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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror, 1828.07.05, by Various
+
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+Title: The Mirror, 1828.07.05, Issue No. 321
+       The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: August, 2005 [EBook #8640]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on July 29, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR, 1828.07.05 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+Jon Ingram, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[NO. 321.] SATURDAY, JULY 5, 1828. [PRICE 2d.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+EATON HALL, CHESHIRE,
+
+_The Seat of the Rt. Hon. Earl Grosvenor_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This mansion is a princely specimen of Gothic architecture; and is in
+every respect calculated for the residence of its noble possessor, whose
+taste and munificence in patronizing the Fine Arts are well known to our
+readers. Nevertheless, it is worthy of special remark, that not only is
+the name of GROSVENOR conspicuous in this patronage, but his lordship
+has further evinced his love of art in the construction of one of the
+most splendid buildings in the whole empire,--the present mansion having
+been completed within a few years.[1] Here the noble founder seems to
+have realized all that the ingenious Sir Henry Wotton considered
+requisite for a man's "house and home--the theatre of his hospitality,
+the seat of self-fruition, a kind of PRIVATE PRINCEDOM; nay, to the
+possessors thereof, an epitome of the whole world."
+
+    [1] At this moment, Earl Grosvenor has in progress a splendid
+        gallery for the reception of his superb collection of pictures,
+        adjoining his town mansion, in Grosvenor-street. This is one of
+        the few "Private Collections" to which, through the good taste
+        and courtesy of the proprietor, the public are admitted, on
+        specified days, and under certain restrictions. The nucleus of
+        Earl Grosvenor's collection, was the purchase of Mr. Agar's
+        pictures for £30,000; since which it has been enlarged, till it
+        has at length become one of the finest in England. In the
+        drawing-room at Eaton are, _Our Saviour on the Mount of Olives_,
+        by Claude Lorraine, which is the largest painting known to have
+        been executed by him; and _A Port in the Mediterranean_, by
+        Vernet. In the dining-room, _Rubens with his Second Wife_; by
+        himself; and _The Judgment of Paris_, a copy, by Peters, after
+        Rubens. In the dressing-room of the state bed-room, _David and
+        Abigail_, also by Rubens. Over the ornamented chimney-pieces of
+        the hall are, West's _Dissolution of the Long Parliament_, and
+        _The Landing of Charles the Second_.
+
+_Eaton_ is situated about three miles to the south of Chester, on the
+verge of an extensive park, thickly studded with fine old timber. The
+present "Hall" occupies the site of the old mansion, which is described
+as a square and spacious brick building erected by Sir Thomas Grosvenor,
+in the reign of William III. The architect was Sir John Vanbrugh, who
+likewise laid out the gardens with straight walks and leaden statues, in
+the formal style of his age. In the reconstruction, the fine vaulted
+basement story of the old Hall was preserved, as were also the external
+foundations, and some subdivisions; but the superstructure was altered
+and entirely refitted, and additional apartments erected on the north
+and south sides, so as to make the area of the new house twice the
+dimensions of the old one.
+
+The style of architecture adopted in the new Hall is that of the age of
+Edward III, as exhibited in that Parthenon of Gothic architecture, York
+Minster; although the architect, Mr. Porden, has occasionally availed
+himself of the low Tudor arch, and the forms of any other age that
+suited his purpose, so as to adapt the rich variety of our ancient
+ecclesiastical architecture to modern domestic convenience. Round the
+turrets, and in various parts of the parapets are shields, charged in
+relievo with the armorial bearings of the Grosvenor family, and of
+other ancient families that, by intermarriages, the Grosvenors are
+entitled to quarter with their own. The windows, which are "richly
+dight" with tracery, are of cast-iron, moulded on both sides, and
+grooved to receive the glass. The walls, battlements, and pinnacles,
+are of stone, of a light and beautiful colour, from the Manly quarry
+about ten miles distant.
+
+The annexed engraving represents the west-front of the house, in the
+centre of which is the entrance, by a vaulted porch, which admits a
+carriage to the steps that lead to the Hall, a spacious and lofty room,
+occupying the height of two stories, with a groined ceiling, embellished
+with the Grosvenor arms, and other devices, in the bosses that cover the
+junction of the ribs. The pavement is of variegated marble in
+compartments. At the end of the Hall, a screen of five arches support a
+gallery which connects the bed-chambers on the north side of the house
+with those on the south, which are separated by the elevation of the
+Hall. Under this gallery, two open arches to the right and left conduct
+to the grand staircase, the state bed-room, and the second staircase;
+and opposite to the door of the hall is the entrance to the saloon. The
+grand staircase is elaborately ornamented with niches and canopies, and
+with tracery under the landings; and in the principal ceiling, which is
+surmounted with a double skylight of various coloured glass. The state
+bed-room is lighted by two painted windows, with tracery and armorial
+bearings. In the saloon are three lofty and splendidly painted windows,
+which contain, in six divisions,--the portraits of the conqueror's
+nephew, Gilbert le Grosvenor, the founder of the Grosvenor family, and
+his lady; of William the Conqueror, with whom Gilbert came into England;
+the Bishop of Bayeux, uncle to the conqueror; the heiress of the house
+of Eaton; and Sir Robert le Grosvenor, who signalized himself in the
+wars of Edward III.
+
+The saloon is a square of thirty feet, formed into an octagon by arches
+across the angles, which give to the vaultings a beautiful form.
+Opposite to the chimney piece is an organ richly decorated. On the left
+of the saloon is an ante-room leading to the dining-room; and on the
+right, another leading to the drawing-room: the windows of these rooms
+are glazed with a light Mosaic tracery, and exhibit the portraits of the
+six Earls of Chester, who, after Hugh Lupus, governed Cheshire as a
+County Palatine, till Henry III bestowed the title on his son Edward;
+since which time the eldest sons of the kings of England have always
+been Earls of Chester.
+
+The dining-room, situated at the northern extremity of the east front,
+is about 50 feet long and 30 feet wide, exclusive of a bay-window of
+five arches, the opening of which is 30 feet. In the centre window is
+the portrait of Hugh Lupus; which, with the portraits of the six Earls
+of Chester, in the ante-room windows, were executed from cartoons, at
+Longport, Staffordshire. The ceiling is of bold and rich tracery, with a
+profuse emblazoning of heraldic honours, and a large ornamented pendant
+for a chandelier.
+
+The drawing room, which is at the southern extremity of the east front,
+is of the same form and dimensions as the dining-room, with the addition
+of a large window to the south, commanding the luxuriant groves of
+meadows of Eaton, and the village and spire of Oldford above them. All
+the windows of this room are adorned with heads and figures of the
+ancestors of the family; also the portraits of the present Earl and
+Countess, in a beautiful brown _chiaro-scuro_. The ceiling is tracery of
+the nicest materials and workmanship emblazoned with the arms of the
+Grosvenor family, and those of Egerton, Earl of Wilton, the father of
+the present Countess Grosvenor.
+
+Eaton became the property of the Grosvenor family through the marriage
+of Ralph Grosvenor, in the reign of Henry VI with Joan, daughter of John
+Eaton, then owner of this estate. The Grosvenor family, as we have
+already intimated, came into England with William the Conqueror; they
+derived their name from the office of chief huntsmen, which they held in
+the Norman court; and, when "chivalry was the fashion of the times,"
+says Pennant, "few families shone in so distinguished a manner: none
+shewed equal spirit in vindicating their rights to their looms." He then
+mentions the celebrated legal contest with Sir Richard le Scroope, for
+the family arms--_Azure, a bend or_. This cause was tried before the
+High Constable and the Earl Marshal of England, in the reign of Richard
+II. It lasted three years; kings, princes of the blood, and most of the
+nobility, and among the gentry, Chaucer, the poet, gave evidence on the
+trial. "The sentence," says Pennant, "was conciliating; that both
+parties should bear the same arms; but the _Grosvenours avec une bordure
+d'argent_. Sir Robert resents it, and appeals to the king. The judgment
+is confirmed; but the choice is left to the defendant, either to use the
+_bordure_, or bear the arms of their relations, the ancient Earls of
+Chester, _azure, a gerb d'or_. He rejected the mortifying distinction,
+and chose a _gerb_: which is the family coat to this day."
+
+Hitherto we have only spoken of the artificial splendour of Eaton. The
+natural beauties with which it is environed will, however, present
+equal, if not superior, attraction for the tourist. The stiff, formal
+walks of Vanbrugh no longer disfigure the grounds, which are now made to
+harmonize with the contiguous landscape, and are enlivened by an inlet
+of the Dee, which intervenes between the eastern front of the mansion,
+and the opposite plantations. These alterations have, however, been made
+with great judgment, and a few of the venerable beauties of the park
+remain. Thus, a fine aged avenue extends westward to a Gothic lodge in
+the hamlet of Belgrave, about two miles distant from the Hall. Another
+lodge, in a similar style of design, is approached by a road, which
+diverges from this avenue towards Chester, and crosses the park, through
+luxuriating plantations, which open occasionally in glade views of the
+Broxton and Welsh Hills. The most pleasing approach to this noble
+mansion is one which has been cut through the plantations, towards the
+north-east angle of the house, so as to throw the whole building into
+perspective.
+
+Viewed from either of the beautiful sites with which the park abounds,
+Eaton is a magnificent display of towers, and turrets, pinnacles and
+battlements, partly embosomed in foliage, and belted with one of the
+richest domains in England. Indeed, its splendour seldom fails to strike
+the overweening admirer of art with devotional fondness, which is not
+lessened by his approach to the fabric.[1] The most favourable distant
+views are from the Aldford road, and from the romantic banks of the Dee,
+whence there is a proud display of architectural grandeur. In every
+point, however, the grounds and mansion of Eaton will abundantly gratify
+the expectations of the visiter. Altogether, they present a rich scene
+of nature, diversified and embellished by the attributes of art; and the
+admiration of the latter will be not a little enhanced by the reflection
+that the building of this sumptuous pile provided employment for a large
+portion of the poor of Chester during one of the most calamitous periods
+of the late war.
+
+    [1] One view from the interior deserves special mention: viz. from
+        the saloon, upon a terrace 350 feet in length, commanding one
+        of the richest landscapes on the banks of Dee. The boasted
+        terrace at Versailles is but 400 feet in length; yet, how many
+        Englishmen, who have seen the latter, are even ignorant of
+        that at Eaton.
+
+The noble founder of Eaton has indeed learned to "build stately," and
+"garden finely;" and has thus made the personal fruition of his wealth
+subservient to its real use--the distribution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ORIGIN OF CHESS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+SIR,--In vol. 3, page 211, of the MIRROR, is an account of the origin of
+the scientific game of chess, the invention of which, your correspondent
+_F. H. Y._ has attributed to a brahmin, named Sissa. But I believe it is
+entirely a matter of doubt, both as to where, and by whom it was
+invented; it is evidently of very high antiquity, and if we recur to the
+original names of the pieces with which it is played, we shall readily
+be convinced it is of Asiatic original. The honour of inventing it, is
+contended for by several nations, but principally by the Hindoos, the
+Chinese, and the Persians. In support of the first, we are told, by Sir
+William Jones, in the 2nd vol. of his _Asiatic Researches_, that the
+game of chess has been immemorably known in Hindostan, by the name of
+Chaturanga, or the four members of an army, viz. elephants, horses,
+chariots, and foot soldiers. And yet, the same learned author observes,
+that no account of the game has hitherto been discovered in the
+classical writings of the brahmins. Mr. Daines Barrington supposed the
+Chinese to be the inventers, and in this he is supported by a paper
+published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, for 1794, vol.
+5, by Mr. Eyles Irwin. It states, that when Mr. Irwin was at Canton, a
+young mandarin, on seeing the English chess-board, recognised its
+similarity with that used for a game of their own; and brought his board
+and equipage for Mr. Irwin's inspection, and soon after gave him a
+manuscript extract from a book, relating the invention of the Chinese
+game, called by them chong-he, or the royal game, which it attributed to
+a Chinese general (about 1,965 years ago) who by its means reconciled
+his soldiers to passing the winter in quarters in the country of Shensi,
+the cold and inconvenience of which were likely to have occasioned a
+mutiny among them. Other writers contend that chess is a game of Persian
+invention, since _scah muth_ is the Persic term for check-mate; and
+since the Persians were sedulous in recommending it to their young
+princes, as a game calculated to instruct kings in the art of war. It
+has been attributed to Palamedes, who lived during the Trojan war; but
+it was a game played with pebbles, or cubes, of which he was the
+inventer. Palamedes was so renowned for his sagacity, that almost every
+early discovery was ascribed to him. Whether the Greeks or Romans were
+acquainted with this game is doubtful. Of the three contending nations,
+the claim of the Persians appears to me to be least eligible, and that
+of the Chinese the most.
+
+_Near Sheffield._
+
+J. M. C-D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THREE SONNETS TO JOHN KEATS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+  I can think of thee! now that the light spring
+    Showers live in the rich breezes, and the dyes
+    Of the glad flowers are won from her blue eyes
+  Exulting; whilst loud songs, on the fleet wing
+  Of the Earth's seraphs, bear her welcoming
+    From it to heaven, and, up to the far skies,
+    From turf-born censers floods of incense rise.
+  I can think of thee in my wandering;
+    And when the heart leaps up within to bless
+    The sights of love and beauty, on each hand,--
+    The pouring-out of sky-sprung happiness
+      Over the dancing sea and the green land,
+    Thought wakes one saddening thrill of bitterness--
+      Thou canst not o'er this Eden smiling stand!
+
+
+  Yes! even as the quick glow of Spring's first smile
+    Is unto the renewed spirit,--even
+    As that abundant gush of wine from Heaven
+  Loosens the dreary grasp of Cares which coil
+  Round the lone heart like serpents,--the sweet toil
+    Of draining the dear dream-cup thou hast given
+    Is unto me,--and thoughts which long have striven
+    With joyousness, flit far away the while
+    My lips are prest to it. By the fire-light,
+      Or in full gaze of sun-set, when the choirs
+    Of winged minstrels, waking out of light,
+      Ring requiem meet to those departing fires--
+    Let me be with thee then--forgetting quite
+    The world, its scornfulness, and its desires.
+
+
+  O! I could weep for thee! and yet not tears
+    Of hopelessness, but triumph, and sit down
+    And weave for thee wet wild-flowers for a crown--
+  Then up, and sound rich music in thine ears;
+  And teach thee, that sweet lips, in coming years,
+    Shall lisp the songs which cold dull hearts disown,--
+    That all which hope could pant for is thine own,--
+    Dimmed, for a moment's space, with human fears.
+    Then watch the new-born glories in thine eye,
+    Glancing like lightning from its chariot cloud,
+    And list these words, which know not how to die,--
+      Joy's inspiration gushing forth aloud:
+    Then back again unto the world and sigh,
+      And wrap my heart up in a dusky shroud.
+
+THOMAS M---- S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHOOSING OF BAILIFFS AT BRIDGNORTH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+The bailiffs of Bridgnorth are chosen out of the twenty-four aldermen
+upon St. Matthew's Day in the following manner:--The court having met,
+the names of twelve aldermen being separately written on small pieces of
+paper, are closely rolled up by the town clerk, and thrown into a purse,
+which is shaken by the two chamberlains standing upon the chequer, (a
+large table in the middle of the court,) and held open to the bailiffs,
+when each, according to seniority, takes out a roll. By this means the
+callers are decided, who, mounting the chequer, alternately call the
+jury of fourteen out of the burgesses present. They are then sworn
+neither to eat nor drink till they, or twelve of them, have chosen two
+fit persons, who have not been bailiffs for three years before, to serve
+that office for the ensuing year; they are locked up till they have
+agreed, which sometimes occasions long fastings. In 1739, the jury
+fasted seventy hours. The persons chosen are sworn into office on
+Michaelmas Day.--W. H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON COALS, AND THE PERIOD WHEN THE COAL MINES IN ENGLAND WILL BE
+EXHAUSTED.
+
+(_From Bakewell's Introduction to Geology, 3rd Edition, 1828_.)
+
+Coal was known, and partially used, at a very early period of our
+history. I was informed by the late Marquis of Hastings, that stone
+hammers and stone tools were found in some of the old workings in his
+mines at Ashby Wolds; and his lordship informed me also, that similar
+stone tools had been discovered in the old workings in the coal-mines in
+the north of Ireland. Hence we may infer, that these coal-mines were
+worked at a very remote period, when the use of metallic tools was not
+general. The burning of coal was prohibited in London in the year 1308,
+by the royal proclamation of Edward I. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
+the burning of coal was again prohibited in London during the sitting of
+parliament, lest the health of the knights of the shire should suffer
+injury during their abode in the metropolis. In the year 1643, the use
+of coal had become so general, and the price being then very high, many
+of the poor are said to have perished for want of fuel. At the present
+day, when the consumption of coal, in our iron-furnaces and
+manufactories and for domestic use, is immense, we cannot but regard the
+exhaustion of our coal-beds as involving the destruction of a great
+portion of our private comfort and national prosperity. Nor is the
+period very remote when the coal districts, which at present supply the
+metropolis with fuel, will cease to yield any more. The annual quantity
+of coal shipped in the rivers Tyne and Wear, according to Mr. Bailey,
+exceeded three million tons. A cubic yard of coals weighs nearly one
+ton; and the number of tons contained in a bed of coal one square mile
+in extent, and one yard in thickness, is about four millions. The number
+and extent of all the principal coal-beds in Northumberland and Durham
+is known; and from these data it has been calculated that the coal in
+these counties will last 360 years. Mr. Bailey, in his Survey of Durham,
+states, that one-third of the coal being already got, the coal districts
+will be exhausted in 200 years. It is probable that many beds of
+inferior coal, which are now neglected, may in future be worked; but the
+consumption of coal being greatly increased since Mr. Bailey published
+his Survey of Durham, we may admit his calculation to be an
+approximation to the truth, and that the coal of Northumberland and
+Durham will be exhausted in a period not greatly exceeding 200 years.
+Dr. Thomson, in the Annals of Philosophy, has calculated that the coal
+of these districts, at the present rate of consumption, will last 1,000
+years! but his calculations are founded on data manifestly erroneous,
+and at variance with his own statements; for he assumes the annual
+consumption of coal to be only two million eight hundred thousand tons,
+and the waste to be one-third more,--making three million seven hundred
+thousand tons, equal to as many square yards; whereas he has just before
+informed us, that two million chaldrons of coal, of two tons and a
+quarter each chaldron, are exported, making four million five hundred
+thousand tons, beside inland consumption, and waste in the working[1].
+According to Mr. Winch, three million five hundred thousand tons of coal
+are consumed annually from these districts; to which if we add the waste
+of small coal at the pit's mouth, and the waste in the mines, it will
+make the total yearly destruction of coal nearly double the quantity
+assigned by Dr. Thomson. Dr. Thomson has also greatly overrated the
+quantity of the coal in these districts, as he has calculated the extent
+of the principal beds from that of the lowest, which is erroneous; for
+many of the principal beds crop out, before they reach the western
+termination of the coal-fields. With due allowance for these errors, and
+for the quantity of coal already worked out, (which, according to Mr.
+Bailey, is about one-third,) the 1,000 years of Dr. Thomson will not
+greatly exceed the period assigned by Mr. Bailey for the complete
+exhaustion of coal in these counties, and may be stated at three hundred
+and fifty years.
+
+    [1] The waste of coal at the pit's mouth may be stated at one-sixth
+        of the quantity sold, and that left in the mines at one-third.
+        Mr. Holmes, in his Treatise on Coal Mines, states the waste of
+        small coal at the pit's mouth to be one-fourth of the whole.
+
+It cannot be deemed uninteresting to inquire what are the repositories
+of coal that can supply the metropolis and the southern counties, when
+no more can be obtained from the Tyne and the Wear. The only coal-fields
+of any extent on the eastern side of England, between London and Durham,
+are those of Derbyshire and those in the west riding of Yorkshire. The
+Derbyshire coal-field is not of sufficient magnitude to supply, for any
+long period, more than is required for home consumption, and that of the
+adjacent counties. There are many valuable beds of coal in the western
+part of the west riding of Yorkshire which are yet unwrought; but the
+time is not very distant when they must be put in requisition, to supply
+the vast demand of that populous manufacturing county, which at present
+consumes nearly all the produce of its own coal mines. In the midland
+counties, Staffordshire possesses the nearest coal districts to the
+metropolis, of any great extent; but such is the immense daily
+consumption of coal in the iron-furnaces and founderies, that it is
+generally believed this will be the first of our own coal-fields that
+will be exhausted. The thirty-feet bed of coal in the Dudley coal-field
+is of limited extent; and in the present mode of working it, more than
+two-thirds of the coal is wasted and left in the mine.
+
+If we look to Whitehaven or Lancashire, or to any of the minor
+coal-fields in the west of England, we can derive little hope of their
+being able to supply London and the southern counties with coal, after
+the import of coal fails from Northumberland and Durham. We may thus
+anticipate a period not very remote, when all the English mines of coal
+and ironstone will be exhausted; and were we disposed to indulge in
+gloomy forebodings, like the ingenious authoress of the "Last Man," we
+might draw a melancholy picture of our starving and declining
+population, and describe some manufacturing patriarch, like the late
+venerable Richard Reynolds, travelling to see the last expiring English
+furnace, before he emigrated to distant regions.[1]
+
+    [1] The late Richard Reynolds, Esq., of Bristol, so distinguished
+        for his unbounded benevolence, was the original proprietor of
+        the great iron-works in Colebrook Dale, Shropshire. Owing, I
+        believe, partly to the exhaustion of the best workable beds of
+        coal and ironstone, and partly to the superior advantages
+        possessed by the iron-founders in South Wales, the works at
+        Colebrook Dale were finally relinquished, a short time before
+        the death of Mr. Reynolds. With a natural attachment to the
+        scenes where he had passed his early years, and to the pursuits
+        by which he had honourably acquired his great wealth, he
+        travelled from Bristol into Shropshire, to be present when the
+        last of his furnaces was extinguished, in a valley where they
+        had been continually burning for more than half a century.
+
+Fortunately, however, we have in South Wales, adjoining the Bristol
+Channel, an almost exhaustless supply of coal and ironstone, which are
+yet nearly unwrought. It has been stated, that this coal-field extends
+over about twelve hundred square miles, and that there are twenty-three
+beds of workable coal, the total average thickness of which is
+ninety-five feet, and the quantity contained in each acre is 100,000
+tons, or 65,000,000 tons per square mile. If from this we deduct one
+half for waste and for the minor extent of the upper beds, we shall have
+a clear supply of coal, equal to 32,000,000 tons per square mile. Now if
+we admit that the five million tons of coal from the Northumberland and
+Durham mines is equal to nearly one-third of the total consumption of
+coals in England, each square mile of the Welsh coal-field would yield
+coal for two years' consumption; and as there are from one thousand to
+twelve hundred square miles in this coal-field, it would supply England
+with fuel for two thousand years, after all our English coal-mines are
+worked out.
+
+It is true, that a considerable part of the coal in South Wales is of an
+inferior quality, and is not at present burned for domestic use; but in
+proportion as coal becomes scarce, improved methods of burning it will
+assuredly be discovered, to prevent any sulphureous fumes from entering
+apartments, and also to economize the consumption of fuel in all our
+manufacturing processes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SONG.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+  Thou hast not seen the tear-drops fill
+    The eyes which worship thee;
+  The deepest curse, the darkest ill,
+  Hovers above--around me--still
+    There are no tears for me!
+
+  Thou canst not know, why I should kneel
+    For tears to heaven--in vain;
+  The thousand changeless pangs we feel,--
+  The precious drops, perchance, might heal,--
+    They will not start again!
+
+  Thou canst not know what hopes will spring
+    When I can gaze on thee,
+  Even in the cold heart withering;
+  Oh! thou to whom that heart must cling,
+    Art more than tears to me!
+
+THOMAS M---- S.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HINTS FOR HEALTH.
+
+    ["A very old and active correspondent," _Tim Tobykin_, has furnished
+    us with the following interesting extracts from Dr. Rennie's
+    _Treatise on Gout and Nervous Diseases_, just published. These,
+    however, are but a portion of our correspondent's selections; and as
+    they are written in a popular style and appear to be equally
+    applicable to the welfare of all classes, they will doubtless be
+    acceptable to our readers. We are not friendly to the introduction
+    of purely professional matters into the pages of the MIRROR, but the
+    following extracts are so far divested of technicality as to render
+    their utility and importance obvious to every reader.]
+
+CLIMATE, LOCALITY, AND SEASONS.
+
+I shall first inquire, says Dr. Rennie, what are the effects of climate
+on healthy constitutions, as respects heat, cold, moisture, and
+vicissitudes; including also the diurnal and annual revolutions.
+
+Cold applied to the body acts as a direct sedative. It diminishes the
+nervous sensibility, represses the activity of the circulation, detracts
+from the sum of the animal heat, and thereby diminishes stimulation. In
+the cessation of excitement and sensibility that ensues, the whole vital
+actions are moderated, existing irritation is soothed; and in the same
+manner as sleep recruits the wasted powers, so does cold restore and
+invigorate the nerves when overstimulated, and in fact promotes the tone
+and vigour of the whole body; when again a warmer atmosphere succeeds a
+colder, the animal heat increases in its sum, the surface of the body is
+re-excited, nervous sensibility returns, and a reaction of the
+circulation takes place; so that the blood diffuses itself in greater
+abundance towards the remote and superficial parts of the body, and the
+secretions are also promoted.
+
+Alternations of cold and heat therefore in healthy constitutions within
+certain limits, are salutary; promoting, on the one hand, the vigour and
+tone of the body; on the other, the due activity and excitement of the
+various functions.
+
+The temperature occasioned by day and night, and also those more
+progressive and slow alternations of heat and cold, on the large scale,
+attending the annual revolution of the seasons, are a natural provision
+admirably adapted to effect these objects as described; constituted as
+our bodies are, such a constant and regular succession of heat and cold
+is just such as the necessities of the human frame require. The
+alternations of day and night, of winter and summer, are far from being
+merely incidental and unimportant circumstances in the general
+adaptation of the earth to man's constitutional wants; neither do they
+bear reference solely to the productions of the earth for his use. They
+exert a continual and direct influence on his constitution, calculated
+to aid the vigorous and healthy performance of the various functions of
+the body each in its due degree and order, and they conduce mainly to
+the perfection and longevity of the species.
+
+Let us therefore trace the effects of these changes on the human body.
+
+During the winter, the prevailing cold acts as a universal sedative and
+tonic, soothing the nervous excitement and sensibility, allaying the
+activity of the circulation, moderating the functions of the skin, and
+diminishing the various secretions.
+
+As the Spring opens, the sun gains daily in influence, generating a
+gradually increasing atmospheric warmth. The body therefore becomes
+subject from this heat to a reactive effect, during which the nervous
+sensibility and circulation are gradually re-excited, the blood is more
+equally diffused towards the surface and extremities of the body, and
+the secretion by the skin is increased.
+
+If the cold of winter were to continue unmitigated from year to year,
+without the genial influence of summer, the human race, as is apparent
+in polar regions and upland mountainous districts, would degenerate into
+dwarfishness.
+
+If the heat of summer were continually maintained the whole year round,
+a tendency to degeneracy of the race would be also observed, as we see
+in tropical latitudes. It is in the medium betwixt these extremes, where
+a moderate and regular winter cold is succeeded by a mild, genial summer
+temperature, that the species approaches most to perfection in stature,
+health, strength, and longevity.
+
+In observing also the influence of day and night on the constitution,
+there is a sedative effect produced in the morning before the sun is up,
+a reactive tendency promoted towards noon under the solar influence, and
+again towards evening this reaction is repressed by the sedative effect
+of the evening cold; and this sedative effect is at its maximum at
+midnight. Hence those who sit up late feel unusually chilly and
+depressed towards midnight, partly owing to exhaustion from want of
+sleep, but chiefly from the total absence of solar influence in the
+atmospherical temperature. In regular habits this sedative effect is
+never thoroughly experienced; for before midnight, the constitution,
+enveloped in warm blankets, has experienced the reaction arising from
+the accumulation of heat in bed. Whence the common remark, that one
+hour's sleep before midnight is worth three after that hour, is actually
+true to a certain extent. By early retirement to rest, the sedative
+effect on the constitution, to an extent such as to disturb the
+functions, is escaped.
+
+If we connect these two influences, the annual and diurnal successions
+of cold and heat, in their joint effect, we find, that about, or a
+little after the summer solstice, the influence of the sun being at its
+maximum, the nervous sensibility, heat, circulating excitement, and
+cutaneous secretions of the body, are also at their maximum. The
+temperature of the day and night differ so little, that the sedative
+effects of evening and morning are not sufficient to restore the frame
+by soothing the sensibilities, overexcited and irritable from the
+previous warmth. Whence the languor and irritability felt in summer,
+when the heat is long continued, and the nights are spent in
+restlessness and anxious oppression. Exhaustion and relaxation of the
+frame are the consequence.
+
+As the autumnal equinox verges on, the mornings and evenings get cooler
+in relation to the mid-day heat; and about the equinox, the difference
+in the temperature of mid-day and midnight is at its maximum. We have
+therefore a powerful sedative effect in the morning, which braces and
+invigorates the body; a powerful reactive effect at mid-day, which
+rouses and stimulates the actions and sensibilities of the frame; and
+again towards evening a sedative effect, from the increasing cold
+reaching its maximum at midnight.
+
+As the season passes on from the Equinox towards the winter solstice,
+the heat of the sun daily diminishes, and the cold gains a daily
+preponderance. The sedative effect on the body goes on progressively
+increasing, being less and less counteracted by any genial influence
+from the solar heat at mid-day; whence the gloom and depression so
+universally experienced by the nervous in November and December, which
+is more and more felt till the shortest day. So soon as the minimum of
+solar influence and maximum of sedative effect on the body has passed
+over, the sun gradually acquires more of meridian influence, and a daily
+increasing ascendancy over the prevalent cold. The human constitution at
+the same time is subject to a proportionate reactive disposition; which
+reaction is felt most at noon, and it daily becomes more and more
+apparent till the vernal equinox, when we have the difference betwixt
+the meridian and midnight temperature again at a maximum. We have daily
+a powerful sedative effect in the morning, a powerful meridian reaction,
+which again subsides into a sedative condition on the access of the
+evening. This daily effect on the constitution is exactly similar to
+that at the autumnal equinox, only it occurs under different
+circumstances. In autumn it is connected with departing heat and
+progressively increasing cold; in Spring it is connected with
+progressively diminishing cold and advancing heat. After the vernal
+equinox, the difference in the meridian and midnight temperature
+gradually diminishes; the daily sedative effect at morning and evening
+becomes less and less apparent as general atmospheric warmth prevails,
+till towards the summer solstice, the general effect on the constitution
+is stimulation and excitement by atmospheric heat.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+BYRON'S "FARE THEE WELL."
+
+On one occasion of a mediator waiting upon Lord Byron upon the subject
+of a reconciliation with his wife, he produced from his desk a paper on
+which was written "fare thee well," and said, "Now these are exactly my
+feelings on the subject--they were not intended to be published, but you
+may take them."--_Lit. G._
+
+
+EARLY HOURS.
+
+Dr. Franklin published an ingenious Essay on the advantages of early
+rising.--He called it "an economical project," and calculated the saving
+that might be made in the city of Paris, by using the sunshine instead
+of the candles--at no less than 4,000,000l. sterling.
+
+
+SENSITIVE PLANTS.
+
+Light exercises a very remarkable influence upon the irritability of the
+sensitive plant. Thus, if a sensitive plant be placed in complete
+darkness, by carrying it within an opaque vessel, it will entirely lose
+its irritability, and that in a variable time, according to a certain
+state of depression or elevation of the surrounding temperature.
+
+
+At Brussels, the demand for labour is so great, in consequence of the
+number of new buildings, that tradesmen consider they confer a favour on
+a customer by the execution of his orders. The lower classes have
+become, within the last seven years, extremely dissipated, owing it is
+supposed to the increase in the wages of the mechanics and labourers
+employed in the numerous buildings erected within that period. During
+the Kaermess annual feast of three days, it is calculated 80,000
+_litres_ (pots) are drunk each day!
+
+
+Cooper, the American novelist, has just published two volumes of
+"Notions" of his countrymen, in the course of which he bestows on them
+the following surperlative epithets: "most active, quick-witted,
+enterprising, orderly, moral, simple, vigorous, healthful, manly,
+generous, just, wise, innocent, civilized, liberal, polite, enlightened,
+ingenious, moderate, glorious, firm, free, virtuous, intelligent,
+sagacious, kind, honest, independent, brave, gallant, intellectual,
+well-governed, elevated, dignified, pure, immaculate, extraordinary,
+wonderful," &c. He then calls them the "most improving," which is
+painting, nay coating, the lily, to "wasteful and ridiculous excess."
+
+
+OSTRICHES
+
+Impart a lively interest to a ride in the Pampas. They are sometimes
+seen in coveys of twenty or thirty, gliding elegantly along the
+undulations of the plain, at half pistol-shot from each other, like
+skirmishers. The young are easily domesticated, and soon become attached
+to those who caress them; but they are troublesome inmates; for,
+stalking about the house, they will, when full grown, swallow coin,
+shirt-pins, and every small article of metal within reach. Their usual
+food, in a wild state, is seeds, herbage, and insects; the flesh is a
+reddish brown, and if young, not of bad flavour. A great many eggs are
+laid in the same nest. Some accounts exonerate the ostrich from being
+the most stupid bird in the creation. This has been proved by the
+experiment of taking an egg away, or by putting one in addition. In
+either case she destroys the whole by smashing them with her feet.
+Although she does not attend to secrecy, in selecting a situation for
+her nest, she will forsake it if the eggs have been handled. It is also
+said that she rolls a few eggs thirty yards distant from the nest, and
+cracks the shells, which, by the time her young come forth, being filled
+with maggots, and covered with insects, form the first repast of her
+infant brood. The male bird is said to take upon himself the rearing of
+the young. If two cock-birds meet, each with a family, they fight for
+the supremacy over both; for which reason an ostrich has sometimes under
+his tutelage broods of different ages.--_Mem. Gen. Miller._
+
+
+Dr. Kitchiner recommends a gentleman who has a mind to carry the
+arrangement of his clothes to a nicety, to have the shelves of his
+wardrobe numbered 30, 40, 50, and 60, and according to the degree of
+cold pointed to by his thermometer, to wear a corresponding defence
+against it.
+
+
+Dr. Harwood fed two pointers; one he suffered to sleep after dinner,
+another he forced to take exercise. In the stomach of the one who had
+been quiet and asleep, all the food was digested; in the stomach of the
+other, that process was hardly begun.
+
+
+SIR WALTER'S LAST.
+
+At page 354 of our last vol., the reader will find an eloquent
+description of Perth, from the Wicks of Beglie, quoted from St.
+Valentine's Eve. This turns out to be a topographical blunder, for the
+"fair city" cannot be seen at all from the said Wicks, whereas the
+author has described it as the best point of view. As our readers have
+long since enjoyed the description, we shall doubtless be pardoned for
+thus noticing the mistake.
+
+
+TELEGRAPHS.
+
+The system of telegraphs has arrived at such perfection in the
+presidency of Bombay, that a communication may be made through a line of
+500 miles in eight minutes.--_Weekly Rev._
+
+
+One of the drawing-room critics who uphold the literature of lords and
+ladies, sums up the merits of fashionable novel-writing as
+follows:--"After all, it is something to scrutinize lords and ladies,
+recline on satin sofas, eat off silver dishes--whose nomenclature is the
+glory of _l'artiste_--though only in a book."
+
+
+MAHOGANY.
+
+The largest and finest log of mahogany ever imported into this country
+has been recently sold by auction at the docks in Liverpool. It was
+purchased for 378l., and afterwards sold for 525l., and if it open well,
+it is supposed to be worth 1,000l. If sawed into veneers, it is computed
+that the cost of labour in the process will be 750l. The weight on the
+king's beam is six tons thirteen hundred weight.
+
+
+Dugald Stewart, the celebrated metaphysician, of whom Scotland has just
+reason to be proud, died a short time since at Edinburgh, at the age of
+seventy-five. He recently published two volumes, of which a
+distinguished gentleman in Edinburgh thus speaks:--"June 16. Dugald
+Stewart is to be buried to-morrow. A great light is gone out, or rather
+gone down,--for its glory will long be in the sky, though its orb be no
+more visible above the horizon. He corrected his last two volumes with
+his own hand within these three months. What philosopher, especially
+palsy-stricken ten years ago,--could ring in better. Glorious fellow! I
+hear his splendid sentences and exquisite voice sounding in mine ear at
+the distance of nearly thirty winters. His peculiar merit was the purity
+and loftiness of his moral taste. For about forty years he raised the
+standard of thought and feeling among successive generations of young
+men, to a range it would never otherwise have attained."
+
+
+OLD AND NEW VAUXHALL.
+
+Of old, a half-crown at the door, and the price of such comestibles as
+were devoured, were grumbled at as tax enough; but now the account
+stands in a fairer form, because you are charged distinctly for every
+item, so that you know what you are paying for, and may choose or
+reject, as you think fit. Thus Mr. Bull, from Aldgate, with Mrs. Bull,
+and only four of the younger Bulls and Cows, numbering six in all, make
+good their entry at the cost of 1l. 4s.--Books to tell them what they
+are to see and hear, the when and the how are 3s. Seats for the
+vaudeville (average of modest places) 9s. Ditto for the ballet 6s. Ditto
+for the battle 6s. Ditto for the fire-works 6s.--Total 2l. 14s.--But
+then they are not charged for seeing the lamps; there is no charge for
+walking round the walks; there is no charge for looking at the
+cosmoramic pictures; there is no charge for casting a glance at the
+orchestra; there is no charge for staring at the other people; there is
+no charge for bowing or talking to an acquaintance, if you meet one--all
+these are gratis; and if you neither eat nor drink, there is no charge
+for witnessing those who do mangle the long-murdered honours of the
+coop, and gulp down the most renovating of liquors, be they hale or
+stout, vite vine, red port, or rack punch.--_Lit. Gaz_.
+
+
+Bruges, (celebrated as the birthplace of John Van Eyck, said to have
+invented the art of oil-painting), is now in a very dilapidated
+condition. It was formerly a place of great commerce, and the merchants
+of Bruges were the wealthiest in Europe. The population is reduced from
+100,000 to 25,000.--_Brussels Companion_.
+
+
+DISTURBING THE DEAD.
+
+Mr. Crawfurd, in his recent Mission to _Hué_, wished to visit the
+mausoleum of the late king; "but," says he, "we were politely informed
+that the king was always reluctant to permit the visits of strangers,
+whose presence," he said, "might 'trouble the repose of the spirits of
+his ancestors.'"
+
+
+Dine with a march-of-intellect man, and only observe the downcast eyes
+of his pale-faced, trembling wife--the knit brows of his sullen
+sons--the sulky sorrows of his joy-denied daughters. All that comes of
+your hard-hearted, hard-headed, music-painting-and-poetry-despising,
+utilitarian, intellectual, all-in-all educationists, who know nothing so
+admirable as a steam-engine, and would wish to see the whole world
+worked by machinery.
+
+
+"FASHIONABLE" NOVELS.
+
+Here is a specimen of the _slip-slop_ with which so many thousand reams
+of paper have lately been spoiled. "Tea was announced, and the ladies
+adjourned to the saloon; Lady Harriet and Lady Charlotte, discussing, as
+they went in together, the difficult question, whether it was or was not
+an improvement in modern arrangements to have tea _en-buffet_. One of
+its advantages the ladies were perfectly aware of, namely, that it
+afforded a _point de réunir_, for both beaux and belles, which is always
+so much wanted before the music begins; and calculating on this
+important circumstance, Lady Charlotte possessed herself of the chair
+which was the most accessible of the whole group. Miss Mortimer, with
+equal foresight, stationed herself at the fire:--"Good generalship,"
+whispered Lady Hauteville to the duchess, as the two experienced matrons
+communicated together _sur les petites ruses_, which the actors fancied
+were unperceived, &c."
+
+
+Dr. Walsh, in his _Journey from Constantinople_, describes a species of
+woodpecker, about the size of a thrush, of a light, blue colour, with
+black marks beside the bill. "It entered my room," says he, "with all
+the familiarity of an old friend, hopped on the table, and picked up
+the crumbs and flies. It had belonged to the doctor's child, just
+buried, and by a singular instinct, left the house of the dead, and
+flew into my room. Its habits were curious, and so familiar, that they
+were quite attractive; it climbed up the wall by any stick or cord near
+it, devouring flies. It sometimes began at my foot, and at one race,
+ran up my leg, arm, round my neck, down my other arm, and so to the
+table. It there tapped with its bill with a noise as loud as a hammer.
+This was its general habit on the wood in every part of the room; when
+it did so, it would look intently at the place, and dart at any fly or
+insect it saw running. Writers on Natural History say it makes this
+noise to disturb the insects concealed within, so to seize them when
+they appear."
+
+
+At Brussels apartments are not to be procured for a shorter term than
+six months.
+
+
+In the prison at Ghent, spirits are sold, but pens and paper cannot be
+obtained without a special application to the governor.
+
+
+Mr. Brande, in his recent Lecture on Vegetable Chemistry, says, "Salt
+has been very much extolled for a manure; I believe that a great deal
+more has been said of it than it deserves; it certainly destroys
+insects, but I do not believe what has been said of its value. We are
+not to infer that because a manure is found to be useful on one soil in
+a certain climate, that it shall prove equally useful in others;
+experience must direct us in this particular."
+
+
+STROLLING SCHOOLS.
+
+In Prussia there exist, what are termed _Strolling Schools_, having no
+fixed place. The teacher, with his scholars or his classical furniture,
+establishes himself in all the houses or a village successively, where
+he affords instruction; and his stay is determined by the number of
+persons he is called upon to instruct under each roof, a week being the
+allotted term, for each child, during which period the parents supply
+all the wants of the _Domine.--Athenaeum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS
+
+The following extracts from a "roll of the expenses of Edward I., at
+Rhuddlan Castle, in Wales, in the tenth and eleventh years of his reign"
+(1281 and 1282), may perhaps amuse our readers, as showing the rates of
+wages paid to different workmen, tradesmen, archers, &c. at that period.
+Under the head of _necessaries_, are some curious items. Rhuddlan Castle
+was the head quarters of Edward, during an insurrection of the Welsh,
+under Llewellin, Prince of Wales, at which time it had many additions
+made to it:--
+
+Paid to Master Peter de Brompton for the wages of 100 carpenters, each
+receiving 4d. per day, and their constable receiving 8d. per day; of
+which five are overseers of twenty, and each receives 6d. per day for
+his wages, from Sunday 23rd of August for the seven following days,
+12l. 3s. 9d.
+
+To two smiths, one receiving 4d. per day, and the other 3d. for their
+wages, from Sunday 23rd of August to Sunday 12th of September, _each day
+being reckoned_, for twenty one days, 12s. 3d.
+
+Two shoeing smiths by the day, at 3d.
+
+Paid to forty-seven sailors of the king for their wages, seven days;
+each receiving per diem 3d., except seven, each of whom received 6d. per
+day, 4l. 14s. 6d.
+
+Paid to Geoffry le Chamberlin for the wages of twelve cross-bowmen and
+thirteen archers for twenty-four days; each cross-bowman receiving by
+the day 4d, and each archer 2d.,--7l. 8s.
+
+Paid to one master mason, receiving 6d. per diem, and five masons at
+4d., and one workman at 3d.; for twenty-eight days, 3l. 7s. 8d.
+
+Sunday next, after the feast of St. John Baptist, paid to twenty-two
+mowers, each receiving 1-1/2d. per day for four days, 11s.
+
+Wednesday following paid to twenty-three mowers, each receiving 6d. per
+day for their wages of two days, 1l. 3s.
+
+Paid to fourscore and sixteen _spreaders of hay_ for one day's wages,
+whereof fourscore received each per day 1-1/2d, and each of the others
+2d., l2s. 8d.
+
+Paid to 160 spreaders of hay for their wages, Sunday and Monday, 16s.
+6d.
+
+_Necessaries._
+
+For six carts, each with three horses, hired to carry the hay from the
+meadows to the castle of Rothelan, for one day, 6s. 10d.
+
+For the carriage of turf, with which the house was covered in which the
+hay was placed, 1s. 5d.
+
+For an iron fork bought to turn the hay, 3d.
+
+For making a ditch about the house where the said hay was put, 1s. 8d.
+
+For putting and piling up one rick of hay in the house, 1s. 8d.
+
+Wages of two turf-cutters, seven days, at 5d. per day, 5s. 10d.
+
+For the carriage of turves to cover the king's kitchen, 7s. 6d.
+
+For twenty-two empty casks, bought to make paling for the queen's court
+yard, 18s. 4d.
+
+To Wildbor, the fisherman, receiving 10d. per day, and his six
+companions, the queen's fishermen, at 3d. per day each, fishing in the
+sea, forty-two days, 4l. 18s.
+
+Repairing a cart of the king's, conveying a _pipe of honey_ from
+Aberconway to Rothelan, 1s. 4d.
+
+To six men carrying shingles to cover the hall of the castle, at 2-1/2d
+each per day, seven days, 8s. 9d.
+
+_Gifts._
+
+To a certain female spy, as a gift, 1s.
+
+To a certain female spy, to purchase her a house, as a gift, 1l.
+
+To Ralph le Vavasour, bringing news to the queen of the taking of
+Dolinthalien, as a gift, 5l.
+
+To John de Moese, coming immediately after with the same news, with
+letters of the Earl of Gloucester, by way of gift, 5l.
+
+To a certain player, as a gift, 1s.
+
+
+_Swan with Two Necks._
+
+It appears from the roll of swan's marks, in the time of Henry VIII.,
+that the king's swans were _doubly_ marked, and had what were called
+_two nicks_, or notches. The term, in process of time, not being
+understood, a double animal was invented, with the name of "The Swan
+with _Two Necks_." But this is not the only ludicrous mistake that has
+arisen on the subject, since "swan-upping," or the taking up of swans,
+performed annually by the swan companies, with the Lord Mayor at their
+head, for the purpose of marking them, has been changed, by an unlucky
+asperite, into swan-_hopping_, which is perfectly unintelligible.
+
+
+_Trial of the Pix._
+
+The invention of it, in this kingdom, or at least its introduction into
+our courts, is probably of high antiquity, being mentioned in the time
+of Edward I., as a mode well known and of common usage. At present it is
+seldom required, except on the removal of the master of the Mint from
+his office. Upon a memorial praying for a trial of the Pix by this
+officer, a summons issues to certain members of the privy council to
+meet on a day fixed. The Lord Chancellor also directs a precept to the
+wardens of the Goldsmith's company, requiring them to nominate a
+competent number of able freemen of their company, skilful to judge of,
+and to present the defaults of the coin, if such be found, to be of a
+jury. When the court is formed, twelve of these persons are sworn, who
+are directed by the president to examine whether the moneys were made
+according to the indenture, and standard trial pieces, and within the
+remedies. But in 1754, Lord Chancellor Talbot directed the jury to
+express precisely how much the money was within the remedies; and the
+practice which he thus enjoined is still continued. The Pix, or box
+containing the coins to be examined, is then delivered to the jury, who
+retire to the court room of the Duchy of Lancaster, whither the Pix is
+removed, together with the weights of the Exchequer and Mint, and where
+the scales used on this occasion are suspended; the beam of which is so
+delicate, that it will turn with _six grains_, when loaded with the
+whole of those weights, to the amount of 48 lbs. 8 oz. in each scale.
+The Pix is then opened, and the money which had been taken out of each
+delivery, and enclosed in a parcel under the seals of the warden,
+master, and comptroller of the Mint, is given to the foreman, who reads
+aloud the endorsement, and compares it with the account which lies
+before him; he then delivers the parcel to one of the jury, who opens it
+and examines whether its contents agree with the endorsement. When all
+the parcels have been opened, and found right, the moneys contained in
+them are mixed together in wooden bowls, and afterwards weighed. Out of
+the said moneys so mingled, the jury take a certain number of each
+species of coin, to the amount of one pound for the assay by fire. And
+the indented trial pieces of gold and silver, of the dates specified in
+the indenture, being produced by the proper officer, a sufficient
+quantity is cut from either of them, for the purpose of comparing with
+it the pound weight of gold or silver which is to be tried by the usual
+methods of assay. The jury then return their verdict, stating how much
+the coins examined have varied from the weight and fineness required,
+and whether the variations exceed or fall short of the remedies which
+are allowed; and according to the terms of the verdict, the master's
+quietus is either granted or withheld.
+
+_Note_.--The _remedies_ are an allowance of one sixth of a carat, or
+forty grains, in the pound weight of gold, and of two pennyweights in
+that of silver, considered either as to fineness or weight, or both of
+them taken together; the moneyers are, however, at this time so expert,
+that these quantities are much greater than are necessary.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+_Society of Civil Engineers_.
+
+A charter of incorporation has just received the royal signature,
+constituting an institution of Civil Engineers, and naming Mr. Telford
+its president. The objects of such institution, as recited in the
+charter, are, "The general advancement of mechanical science, and more
+particularly for promoting the acquisition of that species of knowledge
+which constitutes the profession of a civil engineer; being the art of
+directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and
+convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states,
+both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of
+roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation, and docks, for
+internal intercourse and exchange; and in the construction of ports,
+harbours, moles, breakwaters, and light-houses, and in the art of
+navigation by artificial power, for the purposes of commerce; and in the
+construction and adaptation of machinery, and in the drainage of cities
+and towns."
+
+
+_Toads as Ant-eaters_.
+
+In the autumn of last year, a pit, wherein I grew melons, was so much
+infested with ants, as to threaten the destruction of the whole crop;
+which they did, first by perforating the skin, and afterwards eating
+their way into the fruit; and, after making several unsuccessful
+experiments to destroy them, it occurred to me that I had seen the toad
+feed on them. I accordingly put about half a dozen toads into the pit,
+and, in the course of a few days, scarcely an ant was to be
+found.--_Corresp. Gard. Mag._
+
+
+_Laying out Part of the Calton Hill as Pleasure-Ground_.
+
+We observe with pleasure plans advertised for in the Edinburgh
+newspapers, for this purpose. There is no city in Britain which presents
+greater facilities for public walks and gardens than Edinburgh,
+notwithstanding the immense injury which it has sustained in a
+picturesque point of view by the earthen mound, and the mean buildings
+which cover great part of the bottom and sides of the valley of the
+North Loch. That valley ought to have been laid out in terraces, some
+open, or covered with glazed verandas, for winter use, and others shaded
+by trees for summer walking. The great art in laying out walks for
+recreation and ease on sloping surfaces, is so to direct them as not to
+render them more fatiguing than straight walks on level ground. But the
+grand subject of improvement at Edinburgh, in the way of planting in the
+public walks, is the hill of Arthur's Seat, which, planted and built on,
+might be rendered one of the most unique scenes in Europe.--_Gard. Mag._
+
+
+_Vegetables._
+
+Watering gives vegetables long exposed a fresher colour, and a more
+attractive appearance; but repeated waterings are highly pernicious, as
+they neutralize the natural juices of some, render others bitter, and
+make all others vapid or disagreeable.--_Ibid._
+
+
+_Mortar._
+
+The use of lime in mortar, is to fill up the hollow spaces or vacuities
+between the grains of sand, and to cement them together, thereby forming
+a kind of artificial stone. To add any more lime than is sufficient to
+fill up these spaces, seems to be useless, and to add much more must
+weaken the mortar; but, if too little lime be used, there will be
+cavities left between some of the grains of sand, and the mortar will
+consequently be short or brittle: therefore, when we cannot ascertain
+the best proportions of lime and sand, it is better to use too much lime
+than too little.--_Ibid._
+
+
+_Treatment of Gold and Silver Fish._
+
+These beautiful objects of the animal kingdom, though long ago
+introduced into Europe from China, their native country, seldom breed in
+such numbers as they might be expected to do. It has been lately
+discovered that in ponds heated by waste water discharged from steam
+factories, the gold and silver fish breed abundantly. From this
+circumstance, it has been suggested, that, as heating hothouses by warm
+water is now so generally adopted, a portion of this, led occasionally
+into a garden basin, would keep the water in such a temperament as would
+not only always be agreeable to the fish, but promote their
+breeding.--_Ibid._
+
+
+_Climate._
+
+Professor Schow, of Copenhagen, has lately read a paper "On the supposed
+Changes in the Climate of the different parts of the Earth, during the
+period of Human History," from which, as far as it has appeared in our
+language, it seems to be his opinion, that, on a general view, climates
+are the same now as in ancient times. The identity of the climate of
+Palestine, now and during antiquity, is thus beautifully made out:--"It
+will be convenient to begin with Palestine, the Bible being the oldest,
+or one of the oldest of books; and, although great uncertainty exists
+about the determination of the plants which are mentioned in it, yet two
+of them do not admit of any doubt, (and these are sufficient for the
+determination of the climate of Palestine, in former times,) viz. the
+date-tree and the vine. The date-tree was frequent, and principally in
+the southernmost part of the country. Jericho was called Palm-town. The
+people had palm branches in their hands. Deborah's palm-tree is
+mentioned between Rama and Bethel. Pliny mentions the palm-tree as being
+frequent in Judea, and principally about Jericho. Tacitus and Josephus
+speak likewise of woods of palm-trees, as well as Strabo, Diodorus
+Siculus, and Theophrastus. Among the Hebrew coins, those with date-trees
+are by no means rare, and the tree is easily recognised, as it is
+figured with its fruit. The vine, also, was one of the plants most
+cultivated in Palestine, and not merely for the grapes, but really for
+the preparation of wine. The feast of the tabernacle of the Jews was a
+feast on account of the wine harvest. From a passage where the
+cultivation of the vine is mentioned, in the Valley of Engeddy, it is
+evident that the vine not only grew in the northernmost mountainous part
+of the country, but also in its southern lower part. Besides these,
+there are other ancient testimonies in favour of the vine. This plant,
+indeed, sometimes occurs on the same coin with the date palm. The
+date-tree, in order to bring its fruit to perfection, requires a mean
+temperature of 78° Fahr. The vine, on the other hand, cannot be
+cultivated to any extent if the mean temperature be above 72° Fahr.
+Such, then, must have been the temperature of Palestine, in former ages;
+and by all that is known of its present climate, the mean temperature
+seems to be the same now. Nor has the time of harvest undergone any
+change. Snow and ice, which were known, though rarely, in ancient times,
+are occasionally met with now and at present, as in former times. The
+inhabitants make use of artificial heat to warm themselves."--_Dr.
+Brewster's Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+NUISANCES OF SOCIETY.
+
+It is quite true that the largest part of conversation turns upon
+eating and drinking, the weather, the vices and follies of our
+neighbours, and a thousand other trifles that lead not to dispute; and
+it must be admitted that it is bad companionship to be eternally
+canvassing the greater interests of life, and forcing upon society
+opinions upon things in general. There are, indeed, themes in plenty
+which belong to the neutral ground of debate; but it is very pitiable
+that they should so ill bear repetition. All the world, if they dared
+avow as much, are heartily tired of them. Like cursing and swearing,
+they are merely unmeaning expletives to supply the lack of sense, to
+gain time, and to give a man the satisfaction of sometimes hearing his
+own voice. With all the assistance of cards, music, dancing, and
+champagne, society is at best but a dreary business, and it requires no
+little animal spirits to undergo the infliction with decency. Are you
+admitted on terms of familiarity to the domestic hearth of your friend,
+that privilege confers on you the opportunity of becoming intimately
+acquainted with the faults of his servants, and (what is worse) with
+the merits of his children.
+
+A dinner of ceremony is a funeral without a legacy; an assembly is a
+mob, and a ball a compound of glare, tinsel, noise, and dust. However
+amusing in their freshness, after a few repetitions, they are only
+rendered endurable by the prospect of some collateral gain, or the
+gratification of personal vanity. To exhibit the beauty of a young wife,
+or the diamonds of an old one; to be able to say the best thing that is
+uttered; to sport a red ribbon or a Waterloo medal in their first
+novelty; to carry a point with a great man, or to borrow money from a
+rich one, may pass off an evening very well, with those who happen to be
+interested in such speculations; but, these things apart, the arrantest
+trifler in the circle must get weary at last, and be heartily rejoiced
+when the conclusion of the season spares him all further reiteration of
+the mill-horse operation. It is this insipidity of society that forces
+so many of its members upon desperate adventures of gallantry, and upon
+deep play. Any thing, every thing is good to escape from the languor and
+listlessness of a converse from which whatever interests is banished.
+Many a woman loses her character, and many a man incurs a verdict of
+ruinous damages, in the simple search of that rarest of all rare things
+in society--a sensation. Neither is the matter much mended, if, barring
+the insipidity of bon-ton company, you plunge into the formal gravity of
+the middle classes, or into the noisy, empty mirth of the lower. The man
+of sense and feeling, wherever he goes, will find himself in a minority,
+in which few will speak his language or comprehend his ideas. He will
+seldom return to his home without a weary sense of the "stale, flat, and
+unprofitable" nothings he has been compelled to entertain in his
+intercourse with the world,--without the recollection of some outrage on
+his independence, some dogmatism that he dared not question, some
+impertinence that he dared not confute. With his ears ringing with
+blue-stocking literature, threadbare sophistries, forms erected into
+important principles, mediocrity elevated into consideration, and the
+pre-eminence of the vain, the ignorant, and the contemptible, he will
+shut himself up in his solitude, and say with the Englishman at Paris
+_Je m'ennuis très bien ici_. Against the recurrence of these annoyances,
+day after day renewed, what nerves can hold out? As life advances, time
+becomes precious, every moment is counted, every enjoyment is computed;
+and while the effort necessary for pleasing and being pleased becomes
+greater, the motive for making that exertion grows less. When the
+sources of physical gratification are dried up, and the illusions of
+life are dissipated, there remains nothing for enjoyment but a tranquil
+fireside, and the mastery of our own ideas and of our own habits in the
+privacy of home. But then, to enjoy these, you must not have a methodist
+wife, and you must have a porter who can lie with a good grace, a fellow
+who could say "not at home," though death himself knocked at the door.
+Neither should you read the newspapers, nor walk the streets. The times
+are long gone by since "wisdom cried out there." Folly, impertinence,
+sheer impertinence, has exclusive possession of the king's highway; and
+a dog with a tin-kettle at tail has as good a chance as the wretch who
+dares to tread the pavement without partaking of the ruling insanity.
+Oh! Mr. Brougham, Mr. Brougham! your schoolmaster has a great deal yet
+to do: pray heaven his rods and his fools' caps may hold out!--_New
+Month. Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO "BEAUTY."
+
+  The morn is up! wake, Beauty, wake!
+    The flower is on the lea,
+  The blackbird sings within the brake,
+    The thrush is on the tree;
+  Forth to the balmy fields repair,
+    And let the breezes mild
+  Lift from thy brow the falling hair,
+    And fan my little child--
+  Yet if thy step be 'mid the dews,
+  Beauty! be sure to change your shoes!
+
+  'Tis noon! the butterfly springs up,
+    High from her couch of rest,
+  And scorns the little blue-bell cup
+    Which all night long she press'd.
+  Away! we'll seek the walnut's shade,
+    And pass the sunny hour,
+  The bee within the rose is laid,
+    And veils him in the flower;
+  Mark not the lustre of his wing,
+  Beauty! be careful of his sting!
+
+  'Tis eve! but the retiring ray
+    A halo deigns to cast
+  Round scenes on which it shone all day,
+    And gilds them to the last:
+  Thus, ere thine eyelids close in sleep,
+    Let Memory deign to flee
+  Far o'er the mountain and the deep,
+    To cast one beam on me!
+  Yes, Beauty! 'tis mine inmost prayer--
+  But don't forget to curl your hair!
+
+_Blackwood's Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GOG AND MAGOG.--(_A Fragment._)
+
+Pensively and profoundly was I meditating, seated one evening upon a
+stone bench in Guildhall, when, as the gathering gloom invested the
+solemn faces of Gog and Magog, rendering them mysteriously dim and
+indistinct, methought I saw them slowly shut their eyes, nod their
+heads, fall asleep, and actually begin to snore. Never did I hear any
+thing more sonorously grand and awful than that portentous inbreathing
+of Gog and Magog, resounding through the Gothic vastness of Guildhall;
+but, behold! how omnipotent is the dreaming imagination! I myself had
+been dozing; the sound of my own nose, transferred by a metonymy of the
+fancy to the nostrils of those wooden idols, had become, as it were, the
+living apotheosis of a snore, which had subdued me by its sublimity.
+Most fortunate was it that I awoke; for, on attentively inspecting the
+faces of the figures, I saw them working and writhing with all the
+contortions of the Pythoness or the Sibyl, labouring in the very throes
+of inspiration, struggling with the advent of the prophetical afflatus.
+At length their lips parted, when, in a low, solemn voice, that thrilled
+through the dark, deserted, and silent hall, they poured forth
+alternately the following vaticinal strain, each starting and trembling
+as he concluded:--
+
+  "From Bank, Change, Mansion-house, Guildhall,
+    Throgmorton, and Threadneedle,
+  From London-stone, and London wall,
+    When City housewife's wheedle
+  To Brunswick, Russell, Bedford Squares,
+    And Portland-place, their spouses,
+  Anxious to give themselves great airs
+    Of fashion in great houses,
+  Then Gog shall start, and Magog shall
+  Tremble upon his pedestal."
+
+  "When merchant, banker, broker, shake
+    In Crockford's club their elbow,
+  And for St. James's clock forsake
+    The chiming of thy bell, Bow:
+  When Batson's, Garraway's, and John's,
+    At night show empty boxes,
+  While cits are playing dice with dons,
+    Or ogling opera doxies;
+  Then Gog shall start, and Magog shall
+  Tremble upon his pedestal."
+
+  "When city dames give routs and reels,
+    And ape high-titled prancers,
+  When City misses dance quadrilles,
+    Or waltz with whisker'd Lancers;
+  When City gold is quickly spent
+    In trinkets, feasts, and raiment,
+  And none suspend their merriment
+    Until they all stop payment,
+  Then Gog shall start, and Magog shall
+  Tremble upon his pedestal."
+
+I was reflecting what dire calamities would fall upon the doomed City,
+since the era of luxury, corruption, and desertion, thus denounced, had
+now manifestly arrived, and Gog and Magog were actually starting and
+trembling upon their pedestals, when the hall-keeper, shaking me by the
+shoulder, exclaimed--"Come, Sir, you musn't be sleeping here all night!
+Bundle out, if you please, for I am just going to shut the great
+gates!"--_New Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+    A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.--SHAKSPEARE.
+
+MODERN SALAMANDER.
+
+An experiment to ascertain the degree of heat it is possible for a man
+to bear, was made a few days ago at the New Tivoli, at Paris, in the
+presence of a company of about 200 persons. The man on whom this
+experiment was made is a Spaniard of Andalusia, named Martenez, aged 43.
+A cylindrical oven, constructed in the shape of a dome, had been heated
+for four hours, by a very powerful fire. At ten minutes past eight, the
+Spaniard, having on large pantaloons of red flannel, a thick cloak also
+of flannel, and a large felt, after the fashion of straw hats, went into
+the oven, where he remained, seated on a foot-stool, during fourteen
+minutes, exposed to a heat of from 45 to 50 degrees, of a metallic
+thermometer, the gradation of which did not go higher than 50. He sang a
+Spanish song while a fowl was roasted by his side. At his coming out of
+the oven, the physicians found that his pulse beat 134 pulsations a
+minute, though it was but 72 at his going in, The oven being healed anew
+for a second experiment, the Spaniard re-entered and seated himself in
+the same attitude; at three quarters past eight, ate the fowl, and drank
+a bottle of wine to the health of the spectators. At coming out his
+pulse was 176, and the thermometer indicated a heat of 110 degrees of
+Reaumur. Finally, for the third and last experiment, which almost
+immediately followed the second, he was stretched on a plank, surrounded
+with lighted candles, and thus put into the oven, the mouth of which was
+closed this time. He was there nearly five minutes, when all the
+spectators cried out, "Enough, enough," and anxiously hastened to take
+him out. A noxious and suffocating vapour of tallow filled the inside of
+the oven, and all the candles were extinguished and melted. The
+Spaniard, whose pulse was 200 at coming out of this gulf of heat,
+immediately threw himself into a cold bath, and in two or three minutes
+after was on his feet safe and sound.
+
+
+WILL OF MR. WILLIAM HICKINGTON,
+
+_Proved in the Deanery Court of York, 1772._
+
+  This is my last Will,
+  I insist on it still,
+  So sneer on and welcome
+  And e'en laugh your fill.
+  I, William Hickington,
+  Poet of Pocklington,
+  Do give and bequeathe,
+  As free as I breathe,
+  To thee, Mary Jaram,
+  The queen of my haram,
+  My cash and cattle,
+  With every chattel,
+  To have and to hold,
+  Come heat or come cold,
+  Sans hindrance or strife,
+  (Tho' thou art _not_ my wife,)
+  As witness my hand,
+  Just here as I stand,
+  This 12th of July,
+  In the year seventy ----
+
+    Signed, &c. W. HICKINGTON.
+
+J. W. F. B.
+
+
+REGENT'S PUNCH.
+
+The receipt for this "nectarious drink" is as follows:--Three bottles of
+champagne, a bottle of hock, a bottle of curaçoa, a quart of brandy, a
+pint of rum, two bottles of Madeira, two bottles of seltzer water, four
+pounds of bloom raisins, Seville oranges, lemons, white sugarcandy, and,
+instead of water, green tea. The whole to be highly iced.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Supplement, containing a fine Portrait of CAPTAIN CLAPPERTON,
+Memoir, &c. and a Title-Page, Preface, and copious Index to Vol XI., is
+now published. It extends beyond the usual quantity, the Memoir is of
+original interest, and the price is (in the present instance only)
+unavoidably advanced to Fourpence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; Published by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and Sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror, 1828.07.05, by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR, 1828.07.05 ***
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+This file should be named 8m32110.txt or 8m32110.zip
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