - mailing address: - APO AA 34021 - telephone: - [505] (2) 666010 or 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 - through 34 - FAX: - [505] (2) 666046 - -*Nicaragua, Government - -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the - national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features - a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and - AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which - features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN - LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of - Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the - white band - -*Nicaragua, Economy - -Overview: - Government control of the economy historically has been extensive, although - the CHAMORRO government has pledged to greatly reduce intervention. Four - private banks have been licensed, and the government has liberalized foreign - trade and abolished price controls on most goods. In early 1993, fewer than - 50% of the agricultural and industrial firms remain state owned. Sandinista - economic policies and the war had produced a severe economic crisis. The - foundation of the economy continues to be the export of agricultural - commodities, largely coffee and cotton. Farm production fell by roughly 7% - in 1989 and 4% in 1990, and remained about even in 1991-92. The agricultural - sector employs 44% of the work force and accounts for 15% of GDP and 80% of - export earnings. Industry, which employs 13% of the work force and - contributes about 25% to GDP, showed a drop of 7% in 1989, fell slightly in - 1990, and remained flat in 1991-92; output still is below pre-1979 levels. - External debt is one of the highest in the world on a per capita basis. In - 1992 the inflation rate was 8%, down sharply from the 766% of 1991. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $425 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 13% underemployment 50% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $347 million; expenditures $499 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1991) -Exports: - $280 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, meat, chemicals - partners: - OECD 75%, USSR and Eastern Europe 15%, other 10% -Imports: - $720 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum, food, chemicals, machinery, clothing - partners: - Latin America 30%, US 25%, EC 20%, USSR and Eastern Europe 10%, other 15% - (1990 est.) -External debt: - $10 billion (December 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 434,000 kW capacity; 1,118 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum - refining and distribution, beverages, footwear -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 44% of work force; cash crops - coffee, bananas, - sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; - variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy; normally - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - minor transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US - -*Nicaragua, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,381 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $3.5 billion -Currency: - 1 cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 6 (10 January 1993), 25,000,000 (March 1992), - 21,354,000 (1991), 15,655 (1989), 270 (1988), 102.60 (1987); note - new gold - cordoba issued in 1992 -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Nicaragua, Communications - -Railroads: - 373 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge, government owned; majority of system not - operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at Puerto Cabezas (does not connect - with mainline) -Highways: - 25,930 km total; 4,000 km paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km - earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unimproved; Pan-American highway 368.5 km -Inland waterways: - 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes -Pipelines: - crude oil 56 km -Ports: - Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,161 GRT/2,500 DWT -Airports: - total: - 226 - usable: - 151 - with permanent-surface runways: - 11 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 12 -Telecommunications: - low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 60,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 45 AM, no FM, 7 TV, 3 shortwave; earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -*Nicaragua, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 911,397; fit for military service 561,448; reach military - age (18) annually 44,226 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $40 million, 2.7% of GDP (1992 budget) - -*Niger, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, between Algeria and Nigeria -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1.267 million km2 - land area: - 1,266,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,697 km, Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, - Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; demarcation of - international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border - incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, - Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary - demarcation, including the tripoint with Niger -Climate: - desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south -Terrain: - predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; - hills in north -Natural resources: - uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 2% - other: - 88% -Irrigated land: - 320 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recurrent drought and desertification severely affecting marginal - agricultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked - -*Niger, People - -Population: - 8,337,352 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.49% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 57.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 22.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 112.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 44.15 years - male: - 42.6 years - female: - 45.75 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Nigerien(s) - adjective: - Nigerien -Ethnic divisions: - Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, - Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 4,000 French expatriates -Religions: - Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians -Languages: - French (official), Hausa, Djerma -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 28% - male: - 40% - female: - 17% -Labor force: - 2.5 million wage earners (1982) - by occupation: - agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4% - note: - 51% of population of working age (1985) - -*Niger, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Niger - conventional short form: - Niger - local long form: - Republique du Niger - local short form: - Niger -Digraph: - NG -Type: - transition government as of November 1991, appointed by national reform - conference; scheduled to turn over power to democratically elected - government in March 1993 -Capital: - Niamey -Administrative divisions: - 7 departments (departements, singular - departement); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, - Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Zinder -Independence: - 3 August 1960 (from France) -Constitution: - December 1989 constitution revised November 1991 by National Democratic - Reform Conference -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 18 December (1958) -Political parties and leaders: - National Movement of the Development Society (MNSD-NASSARA), Tandja MAMADOU; - Niger Progressive Party - African Democratic Rally (PPN-RDA), Harou KOUKA; - Union of Popular Forces for Democracy and Progress (UDFP-SAWABA), Djibo - BAKARY; Niger Democratic Union (UDN-SAWABA), Mamoudou PASCAL; Union of - Patriots, Democrats, and Progressives (UPDP), Andre SALIFOU; other parties - forming -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - President Ali SAIBOU has been in office since December 1989, but the - presidency is now a largely ceremonial position - National Assembly: - last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - MNSD was the only - party; seats - (150 total) MNSD 150 (indirectly elected); note - Niger held - a national conference from July to November 1991 to decide upon a - transitional government and an agenda for multiparty elections -Executive branch: - president (ceremonial), prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - State Court (Cour d'Etat), Court of Appeal (Cour d'Apel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Brig. Gen. Ali SAIBOU (since 14 November 1987); ceremonial post - since national conference (1991) - -*Niger, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Amadou CHEIFFOU (since NA November 1991) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Adamou SEYDOU - chancery: - 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-4224 through 4227 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jennifer C. WARD - embassy: Avenue des Ambassades, Niamey - mailing address: - B. P. 11201, Niamey - telephone: - [227] 72-26-61 through 64 - FAX: - [227] 73-31-67 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small - orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to - the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band - -*Niger, Economy - -Overview: - About 90% of the population is engaged in farming and stock raising, - activities that generate almost half the national income. The economy also - depends heavily on exploitation of large uranium deposits. Uranium - production grew rapidly in the mid-1970s, but tapered off in the early 1980s - when world prices declined. France is a major customer, while Germany, - Japan, and Spain also make regular purchases. The depressed demand for - uranium has contributed to an overall sluggishness in the economy, a severe - trade imbalance, and a mounting external debt. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.3 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.9% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $290 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $193 million; expenditures $355 million, including capital - expenditures of $106 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $294 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - uranium ore 60%, livestock products 20%, cowpeas, onions - partners: - France 77%, Nigeria 8%, Cote d'Ivoire, Italy -Imports: - $346 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic equipment, - cereals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, foodstuffs - partners: - Germany 26%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, France 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 2% -External debt: - $1.2 billion (December 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -2.7% (1991 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP -Electricity: 105,000 kW capacity; 230 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a - few other small light industries; uranium mining began in 1971 -Agriculture: - accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops - - cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops - millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought - years -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3,165 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - -*Niger, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Niger, Communications - -Highways: - 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 - km earthen, 23,000 km tracks -Inland waterways: - Niger River is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier - from mid-December through March -Airports: - total: - 28 - usable: - 26 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 13 -Telecommunications: - small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links - concentrated in southwestern area; 14,260 telephones; broadcast stations - - 15 AM, 5 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 3 domestic, with 1 planned - -*Niger, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police, Republican Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,784,966; fit for military service 961,593; reach military - age (18) annually 87,222 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $27 million, 1.3% of GDP (1989) - -*Nigeria, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Benin and - Cameroon -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 923,770 km2 - land area: - 910,770 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - total 4,047 km, Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km -Coastline: - 853 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 30 nm -International disputes: - demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has - led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification - by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with - Cameroon to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet - convened -Climate: - varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north -Terrain: - southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in - southeast, plains in north -Natural resources: - petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural - gas -Land use: - arable land: 31% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 23% - forest and woodland: - 15% - other: - 28% -Irrigated land: - 8,650 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural - activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation - -*Nigeria, People - -Population: - 95,060,430 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.13% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.85 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 77.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 54.7 years - male: - 53.54 years - female: - 55.88 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.43 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Nigerian(s) - adjective: - Nigerian -Ethnic divisions: - north: - Hausa and Fulani - southwest: - Yoruba - southeast: - Ibos - non-Africans 27,000 - note: - Hausa and Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibos together make up 65% of population -Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% -Languages: - English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 51% - male: - 62% - female: - 40% -Labor force: - 42.844 million - by occupation: - agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15% - note: - 49% of population of working age (1985) - -*Nigeria, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Federal Republic of Nigeria - conventional short form: - Nigeria -Digraph: - NI -Type: - military government since 31 December 1983; plans to turn over power to - elected civilians in August 1993 -Capital: - Abuja - note: - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja; - many government offices remain in Lagos pending completion of facilities in - Abuja -Administrative divisions: - 30 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Capital Territory*, Adamawa, Akwa, Ibom, Anambra, -Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Enugu, Imo, - Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, - Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe -Independence: - 1 October 1960 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989 -Legal system: - based on English common law, Islamic law, and tribal law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party (SDP), Alhaji Baba Gana KINGIBE, chairman; National - Republican Convention (NRC), Chief Tom IKIMI, chairman - note: - these are the only two political parties, and they were established by the - government in 1989 -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - first presidential elections since the 31 December 1983 coup scheduled for - June 1993 - Senate: - last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (total 84) SDP 47, NRC 37 - House of Representatives: - last held 4 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (total 577) SDP 310, NRC 267 -Executive branch: - president, vice-president, cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower - house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA - (since 27 August 1985); Vice-President Admiral (Ret.) Augustus AIKHOMU - (since 30 August 1990) - -*Nigeria, Government - -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, - UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, - WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Zubair Mahmud KAZAURE - chancery: - 2201 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 822-1500 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William L. SWING - embassy: - 2 Eleke Crescent, Lagos - mailing address: - P. O. Box 554, Lagos - telephone: - [234] (1) 610097 - FAX: - [234] (1) 610257 branch office: - Abuja - consulate general: - Kaduna -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green - -*Nigeria, Economy - -Overview: - Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor - with a $300 per capita GDP. In 1991-92 massive government spending, much of - it to help ensure a smooth transition to civilian rule, ballooned the budget - deficit and caused inflation and interest rates to rise. The lack of fiscal - discipline forced the IMF to declare Nigeria not in compliance with an - 18-month standby facility started in January 1991. Lagos has set ambitious - targets for expanding oil production capacity and is offering foreign - companies more attractive investment incentives. Government efforts to - reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary - growth, however, have fallen short because of inadequate new investment - funds and endemic corruption. Living standards remain below the level of the - early 1980s oil boom. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $35 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $300 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 60% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 28% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $9 billion; expenditures $10.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $12.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - oil 95%, cocoa, rubber - partners: - EC countries 43%, US 41% -Imports: - $7.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials - partners: - EC countries 70%, US 16% -External debt: - $33.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.5% (1991); accounts for 8.5% of GDP -Electricity: - 4,740,000 kW capacity; 8,300 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: crude oil and mining - coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries - - palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing - industries - textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, - chemical, printing, ceramics, steel -Agriculture: - accounts for 32% of GDP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale - farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; - cash crops - cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops - corn, rice, - sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; - fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited - -*Nigeria, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - passenger and cargo air hub for West Africa facilitates Nigeria's position - as a major transit country for heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest - Asia via Africa to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit - route for cocaine from South America intended for West European and North - American markets (some of that cocaine is also consumed in Nigeria) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.0 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion -Currency: - 1 naira (N) = 100 kobo -Exchange rates: - naira (N) per US$1 - 19.661 (December 1992), 17.298 (1992), 9.909 (1991), - 8.038 (1990), 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Nigeria, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge -Highways: - 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); - 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km - unimproved -Inland waterways: - 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,042 km; natural gas 500 km; petroleum products 3,000 km -Ports: - Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele -Merchant marine: - 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 418,046 GRT/664,949 DWT; includes 17 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 7 oil tanker, 1 chemical - tanker, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 76 usable: - 63 - with permanent-surface runways: - 34 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 15 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 23 -Telecommunications: - above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in - progress; radio relay microwave and cable routes; broadcast stations - 35 - AM, 17 FM, 28 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 20 domestic stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable - -*Nigeria, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, National Guard, paramilitary Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 21,790,956; fit for military service 12,447,547; reach - military age (18) annually 1,297,790 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $172 million, about 1% of GDP (1992) - -*Niue, Header - -Affiliation: - (free association with New Zealand) - -*Niue, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 460 km east of Tonga in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 260 km2 - land area: - 260 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 64 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by southeast trade winds -Terrain: - steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau -Natural resources: - fish, arable land -Land use: - arable land: - 61% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 19% - other: - 12% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons -Note: - one of world's largest coral islands - -*Niue, People - -Population: - 1,977 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -3.66% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: Niuean(s) - adjective: - Niuean -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans) -Religions: - Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church) 75% - a Protestant church closely related to - the London Missionary Society, Morman 10%, other 15% (mostly Roman - Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist) -Languages: - Polynesian closely related to Tongan and Samoan, English -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 1,000 (1981 est.) - by occupation: - most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government - service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board - -*Niue, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Niue -Digraph: - NE -Type: - self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully - responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for - external affairs -Capital: - Alofi -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 19 October 1974 (became a self-governing territory in free association with - New Zealand on 19 October 1974) -Constitution: - 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act) -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British - sovereignty) -Political parties and leaders: - Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN -Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (20 total, 6 elected) NIP 1, independents 5 -Executive branch: - British monarch, premier, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand - Representative John SPRINGFORD (since NA 1974) - Head of Government: - Acting Premier Young VIVIAN (since the death of Sir Robert R. REX on 12 - December 1992) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) -US diplomatic representation: - none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand) -Flag: - yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of - the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large one on a blue disk in - the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross - -*Niue, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government - expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants - from New Zealand - the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The - agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some - cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small - factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The - sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of - revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of - population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $2.1 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $1,000 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9.6% (1984) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.) -Exports: - $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985) - commodities: - canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root - crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts - partners: - NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia -Imports: - $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985) - commodities: - food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, - chemicals, drugs - partners: - NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourist, handicrafts, coconut products -Agriculture: - coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops - taro, yams, - cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $62 - million -Currency: - 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), - 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Niue, Communications - -Highways: - 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 1 -Telecommunications: - single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 - telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 - FM, no TV - -*Niue, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Note: - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -*Norfolk Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Australia) - -*Norfolk Island, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 34.6 km2 - land area: - 34.6 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 32 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 75% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons (especially May to July) - -*Norfolk Island, People - -Population: - 2,665 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.69% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Norfolk Islander(s) - adjective: - Norfolk Islander(s) -Ethnic divisions: - descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander -Religions: - Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986) -Languages: - English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient - Tahitian -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Norfolk Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of Norfolk Island - conventional short form: - Norfolk Island -Digraph: - NF -Type: - territory of Australia -Capital: - Kingston (administrative center); Burnt Pine (commercial center) -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of Australia) -Independence: - none (territory of Australia) -Constitution: - Norfolk Island Act of 1957 -Legal system: - wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act - of 1979; Supreme Court -National holiday: - Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 1989 (held every three years); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats - (9 total) percent of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive - Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator A. - G. KERR (since NA 1990), who is appointed by the Governor General of - Australia - Head of Government: - Assembly President and Chief Minister John Terence BROWN (since NA) -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of Australia) -US diplomatic representation: - none (territory of Australia) -Flag: - three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large - green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band - -*Norfolk Island, Economy - -Overview: - The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of - prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of - visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. - Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and - helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production - of beef, poultry, and eggs. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of - $400,000 (FY89) -Exports: - $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86) - commodities: - postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small - quantities of avocados - partners: - Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe -Imports: - $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism -Agriculture: - Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, - cattle, poultry -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992), - 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Norfolk Island, Communications - -Highways: - 80 km of roads, including 53 km paved; remainder are earth formed or coral - surfaced -Ports: - none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways : - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones - (1983); broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -*Norfolk Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of Australia - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (commonwealth in political union with the US) - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about - three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 477 km2 - land area: - 477 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,482 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal - temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to - October -Terrain: - southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; - northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Okso' - Takpochao on Saipan) -Natural resources: - arable land, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 5% on Saipan - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - 19% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - active volcanos on Pagan and Agrihan; subject to typhoons (most during - August through November) -Note: - strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean - -*Northern Mariana Islands, People - -Population: - 48,581 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.04% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 37.96 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.43 years - male: - 65.53 years - female: - 69.48 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.69 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - NA - adjective: - NA -Ethnic divisions: - Chamorro, Carolinians and other Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, - Korean -Religions: - Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos - may still be found) -Languages: - English, Chamorro, Carolinian - note: - 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home -Literacy: - age NA and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 97% - male: - 97% - female: - 96% -Labor force: - 7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; 21,188 foreign workers - (1990) - by occupation: - NA - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - conventional short form: - Northern Mariana Islands -Digraph: - CQ -Type: - commonwealth in political union with the US; self-governing with locally - elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature; federal funds to the - Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior, Office of - Territorial and International Affairs -Capital: - Saipan -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - none (commonwealth in political union with the US) -Constitution: - Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986 and the constitution of the - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands -Legal system: - based on US system except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation -National holiday: - Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican Party, Governor Lorenzo GUERRERO; Democratic Party, Carlos SHODA, - chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do - not vote in US presidential elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held in NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - - Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor - Senate: - last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (9 total) Republicans 6, Democrats 3 - House of Representatives: - last held NA November 1991 (next to be held NA November 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (18 total) Republicans 10, Democrats 6, - Independent 2 - US House of Representatives: - the Commonwealth does not have a nonvoting delegate in Congress; instead, it - has an elected official "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; - seats - (1 total) Republican (Juan N. BABAUTA) -Executive branch: - US president; governor, lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Commonwealth Supreme Court, Superior Court, Federal District Court -Leaders: Chief of State: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Government - - Head of Government: - Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO (since 9 January 1990); Lieutenant - Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since 9 January 1990) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPC -Flag: - blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a - latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. - The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues - have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to - $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special - programs. A rapidly growing major source of income is the tourist industry, - which now employs about 50% of the work force. Japanese tourists - predominate. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small - farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is - small scale, mostly handicrafts and light manufacturing. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $541 million (1992) - note: - GNP numbers reflect US spending -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $11,500 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.5-7.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $147.0 million; expenditures $127.7 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991) -Exports: - $263.4 million (f.o.b. 1991 est.) - commodities: - manufactured goods, garments, bread, pastries, concrete blocks, light iron - work - partners: - NA -Imports: - $392.4 million (c.i.f. 1991 est.) - commodities: food, construction, equipment, materials - partners: - NA -External debt: - $0 -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts -Agriculture: - coconuts, fruits, cattle, vegetables -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 381.5 km total; 134.5 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local (1991) -Inland waterways: - none -Ports: - Saipan, Tinian -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM (1984), 1 TV, 2 cable TV stations; 2 Pacific - Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Northern Mariana Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Norway, Geography - -Location: - Northern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden -Map references: - Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 324,220 km2 - land area: - 307,860 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 2,515 km, Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 167 km -Coastline: - 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, - numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km) -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 10 nm - continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 4 nm -International disputes: - territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); dispute between Denmark - and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Jan - Mayen is before the Interntional Court of Justice; maritime boundary dispute - with Russia over portion of Barents Sea -Climate: - temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; - rainy year-round on west coast -Terrain: - glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile - valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; - arctic tundra in north -Natural resources: - petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, - timber, hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 27% - other: - 70% -Irrigated land: 950 km2 (1989) -Environment: - air and water pollution; acid rain; note - strategic location adjacent to - sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest - coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land - boundary with Russia - -*Norway, Geography - -Note: - about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much indented - coastline - -*Norway, People - -Population: - 4,297,436 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.41% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.75 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.16 years - male: - 73.79 years - female: - 80.73 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.86 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Norwegian(s) - adjective: - Norwegian -Ethnic divisions: - Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps 20,000 -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant and Roman - Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980) -Languages: - Norwegian (official) - note: - small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 2.004 million (1992) - by occupation: - services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%, - banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications 7.8%, - construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5% (1989) - -*Norway, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Norway - conventional short form: - Norway - local long form: - Kongeriket Norge - local short form: - Norge -Digraph: - NO -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Oslo -Administrative divisions: - 19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, - Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, - Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, - Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold -Dependent areas: - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard -Independence: - 26 October 1905 (from Sweden) -Constitution: - 17 May 1814, modified in 1884 -Legal system: - mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; - Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 17 May (1814) -Political parties and leaders: - Labor Party, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND; Conservative Party, Kaci Kullmann FIVE; - Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's Party, Kjell Magne - BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist, Ingre IVERSEN; - Progress Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar DORUM; Finnmark List, - leader NA -Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Storting: - last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results - - Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, - Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; - seats - (165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left - 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Storting) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower - Chamber (Odelsting) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Hoyesterett) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON - MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973) - -*Norway, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990) -Member of: - AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, - ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, - UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, - UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kjeld VIBE - chancery: - 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 333-6000 - FAX: - (202) 337-0870 - consulates general: - Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco - consulate: - Miami -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 - mailing address: - PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707 - telephone: - [47] (2) 44-85-50 - FAX: [47] (2) 43-07-77 -Flag: - red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the - flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the - style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) - -*Norway, Economy - -Overview: - Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market activity - and government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the - vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises) and - extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, and areas with sparse - resources. Norway also maintains an extensive welfare system that helps - propel public sector expenditures to slightly more than 50% of the GDP and - results in one of the highest average tax burdens in the world (54%). A - small country with a high dependence on international trade, Norway is - basically an exporter of raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an - abundance of small- and medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major - shipping nations. The country is richly endowed with natural resources - - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent - on its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Although one of the - government's main priorities is to reduce this dependency, this situation is - not likely to improve for years to come. The government also hopes to reduce - unemployment and strengthen and diversify the economy through tax reform and - a series of expansionary budgets. The budget deficit is expected to hit a - record 8% of GDP because of welfare spending and bail-outs of the banking - system. Unemployment continues at record levels of over 10% - including - those in job programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside the - oil sector. Overall economic growth is expected to be around 2% in 1993 - while inflation is likely to rise slightly to 4%. Oslo, a member of the - European Free Trade Area, has applied for EC membership and continues to - deregulate and harmonize with EC regulations to prepare for the European - Economic Area (EEA) - which creates an EC/EFTA market with free movement of - capital, goods, services, and labor - to take effect in late 1993 and its EC - bid. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $76.1 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 2.9% (1992) -National product per capita: - $17,700 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.3% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 5.9% (excluding people in job-training programs) (1992) -Budget: - revenues $50.6 billion; expenditures $57.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $35.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 37.8%, metals and products 10.7%, natural - gas 7.3%, fish 6.6%, chemicals 6.3%, ships 5.4% - partners: - EC 67%, Nordic countries 18.2%, developing countries 7.9%, US 5.1%, Japan - 1.6% (1992) -Imports: - $26.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, - foodstuffs, clothing, ships - partners: - EC 48.7%, Nordic countries 26.8%, developing countries 9.3%, US 8.6%, Japan - 6.3% (1992) -External debt: - $6.5 billion (1992 est.) - -*Norway, Economy - -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.3% (1992) -Electricity: - 26,900,000 kW capacity; 111,000 million kWh produced, 25,850 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, - metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 2.6% of GDP and 5.5% of labor force; among world's top 10 - fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food - needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989 -Illicit drugs: - increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to - Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states - for the European market -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion -Currency: - 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 re -Exchange rates: - Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), - 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Norway, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates - 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other -Highways: - 79,540 km total; 38,580 km paved; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth -Inland waterways: - 1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum -Pipelines: refined products 53 km -Ports: - Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim -Merchant marine: - 829 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,312,412 GRT/38,532,109 DWT; - includes 13 passenger, 20 short-sea passenger, 106 cargo, 2 passenger-cargo, - 19 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 49 roll-on/roll-off, 23 vehicle - carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 174 oil tanker, 91 chemical tanker, 82 liquefied - gas, 25 combination ore/oil, 201 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - the - government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship - Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS - enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by - Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now - registered with the NIS -Airports: - total: - 103 - usable: - 102 - with permanent-surface runways: - 63 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 12 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 16 -Telecommunications: - high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex - services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones; broadcast - stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54 (2,100 repeaters) - TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications satellite earth stations - operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and - domestic systems - -*Norway, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,120,744; fit for military service 934,968; reach military - age (20) annually 31,903 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.8 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1992) - - -*Oman, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, along the Arabian Sea, between Yemen and the United Arab - Emirates -Map references: Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 212,460 km2 - land area: - 212,460 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Kansas -Land boundaries: - total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km -Coastline: - 2,092 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - to be defined - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in far - north; a treaty with Yemen to settle the Omani-Yemeni boundary was ratified - in December 1992 -Climate: - dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest - summer monsoon (May to September) in far south -Terrain: - vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south -Natural resources: - petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, - natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - less than 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 93% -Irrigated land: - 410 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse - natural freshwater resources -Note: - strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling - Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going - from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea) - -*Oman, People - -Population: - 1,643,579 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.46% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 40.56 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 38.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.32 years - male: - 65.47 years - female: - 69.27 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.58 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Omani(s) - adjective: - Omani -Ethnic divisions: - Arab, Balochi, Zanzibari, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) -Religions: - Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu -Languages: - Arabic (official), English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 430,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 40% (est.) - -*Oman, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Sultanate of Oman - conventional short form: - Oman - local long form: Saltanat Uman - local short form: - Uman -Digraph: - MU -Type: - absolute monarchy with residual UK influence -Capital: - Muscat -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); - Musqat, Musandam, Zufar -Independence: - 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) -Constitution: - none -Legal system: - based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; - has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 18 November -Political parties and leaders: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - elections scheduled for October 1992 -Executive branch: - sultan, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Sa'id Al Sa'id (since 23 July 1970) -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, - NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Awadh bin Badr AL-SHANFARI - chancery: - 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 387-1980 through 1982 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador David DUNFORD - -*Oman, Government - - embassy: - address NA, Muscat - mailing address: - P. O. Box 50202 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat - telephone: - [968] 698-989 - FAX: - [968] 604-316 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double - width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national - emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in - scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band - -*Oman, Economy - -Overview: - Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil industry. - Petroleum accounts for more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of - government revenues, and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of - 4 billion barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate - of extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level and the - general population depends on imported food. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10.2 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 7.4% (1991) -National product per capita: - $6,670 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.6% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $4.1 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1 billion (1991) -Exports: - $4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum 87%, reexports, fish, processed copper, textiles - partners: - UAE 30%, Japan 27%, South Korea 10%, Singapore 5% -Imports: - $3.0 billion (f.o.b, 1991) - commodities: - machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, - lubricants - partners: - Japan 20%, UAE 19%, UK 19%, US 7% -External debt: - $3.1 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989), including petroleum sector -Electricity: - 1,142,400 kW capacity; 5,100 million kWh produced, 3,200 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - crude oil production and refining, natural gas production, construction, - cement, copper -Agriculture: - accounts for 6% of GDP and 40% of the labor force (including fishing); less - than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates, limes, - bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not self-sufficient in food; - annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million -Currency: - 1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza -Exchange rates: - Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Oman, Communications - -Highways: - 26,000 km total; 6,000 km paved, 20,000 km motorable track -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km -Ports: - Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut, Mina' al Fahl -Merchant marine: - 1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT -Airports: - total: - 138 - usable: - 130 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 9 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 74 -Telecommunications: - modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radio communications - stations; limited coaxial cable; 50,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 - AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - ARABSAT, and 8 domestic - -*Oman, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 370,548; fit for military service 210,544; reach military - age (14) annually 20,810 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, 16% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Header - -Affiliation: - (UN trusteeship administered by the US) - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 850 km southeast of the Philippines -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 458 km2 - land area: - 458 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,519 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - wet season May to November; hot and humid -Terrain: - about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main - island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier - reefs -Natural resources: - forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals -Land use: arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons from June to December; archipelago of six island groups - totaling over 200 islands in the Caroline chain -Note: - includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock islands - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), People - -Population: - 16,071 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 22.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.01 years - male: - 69.14 years - female: - 73.02 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Palauan(s) - adjective: - Palauan -Ethnic divisions: - Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races -Religions: - Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the - Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day Saints), Modekngei - religion (one-third of the population observes this religion which is - indigenous to Palau) -Languages: English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese (official in the - state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state of Anguar), Tobi (in - the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 states) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 92% - male: - 93% - female: - 91% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - NA - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands - conventional short form: - none - note: - may change to Republic of Palau after independence; the native form of Palau - is Belau and is sometimes used incorrectly in English and other languages -Digraph: - NQ -Type: - UN trusteeship administered by the US - note: - constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with the US - on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of UN-observed - plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with entry into force of - the Compact, Palau remains under US administration as the Palau District of - the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; administrative authority resides - in the Department of the Interior and is exercised by the Assistant - Secretary for Territorial and International Affairs through the Palau - Office, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr., - Director (since 16 December 1990) -Capital: - Koror - note: - a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern Babelthuap -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 16 states: Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Kayangel, - Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, - Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi -Independence: - the last polity remaining under the US-administered UN trusteeship following - the departure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States - of Micronesia, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas from the - trusteeship; administered by the Office of Territorial and International - Affairs, US Department of Interior -Constitution: - 1 January 1981 -Legal system: - based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, - and customary laws -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 9 July (1979) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - Kuniwo NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG 49.3% - Senate: - last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total); number of seats by party NA - House of Delegates: - last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (16 total); number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - national president, national vice president - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK) consists of an upper house - or Senate and a lower house or House of Delegates -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common Pleas -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Kuniwo NAKAMURA (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy E. - REMENGESAU Jr. (since 1 January 1993) -Member of: - ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer) -Diplomatic representation in US: - administrative officer: - Charles UONG, - address: - Palau Liaison Office, 444 North Capitol St., N.W., Suite 308, Washington, DC - 20001 -US diplomatic representation: - director: - US Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS - liaison office: - US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, Koror - mailing address: - P.O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940 - telephone: - (680) 488-2920; (680) 488-2911 -Flag: - light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted slightly - to the hoist side - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Economy - -Overview: - The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing. - Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location of - Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered development. The - government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on - financial assistance from the US. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million (1986) - note: - GDP numbers reflect US spending -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $2,260 (1986) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 20% (1986) -Budget: - revenues $6.0 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1986) -Exports: - $0.5 million (f.o.b., 1986) - commodities: - NA - partners: - US, Japan -Imports: - $27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986) - commodities: - NA - partners: - US -External debt: - about $100 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 16,000 kW capacity; 22 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and - agriculture -Agriculture: - subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet potatoes -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2,560 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92 million -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Communications - -Highways: - 22.3 km paved, some stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads (1991) -Ports: - Koror -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau), Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when the UN - trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with the US goes - into effect - -*Pacific Ocean, Geography - -Location: - body of water between the Western Hemisphere and Asia/Australia -Map references: - Asia, North America, Oceania, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 165.384 million km2 - comparative area: - about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the - Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about - one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of the - world - note: - includes Arafura Sea, Banda Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering - Strait, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Makassar Strait, - Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, - Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies -Coastline: - 135,663 km -International disputes: - some maritime disputes (see littoral states) -Climate: - the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer - months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a - dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian land - mass back to the ocean -Terrain: - surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise, - warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the southern - Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the northern Pacific sea - ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern - Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; - the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific - Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the - world's deepest, the 10,924 meter Marianas Trench -Natural resources: - oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer - deposits, fish -Environment: - endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, - turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea; - dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the - southwestern Pacific Ocean; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in - southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to - October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike - Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and - September); southern shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; - occasional El Nino phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade - winds slacken and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing - the plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently, - the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine birds - to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source - -*Pacific Ocean, Geography - -Note: - the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, - and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the - North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships subject to - superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May and in extreme - south from May to October; persistent fog in the northern Pacific from June - to December is a hazard to shipping; surrounded by a zone of violent - volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring - of Fire - -*Pacific Ocean, Government - -Digraph: ZN - -*Pacific Ocean, Economy - -Overview: - The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and - particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides - low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing - grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the - construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's total fish - catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where the fish - catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of offshore oil and - gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of - Australia, New Zealand, China, US, and Peru. The high cost of recovering - offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil - since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new drillings. -Industries: - fishing, oil and gas production - -*Pacific Ocean, Communications - -Ports: - Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan - (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), - Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), - Yokohama (Japan) -Telecommunications: - several submarine cables with network nodal points on Guam and Hawaii - -*Pakistan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, along the Arabian Sea, between India and Afghanistan -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 803,940 km2 - land area: - 778,720 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 - km -Coastline: - 1,046 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - status of Kashmir with India; border question with Afghanistan (Durand - Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) over the Indus with upstream - riparian India -Climate: - mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north -Terrain: - flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan - plateau in west -Natural resources: - land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, - iron ore, copper, salt, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 26% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 64% -Irrigated land: - 162,200 km2 (1989) -Environment: - frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; - flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; - soil erosion; desertification; water logging -Note: - controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between - Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent - -*Pakistan, People - -Population: - 125,213,732 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.87% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 42.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 103.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: total population: - 57.11 years - male: - 56.54 years - female: - 57.72 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.5 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Pakistani(s) - adjective: - Pakistani -Ethnic divisions: - Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India - and their descendents) -Religions: - Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% -Languages: - Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and - most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual - replacement by Urdu), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi - and other 9% -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 35% - male: - 47% - female: - 21% -Labor force: - 28.9 million - by occupation: - agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensive - export of labor (1987 est.) - -*Pakistan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Islamic Republic of Pakistan - conventional short form: - Pakistan - former: - West Pakistan -Digraph: - PK -Type: - republic -Capital: - Islamabad -Administrative divisions: - 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally, Administered -Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West, Frontier, Punjab, Sindh - note: - the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region - includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas -Independence: - 14 August 1947 (from UK) -Constitution: - 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December - 1985 -Legal system: - based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's - stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic) -Political parties and leaders: - government: - Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Mian Nawaz SHARIF; Jamhoori Watan - Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), - Fazl-ur-REHMAN and Sami-ul-HAQ; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI - KHAN; Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Niazi, Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan NIAZI; - Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP), Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI - opposition: - Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO and Nusrat BHUTTO; Pakistan - Muslim League-Chattha (PML-C), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), - Qazi Hussain AHMED; National People's Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI - (formerly the PNP); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal (TI), Air Marshal (Ret.) Mohammad - ASGHAR KHAN; Tehrik-i-Nifaz-i-Fiqah-i-Jafaria (TNFJ), Agha Hamid Ali MUSAVI; - Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan-Noorani (JUP-Noorani), Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; - Mohajir Quami Mahaz-Haqiqi (MQM-H), Afaq AHMED -Other political or pressure groups: - military remains important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, - industrialists, and small merchants also influential -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held by NA November 1993); results - - Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial - assemblies - -*Pakistan, Government - - Senate: - last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) PML - 52, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, - PNP 2 (name later chaged to NPP), JI 2, JUP 2, JUI 2, PKMAP 1, independent 1 - National Assembly: - last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by October 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) number of seats by party - NA; note - President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed the National Assembly on 18 - April 1993; it was reestablished, however, on 26 May 1993 by the Supreme - Court, which ruled the dismissal order unconstitutional -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate - and a lower house or National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ghulam ISHAQ KHAN (since 13 December 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990); note - President - GHULAM ISHAQ Khan dismissed Prime Minister SHARIF on 18 April 1993, but he - was reinstated by the Supreme Court on 26 May 1993 -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS - (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-6200 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John MONJO - embassy: - Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE 09812-2000 - telephone: - [92] (51) 826161 through 79 - FAX: - [92] (51) 822004 - consulates general: - Karachi, Lahore - consulate: - Peshawar -Flag: - green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious - minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered - in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional - symbols of Islam - -*Pakistan, Economy - -Overview: - Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of - rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy - dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large - military establishment. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent - years has helped the country to cope with these problems. Almost all - agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan - embarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and - domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF - government denationalized several state-owned firms and attracted some - foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living - standards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate - of growth, population would double in 25 years. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $48.3 billion (FY92 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6.4% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $410 (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 12.7% (FY91) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (FY91 est.) -Budget: - revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $10.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY93 est.) -Exports: - $6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92) - commodities: - cotton, textiles, clothing, rice - partners: - EC 35%, US 11%, Japan 8% (FY91) -Imports: - $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92) - commodities: - petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, - vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals - partners: - EC 29%, Japan 13%, US 12% (FY91) -External debt: - $16.5 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP -Electricity: - 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,000 million kWh produced, 350 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, - paper products, shrimp -Agriculture: - 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation - system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; - livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grain -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; - government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success; - largest producer of Southwest Asian heroin - -*Pakistan, Economy - -Economic aid: - (including Bangladesh prior to 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im - (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral - commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 - billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion -Currency: - 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa -Exchange rates: - Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 25.904 (January 1993), 25.083 (1992), - 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Pakistan, Communications - -Railroads: - 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less - than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; - all government owned (1985) -Highways: - 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km - improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) -Pipelines: - crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) -Ports: - Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim -Merchant marine: - 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 350,916 GRT/530,855 DWT; includes 3 - passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 oil tanker, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 111 - usable: - 104 - with permanent-surface runways: - 75 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 31 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 42 -Telecommunications: - the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government and - business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system for - international traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay and - satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV - -*Pakistan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 28,657,084; fit for military service 17,585,542; reach - military age (17) annually 1,337,352 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.2 billion, 6% of GNP (FY91/92) - -*Palmyra Atoll, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Palmyra Atoll, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost - halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 11.9 km2 - land area: - 11.9 km2 - comparative area: - about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 14.5 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - equatorial, hot, and very rainy -Terrain: - low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 100% - other: - 0% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like - trees up to 30 meters tall - -*Palmyra Atoll, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Palmyra Atoll, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Palmyra Atoll -Digraph: - LQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by the - Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the - Interior -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC - -*Palmyra Atoll, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Palmyra Atoll, Communications - -Ports: - the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the - southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will accommodate - vessels drawing 4 meters of water; much of the road and many causeways built - during the war are unserviceable and overgrown -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 - -*Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Panama, Geography - -Location: - extreme southern Central America, between Colombia and Costa Rica -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 78,200 km2 - land area: - 75,990 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km -Coastline: - 2,490 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short - dry season (January to May) -Terrain: - interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains; - coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills -Natural resources: - copper, mahogany forests, shrimp -Land use: arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 15% - forest and woodland: - 54% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 320 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - dense tropical forest in east and northwest -Note: - strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting - North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic - Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean - -*Panama, People - -Population: - 2,579,047 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.98% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.56 years - male: - 71.99 years - female: - 77.27 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.9 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Panamanian(s) - adjective: - Panamanian -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%, white - 10%, Indian 6% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English 14% note: - many Panamanians bilingual -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 88% - male: - 88% - female: - 88% -Labor force: - 921,000 (1992 est.) - by occupation: - government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing - 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining - 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance, - insurance, and real estate 4.3% - note: - shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor - -*Panama, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Panama - conventional short form: - Panama - local long form: - Republica de Panama - local short form: - Panama -Digraph: - PM -Type: - centralized republic -Capital: - Panama -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory* (comarca);, Bocas del Toro, -Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, - San Blas*, Veraguas, Independence: - 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28 November - 1821) -Constitution: - 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983 -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 November (1903) -Political parties and leaders: - government alliance: Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ; - Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party (PA), - Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER - other parties: - Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ricardo ARIAS Calderon; Democratic - Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), - Nestor Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Doctrinaire - Panamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement, Ruben - BLADES; Renovacion Civilista, Manuel BURGOS; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), - Tomas HERRERA; National Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA; - National Unity Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Independent - Democratic Union Party (UDI), leader NA; Popular Nationalist Party (PNP), - leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of Private - Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE); - National Civic Crusade; National Committee for the Right to Life; Chamber of - Commerce; Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of - the Republic of Panama (CTRP) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next to be held May - 1994); results - anti-NORIEGA coalition believed to have won about 75% of - the total votes cast - -*Panama, Government - - Legislative Assembly: - last held on 27 January 1991 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (67 total) - progovernment parties: - PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4 - opposition parties: - PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after President - Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition government in April 1991 -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior courts, 3 - courts of appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989); - First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December 1992); Second - Vice President (vacant) -Member of: - AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, - LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jaime FORD - chancery: - 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-1407; - note: - the status of the consulates general and consulates has not yet been - determined -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Deane R. HINTON - embassy: - Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 - mailing address: - Box E, APO AA 34002 - telephone: - (507) 27-1777 - FAX: - (507) 27-1713 -Flag: - divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white with a blue - five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the bottom - quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star - in the center - -*Panama, Economy - -Overview: - GDP expanded by roughly 8% in 1992, following growth of 9.3% in 1991. The - economy thus continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster - of Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustment - program has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passive - administration. Public investment has been limited as the administration has - kept the fiscal deficit below 3% of GDP. Unemployment and economic reform - are the two major issues the government must face in 1993-94. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,400 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.8% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $200 million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $486 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2% - partners: - US 38%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1992 est.) -Imports: - $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods, chemicals - partners: - US 36%, Japan, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Mexico, Venezuela (1992 - est.) -External debt: - $5.2 billion (year-end 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,584,000 kW capacity; 4,360 billion kWh produced, 1,720 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining, brewing, - cement and other construction material, sugar milling -Agriculture: - accounts for 10.5% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops - - bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer of food - grain, vegetables -Illicit drugs: - major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering center -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million -Currency: - 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos -Exchange rates: - balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate) - -*Panama, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Panama, Communications - -Railroads: - 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km - improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal -Pipelines: - crude oil 130 km -Ports: - Cristobal, Balboa, Bahia Las Minas -Merchant marine: - 3,244 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 51,353,963 GRT/82,138,537 DWT; - includes 22 passenger, 26 short-sea passenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,091 - cargo, 246 refrigerated cargo, 196 container, 63 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 121 - vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 5 multifunction large-load carrier, - 403 oil tanker, 180 chemical tanker, 26 combination ore/oil, 121 liquefied - gas, 9 specialized tanker, 688 bulk, 34 combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; - note - all but 5 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign owners - are Japan 36%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 8%, and Taiwan 5%; (China owns at least - 131 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 3, Cuba 4, Cyprus 6, and Russia 16) -Airports: - total: - 112 - usable: - 104 - with permanent-surface runways: - 39 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 15 -Telecommunications: - domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into - Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite ground stations - - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -*Panama, Defense Forces - -Branches: - the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a military - institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on 20 December - 1989; President ENDARA has restructured the forces, under the new name of - Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) and worked to assert civilian control over - them; the PPF is divided into the National Police, Maritime Service, and - National Air Service; the Judicial Technical Police serve under the Attorney - General; the Council of Public Security and National Defense under Menalco - SOLIS in the Office of the President is analogous to the US National - Security Council; the Institutional Protection Service under Carlos BARES is - attached to the presidency -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 671,059; fit for military service 461,471 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - expenditures for the Panamanian Public Forces for internal security amounted - to $104.7 million, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Papua New Guinea, Geography - -Location: Southeast Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the Solomon - Islands -Map references: - Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 461,690 km2 - land area: - 451,710 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km -Coastline: - 5,152 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to - October); slight seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills -Natural resources: - gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 71% - other: - 28% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast; some active volcanos; - frequent earthquakes -Note: - shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia - -*Papua New Guinea, People - -Population: 4,100,714 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 56.02 years - male: - 55.19 years - female: - 56.88 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Papua New Guinean(s) - adjective: - Papua New Guinean -Ethnic divisions: - Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian -Religions: - Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary - Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, - other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34% -Languages: - English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua - region - note: - 715 indigenous languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 52% - male: - 65% - female: - 38% -Labor force: - NA - -*Papua New Guinea, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Independent State of Papua New Guinea - conventional short form: - Papua New Guinea -Digraph: - PP -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port Moresby -Administrative divisions: - 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East - Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New - Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, - Western Highlands, West New Britain -Independence: - 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian administration) -Constitution: - 16 September 1975 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 16 September (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic - Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI; - People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul - TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; - Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by - party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, - independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is fluid) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - National Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to as the House of - Assembly) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992) -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR - -*Papua New Guinea, Government - - chancery: - 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 745-3680 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND - embassy: - Armit Street, Port Moresby - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553 - telephone: - [675] 211-455 or 594, 654 - FAX: - [675] 213-423 -Flag: - divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red - with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black - with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation - centered - -*Papua New Guinea, Economy - -Overview: - Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation - has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an - infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the - population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts - for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and - development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. - Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a - large new gold mine helped the advance. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 8.5% (1992) -National product per capita: - $850 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1992-93) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $1.33 billion; expenditures $1.49 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - gold, copper ore, coffee, logs, palm oil, cocoa, lobster - partners: - FRG, Japan, Australia, UK, Spain, US -Imports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, food, fuels, chemicals, consumer goods - partners: - Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK -External debt: - $2.2 billion (April 1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 21% of GDP -Electricity: - 400,000 kW capacity; 1,600 million kWh produced, 400 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip - production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourism -Agriculture: - one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and - favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet - potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban - centers -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million -Currency: - 1 kina (K) = 100 toea -Exchange rates: - kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0065 (January 1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991), - 1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989), 1.1538 (1988) - -*Papua New Guinea, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Papua New Guinea, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or - stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 10,940 km -Ports: - Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul -Merchant marine: - 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,523 GRT/24,774 DWT; includes 2 - cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 combination ore/oil, 2 bulk, 1 container -Airports: - total: - 504 usable: - 457 - with permanent-surface runways: - 18 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 39 -Telecommunications: - services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, - radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and - international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend to - Australia and Guam; more than 70,000 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - - 31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,046,929; fit for military service 582,685 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Paracel Islands, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about - one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines -Map references: - Asia -Area: - total area: - NA km2 - land area: - NA km2 - comparative area: - NA -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 518 km -Maritime claims: - NA -International disputes: - occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - NA -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons - -*Paracel Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese garrisons - -*Paracel Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Paracel Islands -Digraph: - PF - -*Paracel Islands, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Paracel Islands, Communications - -Ports: - small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island currently - under expansion -Airports: - 1 on Woody Island - -*Paracel Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - occupied by China - -*Paraguay, Geography - -Location: - Central South America, between Argentina and Brazil -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 406,750 km2 - land area: - 397,300 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than California -Land boundaries: - total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of Guaira Falls on the - Rio Parana) has not been determined -Climate: - varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west -Terrain: - grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west - of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and - thorny scrub elsewhere -Natural resources: - hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 39% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 5% -Irrigated land: - 670 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained plains - may become boggy (early October to June) -Note: - landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil - -*Paraguay, People - -Population: - 5,070,856 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.8% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 32.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.58 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.98 years - male: - 71.42 years - female: - 74.62 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Paraguayan(s) - adjective: - Paraguayan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominations -Languages: - Spanish (official), Guarani -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 90% - male: - 92% - female: - 88% -Labor force: - 1.641 million (1992 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986) - -*Paraguay, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Paraguay conventional short form: - Paraguay - local long form: - Republica del Paraguay - local short form: - Paraguay -Digraph: - PA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Asuncion -Administrative divisions: - 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto - Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, - Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, - Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro -Independence: - 14 May 1811 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was - promulgated on 20 June 1992 -Legal system: - based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of - legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811) -Political parties and leaders: - Colorado Party, Blas N. RIQUELME, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party - (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; - Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEUEDO; Popular Democratic - Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo Caballero - VARGAS -Other political or pressure groups: - Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60 -Elections: - President: - last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held 9 May 1993); results - Gen. RODRIGUEZ - 75.8%, Domingo LAINO 19.4% - Chamber of Senators: - last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF - 1 - Chamber of Deputies: - last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by 9 May 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, - PDC 1, other 2 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of - Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies - (Camara de Diputados) - -*Paraguay, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Gen. Andres RODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989) -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, - MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Juan Esteban Aguirre MARTINEZ - chancery: - 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-6960 through 6962 - consulates general: - New Orleans and New York - consulate: - Houston -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jon David GLASSMAN - embassy: - 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion - mailing address: - C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001 - telephone: - [595] (21) 213-715 - FAX: - [595] (21) 213-728 -Flag: - three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem - centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on - each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of - arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words - REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at - the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of - Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words - REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles) - -*Paraguay, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs - about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay - lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but does have a large - hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared - with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual - rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five - years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. - Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the - completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak - international commodity prices for agricultural exports. In 1987 the economy - experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and - stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery - continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a - major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in - March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes - Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an - unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official - creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt - in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid - 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and - Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, - the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic - reforms. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.3 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $487 million (1991) -Exports: - $719 million (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil, meat products - partners: - EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% -Imports: - $1.33 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants 19%, raw - materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10% - partners: - Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% -External debt: - $1.2 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,257,000 kW capacity; 16,200 million kWh produced, 3,280 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Paraguay, Economy - -Industries: - meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light - consumer goods, cement, construction -Agriculture: - accounts for 25% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, - sugarcane; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava, fruits, - vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of - timber; self-sufficient in most foods -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important - transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion -Currency: - 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,637.6 (January 1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March - 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate - 1986-February 1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Paraguay, Communications - -Railroads: - 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge, - 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) -Highways: - 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km earth -Inland waterways: - 3,100 km -Ports: - Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del Este -Merchant marine: - 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,865 DWT; includes 11 - cargo, 2 oil tanker; note - 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used - commercially -Airports: - total: - 862 - usable: - 719 - with permanent-surface runways: - 7 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 64 -Telecommunications: - principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity microwave net; 78,300 - telephones; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Paraguay, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,210,171; fit for military service 879,601; reach military - age (17) annually 51,361 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 1.4% of GDP (1988 est.) - -*Peru, Geography - -Location: - Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile and - Ecuador -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,285,220 km2 - land area: - 1.28 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Alaska -Land boundaries: - total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia - 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km -Coastline: - 2,414 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute -Climate: - varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west -Terrain: - western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), - eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) -Natural resources: - copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, - potash -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 21% forest and woodland: - 55% - other: - 21% -Irrigated land: - 12,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in - Lima -Note: - shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with - Bolivia - -*Peru, People - -Population: - 23,210,352 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.9% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.19 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.15 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 56.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.17 years - male: - 63.02 years - female: - 67.44 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.22 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Peruvian(s) - adjective: - Peruvian -Ethnic divisions: - Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, - black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 85% - male: 92% - female: - 29% -Labor force: - 8 million (1992) - by occupation: - government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.) - -*Peru, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Peru - conventional short form: - Peru - local long form: - Republica del Peru - local short form: - Peru -Digraph: - PE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Lima -Administrative divisions: - 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional - province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,, Ayacucho, -Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La, Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, -Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, - Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali - note: - the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990 mandate the - creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended to function - eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 - regions have been constituted from 23 existing departments - Amazonas (from - Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from - Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from - Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los - Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from - Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, - Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); - formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the - constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; - because of inadequate funding from the central government, the regions have - yet to assume their responsibilities and at the moment coexist with the - departmental structure -Independence: - 28 July 1821 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution because the - Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the Constitution actually took effect - the following year); suspended 5 April 1992; being revised or replaced -Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 28 July (1821) -Political parties and leaders: - New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular Christian - Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Eduardo CALMELL - del Solar; Liberty Movement (ML), Luis BUSTAMANTE; American Popular - Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan GARCIA; Independent Moralizing Front - (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY; Democratic - Coordinator, Jose Barba CAHALLERO; Democratic Left Movement, Gloria HOFLER -Other political or pressure groups: - leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN (imprisoned); - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY - (imprisoned) - -*Peru, Government - -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995); results - Alberto - FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other 9.55% - Democratic Constituent Congress: - last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held NA); seats - (80 total) New - Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party 8, Independent Moralization - Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the Democratic Left 4, Democratic - Coordinator 4, others 7; several major parties (American Popular - Revolutionary Alliance, Popular Action) did not participate -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Oscar DE LA PUENTE Raygada (since 6 April 1992) -Member of: - AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG - (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ricardo LUNA - chancery: - 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 833-9860 through 9869) - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San - Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Charles H. BRAYSHAW - embassy: - corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, or APO AA 34031 - telephone: - [51] (14) 33-8000 - FAX: - [51] (14) 31-6682 -Flag: - three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the - coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield - bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow - cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath - -*Peru, Economy - -Overview: - The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with a large - dose of government ownership remaining in mining, energy, and banking. In - the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita - output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World - Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity - program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in - July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic - activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. - After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government - price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and - by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima - obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September - 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By - working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and - arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. - In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino - current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. Meanwhile, revival of - growth in GDP continued to be restricted by the large amount of public and - private resources being devoted to strengthening internal security. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -2.8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,100 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 56.7% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1992 est.); underemployment 70% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.) -Exports: $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - copper, fishmeal, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined - silver, coffee, cotton - partners: - EC 28%, US 22%, Japan 13%, Latin America 12%, former USSR 2% (1991) -Imports: - $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, - chemicals, pharmaceuticals - partners: - US 32%, Latin America 22%, EC 17%, Switzerland 6%, Japan 3% (1991) -External debt: - $21 billion (December 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for almost 24% of GDP -Electricity: - 5,042,000 kW capacity; 17,434 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, - cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication - -*Peru, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 10% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, - coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient - in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) -Illicit drugs: - world's largest coca leaf producer with about 121,000 hectares under - cultivation; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine - base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of - cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into - cocaine for the international drug market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; - Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million -Currency: - 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - nuevo sol (S/. per US$1 - 1.690 (January 1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), - 0.187 (1990), 2.666 (1989), 0.129 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Peru, Communications - -Railroads: 1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge -Highways: - 69,942 km total; 7,459 km paved, 13,538 km improved, 48,945 km unimproved - earth -Inland waterways: - 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago Titicaca -Pipelines: - crude oil 800 km, natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km -Ports: - Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara -Merchant marine: - 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 194,473 GRT/307,845 DWT; includes 13 - cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 4 bulk; - note - in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used - commercially -Airports: - total: - 228 - usable: - 199 - with permanent-surface runways: - 37 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 23 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 46 -Telecommunications: - fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system; 544,000 - telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; - satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12 domestic - -*Peru, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force (Fuerza - Aerea del Peru), National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,030,354; fit for military service 4,076,197; reach - military age (20) annually 241,336 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991) - -*Philippines, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, between Indonesia and China -Map references: - Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: 300,000 km2 - land area: - 298,170 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Arizona -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 36,289 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - continental shelf: - to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 - treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South - China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth -International disputes: - involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, - Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah -Climate: - tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon - (May to October) -Terrain: - mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands -Natural resources: - timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper -Land use: - arable land: - 26% - permanent crops: - 11% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 16,200 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six - cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, - destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water - pollution - -*Philippines, People - -Population: - 68,464,368 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.97% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 27.9 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.03 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 51.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.13 years - male: - 62.59 years - female: - 67.79 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Filipino(s) - adjective: - Philippine -Ethnic divisions: - Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% -Languages: - Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 90% - male: - 90% - female: - 90% -Labor force: - 24.12 million - by occupation: - agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, - other 9.5% (1989) - -*Philippines, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of the Philippines - conventional short form: - Philippines - local long form: - Republika ng Pilipinas - local short form: - Pilipinas -Digraph: RP -Type: - republic -Capital: - Manila -Administrative divisions: - 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del, Sur, Aklan, Albay, -Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan,, -Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*,, -Cadiz*, Cagayan,, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,, -Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu, City*, Cotabato*,, -Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del, Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*,, -Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,, -Iloilo, Iloilo City*,, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte,, -Lanao - del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,, Maguindanao, Mandaue*,, -Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, -Misamis Oriental, - Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,, Northern Samar, Nueva -Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*,, -Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto, Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,, -Roxas*, Samar, San, Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San, -Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan, Kudarat, Sulu, -Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*,, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, -Tarlac,, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, -Zamboanga, del Sur -Independence: - 4 July 1946 (from US) -Constitution: - 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 -Legal system: - based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas, Laban), - Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian Democrats (Lakas - ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President - of the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de VENECIA, secretary general; - Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, - Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New - Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista - Party (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, president -Suffrage: - 15 years of age; universal - -*Philippines, Government - -Elections: - President: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - - Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality - Senate: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP - 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, - Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1 - House of Representatives: - last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP - 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total) - LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, Independent 3 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) - and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph - Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Raul RABE - chancery: - 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 483-1414 - consulates general: - Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San - Francisco, and Seattle -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'affaires Donald WESTMORE - embassy: - 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila - mailing address: - APO AP 96440 - telephone: - [63] (2) 521-7116 - FAX: - [63] (2) 522-4361 - consulate general: - Cebu -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral - triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow - sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in - each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star - -*Philippines, Economy - -Overview: - Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy remained the same in - 1992 as in 1991. Drought and power supply problems hampered production, - while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Despite a flat - GDP performance, GNP mustered a small 0.6% expansion, attributable to - inflows of workers' remittances combined with smaller foreign interest - payments. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power - generations equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic data - processors, contributed to a 20.5% import growth in 1992. Exports rose 11%, - led by earnings from the Philippines' two leading manufactures - electronics - and garments. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.1 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $860 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.9% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9.8% (1992 est.) -Budget: - $11.0 billion; expenditures $12.0 billion, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $9.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - electronics, textiles, coconut oil, copper - partners: - US 39%, EC, Japan, ASEAN -Imports: - $14.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - raw materials 45%, capital goods 26%, petroleum products 18% - partners: - US, Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia -External debt: - $29.8 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDP -Electricity: - 7,850,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, - electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for about one-third of GNP and about 45% of labor force; major - crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animal - products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 - million metric tons annually -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are - producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication - efforts - -*Philippines, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 - million -Currency: - 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 25.817 (April 1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479 - (1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Philippines, Communications - -Railroads: - 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) -Highways: - 157,450 km total (1988); 22,400 km paved; 85,050 km gravel, crushed-stone, - or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels -Pipelines: - petroleum products 357 km -Ports: - Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay -Merchant marine: - 562 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,282,936 GRT/13,772,023 DWT; - includes 1 passenger, 11 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 155 cargo, - 27 refrigerated cargo, 25 vehicle carrier, 9 livestock carrier, 13 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 38 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 - liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 249 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - - many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the - purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are - principally in Japan and Germany -Airports: - total: - 270 - usable: - 238 - with permanent-surface runways: - 73 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 9 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 57 -Telecommunications: - good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and - interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 267 - AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables - extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth - stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 - domestic - -*Philippines, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 17,188,695; fit for military service 12,144,278; reach - military age (20) annually 716,881 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $915 million, 1.9% of GNP (1991) - -*Pitcairn Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Pitcairn Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 47 km2 - land area: - 47 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 51 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season - (November to March) -Terrain: - rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs -Natural resources: - miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons (especially November to March) - -*Pitcairn Islands, People - -Population: - 52 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Pitcairn Islander(s) - adjective: - Pitcairn Islander -Ethnic divisions: - descendants of the Bounty mutineers -Religions: - Seventh-Day Adventist 100% -Languages: - English (official), Tahitian/English dialect -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence - farming and fishing - -*Pitcairn Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands - conventional short form: - Pitcairn Islands -Digraph: - PC -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Adamstown -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - Local Government Ordinance of 1964 -Legal system: - local island by-laws -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June (1989) (second Saturday in - June) -Political parties and leaders: - NA -Other political or pressure groups: - NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal with three years residency -Elections: - Island Council: - last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; - seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, island magistrate -Legislative branch: - unicameral Island Council -Judicial branch: - Island Court -Leaders: Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and - UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990) - Head of Government: - Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since NA) -Member of: - SPC -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -US diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the - coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a - yellow anchor - -*Pitcairn Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil - of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including - citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an - important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of - postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of - $NA (FY87 est.) -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - fruits, vegetables, curios - partners: - NA -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs - partners: - NA -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - postage stamp sales, handicrafts -Agriculture: - based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and - vegetables grown; must import grain products -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), - 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Pitcairn Islands, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 6.4 km dirt roads -Ports: - Bounty Bay -Airports: - none -Telecommunications: - 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast - stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity - -*Pitcairn Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Poland, Geography - -Location: - Central Europe, between Germany and Belarus -Map references: - Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 312,680 km2 - land area: - 304,510 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km, - Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km, - Ukraine 428 km -Coastline: - 491 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent - precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers -Terrain: - mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border -Natural resources: - coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 46% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 13% - forest and woodland: - 28% - other: - 12% -Irrigated land: - 1,000 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - plain crossed by a few north flowing, meandering streams; severe air and - water pollution in south -Note: - historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of - natural barriers on the North European Plain - -*Poland, People - -Population: - 38,519,486 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.59 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.2 years - male: - 68.14 years - female: - 76.51 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.97 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Pole(s) - adjective: - Polish -Ethnic divisions: - Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5% (1990 est.) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and - other 5% -Languages: - Polish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1978) - total population: - 98% - male: - 99% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 15.609 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, and - communications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991) - -*Poland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Poland - conventional short form: - Poland - local long form: - Rzeczpospolita Polska - local short form: - Polska -Digraph: - PL -Type: - democratic state -Capital: - Warsaw -Administrative divisions: - 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, - Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, - Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, - Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, - Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, - Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, - Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora -Independence: - 11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed) -Constitution: - interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992 replacing the - Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new democratic Constitution - being drafted -Legal system: - mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal - theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader - democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts; has - not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 3 May (1791) -Political parties and leaders: - post-Solidarity parties: - Democratic Union (UD), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN), - Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Liberal-Democratic - Congress, Donald TUSK; Peasant Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity - Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; - Christian-Democratic Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, - Alexander HALL - non-Communist, non-Solidarity: - Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI; Polish - Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats (CHD), Andrzej - OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of Real Politics (UPR), - Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD), Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X, - Stanislaw Tyminski - Communist origin or linked: - Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz; Polish - Peasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK -Other political or pressure groups: - powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade - Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*Poland, Government - -Elections: - president: - first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next - to be held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, - Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3% - Senat: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); - seats - (100 total) - post-Solidarity bloc: - UD 21, NSZZ 11, ZCHN 9, PC 9, Liberal-Democratic Congress 6, PL 7, PCHD 3, - other local candidates 11; - non-Communist, non-Solidarity: - KPN 4, CHD 1, MN 1, local candidates 5 - Communist origin or linked: - PSL 8, SLD 4 - Sejm: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held no later than NA October 1995); - seats - (460 total) - post-Solidarity bloc: - UD 62, ZCHN 49, PC 44, Liberal-Democratic Congress 37, PL 28, NSZZ 27, SP 4, - PCHD 4, RDS 1, Krackow Coalition in Solidarity with the President 1, Piast - Agreement 1, Bydgoszcz Peasant List 1, Solidarity 80 1 - non-Communist, non-Solidarity: - KPN 46, PPPP 16, MN 7, CHD 5, Western Union 4, UPR 3, Autonomous Silesia 2, - SD 1, Orthodox Election Committee 1, Committee of Women Against Hardships 1, - Podhale Union 1, Wielkopolska Group 1, Wielkopolska and Lubuski Inhabitants - 1, Party X 3 - Communist origin or linked: - SLD 60, PSL 48 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper - house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hanna SUCHOCKA (since 10 July 1992) -Member of: - BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), - ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI - chancery: - 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 234-3800 through 3802 - FAX: - (202) 328-6271 - consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York - -*Poland, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr. embassy: - Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw - mailing address: - American Embassy Warsaw, Box 5010, Unit 25402, or APO AE 09213-5010 - telephone: - [48] (2) 628-3041 - FAX: - [48] (2) 628-8298 - consulates general: - Krakow, Poznan -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the flags of - Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white - -*Poland, Economy - -Overview: - Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a Soviet-style economy - - with state ownership and control of productive assets - to a market economy. - On January 1, 1990, the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock - therapy by slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money - supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import barriers, and - restraining state sector wages. As a result, consumer goods shortages and - lines disappeared, and inflation fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992. - Western governments, which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external - debt, pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by 1994. The - private sector accounted for 29% of industrial production and nearly half of - nonagricultural output in 1992. Production fell in state enterprises, - however, and the unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing - in 1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance with its - IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial creditors stalled. The - increase in unemployment and the decline in living standards led to strikes - in the coal, auto, copper, and railway sectors in 1992. Large state - enterprises in the coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employment - over the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach 3 - million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the budget deficit - to reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial production began a slow, uneven - upturn. In 1993, the government will struggle to win legislative approval - for faster privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approved - limits. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $4,400 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 44% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 13.6% (December 1992) -Budget: - revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.) -Exports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food 10% - (1991) - partners: - Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%, Switzerland 5.5% (1991) -Imports: - $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals 13%, food 10%, light industry - 6% (1991) - partners: - Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%, Austria 5.2% (1991) -External debt: - $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's Western government creditors - promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 - billion - immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheres - to its IMF program -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.5% (1992) - -*Poland, Economy - -Electricity: - 31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh produced, 3,570 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, - shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private - farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; - leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of - other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally - self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines for the - international market; emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to - Western Europe -Economic aid: - donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 - billion (1954-89); the G-24 has pledged $8 billion in grants and credit - guarantees to Poland -Currency: - 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy -Exchange rates: - zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993), 13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), - 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Poland, Communications - -Railroads: - 26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter gauge, - 1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km electrified; - government owned (1991) -Highways: - 360,629 km total (excluding farm, factory and forest roads); 220 km limited - access expressways, 45,257 km main highways, 128,775 km regional roads, - 186,377 urban or village roads (local traffic); 220,000 km are paved - (including all main and regional highways) (1988) -Inland waterways: - 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991) -Pipelines: - natural gas 4,600 km, crude oil 1,986 km, petroleum products 360 km (1992) -Ports: - Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on - Kana Gliwice, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula -Merchant marine: - 209 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,747,631 GRT/3,992,053 DWT; includes - 5 short-sea passenger, 76 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 11 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 9 container, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 101 bulk, 1 passenger; - Poland owns 1 ship of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry -Airports: - total: - 163 - usable: - 163 - with permanent-surface runways: - 100 - with runway over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 51 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 95 -Telecommunications: - severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and microwave; - phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.6 million - telephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (1991); broadcast - stations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV; 9.6 million TVs; 1 - satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and Intersputnik - -*Poland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 9,914,128; fit for military service 7,774,499; reach - military age (19) annually 304,956 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Portugal, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of Spain -Map references: - Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 92,080 km2 - land area: - 91,640 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Indiana - note: - includes Azores and Madeira Islands -Land boundaries: - total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 km -Coastline: - 1,793 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia -Climate: - maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south -Terrain: - mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south -Natural resources: - fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble -Land use: - arable land: - 32% - permanent crops: - 6% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 16% -Irrigated land: - 6,340 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - Azores subject to severe earthquakes -Note: - Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea - approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -*Portugal, People - -Population: - 10,486,140 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.36% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.89 years - male: - 71.43 years - female: - 78.56 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Portuguese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Portuguese -Ethnic divisions: - homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; - citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during - decolonization number less than 100,000 -Religions: - Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% -Languages: - Portuguese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 85% - male: - 89% - female: - 82% -Labor force: - 4,605,700 - by occupation: - services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) - -*Portugal, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: Portuguese Republic - conventional short form: - Portugal - local long form: - Republica Portuguesa - local short form: - Portugal -Digraph: - PO -Type: - republic -Capital: - Lisbon -Administrative divisions: - 18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*, (regioes autonomas, -singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, -Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, - Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo,, Vila Real, Viseu -Dependent areas: - Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 20 - December 1999) -Independence: - 1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910) -Constitution: - 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 -Legal system: - civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality - of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Day of Portugal, 10 June -Political parties and leaders: - Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist - Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Pedro - CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos CARVALHAS; Social - Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National Solidarity Party, Manuel - SERGIO; Center Democratic Party; United Democratic Coalition (CDU; - Communists) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February 1996); results - Dr. - Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos - MARQUES 3% - Assembly of the Republic: - last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - PSD - 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party - 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230 total) PSD 135, PS 72, CDU 17, - Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1 -Executive branch: - president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council - of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) -Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) - -*Portugal, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) -Member of: - AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, - ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, - ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA - (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), - OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI - chancery: - 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 328-8610 - consulates general: - Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco - consulates: - Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Everett Ellis BRIGGS - embassy: - Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon - mailing address: - PSC 83, APO AE 09726 - telephone: - [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880 - FAX: - [351] (1) 726-9109 - consulate: - Ponta Delgada (Azores) -Flag: - two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) - with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line - -*Portugal, Economy - -Overview: - Although Portugal has experienced strong growth since joining the EC in 1986 - - at least 4% each year through 1990 - it remains one of the poorest - members. To prepare for the European single market, the government is - restructuring and modernizing the economy and in 1989 embarked on a major - privatization program. As of 1 January 1993, Lisbon has fully liberalized - its capital markets and most trade markets. The global slowdown and tight - monetary policies to counter inflation caused growth to slow in 1991 and - 1992. Growth probably will remain depressed in 1993, but should pick up - again in 1994. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $93.7 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1.1% (1992) -National product per capita: - $9,000 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 9% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 5% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $27.3 billion; expenditures $33.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991) -Exports: - $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber and - timber products, resin, machinery, appliances - partners: - EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1991) -Imports: - $26.0 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, - petroleum, textiles - partners: - EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries 12.9%, US - 3.4% -External debt: - $16.9 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 6,624,000 kW capacity; 26,400 million kWh produced, 2,520 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil - refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient farms; - imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain, potatoes, olives, - grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy - products -Illicit drugs: - increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering - the European market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.2 billion - -*Portugal, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos -Exchange rates: - Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 145.51 (January 1993), 135.00 (1992), - 144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Portugal, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km - 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km - 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, - privately owned -Highways: - 73,661 km total; 61,599 km surfaced (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), - including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; - 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) -Inland waterways: - 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by - shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity -Pipelines: - crude oil 11 km; petroleum products 58 km -Ports: - Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, - Sines -Merchant marine: - 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 634,072 GRT/1,130,515 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 21 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 1 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 2 - liquified gas; note - Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira - (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing - benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known - to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority - of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years -Airports: - total: - 64 - usable: - 62 - with permanent-surface runways: - 36 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 11 -Telecommunications: - generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and - microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57 AM, 66 - (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT - earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, domestic - satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to Azores - -*Portugal, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal - Guard, Public Security Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,696,325; fit for military service 2,188,041; reach - military age (20) annually 88,735 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1992) - -*Puerto Rico, Header - -Affiliation: - (commonwealth associated with the US) - -*Puerto Rico, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin - Islands group -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 9,104 km2 - land area: - 8,959 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 501 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m (depth) - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation -Terrain: - mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to - sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal areas -Natural resources: - some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oil -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 9% - meadows and pastures: - 41% - forest and woodland: - 20% - other: - 22% -Irrigated land: - 390 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; - south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north -Note: - important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the - Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the - Caribbean - -*Puerto Rico, People - -Population: - 3,797,082 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.13% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 16.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.84 years - male: - 70.25 years - female: - 77.61 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.08 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Puerto Rican(s) - adjective: Puerto Rican -Ethnic divisions: - Hispanic -Religions: - Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% -Languages: - Spanish (official), English widely understood -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 89% - male: - 90% - female: - 88% -Labor force: - 1.17 million (1992) - by occupation: - government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%, - communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992) - -*Puerto Rico, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - conventional short form: - Puerto Rico -Digraph: - QR -Type: - commonwealth associated with the US -Capital: - San Juan -Administrative divisions: - none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78 - municipalities -Independence: - none (commonwealth associated with the US) -Constitution: - ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 - July 1952 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil code -National holiday: - US Independence Day, 4 July (1776) -Political parties and leaders: - National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular - Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), - Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras - and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS - Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown -Other political or pressure groups: - all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National - Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua - Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular - Resistance -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do - not vote in US presidential elections -Elections: - Governor: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - Pedro ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4% - Senate: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats by party NA; note - - Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US House of Representatives, - Carlos Romero BARCELO - House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats by party NA -Executive branch: - US president, US vice president, governor -Legislative branch: - bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a - lower house or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Puerto Rico, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - Head of Government: - Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993) -Member of: - CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU, IOC, WCL, - WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (commonwealth associated with the US) -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; - a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white - five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag - -*Puerto Rico, Economy - -Overview: - Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. - Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic - activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US and by tax - incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. - US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries include pharmaceuticals, - electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production - has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main - source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been - an important source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of - nearly 3 million tourists in 1989. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22.8 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 2.2% (FY90) -National product per capita: - $6,200 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (October 1990-91) -Unemployment rate: - 17% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $5.8 billion; expenditures $5.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $258 million (FY89) -Exports: - 20.4 billion (1990) - commodities: - pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage - concentrates, medical equipment, instruments - partners: - US 87.8% (1990) -Imports: - 16.2 billion (1990) - commodities: - chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products - partners: - US 66.6% (1990) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (FY92) -Electricity: - 5,040,000 kW capacity; 16,100 million kWh produced, 4,260 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - manufacturing accounts for 55.5 % of GDP: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, - electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops - - sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle, - chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992) -Economic aid: - none -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Puerto Rico, Communications - -Railroads: - 96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger - railroads -Highways: - 13,762 km paved (1982) -Ports: - San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo -Airports: - total: - 30 - usable: - 23 - with permanent-surface runways: - 19 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity submarine - cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital telephone system - with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone service; broadcast stations - - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television available with US programs (1990) - -*Puerto Rico, Defense Forces - -Branches: - paramilitary National Guard, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 830,133; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Qatar, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between Iran - and Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 11,000 km2 - land area: - 11,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km -Coastline: - 563 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime boundary - with Bahrain -Climate: - desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer -Terrain: - mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 95% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean - increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities -Note: - strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum deposits - -*Qatar, People - -Population: - 499,115 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.61 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 12.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: total population: - 72.25 years - male: - 69.73 years - female: - 74.68 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Qatari(s) - adjective: - Qatari -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% -Religions: - Muslim 95% -Languages: - Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1986) - total population: - 76% - male: - 77% - female: - 72% -Labor force: - 104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) - -*Qatar, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - State of Qatar - conventional short form: - Qatar - local long form: - Dawlat Qatar - local short form: - Qatar -Digraph: - QA -Type: - traditional monarchy -Capital: - Doha -Administrative divisions: - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US - Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Rayyan, - Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal -Independence: - 3 September 1971 (from UK) -Constitution: - provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 -Legal system: - discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are - being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters -National holiday: - Independence Day, 3 September (1971) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - Advisory Council: - constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no - elections have been held; seats - (30 total) -Executive branch: - amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February 1972); - Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir) -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, - IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, - OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador 'Abd al-Rahman bin Sa'ud ALTHANI - chancery: - Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 338-0111 - -*Qatar, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH - embassy: - 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), - Doha - mailing address: - P. O. Box 2399, Doha - telephone: - (0974) 864701 through 864703 - FAX: - (0974) 861669 -Flag: - maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist - side - -*Qatar, Economy - -Overview: - Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export - earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 - billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about - 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $17,000, comparable - to the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas is - becoming increasingly important. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.1 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $17,000 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $440 million (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers - partners: - Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4% -Imports: - $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals - partners: - France 13%, Japan 12%, UK 11%, Germany 9% -External debt: - $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil -Electricity: - 1,596,000 kW capacity; 4,818 million kWh produced, 9,655 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel (rolls - reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cement -Agriculture: - farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural area - is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in importance; - most food imported -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) -Currency: - 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams -Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Qatar, Communications - -Highways: - 1,500 km total; 1,000 km paved, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) -Pipelines: - crude oil 235 km, natural gas 400 km -Ports: - Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island -Merchant marine: - 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 390,072 GRT/593,508 DWT; includes 13 - cargo, 4 container, 2 oil tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 4 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to - Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to - Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV - -*Qatar, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 214,977; fit for military service 113,514; reach military - age (18) annually 3,578 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA%, of GDP - -*Reunion, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas department of France) - -*Reunion, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of Madagascar -Map references: - World -Area: - total area: - 2,510 km2 - land area: - 2,500 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 201 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, - hot and rainy from November to April -Terrain: - mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast -Natural resources: - fish, arable land -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 35% - other: - 39% -Irrigated land: - 60 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - periodic devastating cyclones - -*Reunion, People - -Population: - 639,622 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25.64 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.94 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 73.68 years - male: - 70.61 years - female: - 76.91 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Reunionese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Reunionese -Ethnic divisions: - French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian -Religions: - Roman Catholic 94% -Languages: - French (official), Creole widely used -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: - 69% - male: - 67% - female: - 74% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) - note: - 63% of population of working age (1983) - -*Reunion, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Department of Reunion - conventional short form: - Reunion - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ile de la Reunion -Digraph: - RE -Type: - overseas department of France -Capital: - Saint-Denis -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas department of France) -Independence: - none (overseas department of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy - (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; - France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), - Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS); other small parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - General Council: - last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) - Regional Council: - last held 28 March 1992 (next to be held NA March 1998); results - UDF - 25.6%, PRC 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 30.7%, other 15.3%; seats - (45 - total) Independent 17, UDF 14, PRC 9, PS 5 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA September 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent - 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held NA June 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA - 1; note - Reunion elects 3 members to the French Senate and 5 members to the - French National Assembly who are voting members -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the Republic -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - -*Reunion, Government - - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Jacques DEWATRE (since NA July 1991) -Member of: - FZ -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in - the US by France -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Reunion, Economy - -Overview: - The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been - the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for - 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist - industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third - of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is - extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and - Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the - population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups - suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the - African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 - illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic - well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from - France. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.37 billion (1987 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 9% (1987 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,000 (1987 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.3% (1988) -Unemployment rate: - 35% (February 1991) -Budget: - revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1986) -Exports: - $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) - commodities: - sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and - tea 1% - partners: - France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) - commodities: - manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation - equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products - partners: - France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 245,000 kW capacity; 750 million kWh produced, 1,230 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items -Agriculture: - accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; - imports large share of food needs -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $14.8 billion -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes - -*Reunion, Economy - -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Reunion, Communications - -Highways: - 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized - earth -Ports: - Pointe des Galets -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runway 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runway 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center - Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new - microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Reunion, Defense Forces - -Branches: - French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age - (18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.) -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Romania, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and the - Ukraine -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 237,500 km2 - land area: - 230,340 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and - Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) - 169 km -Coastline: - 225 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers - with frequent showers and thunderstorms -Terrain: - central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the - east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on - the south by the Transylvanian Alps -Natural resources: - petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, - salt -Land use: - arable land: - 43% - permanent crops: 3% - meadows and pastures: - 19% - forest and woodland: - 28% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 34,500 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure - and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south -Note: - controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, - and Ukraine - -*Romania, People - -Population: - 23,172,362 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.02% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.25 years - male: - 68.32 years - female: - 74.34 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Romanian(s) - adjective: - Romanian -Ethnic divisions: - Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, - Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% -Religions: - Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate), - Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18% -Languages: - Romanian, Hungarian, German -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1978) - total population: - 98% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 10,945,700 - by occupation: - industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) - -*Romania, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Romania - local long form: - none - local short form: - Romania -Digraph: - RO -Type: - republic -Capital: - Bucharest -Administrative divisions: - 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);, Alba, Arad, Arges, -Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, - Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, -Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, - Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, - Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea -Independence: - 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) -Constitution: - 8 December 1991 -Legal system: - former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that - increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised -National holiday: - National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) -Political parties and leaders: - National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National Salvation - Front (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; - National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' - Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National - Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie - VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The - Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), - Corneliu Vadim TUDOR - note: there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceased - to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party, - have been formed -Other political or pressure groups: - various human right and professional associations -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11 - October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil - CONSTANTINESCU 38.6% - Senate: - last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, - CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18, - PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5 - -*Romania, Government - - House of Deputies: - last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%, - CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 38.5%; seats - (341 total) DFSN 117, CDR 82, FSN - 43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16, PSM 13, other 13 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a - lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of - Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992) -Member of: - BIS, BSEC, CCC, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), - ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Aurel-Dragos MUNTEANU - chancery: - 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-4747, 6634, 5693 - FAX: - (202) 232-4748 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr. - embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest - mailing address: - AmConGen (Buch), Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5260 - telephone: - [40] (0) 10-40-40 - FAX: - [40] (0) 12-03-95 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the - national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been - removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad - -*Romania, Economy - -Overview: - Industry, which accounts for about one-third of the labor force and - generates over half the GDP, suffers from an aging capital plant and - persistent shortages of energy. The year 1991 witnessed a 17% drop in - industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor - unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with - flooding, mismanagement, shortages of inputs, and disarray caused by the - dismantling of cooperatives. A shortage of inputs and a severe drought in - 1991 contributed to a poor harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and - an obsolete distribution system. The new government has instituted moderate - land reforms, with more than one-half of cropland now in private hands, and - it has liberalized private agricultural output. Private enterprises form an - increasingly important portion of the economy largely in services, - handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Little progress on large scale - privatization has been made since a law providing for the privatization of - large state firms was passed in August 1991. Most of the large state firms - have been converted into joint-stock companies, but the selling of shares - and assets to private owners has been delayed. While the government has - halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard - currency export markets, supplies remain scarce in some areas. The new - government continues to impose price ceilings on key consumer items. In 1992 - the economy muddled along toward the new, more open system, yet output and - living standards continued to fall. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.4 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -15% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,700 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 200% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (January 1993) -Budget: - revenues $19 billion; expenditures $20 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 29.3%, fuels, minerals and metals 32.1%, - manufactured consumer goods 18.1%, agricultural materials and forestry - products 9.0%, other 11.5% (1989) - partners: - USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) -Imports: - $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - fuels, minerals, and metals 56.0%, machinery and equipment 25.5%, - agricultural and forestry products 8.6%, manufactured consumer goods 3.4%, - other 6.5% (1989) - partners: - Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) -External debt: - $3 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate -17% (1991 est.); accounts for 48% of GDP -Electricity: - 22,500,000 kW capacity; 59,000 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Romania, Economy - -Industries: - mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine - building, food processing, petroleum production and refining -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn - producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, - eggs, meat, grapes -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route -Economic aid: - donor - $4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed - countries (1956-89) -Currency: - 1 leu (L) = 100 bani -Exchange rates: - lei (L) per US$1 - 470.10 (January 1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), - 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Romania, Communications - -Railroads: - 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km - broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned - (1987) -Highways: - 72,799 km total; 35,970 km paved; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other - stabilized surfaces; 9,100 km unsurfaced roads (1985) -Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984) -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,800 km, petroleum products 1,429 km, natural gas 6,400 km (1992) -Ports: - Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu - Severin, Orsova -Merchant marine: - 249 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,882,727 GRT/4,463,879 DWT; includes - 1 passenger-cargo, 170 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 9 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 15 oil tanker, 51 bulk -Airports: - total: - 158 - usable: - 158 - with permanent-surface runways: - 27 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 21 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is - automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave; present phone - density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service - (February 1990); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite - ground station using INTELSAT - -*Romania, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,846,332; fit for military service 4,942,746; reach - military age (20) annually 185,714 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures - into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading - results - -*Russia, Geography - -Location: - Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, - Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of - the World -Area: - total area: 17,075,200 km2 - land area: - 16,995,800 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US -Land boundaries: - total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 - km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, - Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania - (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland - (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km -Coastline: - 37,653 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with - China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and - Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union - in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the - Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved - the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation -Climate: - ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of - European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; - winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers - vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast -Terrain: - broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra - in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions -Natural resources: - wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, - coal, and many strategic minerals, timber - note: - formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation - of natural resources -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - -*Russia, Geography - - other: NA% - note: - agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area -Irrigated land: - 61,590 km2 (1990) -Environment: - despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too - far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major - impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, - including both inland waterways and sea coasts -Note: - largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in - relation to major sea lanes of the world - -*Russia, People - -Population: - 149,300,359 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.21% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 68.69 years - male: - 63.59 years - female: - 74.04 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Russian(s) - adjective: - Russian -Ethnic divisions: - Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, - Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% -Religions: - Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other -Languages: - Russian, other -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 75 million (1993 est.) - by occupation: - production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1% - -*Russia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Russian Federation - conventional short form: - Russia - local long form: - Rossiyskaya Federatsiya - local short form: - Rossiya - former: - Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic -Digraph: - RS -Type: - federation -Capital: - Moscow -Administrative divisions: - 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya - respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), - Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay - (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia - (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia - (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk), - North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'), - Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, - singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', - Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, - Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, - Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, - Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, - Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin - (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk, - Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin), - Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 - krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, - Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' - note: - the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the - automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and - Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St. - Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name - as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name - following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added -Independence: - 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being drafted -Legal system: - based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not - accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, June 12 - -*Russia, Government - -Political parties and leaders: - proreformers: - Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of - Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government - faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia - Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic - Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party, - Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV; - Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY; - Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party, - Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN - moderate reformers: - All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr - VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay - TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic - Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of - Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV - antireformers: - Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of - Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian - Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian - Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People, - Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia - Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional - Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces - of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV, - Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; - Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National - Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN, - Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party, - Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican - Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian - National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV -Other political or pressure groups: - Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmen -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by - party NA% - Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of -vote by - party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held - before parties were formed - Supreme Soviet: - last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by - party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from - Congress of People's Deputies -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration, - Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of Republics -Legislative branch: - unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court, Supreme Court - -*Russia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991); Vice President - Aleksandr Vladimirovich RUTSKOY (since 12 June 1991); Chairman of the - Supreme Soviet Ruslan KHASBULATOV (28 October 1991) - Head of Government: - Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since - NA December 1992); First Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers - Vladimir SHUMEYKO (since 9 June 1992), Oleg LOBW (since NA April 1993), Oleg - SOSKOVETS (since NA April 1993) -Member of: - BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN - Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN - chancery: - 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 628-7551 and 8548 - consulates general: - New York and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow - mailing address: - APO AE 09721 - telephone: - [7] (095) 252-2450 through 2459 - FAX: - [7] (095) 255-9965 - consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Vladivostok -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red - -*Russia, Economy - - -*Russia, Economy - -Overview: - Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse - industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from - its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President - YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in - 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign - exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the - same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely - reflecting government efforts to restructure the economy, shortages of - essential imports caused by the breakdown in former Bloc and interstate - trade, and reduced demand following the freeing of prices in January. The - actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and - agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid - taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the - growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at - yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor - force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced - leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at - the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from - industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal - policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed - its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor - GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase - in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month - by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January - price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves - across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but - wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many - consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share - of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many - Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, - vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of - higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood - goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian - government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break - the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private - businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of - consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of - the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; - and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was - ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most - defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing - and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing - resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense - sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand - caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output - declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and - decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's - commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, - foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and - imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign - aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow - of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics - continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded - in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices - throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the - $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt - rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and - Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also - remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not - -*Russia, Economy - - abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained at - double-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reduce - the threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidies - to enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, the - budget deficit, and money supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cut - spending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and Central - Bank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed to - approve them in the first part of 1993. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -19% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 25% per month (December 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, - metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures - partners: - Europe -Imports: - $35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar, - semifinished metal products - partners: - Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba -External debt: - $80 billion (yearend 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -19% (1992) -Electricity: - 213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita - (1 January 1992) -Industries: - complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, - chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to - high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail - transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, - tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and - transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer - durables -Agriculture: - grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because - of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm - climate products -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; - government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for - illicit drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries, - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion - -*Russia, Economy - -Currency: - 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Russia, Communications - -Railroads: - 158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service, - of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction; - 71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier - use (31 December 1991) -Highways: - 893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 km - are dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the Russian - Highway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km not - in general use are the responsibility of various other organizations - (formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km are - paved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 km - not in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt - (31 December 1991) -Inland waterways: - total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the - Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting - guides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made - navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991) -Pipelines: - crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km - (1992) -Ports: - coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk, - Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov, - Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan', - Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara - (Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd -Merchant marine: - 865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT; - includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2 - barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9 - chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger - cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16 - refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 2,550 - useable: - 964 - with permanent surface runways: - 565 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 19 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 275 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 426 - -*Russia, Communications - -Telecommunications: - NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St. - Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprint - networks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap - to the economy, especially with respect to international connections; total - installed telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in - rural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total - pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164 - telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by an - inadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and - outdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international - gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for - the other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a new - Russian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome - from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; - satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow), - INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of - population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radio - receivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited - -*Russia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket - Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces - note: - strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control; - Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and - sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those still - scheduled to be withdrawn from other countries -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reach - military age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Rwanda, Geography - -Location: - Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 26,340 km2 - land area: - 24,950 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maryland -Land boundaries: - total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild - in mountains with frost and snow possible -Terrain: - mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west -Natural resources: - gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, - hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 29% - permanent crops: 11% - meadows and pastures: - 18% - forest and woodland: - 10% - other: - 32% -Irrigated land: - 40 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts -Note: - landlocked - -*Rwanda, People - -Population: - 8,139,272 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.9% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 41.23 years - male: - 40.2 years - female: - 42.28 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Rwandan(s) - adjective: - Rwandan -Ethnic divisions: - Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other - 25% -Languages: - Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial - centers -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 50% male: - 64% - female: - 37% -Labor force: - 3.6 million - by occupation: - agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2% - note: - 49% of population of working age (1985) - -*Rwanda, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Rwanda - conventional short form: - Rwanda - local long form: - Republika y'u Rwanda - local short form: - Rwanda -Digraph: - RW -Type: - republic; presidential system - note: - a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this - year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition -Capital: - Kigali -Administrative divisions: - 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA, - singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, - Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri -Independence: - 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) -Constitution: - 18 June 1991 -Legal system: - based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial - review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory - ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 July (1962) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President - HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant - independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin - TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist - Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the - Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean - NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE - note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in - mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered -Other political or pressure groups: - since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict - with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA) -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - President: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected - National Development Council: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - - MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) - -*Rwanda, Government - -Judicial branch: - Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of - State in joint session) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dismas NSENGIYAREMYE (since NA April 1992) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA - chancery: - 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 232-2882 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN - embassy: - Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali - mailing address: - B. P. 28, Kigali - telephone: - [250] 75601 through 75603 - FAX: - [250] 72128 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a - large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a - plain yellow band - -*Rwanda, Economy - -Overview: - Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up - 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and - deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector - in Rwanda is small, contributing only 17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses - mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy - remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid. Weak international - prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to - decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in - October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October 1990, has dampened - prospects for economic improvement. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2.35 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $290 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $350 million; expenditures $453.7 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA million (1992 est.) -Exports: - $66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum - partners: - Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US -Imports: - $259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, - petroleum products, cement and construction material - partners: - US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan -External debt: - $911 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 17% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, - agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, - shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes -Agriculture: - accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops - - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food - crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency - declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up - with a 3.8% annual growth in population - -*Rwanda, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 - million; note - in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment - Program with the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and - the US $25 million in support of this program -Currency: - 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 146.34 (January 1993), 133.35 (1992), 125.14 - (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Rwanda, Communications - -Highways: - 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 - km unimproved -Inland waterways: - Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft -Airports: - total: - 8 - usable: - 7 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; - broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 (7 repeaters) FM, no TV; satellite earth - stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE - -*Rwanda, Defense Forces - -Branches: Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,675,160; fit for military service 853,467 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) - -*Saint Helena, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Saint Helena, Geography - -Location: - in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of - the way between South America and Africa -Map references: - Africa -Area: - total area: - 410 km2 - land area: - 410 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, - and Tristan da Cunha -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 60 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds -Terrain: - rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains -Natural resources: - fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns, no - minerals -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 0% meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 83% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - very few perennial streams -Note: - Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; harbors at least 40 species - of plants unknown anywhere else in the world - -*Saint Helena, People - -Population: - 6,720 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 9.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 38.39 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74.43 years - male: - 72.36 years - female: - 76.27 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Saint Helenian(s) - adjective: - Saint Helenian -Ethnic divisions: - NA -Religions: - Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1987) - total population: - 98% - male: - 97% female: - 98% -Labor force: - 2,516 - by occupation: - professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial, - administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen, - etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3% - (1987) - -*Saint Helena, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Saint Helena -Digraph: - SH -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - Jamestown -Administrative divisions: - 1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan, da Cunha*, -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 1 January 1989 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second Saturday in - June) -Political parties and leaders: - Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party - note: - both political parties inactive since 1976 -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor commander-in-chief, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) Head of Government: - Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA) -Member of: - ICFTU -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -US diplomatic representation: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint - Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features - a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship - -*Saint Helena, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local - population earns some income from fishing, the raising of livestock, and - sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the - work force has left to seek employment overseas. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - -1.1% (1986) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1984) -Exports: - $23,900 (f.o.b., 1984) - commodities: - fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts - partners: - South Africa, UK -Imports: - $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: - food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor - vehicles and parts, machinery and parts - partners: - UK, South Africa -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing -Agriculture: - maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing - on Tristan da Cunha -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $198 million -Currency: - 1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), - 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); note - the Saint - Helenian pound is at par with the British pound -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Saint Helena, Communications - -Highways: - 87 km paved roads and 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km paved roads - on Ascension; 2.7 km paved roads on Tristan da Cunha -Ports: - Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - 1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 - telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into - worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial submarine - cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Saint Helena, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography - -Location: in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico - and Trinidad and Tobago -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 269 km2 - land area: - 269 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 135 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature - variation; rainy season (May to November) -Terrain: - volcanic with mountainous interiors -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 22% - permanent crops: - 17% - meadows and pastures: - 3% - forest and woodland: - 17% - other: - 41% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to hurricanes (July to October) - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, People - -Population: - 40,407 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.59% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: 23.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.72 years - male: - 62.78 years - female: - 68.85 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) - adjective: - Kittsian, Nevisian -Ethnic divisions: - black African -Religions: - Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic -Languages: - English -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 98% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - 20,000 (1981) - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis - conventional short form: - Saint Kitts and Nevis - former: - Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis -Digraph: - SC -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Basseterre -Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint -George - Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John - Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, - Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint - Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point -Independence: - 19 September 1983 (from UK) -Constitution: - 19 September 1983 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 19 September (1983) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis - Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), - Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, - NRP 2, CCM 1 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously - Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, - previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy - Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, - INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim - Aubrey Eric HART - chancery: - Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 833-3550 -US diplomatic representation: - no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint John's - (Antigua and Barbuda) -Flag: - divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing - two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper - triangle is green, the lower triangle is red - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy - -Overview: - The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of - sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism - and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 6.8% (1991) -National product per capita: - $3,500 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.2% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 12.2% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $85.7 million; expenditures $85.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $42.4 million (1993) -Exports: - $24.6 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps - partners: - US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) -Imports: - $103.2 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels - partners: - US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) -External debt: - $37.2 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, - beverages -Agriculture: - accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops - rice, - yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food - imported -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67 million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications - -Railroads: - 58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane -Highways: - 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved - earth -Ports: - Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via - Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast stations - - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV - -*Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Saint Lucia, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way between Puerto - Rico and Trinidad and Tobago -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 620 km2 - land area: - 610 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 158 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to - April, rainy season from May to August -Terrain: - volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys -Natural resources: - forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal - potential -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 20% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 13% - other: - 54% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion - -*Saint Lucia, People - -Population: - 144,337 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.52% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 23.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -12.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.26 years - male: - 66.98 years - female: - 71.69 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.62 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Saint Lucian(s) - adjective: - Saint Lucian -Ethnic divisions: - African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% -Languages: - English (official), French patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) - total population: - 67% - male: - 65% - female: - 69% -Labor force: - 43,800 - by occupation: - agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.) - -*Saint Lucia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Saint Lucia -Digraph: - ST -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Castries -Administrative divisions: - 11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros Islet, - Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort -Independence: - 22 February 1979 (from UK) -Constitution: - 22 February 1979 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 22 February (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), - Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP 6 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor - General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) -Member of: - ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS - chancery: - Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037 - telephone: - (202) 463-7378 or 7379 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) - -*Saint Lucia, Government - -Flag: - blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges - of the arrowhead have a white border - -*Saint Lucia, Economy - -Overview: - Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of - almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia - also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment - in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The - economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural - sector is dominated by banana production, which is subject to periodic - droughts and/or tropical storms. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $250 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,650 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6.1% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 16% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital - expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $105 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - bananas 58%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil - partners: - UK 56%, US 22%,CARICOM 19% -Imports: - $267 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and - live animals, chemicals, fuels - partners: - US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% -External debt: - $65.7 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP -Electricity: - 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, - tourism, lime processing, coconut processing -Agriculture: - accounts for 12% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas, coconuts, - vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist - industry -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $120 million -Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) - -*Saint Lucia, Communications - -Highways: - 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved -Ports: - Castries, Vieux Fort -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439: - 1 -Telecommunications: - fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave link - with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland - troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) - -*Saint Lucia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Header - -Affiliation: - (territorial collectivity of France) - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography - -Location: - in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada) -Map references: - North America -Area: - total area: - 242 km2 - land area: - 242 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC - note: - includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 120 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France -Climate: - cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy -Terrain: - mostly barren rock -Natural resources: - fish, deepwater ports -Land use: - arable land: - 13% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 83% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - vegetation scanty - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People - -Population: - 6,652 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.79% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.44 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.73 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.19 years - male: - 73.56 years - female: - 77.16 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.73 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) - adjective: - French -Ethnic divisions: - Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 98% -Languages: - French -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1982) - total population: - 99% - male: - 99% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 2,850 (1988) - by occupation: - NA - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon - conventional short form: - Saint Pierre and Miquelon - local long form: - Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon - local short form: - Saint-Pierre et Miquelon -Digraph: - SB -Type: - territorial collectivity of France -Capital: - Saint-Pierre -Administrative divisions: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Independence: - none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control - since 1763) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French law -National holiday: - National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), - Gerard GRIGNON -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - French President: - last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - (second - ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44% - French Senate: - last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) number of seats by party NA; - note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French Senate - and the French National Assembly who are voting members - General Council: - last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA September 1994); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19 total) Socialist and - other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6 -Executive branch: - French president, commissioner of the Republic -Legislative branch: - unicameral General Council -Judicial branch: - Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Commissioner of the Republic Kamel KHRISSATE (since NA); President of the - General Council Marc PLANTEGENET (since NA) - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government - -Member of: - FZ -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in - the US by France -US diplomatic representation: - none (territorial collectivity of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy - -Overview: - The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by - servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The - economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at - Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an - agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's - trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. - The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish - exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports - come primarily from Canada and France. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $9,500 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 9.6% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $25.5 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts - partners: - US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal -Imports: - $87.2 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials - partners: - Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,840 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism -Agriculture: - vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of 20,500 - metric tons (1989) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $500 million -Currency: - 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 - (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications - -Highways: - 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) -Ports: - Saint Pierre -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio - communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French - domestic satellite system - -*Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way between Puerto - Rico and Trinidad and Tobago -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 340 km2 - land area: - 340 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 84 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to - November) -Terrain: - volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 38% - permanent crops: - 12% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 41% - other: - 3% -Irrigated land: - 10 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat -Note: - some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People - -Population: - 114,562 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.76% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 71.72 years - male: - 70.21 years - female: - 73.28 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) - adjective: - Saint Vincentian or Vincentian -Ethnic divisions: - black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian -Religions: - Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - English, French patois -Literacy: - age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) - total population: - 96% - male: - 96% - female: - 96% -Labor force: - 67,000 (1984 est.) - by occupation: - NA - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -Digraph: - VC -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Kingstown -Administrative divisions: - 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, - Saint Patrick -Independence: - 27 October 1979 (from UK) -Constitution: - 27 October 1979 -Legal system: - based on English common law -National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979) -Political parties and leaders: - New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party - (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; - Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party - (NRP), Joel MIGUEL -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Assembly: - last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 - appointed senators) NDP 15 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - David JACK (since 29 September 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WCL, WFTU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Kingsley LAYNE - chancery: - 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados) - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government - -Flag: - three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; - the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of - the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist - industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high - unemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on the - weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress - toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.3% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 35%-40% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital - expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) -Exports: - $65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets - partners: - UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% -Imports: - $110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and - fuels - partners: - US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% -External debt: - $50.9 million (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; - products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of - cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 million -Currency: - 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications - -Highways: - 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.) -Ports: - Kingstown -Merchant marine: - 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes - 3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied - gas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1 - specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience - registry -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 6 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF - interisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF - links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV - (cable) - -*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*San Marino, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 60 km2 - land area: - 60 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - total 39 km, Italy 39 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers -Terrain: - rugged mountains -Natural resources: - building stone -Land use: - arable land: - 17% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 83% -Irrigated land: - NA -Environment: - dominated by the Appenines -Note: - landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and - Monaco - -*San Marino, People - -Population: - 23,855 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.01% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 81.18 years - male: - 77.09 years - female: - 85.27 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Sammarinese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Sammarinese -Ethnic divisions: - Sammarinese, Italian -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - Italian -Literacy: - age 14 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 96% - male: - 96% - female: - 95% -Labor force: - 4,300 (est.) - by occupation: - NA - -*San Marino, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of San Marino - conventional short form: - San Marino - local long form: - Repubblica di San Marino - local short form: - San Marino -Digraph: - SM -Type: - republic -Capital: - San Marino -Administrative divisions: - 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, - Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, - Serravalle -Independence: - 301 AD (by tradition) -Constitution: - 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a - constitution -Legal system: - based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September -Political parties and leaders: - Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San Marino - Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party - (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; - Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; - San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino - Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Great and General Council: - last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 -Executive branch: - two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is - wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of - state for internal affairs -Legislative branch: - unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) -Judicial branch: - Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) -Leaders: - Co-Chiefs of State: - Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (for - the period 1 April - 30 September 1993) - Head of Government: - Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) -Member of: - CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM - (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO - -*San Marino, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - honorary consulates general: - Washington and New York - honorary consulate: - Detroit -US diplomatic representation: - no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is - accredited to San Marino -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national - coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield - (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown - and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) - -*San Marino, Economy - -Overview: - The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 million - tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The key - industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural - products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standard - of living are comparable to northern Italy. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $20,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of - $NA (1991) -Exports: - trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade - consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, - wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer - manufactures -Imports: - see exports -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce -Electricity: - supplied by Italy -Industries: - wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism -Agriculture: - employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat, - cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for - food imports -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coins -Exchange rates: - Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), - 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*San Marino, Communications - -Highways: - 104 km -Telecommunications: - automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700 - telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links into - Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities - -*San Marino, Defense Forces - -Branches: - public security or police force -Manpower availability: - all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon - straddling the equator -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 960 km2 - land area: - 960 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 209 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) -Terrain: - volcanic, mountainous -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 20% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 75% - other: 3% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion - -*Sao Tome and Principe, People - -Population: - 133,225 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.63% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 63.02 years - male: - 61.19 years - female: - 64.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Sao Tomean(s) - adjective: - Sao Tomean -Ethnic divisions: - mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of - freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and - Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans - (primarily Portuguese) -Religions: - Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist -Languages: - Portuguese (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1981) - total population: - 57% - male: - 73% - female: - 42% -Labor force: - 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and - fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of - population of working age (1983) - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe - conventional short form: - Sao Tome and Principe - local long form: - Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe - local short form: - Sao Tome e Principe -Digraph: - TP -Type: - republic -Capital: - Sao Tome -Administrative divisions: - 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome -Independence: - 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) -Constitution: - 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 -Legal system: - based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 12 July (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos - Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and - Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), - Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; - other small parties -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel - TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty - presidential election - National People's Assembly: - last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results - - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 - total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty - election in Sao Tome and Principe -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, - UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO - chancery: - (temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017 - telephone: - (212) 697-4211 -US diplomatic representation: - ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident - basis and makes periodic visits to the islands -Flag: - three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with - two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow - band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy - -Overview: - The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained - independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has - gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 - output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a - shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments - problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm - kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of - exports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense - of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. - It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, - Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to - roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for - development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to - expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a - Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule - external debt service payments in cooperation with the International - Development Association and Western lenders. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $315 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 27% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital - expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) -Exports: - $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil - partners: - Germany, Netherlands, China -Imports: - $24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23% - partners: - Portugal, Germany, Angola, China -External debt: - $163.6 million (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.1% (1986) -Electricity: - 5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing -Agriculture: - dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa - (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, - beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy - -Currency: - 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December - 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Communications - -Highways: - 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in - need of repair -Ports: - Sao Tome, Santo Antonio -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways : - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Saudi Arabia, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,960,582 km2 - land area: - 1,960,582 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US -Land boundaries: - total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, - Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km -Coastline: - 2,640 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 18 nm - continental shelf: not specified - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with - UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is - disputed by Saudi Arabia -Climate: - harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature -Terrain: - mostly uninhabited, sandy desert -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 39% - forest and woodland: - 1% - other: - 59% -Irrigated land: - 4,350 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal - seawater desalination facilities; desertification -Note: - extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on - shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal - -*Saudi Arabia, People - -Population: - 17,615,310 (July 1993 est.) - note: - the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 census - gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents - who are not citizens as 4,624,459 -Population growth rate: - 3.3% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.32 years male: - 65.71 years - female: - 69.01 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Saudi(s) - adjective: - Saudi or Saudi Arabian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% -Religions: - Muslim 100% -Languages: - Arabic -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 62% - male: - 73% - female: - 48% -Labor force: - 5 million - by occupation: - government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16% - -*Saudi Arabia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - conventional short form: - Saudi Arabia - local long form: - Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah - local short form: - Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyah -Digraph: - SA -Type: - monarchy -Capital: - Riyadh -Administrative divisions: - 14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, - Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir, - Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk -Independence: - 23 September 1932 (unification) -Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law) -Legal system: - based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial - disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) -Political parties and leaders: - none allowed -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Executive branch: - monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council - of Ministers -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - Supreme Council of Justice -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June - 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al - Sa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) -Member of: - ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan - chancery: - 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 342-3800 - -*Saudi Arabia, Government - - consulates general: - Houston, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch - embassy: - Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh - mailing address: - American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, - Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307 - telephone: - [966] (1) 488-3800 - FAX: - Telex 406866 consulates general: - Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah) -Flag: - green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no - God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal - saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of - Islam - -*Saudi Arabia, Economy - -Overview: - The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of - GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves - of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and - plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to - encourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process of - turning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditional - Islamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in the - Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 3.6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 6.5% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - petroleum and petroleum products 92% - partners: - US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5% -Imports: - $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemical - products, textiles - partners: - US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6% -External debt: - $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two - small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics -Agriculture: - accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government; - products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, - chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food -Illicit drugs: - death penalty for traffickers -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) -Currency: - 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas -Exchange rates: - Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 - (1986) - -*Saudi Arabia, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Saudi Arabia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked -Highways: - 74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km, - includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km -Ports: - Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al - Sinaiyah -Merchant marine: - 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1 - passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 - container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6 - chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk -Airports: - total: - 213 - usable: - 193 - with permanent-surface runways: - 71 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 14 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 36 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 107 -Telecommunications: - modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cable - systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV; - microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and - Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, - Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT - -*Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast - Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reach - military age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget) - -*Senegal, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau and - Mauritania -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 196,190 km2 - land area: - 192,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Dakota -Land boundaries: - total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali - 419 km, Mauritania 813 km -Coastline: - 531 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the - International Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered its - decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal - - that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast - winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind -Terrain: - generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast -Natural resources: - fish, phosphates, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 27% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 30% - forest and woodland: - 31% - other: - 12% -Irrigated land: - 1,800 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; - desertification -Note: - The Gambia is almost an enclave - -*Senegal, People - -Population: - 8,463,225 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.1% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 56.01 years - male: - 54.59 years - female: - 57.48 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Senegalese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Senegalese -Ethnic divisions: - Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, - European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% -Religions: - Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) -Languages: - French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 38% - male: - 52% - female: - 25% -Labor force: - 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners) - by occupation: - private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60% - note: - 52% of population of working age (1985) - -*Senegal, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Senegal - conventional short form: - Senegal - local long form: - Republique du Senegal - local short form: - Senegal -Digraph: - SG -Type: - republic under multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Dakar -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, - Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor -Independence: - 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on - 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be - known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989) -Constitution: - 3 March 1963, last revised in 1991 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in - Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 April (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party - (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties -Other political or pressure groups: - students; teachers; labor; Muslim Brotherhoods -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS) - 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57% - National Assembly: - last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%, - PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) - -*Senegal, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, - UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA - chancery: - 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-0540 or 0541 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert J. KOTT - embassy: - Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar - mailing address: - B. P. 49, Dakar - telephone: - [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24 - FAX: - [221] 22-29-91 -Flag: - three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a - small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular - pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Senegal, Economy - -Overview: - The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and provides - employment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the total - cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Another - principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of total - foreign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction of - phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand - for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become - increasingly important to the economy. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 1.2% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $780 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital - expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%, - phosphates 9% - partners: - France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, India -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, - capital goods 14% - partners: - France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan -External debt: - $2.9 billion (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDP -Electricity: - 215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, - building materials -Agriculture: - major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, - tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; - fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990 -Illicit drugs: - increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin - moving to Europe and North America -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - -*Senegal, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year - -*Senegal, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar - to Thies -Highways: - 14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth -Inland waterways: - 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the Saloum -Ports: - Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, Ziguinchor -Merchant marine: - 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT -Airports: - total: - 25 - usable: - 19 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 15 -Telecommunications: - above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations - - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Senegal, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach military - age (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Header - -Note: - Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent - state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the - US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) - has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its - continuation - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina - and Bulgaria -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 102,350 km2 - land area: - 102,136 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Kentucky - note: - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightly - larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area - of 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than Connecticut -Land boundaries: - total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), - Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), - Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151 - km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km - note: - the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km -Coastline: - 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km) -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - - Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to the - former Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia and - Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority in - Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic -Climate: - in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with - well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean - climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers - and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland -Terrain: - extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone - ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the - southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of - largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari -Natural resources: - oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome -Land use: - arable land: - 30% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 25% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography - -Environment: - coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related - areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial - cities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into the - Sava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakes -Note: - controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the - Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast - -*Serbia and Montenegro, People - -Population: - 10,699,539 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - NA% -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) - adjective: - Serbian and Montenegrin -Ethnic divisions: - Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13% -Religions: - Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% -Languages: - Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 2,640,909 - by occupation: - industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990) - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Serbia and Montenegro - local long form: - none - local short form: - Srbija-Crna Gora -Digraph: - SR -Type: - republic -Capital: - Belgrade -Administrative divisions: - 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*;, Kosovo*, Montenegro,, -Serbia, Vojvodina*, Independence: 11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia) -Constitution: - 27 April 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; - Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO), - Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Party - of Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), Momir - BULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal - Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina - Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for - Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI -Other political or pressure groups: - Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties) -Suffrage: - 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal -Elections: - President: - Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 - Chamber of Republics: - last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) - Chamber of Citizens: - last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes - by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS - 33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of - Republics and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies -Judicial branch: - Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of - Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro - (since 23 December 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy Prime - Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March - 1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993) -Diplomatic representation in US: - US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the - Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to - function in the US -US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - address NA, Belgrade - mailing address: - American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070 - telephone: - [38] (11) 645-655 - FAX: - [38] (11) 645-221 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy - -Overview: - The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody - ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup - of important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia and - Montenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and military - strife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like the - other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for - large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide - varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the - republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice of - concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The - breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial - plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in - the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the - republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and - Montenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that is - primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. - A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 81% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 25%-40% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, - miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live - animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco - 1% - partners: - prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade - partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, - Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East European - countries, US -Imports: - $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, - manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, - miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal - for the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% - partners: - prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade - partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successor - states of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East - European countries, US -External debt: - $4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia) -Industrial production: - growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.) - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy - -Electricity: - 8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and - weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, - aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining - (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods - (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum - products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals -Agriculture: - the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the - former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina - also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; - Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long - growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock - production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces - fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous - pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; - Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where - a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and - rice -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras -Exchange rates: - Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), - 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) -Fiscal year: calendar year - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Communications - -Railroads: - NA -Highways: - 46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earth -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 km -Ports: - coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade -Merchant marine: - Montenegro: - 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17 - cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Maltese - flag except 2 bulk under Panamian flag - Serbia: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2 - bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of Saint - Vincent and the Grenadines -Airports: - total: - 48 - useable: - 48 - with permanent-surface runways: - 16 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 9 -Telecommunications: - 700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 - radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -*Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces - -Branches: - People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, - Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil - Defense -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reach - military age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Seychelles, Geography - -Location: - in the western Indian Ocean northeast of Madagascar -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 455 km2 - land area: - 455 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 491 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims Tromelin Island -Climate: - tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to - September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) -Terrain: - Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are - coral, flat, elevated reefs -Natural resources: - fish, copra, cinnamon trees -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 18% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 18% - other: - 60% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts - possible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 - coralline islands - -*Seychelles, People - -Population: - 71,494 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.88% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.26 years - male: - 65.56 years - female: - 73.07 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Seychellois (singular and plural) - adjective: - Seychelles -Ethnic divisions: - Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) -Religions: - Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% -Languages: - English (official), French (official), Creole -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: - 58% - male: - 56% - female: - 60% -Labor force: - 27,700 (1985) - by occupation: - industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, - forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985) - note: - 57% of population of working age (1983) - -*Seychelles, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Seychelles - conventional short form: - Seychelles -Digraph: - SE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Victoria -Administrative divisions: - 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse - Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel - Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on - Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, - Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka -Independence: - 29 June 1976 (from UK) -Constitution: - 5 June 1979 - note: - new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effect - in mid-1993 -Legal system: - based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert - RENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), Wavel - RAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL; - Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS -Other political or pressure groups: - trade unions; Roman Catholic Church -Suffrage: - 17 years of age; universal -Elections: - note: - presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once the - new, multiparty consititution is ratified later this year - President: - last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - President - France Albert RENE reelected without opposition - People's Assembly: - last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was the - only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) - -*Seychelles, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO - chancery: - (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017 - telephone: - (212) 687-9766 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLY - embassy: - 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria - mailing address: - Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE - 09815-2501 - telephone: - (248) 25256 - FAX: - (248) 25189 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band - is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest - -*Seychelles, Economy - -Overview: - In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs - about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency - earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment - in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the - government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting - the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $350 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -4.5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $5,200 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.8% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capital - expenditures of $32 million (1989) -Exports: - $40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports) - partners: - France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) -Imports: - $186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation - equipment, petroleum products - partners: - UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, Yemen 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% - (1987) -External debt: - $189 million (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat - building, printing, furniture, beverage -Agriculture: - accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts, - cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; - broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna - fishing under way -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 - million -Currency: - 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2545 (January 1993), 5.1220 (1992), - 5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988) - -*Seychelles, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Seychelles, Communications - -Highways: - 260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earth -Ports: - Victoria -Merchant marine: - 1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT -Airports: - total: - 14 - usable: - 14 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal - countries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station - -*Seychelles, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection Unit, - Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 18,982; fit for military service 9,710 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Sierra Leone, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea and - Liberia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 71,740 km2 - land area: - 71,620 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than South Carolina -Land boundaries: - total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km -Coastline: - 402 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry - season (December to April) -Terrain: - coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, - mountains in east -Natural resources: - diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite -Land use: - arable land: - 25% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 31% - forest and woodland: - 29% - other: - 13% -Irrigated land: - 340 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil - degradation - -*Sierra Leone, People - -Population: - 4,510,571 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.61% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.47 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 19.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 145 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 45.87 years - male: - 43.1 years - female: - 48.71 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Sierra Leonean(s) - adjective: - Sierra Leonean -Ethnic divisions: - 13 native African tribes 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 39%), Creole, - European, Lebanese, and Asian 1% -Religions: - Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% -Languages: - English (official; regular use limited to literate minority), Mende - principal vernacular in the south, Temne principal vernacular in the north, - Krio the language of the re-settled ex-slave population of the Freetown area - and is lingua franca -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write English, Merde, Temne, or Arabic (1990) - total population: - 21% - male: - 31% - female: - 11% -Labor force: - 1.369 million (1981 est.) - by occupation: - agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981 est.) - note: - only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working age - -*Sierra Leone, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Sierra Leone - conventional short form: - Sierra Leone -Digraph: - SL -Type: - military government -Capital: - Freetown -Administrative divisions: - 3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*, Independence: - 27 April 1961 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 October 1991; amended September 1991 -Legal system: - based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Republic Day, 27 April (1961) -Political parties and leaders: - status of existing political parties is unknown following 29 April 1992 coup -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-party - elections sometime within three years -Executive branch: - National Provisional Ruling Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Chairman of the Supreme Council of State Capt. Valentine E. M. STRASSER - (since 29 April 1992) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 939-9261 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Lauralee M. PETERS - embassy: - Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [232] (22) 226-481 - -*Sierra Leone, Government - - FAX: - [232] (22) 225-471 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue - -*Sierra Leone, Economy - -Overview: - The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence - agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and - employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, which - accounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of raw - materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining - provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high - unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing - dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to - get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic - policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. Since - March 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern and - eastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have undermined - efforts to institute economic reforms. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion (FY92 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -1% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $330 (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $68 million; expenditures $118 million, including capital - expenditures of $28 million (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $75 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) - commodities: - rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3% - partners: - US, UK, Belgium, Germany, other Western Europe -Imports: - $62 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) - commodities: - capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light - industrial goods - partners: - US, EC countries, Japan, China, Nigeria -External debt: - $633 million (FY92 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, - textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery -Agriculture: - accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely - subsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of - food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages - 53,000 metric tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 - million - -*Sierra Leone, Economy - -Currency: - 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - leones (Le) per US$1 - 552.43 (January 1993), 499.44 (1992), 295.34 (1991), - 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Sierra Leone, Communications - -Railroads: - 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis - because the mine at Marampa is closed -Highways: - 7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), 5,760 km - improved earth -Inland waterways: - 800 km; 600 km navigable year round -Ports: - Freetown, Pepel, Bonthe -Merchant marine: - 1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWT -Airports: - total: - 11 - usable: - 7 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio relay - system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 - AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Sierra Leone, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Police, Security Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 983,281; fit for military service 475,855 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) - -*Singapore, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Indonesia -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 632.6 km2 - land area: - 622.6 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 193 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 12 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm -International disputes: - two islands in dispute with Malaysia -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; - thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) -Terrain: - lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and - nature preserve -Natural resources: - fish, deepwater ports -Land use: - arable land: - 4% - permanent crops: - 7% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 5% - other: - 84% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - mostly urban and industrialized -Note: - focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes - -*Singapore, People - -Population: - 2,826,331 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.19% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.12 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.75 years - male: - 73.07 years - female: - 78.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.89 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Singaporean(s) - adjective: - Singapore -Ethnic divisions: - Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% -Religions: - Buddhist (Chinese), Atheist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, - Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist -Languages: - Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English - (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 88% - male: - 93% - female: - 84% -Labor force: - 1,485,800 - by occupation: - financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%, commerce - 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990) - -*Singapore, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Singapore - conventional short form: - Singapore -Digraph: - SN -Type: - republic within Commonwealth -Capital: Singapore -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) -Constitution: - 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore - Constitution -Legal system: - based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 9 August (1965) -Political parties and leaders: - government: - People's Action Party (PAP), GOH Chok Tong, secretary general - opposition: - Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), - CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis - (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results - - President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition - Parliament: - last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister - LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister ONG Teng - Cheong (since 2 January 1985) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, ESCAP, G-77, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UPU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador S. R. NATHAN - -*Singapore, Government - - chancery: - 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: - (202) 667-7555 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jon M. HUNTSMAN, Jr. - embassy: - 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 - mailing address: - FPO AP 96534 - telephone: - [65] 338-0251 - FAX: - [65] 338-4550 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of - the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward - the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged - in a circle - -*Singapore, Economy - -Overview: - Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and - manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from - its entrepot history. The economy appears to have pulled off a soft landing - from the 9% growth rate of the late 1980s, registering higher than expected - growth in 1992 while stemming inflation. Economic activity slowed early in - 1992, primarily as a result of slackened demand in Singapore's export - markets. But after bottoming out in the second quarter, the economy picked - up in line with a gradual recovery in the United States. The year's best - performers were the construction and financial services industries and - manufacturers of computer-related components. Rising labor costs continue to - be a threat to Singapore's competitiveness, but there are indications that - productivity is catching up. Government surpluses and the rate of gross - national savings remain high. In technology, per capita output, and labor - discipline, Singapore is well on its way toward its goal of becoming a - developed country. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $45.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 5.8% (1992) -National product per capita: - $16,500 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.3% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 2.7% (June 1992) -Budget: - revenues $10.4 billion; expenditures $9.4 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993) -Exports: - $61.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - computer equipment, rubber and rubber products, petroleum products, - telecommunications equipment - partners: - US 21%, Malaysia 13%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Thailand 6% -Imports: - $66.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - aircraft, petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs - partners: - Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 14%, Taiwan 4% -External debt: - $0 Singapore is a net creditor -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP -Electricity: - 4,860,000 kW capacity; 18,000 million kWh produced, 6,420 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing - and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot - trade, financial services, biotechnology -Agriculture: - occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in - poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber, - copra, fruit, vegetables - -*Singapore, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe, - and the Third World; also a major money-laundering center -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billion -Currency: - 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6531 (January 1993), 1.6290 (1992), - 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Singapore, Communications - -Railroads: - 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge -Highways: - 2,644 km total (1985) -Ports: - Singapore -Merchant marine: - 492 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,763,511 GRT/15,816,384 DWT; - includes 1 passenger-cargo, 125 cargo, 72 container, 7 roll-on/roll-off - cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 165 - oil tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 7 combination ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, - 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 3 combination bulk; note - many Singapore flag - ships are foreign owned -Airports: - total: - 10 - usable: - 10 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and - television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 - AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular - Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1 - Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT - -*Singapore, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 853,440; fit for military service 629,055 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) - -*Slovakia, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, between Hungary and Poland -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 48,845 km2 - land area: - 48,800 km2 - comparative area: - about twice the size of New Hampshire -Land boundaries: - total 1,355 km, Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 515 km, Poland - 444 km, Ukraine 90 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: none; landlocked -International disputes: - Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary; unresolved property issues - with Czech Republic over redistribution of former Czechoslovak federal - property; establishment of international border between the Czech Republic - and Slovakia -Climate: - temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters -Terrain: - rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south -Natural resources: - brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; - salt; gas -Land use: - arable land: - NA% - permanent crops: - NA% - meadows and pastures: - NA% - forest and woodland: - NA% - other: - NA% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - severe damage to forests from "acid rain" caused by coal-fired power - stations -Note: - landlocked - -*Slovakia, People - -Population: - 5,375,501 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.51% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 14.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.47 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.39 years - male: - 68.18 years - female: - 76.85 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: 1.99 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Slovak(s) - adjective: - Slovak -Ethnic divisions: - Slovak 85.6%, Hungarian 10.8%, Gypsy 1.5% (the 1992 census figures - underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which could reach 500,000 or more), - Czech 1.1%, Ruthenian 15,000, Ukrainian 13,000, Moravian 6,000, German - 5,000, Polish 3,000 -Religions: - Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other - 17.5% -Languages: - Slovak (official), Hungarian -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 2.484 million - by occupation: - industry 33.2%, agriculture 12.2%, construction 10.3%, communication and - other 44.3% (1990) - -*Slovakia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Slovak Republic - conventional short form: - Slovakia - local long form: - Slovenska Republika - local short form: - Slovensko -Digraph: - LO -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Bratislava -Administrative divisions: - 4 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) Bratislava, - Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky, Vychodoslovensky -Independence: - 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia) -Constitution: - ratified 3 September 1992; fully effective 1 January 1993 -Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the - obligations of Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and - to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory -National holiday: - Slovak National Uprising, August 29 (1944) -Political parties and leaders: - Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement, Vojtech BUGAR; Christian Democratic - Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir - MECIAR, chairman; Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman; - Slovak National Party, Ludovit CERNAK, chairman; Coexistence, Miklos DURAY, - chairman; Party of Conservative Democrats, leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - Green Party; Democratic Party; Social Democratic Party in Slovakia; Movement - for Czech-Slovak Accord; Freedom Party; Slovak Christian Union; Hungarian - Civic Party -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 8 February 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Michal KOVAC - elected by the National Council - National Council: - last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1996); results - Movement - for a Democratic Slovakia 37%, Party of the Democratic Left 15%, Christian - Democratic Movement 9%, Slovak National Party 8%, Hungarian Christian - Democratic Movement/Coexistence 7%; seats - (150 total) Movement for a - Democratic Slovakia, 74, Party of the Democratic Left 29, Christian - Democratic Movement 18, Slovak National Party 15, Hungarian Christian - Democratic Movement/Coexistence 14 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Council (Narodni Rada) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Slovakia, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Michal KOVAC (since 8 February 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vladimir MECIAR (since NA), Deputy Prime Minister Roman KOVAC - (since NA) -Member of: - BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM - (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8 - January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Charge d'Affaires Dr. Milan ERBAN chancery: - 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 363-6315 or 6316 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Elect Eleanor SUTTER - embassy: - Hviczdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - 427 330 861 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed with - a crest with a white double cross on three blue mountains - -*Slovakia, Economy - -Overview: - The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the Czech - Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of moving - toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia, even - though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from an - aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and many - raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of - communist control of Eastern Europe, the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic - launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and - controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in - privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the - setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in - inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole - inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992 in Slovakia, - inflation slowed to an estimated 8.7% and the estimated fall in GDP was a - more moderate 7%. In 1993 the government anticipates up to a 7% drop in GDP, - with the disruptions from the separation from the Czech lands probably - accounting for half the decline; inflation, according to government - projections, may rise to 15-20% and unemployment may reach 12-15%. The - Slovak government is moving ahead less enthusiastically than the Czech - government in the further dismantling of the old centrally controlled - economic system. Although the governments of Slovakia and the Czech Republic - had envisaged retaining the koruna as a common currency at least in the - short run, the two countries ended the currency union in February 1993. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $32.1 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $6,100 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 8.7% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 11.3% (1992 est.) -Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment; chemicals; fuels, minerals, and metals; - agricultural products - partners: - Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, - France, US, UK -Imports: - $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment; fuels and lubricants; manufactured goods; - raw materials; chemicals; agricultural products - partners: - Czech Republic, CIS republics, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, - Hungary, UK, Italy -External debt: - $1.9 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 6,800,000 kW capacity; 24,000 million kWh produced, 4,550 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Slovakia, Economy - -Industries: - brown coal mining, chemicals, metal-working, consumer appliances, - fertilizer, plastics, armaments -Agriculture: - largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock - production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, - cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products -Illicit drugs: - the former Czechoslavakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian - heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine - (1992) -Economic aid: - the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to - non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89) -Currency: - 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru -Exchange rates: - koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), - 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Slovakia, Communications - -Railroads: 3,669 km total (1990) -Highways: - 17,650 km total (1990) -Inland waterways: - NA km -Pipelines: - natural gas 2,700 km; petroleum products NA km -Ports: - maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka), - Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are - Komarno on the Danube and Bratislava on the Danube -Merchant marine: - the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 - GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with the Czech - Republic -Airports: - total: - 34 - usable: - 34 - with permanent-surface runways: - 9 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - NA - -*Slovakia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,407,908; fit for military service 1,082,790; reach - military age (18) annually 47,973 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 8.2 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense - expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Slovenia, Geography - -Location: - Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia -Map references: - Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 20,296 km2 land area: - 20,296 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 999 km, Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 km -Coastline: - 32 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic and over some - border areas; the border issue is currently under negotiation; small - minority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwestern - Slovenia -Climate: - Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot - summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east -Terrain: - a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to - Italy, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the east -Natural resources: - lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 45% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals and - toxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from air - pollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject to - flooding and earthquakes - -*Slovenia, People - -Population: - 1,967,655 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.23% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 11.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 74 years - male: - 70.08 years - female: - 78.13 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Slovene(s) - adjective: - Slovenian -Ethnic divisions: - Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 96% (including 2% Uniate), Muslim 1%, other 3% -Languages: - Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2% -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 786,036 - by occupation: - agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46% - -*Slovenia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Slovenia - conventional short form: - Slovenia - local long form: - Republika Slovenije - local short form: - Slovenija -Digraph: - SI -Type: - emerging democracy -Capital: - Ljubljana -Administrative divisions: - 60 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina) Ajdovscina, Brezice, Celje, - Cerknica, Crnomelj, Dravograd, Gornja Radgona, Grosuplje, Hrastnik Lasko, - Idrija, Ilirska Bistrica, Izola, Jesenice, Kamnik, Kocevje, Koper, Kranj, - Krsko, Lenart, Lendava, Litija, Ljubljana-Bezigrad, Ljubljana-Center, - Ljubljana-Moste-Polje, Ljubljana-Siska, Ljubljana-Vic-Rudnik, Ljutomer, - Logatec, Maribor, Metlika, Mozirje, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, - Ormoz Pesnica, Piran, Postojna, Ptuj, Radlje Ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne Na - Koroskem, Ribnica, Ruse, Sentjur Pri Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skofja Loka, - Slovenj Gradec, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje Pri Jelsah, - Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trzic, Velenje, Vrhnika, Zagorje Ob Savi, Zalec -Independence: - 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) -Constitution: - adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Statehood Day, 25 June -Political parties and leaders: - Slovene Christian Democratics (SKD), Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal - Democratic (LDS), Janez DRNOVSEK, chairman; Social-Democratic Party of - Slovenia (SDSS), Joze PUCNIK, chairman; Socialist Party of Slovenia (SSS), - Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens of Slovenia (ZS), Dusan PLUT, chairman; - National Democratic, Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, - Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman; Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), - Ciril RIBICIC, chairman; United List (former Communists and allies); Slovene - National Party, leader NA; Democratic Party, Igor BAVCAR; Slovene People's - Party (SLS), Ivan OMAN - note: - parties have changed as of the December 1992 elections -Other political or pressure groups: - none -Suffrage: - 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal -Elections: - President: - last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Milan KUCAN - reelected by direct popular vote - State Assembly: - last held 6 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (total 90) LDS 22, SKD 15, United List (former - Communists and allies) 14, Slovene National Party 12, SN 10, Democratic - Party 6, ZS 5, SDSS 4, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1 - -*Slovenia, Government - - State Council: - will become operational after next election in 1996; in the election of 6 - December 1992 40 members were elected to represent local and socio-economic - interests -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet -Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly; consists of the State Assembly and the State - Council; note - State Council will become operational after next election -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Constitutional Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992) -Member of: - CE, CEI, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ernest PETRIC - chancery: - (temporary) 1300 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 828-1650 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador E. Allen WENDT - embassy: - P.O. Box 254; Cankarjeva 11, 61000 Ljubljana - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - [38] (61) 301-427/472 - FAX: - [38] (61) 301-401 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red with the - Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav in white against a blue - background at the center, beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas - and rivers, and around it, there are three six-sided stars arranged in an - inverted triangle); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the flag - centered in the white and blue bands - -*Slovenia, Economy - -Overview: - Slovenia was by far the most prosperous of the former Yugoslav republics, - with a per capita income more than twice the Yugoslav average, indeed not - far below the levels in neighboring Austria and Italy. Because of its strong - ties to Western Europe and the small scale of damage during its fight for - independence from Yugoslavia, Slovenia has the brightest prospects among the - former Yugoslav republics for economic recovery over the next few years. The - dissolution of Yugoslavia, however, has led to severe short-term - dislocations in production, employment, and trade ties. For example, overall - industrial production fell 10% in 1991; particularly hard hit were the iron - and steel, machine-building, chemical, and textile industries. Meanwhile, - the continued fighting in other former Yugoslavian republics has led to - further destruction of long-established trade channels and to an influx of - tens of thousands of Croatian and Bosnian refugees. The key program for - breaking up and privatizing major industrial firms was established in late - 1992. Bright spots for encouraging Western investors are Slovenia's - comparatively well-educated work force, its developed infrastructure, and - its Western business attitudes, but instability in Croatia is a deterrent. - Slovenia in absolute terms is a small economy, and a little Western - investment would go a long way. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $21 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $10,700 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.7% (September 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 10% (April 1992) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $4.12 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 38%, other manufactured goods 44%, - chemicals 9%, food and live animals 4.6%, raw materials 3%, beverages and - tobacco less than 1% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Austria, and Italy -Imports: - $4.679 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactured goods 26.7%, - chemicals 14.5%, raw materials 9.4%, fuels and lubricants 7%, food and live - animals 6% - partners: - principally the other former Yugoslav republics, Germany, successor states - of the former USSR, US, Hungary, Italy, and Austria -External debt: - $2.5 billion -Industrial production: - growth rate -1% per month (1991-92 est.) -Electricity: - 2,900,000 kW capacity; 10,000 million kWh produced, 5,090 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Slovenia, Economy - -Industries: - ferrous metallurgy and rolling mill products, aluminum reduction and rolled - products, lead and zinc smelting, electronics (including military - electronics), trucks, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, - chemicals, machine tools -Agriculture: - dominated by stock breeding (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming; main crops - - potatoes, hops, hemp, flax; an export surplus in these commodities; - Slovenia must import many other agricultural products and has a negative - overall trade balance in this sector -Illicit drugs: - NA -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 tolar (SIT) = 100 NA -Exchange rates: - tolars (SIT) per US$1 - 112 (June 1993), 28 (January 1992) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Slovenia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,200 km, 1.435 m gauge (1991) -Highways: - 14,553 km total; 10,525 km paved, 4,028 km gravel -Inland waterways: - NA -Pipelines: - crude oil 290 km, natural gas 305 km -Ports: - coastal - Koper -Merchant marine: - 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,784 GRT/596,740 DWT; includes 15 - bulk, 7 cargo; all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines except - for 1 bulk under Liberian flag -Airports: - total: - 13 - useable: - 13 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - 130,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 5 FM, 7 TV; 370,000 radios; - 330,000 TVs - -*Slovenia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Slovene Defense Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 512,186; fit for military service 410,594; reach military - age (19) annually 14,970 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 13.5 billion tolars, 4.5% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of the military - budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce - misleading results - -*Solomon Islands, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 28,450 km2 - land area: - 27,540 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 5,313 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather -Terrain: - mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 93% - other: - 4% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active - region with frequent earth tremors -Note: - located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean - -*Solomon Islands, People - -Population: - 372,746 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.46% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 39.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 29 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.13 years - male: - 67.73 years - female: - 72.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Solomon Islander(s) - adjective: - Solomon Islander -Ethnic divisions: - Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese - 0.3%, other 0.4% -Religions: - Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United - (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other Protestant 5% -Languages: - Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca, English spoken by - 1-2% of population - note: - 120 indigenous languages -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 23,448 economically active - by occupation: - agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, construction, - manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) - -*Solomon Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Solomon Islands - former: - British Solomon Islands -Digraph: - BP -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Honiara -Administrative divisions: - 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira,, Malaita, Temotu, -Western -Independence: - 7 July 1978 (from UK) -Constitution: - 7 July 1978 -Legal system: - common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 7 July (1978) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), leader NA; Solomon Islands - Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress - (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Parliament: - last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held 26 May 1993); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, - independents 9 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Sir George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general - since 7 July 1988) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister - Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - IOC, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: - (vacant); ambassador traditionally resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands) -US diplomatic representation: - Ambassador Robert W. FARRAND - embassy: - Mud Alley, Honiara - -*Solomon Islands, Government - - mailing address: - American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara - telephone: - (677) 23890 - FAX: - (677) 23488 -Flag: - divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; - the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars - arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green - -*Solomon Islands, Economy - -Overview: - About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and - forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and - forestry contribute about 70% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors - being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to - GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The - islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, - nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 - that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $200 million (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $600 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 14.3% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $48 million; expenditures $107 million, including capital - expenditures of $45 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $74.2 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5% - partners: - Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) -Imports: - $87.1 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16% - partners: - Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, - China 3% (1985) -External debt: - $128 million (1988 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, fish (tuna) -Agriculture: - including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 70% of GDP; mostly - subsistence farming; cash crops - cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, - timber; other products - rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; - not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 - metric tons was exported (1988) -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), - $250 million -Currency: - 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.1211 (January 1993), 2.9281 - (1992), 2.7148 (1991), 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Solomon Islands, Communications - -Highways: - about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km paved, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 - private logging and plantation roads of varied construction -Ports: - Honiara, Ringi Cove -Airports: - total: - 30 - usable: - 29 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean - INTELSAT earth station - -*Solomon Islands, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Somalia, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern Indian Ocean, south of the - Arabian Peninsula -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 637,660 km2 - land area: - 627,340 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 2,366 km, Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya 682 km -Coastline: - 3,025 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 200 nm -International disputes: - southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative - Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to - Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic - Somalis -Climate: - desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon - (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) - between monsoons -Terrain: - mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north -Natural resources: - uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, - copper, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 46% - forest and woodland: 14% - other: - 38% -Irrigated land: - 1,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el - Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal - -*Somalia, People - -Population: - 6,514,629 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 41.95 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 28.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 162.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 32.91 years - male: - 32.86 years - female: - 32.95 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Somali(s) - adjective: - Somali -Ethnic divisions: - Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 -Religions: - Sunni Muslim -Languages: - Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 24% - male: - 36% - female: - 14% -Labor force: - 2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers) - by occupation: - pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, - and other 30% - note: - 53% of population of working age (1985) - -*Somalia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Somalia - former: - Somali Republic -Digraph: - SO -Type: - none -Capital: - Mogadishu -Administrative divisions: - 18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, - Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, - Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi - Galbeed -Independence: - 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent - from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became - independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to - form the Somali Republic) -Constitution: - 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - NA -Political parties and leaders: - the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January - 1991; formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party - (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. - Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre -Other political or pressure groups: - numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results - President SIAD - was reelected without opposition - People's Assembly: - last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results - SRSP was the only - party; seats - (177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note - the United Somali - Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 - January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically - elected government will be established -Executive branch: - president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga); non-functioning -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (non-functioning) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Interim President ALI MAHDI Mohamed (since 27 January 1991) - -*Somalia, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) - chancery: - Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 342-1575 - consulate general: - New York - note: - Somalian Embassy ceased operations on 8 May 1991 -US diplomatic representation: - the US Embassy in Mogadishu was evacuated and closed indefinitely in January - 1991; United States Liaison Office (USLO) opened in December 1992 -Flag: - light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based - on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) - -*Somalia, Economy - -Overview: - One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few - resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil - war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for - about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and seminomads who - are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods make up more than half of - the population. Crop production generates only 10% of GDP and employs about - 20% of the work force. The main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and - corn are grown for the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based - on the processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of - GDP. Greatly increased political turmoil in 1991-92 has resulted in a - substantial drop in output, with widespread famine. -National product: - $NA -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $NA - commodities: - bananas, livestock, fish, hides, skins - partners: - Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) -Imports: - $NA - commodities: - petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials - partners: - US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1989) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%, accounts for NA% of GDP -Electricity: - former public power capacity of 75,000 kW is completely shut down by the - destruction of the civil war; UN, relief organizations, and foreign military - units in Somalia use their own portable power systems -Industries: - a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum - refining; probably shut down by the widespread destruction during the civil - war -Agriculture: - dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops - - bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; - distribution of food disrupted by civil strife; fishing potential largely - unexploited -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 - million - -*Somalia, Economy - -Currency: - 1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 centesimi -Exchange rates: - Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 4,200 (December 1992), 3,800.00 - (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Somalia, Communications - -Highways: - 22,500 km total; including 2,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, and 16,800 km - improved earth or stabilized soil (1992) -Pipelines: - crude oil 15 km -Ports: - Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Bender Cassim (Boosaaso) -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/8,718 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 69 - usable: - 48 - with permanent-surface runways: - 8 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 20 -Telecommunications: - the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled - by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own - private systems (1993) - -*Somalia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,596,380; fit for military service 897,660 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*South Africa, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, at the extreme southern tip of the continent -Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 1,221,040 km2 - land area: - 1,221,040 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Texas - note: - includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island -Land boundaries: - total 4,973 km, Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, - Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km -Coastline: - 2,881 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered - by South Africa; South Africa and Namibia have agreed to jointly administer - the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to be covered by joint - administration arrangements have not been established at this time; and - Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty over the entire - area -Climate: - mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights -Terrain: - vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain -Natural resources: - gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, - tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 65% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 21% -Irrigated land: - 11,280 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water - conservation and control measures -Note: - Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely - surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland - -*South Africa, People - -Population: - 42,792,804 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.63% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 48.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 64.81 years - male: - 62.07 years - female: - 67.63 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.4 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - South African(s) - adjective: - South African -Ethnic divisions: - black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% -Religions: - Christian (most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks), Hindu (60% of - Indians), Muslim 20% -Languages: - Afrikaans (official), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa, North Sotho, South - Sotho, Tswana, and many other vernacular languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 76% - male: - 78% - female: - 75% -Labor force: - 13.4 million economically active (1990) - by occupation: - services 55%, agriculture 10%, industry 20%, mining 9%, other 6% - -*South Africa, Government - -Names: conventional long form: - Republic of South Africa - conventional short form: - South Africa -Abbreviation: - RSA -Digraph: - SF -Type: - republic -Capital: - Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judicial) -Administrative divisions: - 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 - homelands not recognized by the US - 4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, - Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, - Lebowa, QwaQwa) -Independence: - 31 May 1910 (from UK) -Constitution: - 3 September 1984 -Legal system: - based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Republic Day, 31 May (1910) -Political parties and leaders: - white political parties and leaders: - National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative - Party (CP), leader NA (official opposition party); Democratic Party (DP), - Zach DE BEER; Afrikaner Volksunie (AVU), Andries BEYERS - Colored political parties and leaders (see Note): - Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); National Party (NP); - Democratic Party (DP); Freedom Party - Indian political parties and leaders: - Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), - Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party - note: - the Democratic Reform Party (DRP) and the United Democratic Party (UDP) were - disbanded in May 1991 -Other political or pressure groups: - African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Inkatha Freedom - Party (IFP), Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), - Clarence MAKWETU, president -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal, but voting rights are racially based -Elections: - House of Assembly (whites): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by NA March 1995); results - NP - 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats - (178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; - note - by February 1992, because of byelections, splits, and defections, - changes in number of seats held by parties were as follows: NP 102, CP 36, - DP 28, AVU 5, independent 7 - -*South Africa, Government - - House of Representatives (Coloreds): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, - DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; note - by October 1992 many - representatives had changed their allegiance causing the following changes - in seating: NP 44, LP 27, DP 6, Freedom Party 1, independents 6, vacant 1 - House of Delegates (Indians): - last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held no later than March 1995); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total, 40 elected) - Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, independents 6, other 6; note - - due to delegates changing party affiliation, seating as of October 1992 - is as follows: Solidarity 25, NPP 7, Merit People's Party 2, other 8, - independents 3 - note: - tentative agreement to hold national election open to all races for a - 400-seat constitutient assembly on 27 April 1994 -Executive branch: - state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the - three houses of Parliament) -Legislative branch: - tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly - (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; - Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - State President Frederik Willem DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) -Member of: - BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO (suspended), ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, - INTELSAT, ISO, ITU (suspended), LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO (suspended) -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ - chancery: - 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-4400 - consulates general: - Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Princeton N. LYMAN - embassy: - Thibault House, 225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria - telephone: - [27] (12) 28-4266 - FAX: - [27] (12) 21-9278 - consulates general: - Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg -Flag: - actually four flags in one - three miniature flags reproduced in the center - of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands, which has three - equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags - are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal - flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old - Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side - -*South Africa, Economy - -Overview: - Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, - material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of - Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from - the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment and lack of - job skills. The main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral - resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. Economic developments in the - 1990s will be driven partly by the changing relations among the various - ethnic groups. The shrinking economy in recent years has absorbed less than - 10% of the more than 300,000 workers entering the labor force annually. - Local economists estimate that the economy must grow between 5% and 6% in - real terms annually to absorb all of the new entrants. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -2% (1992) -National product per capita: - $2,800 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 13.9% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 45% (well over 50% in some homeland areas) (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $28 billion; expenditures $36 billion, including capital - expenditures of $3 billion (FY93 est.) -Exports: - $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - gold 27%, other minerals and metals 20-25%, food 5%, chemicals 3% - partners: - Italy, Japan, US, Germany, UK, other EC countries, Hong Kong -Imports: - $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, - scientific instruments - partners: - Germany, Japan, UK, US, Italy -External debt: - $18 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 46,000,000 kW capacity; 180,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile - assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, - fertilizer, foodstuffs -Agriculture: - accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified - agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products - cattle, poultry, sheep, - wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 rand (R) = 100 cents - -*South Africa, Economy - -Exchange rates: - rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863 - (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*South Africa, Communications - -Railroads: - 20,638 km route distance total; 20,324 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage - (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm - gauge; substantial electrification of 1.067 meter gauge -Highways: - 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or - improved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 km -Ports: - Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, - Walvis Bay -Merchant marine: - 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4 - container, 1 vehicle carrier -Airports: - total: - 899 - usable: - 713 - with permanent-surface runways: - 136 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 221 -Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity - in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, - radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key - centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, - and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM, - 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT - and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -*South Africa, Defense Forces - -Branches: - South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical - Services), South African Police (SAP) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 10,294,211; fit for military service 6,279,190; reach - military age (18) annually 425,477 (1993 est.); obligation for service in - Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; black and white volunteers for - service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation for white - conscripts is one year; figures include the so-called homelands not - recognized by the US -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, about 2.5% of GDP (FY93 budget) - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the south Argentine coast, southeast of the - Falkland Islands -Map references: - Antarctic Region -Area: - total area: - 4,066 km2 - land area: - 4,066 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Rhode Island - note: - includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - NA km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: 12 nm -International disputes: - administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina -Climate: - variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with - periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow -Terrain: - most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and - mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered - mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some - active volcanoes -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation - consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather - conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich - Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism -Note: - the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good - anchorage - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous population; there is a small military garrison on South - Georgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird - Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands - conventional short form: - none -Digraph: - SX -Type: dependent territory of the UK -Capital: - none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - 3 October 1985 -Legal system: - English common law -National holiday: - Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) -Executive branch: - British monarch, commissioner -Legislative branch: - none -Judicial branch: - none -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner - David Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; resident at Stanley, Falkland - Islands) - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of - income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from - postage stamps produced in the UK. -Budget: - revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of - $NA (FY88 est.) -Electricity: - 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992) - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Communications - -Highways: - NA -Ports: - Grytviken on South Georgia -Airports: - total: - 5 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations - -*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Spain, Geography - -Location: - Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the - Mediterranean Sea, between Portugal and France -Map references: - Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 504,750 km2 - land area: - 499,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Oregon - note: - includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty - (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila, - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera -Land boundaries: - total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal - 1,214 km -Coastline: - 4,964 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty - (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves - of Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands of - Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas -Climate: - temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along - coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast -Terrain: - large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in - north -Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, - lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower -Land use: - arable land: - 31% - permanent crops: - 10% - meadows and pastures: - 21% - forest and woodland: - 31% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: - 33,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation; air pollution -Note: - strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar - -*Spain, People - -Population: - 39,207,159 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.24% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.51 years - male: - 74.22 years - female: - 81.04 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Spaniard(s) - adjective: - Spanish -Ethnic divisions: - composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types -Religions: - Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% -Languages: - Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 95% - male: - 97% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 14.621 million - by occupation: - services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988) - -*Spain, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Spain - conventional short form: - Spain - local short form: - Espana -Digraph: - SP -Type: - parliamentary monarchy -Capital: - Madrid -Administrative divisions: - 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad - autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La - Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, - Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco - note: - there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, - Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la - Gomera) with administrative status unknown -Independence: - 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) -Constitution: - 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 -Legal system: - civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 12 October -Political parties and leaders: - principal national parties, from right to left: - Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Rafael - Calvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ - Marquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia - DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) a - coalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and other - small parties, leader NA - chief regional parties: - Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque - Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos - GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left - (EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of the - PSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), Xabier - GURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group - (AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union - (UV), leader NA -Other political or pressure groups: - on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First - of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the - government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the - Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union - of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); - the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university - students -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*Spain, Government - -Elections: - Senate: - last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, - PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5 - Congress of Deputies: - last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE - 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%; - seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, - other 11 -Executive branch: - monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime - minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State -Legislative branch: - bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) - consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress - of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime - Minister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991) -Member of: - AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, - EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC, - NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM - II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseley - chancery: - 2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 265-0190 or 0191 - consulates general: - Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San - Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr. - embassy: - Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid - mailing address: - PSC 61, APO AE 09642 - telephone: - [34] (1) 577-4000 - FAX: - [34] (1) 577-5735 - consulate general: - Barcelona - consulate: - Bilbao - -*Spain, Government - -Flag: - three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the - national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms - includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two - promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the - Strait of Gibraltar - -*Spain, Economy - -Overview: - Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domestic - investments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in - 1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade and - capital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two years - ahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetary - policy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwide - decline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992. - Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects a - recovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth in - Germany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements caused - by structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - has - pushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many people - listed as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government can - stick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms, - the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 1% (1992) -National product per capita: - $13,200 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 19% (yearend 1992) -Budget: - revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) -Exports: - $62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinery - partners: - EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991) -Imports: - $100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, - consumer goods, chemicals - partners: - EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991) -External debt: - $67.5 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and - metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, - tourism -Agriculture: - accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain, - vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, - poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million - metric tons is among top 20 nations - -*Spain, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the - European market -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not - currently a recipient -Currency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos -Exchange rates: - pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 - (1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Spain, Communications - -Railroads: - 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all - 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE - (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly - 1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918 - km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double - track) -Highways: - 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access - divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate - bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local - roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) -Inland waterways: - 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance -Pipelines: - crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 km -Ports: - Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon - de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La - Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa - Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports -Merchant marine: - 242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes - 2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12 - container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14 - chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulk -Airports: - total: - 105 - usable: - 99 - with permanent-surface runways: - 60 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 22 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcast - stations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22 - coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stations - operating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT, - and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links - -*Spain, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal Civil - Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reach - military age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992) - -*Spratly Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the South China Sea, between Vietnam and the Philippines -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia -Area: - total area: - NA km2 but less than 5 km2 - land area: - less than 5 km2 - comparative area: - NA - note: - includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the - South China Sea -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 926 km -Maritime claims: - NA -International disputes: - all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts - of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Brunei - established an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, but - has not publicly claimed the island -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - flat -Natural resources: - fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and - coral reefs -Note: - strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central - South China Sea; serious navigational hazard - -*Spratly Islands, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered garrisons - -*Spratly Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Spratly Islands -Digraph: - PG - -*Spratly Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing; proximity to nearby oil- - and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas - deposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliable - estimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be - developed. -Industries: - none - -*Spratly Islands, Communications - -Ports: - no natural harbors -Airports: - total: - 4 - usable: - 4 with permanent-surfaced runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 - -*Spratly Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the - Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam - -*Sri Lanka, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the Indian - Ocean -Map references: - Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 65,610 km2 - land area: - 64,740 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,340 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon - (June to October) -Terrain: - mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior -Natural resources: - limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay -Land use: arable land: - 16% - permanent crops: - 17% - meadows and pastures: - 7% - forest and woodland: - 37% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 5,600 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion -Note: - strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes - -*Sri Lanka, People - -Population: - 17,838,190 (July 1993 est.) - note: - since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamil - separatists in the mid 1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians have - fled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 were housed in refugee - camps in south India, another 95,000 lived outside the Indian camps, and - more than 200,000 Tamils have sought political asylum in the West; fewer - than 10,000 Tamils have been successfully repatriated to Sri Lanka -Population growth rate: - 1.11% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 18.71 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 22.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.51 years - male: - 68.94 years - female: - 74.21 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.13 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Sri Lankan(s) - adjective: - Sri Lankan -Ethnic divisions: - Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1% -Religions: - Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% -Languages: - Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18% - note: - English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about 10% of the - population -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 88% - male: - 93% - female: - 84% -Labor force: - 6.6 million - by occupation: - agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport - 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) - -*Sri Lanka, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka - conventional short form: - Sri Lanka - former: - Ceylon -Digraph: - CE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Colombo -Administrative divisions: - 8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, - Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western -Independence: - 4 February 1948 (from UK) -Constitution: - 31 August 1978 -Legal system: - a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, - Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) -Political parties and leaders: - United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Sri Lanka Freedom - Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. - M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's - United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam - Democratic Front (EDF), Edward SEBASTIAN PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation - Front (TULF), leader NA; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students - (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama - Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, - or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party - (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party, - K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; Democratic - United National Front (DUNF), Lalith ATHULATHMUDALI and Gamini DISSANAYAKE - note: - the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and - CP/B -Other political or pressure groups: - Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist - groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front and - several other radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups); Buddhist clergy; - Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results - - Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%; - note - following the assassination of President PREMADASA on 1 May 1993, - Prime Minister WIJETUNGA became acting president; on 7 May 1993, he was - confirmed by a vote of Parliament to finish out the term of the assassinated - president - -*Sri Lanka, Government - - Parliament: - last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results - - UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; - seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA (since 7 May 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 7 May 1993) -Member of: - AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ananda GURUGE - chancery: - 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: (202) 483-4025 through 4028 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFER - embassy: - 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 - mailing address: - P. O. Box 106, Colombo - telephone: - [94] (1) 44-80-07 - FAX: - [94] (1) 43-73-45 -Flag: - yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical - bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red - rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf - in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the - entire flag and extends between the two panels - -*Sri Lanka, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half of - the labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation crops - of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. The - economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. - Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in - 1991-92 as domestic conditions began to improve and conditions for foreign - investment brightened. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.75 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $440 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 10% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1991 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital - expenditures of $500 million (1992) -Exports: - $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - textiles and garments, teas, petroleum products, coconuts, rubber, other - agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products, graphite - partners: - US 27.4%, Germany, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China -Imports: - $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum and petroleum - products, machinery and equipment - partners: - Japan, Iran, US 5.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UK -External debt: - $5.7 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; - cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing -Agriculture: - accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important - staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses, - oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products - - milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 - million -Currency: - 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 46.342 (January 1993), 43.687 (1992), - 41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988) - -*Sri Lanka, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Sri Lanka, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no - electrification; government owned -Highways: - 75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 - km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; - several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) -Inland waterways: - 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft -Pipelines: - crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987) -Ports: - Colombo, Trincomalee -Merchant marine: - 27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,074 GRT/443,266 DWT; includes 12 - cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 bulk -Airports: - total: - 14 - usable: - 13 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 8 -Telecommunications: - very inadequate domestic service, good international service; 114,000 - telephones (1982); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables - extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Sri Lanka, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,779,221; fit for military service 3,730,737; reach - military age (18) annually 178,032 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $365 million, 4.7% of GDP (1992) - -*Sudan, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, along the Red Sea, between Egypt and Ethiopia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,505,810 km2 - land area: - 2.376 million km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US -Land boundaries: - total 7,697 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt - 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, - Zaire 628 km -Coastline: - 853 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 18 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international - boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with - international boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of - 20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993 -Climate: - tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) -Terrain: - generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west -Natural resources: - small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, - mica, silver -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 24% - forest and woodland: - 20% - other: - 51% -Irrigated land: - 18,900 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification -Note: - largest country in Africa - -*Sudan, People - -Population: - 28,730,381 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.38% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 42.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 81.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 53.85 years - male: - 53 years - female: - 54.73 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Sudanese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Sudanese -Ethnic divisions: - black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly in - south and Khartoum) -Languages: - Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, - Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English - note: - program of Arabization in process -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 27% - male: - 43% - female: - 12% -Labor force: - 6.5 million - by occupation: - agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6% - note: - labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); - 52% of population of working age (1985) - -*Sudan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of the Sudan - conventional short form: - Sudan - local long form: - Jumhuriyat as-Sudan - local short form: - As-Sudan - former: - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan -Digraph: - SU -Type: - military civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June - 1989 coup -Capital: - Khartoum -Administrative divisions: - 9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*,, Al Istiwa'iyah*,, -Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al, Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan -Independence: - 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK) -Constitution: - 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim - constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 -Legal system: - based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the - Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states - of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and - Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic - law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states - regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 January (1956) -Political parties and leaders: - none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup -Other political or pressure groups: - National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABI -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Executive branch: - executive and legislative authority vested in a 10-member Revolutionary - Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July - 1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function - as advisers - note: - Lt. Gen. BASHIR's military government is dominated by members of Sudan's - National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from - the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader Hasan al-TURABI controls - Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies - -*Sudan, Government - -Legislative branch: - appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1 - January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislative - authority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of national - elections -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar - Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command - Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed - (since 9 July 1989) -Member of: - ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, - ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, - WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador 'Abdalla Ahmad 'ABDALLA - chancery: - 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 338-8565 through 8570 - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSON - embassy: - Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum - mailing address: - P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO AE 09829 - telephone: - 74700 or 74611 - FAX: - Telex 22619 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green - isosceles triangle based on the hoist side - -*Sudan, Economy - -Overview: - Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse - weather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, and - counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by - governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The - private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with - most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is - agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes - agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, - attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per - capita income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearages - continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took - the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpayment - of arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent government efforts to - implement reforms urged by the IMF and the World Bank, the economy remained - stagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks. - Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production in - northern Sudan after two years of drought. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion (FY92 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 9% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $184 (FY92 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 150% (FY92 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (FY92 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $315 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) - commodities: - cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts - partners: - Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% - (FY88) -Imports: - $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, - medicines and chemicals, textiles - partners: - Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) -External debt: - $15 billion (June 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 4.8%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY92) -Electricity: - 610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, - shoes, petroleum refining -Agriculture: - accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds - of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products - - cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally - self-sufficient in most foods - -*Sudan, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 - million -Currency: - 1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 124 (January 1993), 90.1 - (March 1992), 5.4288 (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987); - note - free market rate 155 (January 1993) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Sudan, Communications - -Railroads: - 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge - plantation line -Highways: - 20,703 km total; 2,000 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 km - improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track -Inland waterways: - 5,310 km navigable -Pipelines: - refined products 815 km -Ports: - Port Sudan, Sawakin -Merchant marine: - 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off -Airports: - total: - 68 - usable: - 56 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 30 -Telecommunications: - large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and - poorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave radio relay, - cable, radio communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite system - with 14 stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations - for international traffic - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT - -*Sudan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,488,864; fit for military service 3,986,084; reach - military age (18) annually 301,573 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Suriname, Geography - -Location: - Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between French - Guiana and Guyana -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 163,270 km2 - land area: - 161,470 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Georgia -Land boundaries: - total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km -Coastline: - 386 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini - (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper - Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds -Terrain: - mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps -Natural resources: - timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small - amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 97% - other: - 3% -Irrigated land: - 590 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - mostly tropical rain forest - -*Suriname, People - -Population: - 416,321 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.54% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: -4.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.14 years - male: - 66.65 years - female: - 71.76 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Surinamer(s) - adjective: - Surinamese -Ethnic divisions: - Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole (black and mixed) 31%, Javanese 15.3%, - Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other 1.1% -Religions: - Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2% - (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5% -Languages: - Dutch (official), English widely spoken, Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes - called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger - population and is lingua franca among others, Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a - variant of Bhoqpuri), Javanese -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 95% - male: - 95% - female: - 95% -Labor force: - 104,000 (1984) - by occupation: - NA - -*Suriname, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Suriname - conventional short form: - Suriname - local long form: - Republiek Suriname - local short form: - Suriname - former: - Netherlands Guiana Dutch Guiana -Digraph: - NS -Type: - republic -Capital: - Paramaribo -Administrative divisions: - 10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, - Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, - Wanica -Independence: - 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands) -Constitution: - ratified 30 September 1987 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 November (1975) -Political parties and leaders: - The New Front (NF), leader NA, a coalition of four parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI, - SPA); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of - Suriname (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity - (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DARBY; Democratic - Alternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of four parties (AF, - HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; Alternative Forum (AF), - Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalal - PARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), Cipriano - ALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; National Democratic Party (NDP), Desire - BOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir Iwan - KROLIS, chairman; National Republic Party (PNR), Robin RAVALES -Other political or pressure groups: - Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY; - Union for Liberation and Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Saramaccaner Bosneger - Angula Movement, Carlos MAASSI; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement, - Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - elected - by the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules - WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) - National Assembly: - last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent of - vote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, Independent 2 - -*Suriname, Government - -Executive branch: - president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council - of State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintains - significant power -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Ronald R. VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and - Prime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) -Member of: - ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT - chancery: - Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492 - consulate general: - Miami -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD - embassy: - Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribo - mailing address: - P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo - telephone: - [597] 472900, 477881, or 476459 - FAX: - [597] 410025 -Flag: - five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple - width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow - five-pointed star centered in the red band - -*Suriname, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for 15% of - GDP and about 70% of export earnings. The economy has been in trouble since - the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite prices - which started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 was followed - by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that crippled the - important bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since ebbed and the - bauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 reflected - continued political instability and deterred investment and economic reform. - High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, and - hard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.35 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -2.5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,300 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 26% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 16.5% (1990) -Budget: - revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital - expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $417 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas - partners: - Norway 36%, Netherlands 28%, US 11%, Japan 7%, Brazil 5%, UK 5% (1989) -Imports: - $514 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods - partners: - US 41%, Netherlands 24%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 4% (1989) -External debt: - $138 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 27% of GDP -Electricity: - 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 4,920 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, - fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 10.4% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy rice planted on - 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products - - bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp - and forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in most - foods -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion -Currency: - 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rate - until October 1992), 25.04 (January 1992) - -*Suriname, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Suriname, Communications - -Railroads: - 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km - 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track -Highways: - 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or - improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay -Inland waterways: - 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts - ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways -Ports: - Paramaribo, Moengo, Nicuw Nickerie -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 container -Airports: - total: - 46 - usable: - 39 - with permanent-surface runways: - 6 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones; - broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT earth stations - -*Suriname, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force - element), Civil Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 111,716; fit for military service 66,429 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Svalbard, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of Norway) - -*Svalbard, Geography - -Location: - in the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and - Norwegian Sea meet, 445 km north of Norway -Map references: - Arctic Region, Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 62,049 km2 - land area: - 62,049 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia - note: - includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 3,587 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russia - territorial sea: - 4 nm -International disputes: - focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway and - Russia -Climate: - arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; - North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, - keeping water open and navigable most of the year -Terrain: - wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of - ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts -Natural resources: - coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry) -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - great calving glaciers descend to the sea -Note: - northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands; - glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area - -*Svalbard, People - -Population: 3,209 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -2.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years - female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Ethnic divisions: - Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) -Languages: - Russian, Norwegian -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Svalbard, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Svalbard -Digraph: - SV -Type: - territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through - a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 - February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway -Capital: - Longyearbyen -Independence: - none (territory of Norway) -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: NA -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991) - Head of Government: - Governor (vacant) -Member of: - none -Flag: - the flag of Norway is used - -*Svalbard, Economy - -Overview: - Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 - February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to - exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, - Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies - still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard are - essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs - nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local - services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some - trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. -Budget: - revenues $13.3 million; expenditures $13.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Electricity: - 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 13,860 kWh per capita (1992) -Currency: - 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992), - 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988) - -*Svalbard, Communications - -Ports: - limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay -Airports: - total: - 4 - usable: - 4 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations - - 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegian - mainland - -*Svalbard, Defense Forces - -Note: - demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) - -*Swaziland, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 17,360 km2 - land area: - 17,200 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - varies from tropical to near temperate -Terrain: - mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains -Natural resources: - asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and - diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 67% - forest and woodland: - 6% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 620 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa - -*Swaziland, People - -Population: - 906,932 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.18% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 43.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 95.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 55.94 years - male: - 51.97 years - female: - 60.03 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Swazi(s) - adjective: - Swazi -Ethnic divisions: - African 97%, European 3% -Religions: - Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% -Languages: - English (official; government business conducted in English), siSwati - (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 55% - male: - 57% - female: - 54% -Labor force: - 195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage - earners - many only intermittently) - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social service 20%, - manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21% - note: - 15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991) - -*Swaziland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Swaziland - conventional short form: - Swaziland -Digraph: - WZ -Type: - monarchy independent member of Commonwealth -Capital: - Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) -Administrative divisions: - 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni -Independence: - 6 September 1968 (from UK) -Constitution: - none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new - constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally - presented to the people -Legal system: - based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi - traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) -Political parties and leaders: - none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - direct legislative elections rescheduled for June 1993 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate - and a lower house or House of Assembly -Judicial branch: - High Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Obed Mfanyana DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, - IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA - chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 362-6683 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS - embassy: - Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane - -*Swaziland, Government - - mailing address: - P. O. Box 199, Mbabane - telephone: - [268] 46441 through 46445 - FAX: - [268] 45959 -Flag: - three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red - band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white - shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all - placed horizontally - -*Swaziland, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies most of the - labor force and contributes nearly 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes - a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another quarter of GDP. - Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore - deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for - asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of - hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with - Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it - receives 75% of its imports and to which it sends about half of its exports. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $700 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 2.5% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $800 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 13% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $342 million; expenditures $410 million, including capital - expenditures of $130 million (FY94 est.) -Exports: - $575 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit - partners: - South Africa 50% (est.), EC countries, Canada -Imports: - $730 million (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, - foodstuffs, chemicals - partners: - South Africa 75% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK -External debt: - $290 million (1990) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) -Electricity: - 60,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar -Agriculture: - accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence - agriculture; cash crops - sugarcane, cotton, maize, tobacco, rice, citrus - fruit, pineapples; other crops and livestock - corn, sorghum, peanuts, - cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million -Currency: - 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - emalangeni (E) per US$1 -3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), - 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988); note - the Swazi emalangeni is - at par with the South African rand - -*Swaziland, Economy - -Fiscal year: - 1 April - 31 March - -*Swaziland, Communications - -Railroads: - 297 km (plus 71 km disused), 1.067-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized - soil, and 1,113 km improved earth -Airports: - total: - 23 - usable: - 21 - with permanent-surfaced runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity - microwave links; 17,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Swaziland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 197,214; fit for military service 114,097 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $22 million, NA% of GDP (FY93/94) - -*Sweden, Geography - -Location: - Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Norway and Finland -Map references: - Arctic Region, Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 449,964 km2 - land area: - 410,928 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than California -Land boundaries: - total 2,205 km, Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km -Coastline: - 3,218 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy - summers; subarctic in north -Terrain: - mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west -Natural resources: - zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 64% - other: - 27% -Irrigated land: - 1,120 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - water pollution; acid rain -Note: - strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas - -*Sweden, People - -Population: - 8,730,286 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.58% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.96 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 2.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 78.08 years - male: - 75.3 years - female: - 81.02 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.04 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Swede(s) - adjective: - Swedish -Ethnic divisions: - white, Lapp, foreign born or first-generation immigrants 12% (Finns, - Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks) -Religions: - Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% - (1987) -Languages: - Swedish note: - small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native - languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1979) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 4.552 million - by occupation: - community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and manufacturing - 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, insurance 9.0%, - communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, fishing, and forestry - 3.2% (1991) - -*Sweden, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Sweden - conventional short form: - Sweden - local long form: - Konungariket Sverige - local short form: - Sverige -Digraph: - SW -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Stockholm -Administrative divisions: - 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, - Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, - Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads - Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, - Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, - Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, - Vastmanlands Lan -Independence: - 6 June 1809 (constitutional monarchy established) -Constitution: - 1 January 1975 -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June -Political parties and leaders: ruling four-party coalition consists of Moderate Party -(conservative), Carl - BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof - JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social - Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian - WACHTMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Gudrun SCHYMAN; Communist Workers' - Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Riksdag: - last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held NA September 1994); results - - Social Democratic Party 37.6%, Moderate Party (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal - People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New - Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; - seats - (349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate Party (conservative) 80, - Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New - Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note - the Green Party has no seats - in the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral parliament (Riksdag) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) - -*Sweden, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess - VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister - Bengt WESTERBERG (since NA) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM - (cooperating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, - GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTRC, NAM - (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, - UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, - UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Carl Henrik LILJEGREN - chancery: - Suite 1200 and 715, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 944-5600 - FAX: - (202) 342-1319 - consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: - (vacant) - embassy: - Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [46] (8) 783-5300 - FAX: - [46] (8) 661-1964 -Flag: - blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical - part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog - (Danish flag) - -*Sweden, Economy - -Overview: - Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through - World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a - mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has - a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external - communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore - constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented toward - foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial - output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and - exports. In the last few years, however, this extraordinarily favorable - picture has been clouded by inflation, growing unemployment, and a gradual - loss of competitiveness in international markets. Although Prime Minister - BILDT'S center-right minority coalition had hoped to charge ahead with - free-market-oriented reforms, a skyrocketing budget deficit - almost 13% of - GDP in FY94 projections - and record unemployment have forestalled many of - the plans. Unemployment in 1993 is forecast at around 7% with another 5% in - job training. Continued heavy foreign exchange speculation forced the - government to cooperate in late 1992 with the opposition Social Democrats on - two crisis packages - one a severe austerity pact and the other a program to - spur industrial competitiveness - which basically set economic policy - through 1997. In November 1992, Sweden broke its tie to the EC's ECU, and - the krona has since depreciated around 2.5% against the dollar. The - government hopes the boost in export competitiveness from the depreciation - will help lift Sweden out of its 3-year recession. To curb the budget - deficit and bolster confidence in the economy, BILDT continues to propose - cuts in welfare benefits, subsidies, defense, and foreign aid. Sweden - continues to harmonize its economic policies with those of the EC in - preparation for concluding its EC membership bid by 1995. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $145.6 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -1.7% (1992) -National product per capita: - $16,900 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.3% (1992) -Unemployment rate: 5.3% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $70.4 billion; expenditures $82.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92) -Exports: - $56 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel - products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products - partners: - EC 55.8% (Germany 15%, UK 9.7%, Denmark 7.2%, France 5.8%), EFTA 17.4% - (Norway 8.4%, Finland 5.1%), US 8.2%, Central and Eastern Europe 2.5% (1992) -Imports: - $51.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, - foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing - partners: - EC 53.6% (Germany 17.9%, UK 6.3%, Denmark 7.5%, France 4.9%), EFTA (Norway - 6.6%, Finland 6%), US 8.4%, Central and Eastern Europe 3% (1992) -External debt: - $19.5 billion (1992 est.) - -*Sweden, Economy - -Industrial production: - growth rate -3.0% (1992) -Electricity: - 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,500 million kWh produced, 16,560 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, - armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles -Agriculture: - animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for - 37% of farm income; main crops - grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% - self-sufficient in grains and potatoes; Sweden is about 50% self-sufficient - in most products; farming accounted for 1.2% of GDP and 1.9% of jobs in 1990 -Illicit drugs: - increasingly used as transshipment point for Latin American cocaine to - Europe and gateway for Asian heroin shipped via the CIS and Baltic states - for the European market -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion -Currency: - 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore -Exchange rates: - Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 6.8812 (December 1992), 5.8238 (1992), - 6.0475 (1991) 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Sweden, Communications - -Railroads: - 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ) - 10,819 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km - 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately-owned railways - 511 - km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified) and 371 km 0.891-meter - gauge (all electrified) -Highways: - 97,400 km total; 51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved - earth -Inland waterways: - 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges -Pipelines: - natural gas 84 km -Ports: - Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous - secondary and minor ports -Merchant marine: - 179 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,473,769 GRT/3,227,366 DWT; includes - 10 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 13 - vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 32 oil tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 4 - specialized tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk, 1 - combination bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 253 - usable: - 250 - with permanent-surface runways: - 139 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 12 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 94 -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; - mainly coaxial and multiconductor cables carry long-distance network; - parallel microwave network carries primarily radio, TV and some telephone - channels; automatic system; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 360 (mostly - repeaters) FM, 880 (mostly repeaters) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 EUTELSAT - -*Sweden, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Swedish Army, Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,156,720; fit for military service 1,884,121; reach - military age (19) annually 57,383 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $6.7 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*Switzerland, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, between France and Austria -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 41,290 km2 - land area: - 39,770 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey -Land boundaries: - total 1,852 km, Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein - 41 km, Germany 334 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool - to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers -Terrain: - mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau - of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes -Natural resources: - hydropower potential, timber, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 40% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 250 km2 (1989) -Environment: - dominated by Alps -Note: - landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with - southeastern France and northern Italy, contains the highest elevations in - Europe - -*Switzerland, People - -Population: - 6,986,621 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.83% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.24 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 5.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 77.99 years - male: - 74.6 years - female: - 81.54 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.6 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Swiss (singular and plural) - adjective: - Swiss -Ethnic divisions: - total population: - German 65% - French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6% - Swiss nationals: - German 74% - French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) -Languages: - German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4% - note: - these are figures for Swiss nationals only - - German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 3.31 million (904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian) - by occupation: - services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and - forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) - -*Switzerland, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Swiss Confederation - conventional short form: - Switzerland - local long form: - Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German) Confederation Suisse (French) - Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) - local short form: - Schweiz (German) Suisse (French) Svizzera (Italian) -Digraph: - SZ -Type: - federal republic -Capital: - Bern -Administrative divisions: - 26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular - - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau, - Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, - Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, - Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, - Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich -Independence: - 1 August 1291 -Constitution: - 29 May 1874 -Legal system: - civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative - acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory - character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) -Political parties and leaders: - Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic - Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party - (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans - UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile - Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, - president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party - (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean - SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA; Liberal Party (LPS), - Gilbert COUTAU, president -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Council of States: - last held throughout 1991 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (46 total) FDP 18, CVP 16, SVP 4, SPS 3, LPS 3, - LdU 1, Ticino League 1 - National Council: - last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP - 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LdU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, PdA 2, Ticino League 2, other - 2 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Federal Council (German - Bundesrat, French - - Conseil Federal, Italian - Consiglio Federale) - -*Switzerland, Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral Federal Assembly (German - Bundesversammlung, French - Assemblee - Federale, Italian - Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or - Council of States (German - Standerat, French - Conseil des Etats, Italian - - Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German - - Nationalrat, French - Conseil National, Italian - Consiglio Nazionale) -Judicial branch: - Federal Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Adolf OGI (1993 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice - President Otto STICH (term runs concurrently with that of president) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM - (coopeating country), CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NAM - (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNHCR, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER - chancery: - 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 745-7900 - FAX: - (202) 387-2564 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN - embassy: - Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [41] (31) 437-011 - FAX: - [41] (31) 437-344 - branch office: - Geneva - consulate general: - Zurich -Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not - extend to the edges of the flag - -*Switzerland, Economy - -Overview: - Switzerland's economy - one of the most prosperous and stable in the world - - is nonetheless undergoing a painful adjustment after both the inflationary - boom of the late-1980s and the electorate's rejection late last year of - membership in the European Economic Area. Stubborn inflation and a soft - economy have afflicted Switzerland. Despite slow growth in 1991-92, the - Swiss central bank had been unable to ease monetary policy in the past three - years because of the threat to the Swiss franc posed by high German interest - rates. As a result, unemployment is forecast to rise from 3% in 1992 to more - than 4% in 1993, with inflation moving down from 4% to 3%. The voters' - rejection in December 1992 of a referendum on membership in the EEA which - was supported by most political, business, and financial leaders has raised - doubts that the country can maintain its preeminent prosperity and - leadership in commercial banking in the 21st century. Despite these - problems, Swiss per capita output, general living standards, education and - science, health care, and diet remain unsurpassed in Europe. The country has - few natural resources except for the scenic natural beauty that has made it - a world leader in tourism. Management-labor relations remain generally - harmonious. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $152.3 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -0.6% (1992) -National product per capita: - $22,300 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.1% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 3% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $62.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, - textiles and clothing - partners: - Western Europe 64% (EC countries 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% -Imports: - $68.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, - textiles, construction materials - partners: - Western Europe 78% (EC countries 71%, other 7%), US 6% -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: growth rate 0.4% (1991 est.) -Electricity: - 17,710,000 kW capacity; 56,000 million kWh produced, 8,200 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments -Agriculture: - dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient in food; must - import fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, - fruits, vegetables, meat - -*Switzerland, Economy - -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion -Currency: - 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi -Exchange rates: - Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4781 (January 1993), - 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Switzerland, Communications - -Railroads: - 4,418 km total; 3,073 km are government owned and 1,345 km are nongovernment - owned; the government network consists of 2,999 km 1.435-meter standard - gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% - electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 510 km 1.435-meter - standard gauge, and 835 km 1.000-meter gauge, 100% electrified -Highways: - 62,145 km total (all paved); 18,620 km are canton, 1,057 km are national - highways (740 km autobahn), 42,468 km are communal roads -Inland waterways: - 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable - lakes -Pipelines: - crude oil 314 km, natural gas 1,506 km -Ports: - Basel (river port) -Merchant marine: - 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 308,725 GRT/548,244 DWT; includes 5 - cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8 - bulk, 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 66 - usable: - 65 - with permanent-surface runways: - 42 with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 18 -Telecommunications: - excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 - telephones; extensive cable and microwave networks; broadcast stations - 7 - AM, 265 FM, 18 (1,322 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth station - operating in the INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean) system - -*Switzerland, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (Air Force is part of the Army), Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,852,213; fit for military service 1,590,308; reach - military age (20) annually 44,124 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $3.5 billion, 1.7% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Syria, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, along the Mediterranean Sea, between Turkey and Lebanon -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 185,180 km2 - land area: - 184,050 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than North Dakota - note: - includes 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory -Land boundaries: - total 2,253 km, Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, - Turkey 822 km -Coastline: - 193 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 41 nm - territorial sea: - 35 nm -International disputes: - separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli - occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over - Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by - Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Syrian troops in northern - Lebanon since October 1976 -Climate: - mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy - winters (December to February) along coast -Terrain: - primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in - west -Natural resources: - petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock - salt, marble, gypsum -Land use: - arable land: - 28% - permanent crops: - 3% - meadows and pastures: - 46% - forest and woodland: - 3% - other: - 20% -Irrigated land: - 6,700 km2 (1989) -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - -*Syria, People - -Population: - 14,338,527 (July 1993 est.) - note: - in addition, there are at least 14,500 Druze and 14,000 Jewish settlers in - the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.76% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 44.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 43.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 66.12 years - male: - 65.07 years - female: - 67.22 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Syrian(s) - adjective: - Syrian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian - (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and - Aleppo) -Languages: - Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French widely - understood -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 64% - male: - 78% - female: - 51% -Labor force: - 2.951 million (1989) - by occupation: - miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and - construction 32%; note - shortage of skilled labor (1984) - -*Syria, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Syrian Arab Republic - conventional short form: - Syria - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah - local short form: - Suriyah - former: - United Arab Republic (with Egypt) -Digraph: - SY -Type: - republic under leftwing military regime since March 1963 -Capital: - Damascus -Administrative divisions: - 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, - Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, - Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus -Independence: - 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration) -Constitution: 13 March 1973 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 17 April (1946) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the - Progressive National is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and - members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP); Arab Socialist Union - (ASU); Syrian Communist Party (SCP); Arab Socialist Unionist Movement; and - Democratic Socialist Union Party -Other political or pressure groups: - non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist party - ineffective; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held December 1998); results - - President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected for a fourth seven-year term with - 99.98% of the vote - People's Council: - last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - Ba'th - 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, - Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats - (250 - total) Ba'th 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, - Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; note - the People's - Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election -Executive branch: - president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime - ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) - -*Syria, Government - -Judicial branch: - Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, - State Security Courts -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971 see note); Vice Presidents - 'Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rif'at al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since - 11 March 1984); note - President ASAD seized power in the November 1970 - coup, assumed presidential powers 22 February 1971, and was confirmed as - president in the 12 March 1971 national elections - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Mahmud ZU'BI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister - Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim - YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Rashid AKHTARINI - (since 4 July 1992) -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Walid MOUALEM - chancery: - 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 232-6313 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS - embassy: - Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No. 2, Damascus - mailing address: - P. O. Box 29, Damascus - telephone: - [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232 - FAX: - [963] (11) 718687 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small - green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; - similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band and of Iraq, - which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal - line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which - has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band - -*Syria, Economy - -Overview: - Syria's state-dominated Ba'thist economy has benefited from the Gulf war, - increased oil production, good weather, and economic deregulation. Economic - growth averaged nearly 12% annually in 1990-91, buoyed by increased oil - production and improved agricultural performance. The Gulf war of early 1991 - provided Syria an aid windfall of nearly $5 billion dollars from Arab, - European, and Japanese donors. These inflows more than offset Damascus's - war-related costs and will help Syria cover some of its debt arrears, - restore suspended credit lines, and initiate selected military and civilian - purchases. In 1992 the government spurred economic development by loosening - controls on domestic and foreign investment while maintaining strict - political controls. For the long run, Syria's economy is still saddled with - a large number of poorly performing public sector firms and industrial and - agricultural productivity is poor. A major long-term concern is the - additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and - irrigation projects are completed by mid-decade. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $30 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 9% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,300 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 5.7% (1989) -Budget: - revenues $5.4 billion; expenditures $7.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $2.9 billion (1991 est.) -Exports: - $3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 45%, farm products 11%, textiles, phosphates 5% (1990) - partners: - USSR and Eastern Europe 44%, EC 34%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 1% (1990) -Imports: - $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs and beverages 21%, machinery 15%, metal and metal products 15%, - textiles 7%, petroleum products (1990) - partners: - EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 11%, Arab - countries 6% (1990) -External debt: - $5.3 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6% (1991 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,205,000 kW capacity; 11,900 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, - petroleum -Agriculture: - accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops - (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rain-watered - land causing wide swings in production; animal products - beef, lamb, eggs, - poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products - -*Syria, Economy - -Illicit drugs: - a transit country for Lebanese and Turkish refined cocaine going to Europe - and heroin and hashish bound for the Persian Gulf area -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) - ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.23 billion; OPEC bilateral - aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; former Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 - billion -Currency: - 1 Syrian pound (#S) = 100 piasters -Exchange rates: - Syrian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 22.0 (promotional rate since 1991), 22.0 - (official rate since 1991), 42.0 (official parallel rate since 1991), - 11.2250 (fixed rate 1987-90) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Syria, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,998 km total; 1,766 km standard gauge, 232 km 1.050-meter (narrow) gauge -Highways: - 29,000 km total; 670 km expressways; 5,000 km main or national roads; 23,330 - km secondary or regional roads (not including municipal roads); 22,680 km of - the total is paved (1988) -Inland waterways: - 870 km; minimal economic importance -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,304 km, petroleum products 515 km -Ports: - Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas, Jablah -Merchant marine: - 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 117,247 GRT/183,607 DWT; includes 36 - cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 3 bulk -Airports: - total: - 104 - usable: - 100 - with permanent-surface runways: - 24 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 21 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 3 -Telecommunications: - fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital - upgrades, including fiber optic technology; 512,600 telephones (37 - telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 9 AM, 1 FM, 17 TV; - satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Intersputnik; 1 - submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, - Lebanon, and Turkey - -*Syria, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air - Defense Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 3,168,429; fit for military service 1,777,413; reach - military age (19) annually 151,102 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.2 billion, 6% of GDP (1992) - -*Taiwan, Geography - -Location: - East Asia, off the southeastern coast of China, between Japan and the - Philippines -Map references: - Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia -Area: - total area: - 35,980 km2 - land area: - 32,260 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Maryland and Delaware combined - note: - includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 1,448 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, - Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by - China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered - Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan -Climate: - tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); - cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year -Terrain: - eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in - west -Natural resources: - small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos -Land use: - arable land: - 24% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 5% - forest and woodland: - 55% - other: - 15% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to earthquakes and typhoons - -*Taiwan, People - -Population: - 21,091,663 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.04 years - male: - 71.84 years - female: - 78.39 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.81 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Chinese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Chinese -Ethnic divisions: - Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% -Religions: - mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% -Languages: - Madarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 86% - male: - 93% - female: - 79% -Labor force: - 7.9 million - by occupation: - industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil - administration 7% (1989) - -*Taiwan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: Taiwan - local long form: - none - local short form: - T'ai-wan -Digraph: - TW -Type: - multiparty democratic regime; opposition political parties legalized in - March, 1989 -Capital: - Taipei -Administrative divisions: - some of the ruling party in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; - in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 - provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular, and plural) - -Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province - including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island, of Taiwan and the -Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced - administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province - 16 counties (hsien, - singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2, special -municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua,, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*,, -Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan,, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu,, -P'ing-tung, - T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**,, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and -Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at - Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un - note: - Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization -Constitution: - 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision -Legal system: - based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with - reservations -National holiday: - National Day, 10 October (1911) (Anniversary of the Revolution) -Political parties and leaders: - Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic - Progressive Party (DPP); China Social Democratic Party (CSDP); Labor Party - (LP) -Other political or pressure groups: - Taiwan independence movement, various environmental groups - note: - debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of - domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased - representation of the opposition Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan's - legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; - advocates of Taiwan independence, both within the DPP and the ruling - Kuomintang, oppose the ruling party's traditional stand that the island will - eventually unify with mainland China; the aims of the Taiwan independence - movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the - UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World - United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation - Building - -*Taiwan, Government - -Suffrage: - 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - President - LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly - Vice President: - last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - LI - Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly - Legislative Yuan: - last held 19 December 1992 (next to be held near the end of 1995); results - - KMT 60%, DPP 31%, independents 9%; seats - (304 total, 161 elected) KMT 96, - DPP 50, independents 15 - National Assembly: - first National Assembly elected in November 1946 with a supplementary - election in December 1986; second and present National Assembly elected in - December 1991; seats - 403 total, KMT 318, DPP 75, other 10; (next election - to be held in 1997) -Executive branch: - president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of - the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Yuan and unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Judicial Yuan -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu - (since 20 May 1990) - Head of Government: - Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) LIEN Chan (since 23 February - 1993); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) HSU Li-teh (since - 23 February 1993) -Member of: - expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 - and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; - expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; - attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, - but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development, APEC, - AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC -Diplomatic representation in US: - none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US - are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council - for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field - offices in Washington and 10 other US cities -US diplomatic representation: - unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are - maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan - (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7, Lane 134, Hsiu Yi Road, Section 3, - telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, - telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at - Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 - Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 -Flag: - red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a - white sun with 12 triangular rays - -*Taiwan, Economy - -Overview: - Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government - guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of - some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about - 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster - and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes - about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 - among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are - steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive - industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand, - Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The tightening of labor markets - has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. -National product: - GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $209 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6.7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $10,000 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.4% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 1.6% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $82.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - electrical machinery 18.5%, textiles 14.7%, general machinery and equipment - 17.7%, footwear 4.5%, foodstuffs 1.1%, plywood and wood products 1.1% (1992 - est.) - partners: - US 29.1%, Hong Kong 18.7%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) -Imports: - $72.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment 15.8%, chemicals 10.0%, crude oil 4.2%, foodstuffs - 2.1% (1992 est.) - partners: - Japan 30.3%, US 21.9%, EC countries 17.1% (1992 est.) -External debt: - $620 million (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 6.5% (1992 est.); accounts for more than 40% of GDP -Electricity: - 18,382,000 kW capacity; 98,500 million kWh produced, 4,718 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar - milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum refining -Agriculture: - accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); - heavily subsidized sector; major crops - vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; - livestock - hogs, poultry, beef, milk; not self-sufficient in wheat, - soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, reached 1.4 million metric tons in - 1988 -Illicit drugs: - an important heroin transit point; also a major drug money laundering center - -*Taiwan, Economy - -Economic aid: - US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA - and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $500 million -Currency: - 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 25.125 (1992 est.), 25.748 (1991), 27.108 - (1990), 26.407 (1989) 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Taiwan, Communications - -Railroads: - about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km - industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 - km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection - was completed in late 1991; common carrier lines owned by the government and - operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; - industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises -Highways: - 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete pavement, 2,371 km crushed - stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth -Pipelines: - petroleum products 615 km, natural gas 97 km -Ports: - Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung -Merchant marine: - 223 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761,609 GRT/9,375,677 DWT; includes - 1 passenger-cargo, 43 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 85 container, 19 oil - tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 57 bulk, 1 - roll-on/roll-off, 2 combination bulk, 1 chemical tanker -Airports: - total: - 40 - usable: - 38 - with permanent-surface runways: - 36 with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 16 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 7 -Telecommunications: - best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; - extensive microwave radio relay links on east and west coasts; broadcast - stations - 91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 repeaters); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 - TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); satellite earth stations - 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to - Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, - Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe - -*Taiwan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, Army, Navy (including Marines), - Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, - Military Police Command -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 6,095,857; fit for military service 4,731,172 (1993 est.); - about 184,740 currently reach military age (19) annually -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, 5.4% of GNP (FY93/94 est.) - -*Tajikistan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, between Uzbekistan and China -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 143,100 km2 - land area: - 142,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Wisconsin -Land boundaries: - total 3,651 km, Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, - Uzbekistan 1,161 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - boundary with China under dispute; territorial dispute with Kyrgyzstan on - northern boundary in Isfara Valley area; Afghanistan's support to Islamic - fighters in Tajikistan's civil war -Climate: - midlatitude; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains -Terrain: - Pamir and Altay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley in - north, Kafirnigan and Vakhsh Valleys in south or southwest -Natural resources: - significant hydropower potential, petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, - lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 23% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 71% -Irrigated land: - 6,940 km2 (1990) -Environment: - NA -Note: - landlocked - -*Tajikistan, People - -Population: - 5,836,140 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.72% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 35.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 63.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 68.5 years - male: - 65.66 years - female: - 71.48 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Tajik(s) - adjective: - Tajik -Ethnic divisions: - Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), - other 6.6% -Religions: - Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5% -Languages: - Tajik (official) -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 99% -Labor force: - 1.938 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 43%, industry and construction 22%, other 35% - (1990) - -*Tajikistan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Tajikistan - conventional short form: - Tajikistan - local long form: - Respublika i Tojikiston - local short form: - none - former: - Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - TI -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dushanbe -Administrative divisions: - 2 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and one autonomous oblast*;, Gorno-Badakhshan*;, -Khatlon, Leninabad (Khudzhand) - note: - the rayons around Dushanbe are under direct republic jurisdiction; an oblast - usually has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the - administrative center name following in parentheses) -Independence: - 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - as of mid-1993, a new constitution had not been formally approved -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: NA -Political parties and leaders: - Tajik Democratic Party (TDP), Maksud IKRAMOV, Davia KOUDONAZAROV, Shodmon - YUSUPOV; Tajik Socialist Party (TSP), Rakhman NABIYEV, Kakhkhor MAKHKAMOV; - Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Mullah Mukhamedsharif KHIMATZODA, Daviat USMON -Other political or pressure groups: - Tajik People's Front -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 27 October 1991 (next to be held NA); results - Rakhman NABIYEV, - Communist Party 60%; Davlat KHUDONAZAROV, Democratic Party, Islamic Rebirth - Party and Rastokhoz Party 30% - Supreme Soviet: - last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - Communist Party - 99%, other 1%; seats - (230 total) Communist Party 227, other 3 - note: - in May 1992, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the transitional 80-member - Assembly (Majlis) and in November 1992 Emomili RAKHMANOV, chairman of the - Assembly, became Chief of State -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Assembly (Majlis) -Judicial branch: - NA - -*Tajikistan, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Acting President and Assembly Chairman Emomili RAKHMANOV (since NA November - 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Abdumalik ABULAJANOV (since NA November 1992); First Deputy - Prime Minister Tukhtaboy GAFAROV (since NA November 1992) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - NA - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDERO - embassy: - (temporary) #39 Ainii Street, Dushanbe - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: [7] (3772) 24-82-33 -Flag: - NA - -*Tajikistan, Economy - -Overview: - Tajikistan has had the lowest living standards of the CIS republics and now - faces the bleakest economic prospects. Agriculture (particularly cotton and - fruit growing) is the most important sector, accounting for 38% of - employment (1990). Industrial production includes aluminum reduction, - hydropower generation, machine tools, refrigerators, and freezers. - Throughout 1992 bloody civil disturbances disrupted food imports and several - regions became desperately short of basic needs. Hundreds of thousands of - people were made homeless by the strife. In late 1992, one-third of industry - was shut down and the cotton crop was only one-half of that of 1991. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -34% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 35% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of - underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $100 million to outside successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - aluminum, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles - partners: - Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs - partners: - NA -External debt: - $650 million (end of 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -25% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 4,585,000 kW capacity; 16,800 million kWh produced, 2,879 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable oil, - metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers -Agriculture: - cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, pigs, sheep and goats, - yaks -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit - drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe -Economic aid: - $700 million offical and commitments by foreign donors (1992) -Currency: - retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations - -*Tajikistan, Economy - -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Tajikistan, Communications - -Railroads: - 480 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 29,900 km total (1990); 21,400 km hard surfaced, 8,500 km earth -Pipelines: - natural gas 400 km (1992) -Airports: - total: - 58 - useable: - 30 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 13 -Telecommunications: - poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the - national network; telephone density in urban locations is about 100 per 1000 - persons; linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics, and by leased - connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth - stations - 1 orbita and 2 INTELSAT (TV receive-only; the second INTELSAT - earth station provides TV receive-only service from Turkey) - -*Tajikistan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border - troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,313,676; fit for military service 1,079,935; reach - military age (18) annually 56,862 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Tanzania, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean between Kenya and Mozambique -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 945,090 km2 - land area: - 886,040 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than twice the size of California - note: - includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar -Land boundaries: - total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 - km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km -Coastline: - 1,424 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint - in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the - indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled -Climate: - varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands -Terrain: - plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south -Natural resources: - hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, - gold, natural gas, nickel -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 40% - forest and woodland: - 47% - other: - 7% -Irrigated land: 1,530 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected - marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa - -*Tanzania, People - -Population: - 27,286,363 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.56% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 45.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 19.02 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 110.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 44 years - male: - 42.19 years - female: - 45.87 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.25 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Tanzanian(s) - adjective: - Tanzanian -Ethnic divisions: - mainland: - native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes) - Asian, European, and Arab 1% - Zanzibar: - NA -Religions: - mainland: - Christian 40%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 25% - Zanzibar: - Muslim -Languages: - Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used for communication - between ethnic groups and is used in primary education), English (official; - primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education) - note: - first language of most people is one of the local languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1978) - total population: - 46% male: - 62% - female: - 31% -Labor force: - 732,200 wage earners - by occupation: - agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.) - -*Tanzania, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - United Republic of Tanzania - conventional short form: - Tanzania - former: - United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar -Digraph: - TZ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Dar es Salaam - note: - some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as - the new national capital by the end of the 1990s -Administrative divisions: - 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, - Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, - Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar - Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi -Independence: - 26 April 1964 Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN - trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 - December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to - form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic - of Tanzania 29 October 1964 -Constitution: - 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to - provisions of the union constitution) -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to - matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Union Day, 26 April (1964) -Political parties and leaders: - Chama Chr Mapinduzi (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic - United Front (CUF), James MAPALALA; National Committee for Constitutional - Reform (NCCK), Mabere MARANDO; Union for Multiparty Democracy (UMD), - Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Democratic Party (DP), Christopher Mtikila -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: President: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - Ali - Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition - National Assembly: - last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held NA October 1995); results - CCM - was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 -Executive branch: - president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice - president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court - -*Tanzania, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President - John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR - (since 9 November 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU - chancery: - 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 939-6125 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Peter Jon DE VOS - embassy: - 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam - mailing address: - P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam - telephone: - [255] (51) 66010/13 - FAX: - [255] (51) 66701 -Flag: - divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side - corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is - blue - -*Tanzania, Economy - -Overview: - Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is - heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, - provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry - accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural - products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced - in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and - financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the - International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to - rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in - 1991-92 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial - increase in output of minerals led by gold. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.2 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $260 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 22% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital - expenditures of $118 million (FY90) -Exports: - $422 million (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal - partners: - FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US -Imports: - $1.43 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece - goods, crude oil, foodstuffs - partners: - FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark -External debt: - $6.44 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 7% of GDP -Electricity: - 405,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), - diamond and gold mining, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood - products, fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for over 58% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit - cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, - cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, - cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, - vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient - in food grain production - -*Tanzania, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 - million -Currency: - 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 325.00 (November 1992), 219.16 (1991), - 195.06 (1990), 143.38 (1989), 99.29 (1988), 64.26 (1987) -Fiscal year: - 1 July-30 June - -*Tanzania, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge (including the 962 km Tazara - Railroad); 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, including 6.4 km double track; 115 km - of 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade -Highways: - 81,900 km total, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; 72,700 km - improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa -Pipelines: - crude oil 982 km -Ports: - Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake - Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports -Merchant marine: - 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,185 GRT/22,916 DWT; includes 2 - passenger-cargo, 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 103 - usable: - 92 - with permanent-surface runways: - 12 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 40 -Telecommunications: - fair system operating below capacity; open wire, radio relay, and - troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; broadcast stations - 12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 - Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Tanzania, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air - Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,835,064; fit for military service 3,375,567 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Thailand, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Burma and Cambodia -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 514,000 km2 - land area: - 511,770 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming -Land boundaries: - total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 - km -Coastline: - 3,219 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam -Climate: - tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, - cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot - and humid -Terrain: - central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere -Natural resources: - tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, - lignite, fluorite -Land use: - arable land: - 34% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: - 1% forest and woodland: - 30% - other: - 31% -Irrigated land: - 42,300 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area -Note: - controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore - -*Thailand, People - -Population: - 58,722,437 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.36% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 19.97 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.33 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 38.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 68.28 years - male: - 65.05 years - female: - 71.66 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Thai (singular and plural) - adjective: - Thai -Ethnic divisions: - Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% -Religions: - Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% - (1991) -Languages: - Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnic and regional - dialects -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 93% - male: - 96% - female: 90% -Labor force: - 30.87 million - by occupation: - agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) - 14% (1989 est.) - -*Thailand, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Thailand - conventional short form: - Thailand -Digraph: - TH -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - Bangkok -Administrative divisions: - 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, - Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Changwat Mukdahan, Chanthaburi, Chiang - Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, - Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, - Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, - Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong - Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, - Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, - Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, - Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, - Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, - Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai - Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon -Independence: - 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized) -Constitution: - 22 December 1978; new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10 June - 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 - military coup -National holiday: - Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) -Political parties and leaders: - Democrat Party (DP), Chuan LIKPHAI; Thai Nation Pary (TNP or Chat Thai - Party), Praman ADIREKSAN; National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), - Chatchai CHUNHAWAN; New Aspiration Party, Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang - Tham (Palang Dharma), Bunchu ROTCHANASATIEN; Social Action Party (SAP), - Montri PHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), Athit - URAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party (Muanchon), - Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (Prachakon Thai), Samak - SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT; People's Force - Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 13 September 1992 (next to be held by NA); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51, Phalang - Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen's Party 3, People's - Party 1, People's Force Party 0 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, four deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers - (cabinet), Privy Council - -*Thailand, Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or - Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives - (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Sarndika) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince - WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September 1992) -Member of: - APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, - IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, - LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, - WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi - chancery: - 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 483-7200 - consulates general: - Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON - embassy: - 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok - mailing address: - APO AP 96546 - telephone: - [66] (2) 252-5040 - FAX: - [66] (2) 254-2990 - consulate general: - Chiang Mai consulates: - Songkhla, Udorn -Flag: - five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and - red - -*Thailand, Economy - -Overview: - Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 - to post an impressive 7% growth rate for the year. Thailand, one of the more - advanced developing countries in Asia, depends on exports of manufactures - and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid - growth. The trade and current account deficits fell in 1992; much of - Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment suggesting that - the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment - slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of capital - domestically. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth - government in less than two years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's - probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government - has improved business confidence. Nevertheless, CHUAN must overcome - divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure - development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for - business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college - graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue - its rapid economic development. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $103 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 7% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,800 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 4.7% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $21.36 billion; expenditures $22.40 billion, including capital - expenditures of $6.24 billion (FY93 est.) -Exports: - $32.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - machinery and manufactures 76.9%, agricultural products 14.9%, fisheries - products 5.9% (1992) - partners: - US 21.6%, Japan 18.0%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, - Netherlands 4.2%, UK 3.4%, Malaysia, France, China (1992 est.) -Imports: - $41.5 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - capital goods 41.4%, intermediate goods and raw materials 32.8%, consumer - goods 10.4%, oil 8.2% - partners: - Japan 29.3%, US 11.4%, Singapore 7.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, South - Korea 4.6%, Malaysia 4.2%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, UK (1992 est.) -External debt: - $33.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 18% (1990); accounts for about 26% of GDP -Electricity: - 10,000,000 kW capacity; 43,750 million kWh produced, 760 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*Thailand, Economy - -Industries: - tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, - agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, - such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, - furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and - third-largest tin producer -Agriculture: - accounts for 12% of GDP and 60% of labor force; leading producer and - exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, - sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food -Illicit drugs: - a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from - Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication - efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some - production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been - affected by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million -Currency: - 1 baht (B) = 100 satang -Exchange rates: - baht (B) per US$1 - 25.280 (April 1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), - 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 October-30 September - -*Thailand, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track -Highways: - 77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km - gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988) -Inland waterways: - 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or - more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by - shallow-draft native craft -Pipelines: - natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km -Ports: - Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha -Merchant marine: - 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas, - 2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1 - passenger -Airports: - total: - 106 - usable: - 95 - with permanent-surface runways: - 51 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 14 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 28 -Telecommunications: - service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government - activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network; - 739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 - TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian - Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being - developed - -*Thailand, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal - Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach - military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.) - -*Togo, Geography - -Location: - Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 56,790 km2 - land area: - 54,390 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than West Virginia -Land boundaries: - total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km -Coastline: - 56 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 30 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north -Terrain: - gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low - coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes -Natural resources: - phosphates, limestone, marble -Land use: - arable land: - 25% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 28% - other: - 42% -Irrigated land: - 70 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent - droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation - -*Togo, People - -Population: - 4,104,657 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.61% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 56.46 years - male: - 54.45 years female: - 58.53 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Togolese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Togolese -Ethnic divisions: - 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and - Syrian-Lebanese under 1% -Religions: - indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% -Languages: - French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major - African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African - languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in - the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 43% - male: - 56% - female: - 31% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 78%, industry 22% - note: - about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private - sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) - -*Togo, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Togo - conventional short form: - Togo - local long form: - Republique Togolaise - local short form: - none - former: - French Togo -Digraph: - TO -Type: - republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule -Capital: - Lome -Administrative divisions: - 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame - (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar - (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), - Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse - (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, - Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) - note: - the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular - - prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in - parentheses -Independence: - 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration) -Constitution: - 1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition - constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to - High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by - public referendum September 1992 -Legal system: - French-based court system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 April (1960) -Political parties and leaders: - Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only - party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; - transition regime in place since August 1991 -Suffrage: - universal adult at age NA -Elections: - President: - last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA - was reelected without opposition - National Assembly: - last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to - be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77; - interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August - 1991 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) - -*Togo, Government - -Legislative branch: - National Assembly dissolved during national reform conference; 79-member - interim High Council for the Republic (HCR) formed to act as legislature - during transition to multiparty democracy; legislative elections scheduled - to be held in 1993 -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967) - Head of Government: - interim Prime Minister Joseph Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, - GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, - IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, - WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS - chancery: - 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 234-4212 or 4213 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY - embassy: - Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome - mailing address: - B. P. 852, Lome - telephone: - [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 - FAX: - [228] 21-79-52 -Flag: - five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with - yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper - hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Togo, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts - for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. - Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together - account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in - basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector - phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate - exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo - serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government, over the - past decade, with IMF and World Bank support, has been implementing a number - of economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring - revenues in line with expenditures. Political unrest, including private and - public sector strikes throughout 1991 and 1992, has jeopardized the reform - program and has disrupted vital economic activity. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.5 billion (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0% (1991 est.) -National product per capita: - $400 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 0.5% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 2% (1987) -Budget: - revenues $284.8 million; expenditures $407 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) -Exports: - $512 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee - partners: - EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990) -Imports: - $583 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products - partners: - EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990) -External debt: - $1.3 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 9.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP -Electricity: - 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, - beverages -Agriculture: - accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not - significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 - million -Currency: - 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes - -*Togo, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January - 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Togo, Communications - -Railroads: - 570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track -Highways: - 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads -Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River -Ports: - Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) -Merchant marine: - 2 roll-on/roll-off ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118 GRT/20,529 DWT -Airports: - total: - 9 - usable: - 9 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by open wire - lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth - stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE - -*Togo, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 862,427; fit for military service 452,974 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989) - -*Tokelau, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of New Zealand) - -*Tokelau, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about - halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 10 km2 - land area: - 10 km2 comparative area: - about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 101 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) -Terrain: - coral atolls enclosing large lagoons -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - lies in Pacific typhoon belt - -*Tokelau, People - -Population: - 1,544 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -1.35% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - NA births/1,000 population -Death rate: - NA deaths/1,000 population -Net migration rate: - NA migrant(s)/1,000 population -Infant mortality rate: - NA deaths/1,000 live births -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - NA years - male: - NA years female: - NA years -Total fertility rate: - NA children born/woman -Nationality: - noun: - Tokelauan(s) - adjective: - Tokelauan -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian -Religions: - Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% - note: - on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all - Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational - Christian Church predominant -Languages: - Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - -*Tokelau, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Tokelau -Digraph: - TL -Type: - territory of New Zealand -Capital: - none; each atoll has its own administrative center -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Independence: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Constitution: - administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 -Legal system: - British and local statutes -National holiday: - Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established British - sovereignty over New Zealand) -Political parties and leaders: NA -Suffrage: - NA -Elections: - NA -Executive branch: - British monarch, administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs - in New Zealand), official secretary -Legislative branch: - unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll -Judicial branch: - High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952) - Head of Government: - Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990); Official Secretary Casimilo J. - PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing Council - will elect its first head of government in 1993 -Member of: - SPC, WHO (associate) -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of New Zealand) -US diplomatic representation: - none (territory of New Zealand) -Flag: - the flag of New Zealand is used - -*Tokelau, Economy - -Overview: - Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain - economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The - people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual - aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue - come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. - Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $800 (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures - of $37,300 (FY87) -Exports: - $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983) - commodities: - stamps, copra, handicrafts - partners: - NZ -Imports: - $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) - commodities: - foodstuffs, building materials, fuel - partners: - NZ -External debt: - $0 -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft - goods; stamps, coins; fishing -Agriculture: - coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya, bananas; - pigs, poultry, goats -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $24 - million -Currency: - 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.9486 (January 1993), 1.8584 (1992), - l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April-31 March - -*Tokelau, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa -Telecommunications: - radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa - -*Tokelau, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of New Zealand - -*Tonga, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the - way between Hawaii and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 748 km2 - land area: - 718 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 419 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - not specified - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool - season (May to December) -Terrain: - most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; - others have limestone overlying volcanic base -Natural resources: - fish, fertile soil -Land use: - arable land: - 25% - permanent crops: - 55% - meadows and pastures: - 6% - forest and woodland: - 12% - other: - 2% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to - April); deforestation - -*Tonga, People - -Population: - 103,949 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.8% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: 25.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -10.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 21.38 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.79 years - male: - 65.5 years - female: - 70.24 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.68 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Tongan(s) - adjective: - Tongan -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian, Europeans about 300 -Religions: - Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents) -Languages: - Tongan, English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1976) - total population: - 57% - male: - 60% - female: - 60% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining) - -*Tonga, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Kingdom of Tonga - conventional short form: - Tonga - former: - Friendly Islands -Digraph: - TN -Type: - hereditary constitutional monarchy -Capital: Nuku alofa -Administrative divisions: - three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u -Independence: - 4 June 1970 (from UK) -Constitution: - 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 -Legal system: - based on English law -National holiday: - Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic Party, - leader NA -Suffrage: - all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held 3-4 February 1993); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 - traditionalist -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet), Privy Council -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister S. - Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, - INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, - WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London -US diplomatic representation: - the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to - Tonga and makes periodic visits -Flag: - red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side - corner - -*Tonga, Economy - -Overview: - The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor - force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are - the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a - high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing - sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard - currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid - and remittances to offset its trade deficit. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $92 million (FY90) -National product real growth rate: - 0.4% (FY92 est.) -National product per capita: - $900 (FY90) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 4% (FY92 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $36.4 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $33.2 million (FY91 est.) -Exports: - $18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) - commodities: - coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, - fruits, vegetables, fish - partners: - Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91) -Imports: - $68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.) - commodities: - food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels, - chemicals - partners: - NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91) -External debt: - $47.5 million (FY91) -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.7% (FY90); accounts for 11% of GDP -Electricity: - 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - tourism, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; - vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258 million -Currency: - 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti -Exchange rates: - pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3996 (January 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961 (1991), - 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July-30 June - -*Tonga, Communications - -Highways: - 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads usable - only in dry weather -Ports: - Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,765 GRT/10,597 DWT; includes 1 cargo, - 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gas -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 6 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no - FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Tonga, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal - Tongan Guard, Police -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Geography - -Location: - in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off the coast of Venezuela -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the - World -Area: - total area: - 5,130 km2 - land area: - 5,130 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Delaware -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: 362 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (June to December) -Terrain: - mostly plains with some hills and low mountains -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, asphalt -Land use: - arable land: - 14% - permanent crops: - 17% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 44% - other: - 23% -Irrigated land: - 220 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms - -*Trinidad and Tobago, People - -Population: - 1,313,738 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.1% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.53 years - male: - 67.91 years - female: 73.22 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.35 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s) - adjective: - Trinidadian, Tobagonian -Ethnic divisions: - black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, - Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% -Languages: - English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 95% - male: - 97% - female: - 93% -Labor force: - 463,900 - by occupation: - construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying - 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.) - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago - conventional short form: - Trinidad and Tobago -Digraph: - TD -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Port-of-Spain -Administrative divisions: - 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,, Port-of-Spain*,, -Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San - Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria, Independence: - 31 August 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 31 August 1976 -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the - Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962) -Political parties and leaders: - People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress - (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), Carson - CHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH; - National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996); results - PNM - 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house - or House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991) -Member of: - ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, - ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, - LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, - WIPO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE - chancery: - 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 467-6490 - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Government - - consulate general: - New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Sally G. COWAL - embassy: - 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain - mailing address: - P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain - telephone: - (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 - FAX: - (809) 628-5462 -Flag: - red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy - -Overview: - Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy has begun to emerge from a - lengthy depression in the last few years. The economy fell sharply through - most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector - accounts for 80% of export earnings and almost 20% of GDP. The government, - in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures - that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed - signs of recovery in 1990 and 1991, however, helped along by rising oil - prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces - about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb - the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to - diversify its export base. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5 billion (1991) -National product real growth rate: - 2.6% (1991) -National product per capita: - $3,800 (1991) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.8% (1991) -Unemployment rate: - 18.5% (1991) -Budget: - revenues $1.6 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital - expenditures of $158 million (1993 est.) -Exports: - $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products - 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988) - partners: - US 49%, CARICOM 12% -Imports: - $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - raw materials and intermediate goods 48%, capital goods 29%, consumer goods - 23% (1991) - partners: - US 39%, Venezuela 14%, UK 7%, CARICOM 5% (1991) -External debt: - $2.4 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP, - including petroleum -Electricity: - 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,680 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton - textiles -Agriculture: accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa, - sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, - vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must - import large share of food needs -Illicit drugs: - transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 million -Currency: - 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (fixed rate since 1989) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Communications - -Railroads: - minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando -Highways: - 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved - earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 km -Ports: - Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, Scarborough -Merchant marine: - 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWT -Airports: - total: - 6 - usable: - 5 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados - and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 - AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and - Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 351,183; fit for military service 253,084 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*Tromelin Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (possession of France) - -*Tromelin Island, Geography - -Location: - in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of - Reunion -Map references: - World -Area: - total area: - 1 km2 - land area: - 1 km2 - comparative area: - about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 3.7 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 12 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - sandy -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% (scattered bushes) -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - wildlife sanctuary -Note: - climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones - -*Tromelin Island, People - -Population: - uninhabited - -*Tromelin Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Tromelin Island - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ile Tromelin -Digraph: - TE -Type: - French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in - Reunion -Capital: - none; administered by France from Reunion -Independence: - none (possession of France) - -*Tromelin Island, Economy - -Overview: - no economic activity - -*Tromelin Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; offshore anchorage only -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - important meteorological station - -*Tromelin Island, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*Tunisia, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily, between - Algeria and Libya -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 163,610 km2 - land area: - 155,360 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Georgia -Land boundaries: - total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km -Coastline: - 1,148 km -Maritime claims: - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeria - under discussion -Climate: - temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in - south -Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the - Sahara -Natural resources: - petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 10% - meadows and pastures: - 19% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 47% -Irrigated land: - 2,750 km2 (1989) -Environment: - deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - strategic location in central Mediterranean - -*Tunisia, People - -Population: - 8,570,868 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.84% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 24.24 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.04 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 35.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.54 years - male: - 70.55 years - female: - 74.62 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.02 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Tunisian(s) - adjective: - Tunisian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% -Religions: - Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% -Languages: - Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 65% - male: - 74% - female: - 56% -Labor force: - 2.25 million - by occupation: - agriculture 32% - note: - shortage of skilled labor - -*Tunisia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Tunisia - conventional short form: - Tunisia - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah - local short form: - Tunis -Digraph: - TS -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tunis -Administrative divisions: - 23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan, - Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul, - Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan -Independence: - 20 March 1956 (from France) -Constitution: - 1 June 1959 -Legal system: - based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of - legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session -National holiday: - National Day, 20 March (1956) -Political parties and leaders: - Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official - ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA; - five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party -Other political or pressure groups: - the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed -Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994); results - Gen. Zine - el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%, - independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD - 141 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) - -*Tunisia, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC (withdrew from - active membership in 1986), OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Ismail KHELIL - chancery: - 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: - (202) 862-1850 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador John T. McCARTHY - embassy: - 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere - mailing address: - use embassy street address - telephone: - [216] (1) 782-566 - FAX: - [216] (1) 789-719 -Flag: - red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling - a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of - Islam - -*Tunisia, Economy - -Overview: - The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports - of light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economic - decline, the economy came back strongly in 1990-92 as a result of good - harvests, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. High - unemployment has eroded popular support for the government, however, and - forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the - government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural - adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $13.6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,650 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 6% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15.7% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993 est.) -Exports: - $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals - partners: - EC countries 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, former USSR republics -Imports: - $6.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer - goods - partners: - EC countries 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, Algeria -External debt: - $7.7 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 1,545,000 kW capacity; 5,096 million kWh produced, 600 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, - footwear, food, beverages -Agriculture: - accounts for 15% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to - severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives, - dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, - poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 - metric tons (1987) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 - million -Currency: - 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes - -*Tunisia, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9931 (February 1993), 0.8844 (1992), - 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Tunisia, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-meter - gauge -Highways: - 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 km -Ports: - Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis -Merchant marine: - 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 161,661 GRT/221,959 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 oil tanker, 6 - chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 6 bulk -Airports: - total: - 29 - usable: - 26 - with permanent-surface runways: - 13 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 7 - note: - a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA -Telecommunications: - the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire - lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers are Sfax, - Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28 telephones per 1,000 - persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV; 5 submarine cables; - satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with - back-up control station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria - and Libya - -*Tunisia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,164,686; fit for military service 1,244,683; reach - military age (20) annually 90,349 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.) - -*Turkey, Geography - -Location: - Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and - Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran -Map references: - Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 780,580 km2 - land area: - 770,760 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia - 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km -Coastline: - 7,200 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former - USSR - territorial sea: - 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, - 12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea -International disputes: - complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in - Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with - downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers -Climate: - temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior -Terrain: - mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) -Natural resources: - antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 30% - permanent crops: - 4% - meadows and pastures: 12% - forest and woodland: - 26% - other: - 28% -Irrigated land: - 22,200 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; - air pollution; desertification -Note: - strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of - Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas - -*Turkey, People - -Population: - 60,897,841 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.07% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 70.41 years - male: - 68.11 years - female: - 72.82 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Turk(s) - adjective: - Turkish -Ethnic divisions: - Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.) -Religions: - Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews) -Languages: - Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 81% - male: - 90% female: - 71% -Labor force: - 20.7 million - by occupation: - agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% - note: - about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991) - -*Turkey, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Turkey - conventional short form: - Turkey - local long form: - Turkiye Cumhuriyeti - local short form: - Turkiye -Digraph: - TU -Type: - republican parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Ankara -Administrative divisions: - 73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, - Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, - Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, - Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, - Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman - Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, - Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, - Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, - Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak -Independence: - 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) -Constitution: - 7 November 1982 -Legal system: - derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) -Political parties and leaders: - Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut - YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party - (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; - Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP), - Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party - (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; - Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI -Other political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal -Elections: - Grand National Assembly: - last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP - 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, - independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP - 19, DSP 7, other 5 -Executive branch: - president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) -Judicial branch: - Court of Cassation - -*Turkey, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993) -Member of: - AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO, - GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, - NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA, - UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR - chancery: - 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 - telephone: - (202) 659-8200 - consulates general: - Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY - embassy: - 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara - mailing address: - PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823 - telephone: - [90] (4) 426 54 70 - FAX: - [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019 - consulates general: - Istanbul and Izmir - consulate: - Adana -Flag: - red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist - side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening - -*Turkey, Economy - -Overview: - After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey - has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a - high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and - increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992. - Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to - high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge - public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance - on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish - inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector - have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce - current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many - private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector, - employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and - accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a - multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which - includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to - generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish - economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average - in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL - - which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during - its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support - by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially - reduce inflation. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 5.9% (1992) -National product per capita: - $3,670 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 70% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 11.1% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993) -Exports: - $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2% - partners: - EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5% -Imports: - $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991) - commodities: - manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21% - partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5% -External debt: - $48.7 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP -Electricity: - 14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), - steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper - -*Turkey, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety - of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years -Illicit drugs: - major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe - and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other - international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; - laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in - remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains - strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of - poppy straw concentrate -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 - billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies - (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion -Currency: - 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus -Exchange rates: - Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992), - 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Turkey, Communications - -Railroads: - 8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified) -Highways: - 320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national - (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and - municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km - are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone) - (1988 est.) -Inland waterways: - about 1,200 km -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km -Ports: - Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir -Merchant marine: - 353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes - 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6 - roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil - tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2 - specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 110 - usable: - 102 - with permanent-surface runways: - 65 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 32 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 26 -Telecommunications: - fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave - network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT - (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable - -*Turkey, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast - Guard, Gendarmerie -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach - military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992) - -*Turkmenistan, Geography - -Location: - South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Uzbekistan -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 488,100 km2 - land area: - 488,100 km2 comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, - Uzbekistan 1,621 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km) -Maritime claims: - landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, - and Iran will have to be negotiated -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical desert -Terrain: - flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in west -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 69% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 28% -Irrigated land: - 12,450 km2 (1990) -Environment: - contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, - pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation - methods -Note: - landlocked - -*Turkmenistan, People - -Population: - 3,914,997 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.04% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 64.93 years - male: - 61.4 years - female: - 68.62 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Turkmen(s) - adjective: - Turkmen -Ethnic divisions: - Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9% -Religions: - Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% -Languages: - Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 1.542 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37% - (1990) - -*Turkmenistan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Turkmenistan - conventional short form: - Turkmenistan - local long form: - Tiurkmenostan Respublikasy - local short form: - Turkmanistan - former: - Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - TX -Type: - republic -Capital: - Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) -Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap - (Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat) - note: - all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except Balkan - Oblast, centered at Nebit-Dag -Independence: - 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union) -Constitution: - adopted 18 May 1992 -Legal system: - based on civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 27 October (1991) -Political parties and leaders: - ruling party: - Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacant - opposition: - Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman - - - - - - - - - - - - - ; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV, - cochairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*Turkmenistan, Government - -Elections: - President: - last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad - NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed) - Majlis: - last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but - Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced - to 50 at next election -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral - People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting - infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV, - Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV, - Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's - Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - NA - chancery: - NA - telephone: - NA -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III - embassy: - Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - [7] 36320 24-49-08 -Flag: - green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret - veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet - guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five - different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left - corner to the right of the carpet guls - -*Turkmenistan, Economy - -Overview: - Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous - problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central - planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local - government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process - requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and - monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily - weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas - and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet - republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region, - where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in - national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to - obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural - gas. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 53% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 15%-20% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan -Imports: - $100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles - partners: - mostly other than former Soviet Union -External debt: - $650 million (end 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -17% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, fruits, vegetables -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit - drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe -Economic aid: - $280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) -Currency: - retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the - manat, but no date set (May 1993) - -*Turkmenistan, Economy - -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Turkmenistan, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km -Ports: - inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea) -Airports: - total: - 7 - useable: - 7 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by - cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased - connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct - telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established; - satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only - service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only - capability for Turkish broadcasts - -*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint - Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and - Air Defense) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military - age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (dependent territory of the UK) - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic - and southeast of The Bahamas -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 430 km2 - land area: - 430 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 389 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry -Terrain: - low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps -Natural resources: - spiny lobster, conch -Land use: - arable land: - 2% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 98% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, People - -Population: - 13,137 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.97% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.34 years - male: - 73.41 years - female: - 77.02 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - none - adjective: - none -Ethnic divisions: - African -Religions: - Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, - other 19.9% (1980) -Languages: - English (official) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1970) - total population: - 98% - male: - 99% - female: - 98% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence - agriculture - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Turks and Caicos Islands -Digraph: - TK -Type: - dependent territory of the UK -Capital: Grand Turk -Administrative divisions: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Independence: - none (dependent territory of the UK) -Constitution: - introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional - Commission is currently reviewing its contents -Legal system: - based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica - and The Bahamas -National holiday: - Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) -Political parties and leaders: - Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic - Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel - MISSICK -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Legislative Council: - last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by - party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5 -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael - J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987) - Head of Government: - Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991) -Member of: - CARICOM (associate), CDB -Diplomatic representation in US: - as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos - Islands are represented in the US by the UK -US diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the - colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow - and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only - subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the - Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be - imported. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $5,000 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 12% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital - expenditures of $23.9 million (1989) -Exports: - $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987) - commodities: - lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells - partners: - US, UK -Imports: - $33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84) - commodities: - foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials - partners: - US, UK -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - fishing, tourism, offshore financial services -Agriculture: - subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more - important than farming; not self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $110 million -Currency: - US currency is used -Exchange rates: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 121 km, including 24 km tarmac -Ports: - Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour -Airports: - total: 7 - usable: - 7 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 4 -Telecommunications: - fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, - no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth - station - -*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the UK - -*Tuvalu, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 26 km2 - land area: - 26 km2 - comparative area: - about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 24 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly - gales and heavy rain (November to March) -Terrain: - very low-lying and narrow coral atolls -Natural resources: - fish -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - severe tropical storms are rare - -*Tuvalu, People - -Population: - 9,666 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.74% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62.64 years - male: - 61.27 years - female: - 63.82 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Tuvaluans(s) - adjective: - Tuvaluan -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian 96% -Religions: - Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i - 1%, other 0.6% -Languages: - Tuvaluan, English -Literacy: total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - NA - -*Tuvalu, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Tuvalu - former: - Ellice Islands -Digraph: - TV -Type: - democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in - 1993 -Capital: - Funafuti -Administrative divisions: - none -Independence: - 1 October 1978 (from UK) -Constitution: - 1 October 1978 -Legal system: - NA -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 October (1978) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results - - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total) -Executive branch: - British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament (Palamene) -Judicial branch: - High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General - Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime - Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) -Member of: - ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - (vacant) -US diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the - outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow - five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands - -*Tuvalu, Economy - -Overview: - Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. - The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence - farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too - small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government - revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker - remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international - trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and - supported also by Japan and South Korea. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $530 (1989 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.9% (1984) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1989) -Exports: - $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.) - commodities: - copra - partners: - Fiji, Australia, NZ -Imports: - $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.) - commodities: - food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods - partners: - Fiji, Australia, NZ -External debt: $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - fishing, tourism, copra -Agriculture: - coconuts -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million -Currency: - 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January - 1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 - (1988) -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Tuvalu, Communications - -Highways: - 8 km gravel -Ports: - Funafuti, Nukufetau -Merchant marine: - 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1 - passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker -Airports: - total: - 1 - useable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 0 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; - 108 telephones - -*Tuvalu, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Police Force -Manpower availability: NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -*Uganda, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Africa, between Kenya and Zaire -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 236,040 km2 - land area: - 199,710 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon -Land boundaries: - total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, - Zaire 765 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June - to August); semiarid in northeast -Terrain: - mostly plateau with rim of mountains -Natural resources: - copper, cobalt, limestone, salt -Land use: - arable land: - 23% - permanent crops: - 9% - meadows and pastures: - 25% - forest and woodland: - 30% - other: - 13% -Irrigated land: - 90 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion -Note: - landlocked - -*Uganda, People - -Population: - 19,344,181 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.69% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 38.4 years - male: - 38.09 years - female: - 38.71 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ugandan(s) - adjective: - Ugandan -Ethnic divisions: - African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18% -Languages: - English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 48% - male: - 62% - female: - 35% -Labor force: - 4.5 million (est.) - by occupation: - agriculture over 80% - note: - 50% of population of working age (1983) - -*Uganda, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Uganda - conventional short form: Uganda -Digraph: - UG -Type: - republic -Capital: - Kampala -Administrative divisions: - 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, - Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western -Independence: - 9 October 1962 (from UK) -Constitution: - 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision -Legal system: - government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary - law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ - jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 9 October (1962) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI - note: - the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton - OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), - Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting - public political activities -Other political or pressure groups: - Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army - (UPCDA); Ruwenzori Movement -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Resistance Council: - last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results - - NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 - members elected without party affiliation -Executive branch: - president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, - Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Resistance Council -Judicial branch: - Court of Appeal, High Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice - President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, - IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, - WTO - -*Uganda, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI - chancery: - 5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 - telephone: - (202) 726-7100 through 7102 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Johnnie CARSON - embassy: - Parliament Avenue, Kampala - mailing address: - P. O. Box 7007, Kampala - telephone: - [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 -Flag: - six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and - red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested - crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side - -*Uganda, Economy - -Overview: - Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular - rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has - been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and - civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita - income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as - does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the - economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export - crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency - reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of - petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes - are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% - in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the - economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in - the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and - exports, and gradually improving domestic security. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 4% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $300 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 41.5% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital - expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) -Exports: - $170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - coffee 97%, cotton, tea - partners: - US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% -Imports: - $610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.) - commodities: - petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation - equipment, food - partners: - Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% -External debt: - $1.9 billion (1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP -Electricity: - 200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement -Agriculture: - mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; - cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, - corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; - self-sufficient in food - -*Uganda, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 - million -Currency: - 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992), - 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Uganda, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track -Highways: - 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and - laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks -Inland waterways: - Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria - Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, - both on Lake Victoria -Merchant marine: - 3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRT -Airports: - total: - 31 - usable: - 23 - with permanent-surface runways: - 5 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 11 -Telecommunications: - fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast - stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT - -*Uganda, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90) - -*Ukraine, Geography - -Location: - Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 603,700 km2 - land area: - 603,700 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 - km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, - Slovakia 90 km -Coastline: 2,782 km -Maritime claims: - NA -International disputes: - potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and - southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former - southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but - has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any - other nation -Climate: - temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast; - precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, - lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to - cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the - country, hot in the south -Terrain: - most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains - being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula - in the extreme south -Natural resources: - iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, - titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber -Land use: - arable land: - 56% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 12% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 30% -Irrigated land: - 26,000 km2 (1990) -Environment: - air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around - Chornobyl' nuclear power plant -Note: - strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest - country in Europe - -*Ukraine, People - -Population: - 51,821,230 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.06% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.87 years - male: - 65.32 years - female: - 74.65 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ukrainian(s) - adjective: - Ukrainian -Ethnic divisions: - Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4% -Religions: - Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev - Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), - Protestant, Jewish -Languages: - Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 25.277 million - by occupation: - industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health, - education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and - communication 7%, other 7% (1990) - -*Ukraine, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Ukraine - local long form: - none - local short form: - Ukrayina - former: - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - UP -Type: - republic -Capital: - Kiev (Kyyiv) -Administrative divisions: - 24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya, respublika), and 2 -municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;, Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka, -Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka, - Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka, - Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka, -Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka, -Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'ka -Independence: - 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being - drafted -Legal system: - based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 August (1991) -Political parties and leaders: - Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine, - Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr - KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych - YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, - chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of - Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social - Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of - Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party, - Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party, - Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman; - Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants' - Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party, - Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor - RADIONOV, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova - Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal - -*Ukraine, Government - -Elections: - President: - last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid - KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%, - Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%, - other 4.17% - Supreme Council: - last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late - 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of - seats by party NA -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Council -Judicial branch: - being organized -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting - First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June - 1993) and five deputy prime ministers -Member of: - BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, - IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, - WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS - chancery: - 3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 333-0606 - FAX: - (202) 333-0817 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Roman POPADIUK - embassy: - 10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - [7] (044) 244-7349 - FAX: - [7] (044) 244-7350 -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent - grainfields under a blue sky - -*Ukraine, Economy - -Overview: - After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important - economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three - times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil - generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms - provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other - republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry - supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other - regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized - most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises - while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to - state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA - launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the - agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises, - and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the - problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions - preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -13% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) - commodities: - coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery - and transport equipment, grain, meat - partners: - NA -Imports: - $16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990) - commodities: - machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles - partners: - NA -External debt: - $12 billion (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -9% (1992) -Electricity: - 55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport - equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar) -Agriculture: - grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit - drugs to Western Europe - -*Ukraine, Economy - -Economic aid: - $NA -Currency: - Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and - declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian - markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward - introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993 -Exchange rates: - Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Ukraine, Communications - -Railroads: - 22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth -Inland waterways: - 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River) -Pipelines: - crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992) -Ports: - coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly - Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv) -Merchant marine: - 394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes - 234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2 - chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9 - short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1 - multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargo -Airports: - total: - 694 - useable: - 100 - with permanent-surface runways: - 111 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 81 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 78 -Telecommunications: - international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about - 7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of - mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital - switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction - in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as - of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline - to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching - center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT, - INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity) - remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational - in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries - -*Ukraine, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and - border troops), National Guard -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach - military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - 544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange - rate could produce misleading results - -*United Arab Emirates, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 75,581 km2 - land area: - 75,581 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Maine -Land boundaries: - total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km -Coastline: - 1,318 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 3 nm assumed for most of country, - 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) -International disputes: - location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined - boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two - islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or - Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in - the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu - Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more - acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country - nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently - backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the - region -Climate: - desert; cooler in eastern mountains -Terrain: - flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert - wasteland; mountains in east -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 98% -Irrigated land: - 50 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being - overcome by desalination plants; desertification - -*United Arab Emirates, Geography - -Note: - strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital - transit point for world crude oil - -*United Arab Emirates, People - -Population: - 2,657,013 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 5.06% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72 years - male: - 69.91 years - female: - 74.2 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Emirian(s) adjective: - Emirian -Ethnic divisions: - Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes - Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) - note: - less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982) -Religions: - Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4% -Languages: - Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu -Literacy: - age 10 and over can read and write (1980) - total population: - 68% - male: - 70% - female: - 63% -Labor force: - 580,000 (1986 est.) - by occupation: - industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5% - note: - 80% of labor force is foreign - -*United Arab Emirates, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - United Arab Emirates - conventional short form: - none - local long form: - Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah - local short form: - none - former: - Trucial States -Abbreviation: - UAE -Digraph: - TC -Type: - federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and - other powers reserved to member emirates -Capital: - Abu Dhabi -Administrative divisions: - 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al - Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn -Independence: - 2 December 1971 (from UK) -Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional) -Legal system: - secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several - member emirates; Islamic law remains influential -National holiday: - National Day, 2 December (1971) -Political parties and leaders: - none -Other political or pressure groups: - a few small clandestine groups may be active -Suffrage: - none -Elections: - none -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy - prime minister, Council of Ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) -Judicial branch: - Union Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of - Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 - October 1990), ruler of Dubayy - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), - ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since - 20 November 1990) - -*United Arab Emirates, Government - -Member of: - ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, - UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI - chancery: - Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 338-6500 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador William RUGH - embassy: - Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi - mailing address: - P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi - telephone: - [971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX: - [971] (2) 318441 - consulate general: - Dubayy (Dubai) -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker - vertical red band on the hoist side - -*United Arab Emirates, Economy - -Overview: - The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per - capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and - the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. - Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an - impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a - high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves - should last for over 100 years. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $13,800 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1% (1990 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NEGL% (1988) -Budget: - revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1993) -Exports: - $21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates - partners: - Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, India -Imports: - $13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) - commodities: - capital goods, consumer goods, food - partners: - Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4% -External debt: - $11 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat - building, handicrafts, pearling -Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food - products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% - self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries - (1979-89) -Currency: - 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils -Exchange rates: - Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*United Arab Emirates, Communications - -Highways: - 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth -Pipelines: - crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km -Ports: - Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, - Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid -Merchant marine: - 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes - 15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1 - refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tanker -Airports: - total: - 37 - usable: - 34 - with permanent-surface runways: - 20 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 7 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 5 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu - Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic - Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to - Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; - microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12 - TV - -*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force -Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military - age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.) - -*United Kingdom, Geography - -Location: - Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, - between Ireland and France -Map references: - Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 244,820 km2 - land area: - 241,590 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Oregon - note: - includes Rockall and Shetland Islands -Land boundaries: - total 360 km, Ireland 360 km -Coastline: - 12,429 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon - boundaries - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; - Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South - Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego - Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute - involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a - boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica - (British Antarctic Territory) -Climate: - temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic - Current; more than half of the days are overcast -Terrain: - mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and - southeast -Natural resources: - coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, - gypsum, lead, silica -Land use: - arable land: - 29% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: - 48% - forest and woodland: - 9% - other: - 14% -Irrigated land: - 1,570 km2 (1989) - -*United Kingdom, Geography - -Environment: - pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of - heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal - waters -Note: - lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now - being linked by tunnel under the English Channel - -*United Kingdom, People - -Population: - 57,970,200 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.29% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 76.5 years - male: - 73.71 years - female: - 79.43 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Briton(s), British (collective pl.) - adjective: - British -Ethnic divisions: - English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West - Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% -Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million, - Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish - 300,000 (1991 est.) - note: - the UK does not include a question on religion in its census -Languages: - English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of - Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1978) - total population: - 99% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 28.048 million - by occupation: - services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%, - energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992) - -*United Kingdom, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - conventional short form: - United Kingdom -Abbreviation: - UK -Digraph: - UK -Type: - constitutional monarchy -Capital: - London -Administrative divisions: - 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands - areas - England: - 39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,, Cambridge, -Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, - Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater, Manchester*, Hampshire,, -Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle - of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,, Northampton, -Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, - Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and, Wear*, Warwick,, -West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire, Northern Ireland: - 26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, - Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, - Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, - Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane - Scotland: - 9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,, Grampian, Highland, -Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,, Western Isles*, Wales: - 8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South - Glamorgan, West Glamorgan -Dependent areas: - Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, - Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled - to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey, - Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and - the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands -Independence: - 1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established) -Constitution: - unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice -Legal system: - common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no - judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, - with reservations -National holiday: - Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June) - -*United Kingdom, Government - -Political parties and leaders: - Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH; - Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, - Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster - Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist - Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party - (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party - (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry - ADAMS -Other political or pressure groups: - Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' - Union; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Commons: - last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results - - Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats - - (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24 -Executive branch: - monarch, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a - lower house or House of Commons -Judicial branch: - House of Lords -Leaders: - Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES - (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB - (non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, - ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, - INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO, - NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, - WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK - chancery: - 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 462-1340 - FAX: - (202) 898-4255 - consulates general: - Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San - Francisco, - consulates: - Dallas, Miami, and Seattle -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ - embassy: - 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE - -*United Kingdom, Government - - mailing address: - PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 - telephone: - [44] (71) 499-9000 - FAX: - [44] (71) 409-1637 - consulates general: - Belfast and Edinburgh -Flag: - blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in - white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint - of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint - Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; - the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a - number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and - others - -*United Kingdom, Economy - -Overview: - The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and - its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is - essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories - have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social - welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient - by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the - labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and - primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares - of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and - business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while - industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the - work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its - 3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is - hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a - pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound - from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity - probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is - below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the - 1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic - integration of Europe. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - -0.6% (1992) -National product per capita: - $15,900 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3.6% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 9.8% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.) -Exports: - $187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, - transport equipment - partners: - EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9% -Imports: - $210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer - goods - partners: - EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6% -External debt: - $16.2 billion (June 1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.) -Electricity: - 99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita - (1992) - -*United Kingdom, Economy - -Industries: - production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment, - equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment, - shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and - communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and - paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer - goods -Agriculture: - accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and - efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; - about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 - metric tons (1987) -Illicit drugs: - increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering - the European market -Economic aid: - donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion -Currency: - 1 British pound (#) = 100 pence -Exchange rates: - British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 - (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 April-31 March - -*United Kingdom, Communications - -Railroads: - UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584 - km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591 - km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and - narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland - Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double - track) -Highways: - UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km - limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, - 592 km gravel) -Inland waterways: - 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; - other, 979 km -Pipelines: - crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km, - natural gas 12,800 km -Ports: - London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, - Southampton -Merchant marine: 204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes - 7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14 - roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1 - chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1 - combination bulk, 1 passenger cargo -Airports: - total: - 496 - usable: - 385 - with permanent-surface runways: - 249 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 37 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 134 -Telecommunications: - technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000 - telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems; - excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525 - (mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine - cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean - and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large - international switching centers - -*United Kingdom, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.); - no conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $42.5 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93) - -*United States, Geography - -Location: - North America, between Canada and Mexico -Map references: - North America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 9,372,610 km2 - land area: - 9,166,600 km2 - comparative area: - about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about - one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); - slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of - Western Europe - note: - includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia -Land boundaries: - total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29 - km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 km -Coastline: - 19,924 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait - of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only - mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; - Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica - (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of - any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island -Climate: - mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska, - semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the - Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are - ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from - the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains -Terrain: - vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; - rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic - topography in Hawaii -Natural resources: - coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, - mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, - timber -Land use: - arable land: - 20% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 26% - -*United States, Geography - - forest and woodland: - 29% - other: - 25% -Irrigated land: - 181,020 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural - fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water - resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake - activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major - impediment to development -Note: - world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) - -*United States, People - -Population: - 258,103,721 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.02% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.8 years - male: - 72.49 years - female: - 79.29 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - American(s) - adjective: - American -Ethnic divisions: - white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992) -Religions: - Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989) -Languages: - English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority) -Literacy: - age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991) - total population: - 97.9% - male: - 97.9% - female: - 97.9% -Labor force: - 128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force - 126.982 million) (1992) - by occupation: - NA - -*United States, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - United States of America - conventional short form: - United States -Abbreviation: - US or USA -Digraph: - US -Type: - federal republic; strong democratic tradition -Capital: - Washington, DC -Administrative divisions: - 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,, Colorado, -Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, -Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, - Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, - Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, - North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode - Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, - Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming -Dependent areas: - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston - Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana - Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island - note: - since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the - Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with - three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a - Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); - Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved - by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in - Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory - of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact - of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of - the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US - (effective 21 October 1986) -Independence: - 4 July 1776 (from England) -Constitution: - 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 -Legal system: - based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations -National holiday: - Independence Day, 4 July (1776) -Political parties and leaders: - Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, - co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee - chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results - - William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican - Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1% - -*United States, Government - - Senate: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - - Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total) - Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43 - House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results - - Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total) - Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1 -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or - House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) -Member of: - AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM, - CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, - IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, - NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, - UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC -Flag: - thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with - white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 - small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of - six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars - represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; - known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number - of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico - -*United States, Economy - -Overview: - The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy - in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major - industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made - by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of - goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the - economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the - longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and - consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of - the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a - combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, - Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and - a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell - by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth - picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million, - the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker. - Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic - infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade - deficits. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992) -National product real growth rate: - 2.1% (1992) -National product per capita: - $23,400 (1992) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 3% (1992) -Unemployment rate: - 7% (April 1993) -Budget: - revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY92) -Exports: - $442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer - goods, agricultural products - partners: - Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) -Imports: - $544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer - goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages - partners: - Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDP -Electricity: - 780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per - capita (1992) -Industries: - leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, - motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food - processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining - -*United States, Economy - -Agriculture: - accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils - support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second - largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; - fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990) -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production - estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; - ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not - reduced production -Economic aid: - donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion -Currency: - 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents -Exchange rates: - British pounds: - (#) per US$ - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 - (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988) - Canadian dollars: - (Can$) per US$ - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 - (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988) - French francs: - (F) per US$ - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 - (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988) - Italian lire: - (Lit) per US$ - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), - 1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988) - Japanese yen: - (Y) per US$ - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79 - (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988) - German deutsche marks: - (DM) per US$ - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157 - (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*United States, Communications - -Railroads: - 240,000 km of mainline routes, all standard 1.435 meter track, no government - ownership (1989) -Highways: - 7,599,250 km total; 6,230,000 km state-financed roads; 1,369,250 km - federally-financed roads (including 71,825 km interstate limited access - freeways) (1988) -Inland waterways: - 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) -Pipelines: - petroleum 276,000 km (1991), natural gas 331,000 km (1991) -Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland, - Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, - Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, - Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, - Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington -Merchant marine: - 385 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,567,000 GRT/19,511,000 DWT; - includes 3 passenger-cargo, 36 cargo, 23 bulk, 169 tanker, 13 tanker - tug-barge, 13 liquefied gas, 128 intermodal; in addition, there are 219 - government-owned vessels -Airports: - total: - 14,177 - usable: - 12,417 - with permanent-surface runways: - 4,820 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 63 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 325 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2,524 -Telecommunications: - 126,000,000 telephone access lines; 7,557,000 cellular phone subscribers; - broadcast stations - 4,987 AM, 4,932 FM, 1,092 TV; about 9,000 TV cable - systems; 530,000,000 radio sets and 193,000,000 TV sets in use; 16 - satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite ground stations - 45 - Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT (1990) - -*United States, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), - Department of the Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 66.826 million; fit for military service NA (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $315.5 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1992) - -*Uruguay, Geography - -Location: - Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Argentina - and Brazil -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 176,220 km2 - land area: - 173,620 km2 comparative area: - slightly smaller than Washington State -Land boundaries: - total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km -Coastline: - 660 km -Maritime claims: - continental shelf: - 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - territorial sea: - 200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm -International disputes: - short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections - of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio - Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the - Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the Uruguay -Climate: - warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown -Terrain: - mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland -Natural resources: - soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals -Land use: - arable land: - 8% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 78% - forest and woodland: - 4% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - 1,100 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods - -*Uruguay, People - -Population: - 3,175,050 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 0.75% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 17.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: 73.74 years - male: - 70.52 years - female: - 77.11 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.46 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Uruguayan(s) - adjective: - Uruguayan -Ethnic divisions: - white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% -Religions: - Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends church - regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% -Languages: - Spanish -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 96% - male: - 97% - female: - 96% -Labor force: - 1.355 million (1991 est.) - by occupation: - government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities, - construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988 - est.) - -*Uruguay, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Oriental Republic of Uruguay - conventional short form: - Uruguay - local long form: - Republica Oriental del Uruguay - local short form: - Uruguay -Digraph: - UY -Type: - republic -Capital: - Montevideo -Administrative divisions: - 19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones, - Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, - Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, - Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres -Independence: - 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) -Constitution: - 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new - constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 -Legal system: - based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 25 August (1828) -Political parties and leaders: - National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Secretary General - (vacant); Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes PSU, PCU, - MLN, MRO, PVP; Uruguayan Socialist Party (PSU), Jose Pedro CARDOSO, and; - Communist Party (PCU), Marina ARISMENDI; National Liberation Movement (MLN) - or Tupamaros, Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; Oriental Rvolutionary Movement - (MRO), Walter ARTOLA; Party for the Victory of the Poor (PVP), Hugo CORES; - New Space Coalition consists of PGP, PDC, and Civic Union, Hugo BATALLA; - People's Government Party (PGP), Hugo BATALLA, secretary general; Christian - Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos VASSALLO, secretary general; Civic Union, - Humberto CIGANDA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) - 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20% - Chamber of Senators: - last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total) - Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2 - Chamber of Representatives: - last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - - Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats - - (99 total) number of seats by party NA -Executive branch: - president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) - -*Uruguay, Government - -Legislative branch: - bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber - or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber - of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo - AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990) -Member of: - AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, - ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO - (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS, - OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, - UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY - chancery: - 1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: - telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316 - consulates general: - Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, - consulate: - New Orleans -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Richard C. BROWN - embassy: - Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo - mailing address: - APO AA 34035 - telephone: - [598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77 - FAX: - [598] (2) 48-86-11 -Flag: - nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with - blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow - sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately - triangular and wavy - -*Uruguay, Economy - -Overview: - Uruguay is a small economy with favorable climate, good soils, and solid - hydropower potential. Economic development has been held back by excessive - government regulation of economic detail and 50% to 130% inflation. After - several years of sluggish growth, real GDP jumped by about 8% in 1992. The - rise is attributable mainly to an increase in Argentine demand for Uruguayan - exports, particularly agricultural products and electricity. In a major step - toward greater regional economic cooperation, Uruguay in 1991 had joined - Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market - (Mercosur). A referendum in December 1992 overturned key portions of - landmark privatization legislation, dealing a serious blow to President - LACALLE's broad economic reform plan. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 8% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $3,100 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 58% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 9% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital - expenditures of $388 million (1991) -Exports: - $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4% - partners: - Argentina, Brazil, US, Germany -Imports: - $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, fuels, and lubricants, metals, machinery, transportation - equipment, industrial chemicals - partners: - Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990) -External debt: - $4.1 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,168,000 kW capacity; 5,960 million kWh produced, 1,900 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, - tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine -Agriculture: - large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; - self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million; - Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million -Currency: - 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos - -*Uruguay, Economy - -Exchange rates: - new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 3,457.5 (December 1992), 3,026.9 - (1992), 2,489 (1991), 1,594 (1990), 805 (1989), 451 (1988), 281 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Uruguay, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned -Highways: - 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth -Inland waterways: - 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft -Ports: - Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia -Merchant marine: - 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,797 GRT/132,296 DWT; includes 1 - cargo, 2 container, 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 88 - usable: - 81 - with permanent-surface runways: - 16 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 14 -Telecommunications: - most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave - network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 - shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations - -*Uruguay, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force, - Grenadier Guards, Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 755,667; fit for military service 613,585 (1993 est.); no - conscription -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.) - -*Uzbekistan, Geography - -Location: - Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan -Map references: - Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard - Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 447,400 km2 - land area: - 425,400 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than California -Land boundaries: - total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 - km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km -Coastline: - 0 km - note: - Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - none -Climate: - mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east -Terrain: - mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east - surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in - west -Natural resources: - natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, - tungsten, molybdenum -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 47% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 43% -Irrigated land: - 41,550 km2 (1990) -Environment: - drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical - pesticides and natural salts -Note: - landlocked - -*Uzbekistan, People - -Population: - 22,127,946 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.17% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 68.36 years male: - 65.05 years - female: - 71.84 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Uzbek(s) - adjective: - Uzbek -Ethnic divisions: - Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes - 70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other - 7% -Religions: - Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3% -Languages: - Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% -Literacy: - age 9-49 can read and write (1970) - total population: - 100% - male: - 100% - female: - 100% -Labor force: - 7.941 million - by occupation: - agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% - (1990) - -*Uzbekistan, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Uzbekistan - conventional short form: - Uzbekistan - local long form: - Uzbekiston Respublikasi - local short form: - none - former: - Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic -Digraph: - UZ -Type: - republic -Capital: - Tashkent (Toshkent) -Administrative divisions: - 12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*, (avtomnaya respublika); -Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*, (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm -(Urgench), Namangan, Navoi, - Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent - note: - an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center - (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) -Independence: - 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) -Constitution: - new constitution adopted 8 December 1992 -Legal system: - evolution of Soviet civil law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 1 September (1991) -Political parties and leaders: - People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, - chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman -Other political or pressure groups: - Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman; - Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% - Supreme Soviet: - last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote - by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note - - total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Supreme Soviet -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990) - -*Uzbekistan, Government - - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy - Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet - Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991) -Member of: - CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV - chancery: - 200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 - telephone: (202) 778-0107 - FAX: - (202) 861-0472 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE - embassy: - 55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent - mailing address: - APO AE 09862 - telephone: - [7] (3712) 77-14-07 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by - red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side - quadrant - -*Uzbekistan, Economy - -Overview: - Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it - produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest - global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had - included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental - damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish - use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread - health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food - production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes - in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, - and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources - including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural - gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away - from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued - to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in - supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR. -National product: - GDP $NA -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1992) -National product per capita: - $NA -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993) -Unemployment rate: - 0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large - numbers of underemployed workers -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil - partners: - Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe -Imports: - $900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) - commodities: - machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods - partners: - principally other former Soviet republics -External debt: - $2 billion (end 1991 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -6% -Electricity: - 11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles -Agriculture: - cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and - livestock -Illicit drugs: - illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited - government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit - drugs to Western Europe -Economic aid: - $950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) - -*Uzbekistan, Economy - -Currency: - retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) -Exchange rates: - rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Uzbekistan, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) -Highways: - 78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990) -Pipelines: - crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992) -Ports: - none; landlocked -Airports: - totol: - 265 - useable: - 74 - with permanent-surface runways: - 30 - with runways over 3,659 m: 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 20 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 19 -Telecommunications: - poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent; - 1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by - landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via - the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth - stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station - provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite - ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo. - -*Uzbekistan, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach - military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Vanuatu, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about - three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 14,760 km2 - land area: - 14,760 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Connecticut - note: - includes more than 80 islands -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 2,528 km -Maritime claims: - measured from claimed archipelagic baselines - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds -Terrain: - mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains -Natural resources: - manganese, hardwood forests, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 1% - permanent crops: - 5% - meadows and pastures: - 2% - forest and woodland: - 1% - other: - 91% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism - causes minor earthquakes - -*Vanuatu, People - -Population: - 165,876 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.36% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 58.8 years - male: - 57.11 years - female: - 60.58 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.47 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural) - adjective: Ni-Vanuatu -Ethnic divisions: - indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders -Religions: - Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, - Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% -Languages: - English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or - Bichelama) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1979) - total population: - 53% - male: - 57% - female: - 48% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - NA - -*Vanuatu, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Vanuatu - conventional short form: - Vanuatu - former: - New Hebrides -Digraph: - NH -Type: - republic -Capital: - Port-Vila -Administrative divisions: - 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, - Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea -Independence: - 30 July 1980 (from France and UK) -Constitution: - 30 July 1980 -Legal system: - unified system being created from former dual French and British systems -National holiday: - Independence Day, 30 July (1980) -Political parties and leaders: - Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge - VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party - (NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel - Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA -Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Parliament: - last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after - election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the - National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats - - (46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers - (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on - matters of custom and land -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT KORMAN (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime - Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC, - ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO -Diplomatic representation in US: - Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington -US diplomatic representation: - the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu - -*Vanuatu, Government - -Flag: - two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles - triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow - stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the - hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's - tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow - -*Vanuatu, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a - living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other - mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has - no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the - local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1988 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 6% (1990) -National product per capita: - $900 (1988 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 5% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $90 million; expenditures $103 million, including capital - expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.) -Exports: - $15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4% - partners: - Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium -Imports: - $60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, - raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6% - partners: - Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8% -External debt: - $30 million (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP -Electricity: - 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning -Agriculture: - accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish; - subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $606 million -Currency: - 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - vatu (VT) per US$1 - 120.77 (January 1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991), - 116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Vanuatu, Communications - -Railroads: - none -Highways: - 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads -Ports: - Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu -Merchant marine: - 125 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,121,819 GRT/3,193,942 DWT; includes - 23 cargo, 16 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 - livestock carrier, 6 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 54 - bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a flag - of convenience registry -Airports: - total: - 31 - usable: - 31 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 -Telecommunications: - broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean - INTELSAT ground station - -*Vanuatu, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF) - note: - no military forces -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Venezuela, Geography - -Location: - Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Colombia and - Guyana -Map references: - South America, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 912,050 km2 - land area: - 882,050 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than twice the size of California -Land boundaries: - total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km -Coastline: - 2,800 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 15 nm - continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute - with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela -Climate: - tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands -Terrain: - Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains - (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast -Natural resources: - petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, - diamonds -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 1% - meadows and pastures: - 20% - forest and woodland: - 39% - other: - 37% -Irrigated land: - 2,640 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing - industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo -Note: - on major sea and air routes linking North and South America - -*Venezuela, People - -Population: - 20,117,687 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.22% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 28.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 72.69 years - male: - 69.76 years female: - 75.77 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.14 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Venezuelan(s) - adjective: - Venezuelan -Ethnic divisions: - mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% -Religions: - nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% -Languages: - Spanish (official), Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in - the remote interior -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 88% - male: - 87% - female: - 90% -Labor force: - 5.8 million - by occupation: - services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) - -*Venezuela, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Venezuela - conventional short form: - Venezuela - local long form: - Republica de Venezuela - local short form: - Venezuela -Digraph: - VE -Type: - republic -Capital: - Caracas -Administrative divisions: - 21 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 territory* ( territorio), 1, federal district**, -(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence***, (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui,, -Apure, Aragua, Barinas, - Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales***,, Distrito Federal**,, -Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva - Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia - note: the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled island groups - with a total of 72 individual islands -Independence: - 5 July 1811 (from Spain) -Constitution: - 23 January 1961 -Legal system: - based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation - Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 5 July (1811) -Political parties and leaders: - Social Christian Party (COPEI), Hilarion CARDOZO, president, and Jose - CURIEL, secretary general (acting); Democratic Action (AD), Humberto CELLI, - president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero, secretary general; Movement Toward - Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary - general; The Radical Cause ( La Causa R), Pablo Medina, secretary general -Other political or pressure groups: - FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of - Workers (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS - groups -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - - Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%; - note - President Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption - charges - Senate: - last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; - note - 3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate - seats - -*Venezuela, Government - - Chamber of Deputies: - last held 4 December 1992 (next to be held 5 December 1993); results - AD - 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats - (201 total) AD 97, COPEI - 67, MAS 18, other 19 -Executive branch: - president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an - upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies - (Camara de Diputados) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Interim President Ramon Jose VELASQUEZ (since 5 June 1993); note - President - Carlos Andres PEREZ suspended pending trial on corruption charges -Member of: AG, CARICOM (observer), CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, - G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, - INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, - OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, - UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro - chancery: - 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 - telephone: - (202) 342-2214 - consulates general: - Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, - Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico) -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL - embassy: - Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas - mailing address: - P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO AA 34037 - telephone: - [58] (2) 285-2222 - FAX: - [58] (2) 285-0336 - consulate: - Maracaibo -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of - arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white - five-pointed stars centered in the blue band - -*Venezuela, Economy - -Overview: - Petroleum is the backbone of the economy, accounting for 23% of GDP, 70% of - central government revenues, and 82% of export earnings in 1992. President - PEREZ introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed office in - February 1989. Lower tariffs and the removal of price controls, a free - market exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates threw the economy - into confusion, causing an 8% decline in GDP in 1989. However, the economy - recovered part way in 1990 and grew by 10.4% in 1991 and 7.3% in 1992, led - by the non-petroleum sector. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $57.8 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 7.3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $2,800 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 32% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 8.4% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $13.2 billion; expenditures $13.1 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1992) -Exports: - $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - petroleum 82%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic - manufactures - partners: - US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) -Imports: - $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment - partners: - US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) -External debt: - $27.1 billion (1992) -Industrial production: - growth rate 11.9% (1992 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP, including petroleum -Electricity: - 21,130,000 kW capacity; 58,541 million kWh produced, 2,830 kWh per capita - (1992) -Industries: - petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, - textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly -Agriculture: - accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products - corn, sorghum, - sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; - not self-sufficient in food other than meat -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade - on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine transit the country - from Colombia; important money-laundering hub -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries - (1970-89), $10 million -Currency: - 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos - -*Venezuela, Economy - -Exchange rates: - bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 80.18 (January 1993), 68.38 (1992), 56.82 (1991), - 46.90 (1990), 34.68 (1989), 14.50 (fixed rate 1987-88) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Venezuela, Communications - -Railroads: - 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government - owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned -Highways: - 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, - and 15,835 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels -Pipelines: - crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km -Ports: - Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz -Merchant marine: - 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 837,375 GRT/1,344,795 DWT; includes 1 - short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 19 cargo, 2 container, 4 - roll-on/roll-off, 18 oil tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 6 bulk, - 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk -Airports: - total: - 360 - usable: - 331 - with permanent-surface runways: - 133 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 15 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 87 -Telecommunications: - modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 181 AM, no - FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground - stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic - -*Venezuela, Defense Forces - -Branches: - National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN) includes - Ground - Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas - Navales or Armada), Air Forces (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of - Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation or Guardia - Nacional) -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 5,192,107; fit for military service 3,769,441; reach - military age (18) annually 221,043 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $1.95 billion, 4% of GDP (1991) - -*Vietnam, Geography - -Location: - Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Laos and the - Philippines -Map references: - Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 329,560 km2 - land area: - 325,360 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than New Mexico -Land boundaries: - total 3,818 km, Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km -Coastline: - 3,444 km (excludes islands) -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 nm or the edge of continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute - over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and - possibly Brunei; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime - boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied - by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan -Climate: - tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to - mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) -Terrain: - low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in - far north and northwest -Natural resources: - phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, - forests -Land use: - arable land: - 22% - permanent crops: - 2% - meadows and pastures: - 1% - forest and woodland: - 40% - other: - 35% -Irrigated land: - 18,300 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding - -*Vietnam, People - -Population: - 71,787,608 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.85% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 27.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 7.92 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -1.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 65.1 years - male: - 63.08 years - female: - 67.25 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.45 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Vietnamese (singular and plural) - adjective: - Vietnamese -Ethnic divisions: - Vietnamese 85-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham -Religions: - Buddhist, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant -Languages: - Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages - (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 88% - male: - 92% - female: - 84% -Labor force: - 32.7 million - by occupation: - agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) - -*Vietnam, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Socialist Republic of Vietnam - conventional short form: - Vietnam local long form: - Cong Hoa Chu Nghia Viet Nam - local short form: - Viet Nam -Abbreviation: - SRV -Digraph: - VM -Type: - Communist state -Capital: - Hanoi -Administrative divisions: - 50 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho,, singular and plural); -An Giang, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh - Dinh, Binh Thuan, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lac, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, - Ha Bac, Ha Giang, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ho Chi, Minh*, Hoa Binh, -Khanh, Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang - Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Minh Hai, Nam Ha, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu - Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc - Trang, Son La, Song Be, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Tien - Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phu, Yen Bai -Independence: - 2 September 1945 (from France) -Constitution: - NA April 1992 -Legal system: - based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system -National holiday: - Independence Day, 2 September (1945) -Political parties and leaders: - only party - Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), DO MUOI, general secretary -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - National Assembly: - last held 19 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1997); results - VCP is the - only party; seats - (395 total) VCP or VCP-approved 395 -Executive branch: - president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) -Judicial branch: - Supreme People's Court -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Le Duc ANH (since 23 September 1992) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991); First Deputy Prime - Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 10 August 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen - KHANH (since NA February 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Tran Duc LUONG (since - NA February 1987) - -*Vietnam, Government - -Member of: - ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, - IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - none -US diplomatic representation: - none -Flag: - red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center - -*Vietnam, Economy - -Overview: - Vietnam has made significant progress in recent years moving away from the - planned economic model and toward a more effective market-based economic - system. Most prices are now fully decontrolled and the Vietnamese currency - has been effectively devalued and floated at world market rates. In - addition, the scope for private sector activity has been expanded, primarily - through decollectivization of the agricultural sector and introduction of - laws giving legal recognition to private business. Despite such positive - indicators, the country's economic turnaround remains tenuous. Nearly - three-quarters of export earnings are generated by only two commodities, - rice and crude oil. Meanwhile, industrial production stagnates, burdened by - uncompetitive state-owned enterprises the government is unwilling or unable - to privatize. Unemployment looms as the most serious problem with over 25% - of the workforce without jobs and population growth swelling the ranks of - the unemployed yearly. -National product: - GNP - exchange rate conversion - $16 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 7.4% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $230 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15%-20% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 25% (1992 est.) -Budget: - revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1990) -Exports: - $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992) - commodities: - agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude oil, ores, - seafood - partners: - Japan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan -Imports: - $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992) - commodities: - petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, - medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain - partners: - Japan, Singapore, Thailand -External debt: - $16.8 billion (1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 15% (1992); accounts for 30% of GNP -Electricity: - 3,300,000 kW capacity; 9,000 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical - fertilizer, glass, tires, oil -Agriculture: - accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm - output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal - products 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of - 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) - -*Vietnam, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 - billion -Currency: - 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu -Exchange rates: - new dong (D) per US$1 - 10,800 (November 1992), 8,100 (July 1991), 7,280 - (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987); note - - 1985-89 figures are end of year -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Vietnam, Communications - -Railroads: - 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter (standard) - gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service - after war damage -Highways: - 85,000 km total; 9,400 km paved, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, 26,900 - km unimproved earth (est.) -Inland waterways: - 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up - to 1.8 meter draft -Pipelines: - petroleum products 150 km -Ports: - Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City -Merchant marine: - 99 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 460,712 GRT/739,246 DWT; includes 84 - cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8 oil tanker, 3 bulk -Airports: - total: - 100 - usable: - 100 - with permanent-surface runways: - 50 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 10 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 20 -Telecommunications: - the inadequacies of the obsolete switching equipment and cable system is a - serious constraint on the business sector and on economic growth, and - restricts access to the international links that Vietnam has established - with most major countries; the telephone system is not generally available - for private use (25 telephones for each 10,000 persons); 3 satellite earth - stations; broadcast stations - NA AM, 288 FM; 36 (77 repeaters) TV; about - 2,500,000 TV receivers and 7,000,000 radio receivers in use (1991) - -*Vietnam, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Ground, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 17,835,536; fit for military service 11,338,880; reach - military age (17) annually 771,792 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP - -*Virgin Islands, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Virgin Islands, Geography - -Location: - in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 110 km east and southeast of Puerto Rico -Map references: - Central America and the Caribbean -Area: - total area: - 352 km2 - land area: - 349 km2 - comparative area: - slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 188 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, - little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November -Terrain: - mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land -Natural resources: - sun, sand, sea, surf -Land use: - arable land: - 15% - permanent crops: - 6% - meadows and pastures: - 26% - forest and woodland: - 6% - other: - 47% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, - earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources -Note: - important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane for the - Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in - the Caribbean - -*Virgin Islands, People - -Population: - 98,130 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - -0.76% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 20.26 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: -22.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 12.54 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 75.29 years - male: - 73.6 years - female: - 77.2 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 2.64 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Virgin Islander(s) - adjective: - Virgin Islander; US citizens -Ethnic divisions: - West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the - West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, - white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% -Religions: - Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% -Languages: - English (official), Spanish, Creole -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 45,500 (1988) - by occupation: - tourism 70% - -*Virgin Islands, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Virgin Islands of the United States - conventional short form: - Virgin Islands -Digraph: - VQ -Type: - organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of - Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior -Capital: - Charlotte Amalie -Administrative divisions: - none (territory of the US) -Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 -Legal system: - based on US -National holiday: - Transfer Day, 31 March (1917) (from Denmark to US) -Political parties and leaders: - Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), - Virdin C. BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Governor: - last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held November 1994); results - - Governor Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) 56.5% defeated Juan LUIS - (independent) 38.5% - Senate: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total) number of seats by party NA - US House of Representatives: - last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 2 November 1994); results - Ron - DE LUGO reelected as delegate; seats - (1 total); seat by party NA; note - - the Virgin Islands elect one representative to the US House of - Representatives -Executive branch: - US president, popularly elected governor and lieutenant governor -Legislative branch: - unicameral Senate -Judicial branch: - US District Court: - handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and - over), and federal cases - Territorial Court: - handles civil matters up to $50,000, small claims, juvenile, domestic, - misdemeanors, and traffic cases -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President - Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993) - Head of Government: - Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor - Derek M. HODGE (since 5 January 1987) -Member of: - ECLAC (associate), IOC - -*Virgin Islands, Government - -Diplomatic representation in US: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue - initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in - one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of - vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel - -*Virgin Islands, Economy - -Overview: - Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of - GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, - electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural - sector is small, most food being imported. International business and - financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. One of - the world's largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. -National product: - GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $1.2 billion (1987) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $11,000 (1987) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - 3.7% (1992) -Budget: - revenues $364.4 million; expenditures $364.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY90) -Exports: - $2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - refined petroleum products - partners: - US, Puerto Rico -Imports: - $3.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials - partners: - US, Puerto Rico -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 12%; accounts for NA% of GDP -Electricity: - 380,000 kW capacity; 565 million kWh produced, 5,710 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, - pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics -Agriculture: - truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $42 - million -Currency: - US currency is used -Fiscal year: - 1 October - 30 September - -*Virgin Islands, Communications - -Highways: - 856 km total -Ports: - Saint Croix - Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas - Long Bay, Crown - Bay, Red Hook; Saint John - Cruz Bay -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways : - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 2 - note: - international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix -Telecommunications: - modern telephone system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave - radio, and satellite facilities; 58,931 telephones; 98,000 radios; 63,000 TV - sets in use; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 8 FM, 4 TV (1988) - -*Virgin Islands, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Wake Island, Header - -Affiliation: - (territory of the US) - -*Wake Island, Geography - -Location: - in the North Pacific Ocean, 3,700 km west of Honolulu, about two-thirds of - the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 6.5 km2 - land area: - 6.5 km2 comparative area: - about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 19.3 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm - continental shelf: - 200 m or depth of exploitation - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands -Climate: - tropical -Terrain: - atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central - lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less - than 4 meters -Natural resources: - none -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 100% -Irrigated land: - 0 km2 -Environment: - subject to occasional typhoons -Note: - strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing location - for transpacific flights - -*Wake Island, People - -Population: - no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 302 US Air Force personnel, - civilian weather service personnel, and US and Thai contractors; population - peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during the Vietnam conflict - -*Wake Island, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Wake Island -Digraph: - WQ -Type: - unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under - an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 -Capital: - none; administered from Washington, DC -Independence: - none (territory of the US) -Flag: - the US flag is used - -*Wake Island, Economy - -Overview: - Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel - and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must - be imported. -Electricity: - supplied by US military - -*Wake Island, Communications - -Ports: - none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large - ships -Airports: - total: - 1 - usable: - 1 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; 1 Autovon circuit - off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS); Armed Forces Radio/Television - Service (AFRTS) radio and television service provided by satellite; - broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV -Note: - formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military - and some commercial cargo planes - -*Wake Island, Defense Forces - - defense is the responsibility of the US - -*Wallis and Futuna, Header - -Affiliation: - (overseas territory of France) - -*Wallis and Futuna, Geography - -Location: - in the South Pacific Ocean, 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu, about two-thirds - of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania -Area: - total area: - 274 km2 - land area: - 274 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Washington, DC - note: - includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, - and 20 islets -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 129 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to - October) -Terrain: - volcanic origin; low hills -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 5% - permanent crops: 20% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 75% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - both island groups have fringing reefs - -*Wallis and Futuna, People - -Population: - 14,175 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.15% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 26.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -9.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 27.59 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 71.2 years - male: - 70.54 years - female: - 71.9 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.34 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders - adjective: - Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander -Ethnic divisions: - Polynesian -Religions: - Roman Catholic -Languages: - French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) -Literacy: - all ages can read and write (1969) - total population: - 50% - male: - 50% - female: - 51% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.) - -*Wallis and Futuna, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands - conventional short form: - Wallis and Futuna - local long form: - Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna - local short form: - Wallis et Futuna -Digraph: - WF -Type: - overseas territory of France -Capital: - Mata Utu (on Ile Uvea) -Administrative divisions: - none (overseas territory of France) -Independence: - none (overseas territory of France) -Constitution: - 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) -Legal system: - French legal system -Political parties and leaders: - Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la - Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des - Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Territorial Assembly: - last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held NA March 1992); results - percent - of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total) RPR 7, UPL 5, UDF 4, UNF 4 - French Senate: - last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1998); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) RPR 1 - French National Assembly: - last held 21 and 28 March 1992 (next to be held by NA September 1996); - results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) MRG 1 -Executive branch: - French president, chief administrator; note - there are three traditional - kings with limited powers -Legislative branch: - unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) -Judicial branch: - none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief - administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and - there is a magistrate in Mata Utu -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) - Head of Government: - Chief Administrator Robert POMMIES (since 26 September 1990) -Member of: - FZ, SPC -Diplomatic representation in US: - as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the - US by France - -*Wallis and Futuna, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - none (overseas territory of France) -Flag: - the flag of France is used - -*Wallis and Futuna, Economy - -Overview: - The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about - 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and - vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the - population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government - subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import - taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and - Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but - its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $25 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $1,500 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (1983) -Exports: - negligible - commodities: - copra, handicrafts - partners: - NA -Imports: - $13.3 million (c.i.f., 1984) - commodities: foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel - partners: - France, Australia, New Zealand -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber -Agriculture: - dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, - bananas, and herds of pigs and goats -Economic aid: - Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), - $118 million -Currency: - 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 99.65 (January - 1993), 96.24 (1992), 102.57 (1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 - (1988); note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Wallis and Futuna, Communications - -Highways: - 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna -Inland waterways: - none -Ports: - Mata-Utu, Leava -Airports: - total: - 2 - useable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - 225 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV - -*Wallis and Futuna, Defense Forces - -Note: - defense is the responsibility of France - -*West Bank, Header - - The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in - control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan - Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by - President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status of the - West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a - peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the - concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will - resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, - it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank - describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian - administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to - negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a - distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank - because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a - negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in - character from that of the rest of the West Bank. - -*West Bank, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, between Jordan and Israel -Map references: - Middle East -Area: - total area: - 5,860 km2 - land area: - 5,640 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Delaware - note: - includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, - and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus -Land boundaries: - total 404 km, Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - Israeli occupied with status to be determined -Climate: - temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot - summers, cool to mild winters -Terrain: - mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east -Natural resources: - negligible -Land use: - arable land: - 27% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 32% - forest and woodland: - 1% - other: - 40% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers -Note: - landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 - Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem - -*West Bank, People - -Population: - 1,404,114 (July 1993 est.) - note: - in addition, there are 102,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 134,000 - in East Jerusalem (1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.9% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33.78 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 5.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 35.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 69.93 years - male: - 68.48 years - female: - 71.46 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.37 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - NA - adjective: - NA -Ethnic divisions: - Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% -Religions: - Muslim 80% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% -Languages: - Arabic, Hebrew spoken by Israeli settlers, English widely understood -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - NA - by occupation: - small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, - agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984) - note: - excluding Israeli Jewish settlers - -*West Bank, Government - -Note: - The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and - Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the - West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. - These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed. -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - West Bank -Digraph: - WG - -*West Bank, Economy - -Overview: - Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military - administration and the effects of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah). - Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable investment have - been discouraged by a lack of local capital and restrictive Israeli - policies. Capital investment consists largely of residential housing, not - productive assets that would enable local firms to compete with Israeli - industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers - employed in Israel and Persian Gulf states, but such transfers from the Gulf - dropped dramatically after Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990. In the wake - of the Persian Gulf crisis, many Palestinians have returned to the West - Bank, increasing unemployment, and export revenues have plunged because of - the loss of markets in Jordan and the Gulf states. Israeli measures to - curtail the intifadah also have pushed unemployment up and lowered living - standards. The area's economic outlook remains bleak. -National product: GNP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $1,200 (1990 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 11% (1991 est.) -Unemployment rate: - 15% (1990 est.) -Budget: - revenues $31.0 million; expenditures $36.1 million, including capital - expenditures of $NA (FY88) -Exports: - $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Jordan, Israel -Imports: - $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.) - commodities: - NA - partners: - Jordan, Israel -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate 1% (1989); accounts for about 4% of GNP -Electricity: - power supplied by Israel -Industries: - generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, - olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have - established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and - industrial centers -Agriculture: - accounts for about 15% of GNP; olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, - beef, and dairy products -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 - fils - -*West Bank, Economy - -Exchange rates: - new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 2.6480 (November 1992), 2.2791 (1991), - 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987); Jordanian dinars - (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 - (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year (since 1 January 1992) - -*West Bank, Communications - -Highways: - small road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways to service - new settlements -Airports: - total: - 2 - usable: - 2 - with permanent-surface runways: - 2 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 1 -Telecommunications: - open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; broadcast stations - no - AM, no FM, no TV - -*West Bank, Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Western Sahara, Geography - -Location: - Northern Africa, along the Atlantic Ocean, between Morocco and Mauritania -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 266,000 km2 - land area: - 266,000 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Colorado -Land boundaries: - total 2,046 km, Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km -Coastline: - 1,110 km -Maritime claims: - contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue -International disputes: - claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the - UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered - cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 -Climate: - hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and - heavy dew -Terrain: - mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising - to small mountains in south and northeast -Natural resources: - phosphates, iron ore -Land use: - arable land: - 0% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 19% - forest and woodland: - 0% - other: - 81% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; - widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting - visibility; sparse water and arable land - -*Western Sahara, People - -Population: - 206,629 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.52% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 47.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 19.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 155.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 44.88 years - male: - 43.98 years - female: - 46.06 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 7.01 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: noun: - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) - adjective: - Sahrawian, Sahraouian -Ethnic divisions: - Arab, Berber -Religions: - Muslim -Languages: - Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic -Literacy: - total population: - NA% - male: - NA% - female: - NA% -Labor force: - 12,000 - by occupation: - animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50% - -*Western Sahara, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - none - conventional short form: - Western Sahara -Digraph: - WI -Type: - legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory - contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation - of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally - proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic - (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, - with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from - Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; - Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since - asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was - seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued - sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September - 1991 -Capital: - none -Administrative divisions: - none (under de facto control of Morocco) -Leaders: - none -Member of: - none -Diplomatic representation in US: - none -US diplomatic representation: - none - -*Western Sahara, Economy - -Overview: - Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little - rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, - and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. - Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and - other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $60 million (1991 est.) -National product real growth rate: - NA% -National product per capita: - $300 (1991 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - NA% -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) - commodities: - phosphates 62% - partners: - Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are - included in overall Moroccan accounts -Imports: - $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) - commodities: - fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs - partners: - Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are - included in overall Moroccan accounts -External debt: - $NA -Industrial production: - growth rate NA% -Electricity: - 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) -Industries: - phosphate mining, fishing, handicrafts -Agriculture: - limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in - nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food - imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic - natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces -Economic aid: - NA -Currency: - 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes -Exchange rates: - Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.034 (January 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 - (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988) -Fiscal year: - NA - -*Western Sahara, Communications - -Highways: - 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth - roads and tracks -Ports: - El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla -Airports: - total: - 14 - usable: - 14 - with permanent-surface runways: - 3 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 5 -Telecommunications: - sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio - relay, troposcatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to - Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV - -*Western Sahara, Defense Forces - -Branches: - NA -Manpower availability: - NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*Western Samoa, Geography - -Location: - Oceania, 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about - halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand -Map references: - Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,860 km2 land area: - 2,850 km2 - comparative area: - slightly smaller than Rhode Island -Land boundaries: - 0 km -Coastline: - 403 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - none -Climate: - tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior -Natural resources: - hardwood forests, fish -Land use: - arable land: - 19% - permanent crops: - 24% - meadows and pastures: - 0% - forest and woodland: - 47% - other: - 10% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism - -*Western Samoa, People - -Population: - 199,652 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.37% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 33 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 6.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 38.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 67.58 years male: - 65.19 years - female: - 70.08 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 4.28 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Western Samoan(s) - adjective: - Western Samoan -Ethnic divisions: - Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian blood), - Europeans 0.4% -Religions: - Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London - Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, - Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) -Languages: - Samoan (Polynesian), English -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1971) - total population: - 97% - male: - 97% - female: - 97% -Labor force: - 38,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 22,000 (1987 est.) - -*Western Samoa, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Independent State of Western Samoa - conventional short form: - Western Samoa -Digraph: - WS -Type: - constitutional monarchy under native chief -Capital: - Apia -Administrative divisions: - 11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga, Gaga'emauga, - Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano -Independence: - 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) -Constitution: - 1 January 1962 -Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of - legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not - accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - National Day, 1 June -Political parties and leaders: - Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National - Development Party (SNDP), TAPUA Tamasese Efi, chairman -Suffrage: - 21 years of age; universal, but only matai (head of family) are able to run - for the Legislative Assembly -Elections: - Legislative Assembly: - last held 5 April 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 28, SNDP 18, independents 1 -Executive branch: - chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court, Court of Appeal -Leaders: - Chief of State: - Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 - until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) - Head of Government: - Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) -Member of: - ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, - LORCS, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador-designate Neroni SLADE - chancery: - (temporary) suite 510, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 - telephone: - (202) 833-1743 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa - -*Western Samoa, Government - - embassy: - address NA, Apia - mailing address: - P.O. Box 3430, Apia - telephone: - (685) 21-631 - FAX: - (685) 22-030 -Flag: - red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five - white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation - -*Western Samoa, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to - GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from - the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant - remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times - export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and - construction of the first international hotel is under way. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $115 million (1990) -National product real growth rate: - -4.5% (1990 est.) -National product per capita: - $690 (1990) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 15% (1990) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital - expenditures of $41 million (FY92) -Exports: - $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) - commodities: - coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% - partners: - NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) -Imports: - $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) - commodities: - intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% - partners: - New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% -External debt: - $83 million (December 1990 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP -Electricity: - 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) -Industries: - timber, tourism, food processing, fishing -Agriculture: - accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million -Currency: - 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene -Exchange rates: - tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.5681 (January 1993), 2.4655 (1992), 2.3975 (1991), - 2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Western Samoa, Communications - -Highways: - 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; 1,667 km mostly gravel, crushed stone, or - earth -Ports: - Apia -Merchant marine: - 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT -Airports: - total: - 3 - usable: - 3 - with permanent-surface runways: - 1 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 0 -Telecommunications: - 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 - Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station - -*Western Samoa, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Department of Police and Prisons -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP - -*World, Geography - -Map references: - Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 510.072 million km2 - land area: - 148.94 million km2 - water area: - 361.132 million km2 - comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US - note: - 70.8% of the world is water, 29.2% is land -Land boundaries: - the land boundaries in the world total 250,883.64 km (not counting shared - boundaries twice) -Coastline: - 356,000 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 24 nm claimed by most but can vary - continental shelf: - 200 m depth claimed by most or to the depth of exploitation, others claim - 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm claimed by most but can vary - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm claimed by most but can vary - territorial sea: - 12 nm claimed by most but can vary - note: - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from - extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 42 nations and - other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, - Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, - Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican - City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, - Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, - Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, - Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe -Climate: - two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate - zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates -Terrain: - highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is - the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the - Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters -Natural resources: - the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of - forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and - the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and - the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and - peoples are only beginning to address -Land use: - arable land: - 10% - permanent crops: - 1% - -*World, Geography - - meadows and pastures: - 24% - forest and woodland: 31% - other: - 34% -Irrigated land: - NA km2 -Environment: - large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters - (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, - industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), - loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of - wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion - -*World, People - -Population: - 5,554,552,453 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.6% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 25 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 9 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 62 years - male: - 60 years - female: - 64 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 3.2 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) - combined: - 74% - male: - 81% - female: - 67% -Labor force: - 2.24 billion (1992) - by occupation: - NA - -*World, Government - -Digraph: - XX -Administrative divisions: - 265 sovereign nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries -Legal system: - varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations - International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) - -*World, Economy - -Overview: - Real global output--gross world product (GWP)--rose one-half of 1% in 1992, - with results varying widely among regions and countries. Average growth of - 1.5% in the GDP of industrialized countries (62% of GWP in 1992) and average - growth of 5% in the GDP of less developed countries (30% of GWP) were offset - by a further 15-20% drop in the GDP of the former Soviet-East European area - (now only 8% of GWP). The United States accounted for 23% of GWP in 1992; - the 12-member European Community, which established a single internal market - on 1 January 1993, accounted for another 23%, and Japan accounted for 10%. - These are the three "economic superpowers" presumably destined to compete - for mastery in international markets on into the 21st century. In general, - growth in the industrialized countries was sluggish in 1992, with - unemployment typically at 7-11%. As for the less developed countries, China, - India, and the Four Dragons--South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and - Singapore--posted good records; however, many other countries, especially in - Africa, suffered bitterly from drought, rapid population growth, and civil - strife. The continued plunge in production in practically all the former - Warsaw Pact economies strained the political and social fabric of these - newly independent nations, in particular in Russia. The addition of nearly - 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating - the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and - famine. Because of their own internal problems, the industrialized countries - have inadequate resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the - world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further - marginalized. (For the specific economic problems of each country, see the - individual country entries in this volume.) -National product: - GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power equivalent - $25.6 trillion - (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - 0.5% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $4,600 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - developed countries: - 5% (1992 est.) - developing countries: - 50% (1992 est.) - note: - these figures vary widely in individual cases -Unemployment rate: - developed countries typically 7-11%; developing countries, extensive - unemployment and underemployment (1992) -Exports: - $3.64 trillion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services - partners: in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries -Imports: - $3.82 trillion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services - partners: - in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries -External debt: - $1 trillion for less developed countries (1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate -1% (1992 est.) - -*World, Economy - -Electricity: - 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per - capita (1990) -Industries: - industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in - computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical - equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small - portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these - technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial - nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid - development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating - already grim environmental problems -Agriculture: - the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last - 20 years; the annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, - from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; - production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than - increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for - aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains - malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide - for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for - food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in - recent years has intensified the consequences of overpopulation -Economic aid: - NA - -*World, Communications - -Railroads: - 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; - 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of - electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far - East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in - North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by - France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line -Ports: - Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New - Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama -Merchant marine: - 23,943 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 397,225,000 GRT/652,025,000 DWT; - includes 347 passenger-cargo, 12,581 freighters, 5,473 bulk carriers, and - 5,542 tankers (January 1992) - -*World, Defense Forces - -Branches: - ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology -Defense expenditures: - $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) - -*Yemen, Geography - -Location: - Middle East, along the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, south of Saudi Arabia -Map references: - Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 527,970 km2 - land area: - 527,970 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming - note: - includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North - Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South - Yemen) -Land boundaries: - total 1,746 km, Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km -Coastline: - 1,906 km -Maritime claims: - contiguous zone: - 18 nm in the North - 24 nm in the South - continental shelf: - 200 m depth in the North - 200 nm in the South or to the edge of the continental margin - exclusive economic zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with - Oman; a treaty with Oman to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary was ratified in - December 1992 -Climate: - mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western - mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh - desert in east -Terrain: - narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; - dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of - the Arabian Peninsula -Natural resources: - petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, - nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west -Land use: - arable land: - 6% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 30% - forest and woodland: - 7% - other: - 57% -Irrigated land: - 3,100 km2 (1989 est.) - -*Yemen, Geography - -Environment: - subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater - resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, - one of world's most active shipping lanes - -*Yemen, People - -Population: - 10,742,395 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.31% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 51 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 15.37 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -2.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 50.94 years - male: - 49.83 years - female: - 52.11 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: 7.27 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Yemeni(s) - adjective: - Yemeni -Ethnic divisions: - predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in coastal locations; South - Asians in southern regions; small European communities in major metropolitan - areas; 60,000 (est.) Somali refugees encamped near Aden -Religions: - Muslim (including Sha'fi, Sunni, and Zaydi Shi'a), Jewish, Christian, Hindu -Languages: - Arabic -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 38% - male: - 53% - female: - 26% -Labor force: - North: - NA - by occupation: - agriculture and herding 70%, expatriate laborers 30% (est.) - South: - 477,000 - by occupation: - agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, - commerce and other 9.6% (1983) - -*Yemen, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Yemen - conventional short form: - Yemen - local long form: - Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah - local short form: - Al Yaman -Digraph: - YM -Type: - republic -Capital: - Sanaa -Administrative divisions: - 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', - Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, - Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz - note: - there may be a new capital district of San'a' -Independence: - 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger - of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the - Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or - South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November - 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 - November 1967 (from the UK) -Constitution: - 16 April 1991 -Legal system: - based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary - law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) -Political parties and leaders: - General People's Congress, 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party - (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, - Ba'th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform - or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR -Other political or pressure groups: - conservative tribal groups; Muslim Brotherhood; Islamist parties; pro-Iraqi - Ba'thists; Nasirists -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - House of Representatives: - last held NA (next to be held 27 April 1993); results - percent of vote NA; - seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of the - new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly - (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and - appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) -Executive branch: - five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members - from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister -Legislative branch: - unicameral House of Representatives -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court - -*Yemen, Government - -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of - North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990); - Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council - Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz - ABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, - the former president of South Yemen) -Member of: - ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, - IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, - UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI - chancery: - Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 - telephone: - (202) 965-4760 or 4761 - consulate general: - Detroit - consulate: - San Francisco -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES - embassy: - Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa - mailing address: - P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa or Sanaa, Department of State, Washington, DC - 20521-6330 - telephone: - [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852 - FAX: - [967] (2) 251-563 -Flag: - three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the - flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green - stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the - white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle - centered in the white band - -*Yemen, Economy - -Overview: - Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, - the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the - economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily - on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. Former South - Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in - Soviet economic support. The low level of domestic industry and agriculture - have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its - essential needs. Large trade deficits have been compensated for by - remittances from Yemenis working abroad and by foreign aid. Once - self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major - importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by - Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started - flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million. - Economic growth in former South Yemen has been constrained by a lack of - incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production - decisions, investment allocation, and import choices. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: NA% -National product per capita: - $775 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 100% (December 1992) -Unemployment rate: - 30% (December 1992) -Budget: - revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $908 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables, dried and salted fish - partners: - US, EC countries, South Korea, Saudi Arabia -Imports: - $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.) - commodities: - textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, - grain, flour, other foodstuffs, cement, machinery, chemicals - partners: - Japan, Saudi Arabia, Australia, EC countries, China, Russia, US -External debt: - $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate NA%, accounts for 18% of GDP -Electricity: - 714,000 kW capacity; 1,224 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1992) -Industries: - crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of - cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small - aluminum products factory; cement -Agriculture: - accounted for 26% of GDP; products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly - narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, fish; not - self-sufficient in grain - -*Yemen, Economy - -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 - billion -Currency: - Yemeni rial (new currency); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; 1 South - Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils - note: - following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the - North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new - Yemeni rial -Exchange rates: - Yemeni rials per US$1 - 12.0 (official); 30-40 (unofficial) (est.); North - Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12.1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600 - (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemeni - dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) - note: - following the establishment of the Republic of Yemen on 22 May 1990, the - North Yemeni riyal and the South Yemeni dinar are to be replaced with a new - Yemeni rial -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Yemen, Communications - -Highways: - 15,500 km total; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) -Pipelines: - crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km -Ports: - Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Al Mukalla, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif -Merchant marine: - 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, - 1 oil tanker -Airports: - total: - 45 - usable: - 39 - with permanent-surface runways: - 10 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 0 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 18 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 11 -Telecommunications: - since unification in 1990, efforts are still being made to create a national - domestic civil telecommunications network; the network consists of microwave - radio relay, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast - stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean - INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave - radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti - -*Yemen, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,060,124; fit for military service 1,172,633; reach - military age (14) annually 133,727 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $762 million, 10% of GDP (1992) - -*Zaire, Geography - -Location: - Central Africa, between Congo and Zambia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 2,345,410 km2 - land area: - 2,267,600 km2 - comparative area: - slightly more than one-quarter the size of US -Land boundaries: - total 10,271 km, Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic - 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia - 1,930 km -Coastline: - 37 km -Maritime claims: - exclusive fishing zone: - 200 nm - territorial sea: - 12 nm -International disputes: - Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be - indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the - Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the - Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been - made) -Climate: - tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in - southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of - Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October -Terrain: - vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east -Natural resources: - cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, - silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, - coal, hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 3% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 4% - forest and woodland: - 78% - other: - 15% -Irrigated land: - 100 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; - periodic droughts in south -Note: - straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo - River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean - -*Zaire, People - -Population: - 41,345,738 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 3.2% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 48.43 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.91 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - 0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 47.26 years - male: - 45.45 years - female: - 49.12 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Zairian(s) - adjective: - Zairian -Ethnic divisions: - over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes - - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up - about 45% of the population -Religions: - Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other - syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% -Languages: - French, Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 72% - male: - 84% - female: - 61% -Labor force: - 15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is - of working age) - by occupation: - agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12% (1985) - -*Zaire, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Zaire - conventional short form: - Zaire - local long form: - Republique du Zaire - local short form: - Zaire - former: - Belgian Congo Congo/Leopoldville Congo/Kinshasa -Digraph: - CG -Type: - republic with a strong presidential system -Capital: - Kinshasa -Administrative divisions: - 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu,, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, -Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, - Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu, Independence: - 30 June 1960 (from Belgium) -Constitution: - 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April - 1990; new constitution to be put to referendum in 1993 -Legal system: - based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) -Political parties and leaders: - sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution - (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), - Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), - Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ - a Karl-I-Bond; Unified Lumumbast Party (PALU), leader NA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -Elections: - President: - last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by High Council, the - opposition-controlled transition legislature); results - President MOBUTU - was reelected without opposition - Legislative Council: - last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by High Council); results - - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holds - majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties -Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Parliament; anti-Mobutu opposition claims National - Parliament replaced by High Council -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) -Leaders: - Chief of State: - President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 - November 1965) - -*Zaire, Government - - Head of Government: - Interim Prime Minister Faustin BIRINDWA (since 18 March 1993) -Member of: - ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, - IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, - ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador TATANENE Manata - chancery: - 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 234-7690 or 7691 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Deputy Chief of Mission John YATES - embassy: - 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa - mailing address: - APO AE 09828 - telephone: - [243] (12) 21532, 21628 - FAX: - [243] (12) 21232 - consulate general: - Lubumbashi (closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor - security situation) -Flag: - light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a - red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist - side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia - -*Zaire, Economy - -Overview: - In 1992, Zaire's formal economy continued to disintegrate. While meaningful - economic figures are difficult to come by, Zaire's hyperinflation, the - largest government deficit ever, and plunging mineral production have made - the country one of the world's poorest. Most formal transactions are - conducted in hard currency as indigenous banknotes have lost almost all - value, and a barter economy now flourishes in all but the largest cities. - Most individuals and families hang on grimly through subsistence farming and - petty trade. The government has not been able to meet its financial - obligations to the International Momentary Fund or put in place the - financial measures advocated by the IMF. Although short-term prospects for - improvement are dim, improved political stability would boost Zaire's - long-term potential to effectively exploit its vast wealth of mineral and - agricultural resources. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.2 billion (1992, at 1990 exchange rate) -National product real growth rate: - -6% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $235 (1992, at 1990 exchange rate) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 35-40% per month (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $NA, expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA -Exports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - copper, coffee, diamonds, cobalt, crude oil - partners: - US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa -Imports: - $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, - fuels - partners: - South Africa, US, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK -External debt: - $9.2 billion (May 1992 est.) -Industrial production: - growth grate NA% -Electricity: - 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, - and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds -Agriculture: - cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, - bananas, root crops, corn -Illicit drugs: - illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 - million; except for humanitarian aid to private organizations, no US - assistance was given to Zaire in 1992 - -*Zaire, Economy - -Currency: - 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta -Exchange rates: - zaire (Z) per US$1 - 2,000,000 (January1993), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 - (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Zaire, Communications - -Railroads: - 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km - 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; - limited trackage in use because of civil strife -Highways: - 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; - 97,500 unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes -Pipelines: - petroleum products 390 km -Ports: - Matadi, Boma, Banana -Merchant marine: - 1 passenger cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,489 GRT/13,481 DWT -Airports: - total: - 281 - usable: - 235 - with permanent-surface runways: - 25 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 6 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 73 -Telecommunications: - barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 - FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic - -*Zaire, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, - Special Presidential Division -Manpower availability: males age 15-49 8,879,731; fit for military service 4,521,768 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) - -*Zambia, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, between Zaire and Zimbabwe -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 752,610 km2 - land area: - 740,720 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Texas -Land boundaries: - total 5,664 km, Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia - 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; - Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be - indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the - Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled -Climate: - tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) -Terrain: - mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains -Natural resources: - copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, - hydropower potential -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: - 0% - meadows and pastures: - 47% - forest and woodland: - 27% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 320 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - deforestation; soil erosion; desertification -Note: - landlocked - -*Zambia, People - -Population: - 8,926,099 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 2.96% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 46.53 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 16.88 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 83.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 45.56 years - male: - 44.97 years - female: - 46.16 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 6.75 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Zambian(s) - adjective: - Zambian -Ethnic divisions: - African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% -Religions: - Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, indigenous beliefs 1% -Languages: - English (official) - note: - about 70 indigenous languages -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: - 73% - male: - 81% - female: - 65% -Labor force: - 2.455 million - by occupation: - agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and - services 9% - -*Zambia, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Zambia - conventional short form: - Zambia - former: - Northern Rhodesia -Digraph: - ZA -Type: - republic -Capital: - Lusaka -Administrative divisions: - 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, - North-Western, Southern, Western -Independence: - 24 October 1964 (from UK) -Constitution: - NA August 1991 -Legal system: - based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of - legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted - compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -National holiday: - Independence Day, 24 October (1964) -Political parties and leaders: - Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National - Independence Party (UNIP), Kebby MUSOKATWANE; United Democratic Party, Enoch - KAVINDELE -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - President: - last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick - CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% - National Assembly: - last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of - vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 -Executive branch: - president, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral National Assembly -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, - SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Dunstan KAMONA - chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 - telephone: - (202) 265-9717 through 9721 - -*Zambia, Government - -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB - embassy: - corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka - mailing address: - P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka - telephone: - [260-1] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603 - FAX: - [260-1] 251-578 -Flag: - green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and - orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag - -*Zambia, Economy - -Overview: - The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports - and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a chronically - depressed level of copper production and ineffective economic policies. In - 1991 real GDP fell by 2% and in 1992 by 3% more. An annual population growth - of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past - decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in - recent years, as well as severe drought in the crop year 1991/92. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -3% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $550 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 170% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - NA% -Budget: - revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital - expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) -Exports: - $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco - partners: - EC countries, Japan, South Africa, US, India -Imports: - $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures - partners: - EC countries, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US -External debt: - $7.6 billion (1991) -Industrial production: - growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP -Electricity: - 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita - (1991) -Industries: - copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, - chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer -Agriculture: - accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), - sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; - cattle, goats, beef, eggs -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 - million -Currency: - 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee -Exchange rates: - Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 178.5714 (August 1992), 61.7284 (1991), - 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) -Fiscal year: - calendar year - -*Zambia, Communications - -Railroads: - 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track -Highways: - 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or - stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika -Pipelines: - crude oil 1,724 km -Ports: - Mpulungu (lake port) -Airports: - total: - 116 - usable: - 104 - with permanent-surface runways: - 13 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 1 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 4 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 22 -Telecommunications: - facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave - connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 - TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean - INTELSAT - -*Zambia, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 1,810,442; fit for military service 949,878 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $45 million, 1% of GDP (1992 est.) - -*Zimbabwe, Geography - -Location: - Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia -Map references: - Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World -Area: - total area: - 390,580 km2 - land area: - 386,670 km2 - comparative area: - slightly larger than Montana -Land boundaries: - total 3,066 km, Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, - Zambia 797 km -Coastline: - 0 km (landlocked) -Maritime claims: - none; landlocked -International disputes: - quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement -Climate: - tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) -Terrain: - mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in - east -Natural resources: - coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, - lithium, tin, platinum group metals -Land use: - arable land: - 7% - permanent crops: 0% - meadows and pastures: - 12% - forest and woodland: - 62% - other: - 19% -Irrigated land: - 2,200 km2 (1989 est.) -Environment: - recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil - erosion; air and water pollution -Note: - landlocked - -*Zimbabwe, People - -Population: - 10,837,772 (July 1993 est.) -Population growth rate: - 1.32% (1993 est.) -Birth rate: - 38.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Death rate: - 17.68 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Net migration rate: - -7.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) -Infant mortality rate: - 75.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) -Life expectancy at birth: - total population: - 42.82 years - male: - 41.2 years - female: - 44.49 years (1993 est.) -Total fertility rate: - 5.26 children born/woman (1993 est.) -Nationality: - noun: - Zimbabwean(s) - adjective: - Zimbabwean -Ethnic divisions: - African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian - 1% -Religions: - syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, - indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% -Languages: - English (official), Shona, Sindebele -Literacy: - age 15 and over can read and write (1990) - total population: 67% - male: - 74% - female: - 60% -Labor force: - 3.1 million - by occupation: - agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, - construction 10% (1987) - -*Zimbabwe, Government - -Names: - conventional long form: - Republic of Zimbabwe - conventional short form: - Zimbabwe - former: - Southern Rhodesia -Digraph: - ZI -Type: - parliamentary democracy -Capital: - Harare -Administrative divisions: - 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland - West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands -Independence: - 18 April 1980 (from UK) -Constitution: - 21 December 1979 -Legal system: - mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law -National holiday: - Independence Day, 18 April (1980) -Political parties and leaders: - Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; - Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; - Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel - MAGOCHE; Forum Party, Enock DUMBUTSHENA -Suffrage: - 18 years of age; universal -Elections: - Executive President: - last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert - MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% - Parliament: - last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, - ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 -Executive branch: - executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet -Legislative branch: - unicameral Parliament -Judicial branch: - Supreme Court -Leaders: - Chief of State and Head of Government: - Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice - President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President - Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) -Member of: - ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, - IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, - NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, - WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO -Diplomatic representation in US: - chief of mission: - Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador-designate Amos - Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI - -*Zimbabwe, Government - - chancery: - 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 - telephone: - (202) 332-7100 -US diplomatic representation: - chief of mission: - Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER - embassy: - 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare - mailing address: - P. O. Box 3340, Harare - telephone: - [263] (4) 794-521 - FAX: - [263] (4) 796-488 -Flag: - seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and - green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist - side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in - the center of the triangle - -*Zimbabwe, Economy - -Overview: - Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% - of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, - produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for - only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals - account for about 40% of exports. Wide fluctuations in agricultural - production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, - one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped - by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in - 1991. A severe drought in 1991/92 caused the economy to contract by about - 10% in 1992. -National product: - GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.2 billion (1992 est.) -National product real growth rate: - -10% (1992 est.) -National product per capita: - $545 (1992 est.) -Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 45% (1992 est.) -Unemployment rate: - at least 35% (1993 est.) -Budget: - revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital - expenditures of $330 million (FY91) -Exports: - $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) - commodities: - agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, - ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% - partners: - UK 14%, Germany 11%, South Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 5% (1991) -Imports: - $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.) - commodities: - machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, - chemicals 16%, fuels 15% - partners: - UK 15%, Germany 9%, South Africa 5%, Botswana 5%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1991) -External debt: - $3.9 billion (March 1993 est.) -Industrial production: - growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 38% of GDP -Electricity: - 3,650,000 kW capacity; 8,920 million kWh produced, 830 kWh per capita (1991) -Industries: - mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, - beverage, transportation equipment, wood products -Agriculture: - accounts for 13% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area - divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; - livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food -Economic aid: - US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) - countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC - bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 - million -Currency: - 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents - -*Zimbabwe, Economy - -Exchange rates: - Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 6.3532 (February 1993), 5.1046 (1992), - 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988) -Fiscal year: - 1 July - 30 June - -*Zimbabwe, Communications - -Railroads: - 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge (including 42 km double track, 355 km - electrified) -Highways: - 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, - stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth -Inland waterways: - Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication -Pipelines: - petroleum products 212 km -Airports: - total: - 485 - usable: - 403 - with permanent-surface runways: - 22 - with runways over 3,659 m: - 2 - with runways 2,440-3,659 m: - 3 - with runways 1,220-2,439 m: - 29 -Telecommunications: - system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor - maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio - communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 - FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station - -*Zimbabwe, Defense Forces - -Branches: - Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police - (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia -Manpower availability: - males age 15-49 2,315,461; fit for military service 1,436,671 (1993 est.) -Defense expenditures: - exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) - -*** - -Appendix A: - -The United Nations System - - The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous -subordinate agencies and bodies as follows: - -1) Secretariat - -2) General Assembly: - UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) - UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNDP United Nations Development Program - UNEP United Nations Environment Program - UNFPA United Nations Population Fund - UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for - Refugees - UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund - UN Institute for Training and Research - UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine - Refugees in the Near East - UN Special Fund - UN University - WFC World Food Council - WFP World Food Program - -3) Security Council: - UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission - UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force - UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus - UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon - UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India - and Pakistan - UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization - UNIKOM United Nations Iran-Kuwait Observation Mission - MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in - Western Sahara - ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador - UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia - UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force - UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somolia - UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique - -4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): - Specialized agencies - FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United - Nations - IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and - Development - ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization - IDA International Development Association - IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development - IFC International Finance Corporation - ILO International Labor Organization - IMF International Monetary Fund - IMO International Maritime Organization - ITU International Telecommunication Union - UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and - Cultural Organization - UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UPU Universal Postal Union - WHO World Health Organization - WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization - WMO World Meteorological Organization - - Related organizations - GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency - - Regional commissions - ECA Economic Commission for Africa - ECE Economic Commission for Europe - ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the - Caribbean - ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the - Pacific - ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia - - Functional commissions - Commission on Human Rights - Commission on Narcotics Drugs - Commission for Social Development - Commission on the Status of Women - Population Commission - Statistical Commission - Commission on Science and Technology for Development - Commission on Sustainable Development - Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice - Commission on Transnational Corporations - -5) Trusteeship Council - -6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -*** - -Appendix B -Abbreviations for -International -Organizations and Groups -A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa - ACC Arab Cooperation Council - ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation - ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries - AfDB African Development Bank - AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development - AG Andean Group - AL Arab League - ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) - AMF Arab Monetary Fund - AMU Arab Maghreb Union - ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty - APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation - AsDB Asian Development Bank - ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations -B BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; - see African Development Bank (AfDB) - BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - Benelux Benelux Economic Union - BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - BIS Bank for International Settlements - BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; - see West African Development Bank (WADB) - BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone -C C Commonwealth - CACM Central American Common Market - CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity - CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market - CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States - CCC Customs Cooperation Council - CDB Caribbean Development Bank - CE Council of Europe - CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; - see West African Economic Community (CEAO) - CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; - see Economic Community of Central African -States (CEEAC) - CEI Central European Initiative - CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; - also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 - CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries -(CEPGL) - CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - CG Contadora Group - CIS Commonwealth of Independent States - CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as -Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 - COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls -Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; -abolished 1 January 1991 - CP Colombo Plan - CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe -D DC developed country -E EADB East African Development Bank - EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development - EC European Community - ECA Economic Commission for Africa - ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; - see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - (ESCAP) - ECE Economic Commission for Europe - ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; - see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - (ECLAC) - ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - ECO Economic Cooperation Organization - ECOSOC Economic and Social Council - ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States - ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - EFTA European Free Trade Association - EIB European Investment Bank - Entente Council of the Entente - ESA European Space Agency - ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia -F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization - FLS Front Line States - FZ Franc Zone -G G-2 Group of 2 - G-3 Group of 3 - G-5 Group of 5 - G-6 Group of 6 (not to be -confused with the Big Six) - G-7 Group of 7 - G-8 Group of 8 - G-9 Group of 9 - G-10 Group of 10 - G-11 Group of 11 - G-15 Group of 15 - G-19 Group of 19 - G-24 Group of 24 - G-30 Group of 30 - G-33 Group of 33 - G-77 Group of 77 - GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GCC Gulf Cooperation Council -H Habitat Commission on Human Settlements -I IADB Inter-American Development Bank - IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency - IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation - IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization - ICC International Chamber of Commerce - ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; - see International Organization for Migration (IOM) - ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions - ICJ International Court of Justice - ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; - see International Organization for Migration (IOM) - ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross - IDA International Development Association - IDB Islamic Development Bank - IEA International Energy Agency - IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development - IFC International Finance Corporation - IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development - IIB International Investment Bank - ILO International Labor Organization - IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; - see International Maritime Organization (IMO) - IMF International Monetary Fund - IMO International Maritime Organization - INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization - INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization - INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization - IOC International Olympic Committee - IOM International Organization for Migration - ISO International Organization for Standardization - ITU International Telecommunication Union -L LAES Latin American Economic System - LAIA Latin American Integration Association - LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) - LDC less developed country - LLDC least developed country - LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies -M MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; - see Southern Cone Common Market - MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara - MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime -N NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council - NAM Nonaligned Movement - NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NC Nordic Council - NEA Nuclear Energy Agency - NIB Nordic Investment Bank - NIC newly industrializing country; - see newly industrializing economy (NIE) - NIE newly industrializing economy - NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group -O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries - OAS Organization of American States - OAU Organization of African Unity - OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States - OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference - ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador - OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la - America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of - Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean - OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration -R RG Rio Group -S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SACU Southern African Customs Union - SADC Southern African Development Community - SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; - see Latin American Economic System (LAES) - SPARTECA South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement - SPC South Pacific Commission - SPF South Pacific Forum -U UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; - see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - UN United Nations - UNAVEM II United Nations Angola Verification Mission - UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force - UNDP United Nations Development Program - UNEP United Nations Environment Program - UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and -Cultural Organization - UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus - UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; - see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) - UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees - UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund - UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon - UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission - UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan - UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique - UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia - UNPROFOR United Nations ProtectionForce - UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for - Palestine Refugees in the Near East - UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia - UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization - UPU Universal Postal Union - USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe -W WADB West African Development Bank - WCL World Confederation of Labor - WEU Western European Union - WFC World Food Council - WFP World Food Program - WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions - WHO World Health Organization - WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization - WMO World Meteorological Organization - WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to - dissolve the alliance) - WTO World Tourism Organization -Z ZC Zangger Committee -Note: Not all international organizations and groups have -abbreviations - -*** - -Appendix C: -International Organizations -and Groups - -advanced developing countries -another term for those less -developed countries (LDCs) with particularly -rapid industrial development; see newly -industrializing economies (NIEs) African, -Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) - -established-1 April 1976 - -aim-members have a preferential -economic and aid relationship with the EC - -members-(69) Angola, Antigua and -Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, -Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea- -Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, -Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, -Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent -and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and -Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -African Development Bank (AfDB), -also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) - -established-4 August 1963 - -aim-to promote economic and social -development - -regional members-(50) -Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, -Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, -Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, -Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, -The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, -Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, -Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe -nonregional members-(25) -Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, -Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, -Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia - - -Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) -see Agency for Cultural and -Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - - -Agency for Cultural -and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) - -note-acronym from Agence de Cooperation -Culturelle et Technique - -established-21 March 1970 - -aim-to promote cultural and technical -cooperation among French-speaking countries - -members-(31) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, -Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, -Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial -Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, -Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire - -associate members-(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, -Morocco, Saint Lucia -participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada), -Quebec (Canada) - - -Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the -Caribbean (OPANAL) - -note-acronym from Organismo para -la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la -America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) - -established-14 February 1967 - -aim-to encourage the peaceful uses -of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons - -members-(26) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, -Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, -Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, -Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, -Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG) - -established-26 May 1969 - -effective-16 October 1969 - -aim-to promote harmonious development -through economic integration - -members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, -Peru, Venezuela -associate member-(1) Panama -observers-(26) Argentina, Australia, -Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, -Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, -Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia -The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has -dissolved, and ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the -former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to -participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia -in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and -their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations Specialized Agencies. -The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to -remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to -fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number -of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership -of the former Yugoslavia. The The World Factbook therefore continues to list -Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or -where no action has yet been taken. - - -Arab Bank for Economic -Development in Africa (ABEDA) - -note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) -established-18 February 1974 - -effective-16 September 1974 - -aim-to promote economic development - -members-(17 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, -Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, -Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, -Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; - -note-these are all the members of the Arab League -except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen - - -Arab Cooperation Council -(ACC) - -established-16 February 1989 - -aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration, -possibly leading to an Arab Common Market - -members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen - - -Arab Fund for Economic -and Social Development (AFESD) - -established-16 May 1968 - -aim-to promote economic and social -development - -members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt -(suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, -Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi -Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, -Palestine Liberation Organization - - -Arab League (AL) - -note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS) - -established-22 March 1945 - -aim-to promote economic, social, -political, and military cooperation - -members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, -Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, -Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, -Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation -Organization - - -Arab Maghreb Union -(AMU) - -established-17 February 1989 - -aim-to promote cooperation and integration -among the Arab states of northern Africa - -members-(5) Algeria, Libya, -Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia - - -Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) - -established-27 April 1976 - -effective-2 February 1977 - -aim-to promote Arab cooperation, -development, and integration in monetary and -economic affairs - -members-(19 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, -Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, -Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, -UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization - - -Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - -established-NA November 1989 - -aim-to promote trade and investment -in the Pacific basin - -members-(15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, -Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) -plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South -Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US - - -Asian Development Bank -(AsDB) - -established-19 December 1966 - -aim-to promote regional economic -cooperation - -regional members-(36) -Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, -Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, -Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, -Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, -Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, -NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, -Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, -Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa nonregional members-(16) -Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, -Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - - -Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) -see Latin American -Integration Association (LAIA) - - -Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - -established-9 August 1967 - -aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and -cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries -of Southeast Asia - -members-(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, -Philippines, Singapore, Thailand -observer-(1) Papua New Guinea - - -Australia Group - -established-1984 - -aim-to consult on and coordinate -export controls related to chemical and biological weapons - -members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, -France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US -observer-(1) Singapore - - -Australia--New Zealand--United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) - -established-1 September 1951 - -effective-29 April 1952 - -aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security -agreement, although the US suspended security -obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986 -members-(3) Australia, NZ, US - - -Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) -see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - - -Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) -see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) - - -Bank for International Settlements (BIS) - -established-20 January 1930 - -effective-17 March 1930 - -aim-to promote cooperation among -central banks in international financial settlements - -members-(30) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, -Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, -Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, -Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, -Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia - - -Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) -see African Development Bank (AfDB) - - -Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) -see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) - - -Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique -Centrale (BDEAC) see Central African States -Development Bank (BDEAC) - - -Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) -see West African Development Bank (WADB) - - -Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) - -note-acronym from Belgium, -Netherlands, and Luxembourg - -established-3 February 1958 - -effective-1 November 1960 - -aim-to develop closer economic cooperation and integration - -members-(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands - - -Big Seven - -note-membership is the same as the Group of 7 - -established-NA - -aim-to discuss and coordinate major economic policies - -members-(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, -UK) plus the US Big Six - -note-not to be confused with the Group of 6 - -established-NA - -aim-to foster economic cooperation - -members-(6) Canada, France, Germany, -Italy, Japan, UK - - -Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) - -established-25 June 1992 - -aim-to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation - -members-(11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, -Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, -Turkey, Ukraine - - -Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) - -established-4 July 1973 - -effective-1 August 1973 - -aim-to promote economic integration -and development, especially among the less developed -countries - -members-(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, -Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago -associate members-(2) -British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands -observers-(10) Anguilla, Bermuda, -Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, -Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela - - -Caribbean Development Bank -(CDB) - -established-18 October 1969 - -effective-26 January 1970 - -aim-to promote economic development and cooperation - -regional members-(20) -Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, -Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, -Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, -Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint -Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks -and Caicos Islands, Venezuela -nonregional members-(5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK - - -Cartagena Group -see Group of 11 - - -Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) - -note-acronym from Union Douaniere -et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale - -established-8 December 1964 - -effective-1 January 1966 - -aim-to promote the establishment of a Central African Common -Market - -members-(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, -Equatorial Guinea, Gabon - - -Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) - -note-acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de -l'Afrique Centrale - -established-3 December 1975 - -aim-to provide loans for economic -development - -members-(9) Cameroon, Central African -Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, -Gabon, Germany, Kuwait - - -Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) - -note-acronym from Banco Centroamericano -de Integracion Economico - -established-13 December 1960 - -aim-to promote economic integration -and development - -members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, -Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua - - -Central American Common Market (CACM) - -established-13 December 1960 - -effective-3 June 1961 - -aim-to promote establishment of -a Central American Common Market - -members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, -Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua - - -Central European Initiative (CEI) - -note-evolved from the Hexagonal Group -established-July 1991 - -aim-to form an economic and political -cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and -the Baltic Seas - -members-(10) Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, -Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, -Slovenia, Yugoslavia - - -centrally planned economies a term applied mainly to the -traditionally Communist states that looked to the -former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving -toward more democratic and market-oriented -systems; also known formerly as the Second World -or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, -this group included -Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, -North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia - - -Colombo Plan (CP) - -established-1 July 1951 - -aim-to promote economic and social -development in Asia and the Pacific - -members-(26) Afghanistan, -Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, -Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, -Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New -Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, -Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US - - -Commission for Social Development - -established-21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966 - -aim-Economic and Social Council -organization dealing with social -development programs of UN - -members-(32) selected on a rotating -basis from all regions - - -Commission on Human Rights - -established-18 February 1946 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing -with human rights programs of UN - -members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -Commission on Human Settlements (Habitat) - -established-12 October 1978 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization assisting in solving human -settlement problems of UN - -members-(58) selected on a rotating -basis from all regions - - -Commission on Narcotic Drugs - -established-16 February 1946 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing -with illicit drugs programs of UN - -members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions -with emphasis on producing and processing countries - - -Commission on the Status of Women - -established-21 June 1946 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with -women's rights goals of UN - -members-(32) selected on a rotating -basis from all regions - - -Commonwealth (C) - -established-31 December 1931 - -aim-voluntary association that evolved -from the British Empire and that seeks to foster -multinational cooperation and assistance - -members-(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, -Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, -Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts -and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, -Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe -special members-(2) Nauru, Tuvalu - - -Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - -established-8 December 1991 - -effective-21 December 1991 - -aim-to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for -the orderly dissolution of the USSR - -members-(10) Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - - -Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) -see West African Economic Community (CEAO) - - -Communaute Economique des -Etats de l'Afrique Centrale -(CEEAC) - -see Economic Community of Central -African States (CEEAC) - - -Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs -(CEPGL) - -see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) - - -Communist countries -traditionally the Marxist-Leninist -states with authoritarian governments and command -economies based on the Soviet model; most of the -successor states are no longer Communist; see -centrally planned economies - - -Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe -(CSCE) - -established-NA November 1972 - -aim-discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the -Helsinki Agreement - -members-(53) Albania, Armenia, Austria, -Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, -Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, -Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, -Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, -Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, -Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, -San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, -UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia -observer-(1) Japan - - -Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) - -see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) - - -Contadora Group (CG) - -was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to -reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group -(RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela - - -Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the -Gulf - -see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - - -Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) - -established-NA 1949 - -aim-to control the export of strategic -products and technical data from member countries to -proscribed destinations - -members-(17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, -Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, -Spain, Turkey, UK, US -cooperating countries-(8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, -South Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland - - -Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) -also known as CMEA or Comecon, - -was established 25 January 1949 to promote the -development of socialist economies and was abolished -1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), -Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with -USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, -Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos -(observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua -(observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen -(observer), Yugoslavia (associate) - - -Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) - -established-3 June 1957 - -effective-30 May 1964 - -aim-to promote economic integration -among Arab nations - -members-(11 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, -Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine - - -Liberation Organization Council of the Baltic Sea States -(CBSS) - -established-5 March 1992 - -aim-to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in -the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic -development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, -cultural and education, and transportation and communication -members-(10) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, -Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden -observers-(2) Belarus, Ukraine - - -Council of Europe (CE) - -established-5 May 1949 - -effective-3 August 1949 - -aim-to promote increased unity and -quality of life in Europe - -members-(29) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, -Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, -Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, -Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK - - -Council of the Entente (Entente) - -established-29 May 1959 - -aim-to promote economic, social,and political coordination - -members-(5) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo - - -Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) - -established-15 December 1950 - -aim-to promote international cooperation -in customs matters - -members-(114) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, -Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, -Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, -Chile, China, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, -Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, -Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, -Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri -Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -developed countries (DCs) - -the top group in the comprehensive -but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed -countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former -USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); -includes the market-oriented economies of the -mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic -Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South -Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the -First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial -countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of -$10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have -figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC -countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 34 DCs are: -Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, -Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, -Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, -Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, -Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - -developing countries - -an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see -less developed countries (LDCs) - - -East African Development Bank (EADB) - -established-6 June 1967 - -effective-1 December 1967 - -aim-to promote economic development - -members-(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda - - -Economic and Social Commission for Asia and -the Pacific (ESCAP) - -established-28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East -(ECAFE) - -aim-to promote economic development -as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and -Social Council - -members-(46) Afghanistan, Australia, -Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, -India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, -Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, -Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, -Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, -Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, -Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK,US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa -associate members-(10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French -Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana -Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific -Islands (Palau) - - -Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia -(ESCWA) - -established-9 August 1973 as Economic -Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) - -aim-to promote economic development -as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and -Social Council - -members-(12 and the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, -Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, -Palestine Liberation Organization - - -Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-to coordinate the economic and -social work of the UN; includes five regional -commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, -Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission -for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and -Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic -and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six -functional commissions -(see Commission for Social Development, Commission on -Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission -on the Status of Women, Population Commission, Statistical -Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on -Sustainable Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, -and Commission on Transnational Corporations) - -members-(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) - -established-29 April 1958 - -aim-to promote economic development -as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and -Social Council - -members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, -Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, -Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote -d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, -Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea- -Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, -Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, -Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome -and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, -Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan, Swaziland, -Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe associate members-(2) -France, UK - - -Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East -(ECAFE) -see Economic and Social Commission -for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) - - -Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) - -established-28 March 1947 - -aim-to promote economic development -as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council - -members-(44) Albania, Austria, Belarus, -Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, -Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, -Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, -Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San -Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, -US, Yugoslavia - - -Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) -see Economic Commission for -Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) - - -Economic Commission for Latin America and the -Caribbean (ECLAC) - -established-25 February 1948 as -Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) - -aim-to promote economic development -as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and -Social Council - -members-(41) Antigua and Barbuda, -Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, -Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, -France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, -Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, -Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and -Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela -associate members-(6) -Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands -Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands - - -Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) -see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) - - -Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)-acronym from Communaute -Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale - -established-18 October 1983 - -aim-to promote regional economic -cooperation and establish a Central African Common -Market - -members-(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, -Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire -observer-(1) Angola - - -Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries -(CEPGL) - -note-acronym from Communaute Economique -des Pays des Grands Lacs - -established-26 September 1976 - -aim-to promote regional economic -cooperation and integration - -members-(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire -Economic Community of - - -West African States (ECOWAS) - -established-28 May 1975 - -aim-to promote regional economic -cooperation - -members-(17) Benin, Burkina, Cape -Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana, -Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, -Sierra Leone,Togo - - -Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) - -established-1985 - -aim-to promote regional cooperation -in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural -affairs,and economic development - -members-(10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, -Uzbekistan - - -European Bank for Reconstruction and Development -(EBRD) - -established-15 April 1991 - -aim-to facilitate the transition -of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former -Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) -to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization - -members-(58) Albania, Armenia, Australia, -Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, -Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, -European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, -Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, -Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, -Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, -Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, -Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, -Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, -Yugoslavia; note-includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an -institution - - -European Community (EC) - -established-8 April 1965 - -effective-1 July 1967 - -aim-to integrate the European Atomic - - -Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel -Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community -(EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a -completely integrated common market and an eventual -federation of Europe - -members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, -Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - - -European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - -established-4 January 1960 - -effective-3 May 1960 - -aim-to promote expansion of free rade - -members-(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Leichtenstein, -Norway, Sweden, Switzerland - - -European Investment Bank EIB) - -established-25 March 1957 - -effective-1 January 1958 - -aim-to promote economic development -of the EC - -members-(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, -Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK - -European Organization for uclear Research (CERN) - -note-acronym retained from the predecessor -organization Conseil Europeen pour la -Recherche Nucleaire established-1 July 1953 - -effective-29 September 1954 - -aim-to foster nuclear research for -peaceful purposes only - -members-(19) Austria, Belgium, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, -Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK -observers-(6) EC, Israel, Russia, Turkey, United Nations -Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), -Yugoslavia - - -European Space Agency ESA) - -established-31 July 1973 - -effective-1 May 1975 - -aim-to promote peaceful cooperation -in space research and technology - -members-(13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, -France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, -Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK -associate member-(1) Finland -cooperating state-(1) Canada - - -First World - -another term for countries ith advanced, industrialized -economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries -(DCs) - - -Food and Agriculture rganization (FAO) - -established-16 October 1945 - -aim-UN specialized agency to raise -living standards and increase availability of -agricultural products - -members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, -Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, -Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, EC, Egypt, El Salvador, -Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, -North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, -Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, -Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, - Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint -Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and -Principe, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon -Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swazi -land, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, -Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe associate member-(1) Puerto Rico - - -Former USSR/Eastern Europe former USSR/EE) - -the middle group in the comprehensive -but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed -countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former -USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these -countries are in political and economic transition and -may well be grouped differently in the near future; -this group of 27 countries includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, -Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, -Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia. Moldova, oland, -Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, -Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan - - -Four Dragons - -the four small Asian less developed -countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic -growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group -includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan - - -Four Tigers - -another term for the Four Dragons; -see Four Dragons - - -Franc Zone (FZ) - -established-NA - -aim-to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are -linked to the French franc - -members-(15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, -Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote -d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali, -Niger, Senegal, Togo; note-France includes -metropolitan France, the four overseas departments -of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, -Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of -France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the -three overseas territories of France (French -Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) - -Front Line States (FLS) - -established-NA - -aim-to achieve black majority rule -in South Africa - -members-(7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, -Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - -established-30 October 1947 - -effective-1 January 1948 - -aim-to promote the expansion of -international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis - -members-(104) Antigua and Barbuda, -Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa -Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, -Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, -Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, -Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, -Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, -Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, -Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, -Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -Group of 2 (G-2) - -established-informal term that came -into use about 1986 - -aim-bilateral economic cooperation -between the two most powerful economic giants - -members-(2) Japan, US - - -Group of 3 (G-3) - -established-NA October 1990 - -aim-mechanism for policy coordination - -members-(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela - - -Group of 5 (G-5) - -established-22 September 1985 - -aim-the five major non-Communist economic powers - -members-(5) France, Germany, Japan, -UK, US - - -Group of 6 (G-6) - -note-not to be confused with theBig Six - -established-22 May 1984 - -aim-to achieve nuclear disarmament - -members-(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, -Sweden, Tanzania - - -Group of 7 (G-7) - -note-membership is the same as the Big Seven - -established-22 September 1985 - -aim-the seven major non-Communist economic powers - -members-(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus -Canada and Italy - - -Group of 8 (G-8) - -established-NA October 1975 - -aim-the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the -Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several -sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 - -members-(8) Australia, Canada, EC -(as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, -US - - -Group of 9 (G-9) - -established-NA - -aim-informal group that meets occasionally -on matters of mutual interest - -members-(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, -Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, -Sweden, Yugoslavia - - -Group of 10 (G-10) - -note-also known as the Paris Club - -established-NA October 1962 - -aim-wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned -and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the -addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 - -members-(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, -Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - -Group of 11 (G-11) - -note-also known as the Cartagena Group - -established-22 June 1984, in Cartagena, -Colombia - -aim-forum for largest debtor nations -in Latin America - -members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, -Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela - - -Group of 15 (G-15) - -note-byproduct of the Non-Aligned -Movement - -established-1989 - -aim-to promote economic cooperation -among developing nations; to act as the main political -organ for the Non-Aligned Movement - -members-(15) Algeria, Argentina, -Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, -Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, -Zimbabwe - - -Group of 19 (G-19) - -established-NA October 1975 - -aim-the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on -International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA -December 1975 and 3 June -1977 - -members-(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia - - -Group of 24 (G-24) - -established-NA January 1972 - -aim-to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, -and Latin America within the IMF - -members-(24) Algeria, Argentina, -Brazil, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, -Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, -Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri -Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, -Yugoslavia, Zaire - - -Group of 30 (G-30) - -established-NA 1979 - -aim-to discuss and propose solutions -to the world's economic problems - -members-(30) informal group of 30 -leading international bankers, economists, financial -experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes -Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) - - -Group of 33 (G-33) - -established-NA 1987 - -aim-to promote solutions to international economic -problems - -members-(33) leading economists from 13 countries - - -Group of 77 (G-77) - -established-NA October 1967 - -aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; -name persists in spite of increased membership - -members-(127 plus the Palestine -Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, -Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa -Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, -Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, -Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, -Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts -and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, -Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon -Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, -Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and -Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation - - -Organization Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) - -note-also known as the Cooperation Council for the -Arab States of the Gulf - -established-25-26 May 1981 - -aim-to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, -political, and military affairs - -members-(6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, -Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE - - -Habitat - -Commission on Human Settlements - - -Hexagonal Group -see Central European Initiative (CEI) - - -high-income countries - -another term for the industrialized -countries with high per capita GNPs/GDPs; see -developed countries (DCs) - - -industrial countries - -another term for the developed countries; see developed -countries (DCs) - -Inter-American DevelopmentBank (IADB) -note-also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) - -established-8 April 1959 - -effective-30 December 1959 - -aim-to promote economic and social development in Latin -America - -members-(44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, -Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, -Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, -Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia - - -Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development -(IGADD) - -established-NA January 1986 - -aim-to promote cooperation on drought-related -matters - -members-(6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda - - -International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - -established-26 October 1956 - -effective-29 July 1957 - -aim-to promote peaceful uses of tomic energy - -members-(115) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, -Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, -Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, -France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, -Haiti, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, -Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, -Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, alaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, -Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, -Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, -Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, -Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Bank for conomic Cooperation (IBEC) - -established in 22 October 1963; - -aim was to promote economic cooperation and development; - -members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East -Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, -Vietnam; now it is a Russian bank with a new charter - - -International Bank for econstruction and Development -(IBRD) - -note-also known as the World Bank - -established-22 July 1944 - -effective-27 December 1945 - -aim-UN specialized agency that initially -promoted economic rebuilding after World War II and now -provides economic development loans - -members-(174) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, -Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote -d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, -Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, -Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, -Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New -Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent -and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, -Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, - Solvenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, ganda, Ukraine, UAE, -UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) - -established-NA 1919 - -aim-to promote free trade and private -enterprise and to represent business interests at -national and international levels - -members-(58 national councils) Argentina, -Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, -Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, -Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, -Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, -Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, -Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, -Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - - -International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - -established-7 December 1944 - -effective-4 April 1947 - -aim-UN specialized agency to promote international -cooperation in civil aviation - -members-(173) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, -Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape -Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote -d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, -Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, -North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, -Madagacar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall -Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States -of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, -Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, -Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San -Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, -Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa -(suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, -Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe - - -International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - -established-NA 1863 - -aim-to provide humanitarian aid in wartime - -members-(25 individuals) all Swiss nationals - - -International Confederation of Free Trade Unions -(ICFTU) - -established-NA December 1949 - -aim-to promote the trade union movement - -members-(144 national organizations -in the following 104 areas) Antigua and Barbuda, -Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, -Barbados, Basque Country, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, -Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Canada, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Curacao, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Falkland Islands, -Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, The Gambia, -Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Holy See, -Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, -Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Morocco, -Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Helena, -Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, -Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, -Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, -Western Samoa - - -International Court of Justice (ICJ) - -note-also known as the World Court - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-primary judicial organ of the UN - -members-(15 judges) elected by the -General Assembly and Security Council to represent -all principal legal systems - - -International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) - -established-13 June 1956 - -aim-to promote international cooperation between criminal -police authorities - -members-(159) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and -Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, -Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, -Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, -France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, -Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall -Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands -Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, -Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, -Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - -subbureaus-(5) American Samoa, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, -Gibraltar, Hong Kong - - -International Development Association -(IDA) - -established-26 January 1960 - -effective-24 September 1960 - -aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD -affiliate that provides economic loans for low -income countries - -members-(147) Part I-(23 more economically advanced countries) Australia, -Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, -Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, -Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US - -members-Part II-(124 less developed nations) Afghanistan, -Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, -Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape -Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, -Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, -Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, -Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, -Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, -Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, -Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Energy Agency (IEA) - -established-15 November 1974 - -aim-established by the OECD to promote -cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency -oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and -oil producers - -members-(21) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, -Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, -Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - - -International Finance Corporation (IFC) - -established-25 May 1955 - -effective-20 July 1956 - -aim-UN specialized agency and IBRD -affiliate that helps private enterprise sector in economic development - -members-(149) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, -Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape -Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, -Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, -Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, -Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, -Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall -Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, -Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, -Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, -Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, -US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western -Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - -established-NA November 1974 - -aim-UN specialized agency that promotes -agricultural development - -members-(147) Category I-(21 -industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, -Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, -Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -members-Category II-(12 petroleum-exporting -aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, -Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, -UAE, Venezuela -members-Category III-(114 aid recipients) Afghanistan, -Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, -Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, -Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, -Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, -Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, -Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, -Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint -Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, -Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, -Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Investment Bank (IIB) - -established on 7 July 1970; -to promote economic development; members were -Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, -Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam; -now it is a Russian bank with a new charter - - -International Labor Organization (ILO) - -established-11 April 1919 (affiliated -with the UN 14 December 1946) - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned -with world labor issues - -members-(158) Afghanistan, Algeria, -Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, -Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, -Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, -Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote -d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, -Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, -El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, -Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, -Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, -Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, -Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, -San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, -Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Maritime Organization (IMO) - -note-name changed from Intergovernmental -Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982 - -established-17 March 1958 - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned -with world maritime affairs - -members-(138) Algeria, Angola, Antigua -and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, -Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, -Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, -Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, -Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, -The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, -Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, -Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South -Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, -Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome -and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, -Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, -Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire -associate members-(2) Hong Kong, Macau - - -International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) - -established-3 September 1976 - -effective-26 July 1979 - -aim-to provide worldwide communications -for maritime and other applications - -members-(66) Algeria, Argentina, -Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, -Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, -Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, -France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South -Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Malta, Monaco, -Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, -Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, -Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, -Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Yugoslavia - - -International Monetary Fund (IMF) - -established-22 July 1944 - -effective-27 December 1945 - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned -with world monetary stability and economic development - -members-(175) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, -Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote -d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, -Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, -Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, -Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, -Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, -Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, -Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, -NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New -Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, -Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, -UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe -observers-(3) Holy See, North Korea, Monaco - - -International Olympic Committee (IOC) - -established-23 June 1894 - -aim-to promote the Olympic ideals -and administer the Olympic games: 1992 Winter Olympics in -Albertville, France (8-23 February); 1992 Summer Olympics -in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer; -Norway (12-27 February); 1996 Summer -Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 -August); 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date -NA) - -members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua -and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, -Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, -Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, -Czech Republic, Denmark, -Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, -France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, -Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, -Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands -Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, -Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon -Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, -Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, -Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe - - -International Organization for Migration (IOM)-established -as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the -Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed -Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) on 15 -November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in -November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989 - -established-5 December 1951 - -aim-to facilitate orderly international -emigration and immigration - -members-(46) Angola, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, -Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, -Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Portugal, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, -Thailand, Uganda, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia -observers-(41) Albania, Belize, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Croatia, -Czech Republic, Federation of Ethnic Communities' Council of Australia Inc., -Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Holy See, India, Indonesia, Japan, Japan International -Friendship and Welfare Foundation, Jordan, Latvia, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, -Namibia, NZ, Niwano Peace Foundation, Pakistan, Partnership with the Children -of the Third World, Poland, Presiding Bishop's Fund for World Relief/Episcopal -Church Refuge Council of Australia, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and -Principe, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Turkey, UK, Vietnam, -Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe - - -International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - -established-NA February 1947 - -aim-to promote the development of international standards - -members-(73 national standards organizations) -Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, -Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, -China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, -Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, -Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, -Slovakia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, -Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, -US, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia -correspondent members-(14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, Hong Kong, -Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, Senegal, UAE, Uruguay -International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - -established-NA 1928 - -aim-to promote worldwide humanitarian -aid through the International Committee of the Red -Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and League of Red Cross -and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in peacetime - -members-(9) 2 representatives from -ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 from national societies -elected by the international conference of the -International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - - -International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - -established-9 December 1932 - -effective-1 January 1934 affiliated -with the UN-15 November 1947 - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned -with world telecommunications - -members-(168) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, -Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote -d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, -Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, -Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, -Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, -Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, -Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San -Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, -Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Spain, Sri Lanka, -Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, -Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, -US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western -Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -International Telecommunications Satellite Organization -(INTELSAT) - -established-20 August 1971 - -effective-12 February 1973 - -aim-to develop and operate a global -commercial telecommunications satellite system - -members-(125) Afghanistan, Algeria, -Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, -The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, -Bhutan, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, -Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Iceland, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, -Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New -Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, -Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri -Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, -Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK,US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -Islamic Development Bank (IDB) - -established-15 December 1973 - -aim-to promote Islamic economic -aid and social development - -members-(44 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Algeria, -Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, -Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The -Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, -Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, -Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation -Organization - - -Latin American Economic System (LAES) - -note-also known as Sistema -Economico Latinoamericana (SELA) - -established-17 October 1975 - -aim-to promote economic and -social development through -regional cooperation - -members-(26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, -Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El -Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, -Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, -Venezuela - -Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) -note-also known as Asociacion -Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) - -established-12 August 1980 - -effective-18 March 1981 - -aim-to promote freer regional trade - -members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, -Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, -Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela -observers-(16) Commission of the European Communities, Costa -Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, -Inter-American Development Bank, Italy, Nicaragua, -Organization of American States, Panama, Portugal, -Spain, United Nations Development Program, United -Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the -Caribbean - - -League of Arab States (LAS) -see Arab League (AL) - - -League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies -(LORCS) - -established-5 May 1919 - -aim-to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime - -members-(148) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The -Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, -Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, -Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, -Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, -Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, -South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, -Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, -Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, -Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New -Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, -Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, -Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, -San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, -Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, -Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, -US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe -associate members-(2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon - - -least developed countries (LLDCs) -that subgroup of the less developed -countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN -General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant -economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally less -than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the -undeveloped countries. The 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, -Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, -Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, -The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, -Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, -Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, -Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen - - -less developed countries (LDCs) -the bottom group in the comprehensive -but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed -countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former -USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); -mainly countries with low levels of output, -living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs -are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; -however, the group also includes a number of countries -with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of -growth; includes the advanced developing -countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), -least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income -countries, newly industrializing economies -(NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, -undeveloped countries; the 175 LDCs are: Afghanistan, -Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and -Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, -Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, -Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa -Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, -Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, -Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, -Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, -Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea- -Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, -Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, -Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, -Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, -Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, -Oman, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua -New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn -Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint -Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre -and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome -and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, -Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, -Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, -Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis -and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, -Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -low-income countries -another term for those less -developed countries with below-average per capita -GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) - - -London Suppliers Group -see Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) - - -Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (MERCOSUR) -see Southern Cone Common Market - - -middle-income countries -another term for those less -developed countries with above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; -see less developed countries (LDCs) - - -Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) - -established-April 1987 - -aim-to arrest missile proliferation -by controlling the export of key missile technologies and -equipment - -members-(24) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, -Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, -Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - - -newly industrializing countries (NICs) -former term for the newly industrializing -economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) - - -newly industrializing economies (NIEs) -that subgroup of the less developed -countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid -industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the -newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing -countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, -Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico - - -Nonaligned Movement (NAM) - -established-1-6 September 1961 - -aim-to establish political and military -cooperation apart from the traditional -East or West blocs - -members-(102 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) -Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, -CapeVerde, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cote -d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, -Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- -Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, -Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, -Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, -Qatar, Rawada, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, -Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, -Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, -Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, -Palestine Liberation Organization -observers-(19) African National Congress, Afro-Asian Solidarity Organization, -Antigua and Barbuda, Arab League, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Dominica, El -Salvador, Islamic Conference, Kanaka Socialist National Liberation Front (New -Caledonia), Mexico, Mongolia, Organization of African Unity, Pan Africanist -Congress of Azania, Philippines, -Socialist Party of Puerto Rico, UN, Uruguay -guests-(21) Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech -Republic, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, -Greece, Hungary, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, -Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Spain, -Sweden, Switzerland - - -Nordic Council (NC) - -established-16 March 1952 - -effective-12 February 1953 - -aim-to promote regional economic, cultural, and -environmental cooperation - -members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, -Norway, Sweden; note-Denmark includes Faroe -Islands and Greenland - - -Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) - -established-4 December 1975 - -effective-1 June 1976 - -aim-to promote economic cooperation and development - -members-(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, -Norway, Sweden - - -North -a popular term for the rich -industrialized countries generally located in the -northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the -counterpart of the South; see developed countries -(DCs) - - -North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC)-an extension of NATO - -established-8 November 1991 - -effective-20 December 1991 - -aim-to form a forum to discuss cooperation -concerning mutual political and security issues - -members-(38) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, -Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, -Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, -Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, -Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, -Slovakia, Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, -UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia - -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - -established-17 September 1949 - -aim-to promote mutual defense and cooperation - -members-(16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, -France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US - - -Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) - -established-NA 1958 - -aim-associated with OECD, seeks -to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy - -members-(23) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, -Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US - - -Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) -note-also known as the London Suppliers Group - -established-1974 - -aim-to establish guidelines on exports -of enrichment and processing plant assistance and -nuclear exports to countries of proliferation concern -and regions of conflict and instability - -members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas -Nucleares en la AmericaLatina y el Caribe (OPANAL) -see Agency for the Prohibition -of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the -Caribbean (OPANAL) - - -Organization for Economic -Cooperation and Development (OECD) - -established-14 December 1960, effective -30 September 1961 - -aim-to promote economic cooperation -and development - -members-(24) Australia, Austria, -Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, -Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, -Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, -Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US special members-(2) EC, Yugoslavia - - -Organization of African Unity (OAU) - -established-25 May 1963 - -aim-to promote unity and cooperation among African states - -members-(52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, -Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central -African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, -Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, -Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, -Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, -Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and -Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, -Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -Organization of American States (OAS) - -established-30 April 1948 - -effective-13 December 1951 - -aim-to promote peace and security -as well as economic and social development - -members-(35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, -Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba -(excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, -Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela -observers-(24) Algeria, Austria, -Belgium, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, -Greece, Holy See, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Morocco, Netherlands, -Pakistan, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, ? - - -Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) - -established-9 January 1968 - -aim-to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry - -members-(11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, -Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia -(withdrew from active membership in 1986), - - -UAE Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) - -established-18 June 1981 - -effective-4 July 1981 - -aim-to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation - -members-(7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, -Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -associate member-(1) British Virgin Islands - - -Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - -established-14 September 1960 - -aim-to coordinate petroleum policies - -members-(12) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, -Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela - - -Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) - -established-22-25 September 1969 - -aim-to promote Islamic solidarity -and cooperation in economic, social, cultural, and -political affairs - -members-(47 plus the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Afghanistan (suspended), Albania, Algeria, -Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, -Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The -Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, -Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra -Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization -observer-(1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus - - -Paris Club -see Group of 10 - - -Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) - -established-NA 1899 - -aim-to facilitate the settlement -of international disputes - -members-(78) Argentina, Australia, -Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, -Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, -France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, -Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, -Japan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, -Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, -Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, -Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, -Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe - - -Population Commission - -established-3 October 1946 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing -with population matters of importance to the UN - -members-(27) selected on a rotating -basis from all regions - - -Rio Group (RG) - -established-NA 1988 - -aim-a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues -members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, -Paraguay, Peru (suspended), Uruguay, Venezuela; note-Panama was expelled in -1988; Peru was suspended after April 1992 coup - -Second World another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with -authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; -the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies socialist -countries in general, countries in which the government owns and plans -the use of the major factors of production; note-the term is sometimes -used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries - -South a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized -countries generally located south of the developed countries; -the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) - - -South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) - -established-8 December 1985 - -aim-to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation - -members-(7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, -Pakistan, Sri Lanka - - -South Pacific Commission (SPC) - -established-6 February 1947 - -effective-29 July 1948 - -aim-to promote regional -cooperation n economic and social matters - -members-(27) American Samoa, Australia, -Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, -Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States -of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, -Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory -of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea, -Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, -Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa - - -South Pacific Forum (SPF) - -established-5 August 1971 - -aim-to promote regional cooperation -in political matters - -members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands, -Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of -Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon -Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa -observer-(1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) - - -South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement -(SPARTECA) - -established-NA 1981 - -aim-to redress unequal trade relationship of Australia and New -Zealand with small island economies in Pacific region - -members-(15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, -Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, -Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa - - -Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - -established-11 December 1969 - -aim-to promote free trade and cooperation -in customs matters - -members-(9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, -Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda - - -Southern African Development Community (SADC) - -note-evolved from the Southern African Development Coordination -Conference (SADCC) established-17 August 1992 - -aim-to promote regional economic -development and integration - -members-(10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, -Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) - -established-26 March 1991 - -aim-regional economic cooperation - -members-(4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, -Uruguay - -Statistical Commission - -established-21 June 1946 - -aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing -with development and standardization of national statistics of -interest to the UN - -members-(25) selected on a rotating basis from all regions -Third World another term for the less developed -countries; the term is fading from use; see less developed -countries (LDCs) - - -underdeveloped countries -refers to those less developed -countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; -see less developed countries (LDCs) - - -undeveloped countries -refers to those extremely poor -less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; -see least developed countries (LLDCs) - - -Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale -(UDEAC) -see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) -United Nations (UN) - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-to maintain international peace -and security and to promote cooperation involving -economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems - -members-(182 excluding Yugoslavia) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, -Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, -Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, -Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central -African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, -Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, -Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, -Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, -The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, -Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, -Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, -Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, -Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, -Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua -New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, -Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts -and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South -Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, -Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, -Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, -Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe; note-all UN members are represented in the General Assembly -observers-(2 and the Palestine Liberation -Organization) Holy See, Switzerland, Palestine Liberation -Organization - - -United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM II) - -note-successor to original UNAVEM - -established-20 December 1988 - -aim-established by the UN Security -Council to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from -Angola - -members-(25) Algeria, Argentina, -Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czech Republic, Egypt, Guinea- -Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, -Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, -Singapore, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Yugoslavia, -Zimbabwe - - -United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - -note-acronym retained from the predecessor -organization UN International Children's Emergency -Fund established-11 December 1946 - -aim-to help establish child health and welfare services - -members-(41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -United Nations Conference on Trade and Development -(UNCTAD) - -established-30 December 1964 - -aim-to promote international trade - -members-(186) all UN members plus Holy See, Switzerland, Tonga - - -United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - -established-22 November 1965 - -aim-to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social -development - -members-(48) selected on a rotating -basis from all regions - -United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) - -established-31 May 1974 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli -ceasefire - -members-(4) Austria, Canada, Finland,Poland - - -United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - -established-16 November 1945 - -effective-4 November 1946 - -aim-to promote cooperation in education, -science, and culture - -members-(172) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, -Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, -Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, -Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, -Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, -China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa -Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, -The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, -Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, -Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, -Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint -Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, -Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, -Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, -Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, -UAE, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, -Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe -associate members-(3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles - - -United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) - -established-15 December 1972 - -aim-to promote international cooperation -on all environmental matters - -members-(58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) - -established-4 March 1964 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to serve as a -peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus - -members-(7) Austria,Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, UK - - -United Nations General Assembly - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-primary deliberative organ in the UN - -members-(183) all UN members are represented in the - - -General Assembly United Nations Industrial -Development Organization (UNIDO) - -established-17 November 1966 - -effective-1 January 1967 - -aim-UN specialized agency that promotes -industrial development especially among the members - -members-(160) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, -Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, -Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, -Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, -Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The -Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, -Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, -North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, -Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, -Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, -Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, -Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and -the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, -Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, -Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, -Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) - -established-19 March 1978 - -aim-established by the UN Security -Council to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli -forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese -authority in southern Lebanon - -members-(10) Fiji, Finland, France, -Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Poland, Sweden - - -United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission (UNIKOM) - -established-NA 1991 - -aim-established by the UN Security -Council to observe and monitor the demilitarized zone -established between Iraq and Kuwait - -members-(34) Argentina, Austria, -Bangladesh, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, -France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, -Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, -Romania, Russia, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, -Venezuela - - -United Nations Military Observer Group in India -and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) - -established-13 August 1948 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 -India-Pakistan ceasefire - -members-(8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, -Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay - - -United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara -(MINURSO) - -established-NA 1990 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the -referendum in Western Sahara - -members-(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Egypt, -France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, -Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, Tunisia, UK, US, Venezuela - - -United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) - -established-NA 1991 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to verify ceasefire arrangments and -to monitor the maintenance of public order pending the organization of a new -National Civil Police - -members-(9) Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, -Venezuela - - -United Nations Office of the High Commissioner -for Refugees (UNHCR) - -established-3 December 1949 - -effective-1 January 1951 - -aim-to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent -solutions to refugee problems -members-(46) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, -China, Colombia,Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, -Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, -Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, -Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda,UK, US, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire - - -United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) - -established-NA 1992 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to supervise the -ceasefire - -members-(18) Argentina, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, -Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal, Spain, -Sweden, - - -Uruguay, Zambia United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM) - -established-NA 1992 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to facilitate an -immediate cessation of hostilities, to maintain a ceasefire to -promote a political settlement, and to provide urgent -humanitarian assistance - -members-(17) Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, -Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, NZ, Norway, Pakistan, -Slovakia, Zimbabwe - - -United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - -note-acronym retained from predecessor -organization UN Fund for Population Activities - -established-NA July 1967 - -aim-to promote assistance in dealing with population problems - -members-(51) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) - -established-NA 1992 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to create conditions for peace -and security required for the negotiation of an overall settlement of the -"Yugoslav" crisis - -members-(31) Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, -Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, -Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Jordan, -Kenya, Luxembourg, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, -Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, -Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, Venezuela - - -United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East -(UNRWA) - -established-8 December 1949 - -aim-to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees - -members-(10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, -Syria, Turkey, UK, US - - -United Nations Secretariat - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-primary administrative organ -of the UN - -member-Secretary General appointed -for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the -recommendation of the Security Council - - -United Nations Security Council - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-to maintain international peace and security - -permanent members-(5) -China, France, Russia, UK, US -nonpermanent members-(10) -elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; -Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cape Verde (1992- -93), Ecuador (1991-92), Hungary (1992-93), India (1991- -92), Japan (1992-93), Morocco (1992-93), Venezuela (1992- -93), Zimbabwe (1991-92) - - -United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - -established-NA 1992 - -aim-established by the UN Security Council to contribute to the restoration -and maintenance of peace and to the holding of free elections - -members-(31) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, -Bulgaria, Cameroon,Canada, Chile, China, Congo, France, Germany, Ghana, India, -Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, -Russia, Senegal, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, US, Uruguay - - -United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - -established-NA May 1948 - -aim-initially established by the UN Security Council to supervise the 1948 -Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, -Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan - -members-(19) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, -Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, -Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Sweden, -Switzerland, US - - -United Nations Trusteeship Council - -established-26 June 1945 - -effective-24 October 1945 - -aim-to supervise the administration -of the UN trust territories; only one of the original 11 -trusteeships remains-the Trust Territory of the Pacific -Islands (Palau) - -members-(5) China, France, Russia, UK, US - - -Universal Postal Union (UPU) - -established-9 October 1874, affiliated -with the UN 15 November 1947 - -effective-1 July 1948 - -aim-UN specialized agency that promotes -international postal cooperation - -members-(178) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, -The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, -Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, -Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, -Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican -Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial -Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, -France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, -Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, -North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, -Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, -Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, -Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, -Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, -Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Overseas -Territories of the UK, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New -Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, -Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts -and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, -Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, -Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, -Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, -Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, -Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, -Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -Warsaw Pact (WP) - -was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 -to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were -Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier -members included East Germany and Albania - - -West African Development Bank (WADB) -note-also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) - -established-14 November 1973 - -aim-to promote economic development and integration - -members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo - - -West African Economic Community (CEAO) - -note-acronym from Communaute Economique -de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - -established-3 June 1972 - -aim-to promote regional economic development - -members-(7) Benin, Burkina, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, -Niger, Senegal -observers-(2) Guinea, Togo - - -Western European Union (WEU) - -established-23 October 1954 - -effective-6 May 1955 - -aim-mutual defense and progressive political unification - -members-(9) Belgium, France, Germany, -Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK -associate member-(1) Iceland -observer-(1) Greece - - -World Bank - -see International Bank for -Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - - -World Bank Group -includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), -International Development Association (IDA), and International Finance -Corporation (IFC) - - -World Confederation of Labor (WCL) - -established-19 June 1920 as the -International Federation of Christian Trade Unions -(IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968 - -aim-to promote the trade union movement - -members-(94 national organizations) -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, -Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, -Bonaire Island, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, -Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, -Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, -Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, -El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, -Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, -Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Jamaica, -Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, -Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, -Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, -Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and -Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Vincent and the -Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, -Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, -Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zaire, -Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -World Court -see International Court of -Justice (ICJ) - - -World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) - -established-NA 1945 - -aim-to promote the trade union movement - -members-(67) Afghanistan, Angola, -Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, -Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, -Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, -Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, The Gambia, -Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, -India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, -Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, -Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, -Puerto Rico, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, -Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, -Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zaire - - -World Food Council (WFC) - -established-17 December 1974 - -aim-ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and -recommends solutions - -members-(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -World Food Program (WFP) - -established-24 November 1961 - -aim-ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in -development or disaster relief - -members-(42) selected on a rotating basis from all regions - - -World Health Organization (WHO) - -established-22 July 1946 - -effective-7 April 1948 - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned with health matters - -members-(180) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, -Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, -Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, -Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African -Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, -Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, -Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, -Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, -Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, -Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, -Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, -Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, -Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, -Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, -Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, -Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, -Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, -Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, -Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, -Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, -Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome -and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, -Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, -Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad -and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, -US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, -Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe -associate members-(2) Puerto Rico, Tokelau - - -World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - -established-14 July 1967 - -effective-26 April 1970 - -aim-UN specialized agency concerned -with the protection of literary, artistic, and -scientific works - -members-(133) Albania, Algeria, -Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, -Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, -Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, -Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, -Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, -India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, -Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, -Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, -Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, -Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, -Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi -Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, -Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -Ukraine, -UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -World Meteorological Organization (WMO) - -established-11 October 1947 - -effective-4 April 1951 - -aim-specialized UN agency concerned -with meteorological cooperation - -members-(162) Afghanistan, Albania, -Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, -Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, -Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British -Caribbean Territories, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, -Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, -Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech -Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El -Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, -Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, -Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, -Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, -Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, -Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, -Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, -Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, -Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, -Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, -Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, -Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra -Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), -Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, -Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, -Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, -Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe - - -World Tourism Organization (WTO) - -established-2 January 1975 - -aim-promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic -development, international understanding, and peace -members-(110) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, -Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, -Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, -Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, -France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, -Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, -Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, -Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, -Mauritania, -Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, -Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, -Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San -Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, -Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, -Uganda, UAE, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, -Zimbabwe -associate members-(4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico -observer-(1) Holy See - - -Zangger Committee (ZC) - -established-early 1970s - -aim-to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the nuclear -Non-Proliferation Treaty - -members-(28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, -Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, -Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, -Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US - -*** - -Appendix D: -Weights and Measures -Mathmatical Notation -Mathmatical Power Name -10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion -10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion -10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion -10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion -10^6 or 1,000,000 one million -10^3 or 1,000 one thousand -10^2 or 100 one hundred -10^1 or 10 ten -10^0 or 1 one -10-^1 or 0.1 one tenth -10-^2 or 0.01 one hundredth -10-^3 or 0.001 one thousandth -10-^6 or 0.000 001 one millionth -10-^9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth -10-^12 or0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth -10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth -10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00 one quintillionth - -Metric Interrelationships - -Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, -liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from -kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) -or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals -9.26 kilometers). - -Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume -exa E 0^18 10^36 10^54 -peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 -tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 -giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 -mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 -hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 -myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 -kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 -hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 -basic unit - 1 meter 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 - 1 gram, - 1 liter -deci d 10-^1 10-^2 10-^3 -centi c 10-^2 10-^4 10-^6 -milli m 10-^3 10-^6 10-^9 -decimilli dm 10-^4 10-^8 10-^12 -centimilli cm 10-^5 10-^10 10^15 -micro u 10-^6 10-^12 10-^18 -nano n 10-^9 10-^18 10-^27 -pico p 10-^12 10-^24 10-^36 -femto f 10-^15 10-^30 10-^45 -atto a 10-^18 10-^36 10-^54 - -Equivalents -Units Metric Equivalent US Equivalent -acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 -acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^ 2 -acre 0.004 046 856 4 kilometers^2 0.001 562 miles^2,statute -are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 -barrel - (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons - (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons - (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons -bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks -cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms -chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet -cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 -cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) -degrees, celsius - water boils at 100 degrees C, freezes at 0 degrees C) - multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to obtain degrees F -degrees, fahrenheit - subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 to obtain degrees C - (water boils at 212 degrees F, freezes at 32 degrees F) -dram, avdp. 1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp -dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy -dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid -fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet -foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches -foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards -foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute -foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 -foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 -foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons -foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 -furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards -gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid -gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid -grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. -gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. -hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches -hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres -hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avdp -hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avdp -inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet -inch^2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 -inch^3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 -inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry -inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid -kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avdp -kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute -kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres -kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2,statute -knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute - miles/hour -league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical -league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute -link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches -liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 -liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry -liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid -meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards -meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 -meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 -micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches -mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch -mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute -mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute -mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs -mile^2 statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section -mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles2, nautical -minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid -ounce,avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains -ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid -ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains -pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches -peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry -pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains -pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry -pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid -point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches -pound, avdp 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avdp -pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy -quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry -quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid -quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. -rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards -scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains -section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute - or 640 acres -span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches -stere 1 meter^3 1.307 95 yards^3 -tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons -teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons -ton, long or deadweight - 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp. -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avdp. -ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy -ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 -ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avdp. -township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute -yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet -yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 -yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 -yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons - -*** - -Appendix E -Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names -This list indicates where various names including all United States Foreign -Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical -portions of larger entities can be found in The World Fact-book. Spellings -are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic -Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses; -additional information is included in brackets. - - -Name Entry in The World Factbook - -A -Abidjan [US Embassy] -Cote d'Ivoire - -Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] -United Arab Emirates - -Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] -Nigeria - -Acapulco [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Accra [US Embassy] -Ghana - -Adamstown -Pitcairn Islands - -Adana [US Consulate] -Turkey - -Addis Ababa [US Embassy] -Ethiopia - -Adelaide [US Consular Agency] -Australia - -Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) [claimed by France] -Antarctica - -Aden -Yemen - -Aden, Gulf of -Indian Ocean - -Admiralty Islands -Papua New Guinea - -Adriatic Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Aegean Islands -Greece - -Aegean Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Afars and Issas, French Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) -Djibouti - -Agalega Islands -Mauritius - -Agana -Guam - -Aland Islands -Finland - -Alaska -United States - -Alaska, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Aldabra Islands -Seychelles - -Alderney -Guernsey - -Aleutian Islands -United States - -Alexander Island -Antarctica - -Alexandria [US Consulate General] -Egypt - -Algiers [US Embassy] -Algeria - -Alhucemas, Penon de -Spain - -Alma-Ata (Almaty) -Kazakhstan - -Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy] -Kazakhstan - -Alofi -Niue - -Alphonse Island -Seychelles - -Amami Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Amindivi Islands -India - -Amirante Isles -Seychelles - -Amman [US Embassy] -Jordan - -Amsterdam [US Consulate General] -Netherlands - -Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Amundsen Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Amur -China; Russia - -Andaman Islands -India - -Andaman Sea -Indian Ocean - -Andorra la Vella -Andorra - -Anegada Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Anglo-Egyptian Sudan -Sudan - -Anjouan -Comoros - -Ankara [US Embassy] -Turkey - -Annobon -Equatorial Guinea - -Antananarivo [US Embassy] -Madagascar - -Antipodes Islands -New Zealand - -Antwerp [US Consulate General] -Belgium - -Aozou Strip [claimed by Libya] -Chad - -Apia [US Embassy] -Western Samoa - -Aqaba, Gulf of -Indian Ocean - -Arabian Sea -Indian Ocean - -Arafura Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Argun -China; Russia - -Ascension Island -Saint Helena - -Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) -Turkmenistan - -Ashkhabad [US Embassy] -Turkmenistan - -Asmara [US Embassy] -Eritrea - -Asmera (see Asmara) -Eritrea - -Assumption Island -Seychelles - -Asuncion [US Embassy] -Paraguay - -Asuncion Island -Northern Mariana Islands - -Atacama -Chile - -Athens [US Embassy] -Greece - -Attu -United States - -Auckland [US Consulate General] -New Zealand - -Auckland Islands -New Zealand - -Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) -French Polynesia - -Avarua -Cook Islands - -Axel Heiberg Island -Canada - -Azores -Portugal - -Azov, Sea of -Atlantic Ocean - -B -Bab el Mandeb -Indian Ocean - -Babuyan Channel -Pacific Ocean - -Babuyan Islands -Philippines - -Baffin Bay -Arctic Ocean - -Baffin Island -Canada - -Baghdad -[US Embassy temporarily suspended; US Interests Section located in -Poland's embassy in Baghdad] -Iraq - -Baku [US Embassy] -Azerbaijan - -Baky (Baku) -Azerbaijan - -Balabac Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Balearic Islands -Spain - -Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) -Atlantic Ocean - -Bali [US Consular Agency] -Indonesia - -Bali Sea -Indian Ocean - -Balintang Channel -Pacific Ocean - -Balintang Islands -Philippines - -Balleny Islands -Antarctica - -Balochistan -Pakistan - -Baltic Sea -Atlantic Ocean - - -Bamako [US Embassy] -Mali - -Banaba (Ocean Island) -Kiribati - -Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] -Brunei - -Banda Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Bangkok [US Embassy] -Thailand - -Bangui [US Embassy] -Central African Republic - -Banjul [US Embassy] -Gambia, The - -Banks Island -Canada - -Banks Islands (Iles Banks) -Vanuatu - -Barcelona [US Consulate General] -Spain - -Barents Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Barranquilla [US Consulate] -Colombia - -Bashi Channel -Pacific Ocean - -Basilan Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Bass Strait -Indian Ocean - -Basse-Terre -Gaudeloupe - -Basseterre -Saint Kitts and Nevis - -Batan Islands -Philippines - -Basutoland -Lesotho - -Bavaria (Bayern) -Germany - -Beagle Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Bear Island (Bjornoya) -Svalbard - -Beaufort Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Bechuanaland -Botswana - -Beijing [US Embassy] -China - -Beirut [US Embassy] -Lebanon - -Belau -Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the - -Belem [US Consular Agency] -Brazil - -Belep Islands (Iles Belep) -New Caledonia - -Belfast [US Consulate General] -United Kingdom - -Belgian Congo -Zaire - -Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not maintain full diplomatic relations with - Serbia and Montenegro] -Serbia and Montenegro - -Belize City [US Embassy] -Belize - -Belle Isle, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Bellingshausen Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Belmopan -Belize - -Belorussia -Belarus - -Bengal, Bay of -Indian Ocean - -Bering Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Bering Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Berkner Island -Antarctica - -Berlin [US Branch Office] -Germany - -Berlin, East -Germany - -Berlin, West -Germany - -Bern [US Embassy] -Switzerland - -Bessarabia -Romania; Moldova - -Bijagos, Arquipelago dos -Guinea-Bissau - -Bikini Atoll -Marshall Islands - -Bilbao [US Consulate] -Spain - -Bioko -Equatorial Guinea - -Biscay, Bay of -Atlantic Ocean - -Bishkek [Interim Chancery] -Kyrgyzstan - -Bishop Rock -United Kingdom - -Bismarck Archipelago -Papua New Guinea - -Bismarck Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Bissau [US Embassy] -Guinea-Bissau - -Bjornoya (Bear Island) -Svalbard - -Black Rock -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - -Black Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Bloemfontein -South Africa - -Boa Vista -Cape Verde - -Bogota [US Embassy] -Colombia - -Bombay [US Consulate General] -India - -Bonaire -Netherlands Antilles - -Bonifacio, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Bonin Islands -Japan - -Bonn [US Embassy] -Germany - -Bophuthatswana -South Africa - -Bora-Bora -French Polynesia - -Bordeaux [US Consulate General] -France - -Borneo -Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia - -Bornholm -Denmark - -Bosporus -Atlantic Ocean - -Bothnia, Gulf of -Atlantic Ocean - -Bougainville Island -Papua New Guinea - -Bougainville Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Bounty Islands -New Zealand - -Brasilia [US Embassy] -Brazil - -Bratislava [US Embassy] -Slovakia - -Brazzaville [US Embassy] -Congo - -Bridgetown [US Embassy] -Barbados - -Brisbane [US Consulate] -Australia - - -British East Africa -Kenya - -British Guiana -Guyana - -British Honduras -Belize - -British Solomon Islands -Solomon Islands - -British Somaliland -Somalia - -Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission to European Communities, -US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)] -Belgium - -Bucharest [US Embassy] -Romania - -Budapest [US Embassy] -Hungary - -Buenos Aires [US Embassy] -Argentina - -Bujumbura [US Embassy] -Burundi - -Burnt Pine -Norfolk Island - -Byelorussia -Belarus - -C -Cabinda -Angola - -Cabot Strait -Atlantic Ocean - -Caicos Islands -Turks and Caicos Islands - -Cairo [US Embassy] -Egypt - -Calcutta [US Consulate General] -India - -Calgary [US Consulate General] -Canada - -California, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Campbell Island -New Zealand - -Canal Zone -Panama - -Canary Islands -Spain - -Canberra [US Embassy] -Australia - -Cancun [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Canton (Guangzhou) -China - -Canton Island -Kiribati - -Cape Town [US Consulate General] -South Africa - -Caracas [US Embassy] -Venezuela - -Cargados Carajos Shoals -Mauritius - -Caroline Islands -Micronesia, Federated States of; Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the - -Caribbean Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Carpentaria, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Casablanca [US Consulate General] -Morocco - -Castries -Saint Lucia - -Cato Island -Australia - -Cayenne -French Guiana - -Cebu [US Consulate General] -Philippines - -Celebes -Indonesia - -Celebes Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Celtic Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Central African Empire -Central African Republic - -Ceuta -Spain - -Ceylon -Sri Lanka - -Chafarinas, Islas -Spain - -Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) -British Indian Ocean Territory - -Channel Islands -Guernsey; Jersey - -Charlotte Amalie -Virgin Islands - -Chatham Islands -New Zealand - -Cheju-do -Korea, South - -Cheju Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Chengdu [US Consulate General] -China - -Chesterfield Islands (Iles Chesterfield) -New Caledonia - -Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] -Thailand - -Chihli, Gulf of (Bo Hai) -Pacific Ocean - -China, People's Republic of -China - -China, Republic of -Taiwan - -Chisinau [US Embassy] -Moldova - -Choiseul -Solomon Islands - -Christchurch [US Consular Agency] -New Zealand - -Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] -Australia - -Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] (Kiritimati) -Kiribati - -Chukchi Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Ciskei -South Africa - -Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] -Mexico - -Cochabamba [US Consular Agency] -Bolivia - -Coco, Isla del -Costa Rica - -Cocos Islands -Cocos (Keeling) Islands - -Colombo [US Embassy] -Sri Lanka - -Colon [US Consular Agency] -Panama - -Colon, Archipielago de (Galapagos Islands) -Ecuador - -Commander Islands (Komandorskiye Ostrova) -Russia - -Conakry [US Embassy] -Guinea - -Congo (Brazzaville) -Congo - -Congo (Kinshasa) -Zaire - -Congo (Leopoldville) -Zaire - -Con Son Islands -Vietnam - -Cook Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Copenhagen [US Embassy] -Denmark - -Coral Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) -Nicaragua - -Corsica -France - -Cosmoledo Group -Seychelles - -Cotonou [US Embassy] -Benin - -Crete -Greece - -Crooked Island Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Curacao [US Consulate General] -Netherlands Antilles - -Cusco [US Consular Agency] -Peru - -Czechoslovakia -Czech Republic; Slovakia - -D -Dahomey -Benin - -Daito Islands -Japan - -Dakar [US Embassy] -Senegal - -Daman (Damao) -India - -Damascus [US Embassy] -Syria - -Danger Atoll -Cook Islands - -Danish Straits -Atlantic Ocean - -Danzig (Gdansk) -Poland - -Dao Bach Long Vi -Vietnam - -Dardanelles -Atlantic Ocean - -Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] -Tanzania - -Davis Strait -Atlantic Ocean - -Deception Island -Antarctica - -Denmark Strait -Atlantic Ocean - -D'Entrecasteaux Islands -Papua New Guinea - -Devon Island -Canada - -Dhahran [US Consulate General] -Saudi Arabia - -Dhaka [US Embassy] -Bangladesh - -Diego Garcia -British Indian Ocean Territory - -Diego Ramirez -Chile - -Diomede Islands -Russia [Big Diomede]; United States [Little Diomede] - -Diu -India - -Djibouti [US Embassy] -Djibouti - -Dodecanese -Greece - -Dodoma -Tanzania - -Doha [US Embassy] -Qatar - -Douala [US Consulate] -Cameroon - -Douglas -Man, Isle of - -Dover, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Drake Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Dubai (Dubayy) [US Consulate General] -United Arab Emirates - -Dublin [US Embassy] -Ireland - -Durango [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Durban [US Consulate General] -South Africa - -Dushanbe [Interim Chancery] -Tajikistan - -Dusseldorf [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Dutch East Indies -Indonesia - -Dutch Guiana -Suriname - -E -East China Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) -Chile - -Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait or Tsushima Strait) -Pacific Ocean - -East Germany (German Democratic Republic) -Germany - -East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel or Tsushima Strait) -Pacific Ocean - -East Pakistan -Bangladesh - -East Siberian Sea -Arctic Ocean - -East Timor (Portuguese Timor) -Indonesia - -Edinburgh [US Consulate General] -United Kingdom - -Elba -Italy - -Ellef Ringnes Island -Canada - -Ellesmere Island -Canada - -Ellice Islands -Tuvalu - -Elobey, Islas de -Equatorial Guinea - -Enderbury Island -Kiribati - -Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) -Marshall Islands - -England -United Kingdom - -English Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Eniwetok Atoll -Marshall Islands - -Epirus, Northern -Albania; Greece -Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] -Guyana - -Etorofu -Russia [de facto] - -F -Farquhar Group -Seychelles - -Fernando de Noronha -Brazil - -Fernando Po (Bioko) -Equatorial Guinea - -Finland, Gulf of -Atlantic Ocean - -Florence [US Consulate General] -Italy - -Florida, Straits of -Atlantic Ocean - -Formosa -Taiwan - -Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) -Pacific Ocean - -Fort-de-France [US Consulate General] -Martinique - -Frankfurt am Main [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Franz Josef Land -Russia - -Freetown [US Embassy] -Sierra Leone - -French Cameroon -Cameroon - -French Indochina -Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam - -French Guinea -Guinea - -French Sudan -Mali - -French Territory of the Afars and Issas (F.T.A.I.) -Djibouti - -French Togo -Togo - -Friendly Islands -Tonga - -Frunze (Bishkek) -Kyrgyzstan - -Fukuoka [US Consulate] -Japan - -Funafuti -Tuvalu - -Funchal [US Consular Agency] -Portugal - -Fundy, Bay of -Atlantic Ocean - -Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) -Wallis and Futuna - -G -Gaborone [US Embassy] -Botswana - -Galapagos Islands (Archipielago de Colon) -Ecuador - -Galleons Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) -French Polynesia - -Gaspar Strait -Indian Ocean - -Geneva [Branch Office of the US Embassy, US Mission to European Office of the -UN and Other International Organizations] -Switzerland - -Genoa [US Consulate General] -Italy - -George Town [US Consular Agency] -Cayman Islands - -Georgetown [US Embassy] -Guyana - -German Democratic Republic (East Germany) -Germany - -German Federal Republic of (West Germany) -Germany - -Gibraltar -Gibraltar - -Gibraltar, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Gilbert Islands -Kiribati - -Goa -India - -Gold Coast -Ghana - -Golan Heights -Syria - -Good Hope, Cape of -South Africa - -Goteborg -Sweden - -Gotland -Sweden - -Gough Island -Saint Helena - -Grand Banks -Atlantic Ocean - -Grand Cayman -Cayman Islands - -Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] -Turks and Caicos Islands - -Great Australian Bight -Indian Ocean - -Great Belt (Store Baelt) -Atlantic Ocean - -Great Britain -United Kingdom - -Great Channel -Indian Ocean - -Greater Sunda Islands -Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia - -Green Islands -Papua New Guinea - -Greenland Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Grenadines, Northern -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - -Grenadines, Southern -Grenada - -Guadalajara [US Consulate General] - Mexico - -Guadalcanal -Solomon Islands - -Guadalupe, Isla de -Mexico - -Guangzhou [US Consulate General] -China - -Guantanamo [US Naval Base] -Cuba - -Guatemala [US Embassy] -Guatemala - -Gubal, Strait of -Indian Ocean - -Guinea, Gulf of -Atlantic Ocean - -Guayaquil [US Consulate General] -Ecuador - -H -Ha'apai Group -Tonga - -Habomai Islands -Russia [de facto] - -Hague, The [US Embassy] -Netherlands - -Haifa [US Consular Agency] -Israel - -Hainan Dao -China - -Halifax [US Consulate General] -Canada - -Halmahera -Indonesia - -Hamburg [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Hamilton [US Consulate General] -Bermuda - -Hanoi -Vietnam - -Harare [US Embassy] -Zimbabwe - -Hatay -Turkey - -Havana [US post not maintained, representation by US Interests Section (USINT) -of the Swiss Embassy] -Cuba - -Hawaii -United States - -Heard Island -Heard Island and McDonald Islands - -Helsinki [US Embassy] -Finland - -Hermosillo [US Consulate] -Mexico - -Hispaniola -Dominican Republic; Haiti - -Hokkaido -Japan - -Hong Kong [US Consulate General] -Hong Kong - -Honiara [US Consulate] -Solomon Islands - -Honshu -Japan - -Hormuz, Strait of -Indian Ocean - -Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) -Chile - -Horne, Iles de -Wallis and Futuna - -Horn of Africa -Ethiopia; Somalia - -Hudson Bay -Arctic Ocean - -Hudson Strait -Arctic Ocean -I -Inaccessible Island -Saint Helena - -Indochina -Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam - -Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) -China - -Ionian Islands -Greece - -Ionian Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Irian Jaya -Indonesia - -Irish Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Islamabad [US Embassy] -Pakistan - -Islas Malvinas -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - -Istanbul [US Consulate General] -Turkey - -Italian Somaliland -Somalia - -Ivory Coast -Cote d'Ivoire - -Iwo Jima -Japan - -Izmir [US Consulate General] -Turkey - -J -Jakarta [US Embassy] -Indonesia - -Jamestown -Saint Helena - -Japan, Sea of -Pacific Ocean - -Java -Indonesia - -Java Sea -Indian Ocean - -Jeddah [US Consulate General] -Saudi Arabia - -Jerusalem [US Consulate General] -Israel; West Bank - -Johannesburg [US Consulate General] -South Africa - -Juan de Fuca, Strait of -Pacific Ocean - -Juan Fernandez, Isla de -Chile - -Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth) -Cuba - -K -Kabul [US Embassy now closed] -Afghanistan - -Kaduna [US Consulate General] -Nigeria - -Kalimantan -Indonesia -Kamchatka Peninsula (Poluostrov Kamchatka) -Russia - -Kampala [US Embassy] -Uganda - -Kampuchea -Cambodia - -Karachi [US Consulate General] -Pakistan - -Kara Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Karimata Strait -Indian Ocean - -Kathmandu [US Embassy] -Nepal - -Kattegat -Atlantic Ocean - -Kauai Channel -Pacific Ocean - -Keeling Islands -Cocos (Keeling) Islands - -Kerguelen, Iles -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Kermadec Islands -New Zealand - -Khabarovsk -Russia - -Khartoum [US Embassy] -Sudan - -Khmer Republic -Cambodia - -Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria Muria Islands) -Oman - -Khyber Pass -Pakistan - -Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) -Atlantic Ocean - -Kiev [US Embassy] -Ukraine - -Kigali [US Embassy] -Rwanda - -Kingston [US Embassy] -Jamaica - -Kingston -Norfolk Island - -Kingston -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - -Kinshasa [US Embassy] -Zaire - -Kirghiziya -Kyrgyzstan - -Kiritimati (Christmas Island) -Kiribati - -Kishinev (Chisinau) -Moldova - -Kithira Strait -Atlantic Ocean - -Kodiak Island -United States - -Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) -Russia - -Kolonia [US Embassy] -Micronesia, Federated States of - -Korea Bay -Pacific Ocean - -Korea, Democratic People's Republic of -Korea, North - -Korea, Republic of -Korea, South - -Korea Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Koror [US Liaison Office] -Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of - -Kosovo -Serbia and Montenegro - -Kowloon -Hong Kong - -Krakow [US Consulate General] -Poland - -Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] -Malaysia - -Kunashiri (Kunashir) -Russia [de facto] - -Kuril Islands -Russia [de facto] - -Kuwait [US Embassy] -Kuwait - -Kwajalein Atoll -Marshall Islands - -Kyushu -Japan - -Kyyiv (Kiev) -Ukraine - -L -Labrador -Canada - -Laccadive Islands -India - -Laccadive Sea -Indian Ocean - -La Coruna [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Lagos [US Embassy] -Nigeria - -Lahore [US Consulate General] -Pakistan - -Lakshadweep -India - -La Paz [US Embassy] -Bolivia - -La Perouse Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Laptev Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Las Palmas [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Lau Group -Fiji - -Leipzig [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg) -Russia - -Lesser Sunda Islands -Indonesia - -Leyte -Philippines - -Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan] -Korea, South - -Libreville [US Embassy] -Gabon - -Ligurian Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Lilongwe [US Embassy] -Malawi - -Lima [US Embassy] -Peru - -Lincoln Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Line Islands -Kiribati; Palmyra Atoll - -Lisbon [US Embassy] -Portugal - -Ljubljana [US Embassy] -Slovenia - -Lobamba -Swaziland - -Lombok Strait -Indian Ocean - -Lome [US Embassy] -Togo - -London [US Embassy] -United Kingdom - -Longyearbyen -Svalbard - -Lord Howe Island -Australia - -Louisiade Archipelago -Papua New Guinea - -Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) -New Caledonia - -Luanda [US Liaison Office] -Angola - -Lubumbashi [US Consulate General closed since October 1991] -Zaire - -Lusaka [US Embassy] -Zambia - -Luxembourg [US Embassy] -Luxembourg - -Luzon -Philippines - -Luzon Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Lyon [US Consulate General] -France - -M -Macao -Macau - -Macedonia -Bulgaria - -Macquarie Island -Australia - -Madeira Islands -Portugal - -Madras [US Consulate General] -India - -Madrid [US Embassy] -Spain - -Magellan, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Maghreb -Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia - -Mahe Island -Seychelles - -Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) -Nicaragua - -Majorca (Mallorca) -Spain - -Majuro [US Embassy] -Marshall Islands - -Makassar Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Malabo [US Embassy] -Equatorial Guinea - -Malacca, Strait of -Indian Ocean - -Malaga [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Malagasy Republic -Madagascar - -Male [US post not maintained, representation from Colombo, Sri Lanka] -Maldives - -Mallorca (Majorca) -Spain - -Malpelo, Isla de -Colombia - -Malta Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Malvinas, Islas -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - -Mamoutzou -Mayotte - -Managua [US Embassy] -Nicaragua - -Manama [US Embassy] -Bahrain - -Manaus [US Consular Agency] -Brazil - -Manchukuo -China - -Manchuria -China - -Manila [US Embassy] -Philippines - -Manipa Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Mannar, Gulf of -Indian Ocean - -Manua Islands -American Samoa - -Maputo [US Embassy] -Mozambique - -Maracaibo [US Consulate] -Venezuela - -Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) -Japan - -Mariana Islands -Guam; Northern Mariana Islands - -Marion Island -South Africa - -Marmara, Sea of -Atlantic Ocean - -Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises) -French Polynesia - -Marseille [US Consulate General] -France - -Martin Vaz, Ilhas -Brazil - -Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) -Chile - -Mascarene Islands -Mauritius; Reunion - -Maseru [US Embassy] -Lesotho - -Matamoros [US Consulate] -Mexico - -Mata Utu -Wallis and Futuna - -Mazatlan [US Consulate] -Mexico - -Mbabane [US Embassy] -Swaziland - -McDonald Islands -Heard Island and McDonald Islands - -Medan [US Consulate] -Indonesia - -Mediterranean Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Melbourne [US Consulate General] -Australia - -Melilla -Spain - -Mensk (Minsk) -Belarus - -Merida [US Consulate] -Mexico - -Messina, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Mexico [US Embassy] -Mexico - -Mexico, Gulf of -Atlantic Ocean - -Milan [US Consulate General] -Italy - -Minami-tori-shima -Japan - -Mindanao -Philippines - -Mindoro Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Minicoy Island -India - -Minsk [US Embassy] -Belarus - -Mogadishu [US Liaison Office] -Somalia - -Moldovia -Moldova - -Mombasa [US Consulate] -Kenya - -Monaco -Monaco - -Mona Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Monrovia [US Embassy] -Liberia - -Montego Bay [US Consular Agency] -Jamaica - -Montenegro -Serbia and Montenegro - -Monterrey [US Consulate General] -Mexico - -Montevideo [US Embassy] -Uruguay - -Montreal -[US Consulate General, -US Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)] -Canada - -Moravian Gate -Czech Republic - -Moroni [US Embassy] -Comoros - -Mortlock Islands -Micronesia, Federated States of - -Moscow [US Embassy] -Russia - -Mozambique Channel -Indian Ocean - -Mulege [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Munich [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Musandam Peninsula -Oman; United Arab Emirates - -Muscat [US Embassy] -Oman - -Muscat and Oman -Oman - -Myanma, Myanmar -Burma - -N -Naha [US Consulate General] -Japan - -Nairobi [US Embassy] -Kenya - -Nampo-shoto -Japan - -Naples [US Consulate General] -Italy - -Nassau [US Embassy] -Bahamas, The - -Natuna Besar Islands -Indonesia - -N'Djamena [US Embassy] -Chad - -Netherlands East Indies -Indonesia - -Netherlands Guiana -Suriname - -Nevis -Saint Kitts and Nevis - -New Delhi [US Embassy] -India - -Newfoundland -Canada - -New Guinea -Indonesia; Papua New Guinea - -New Hebrides -Vanuatu - -New Siberian Islands -Russia - -New Territories -Hong Kong - -New York, New York [US Mission to the United Nations (USUN)] -United States - -Niamey [US Embassy] -Niger - -Nice [US Consular Agency] -France - -Nicobar Islands -India - -Nicosia [US Embassy] -Cyprus - -Nightingale Island -Saint Helena - -North Atlantic Ocean -Atlantic Ocean - -North Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Northeast Providence Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Northern Epirus -Albania; Greece - -Northern Grenadines -Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - -Northern Ireland -United Kingdom - -Northern Rhodesia -Zambia - -North Island -New Zealand - -North Korea -Korea, North - -North Pacific Ocean -Pacific Ocean - -North Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -North Vietnam -Vietnam - -Northwest Passages -Arctic Ocean - -North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) -Yemen - -Norwegian Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Nouakchott [US Embassy] -Mauritania - -Noumea -New Caledonia - -Nuku' alofa -Tonga - -Novaya Zemlya -Russia - -Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] -Mexico - -Nuuk (Godthab) -Greenland - -Nyasaland -Malawi - -O -Oahu -United States - -Oaxaca [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Ocean Island (Banaba) -Kiribati - -Ocean Island (Kure Island) -United States - -Ogaden -Ethiopia; Somalia - -Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) -British Indian Ocean Territory - -Okhotsk, Sea of -Pacific Ocean - -Okinawa -Japan - -Oman, Gulf of -Indian Ocean - -Ombai Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Oporto [US Consulate] -Portugal - -Oran [US Consulate] -Algeria - -Oranjestad -Aruba - -Oresund (The Sound) -Atlantic Ocean - -Orkney Islands -United Kingdom - -Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] -Japan - -Oslo [US Embassy] -Norway - -Otranto, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Ottawa [US Embassy] -Canada - -Ouagadougou [US Embassy] -Burkina - -Outer Mongolia -Mongolia - -P -Pagan -Northern Mariana Islands - -Pago Pago -American Samoa - -Palau -Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the - -Palawan -Philippines - -Palermo [US Consulate General] -Italy - -Palk Strait -Indian Ocean - -Palma de Mallorca [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Pamirs -China; Tajikistan - -Panama [US Embassy] -Panama - -Panama Canal -Panama - -Panama, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Papeete -French Polynesia - -Paramaribo [US Embassy] -Suriname - -Parece Vela -Japan - -Paris -[US Embassy, US Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and -Development (OECD), US Observer Mission at the UN Educational, Scientific, -and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] -France - -Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) -Chile - -Passion, Ile de la -Clipperton Island - -Pashtunistan -Afghanistan; Pakistan - -Peking (Beijing) -China - -Pemba Island -Tanzania - -Pentland Firth -Atlantic Ocean - -Perim -Yemen - -Perouse Strait, La -Pacific Ocean - -Persian Gulf -Indian Ocean - -Perth [US Consulate General] -Australia - -Pescadores -Taiwan - -Peshawar [US Consulate] -Pakistan - -Peter I Island -Antarctica - -Philip Island -Norfolk Island - -Philippine Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Phnom Penh [US Embassy] -Cambodia - -Phoenix Islands -Kiribati - -Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) -Cuba - -Piura [US Consular Agency] -Peru - -Pleasant Island -Nauru - -Plymouth -Montserrat - -Ponape (Pohnpei) -Micronesia - -Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] -Portugal - -Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] -Haiti - -Port Louis [US Embassy] -Mauritius - -Port Moresby [US Embassy] -Papua New Guinea - -Porto Alegre [US Consulate] -Brazil - -Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] -Trinidad and Tobago - -Porto-Novo -Benin - -Port Said [US Consular Agency] -Egypt - -Portuguese Guinea -Guinea-Bissau - -Portuguese Timor (East Timor) -Indonesia - -Port-Vila -Vanuatu - -Poznan [US Consulate General] -Poland - -Prague [US Embassy] -Czech Republic - -Praia [US Embassy] -Cape Verde - -Pretoria [US Embassy] -South Africa - -Pribilof Islands -United States - -Prince Edward Island -Canada - -Prince Edward Islands -South Africa - -Prince Patrick Island -Canada - -Principe -Sao Tome and Principe - -Puerto Plata [US Consular Agency] -Dominican Republic - -Puerto Vallarta [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Pusan [US Consulate] -Korea, South - -P'yongyang -Korea, North - -Q -Quebec [US Consulate General] -Canada - -Queen Charlotte Islands -Canada - -Queen Elizabeth Islands -Canada - -Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway] -Antarctica - -Quito [US Embassy] -Ecuador - -R -Rabat [US Embassy] -Morocco - -Ralik Chain -Marshall Islands - -Rangoon [US Embassy] -Burma - -Ratak Chain -Marshall Islands - -Recife [US Consulate] -Brazil - -Redonda -Antigua and Barbuda - -Red Sea -Indian Ocean - -Revillagigedo Island -United States - -Revillagigedo Islands -Mexico - -Reykjavik [US Embassy] -Iceland - -Rhodes -Greece - -Rhodesia -Zimbabwe - -Rhodesia, Northern -Zambia - -Rhodesia, Southern -Zimbabwe - -Riga [US Embassy] -Latvia - -Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate General] -Brazil - -Rio de Oro -Western Sahara - -Rio Muni -Equatorial Guinea - -Riyadh [US Embassy] -Saudi Arabia - -Road Town -British Virgin Islands - -Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas a Tierra) -Chile - -Rocas, Atol das -Brazil - -Rockall [disputed] -United Kingdom - -Rodrigues -Mauritius - -Rome -[US Embassy, US Mission to the UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)] -Italy - -Roncador Cay -Colombia - -Roosevelt Island -Antarctica - -Roseau -Dominica - -Ross Dependency [claimed by New Zealand] -Antarctica - -Ross Island -Antarctica - -Ross Sea -Antarctica - -Rota -Northern Mariana Islands - -Rotuma -Fiji - -Ryukyu Islands -Japan - -S -Saba -Netherlands Antilles - -Sabah -Malaysia - -Sable Island -Canada - -Sahel -Burkina, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, -Senegal - -Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City) -Vietnam - -Saint Brandon -Mauritius - -Saint Christopher and Nevis -Saint Kitts and Nevis - -Saint-Denis -Reunion - -Saint George's [US Embassy] -Grenada - -Saint George's Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Saint Heliar -Jersey - -Saint John's [US Embassy] -Antigua and Barbuda - -Saint Lawrence, Gulf of -Atlantic Ocean - -Saint Lawrence Island -United States - -Saint Lawrence Seaway -Atlantic Ocean - -Saint Martin -Guadeloupe - -Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) -Netherlands Antilles - -Saint Paul Island -Canada - -Saint Paul Island -United States - -Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) -French Southern and Antarctic Lands - -Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo) -Brazil - -Saint Peter Port -Guernsey - -Saint Petersburg [US Consulate] -Russia - -Saint-Pierre -Saint Pierre and Miguelon - -Saint Vincent Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Saipan -Northern Mariana Islands - -Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) -Russia - -Sala y Gomez, Isla -Chile - -Salisbury (Harare) -Zimbabwe - -Salvador de Bahia [US Consular Agency] -Brazil - -Salzburg [US Consulate General] -Austria - -Sanaa [US Embassy] -Yemen - -San Ambrosio -Chile - -San Andres y Providencia, Archipielago -Colombia - -San Bernardino Strait -Pacific Ocean - -San Felix, Isla -Chile - -San Jose [US Embassy] -Costa Rica - -San Juan -Puerto Rico - -San Luis Potosi [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -San Marino -San Marino - -San Miguel Allende [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -San Salvador [US Embassy] -El Salvador - -Santa Cruz [US Consular Agency] -Bolivia - -Santa Cruz Islands -Solomon Islands - -Santiago [US Embassy] -Chile - -Santo Domingo [US Embassy] -Dominican Republic - -Sao Luis [US Consular Agency] -Brazil - -Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] -Brazil - -Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de -Brazil - -Sao Tome -Sao Tome and Principe - -Sapporo [US Consulate General] -Japan - -Sapudi Strait -Indian Ocean - -Sarajevo -Bosnia and Herzegovina - -Sarawak -Malaysia - -Sardinia -Italy - -Sargasso Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Sark -Guernsey - -Scotia Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Scotland -United Kingdom - -Scott Island -Antarctica - -Senyavin Islands -Micronesia, Federated States of -Seoul [US Embassy] -Korea, South - -Serbia -Serbia and Montenegro - -Serrana Bank -Colombia - -Serranilla Bank -Colombia - -Settlement, The -Christmas Island - -Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) -Russia - -Seville [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Shag Island -Heard Island and McDonald Islands - -Shag Rocks -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - -Shanghai [US Consulate General] -China - -Shenyang [US Consulate General] -China - -Shetland Islands -United Kingdom - -Shikoku -Japan - -Shikotan (Shikotan-to) -Japan - -Siam -Thailand - -Sibutu Passage -Pacific Ocean - -Sicily -Italy - -Sicily, Strait of -Atlantic Ocean - -Sikkim -India - -Sinai -Egypt - -Singapore [US Embassy] -Singapore - -Singapore Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Sinkiang (Xinjiang) -China - -Sint Eustatius -Netherlands Antilles - -Sint Maarten (Saint Martin) -Netherlands Antilles - -Skagerrak -Atlantic Ocean - -Skopje -Macedonia - -Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) -French Polynesia - -Socotra -Yemen - -Sofia [US Embassy] -Bulgaria - -Solomon Islands, northern -Papua New Guinea - -Solomon Islands, southern -Solomon Islands - -Soloman Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Songkhla [US Consulate] -Thailand - -Sound, The (Oresund) -Atlantic Ocean - -South Atlantic Ocean -Atlantic Ocean - -South China Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Southern Grenadines -Grenada - -Southern Rhodesia -Zimbabwe - -South Georgia -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - -South Island -New Zealand - -South Korea -Korea, South - -South Orkney Islands -Antarctica - -South Pacific Ocean -Pacific Ocean - -South Sandwich Islands -South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - -South Shetland Islands -Antarctica - -South Tyrol -Italy - -South Vietnam -Vietnam - -South-West Africa -Namibia - -South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) -Yemen - -Soviet Union -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -Spanish Guinea -Equatorial Guinea - -Spanish Sahara -Western Sahara - -Spitsbergen -Svalbard - -Stanley -Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) - -Stockholm [US Embassy] -Sweden - -Strasbourg [US Consulate General] -France - -Stuttgart [US Consulate General] -Germany - -Suez, Gulf of -Indian Ocean - -Sulu Archipelago -Philippines - -Sulu Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Sumatra -Indonesia - -Sumba -Indonesia - -Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) -Indonesia; Malaysia - -Sunda Strait -Indian Ocean - -Surabaya [US Consulate] -Indonesia - -Surigao Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Surinam -Suriname - -Suva [US Embassy] -Fiji - -Swains Island -American Samoa - -Swan Islands -Honduras - -Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia - -T -Tahiti -French Polynesia - -Taipei -Taiwan - -Taiwan Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Tallin [US Embassy] -Estonia - -Tampico [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Tanganyika -Tanzania - -Tangier -Morocco - -Tarawa -Kiribati - -Tartar Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Tashkent [US Embassy] -Uzbekistan - -Tasmania -Australia - -Tasman Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyra) -Russia - -Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] -Honduras - -Tehran [US post not maintained, representation by Swiss Embassy] -Iran - -Tel Aviv [US Embassy] -Israel - -Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) [claimed by France] -Antarctica - -Thailand, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] -Greece - -Thimphu -Bhutan - -Thurston Island -Antarctica - -Tibet (Xizang) -China - -Tibilisi (Tbilisi) [US Embassy] -Georgia - -Tierra del Fuego -Argentina; Chile - -Tijuana [US Consulate General] -Mexico - -Timor -Indonesia - -Timor Sea -Indian Ocean - -Tinian -Northern Mariana Islands - -Tiran, Strait of -Indian Ocean - -Tirane [US Embassy] -Albania - -Tobago -Trinidad and Tobago - -Tokyo [US Embassy] -Japan - -Tonkin, Gulf of -Pacific Ocean - -Toronto [US Consulate General] -Canada - -Torres Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Torshavn -Faroe Islands - -Toshkent (Tashkent) -Uzbekistan - -Transjordan -Jordan - -Transkei -South Africa - -Transylvania -Romania - -Trieste [US Consular Agency] -Italy - -Trindade, Ilha de -Brazil - -Tripoli [US post not maintained, representation by Belgian Embassy] -Libya - -Tristan da Cunha Group -Saint Helena - -Trobriand Islands -Papua New Guinea - -Trucial States -United Arab Emirates - -Truk Islands -Micronesia - -Tsugaru Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) -French Polynesia - -Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) -French Polynesia - -Tunis [US Embassy] -Tunisia - -Turin -Italy - -Turkish Straits -Atlantic Ocean - -Turkmeniya -Turkmenistan - -Turks Island Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Tyrol, South -Italy - -Tyrrhenian Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -U -Udorn [US Consulate] -Thailand - -Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] -Mongolia - -Ullung-do -Korea, South - -Unimak Pass [strait] -Pacific Ocean - -Union of Soviet Socialist Republics -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -United Arab Republic -Egypt; Syria - -Upper Volta -Burkina - -USSR -Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, -Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, -Ukraine, Uzbekistan - -V -Vaduz [US post not maintained, representation from Zurich, -Switzerland] -Liechtenstein - -Vakhan Corridor (Wakhan) -Afghanistan - -Valencia [US Consular Agency] -Spain - -Valletta [US Embassy] -Malta - -Valley, The -Anguilla - -Vancouver [US Consulate General] -Canada - -Vancouver Island -Canada - -Van Diemen Strait -Pacific Ocean - -Vatican City [US Embassy] -Holy See - -Velez de la Gomera, Penon de -Spain - -Venda -South Africa - -Veracruz [US Consular Agency] -Mexico - -Verde Island Passage -Pacific Ocean - -Victoria [US Embassy] -Seychelles - -Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to International Organizations in Vienna -(UNVIE)] -Austria - -Vientiane [US Embassy] -Laos - -Vilnius [US Embassy] -Lithuania - -Vladivostok [US Consulate] -Russia - -Volcano Islands -Japan - -Vostok Island -Kiribati - -Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) -Russia - -W -Wakhan Corridor (now Vakhan Corridor) -Afghanistan - -Wales -United Kingdom - -Walvis Bay -South Africa - -Warsaw [US Embassy] -Poland - -Washington, DC [The Permanent Mission of the USA to the Organization of -American States (OAS)] -United States - -Weddell Sea -Atlantic Ocean - -Wellington [US Embassy] -New Zealand - -Western Channel (West Korea Strait) -Pacific Ocean - -West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) -Germany - -West Island -Cocos (Keeling) Islands - -West Korea Strait (Western Channel) -Pacific Ocean - -West Pakistan -Pakistan - -Wetar Strait -Pacific Ocean - -White Sea -Arctic Ocean - -Willemstad -Netherlands Antilles - -Windhoek [US Embassy] -Namibia - -Windward Passage -Atlantic Ocean - -Winnipeg [US Consular Agency] -Canada - -Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) -Russia [de facto] - -Y -Yamoussoukro -Cote d'Ivoire - -Yaounde [US Embassy] -Cameroon - -Yap Islands -Micronesia - -Yellow Sea -Pacific Ocean - -Yemen (Aden) [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] -Yemen - -Yemen Arab Republic -Yemen - -Yemen, North [Yemen Arab Republic] -Yemen - -Yemen (Sanaa) [Yemen Arab Republic] -Yemen - -Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of -Yemen - -Yemen, South [People's Democratic Republic of Yemen] -Yemen - -Yerevan [US Embassy] -Armenia - -Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) -Cuba - -Yucatan Channel -Atlantic Ocean - -Yugoslavia -Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia - -Z -Zagreb [US Embassy] -Croatia - -Zanzibar -Tanzania - -Zurich [US Consulate General] -Switzerland - -***End of the Project Gutenberg Edition of the 1993 World Factbook - - diff --git a/old/world93.zip b/old/world93.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index de9b86f..0000000 --- a/old/world93.zip +++ /dev/null |