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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:31:21 -0700 |
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diff --git a/8376-h/8376-h.htm b/8376-h/8376-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdd1931 --- /dev/null +++ b/8376-h/8376-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,19494 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + Memoirs Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, by Lafayette + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + .side { float: right; font-size: 75%; width: 25%; padding-left: 0.8em; + border-left: dashed thin; margin-left: 0.8em; text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; + font-weight: bold; color: black; background: #eeeeee; border: solid 1px;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of +General Lafayette, by Lafayette + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette + +Author: Lafayette + + +Release Date: June, 2005 [EBook #8376] +This file was first posted on July 4, 2003 +Last Updated: June 4, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORRESPONDENCE OF LAFAYETTE *** + + + + +Text file produced by Stan Goodman, Marvin A. Hodges and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + +HTML file produced by David Widger + + + + +</pre> + + <div style="height: 8em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h1> + MEMOIRS CORRESPONDENCE AND MANUSCRIPTS OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE + </h1> + <h2> + By Lafayette + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h5> + Published By His Family. <br /> <br /> Entered according to the act of + Congress, in the year 1837, <br /> <br /> by William A. Duer, <br /> <br /> In + the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New-York. + </h5> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <div class="middle"> + <p> + Respectfully to collect and scrupulously to arrange the manuscripts of + which an irreparable misfortune has rendered them depositaries, have + been for the Family of General Lafayette the accomplishment of a sacred + duty. + </p> + <p> + To publish those manuscripts without any commentary, and place them, + unaltered, in the hands of the friends of Liberty, is a pious and solemn + homage which his children now offer with confidence to his memory. + </p> + </div> + <h4> + GEORGE WASHINGTON LAFAYETTE. + </h4> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ADVERTISEMENT OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR. + </h2> + <p> + It was the desire of the late General Lafayette, that this edition of his + Memoirs and Correspondence should be considered as a legacy of the + American people. His representatives have accordingly pursued a course + which they conceived the best adapted to give effect to his wishes, by + furnishing a separate edition for this country, without any reservation + for their own advantage, beyond the transfer of the copyright as an + indemnity for the expense and risk of publication. + </p> + <p> + In this edition are inserted some letters which will not appear in the + editions published in Paris and London. They contain details relating to + the American Revolution, and render the present edition more complete, or, + at least, more interesting to Americans. Although written during the first + residence of General Lafayette in America—when he was little + accustomed to write in the English language—the letters in question + are given exactly as they came from his pen—and as well as the + others in the collection written by him in that language are distinguished + from those translated from the French by having the word "Original" + prefixed to them. + </p> + <p> + It was intended that these letters should have been arranged among those + in the body of the work; in the order of their respective dates; but as + the latter have been stereotyped before the former had been transmitted to + the American editor, this design was rendered impracticable. They have + therefore from necessity been added in a supplemental form with the + marginal notes which seemed requisite for their explanation. + </p> + <p> + Columbia College, N. Y., July, 1837. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <p> + <b>CONTENTS</b> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> ADVERTISEMENT </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_TOC"> CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> NOTICE BY THE EDITORS. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> TO THE READER.~{1} </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> <b>FIRST VOYAGE AND FIRST CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA + 1777-1778.</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> FRAGMENTS EXTRACTED FROM VARIOUS + MANUSCRIPTS.~{1} </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> A. — DEPARTURE FOR AMERICA IN 1777. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> B. — FIRST INTERVIEW BETWEEN GENERAL + WASHINGTON AND GENERAL LAFAYETTE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> C. — ON THE MILITARY COMMANDS DURING THE + WINTER OF 1778, AND THE FRENCH IN THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> D. — RETREAT OF BARREN-HILL. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> E. — ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH FLEET. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> F. — DISSENSIONS BETWEEN THE FRENCH FLEET + AND THE AMERICAN ARMY. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> <b>CORRESPONDENCE. 1777—1778.</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE + LAFAYETTE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> TO BARON DE STEUBEN. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE + LAFAYETTE. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO MAJOR-GENERAL GREENE. + </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> <b>SECOND VOYAGE TO AMERICA, AND CAMPAIGNS OF + 1780 & 1781.</b> </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> CORRESPONDENCE. </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> <b>EXTRACTS OF SEVERAL LETTERS TO GENERAL + WASHINGTON.~{1}</b> </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> <b>ADDITIONAL CORRESPONDENCE.</b> </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_APPE"> APPENDIX I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_APPE2"> APPENDIX II </a> + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_TOC" id="link2H_TOC"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h3> + CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. + </h3> + <p> + AMERICAN REVOLUTION. <br /> Notice by the Editors <br /> FIRST VOYAGE AND + FIRST CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA—1777, 1778. <br /> Memoirs written by + myself, until the year 1780 <br /><br /> FRAGMENTS EXTRACTED FROM VARIOUS + MANUSCRIPTS <br /> A.—Departure for America in 1777 <br /> B.—First + Interview between General Washington <br /> and General Lafayette <br /> C.—On + the Military commands during the Winter of 1778 <br /> D.—Retreat of + Barren Hill <br /> E.—Arrival of the French Fleet <br /> F.—Dissensions + between the French Fleet <br /> and the American Army <br /><br /> + CORRESPONDENCE—1777, 1778: <br /> To the Duke d'Ayen. London, March + 9, 1777 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. On board the Victory, May 30 <br /> + To Madame de Lafayette. Charlestown, June 19 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. + Petersburg, July 17 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette.—July 23 <br /> To + Madame de Lafayette. Philadelphia, Sept. 12 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette.—Oct. + 1 <br /> To M. de Vergennes, Minister of Foreign affairs. <br /> Whitemarsh + Camp, Oct. 24 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. Whitemarsh Camp, Oct. 29, and + Nov. 6 <br /> To General Washington. Haddonfeld, Nov. 26 <br /> To the Duke + d'Ayen. Camp Gulph, Pennsylvania, Dec. 16 <br /> To General Washington. + Camp, Dec. 30 <br /> To General Washington. Head Quarters, Dec. 31 <br /> To + General Washington. Valley Forge, Dec. 31 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. + Camp, near Valley Forge, Jan. 6, 1778 <br /> To General Washington <br /> To + Madame de Lafayette. York. Feb 3 <br /> To General Washington. Hermingtown, + Feb. 9 <br /> To General Washington. Albany, Feb. 19 <br /> To General + Washington.—Feb. 23 <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de + Lafayette. <br /> Head Quarters, March 10 <br /> To Baron de Steuben. + Albany, March 12 <br /> Fragment of a Letter to the President of Congress. + <br /> Albany, March 20 <br /> To General Washington. Albany, March 25 <br /> + To Madame de Lafayette. Valley Forge Camp, <br /> in Pennsylvania, April 14 + <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. Germantown, April 28 <br /> To General + Washington. Valley Forge Camp, May 19 <br /> From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Camp, May 17 <br /> To the Marquis de + Lafayette. (Instructions.) <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. Valley Forge + Camp, June 16 <br /> To the Marquis de Lafayette. (Instructions.) <br /> To + General Washington. Ice Town, June 26 <br /> From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Cranberry, June 26 <br /> From General + Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> White Plains, July 22 <br /> + From General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Head Quarters, + White Plains, July 27 <br /> To General Washington. Providence, Aug. 6 + <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> White + Plains, Aug. 10 <br /> To General Washington. Camp before Newport, Aug. 25 + <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> White + Plains, Sept. <br /> From General Washington to Major-General Sullivan. + <br /> Head Quarters, White Plains, Sept. 1 <br /> From General Washington + to Major-General Greene. <br /> Head Quarters, White Plains, Sept. 1 <br /> + To General Washington. Tyverton, Sept. I <br /> To General Washington. + Camp, near Bristol, Sept. 7 <br /> To the Duke d'Ayen. Bristol, near Rhode + Island, Sept. 11 <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. Bristol, near Rhode Island, + Sept. 13 <br /> President Laurens to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> + Philadelphia, Sept. 13 <br /> Marquis de Lafayette to President Laurens. + Camp, Sept. 23 <br /> To General Washington. Warren, Sept. 24 <br /> From + General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Fredericksburg, + Sept. 25 <br /> To General Washington. Camp near Warren, Sept. 24 <br /> To + General Washington. Boston, Sept. 28 <br /> From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Fishkill, Oct. 4 <br /> Marquis de Lafayette to + President Laurens. <br /> Philadelphia, Oct. 13 <br /> President Laurens to + the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Philadelphia, Oct. 24 <br /> To General + Washington. Philadelphia, Oct. 24 <br /> Lord Carlisle to M. de Lafayette + Marquis de Lafayette <br /> To President Laurens. Philadelphia, Oct. 26 + <br /> Fragment of a Letter from the French Minister, M. Gerard, <br /> to + Count de Vergennes.—October <br /> From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Philadelphia, Dec. 29 <br /> From General + Washington to General Franklin, <br /> American Minister in France. + Philadelphia, Dec. 28 <br /> To General Washington. Boston, January 5, 1779 + <br /> To General Washington. On board the Alliance, <br /> off Boston, + January 11, 1779 <br /><br /> SECOND VOYAGE TO AMERICA, AND CAMPAIGNS OF + 1780, 1781. <br /> HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF 1779, 1780, and 1781. <br /> + CORRESPONDENCE—1779-1781 <br /> To Count de Vergennes. Paris, + February 24, 1779 <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de + Lafayette. <br /> Camp at Middlebrook, March 8 <br /> To M. de Vergennes, + Paris, April 1, and April 26 <br /> To the President of Congress. St. Jean + de Angeli, <br /> near Rochefort, June 12 <br /> To General Washington. St. + Jean de Angeli, <br /> near Rochefort harbor, June 12 <br /> To the Count de + Vergennes. Havre, July 30 <br /> To M. de Vergennes. Paris, August— + <br /> Dr. Franklin to the Marquis de Lafayette. Fassy, August 24 <br /> To + Dr. Franklin. Havre, August 29 <br /> Page From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> West Point, December 30 <br /> To General + Washington. Havre, October 7 <br /> To M. de Vergennes. Versailles, Feb. + 22, 1780 <br /> To his Excellency General Washington. <br /> At the entrance + of Boston harbor, April 27 <br /> To M. de Vergennes. Waterburg, on the + Boston road, <br /> from the Camp, May 6 <br /> From General Washington. + Morris Town, May— <br /> To the Count de Rochambeau. Philadelphia, + May 19 <br /> To General Washington. Camp at Preakness, July 4 <br /> To MM. + le Comte de Rochambeau and le Chevalier de Ternay. <br /> Camp before + Dobb's Ferry, August 9 <br /> From Count de Rochambeau to M. de Lafayette. + Newport, August 12 <br /> To MM. de Rochambeau and de Ternay. Camp, August + 18 <br /> To M. de Rochambeau. Camp, August 18 <br /> From M. de Rochambeau. + Newport, August 27 <br /> To the Chevalier de la Luzerne. Robinson House, + <br /> opposite West Point, Sept. 26 <br /> To Madame de Tessé. Camp, on the + right side of North River, <br /> near the Island of New York, October 4 + <br /> To General Washington. Light Camp, October 30 <br /> From General + Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Head Quarters, October 30 + <br /> To General Washington. Light Camp, November 13 <br /> To General + Washington, Paramus, November 28 <br /> To his Excellency General + Washington. Philadelphia, Dec. 5 <br /> From General Washington to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> New Windsor, December 14 <br /> To M. de + Vergennes. New Windsor, on the North River, <br /> January 30, 1781 <br /> + To Madame de Lafayette. New Windsor, on the North River, <br /> February 2 + <br /> To General Washington. Elk, March 8 <br /> To General Washington. On + board the Dolphin, March 9 <br /> To General Washington. Williamsburg, + March 23 <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> + New Windsor, April 6 <br /> To General Washington. Elk, April 8 <br /> To + Colonel Hamilton. Susquehannah Ferry, April 18 <br /> To General + Washington. Baltimore, April 18 <br /> To General Washington. Alexandria, + April 23 <br /> From General Washington to the Marquis de Lafayette <br /> + New Windsor, May 4 <br /> From General Washington to Lund Washington. <br /> + New Windsor, April 30 <br /> To General Washington. Camp Wilton, on James + River, May 17 <br /> From General Phillips to the Marquis de Lafayette. + <br /> British Camp at Osborn, April 28 <br /> From General Phillips to the + Marquis de Lafayette. <br /> Camp at Osborn, April 29 <br /> To Major + General Phillips. American Camp, April 30 <br /> To Major-General Phillips.—May + 3 <br /> Note for Captain Emyne.—May 15 <br /> Note from General + Arnold to Captain Ragedale <br /> To General Washington. Richmond, May 24 + <br /> To General Washington. Camp, June 28 <br /> Extracts of several + Letters to General Washington <br /> To Madame de Lafayette. Camp, between + the branches <br /> of York River, August 24 <br /> To M. de Vergennes. Camp + between the branches <br /> of York River, August 24 <br /> To M de + Maurepas. Camp, between the branches <br /> of York River, August 24 <br /> + To General Washington. Holt's Forge, September 1 <br /> To General + Washington. Williamsburg, September 8 <br /> To General Washington. Camp + before York, October 16 <br /> To M. de Maurepas. Camp near York, October + 20 <br /> To M. de Vergennes. Camp near York, October 20 <br /> To Madame de + Lafayette. On board La Ville de Paris, <br /> Chesapeake Bay, October 22 + <br /> The Marquis de Ségur to M. de Lafayette.—Dec. 5 <br /> To + General Washington. Alliance, off Boston, December 21 <br /><br /> + ADDITIONAL CORRESPONDENCE. <br /> To General Washington. Robins' Tavern, + June 26, 1778 <br /> To General Washington. Cranbarry, June— <br /> To + General Washington.—June 28 <br /> To General Washington. Cranbarry, + June 29 <br /> To the Count de Vergennes. St. Jean de Angeli, June, 1779 + <br /> To the Count de Vergennes. Havre, July 9 <br /> To the President of + Congress. Havre, October 7 <br /> To General Washington. Peekskill, July + 20, 1780 <br /> To General Washington. Danbury, July 21 <br /> To General + Washington. Hartford, July 22 <br /> To General Washington. Lebanon, July + 23 <br /> To General Washington. Newport, July 26 <br /> To General + Washington. Newport, July 26 <br /> To General Washington. Newport, July 29 + <br /> To General Washington. Newport, July 31 <br /> To General Washington. + Newport, August 1 <br /> To General Washington. Elizabethtown, October 27 + <br /> To General Washington. Light Camp, October 27 <br /> To General + Washington. Philadelphia, December 4 <br /> To General Washington.—December + 5 <br /> To General Washington. Philadelphia, December 16 <br /> To General + Washington. Philadelphia, March 2, 1781 <br /> To General Washington. Head + of Elk, March 7 <br /> To General Washington. Off Turkey Point, March 9 + <br /> To General Washington. York, March 15 <br /> To General Washington. + Elk, April 10 <br /> To General Washington. Susquehannah Ferry, April 13 + <br /> To General Washington. Susquehannah Ferry, April 13 <br /> To General + Washington. Susquehannah Ferry, April 14 <br /> To Major-General Greene. + Hanover Court House, April 28 <br /> To General Greene. Camp on Pamunkey + River, May 3 <br /> To General Washington. Camp near Bottom's Creek, May 4 + <br /> To General Washington. Richmond, May 8 <br /> To General Washington. + Welton, north side of James River, May 18 <br /> To Colonel Hamilton. + Richmond, May 23 <br /> To General Washington. Richmond, May 24 <br /> To + General Washington. Camp between Rappanannock <br /> and North Anna, June 3 + <br /> To General Greene. Camp between Rappahannock <br /> and North Anna, + June 3 <br /> To General Greene. Allen's Creek, June 18 <br /> To General + Greene. Mr. Tyter's Plantation, June 27 <br /> To General Greene. Ambler's + Plantation, July 8 <br /> To General Washington. Mrs. Ruffin's, August 29 + <br /> To General Washington. Holt's Forge, September 1 <br /> To General + Washington. Camp Williamsburg, September 8 <br /> To General Washington. + Williamsburg, September 10 <br /> To General Washington. Camp before York, + Sept. 30 <br /> To General Washington.—November 29 <br /><br /> + APPENDIX. <br /> I.—A Summary of the Campaign of 1781, explanatory of + the Map <br /> II.—Letter from M. de Lafayette to M. de Vergennes + <br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + NOTICE BY THE EDITORS. + </h2> + <p> + Under the title of <i>Revolution of America</i>, are comprised eight years + of M. de Lafayette's life, from the commencement of 1771 until the end of + 1784. His three voyages to the United States divide those eight years into + three periods: 1777, 1778; 1779-1781; and 1782-1784.~{1} + </p> + <p> + 1st. Circumstantial Memoirs, written for his friends after the peace of + Versailles, and which were to have extended to 1780, open this collection. + </p> + <p> + 2nd. These are continued and completed by two detached relations, composed + between 1800 and 1814; the first, which has no title, and might be called + <i>Notice of the American Life of General Lafayette</i>, appears to have + been written for a person intending to publish the history of the war, or + of General Washington; the second is entitled, <i>Observations on some + portion of American History, by a friend of General Lafayette</i>. + </p> + <p> + As these two relations, both written by M. de Lafayette, and which we + designate under the names of Manuscript, No. 1, and manuscript, No. 2, + contain a second, and occasionally a third, account of events already + mentioned in the Memoirs, we have only inserted quotations from them. + </p> + <p> + 3rd. A relation of the campaign in Virginia, in 1781, shall be inserted in + its complete state. + </p> + <p> + 4th. Extracts from the collection of the general's speeches, begun by him + in 1829, will give some details of his third voyage to America (1784). + </p> + <p> + 5th. With the account of each particular period that portion of the + correspondence which may relate to it will be inserted. From a great + number of letters, written from America, and addressed either to France or + to America, or from France to America, those only have been suppressed + whose repetitions or details, purely military, would render them + uninteresting to the public. + </p> + <p> + 6th. In the Correspondence, some letters have been inserted from General + Washington, and other contemporaries, and also some historical records, of + which M. de Lafayette had taken copies, or which have been extracted from + various collections published in the United States. + </p> + <p> + Endnote + </p> + <p> + 1. M. de Lafayette (Marie-Paul-Joseph-Roch-Yves-Gilbert Motier) born at + Chavaniae, in Auvergne, the 6th of September, 1757; married the 11th of + April, 1774; set out for America the 26th of April, 1777. The other dates + will be mentioned in proper order, with each particular event. All the + notes which are not followed by the name of M. de Lafayette, may be + attributed to the members of his family, sole editors of this work. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0003" id="link2H_4_0003"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO THE READER.~{1} + </h2> + <p> + When, devoted from early youth to the ambition of liberty, I beheld no + limit to the path that I had opened for myself, it appeared to me that I + was sufficiently fulfilling my destiny, and satisfying my glory, by + rushing incessantly forward, and leaving to others the care of collecting + the recollections, as well as the fruits, of my labour. + </p> + <p> + After having enjoyed an uninterrupted course of good fortune for fifteen + years, I presented myself, with a favourable prospect of success, before + the coalition of kings, and the aristocracy of Europe: I was overthrown by + the simultaneous fury of French jacobinism. My person was then given up to + the vengeance of my natural enemies, and my reputation to the calumnies of + those self-styled patriots who had so lately violated every sworn and + national guarantee. It is well known that the regimen of my five years' + imprisonment was not favourable to literary occupations, and when, on my + deliverance from prison, I was advised to write an explanation of my + conduct, I was disgusted with all works of the kind, by the numerous + memoirs or notices by which so many persons had trespassed upon the + attention of the public. Events had also spoken for us; and many accusers, + and many accusations, had fallen into oblivion. + </p> + <p> + As soon as I returned to France, my friends requested me to write memoirs: + I found excuses for not doing so in my reluctance to judge with severity + the first jacobin chiefs who have shared since in my proscription,—the + <i>Girondins</i>, who have died for those very principles they had opposed + and persecuted in me,—the king and queen, whose lamentable fate only + allows me to pride myself upon some services I have rendered them,—and + the vanquished royalists, who are at present deprived of fortune, and + exposed to every arbitrary measure. I ought to add, likewise that, happy + in my retreat, in the bosom of my family and occupied with agricultural + pursuits, I know not how to purloin one moment from the enjoyments of my + domestic life. + </p> + <p> + But my friends have renewed their request, and to comply in some degree + with it, I have consented to place in order the few papers that I still + possess and assemble together some relations which have been already + published, and unite, by notes, the whole collection, in which my children + and friends may one day find materials for a less insignificant work. As + to myself, I acknowledge that my indolence in this respect is owing to the + intimate conviction which I feel, that liberty will ultimately be + established in the old as well as in the new world, and that then the + history of our revolutions will put all things and all persons in their + proper places. + </p> + <p> + Endnote + </p> + <p> + 1. Although this notice, written a short time after the 18th <i>Brumaire</i>, + be anterior to a great number of events, in the midst of which General + Lafayette continued his public life, we have placed it in this part of the + work, as a sort of general introduction to the various materials it + contains. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0004" id="link2H_4_0004"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FIRST VOYAGE AND FIRST CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA 1777-1778. + </h2> + <h3> + MEMOIRS WRITTEN BY MYSELF,~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + UNTIL THE YEAR 1780. + </h3> + <h3> + TO MY FRIENDS. + </h3> + <p> + If I were to confound, as is too often done, obstinacy with firmness, I + should blush at beginning these memoirs, after having so long refused to + do so, and at even increasing their apparent egotism by my style, instead + of sheltering myself under cover of the third person; but I will not yield + a half compliance to the request of that tender friendship which is far + more valuable to me than the ephemeral success which a journal might + obtain. It is sufficient for me to know that this relation, intended for a + few friends only, will never extend beyond their circle: it even possesses + two very great advantages over many celebrated books: these are, that the + public not being concerned in this work it cannot need a preface, and that + the dedication of affection cannot require an epistle. + </p> + <p> + It would be too poetical to place myself at once in another hemisphere, + and too minute to dwell upon the particulars of my birth, which soon + followed the death of my father at Minden;~{2} of my education in + Auvergne, with tender and revered relations; of my removal, at twelve + years of age to a college at Paris,~{3} where I soon lost my virtuous + mother,~{4} and where the death of her father rendered me rich, although I + had been born, comparatively speaking, poor; of some schoolboy successes, + inspired by the love of glory and somewhat disturbed by that of liberty; + of my entrance into the regiment of the black musketeers, which only + interrupted my studies on review days; and finally, of my marriage, at the + age of sixteen, preceded by a residence at the academy of Versailles.~{5} + I have still less to say relating to my entrance into the world; to the + short favour I enjoyed as constituting one member of a youthful society; + to some promises to the regiment de Noailles; and to the unfavourable + opinion entertained of me owing to my habitual silence when I did not + think the subjects discussing worthy of being canvassed. The bad effects + produced by disguised self-love and an observing disposition, were not + softened by a natural simplicity of manner, which, without being improper + on any great occasion, rendered it impossible for me to bend to the graces + of the court, or to the charms of a supper in the capital. + </p> + <p> + You ask me at what period I first experienced my ardent love of liberty + and glory? I recollect no time of my life anterior to my enthusiasm for + anecdotes of glorious deeds, and to my projects of travelling over the + world to acquire fame. At eight years of age, my heart beat when I heard + of a hyena that had done some injury, and caused still more alarm, in our + neighbourhood, and the hope of meeting it was the object of all my walks. + When I arrived at college, nothing ever interrupted my studies, except my + ardent wish of studying without restraint. I never deserved to be + chastised; but, in spite of my usual gentleness, it would have been + dangerous to have attempted to do so; and I recollect with pleasure that, + when I was to described in rhetoric a perfect courser, I sacrificed the + hope of obtaining a premium, and described the one who, on perceiving the + whip, threw down his rider. Republican anecdotes always delighted me, and + when my new connexions wished to obtain for me a place at court, I did not + hesitate displeasing them to preserve my independence.~{6} I was in that + frame of mind when I first learnt the troubles in America; they only + became thoroughly known in Europe in 1776, and the memorable declaration + of the 4th of July reached France at the close of that same year. + </p> + <p> + After having crowned herself with laurels and enriched herself with + conquests; after having become mistress of all seas; and after having + insulted all nations, England had turned her pride against her own + colonies. North America had long been displeasing to her; she wished to + add new vexations to former injuries, and to destroy the most sacred + privileges. The Americans, attached to the mother country, contented + themselves at first with merely uttering complaints; they only accused the + ministry, and the whole nation rose up against them; they were termed + insolent and rebellious, and at length declared the enemies of their + country: thus did the obstinacy of the king, the violence of the + ministers, and the arrogance of the English nation, oblige thirteen of + their colonies to render themselves independent. Such a glorious cause had + never before attracted the attention of mankind; it was the last struggle + of Liberty; and had she then been vanquished, neither hope nor asylum + would have remained for her. The oppressors and oppressed were to receive + a powerful lesson; the great work was to be accomplished, or the rights of + humanity were to fall beneath its ruin. The destiny of France and that of + her rival were to be decided at the same moment; England was to lose, with + the new states, an important commerce, of which she derived the sole + advantage,—one quarter of her subjects, who were constantly + augmenting by a rapid increase of population, and by emigration from all + parts of Europe,—in a word, more than half of the most beautiful + portion of the British territory. But if she retained possession of her + thirteen colonies, all was ended for our West Indies, our possessions in + Asia and Africa, our maritime commerce, and consequently our navy and our + political existence. + </p> + <p> + (1776.) When I first learnt the subject of the quarrel, my heart espoused + warmly the cause of liberty, and I thought of nothing but of adding also + the aid of my banner.~{7} Some circumstances, which it would be needless + to relate, had taught me to expect only obstacles in this case from my own + family; I depended, therefore, solely upon myself, and I ventured to adopt + for a device on my arms these words—"<i>Cur non?</i>" that they + might equally serve as an encouragement to my-self, and as a reply to + others. Silas Deane was then at Paris; but the ministers feared to receive + him, and his voice was overpowered by the louder accents of Lord Stormont. + He despatched privately to America some old arms, which were of little + use, and some young officers, who did but little good, the whole directed + by M. de Beaumarchais; and when the English ambassador spoke to our court, + it denied having sent any cargoes, ordered those that were preparing to be + discharged, and dismissed from our ports all American privateers. Whilst + wishing to address myself in a direct manner to Mr. Deane, I became the + friend of Kalb, a German in our employ, who was applying for service with + the <i>insurgents</i>, (the expression in use at that time,) and who + became my interpreter. He was the person sent by M. de Choiseul to examine + the English colonies; and on his return he received some money, but never + succeeded in obtaining an audience, so little did that minister in reality + think of the revolution whose retrograde movements some persons have + inscribed to him! When I presented to Mr. Deane my boyish face, (for I was + scarcely nineteen years of age,) I spoke more of my ardour in the cause + than of my experience; but I dwelt much upon the effect my departure would + excite in France, and he signed our mutual agreement. The secrecy with + which this negotiation and my preparations were made appears almost a + miracle; family, friends, ministers; French spies and English spies, all + were kept completely in the dark as to my intentions. Amongst my discreet + confidants, I owe much to M. du Boismartin,~{8} secretary of the Count de + Broglie, and to the Count de Broglie himself, whose affectionate heart, + when all his efforts to turn me from this project had proved in vain, + entered into my views with even paternal tenderness. + </p> + <p> + Preparations were making to send a vessel to America, when very bad + tidings arrived from thence. New York, Long Island, White Plains, Fort + Washington, and the Jerseys, had seen the American forces successively + destroyed by thirty-three thousand Englishmen or Germans. Three thousand + Americans alone remained in arms, and these were closely pursued by + General Howe. From that moment all the credit of the insurgents vanished; + to obtain a vessel for them was impossible: the envoys themselves thought + it right to express to me their own discouragement, and persuade me to + abandon my project. I called upon Mr. Deane, and I thanked him for his + frankness. + </p> + <p> + "Until now, sir," said I, "you have only seen my ardour in your cause, and + that may not prove at present wholly useless. I shall purchase a ship to + carry out your officers; we must feel confidence in the future, and it is + especially in the hour of danger that I wish to share your fortune."~{9} + My project was received with approbation; but it was necessary afterwards + to find money, and to purchase and arm a vessel secretly: all this was + accomplished with the greatest despatch. + </p> + <p> + The period was, however, approaching, which had been long fixed for my + taking a journey to England;~{10} I could not refuse to go without risking + the discovery of my secret, and by consenting to take this journey I knew + I could better conceal my preparations for a greater one. This last + measure was also thought most expedient by MM. Franklin and Deane; for the + doctor himself was then in France; and although I did not venture to go to + his house, for fear of being seen, I corresponded with him through M. + Carmichael, an American less generally known. I arrived in London with M. + de Poix; and I first paid my respects to Bancroft, the American, and + afterwards to his British Majesty. A youth of nineteen may be, perhaps, + too fond of playing a trick upon the king he is going to fight with,—of + dancing at the house of Lord Germaine minister for the English colonies, + and at the house of Lord Rawdon, who had just returned from New York,—and + of seeing at the opera that Clinton, whom he was afterwards to meet at + Monmouth. But whilst I concealed my intentions, I openly avowed my + sentiments; I often defended the Americans; I rejoiced at their success at + Trenton; and my spirit of opposition obtained for me an invitation to + breakfast with Lord Shelbourne. I refused the offers made me to visit the + sea ports, the vessels fitting out against the <i>rebels</i>, and + everything that might be construed into an abuse of confidence. At the end + of three weeks, when it became necessary for me to return home, whilst + refusing my uncle,~{11} the ambassador, to accompany him to court, I + confided to him my strong desire to take a trip to Paris. He proposed + saying that I was ill during my absence. I should not have made use of + this stratagem myself, but I did not object to his doing so. + </p> + <p> + After having suffered dreadfully in the channel, and being reminded, as a + consolation, how very short the voyage would be, I arrived at M. de Kalb's + house in Paris, concealed myself three days at Chaillot, saw a few of my + friends and some Americans, and set out for Bordeaux, where I was for some + time unexpectedly delayed.~{12} I took advantage of that delay to send to + Paris, from whence the intelligence I received was by no means + encouraging; but as my messenger was followed on his road by one from the + government, I lost not a moment in setting sail, and the orders of my + sovereign were only able to overtake me at Passage, a Spanish port, at + which we stopped on our way. The letters from my own family were extremely + violent, and those from the government were peremptory. I was forbidden to + proceed to the American continent under the penalty of disobedience; I was + enjoined to repair instantly to Marseilles, and await there further + orders. A sufficient number of commentaries were not wanting upon the + consequences of such an anathema, the laws of the state, and the power and + displeasure of the government: but the grief of his wife, who was + pregnant, and the thoughts of his family and friends, had far more effect + upon M. de Lafayette.~{13} As his vessel could no longer be stopped, he + returned to Bordeaux to enter into a justification of his own conduct; + and, in a declaration to M. de Fumel, he took upon himself all the + consequences of his present evasion. As the court did not deign to relax + in its determination, he wrote to M. de Maurepas that that silence was a + tacit consent, and his own departure took place soon after that joking + despatch. After having set out on the road to Marseilles, he retraced his + steps, and, disguised as a courier, he had almost escaped all danger, + when, at Saint Jean de Luz, a young girl recognised him; but a sign from + him silenced her, and her adroit fidelity turned away all suspicion. It + was thus that M. de Lafayette rejoined his ship, the 26th of April 1777; + and on that same day, after six months anxiety and labour, he set sail for + the American continent.~{14} + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <p> + (1777.) As soon as M. de Lafayette had recovered from the effects of sea + sickness, he studied the language and trade he was adopting. A heavy ship, + two bad cannons, and some guns, could not have escaped from the smallest + privateer. In his present situation, he resolved rather to blow up the + vessel than to surrender; he concerted measures to achieve this end with a + brave Dutchman named Bedaulx, whose sole alternative, if taken, would have + been the gibbet. The captain insisted upon stopping at the islands; but + government and orders would have been found there, and he followed a + direct course, less from choice than from compulsion.~{15} At forty + leagues from shore, they were met by a small vessel: the captain turned + pale, but the crew were attached to M. de Lafatette, and the officers were + numerous: they made a show of resistance. It turned out, fortunately, to + be an American ship, whom they vainly endeavoured to keep up with; but + scarcely had the former lost sight of M. de Lafayette's vessel, when it + fell in with two English frigates,—and this is not the only time + when the elements seemed bent on opposing M. de Lafayette, as if with the + intention of saving him. After having encountered for seven weeks various + perils and chances, he arrived at Georgetown, in Carolina. Ascending the + river in a canoe, his foot touched at length the American soil, and he + swore that he would conquer or perish in that cause. Landing at midnight + at Major Huger's house,~{16} he found a vessel sailing for France, which + appeared only waiting for his letters. Several of the officers landed, + others remained on board, and all hastened to proceed to Charleston: + </p> + <p> + This beautiful city is worthy of its inhabitants and everything there + announced not only comfort but even luxury. Without knowing much of M. de + Lafayette, the generals Howe,~{17} Moultrie, and Gulden, received him with + the utmost kindness and attention. The new works were shown him, and also + that battery which Moultrie afterwards defended so extremely well, and + which the English appear, we must acknowledge, to have seized the only + possible means of destroying. Several adventurers, the refuse of the + islands, endeavoured vainly to unite themselves to M. de Lafayette, and to + infuse into his mind their own feelings and prejudices. Having procured + horses, he set out with six officers for Philadelphia. His vessel had + arrived, but it was no longer protected by fortune, and on its return home + it was lost on the bar of Charlestown To repair to the congress of the + United States, M. de Lafayette rode nearly nine hundred miles on + horseback; before reaching the capital of Pennsylvania, he was obliged to + travel through the two Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Whilst + studying the language and customs of the inhabitants, he observed also new + productions of nature, and new methods of cultivation: vast forests and + immense rivers combine to give to that country an appearance of youth and + majesty. After a fatiguing journey of one month, he beheld at length that + Philadelphia, so well known in the present day, and whose future grandeur + Penn appeared to designate when he laid the first stone of its foundation. + </p> + <p> + After having accomplished his noble manoeuvres at Trenton and Princetown, + General Washington had remained in his camp at Middlebrook. The English, + finding themselves frustrated in their first hopes, combined to make a + decisive campaign. Burgoyne was already advancing with ten thousand men, + preceded by his proclamations and his savages. Ticonderoga, a famous stand + of arms, was abandoned by Saint-Clair; he drew upon himself much public + odium by this deed, but he saved the only corps whom the militia could + rally round. Whilst the generals were busied assembling the militia, the + congress recalled them, sent Gates their place, and used all possible + means to support him. At that same time the great English army, of about + eighteen thousand men, had sailed from New York, and the two Howes were + uniting their forces for a secret enterprise; Rhode Island was occupied by + a hostile corps, and General Clinton who had remained at New York, was + there preparing for an expedition. To be able to withstand many various + blows, General Washington, leaving Putnam on the north river, crossed over + the Delaware, and encamped, with eleven thousand men, within reach of + Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + It was under these circumstances that M. de Lafayette first arrived in + America; but the moment, although important to the common cause, was + peculiarly unfavourable to strangers. The Americans were displeased with + the pretensions, and disgusted with the conduct, of many Frenchmen; the + imprudent selections they had in some cases made, the extreme boldness of + some foreign adventurers, the jealousy of the army, and strong national + prejudices, all contributed to confound disinterested zeal with private + ambition, and talents with quackery. Supported by the promises which had + been given by Mr. Deane, a numerous band of foreigners besieged the + congress; their chief was a clever but very imprudent man, and although a + good officer, his excessive vanity amounted almost to madness. With M. de + Lafayette, Mr. Deane had sent out a fresh detachment, and every day such + crowds arrived, that the congress had finally adopted the plan of not + listening to any stranger. The coldness with which M. de Lafayette was + received, might have been taken as a dismissal; but, without appearing + disconcerted by the manner in which the deputies addressed him,~{18} he + entreated them to return to congress, and read the following note:— + </p> + <p> + "After the sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two favours: + one is, to serve at my own expense,—the other is, to serve at first + as volunteer." + </p> + <p> + This style, to which they were so little accustomed, awakened their + attention; the despatches from the envoys were read over, and, in a very + flattering resolution, the rank of major-general was granted to M. de + Lafayette. Amongst the various officers who accompanied him, several were + strangers to him; he was interested, however, for them all, and to those + whose services were not accepted an indemnity for their trouble was + granted. Some months afterwards, M.——- drowned himself in the + Schuylkill, and the loss of that impetuous and imprudent man was perhaps a + fortunate circumstance. + </p> + <p> + The two Howes having appeared before the capes of the Delaware, General + Washington came to Philadelphia, and M. de Lafayette beheld for the first + time that great man.~{19} Although he was surrounded by officers and + citizens, it was impossible to mistake for a moment his majestic figure + and deportment; nor was he less distinguished by the noble affability of + his manner. M. de Lafayette accompanied him in his examination of the + fortifications. Invited by the General to establish himself in his house, + he looked upon it from that moment as his own: with this perfect ease and + simplicity, was formed the tie that united two friends, whose confidence + and attachment were to be cemented by the strongest interests of + humanity.~{20} + </p> + <p> + The American army, stationed some miles from Philadelphia, was waiting + until the movements the hostile army should be decided: the General + himself reviewed the troops; M. de Lafayette arrived there the same day. + About eleven thousand men, ill armed, and still worse clothed, presented a + strange spectacle to the eye of the young Frenchman: their clothes were + parti-coloured, and many of them were almost naked; the best clad wore <i>hunting + shirts</i>, large grey linen coats which were much used in Carolina. As to + their military tactics, it will be sufficient to say that, for a regiment + ranged in order of battle to move forward on the right of its line, it was + necessary for the left to make a continued counter march. They were always + arranged in two lines, the smallest men in the first line; no other + distinction as to height was ever observed. In spite of these + disadvantages, the soldiers were fine, and the officers zealous; virtue + stood in place of science, and each day added both to experience and + discipline. Lord Stirling, more courageous than judicious, another + general, who was often intoxicated, and Greene, whose talents were only + then known to his immediate friends, commanded as majors-general. General + Knox, who had changed the profession of bookseller to that of artillery + officer, was there also, and had himself formed other officers, and + created an artillery. "We must feel embarrassed," said General Washington, + on his arrival, "to exhibit ourselves before an officer who has just + quitted French troops." "It is to learn, and not to teach, that I come + hither," replied M. de Lafayette; and that modest tone, which was not + common in Europeans, produced a very good effect. + </p> + <p> + After having menaced the Delaware, the English fleet again disappeared, + and during some days the Americans amused themselves by making jokes at + its expense. These jokes, however, ceased when it reappeared in the + Chesapeak; and, in order to approach it more closely during the + disembarkation, the patriot army crossed through the town. Their heads + covered with green branches, and marching to the sound of drums and fifes, + these soldiers, in spite of their state of nudity, offered an agreeable + spectacle to the eyes of all the citizens. General Washington was marching + at their head, and M. de Lafayette was by his side. The army stationed + itself upon the heights of Wilmington, and that of the enemy landed in the + Elk river, at the bottom of Chesapeak bay. The very day they landed, + General Washington exposed himself to danger in the most imprudent manner; + after having reconnoitred for a long time the enemy's position, he was + overtaken by a storm during a very dark night, entered a farm house close + to the hostile army, and, from a reluctance to change his own opinion, + remained there with General Greene, M. de Lafayette, and their + aide-de-camp; but when at day break he quitted the farm, he acknowledged + that any one traitor might have caused his ruin. Some days later, + Sullivan's division joined the army, which augmented it in all to thirteen + thousand men. This Major-General Sullivan made a good beginning, but a bad + ending, in an intended surprise on Staten Island. + </p> + <p> + If, by making too extensive a plan of attack, the English committed a + great error, it must also be acknowledged that the Americans were not + irreproachable in their manner of defence. Burgoyne, leading his army, + with their heads bent upon the ground, into woods from whence he could not + extricate them, dragged on, upon a single road, his numerous cannons and + rich military equipages. Certain of not being attacked from behind, the + Americans could dispute every step they took: this kind of warfare + attracted the militia, and Gates improved each day in strength. Every tree + sheltered a skilful rifleman, and the resources offered by military + tactics, and the talents even of their chiefs, had become useless to the + English. The corps left in New York could, it is true, laugh at the corps + of Putnam, but it was too feeble to succour Burgoyne; and instead of being + able to secure his triumph, its own fate was even dependent upon his. + During that time, Howe was only thinking of Philadelphia, and it was at + the expense of the northern expedition that he was repairing thither by an + enormous circuit. But, on the other side, why were the English permitted + to land so tranquilly? Why was the moment allowed to pass when their army + was divided by the river Elk? Why in the south were so many false + movements and so much hesitation displayed? Because the Americans had + hitherto had combats but not battles; because, instead of harassing an + army and disputing hollows, they were obliged to protect an open city, and + manoeuvre in a plain, close to a hostile army, who, by attacking them from + behind, might completely ruin them. General Washington, had he followed + the advice of the people, would have enclosed his army in a city, and thus + have entrusted to one hazard the fate of America; but, whilst refusing to + commit such an act of folly, he was obliged to make some sacrifice, and + gratify the nation by a battle. Europe even expected it; and although he + had been created a dictator for six months, the General thought he ought + to submit everything to the orders of congress, and to the deliberations + of a council of war. + </p> + <p> + After having advanced as far as Wilmington, the general had detached a + thousand men under Maxwell, the most ancient brigadier in the army. At the + first march of the English, he was beaten by their advance guard near + Christiana Bridge. During that time the army took but an indifferent + station at Newport; they then removed a little south, waited two days for + the enemy, and, at the moment when these were marching upon their right + wing, a nocturnal council of war decided that the army was to proceed to + the Brandywine. The stream bearing that name covered its front; the ford + called Chad's Ford, placed nearly in the centre, was defended by + batteries. It was in that scarcely examined station that, in obedience to + a letter from congress, the Americans awaited the battle. The evening of + the 10th of September, Howe advanced in two columns, and, by a very fine + movement, the left column (about 8000 men under Lord Cornwallis, with + grenadiers and guards) directed themselves towards the fords of + Birmingham, three miles on our right; the other column continued its road, + and at about nine o'clock in the morning it appeared on the other side of + the stream. The enemy was so near the skirts of the wood that it was + impossible to judge of his force some time was lost in a mutual + cannonading. General Washington walked along his two lines, and was + received with acclamations which seemed to promise him success. The + intelligence that was received of the movements of Cornwallis was both + confused and contradictory; owing to the conformity of name betwixt two + roads that were of equal length and parallel to each other, the best + officers were mistaken in their reports. The only musket shots that had + been fired were from Maxwell, who killed several of the enemy, but was + driven back upon the left of the American army, across a ford by which he + had before advanced. Three thousand militia had been added to the army, + but they were placed in the rear to guard some still more distant militia, + and took no part themselves in the action. Such was the situation of the + troops when they learnt the march of Lord Cornwallis towards the scarcely + known fords of Birmingham: they then detached three divisions, forming + about five thousand men, under the generals Sullivan, Stirling, and + Stephen. M. de Lafayette, as volunteer, had always accompanied the + general. The left wing remaining in a state of tranquillity, and the right + appearing fated to receive all the heavy blows, he obtained permission to + join Sullivan. At his arrival, which seemed to inspirit the troops, he + found that, the enemy having crossed the ford, the corps of Sullivan had + scarcely had time to form itself on a line in front of a thinly-wooded + forest. A few moments after, Lord Cornwallis formed in the finest order: + advancing across the plain, his first line opened a brisk fire of musketry + and artillery; the Americans returned the fire, and did much injury to the + enemy; but their right and left wings having given way, the generals and + several officers joined the central division, in which were M. de + Lafayette and Stirling, and of which eight hundred men were commanded in a + most brilliant manner by Conway, an Irishman, in the service of France. By + separating that division from its two wings, and advancing through an open + plain, in which they lost many men, the enemy united all their fire upon + the centre: the confusion became extreme; and it was whilst M. de + Lafayette was rallying the troops that a ball passed through his leg;—at + that moment all those remaining on the field gave way. M. de Lafayette was + indebted to Gimat, his aide-de-camp, for the happiness of getting upon his + horse. General Washington arrived from a distance with fresh troops; M. de + Lafayette was preparing to join him, when loss of blood obliged him to + stop and have his wound bandaged; he was even very near being taken. + Fugitives, cannon, and baggage now crowded without order into the road + leading to Chester. The general employed the remaining daylight in + checking the enemy: some regiments behaved extremely well but the disorder + was complete. During that time the ford of Chad was forced, the cannon + taken and the Chester road became the common retreat of the whole army. In + the midst of that dreadful confusion, and during the darkness of the + night, it was impossible to recover; but at Chester, twelve miles from the + field of battle, they met with a bridge which it was necessary to cross; + M. de Lafayette occupied himself in arresting the fugitives; some degree + of order was re-established; the generals and the commander-in-chief + arrived; and he had leisure to have his wound dressed. + </p> + <p> + It was thus, at twenty-six miles from Philadelphia, that the fate of that + town was decided, (11th September, 1777.) The inhabitants had heard every + cannon that was fired there; the two parties, assembled in two distinct + bands in all the squares and public places, had awaited the event in + silence. The last courier at length arrived, and the friends of Liberty + were thrown into consternation. The Americans had lost from 1000 to 1200 + men. Howe's army was composed of about 12,000 men; their losses had been + so considerable that their surgeons and those in the country, were found + insufficient, and they requested the American army to supply them with + some for their prisoners. If the enemy had marched to Derby, the army + would have been cut up and destroyed: they lost an all-important night; + and this was perhaps their greatest fault, during a war in which they + committed so many errors. + </p> + <p> + M. de Lafayette, having been conveyed by water to Philadelphia, was + carefully attended to by the citizens, who were all interested in his + situation and extreme youth. That same evening the congress determined to + quit the city: a vast number of the inhabitants deserted their own hearths—whole + families, abandoning their possessions, and uncertain of the future, took + refuge in the mountains. M. de Lafayette was carried to Bristol in a boat; + he there saw the fugitive congress, who only assembled again on the other + side of the Susquehannah; he was himself conducted to Bethlehem, a + Moravian establishment, where the mild religion of the brotherhood, the + community of fortune, education, and interests, amongst that large and + simple family, formed a striking contrast to scenes of blood, and the + convulsions occasioned by a civil war. + </p> + <p> + After the Brandywine defeat, the two armies maneouvered along the banks of + the Schuylkill. General Washington still remained on a height above the + enemy, and completely out of his reach; nor had they again an opportunity + of cutting him off. Waine, an American brigadier, was detached to observe + the English; but, being surprised during the night, near the White-Horse, + by General Grey, he lost there the greatest part of his corps. At length + Howe crossed the Schuylkill at Swede's Ford, and Lord Cornwallis entered + Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + In spite of the declaration of independence of the New States, everything + there bore the appearance of a civil war. The names of Whig and Tory + distinguished the republicans and royalists; the English army was still + called the <i>regular troops</i>; the British sovereign was always + designated by the name of the king. Provinces, towns, and families were + divided by the violence of party spirit: brothers, officers in the two + opposing armies, meeting by chance in their father's house, have seized + their arms to fight with each other. Whilst, in the rancour of their + pride, the English committed horrible acts of licence and cruelty,—whilst + discipline dragged in her train those venal Germans who knew only how to + kill, burn, and pillage, in the same army were seen regiments of + Americans, who, trampling under foot their brethren, assisted in enslaving + their wasted country. Each canton contained a still greater number whose + sole object was to injure the friends of liberty, and give information to + those of despotism. To these inveterate Tories must be added the number of + those whom fear, private interest, or religion, rendered adverse to war. + If the Presbyterians, the children of Cromwell and Fairfax, detested + royalty, the Lutherans, who had sprung from it, were divided among + themselves: the Quakers hated slaughter, but served willingly as guides to + the royal troops. Insurrections were by no means uncommon: near the + enemy's stations, farmers often shot each other; robbers were even + encouraged. The republican chiefs were exposed to great dangers when they + travelled through the country; it was always necessary for them to declare + that they should pass the night in one house, then take possession of + another, barricade themselves in it, and only sleep with their arms by + their side. In the midst of these troubles, M. de Lafayette was no longer + considered as a stranger; never was any adoption more complete than his + own: and whilst, in the councils of war, he trembled when he considered + that his voice (at twenty years of age) might decide the fate of two + worlds, he was also initiated in those deliberations in which, by + reassuring the Whigs, intimidating the Tories, supporting an ideal money, + and redoubling their firmness in the hour of adversity, the American + chiefs conducted that revolution through so many obstacles. + </p> + <p> + Confined to his bed for six weeks, M. de Lafayette suffered from his + wound, but still more severely from his inactivity. The good Moravian + brothers loved him, and deplored his warlike folly. Whilst listening to + their sermons, he planned setting Europe and Asia in a flame. As he was no + longer able to do anything but write, he wrote to the commander of la + Martinique, and proposed to him to make a descent upon the English islands + under American colours. He wrote also to M. de Maurepas, and offered to + conduct some Americans to the Isle of France, concerting previously with + individuals an attack upon the English factories.~{21} From the + particulars which have since become known, that project in India would + have succeeded; but it was rejected at Versailles, where no answers were + yet vouchsafed to M. de Lafayette's letters. Bouillé more ardent in + temper, would have adopted the whole plan, but he could not act without + permission; and these delays led to the period of the war which M. de + Lafayette was so desirous of bringing on. + </p> + <p> + During his residence at Bethlehem, the English entrenched themselves at + Philadelphia. The two rivers which encompassed the town were united by a + chain of wooden palisades and good redoubts, partly covered by an + inundation. A portion of their army was encamped at Germantown, five miles + in advance of those lines; these were attacked, the 4th of October, by + Washington, and although his left column was retarded by an absurd + precedence of divisions, and misled by a thick fog,—although the + advance guard of the right, under Conway, attacked in front what it ought + to have attacked in flank, the enemy was not less taken by surprise and + beaten, and the general, with his victorious wing, passed through the + whole extent of the enemy's encampment. All things went on well until + then; but a false movement of the left column, and still more the attack + of a stone house which they should have turned, gave the enemy time to + rally. Howe was thinking of a retreat, but Cornwallis arrived in haste + with a reinforcement. The Americans repassed through the English + encampment, and the action ended by a complete defeat. Many men were lost + on both sides. General Agnew, an Englishman, and General Nash, an + American, were killed. The Americans had some dragoons under Pulaski, the + only one of the confederated Poles who had refused to accept a pardon. He + was an intrepid knight, a libertine and devotee, and a better captain than + general; he insisted on being a Pole on all occasions, and M. de + Lafayette, after having contributed to his reception in the army, often + exerted himself to effect a reconciliation betwixt him and the other + officers. Without waiting for his wound to be closed, M. de Lafayette + returned to head-quarters, twenty-five miles from Philadelphia. The enemy, + who had fallen back upon their lines, attacked Fort Mifflin, upon an + island, and Fort Red-Bank, on the left side of the Delaware. Some <i>chevaux + de frise</i>, protected by the forts, and some galleys, stopped the fleet, + magazines, and detachments which had been sent from the Chesapeak. Amongst + the skirmishes which took place betwixt small parties of soldiers, the + most remarkable one was the surprise of a corps of militia at + Cevoked-Billet,~{22} in which the English burnt their wounded prisoners in + a barn. Such was the situation of the south, when news was received of the + capitulation of Burgoyne. That general, when he quitted Canada, had made a + diversion on his right; but Saint Leger had failed in an operation against + Fort Schuyler; and he himself, by advancing towards Albany, appeared to + have lost much time. Gates was constantly adding numerous militia to his + continental troops. All the citizens being armed militia, a signal of + alarm assembled them, or an order of state summoned them to march. But if + that crusade were rather a voluntary one, their residence at the camp was + still more dependent on their own inclination: the discipline was suitable + to the formation of the corps. The continentalists, on the contrary, + belonged to the thirteen states, of which each one supplied some + regiments; the soldiers were either engaged for the war or for three + years, which improper alternative was occasioned by republican jealousy. + These regular troops had military regulations, a severe discipline, and + the officers of each state vied with each other for promotion. Gates, + placed in an entrenched position, in the centre of woods, on the road to + Albany, and with the North river on his right, had assembled sixteen + thousand men; and this invasion of the enemy, by threatening New England, + had served as an instant summons to the brave militia. They had already + proved their strength at Bennington, where Stark had surrounded and + destroyed a detachment belonging to Burgoyne. The enemy, having arrived + within three miles of Gates, and not being able to make a circuit round + him without abandoning their cannon and military accoutrements, attempted + twice to force him; but they had scarcely commenced their march when + Arnold fell upon them with his division, and in those woods, lined with + sharpshooters, it was only possible for them to reach the entrenchments. + Arnold had his leg broken at the second affair; Lincoln, the other + major-general, was wounded also. Four thousand men, who embarked at New + York, had, it is true, ascended the Hudson. Whilst Vaughan was needlessly + burning Esopus, Clinton had taken all the forts that defended the river. + They were but little annoyed by Putnam, who, in the first breaking out of + the troubles, had thrown aside his plough to bear to the army far more + zeal than talent. But still that diversion was too weak; and by a note + which a spy who had been taken swallowed, but which was recovered by an + emetic, it was seen that Clinton was aware of his own weakness. Burgoyne, + abandoned by the savages, regretting his best soldiers, and Frazer, his + best general, reduced to five thousand men, who were in want of + provisions, wished to retreat; but it was then too late: his + communications were no longer open; and it was at Saratoga, some miles in + the rear of his army, that he signed the celebrated convention. A + brilliant troop, covered with gold, filed out with Burgoyne: they + encountered Gates and his officers, all clothed in plain grey cloth. After + a frugal repast, the two generals beheld the conquered army filing out; + and, as a member of parliament said, "<i>five thousand men crossed the + rebel country to take up their winter quarters near Boston</i>." Clinton + then redescended to New York, and the militia returned to their domestic + hearths. Gates' chief merit consisted in his skilful choice of a position; + Burgoyne's misfortune was owing to the nature of the country, which was + impracticable and almost a desert. If the enemies of the former criticised + the terms of the convention, M. de Lafayette loudly proclaimed how + glorious he thought it; but he blamed Gates afterwards for rendering + himself independent of his general, and for retaining the troops which he + ought to have sent him. To obtain them, it was necessary to despatch + Hamilton, a young man of great talents, whose counsels had justly acquired + much credit.~{23} + </p> + <p> + The forts of the Delaware had not yet yielded: that of Red-Bank, defended + by four hundred men, was attacked, sword in hand, by sixteen hundred + Hessians. The work having been reduced by Mauduit, a young Frenchman, the + enemy engaged betwixt the old and new entrenchments. They were driven back + with the loss of seven hundred men and Count Donop, their chief, whose + last words were—"<i>I die the victim of my own ambition, and the + avarice of my sovereign</i>." That fort was commanded by an old and + respected colonel, Greene, who, three years after, was massacred by the + English to whom he had surrendered, whilst, covering him with his own + body, an old negro perished heroically by his side. Fort Mifflin, although + attacked by land and water, did not defend itself less valiantly; the <i>Augusta</i>, + an English ship of the line, had been already blown up; a frigate also + perished; and Colonel Smith did not even think of surrendering: but the + island being attacked from an unknown passage, the works were assaulted + from the rear, and were obliged to be evacuated. Lord Cornwallis and five + thousand men having fallen upon the Jerseys, it became also necessary to + quit Red-Bank which the Americans blew up before leaving it: General + Greene, crossing the river at Trenton opposed, with a precisely equal + force, the detachment of Cornwallis. + </p> + <p> + Although M. de Lafayette's wound was not yet sufficiently closed for him + to put on a boot, he accompanied Greene to Mount Holly; and detaching + himself in order to reconnoitre, he found the enemy, November 25th, at + Gloucester, opposite Philadelphia. The booty they had collected was + crossing the river. To assure himself more fully on this point M. de + Lafayette advanced upon the strip of land called Sandy Point, and for this + imprudence he would have paid dearly if those who had the power of killing + him had not depended too much on those who had the power of taking him + prisoner. After having succeeded in somewhat appeasing the terror of his + guides, he found himself, about four o'clock, two miles from the English + camp, before a post of four hundred Hessians with their cannon. Having + only three hundred and fifty men, most of them militia, he suddenly + attacked the enemy, who gave way before him. Lord Cornwallis came up with + his grenadiers; but, supposing himself to be engaged with the corps of + General Greene, he allowed himself to be driven back to the neighbourhood + of Gloucester, with a loss of about sixty men. Greene arrived in the + night, but would not attack the enemy. Lord Cornwallis passed over the + river, and the American detachment rejoined the army at its station at + Whitemarsh, twelve miles from Philadelphia. It had occupied, since the + last month, some excellent heights; the general's accurate glance had + discerned the situation of the encampment through an almost impenetrable + wood. + </p> + <p> + The slight success of Gloucester gratified the army, and especially the + militia. The congress resolved, that "it would be extremely agreeable to + them to see the Marquis de Lafayette at the head of a division."~{24} He + quitted, therefore, his situation of volunteer, and succeeded Stephen in + the command of the Virginians. The junction of Cornwallis having been the + work of some hours, and that of Greene requiring several marches, it is + difficult to imagine why Howe gave him time to arrive, and only proceeded + with his army on the 5th of December to Chesnut Hill, three miles from + Whitemarsh. After having felt his way with the right wing, of which he + stood in some awe, he threatened to attack the extreme left; and that + wing, following his own movements, stationed itself on the declivity of + the heights. Some shots were exchanged betwixt the English light horsemen + and the American riflemen, very skilful carabineers, who inhabit the + frontiers of the savage tribes. Not being able to attack that position, + and not wishing to make the circuit of it, Howe returned, on the fourth + day, to Philadelphia. In spite of the northern reinforcements, the + Americans were reduced to nine thousand, and the advanced season + diminished their numbers rapidly. The protection of the country had cost + the army dear. The 15th of December they marched toward Swedes' Ford, + where Lord Cornwallis was accidentally foraging on the other side of the + river. M. de Lafayette, being upon duty, was examining a position, when + his escort and the enemy fired upon each other. The uncertainty being + mutual, Lord Cornwallis and General Washington suspended their march; the + former having retired during the night, the army crossed over the + Schuylkill, and entrenched itself in the station of Valley-Forge, + twenty-two miles from Philadelphia. Having skillfully erected there, in a + few days, a city of wooden huts the army established itself in its + melancholy winter quarters. A small corps was detached to Wilmington, and + fortified itself, under the command of Brigadier-General Smallwood. + </p> + <p> + Notwithstanding the success in the north, the situation of the Americans + had never been more critical than at the present moment. A paper money, + without out any certain foundation, and unmixed with any specie, was both + counterfeited by the enemy and discredited by their partizans. They feared + to establish taxes, and had still less the power of levying them. The + people, who had risen against the taxation of England, were astonished at + paying still heavier taxes now; and the government was without any power + to enforce them. On the other side, New York and Philadelphia were + overstocked with gold and various merchandizes; the threatened penalty of + death could not stop a communication that was but too easy. To refuse the + payment of taxes, to depreciate the paper currency, and feed the enemy, + was a certain method of attaining wealth; privations and misery were only + experienced by good citizens. Each proclamation of the English was + supported by their seductions, their riches, and the intrigues of the + Tories. Whilst a numerous garrison lived sumptuously at New York, some + hundreds of men, ill-clothed and ill-fed, wandered upon the shores of the + Hudson. The army of Philadelphia, freshly recruited from Europe, + abundantly supplied with everything they could require, consisted of + eighteen thousand men: that of Valley-Forge was successively reduced to + five thousand men; and two marches on the fine Lancaster road, (on which + road also was a chain of magazines,) by establishing the English in the + rear of their right flank, would have rendered their position untenable; + from which, however, they had no means of retiring. The unfortunate + soldiers were in want of everything; they had no coats, hats, shirts, or + shoes; their feet and legs froze till they became black, and it was often + necessary to amputate them. From want of money, they could neither obtain + provisions nor any means of transport; the colonels were often reduced to + two rations, and sometimes even to one. The army frequently remained whole + days without provisions, and the patient endurance of both soldiers and + officers was a miracle which each moment served to renew. But the sight of + their misery prevented new engagements; it was almost impossible to levy + recruits; it was easy to desert into the interior of the country. The + sacred liberty was not extinguished, it is true, and the majority of the + citizens detested British tyranny; but the triumph of the north, and the + tranquillity of the south, had lulled to sleep two-thirds of the + continent. The remaining part was harassed by two armies; and, throughout + this revolution, the great difficulty was, that, in order to conceal + misfortunes from the enemy, it was necessary to conceal them from the + nation also; that by awakening the one, information was likewise given to + the other; and that fatal blows would have been struck upon the weakest + points before democratic tardiness could have been roused to support them. + It was from this cause that, during the whole war, the real force of the + army was always kept a profound secret; even congress was not apprised of + it, and the generals were often themselves deceived. General Washington + never placed unlimited confidence in any person, except in M. de + Lafayette; because for him alone, perhaps, confidence sprung from warm + affection. As the situation grew more critical, discipline became more + necessary. In the course of his nocturnal rounds, in the midst of heavy + snows, de Lafayette was obliged to break some negligent officers. He + adopted in every respect the American dress, habits, and food. He wished + to be more simple, frugal, and austere than the Americans themselves. + Brought up in the lap of luxury, he suddenly changed his whole manner of + living, and his constitution bent itself to privation as well as to + fatigue. He always took the liberty of freely writing his ideas to + congress; or, in imitation of the prudence of the general, he gave his + opinion to some members of a corps or state assembly, that, being adopted + by them, it might be brought forward in the deliberations of congress. + </p> + <p> + In addition to the difficulties which lasted during the whole of the war, + the winter of Valley-Forge recals others still more painful. At Yorktown, + behind the Susquehannah, congress was divided into two factions, which, in + spite of their distinction of south and east, did not the less occasion a + separation between members of the same state. The deputies substituted + their private intrigues for the wishes of the nation. Several impartial + men had retired; several states had but one representative, and in some + cases not even one. Party spirit was so strong, that three years + afterwards congress still felt the effects of it. Any great event, + however, would awaken their patriotism; and when Burgoyne declared that + his treaty had been broken, means were found to stop the departure of his + troops, which everything, even the few provisions for the transports, had + foolishly betrayed. But all these divisions failed to produce the greatest + of calamities—the loss of the only man capable of conducting the + revolution. + </p> + <p> + Gates was at Yorktown, where he inspired respect by his manners, promises, + and European acquirements. Amongst the deputies who united themselves to + him, may be numbered the Lees, Virginians, enemies of Washington, and the + two Adams. Mifflin, quarter-master-general, aided him with his talents and + brilliant eloquence. They required a name to bring forward in the plot, + and they selected Conway, who fancied himself the chief of a party. To + praise Gates, with a certain portion of the continent and the troops, was + a pretext for speaking of themselves. The people attach themselves to + prosperous generals, and the commander-in-chief had been unsuccessful. His + own character inspired respect and affection; but Greene, Hamilton, Knox, + his best friends, were sadly defamed. The Tories fomented these + dissensions. The presidency of the war-office, which had been created for + Gates, restricted the power of the general. This was not the only + inconvenience; a committee from congress arrived at the camp, and the + attack of Philadelphia was daringly proposed. The most shrewd people did + not believe that Gates was the real object of this intrigue. Though a good + officer he had not the power to assert himself. He would have given place + to the famous General Lee, then a prisoner of the English, whose first + care would have been to have made over to them his friends and all + America. + </p> + <p> + Attached to the general, and still more so to the cause, M. de Lafayette + did not hesitate for a moment; and, in spite of the caresses of one party, + he remained faithful to the other, whose ruin seemed then impending. He + saw and corresponded frequently with the general, and often discused with + him his own private situation, and the effect that various meliorations in + the army might produce. Having sent for his wife to the camp, the general + preserved in his deportment the noble composure which belongs to a strong + and virtuous mind. "I have not sought for this place," said he to M. de + Lafayette; "if I am displeasing to the nation I will retire; but until + then I will oppose all intrigues." + </p> + <p> + (1778.) The 22nd of January, congress resolved that Canada should be + entered, and the choice fell upon M. de Lafayette. The Generals Conway and + Stark were placed under him. Hoping to intoxicate and govern so young a + commander, the war-office, without consulting the commander-in-chief, + wrote to him to go and await his further instructions at Albany.~{25} But + after having won over by his arguments the committee which congress had + sent to the camp, M. de Lafayette hastened to Yorktown, and declared there + "that he required circumstantial orders, a statement of the means to be + employed, the certainty of not deceiving the Canadians, an augmentation of + generals, and rank for several Frenchmen, fully impressed," he added, + "with the various duties and advantages they derived from their name; but + the first condition he demanded was, not to be made, like Gates, + independent of General Washington." At Gates' own house he braved the + whole party, and threw them into confusion by making them drink the health + of their general.~{26} In congress he was supported by President Laurens, + and he obtained all that he demanded. His instructions from the war-office + promised that 2500 men should be assembled at Albany, and a large corps of + militia at Coos; that he should have two millions in paper money, some + hard specie, and, all means supplied for crossing lake Champlain upon the + ice, whence, after having burnt the English flotilla, he was to proceed to + Montreal, and act there as circumstances might require. + </p> + <p> + Repassing then, not without some danger, the Susquehannah, which was + filled with floating masses of ice, M. de Lafayette set out for Albany, + and, in spite of the obstacles offered by ice and snow, rapidly traversed + an extent of four hundred miles. Whilst travelling thus on horseback, he + became thoroughly acquainted with the simplicity and purity of the + inhabitants, their patriarchal mode of life, and their republican ideas. + Devoted to their household cares, the women are happy, and afford to their + husbands the calmest and truest felicity. The unmarried women alone is + love spoken of, and their modesty enhances the charm of their innocent + coquetry. In the chance marriages which take place in Paris, the fidelity + of the wife is often repugnant to the voice of nature and of reason, one + might almost say to the principles of justice. In America, a girl marries + her lover, and it would be like having two lovers at the same time if she + were to break that valid agreement; because both parties know equally how + and in what manner they are bound to each other. In the bosom of their own + families, the men occupy themselves with their private affairs, or + assemble together to regulate those of the state. They talk politics over + their glasses, and become animated by patriotism rather than strong + liquor. Whilst the children shed tears at the name of Tory, the old men + sent up prayers to Heaven that they might be permitted to see the end of + that war. During his repeated and rapid journeys, M. de Lafayette, mixing + with all classes of society, was not wholly useless to the good cause, to + the interest of the French, and to the party of General Washington. + </p> + <p> + M. de Lafayette, on arriving at Albany, experienced some disappointments. + Instead of 2500 men, there were not 1200. Stark's militia had not even + received a summons. Clothes, provisions, magazines, sledges, all were + insufficient for that glacial expedition. By making better preparations + and appointing the general earlier, success would probably have been + secured. Several Canadians began to make a movement, and from that moment + they testified great interest in M. de Lafayette; but two months were + requisite to collect all that was necessary, and towards the middle of + March the lakes begin to thaw. M. de Lafayette, general, at twenty years + of age, of a small army, charged with an important and very difficult + operation, authorized by the orders of congress, animated by the + expectations now felt in America, and which, he knew, would ere long be + felt likewise in Europe, had many motives for becoming adventurous; but, + on the other hand, his resources were slender, the time allowed him was + short, the enemy was in a good position, and Lieutenant-General Carleton + was preparing for him another Saratoga. Forced to take a decisive step + immediately, he wrote a calm letter to congress, and with a heavy sigh + abandoned the enterprise. At the same period, congress, becoming a little + less confident, despatched to him some wavering counsels, which, arriving + too late, only served to compromise the general and justify the + government. But the prudence of M. de Lafayette was at length rewarded by + the approbation of congress and of the nation; and, until the opening of + the campaign, he continued to command that department.~{27} He found there + that intrepid Arnold, who was still detained by his wound, and who since + ...... ; he became intimately acquainted with Schuyler, the predecessor of + Gates, in disgrace as well as Saint-Clair, but who continued useful to the + cause from the superiority of his talents, his importance in that part of + the country, and the confidence he enjoyed in New York, of which state he + was a citizen. + </p> + <p> + If Canada did not herself send an offensive army, all the savages were + paid and protected by the English party: the Hurons and Iroquois committed + their devastations on that whole frontier. Some baubles or a barrel of rum + were sufficient to make them seize the tomahawk; they then rushed upon + villages, burnt houses, destroyed harvests, massacred all, without regard + to age or sex, and received on their return the price of each bloody scalp + they could exhibit. A young American girl, whom her lover, an English, was + expecting, that their marriage might take place, was killed by the very + savages he had sent to escort her. Two Americans were actually eaten up by + the Senecas, and a colonel of the English army was a guest at that + horrible repast. "It is thus," was often said to the savages, whilst + drinking with them at the councils, "it is thus we must drink the blood of + rebels." M. de Lafayette, conscious that he could not protect such an + immense extent of frontier, prepared quarters in every direction, and + announced the speedy arrival of troops in all the counties; and this + stratagem stopped the depredations of the savages, who do not usually + attack those places in which they expect to find much resistance. But he + kept the Albany troops close together, satisfied them a little as to + payment, provisioned the forts, which had been hitherto neglected, and + arrested a plot of which any particulars have never been precisely known. + He found in George Clinton, governor of the state of New York, a firm and + an enlightened co-operator. + </p> + <p> + Soon after, Schuyler and Duane, who were charged with the management of + the affairs of the savages, appointed a general assembly at Johnson's + Town, upon the Mohawk river. Recalling to them their former attachment to + the French, M. de Lafayette repaired thither in a sledge to shew himself + in person to those nations whom the English had endeavoured to prejudice + against him. Five hundred men, women, and children, covered with various + coloured paints and feathers, with their ears cut open, their noses + ornamented with rings, and their half-naked bodies marked with different + figures, were present at the councils. Their old men, whilst smoking, + talked politics extremely well. Their object seemed to be to promote a + balance of power; if the intoxication of rum, as that of ambition in + Europe, had not often turned them aside from it. M. de Lafayette, adopted + by them, received the name of <i>Kayewla</i>, which belonged formerly to + one of their warriors; and under this name he is well known to all the + savage tribes. Some louis which he distributed under the form of medals, + and some stuffs from the state of New York, produced but little effect + when compared to the presents they had received from England. A treaty was + entered into, which some of them rigidly observed; and the course of the + evil was at least arrested for the present. The Oneidas and Tuscaroras, + the only real friends the Americans possessed, requested to have a fort; + and M. de Lafayette left them M. de Gouvion, a French officer, whose + talents and virtues rendered him of great value to the cause. Whenever + savages were required at the army, whenever there was any dealings with + these tribes, recourse was always had to the credit of M. de Lafayette, + whose <i>necklaces</i> and <i>words</i> were equally respected. + </p> + <p> + On his return, he found that the form of a new oath had been established, + which each civil and military officer was to take, according to his own + religious belief. <i>An acknowledgment of the independence, liberty, and + sovereignty of the United States; an eternal renunciation of George III., + his successors, and heirs, and every King of England; a promise to defend + the said states against the said George III</i>.; this was the purport of + the oath administered by him to the whole northern department.~{28} At the + approach of spring, M. de Lafayette was recalled to the south. The affairs + of General Washington were already in a more flourishing condition. + Several of the states recommended him to their deputies; and from only + suspecting one of them of being unfavourable to him, the New York assembly + wished to recal one of their delegates. Congress had been a little + recruited, and they were thinking of recruiting the army. At Valley-Forge, + M. de Lafayette found some difficulty not from the substance, but merely + from the form of the oath; but that difficulty was easily obviated. A + short time after, Simeon Deane arrived with the treaty of commerce between + France and the United States. + </p> + <p> + By quitting France in so public a manner, M. de Lafayette had served the + cause of the revolution. One portion of society was anxious for his + success and the attention of the other had become, to say the least, + somewhat occupied in the struggle. If a spirit of emulation made those + connected with the court desirous of war, the rest of the nation supported + the young rebel, and followed with interest all his movements; and it is + well known that the rupture that ensued was truly a national one. Some + circumstances relating to his departure having displeased the court of + London, M. de Lafayette omitted nothing that could draw more closely + together the nations whose union he so ardently desired. The incredible + prejudices of the Americans had been, augmented by the conduct of the + first Frenchmen who had joined them. These men gradually disappeared, and + all those who remained were remarkable for talents, or at least for + probity. They became the friends of M. de Lafayette, who sincerely sought + out all the national prejudices of the Americans against his countrymen + for the purpose of overcoming them. Love and respect for the name of + Frenchman animated his letters and speeches, and he wished the affection + that was granted to him individually to become completely national. On the + other side, when writing to Europe, he denied the reports made by + discontented adventurers, by good officers who were piqued at not having + been employed, and by those men who, serving themselves in the army, + wished to be witty or amusing by the political contrasts they described in + their letters. But, without giving a circumstantial account of what + private influence achieved, it is certain that enthusiasm for the cause, + and esteem for its defenders, had electrified all France, and that the + affair of Saratoga decided the ministerial commotion. Bills of + conciliation passed in the English house of parliament, and five + commissioners were sent to offer far more than have been demanded until + then. No longer waiting to see <i>how things would turn out</i>, M. de + Maurepas yielded to the public wish, and what his luminous mind had + projected, the more unchanging disposition of M. de Vergennes put in + execution. A treaty was generously entered into with Franklin, Deane, and + Arthur Lee, and that treaty was announced with more confidence than had + been for some time displayed. But the war was not sufficiently foreseen, + or at least sufficient preparations were not made. The most singular fact + is, that at the very period when the firm resistance of the court of + France had guided the conduct of two courts, America had fallen herself + into such a state of weakness, that she was on the very brink of ruin. The + 2nd of May, the army made a bonfire, and M. de Lafayette, ornamented with + a white scarf, proceeded to the spot, accompanied by all the French. Since + the arrival of the conciliatory bills, he had never ceased writing against + the commission, and against every commissioner. The advances of these men + were ill-received by congress; and, foreseeing a French co-operation, the + enemy began to think of quitting Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + General Washington sent two thousand chosen men across the Schuylkill to + collect intelligence. M. de Lafayette, their commander, repaired, the 18th + of May, to Barren Hill, eleven miles from the two armies. On a good + elevation, his right resting upon some rocks and the river, on his left + some excellent stone houses and a small wood, his front sustained by five + pieces of cannon, and with roads in his rear, such was the position of M. + de Lafayette. An hundred dragoons whom he was expecting did not arrive in + sufficient time; but he stationed six hundred militia on his left at + Whitemarsh, and their general, Porter, made himself answerable for those + roads. On the evening of the 19th, Howe, who had just been recalled, and + Clinton, who replaced him, sent out a detachment of seven thousand men, + with fourteen pieces of cannon, under General Grant. Passing behind the + inundation, that corps proceeded on the road to Francfort, and, by a + circuitous movement, fell into that of Whitemarsh, from which the militia + had just thought proper to retire. On the morning of the 20th, M. de + Lafayette was conversing with a young lady, who, on pretence of seeing her + relations, to oblige him had consented to go to Philadelphia, when he was + informed that the red dragoons were at Whitemarsh. It was the uniform of + those he was expecting; he had placed Porter there; he had promised to pay + him a visit, and intended that very evening to carry thither his + detachment. But, for greater security, he examined carefully into the + truth of the report; and, ascertaining that a column was marching on the + left, he changed his front, and covered it with the houses, the wood, and + a small churchyard. Scarcely was that movement ended, when he found + himself cut off by Grant on the Swedes' Ford road in his rear. It was in + the presence of the troops that he first heard the cry that he was + surrounded, and he was forced to smile at the unpleasant intelligence. + Several officers, whom he had despatched to Valley-Forge, declared that + they had been unable to find a passage. Every moment was precious, and M. + de Lafayette proceeded on the road of Matson Ford, to which the enemy was + nearer than himself. General Poor commanded his advance guard; and to him + he sent Gimat, his own confidential aide-de-camp. He placed himself as the + rear guard, and marched on with rapidity, but without precipitation. Grant + had possession of the heights, and M. de Lafayette's road lay immediately + beneath them. His apparent composure deceived his adversary; and + perceiving that he was reconnoitring him, he presented to him, from among + the trees and behind curtains, false heads of columns. The time that Grant + occupied in reconnoitring, and discovering an imaginary ambuscade, M. de + Lafayette employed in regaining the foreground; at length he passed by + Grant's column. He managed to impose likewise on Grey's column, which + followed him; and when the third division, under Howe and Clinton, reached + Barren Hill, the Americans had already passed over Matson Ford. Forming + themselves on the opposite shore, they awaited the enemy, who dared not + attack them. Advancing on the ground, Howe was astonished at finding only + one red line: the generals quarrelled; and although the commander in chief + had invited some ladies to sup with M. de Lafayette, although the admiral, + (Howe's brother,) knowing him to be surrounded, had prepared a frigate for + him, the whole army, (of which half had made a march of forty miles,) + returned, much fatigued, without having taken a single man. It was then + that fifty savages, friends of the Americans, encountered fifty English + dragoons; and the cries of war on one side, and the appearance of the + cavalry on the other, surprised the parties so much that they both fled, + with equal speed. The alarm had been likewise great at Valley Forge; and + the report of three pieces of cannon that were there fired appeared an + additional mystery to Grant. The aim of the general being attained, the + detachment returned to its quarters, and M. de Lafayette was well received + by the general and army.~{29} + </p> + <p> + An exchange of prisoners had long been talked of, and the cruelty of the + English rendered this measure more necessary. Cooped up in a vessel at New + York, and breathing a most noxious atmosphere, the American prisoners + suffered all that gross insolence could add to famine, dirt, disease, and + complete neglect. Their food was, to say the least, unwholesome. The + officers, often confounded with their soldiers, appealed to former + capitulations and to the right of nations; but they were only answered by + fresh outrages. When one victim sunk beneath such treatment, "Tis well," + was said to the survivors; "there is one rebel less." Acts of retaliation + had been but rarely practised by the Americans; and the English, like + other tyrants, mistook their mildness and generosity for timidity. Five + hundred Americans, in a half-dying state, had been carried to the + sea-shore, where the greatest number of them soon expired, and the general + very properly refused to reckon them in exchange for his own prisoners of + war. Another obstacle to the cartel was the capture of Lee, who had been + taken prisoner in 1776; the congress insisted on his liberation, and, + after much debating on both sides, he was at length exchanged for General + Prescot. Lee, who had been formerly a colonel in the English service, a + general in Poland, and a fellow-soldier of the Russians and Portuguese, + was well acquainted with all countries, all services, and several + languages. His features were plain, his turn of mind caustic, his feelings + ambitious and avaricious, his temper uncomplying, and his whole appearance + singular and unprepossessing. A temporary fit of generosity had induced + him to quit the English service, and the Americans, at that period, + listened to him as to an oracle. In his heart he detested the general, and + felt a sincere affection for himself alone; but, in 1776, his advice had + undoubtedly saved both the general and the army. He made many advances to + M. de Lafayette, but the one was a violent Englishman, and the other an + enthusiastic Frenchman, and their intimacy was often interrupted by their + differences of opinion. Gates, whose great projects had been frustrated, + was at that time commanding a corps at White Plains, upon the left side of + the Hudson, opposite to the island of New York. Conway had retired from + service, and the place of inspector, which had been created for him, was + given to Steuben, an old Prussian, with moderate talents, but methodical + habits, who organized the army and perfected their tactics. The congress + received at that time some conciliatory epistles, and the sentiments their + answers breathed, like all the other deliberations of that assembly, were + nobly felt, and nobly expressed. Lord Carlisle was president of the + commission, and Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, Mr. Eden, and Governor + Johnstone were its members. The last named person wrote to some friends, + who published his letters. + </p> + <p> + On the 17th of June, Philadelphia was evacuated. The invalids, magazines, + and heavy ammunition of the British were embarked with the general; the + commissioners of conciliation alone remained behind. Passing over to + Gloucester, the army marched in two columns, each consisting of seven + thousand men, commanded by Clinton and Knyphausen, towards New York. The + army of the United States, which was of nearly equal force, directed + itself from Valley Forge to Coryell's Ferry, and from thence to King's + Town, within a march of the enemy; it was thus left at the option of the + Americans, either to follow on their track, or to repair to White Plains. + In a council held on this subject, Lee very eloquently endeavoured to + prove that it was necessary to erect a bridge of gold for the enemy; that + while on the very point of forming an alliance with them, every thing + ought not to be placed at hazard; that the English army had never been so + excellent and so well disciplined; he declared himself to be for White + Plains: his speech influenced the opinion of Lord Stirling and of the + brigadiers-general. M. de Lafayette, placed on the other side, spoke late, + and asserted that it would be disgraceful for the chiefs, and humiliating + for the troops, to allow the enemy to traverse the Jerseys tranquilly; + that, without running, any improper risk, the rear guard might be + attacked; that it was necessary to follow the English, manoeuvre with + prudence, take advantage of a temporary separation, and, in short, seize + the most favourable opportunities and situations. This advice was approved + by many of the council, and above all by M. du Portail, chief of the + engineers, and a very distinguished officer. The majority were, however, + in favour of Lee; but M. de Lafayette spoke again to the general on this + subject in the evening, and was seconded by Hamilton, and by Greene, who + had been lately named quarter-master in place of Mifflin. Several of the + general officers changed their opinion; and the troops having already + begun their march, they were halted, in order to form a detachment. When + united, there were 3,000 continentalists and 1,200 militia; the command + fell to the share of Lee, but, by the express desire of the general, M. de + Lafayette succeeded in obtaining it. Everything was going on extremely + well, when Lee changed his mind, and chose to command the troops himself; + having again yielded this point, he re-changed once more; and as the + general wished him to adhere to his first decision—"It is my fortune + and honour," said Lee, to M. de Lafayette, "that I place in your hands; + you are too generous to cause the loss of both!" This tone succeeded + better, and M. de Lafayette promised to ask for him the next day. The + enemy, unfortunately, continued their march; M. de Lafayette was delayed + by want of provisions; and it was not until the 26th, at a quarter to + twelve at night, that he could ask for Lee, who was sent with a detachment + of one thousand men to Englishtown, on the left side of the enemy. The + first corps had advanced upon the right; and M. de Lafayette, by Lee's + especial order, joined him at midday, within reach of the enemy from whom + he fortunately succeeded in concealing this movement. The two columns of + the English army had united together at Monmouth Court-house, from whence + they departed on the morning of the 28th. Whilst following them, the + Americans marched rapidly through the woods of Freehold; and at eight + o'clock the enemy's rear-guard was still in the vicinity of the + court-house. If Lee had continued the direction he was then taking, he + would have placed himself in an excellent position, especially as the + American army was advancing on the road to Freehold; but the head of his + cohort quitted the wood, into which it was again forced to retreat by the + enemy's cannon. Lee then addressing himself to M. de Lafayette, told him + to cross the plain, and attack the left flank of the enemy; and whilst + this manoeuvre, which exposed them to the fire of the English artillery, + was executing, he sent him an order to fall back into the village in which + he had placed the rest of the troops. From thence he drew back still + farther, and, changing his attack to a retreat, he exposed himself to be + driven back by Lord Cornwallis, and subsequently by the whole English + army, to whom good space of time had been allowed to form themselves in + proper order. + </p> + <p> + At the first retrograde movement, M. de Lafayette sent information to the + general of what was passing, who, arriving speedily on the spot, found the + troops retreating in confusion. "You know," said Lee, "that all this was + against my advice." The general, sending Lee to the rear,~{30} himself + formed seven or eight hundred men, and stationed them, with some cannon, + upon a chosen spot, and M. de Lafayette undertook to retard the enemy's + march. The English dragoons made their first charge upon a small morass + which sheltered him: the infantry marched round to attack him on the other + side, but he had sufficient time to retire; and the army had by this time + placed itself upon a height, where he took the command of the second line. + A cannonade was kept up on both sides during the whole day, and two + attacks of the enemy were repulsed. A battery, placed on their left, + obliged them to change their position, and, when they presented their + flank, the general attacked them and forced them to retreat, until + darkness interrupted all operations. The American troops continued to gain + ground, and Clinton retired during the night, leaving behind him more than + three hundred dead and many wounded. The heat was so intense that the + soldiers fell dead without having received a single wound, and the fire of + battle soon became untenable. During this affair which ended so well, + although begun so ill, General Washington appeared to arrest fortune by + his glance, and his presence of mind, valour, and decision of character, + were never displayed to greater advantage than at that moment.~{31} Wayne + distinguished himself; Greene and the brave Stirling led forward the first + line in the ablest manner. From four o'clock in the morning until night M. + de Lafayette was momentarily obliged to change his occupations. The + general and he passed the night lying on the same mantle, talking over the + conduct of Lee, who wrote the next morning a very improper letter, and was + placed under arrest. He was afterwards suspended by a council of war, + quitted the service, and was not regretted by the army. Clinton having + retreated towards the hollows of Shrewsbury, the general contented himself + with the success already gained, and marched towards White Plains; the + second line, under M. de Lafayette forming the right column. The 4th of + July, being the anniversary of the declaration of independence, was + celebrated at Brunswick; and a few days later the army learnt that the + Count d'Estaing was before New York.~{32} + </p> + <p> + Twelve French vessels, which sailed from Toulon, had been three months in + reaching the Delaware: they arrived three days after the departure of the + English fleet, and, following it to New York, M. d'Estaing anchored at + Sandy-hook, outside the bar. He offered immense sums to be conveyed across + that bar, but the pilots declared that the large vessels drew too much + water, and the French finally agreed to attack Rhode Island, which the + enemy then occupied with a force of 5000 men, who had entrenched + themselves; whilst the state militia, under the command of Sullivan, were + stationed at Providence. M. Girard, a French minister, arrived on board + that squadron; he had been long most anxiously expected by the Americans, + and M. de Lafayette called his delay a proof of confidence. The last mark + of attention with which the court honoured M. de Lafayette, had been an + order to arrest him in the West Indies; he was, in truth, out of favour in + that quarter, and their displeasure had increased on receiving his + letters, which were dictated less by the prudence of a philosopher than by + the enthusiasm of a young lover of liberty: but although no letters were + addressed to him, M. d'Estaing was not less kind and attentive in his + conduct; and 2000 continentalists having been despatched from White-Plains + to Providence, M. de Lafayette, who had exerted himself to hasten their + departure, conducted them rapidly along the sound, across a smiling + country, covered with villages, in which the evident equality of the + population distinctly proved the democracy of the government. From the + apparent prosperity of each colony, it was easy to judge of the degree of + freedom which its constitution might enjoy. + </p> + <p> + By forcing the passage between Rhode Island and Connecticut, M. d'Estaing + might easily have carried off as prisoners 1500 Hessians who were + stationed on the latter island; but he yielded to Sullivan's entreaties, + and waited until that general should be in readiness: but although the + troops of M. de Lafayette had traversed 240 miles, he found on his arrival + that no preparations were yet made. He repaired to the squadron, and was + received with the greatest possible attention, especially by the general; + and, as M. de Suffren was placed in front, he carried back to him an order + from M. d'Estaing to attack three frigates, which, however, were burnt by + their own crews. The American army repaired, on the 8th of August, to + Howland's Ferry, during the time that the squadron was forcing its way + between the two islands. General Greene having joined the army, M. de + Lafayette yielded to him the command of half his corps; each then + possessed a wing, of 1000 continentalists and 5000 militia. M. de + Lafayette's corps was to receive the addition of the two battalions of + Foix and Hainaut, with some marines. The English, fearing to be + intercepted evacuated the forts on the right of the island during the + night of the 8th, and Sullivan landed with his troops the next day. M. de + Lafayette was expecting the French that afternoon, and the boats were + already under way, when a squadron appeared in sight on the south of the + island, at M. d'Estaing's former anchorage. Lord Howe, brave even to + audacity, having watched the movements of the French admiral and his + fleet, collected a greater number of ships, of which the sizes were + however too unequal; his position, and the southern wind, would enable + him, he thought, to throw succours into Newport where General Pigot had + concentrated his force; but the wind changed during the night, and the + next day M. d'Estaing, within sight of both armies passed gallantly + through the fire of the two batteries whilst the enemy, cutting their + cables, fled, under heavy press of sail. After a chase of eight hours the + two squadrons at length met, and Lord Howe would have paid dearly for his + temerity, had not a violent storm arisen, which dispersed the ships. By a + singular chance, several of Byron's vessels came up at the same time on + their return from Portsmouth, having been separated at the Azores by a + violent gale of wind. The <i>Languedoc</i>, the admiral's ship, deprived + of its masts and rudder, and driven by the tempest to a distance from the + other vessels, was attacked by the <i>Isis</i>, of fifty guns, and owed + its safety only to the courage and firmness of M. d'Estaing. At length he + succeeded in rallying his squadron, and, faithful to his engagements, + reappeared before Rhode Island; but as he no longer possessed the + superiority of force, he announced his intention of repairing to Boston, + where the <i>Cesar</i> had taken shelter after a combat. When the storm, + which lasted three days, subsided, the American army drew near Newport. + This town was defended by two lines of redoubts and batteries, surrounded + by a wooden palisade, the two concentrated fronts of which rested on the + sea-shore, and were supported by a ravine that it was necessary to cross. + The trench was opened, the heavy batteries established, and General Greene + and M. de Lafayette were deputed to go on board the French admiral ship, + to endeavour to obtain time, and propose either to make an immediate + attack, or to station vessels in the Providence river. If M. de Lafayette + had felt consternation upon hearing of the dispersion of the fleet, the + conduct of the sailors during the combat, which he learnt with tears in + his eyes, inspired him with the deepest grief. In the council, where the + question was agitated, M. de Brugnon (although five minutes before he had + maintained the contrary) gave his voice in favour of Boston, and his + opinion was unanimously adopted. Before they separated, the admiral + offered his two battalions to M. de Lafayette, and appeared to feel great + pleasure in being thus enabled to secure him his rank in the French army; + but these troops were useful on board, and were not necessary on the + island, and M. de Lafayette would not expose them to danger for his own + private interest. At the departure of the vessels, there was but one + unanimous feeling of regret and indignation. Their lost time, extinguished + hopes, and embarrassed situation, all served to increase the irritation of + the militia, and their discontent became contagious. The people of Boston + already spoke of refusing the fleet admission into their port; the + generals drew up a protestation, which M. de Lafayette refused to sign. + Carried away by an impulse of passion, Sullivan inserted in an order "that + our allies have abandoned us." His ill humour was encouraged by Hancock, a + member of congress, formerly its president, and who then commanded the + militia of Massachusets stationed on the island. To him M. de Lafayette + first declared his intentions, and then, calling upon Sullivan, he + insisted upon the words used in the order of the morning being retracted + in that of the evening. Some hours after, the general returned his visit, + and, drawing him aside, a very warm altercation took place; but although + totally indifferent to the peril of a duel, Sullivan was neither + indifferent to the loss of the intimacy of M. de Lafayette, nor to the + influence this young Frenchman possessed at head-quarters, and over + congress and the nation; and in the numerous letters which M. de Lafayette + wrote on this occasion, he made ample use of his influence over those + three important powers. + </p> + <p> + Dr. Cooper, a presbyterian minister, was extremely useful at Boston; and + Hancock himself ended by repairing thither to receive the squadron. Rather + than yield to the public torrent, M. de Lafayette had risked his own + popularity; and in the fear of being guided by private interest, he had + gone to the extreme in the opposite line of conduct. He lived in complete + retirement, in his own military quarter, and was never seen but at the + trench or the council, in which latter place he would not allow the + slightest observation to be made against the French squadron. As hopes + were still entertained of obtaining assistance from the latter, it was + resolved to retreat to the north of the island; and M. de Lafayette was + sent on an embassy to M. d'Estaing. After having travelled all night, he + arrived at the moment when the general and his officers were entering + Boston. A grand repast, given by the town, was followed by a conference + between the council, the admiral, and himself, at which M. d'Estaing, + while he clearly demonstrated the insufficiency of his naval force, + offered to march himself with his troops. Every word was submitted to M. + de Lafayette, and the admiral remarked this deference without appearing + hurt by it. That same day, the 29th August, Sullivan retreated from his + post; and although the discontent which the militia experienced had + diminished the number of his troops, he conducted this movement, and the + attack which it occasioned, with great ability. + </p> + <p> + The next morning, at the same time that M. de Lafayette was informed of + the event, he learnt also that the two armies were in close contact at the + north of the island, and that Clinton had arrived with a reinforcement. + Traversing then eighty miles in less than eight hours, he repaired to + Howland's Ferry, arriving there just as the army was re-crossing it. A + corps of a thousand men had been left on the island, surrounded with + divisions of the enemy: M. de Lafayette undertook the charge of them, and + succeeded in withdrawing them without losing a single man. When congress + returned thanks to him for his conduct during this retreat, they likewise + expressed their gratitude for his journey to Boston, at the very period + when he might so rationally have expected an engagement.~{33} Sullivan + returned to Providence, and left M. de Lafayette in the command of the + posts around the island: the post of Bristol, in which his principal corps + was placed, was exposed to an attack by water; he announced this to + General Washington, to whom, Sullivan said, he thought the same idea had + also occurred. It was at this place he learnt the affair of Ouessant, + which he expected to celebrate as an important victory; but the welfare of + the squadron recalled him to Boston, where he felt he could be useful to + his countrymen. The general dissatisfaction was soon appeased; and + although M. de Saint Sauveur had been killed accidentally in a tumult, the + French had nevertheless full cause to acknowledge the kindness and + moderation of the Bostonians. During a walk which he took with the Count + d'Estaing, M. de Lafayette pointed out to him the remains of the army of + Burgoyne: two soldiers of militia, stationed at each wing, alone + constituted its guard. Feeling that his presence was no longer necessary + to the squadron, and believing that it was his duty to return to France, + M. de Lafayette set out to rejoin the principal corps of the army at + Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + During that time, the commissioners had made many addresses and + proclamations. By endeavouring to gain over one member, Johnstone had + displeased the congress, who refused to treat with him. In a public + letter, signed Carlisle, the French nation was taxed with a <i>perfidy too + universally acknowledged to require any new proof</i>. With the + effervescence of youth and patriotism, M. de Lafayette seized this + opportunity of opposing the commission; and the first impulse of M. + d'Estaing was to approve of his conduct. A haughty challenge was sent from + head-quarters to Lord Carlisle: the answer was an ill-explained refusal; + and the impetuosity of M. de Lafayette was attended with a good result, + whilst the prudence of the president was ridiculed in every public + paper.~{34} + </p> + <p> + Soon afterwards, during M. de Lafayette's residence at Philadelphia, the + commission received its death-blow; whilst he was breakfasting with the + members of congress, the different measures proper to be pursued were + frankly and cheerfully discussed. The correspondence which took place at + that time is generally known; the congress remained ever noble; firm, and + faithful to its allies: secretary Thomson, in his last letter to Sir Henry + Clinton, informs him, that "<i>the congress does not answer impertinent + letters</i>." To conceal nothing from the people, all the proposals were + invariably printed; but able writers were employed in pointing out the + errors they contained. In that happy country, where each man understood + and attended to public affairs, the newspapers became powerful instruments + to aid the revolution. The same spirit was also breathed from the pulpit, + for the Bible in many places favours republicanism. M. de Lafayette, + having once reproached an Anglican minister with speaking only of heaven, + went to hear him preach the following Sunday, and the words, <i>the + execrable house of Hanover</i>, proved the docility of the minister. + </p> + <p> + M. de Lafayette addressed a polite letter to the French minister, and + wrote also to the congress, that, "whilst he believed himself free, he had + supported the cause under the American banner; that his country was now at + war, and that his services were first due to her; that he hoped to return; + and that he should always retain his zealous interest for the United + States." The congress not only granted him an unlimited leave of absence, + but added to it the most flattering expressions of gratitude. It was + resolved that a sword, covered with emblems, should be presented to him, + in the name of the United States, by their minister in France; they wrote + to the king; and the <i>Alliance</i>, of thirty-six guns, their finest + ship, was chosen to carry him back to Europe. M. de Lafayette would + neither receive from them anything farther, nor allow them to ask any + favour for him at the court of France. But the congress, when proposing a + co-operation in Canada, expressed its wish of seeing the arrangement of + the affair confided to him: this project was afterwards deferred from the + general's not entertaining hopes Of its ultimate success. But although old + prejudices were much softened,—although the conduct of the admiral + and the squadron had excited universal approbation,—the congress, + the general, and, in short, every one, told M. de Lafayette that, in the + whole circuit of the thirteen states, vessels only were required, and that + the appearance of a French corps would alarm the nation. As M. de + Lafayette was obliged to embark at Boston, he set out again on this + journey of four hundred miles; he hoped, also, that he should be able to + take leave of M. d'Estaing, who had offered to accompany him to the + islands; and whose friendship and misfortunes affected him as deeply as + his active genius and patriotic courage excited his admiration. Heated by + fatiguing journeys and over exertion, and still more by the grief he had + experienced at Rhode Island; and having afterwards laboured hard, drank + freely, and passed several sleepless nights at Philadelphia, M. de + Lafayette proceeded on horseback, in a high state of fever, and during a + pelting autumnal rain. Fetes were given in compliment to him throughout + his journey, and he endeavoured to strengthen himself with wine, tea, and + rum: but at Fishkill, eight miles from head-quarters, he was obliged to + yield to the violence of an inflammatory fever. He was soon reduced to the + last extremity, and the report of his approaching death distressed the + army, by whom he was called <i>the soldier's friend</i>, and the whole + nation were unanimous in expressing their good wishes and regrets for <i>the + marquis</i>, the name by which he was exclusively designated. From the + first moment, Cockran, director of the hospitals, left all his other + occupations to attend to him alone. General Washington came every day to + inquire after his friend; but, fearing to agitate him, he only conversed + with the physician, and returned home with tearful eyes, and a heart + oppressed with grief.~{35} Suffering acutely from a raging fever and + violent head-ache, M. de Lafayette felt convinced that he was dying, but + did not lose for a moment the clearness of his understanding: having taken + measures to be apprised of the approach of death, he regretted that he + could not hope again to see his country and the dearest objects of his + affection. Far from foreseeing the happy fate that awaited him, he would + willingly have exchanged his future chance of life, in spite of his one + and twenty years, for the certainty of living but for three months, on the + condition of again seeing his friends, and witnessing the happy + termination of the American war. But to the assistance of medical art, and + the assiduous care of Dr. Cockran, nature added the alarming though + salutary remedy of an hemorrhage. At the expiration of three months, M. de + Lafayette's life was no longer in danger: he was at length allowed to see + the general, and think of public affairs. By decyphering a letter from M. + d'Estaing, he learnt that, in spite of twenty-one English vessels, the + squadron had set out for la Martinique. After having spent some days + together, and spoken of their past labours, present situations, and future + projects, General Washington and he took a tender and painful leave of + each other. At the same time that the enemies of this great man have + accused him of insensibility, they have acknowledged his tenderness for M. + de Lafayette; and how is it possible that he should not have been warmly + cherished by his disciple, he who, uniting all that is good to all that is + great, is even more sublime from his virtues than from his talents? Had he + been a common soldier, he would have been the bravest in the ranks; had he + been an obscure citizen, all his neighbours would have respected him. With + a heart and mind equally correctly formed, he judged both of himself and + circumstances with strict impartiality. Nature, whilst creating him + expressly for that revolution, conferred an honour upon herself; and, to + show her work to the greatest possible advantage, she constituted it in + such a peculiar manner, that each distinct quality would have failed in + producing the end required, had it not been sustained by all the others. + </p> + <p> + In spite of his extreme debility, M. de Lafayette, accompanied by his + physician, repaired, on horseback, to Boston, where Madeira wine + effectually restored his health. The crew of the <i>Alliance</i> was not + complete, and the council offered to institute a press, but M. de + Lafayette would not consent to this method of obtaining sailors, and it + was at length resolved to make up the required number by embarking some + English deserters, together with some volunteers from among the prisoners. + After he had written to Canada, and sent some necklaces to a few of the + savage tribes, Brice and Nevil, his aides-de-camp, bore his farewell + addresses to the congress, the general, and his friends. The inhabitants + of Boston, who had given him so many proofs of their kindness and + attention, renewed their marks of affection at his departure; and the <i>Alliance</i> + sailed on the 11th of January. A winter voyage is always boisterous in + that latitude; but on approaching the banks of Newfoundland, the frigate + experienced a violent storm: her main-top mast torn away, injured by a + heavy sea, filling with water, during one long dark night she was in + imminent danger; but a still greater peril awaited her, two hundred + leagues from the coast of France. His British Majesty, encouraging, the + mutiny of crews, had issued a somewhat immoral proclamation, promising + them the value of every <i>rebel</i> vessel that they should bring into an + English port; which exploit could only be performed by the massacre of the + officers and those who opposed the mutiny. This proclamation gave rise to + a plot which was formed by the English deserters and volunteers, who had + most imprudently been admitted, in great numbers, on board the ship: not + one American or Frenchman (for some French sailors had been found at + Boston, after the departure of the squadron) took part in this conspiracy. + The cry of <i>Sail</i>! was to be raised, and when the passengers and + officers came on deck, four cannon, loaded with canister shot, prepared by + the gunner's mate, were to blow them into atoms. An English serjeant had + also contrived to get possession of some loaded arms. The hour first named + was four in the morning, but was changed to four in the afternoon. During + that interim, the conspirators, deceived by the accent of an American who + had lived a long time in Ireland, and traded on its coast, disclosed the + plot to him, and offered him the command of the frigate: the worthy man + pretended to accept it, and was only able to inform the captain and M. de + Lafayette of the conspiracy one hour before the time fixed for its + execution. They rushed, sword in hand, upon deck, followed by the other + passengers and officers, called upon their own sailors to assist them, + and, seized thirty-one of the culprits, whom they placed in irons. Many + others were accused in the depositions, but it was judged expedient to + appear to rely upon the rest of the crew, although real confidence was + only placed in the French and Americans. Eight days afterwards, the <i>Alliance</i> + entered safely the port of Brest, February, 1779. + </p> + <p> + When I saw the port of Brest receive and salute the banner which floated + on my frigate, I recalled to mind the state of my country and of America, + and my peculiar situation when I quitted France. The conspirators were + merely exchanged as English prisoners, and I only thought of rejoining my + family and friends, of whom I had received no intelligence during the last + eight months. When I repaired to a court which had hitherto only granted + me <i>lettres de cachet</i>, M. de Poix made me acquainted with all the + ministers. I was interrogated, complimented, and exiled, but to the good + city of Paris; and the residence of the Hotel de Noailles was selected, + instead of according me the horrors of the Bastille, which had been at + first proposed. Some days afterwards, I wrote to the king to acknowledge + an error of which the termination had been so fortunate: he permitted me + to receive a gentle reprimand in person; and, when my liberty was restored + to me, I was advised to avoid those places in which the public might + consecrate my disobedience by its approbation. On my arrival, I had the + honour of being consulted by all the ministers, and, what was far better, + embraced by all the ladies. Those embraces lasted but one day; but I + retained for a greater length of time the confidence of the cabinet, and I + enjoyed both favour at the court of Versailles, and popularity at Paris. I + was the theme of conversation in every circle, even after the queen's kind + exertions had obtained for me the regiment of the king's dragoons. Times + are widely changed; but I have retained all that I most valued—popular + favour and the affection of those I love. + </p> + <p> + Amidst the various tumultuous scenes that occupied my mind, I did not + forget our revolution, of which the ultimate success still appeared + uncertain. Accustomed to see great interests supported by slender means, I + often said to myself that the expense of one <i>fęte</i> would have + organized the army of the United States; and to clothe that army I would + willingly, according to the expression of M. de Maurepas, have unfurnished + the palace of Versailles. In the meantime, the principal object of the + quarrel, American independence, and the advantage our government and + reputation would derive from seizing the first favourable opportunity, did + not appear to me sufficiently promoted by those immense preparations for + trifling conquests, and those projects conceived in the expectation of + peace; for no person seriously believed in war, not even when it was + declared, after the <i>hundredth injury</i> had induced Spain to enter + into those co-operations which finally terminated in nothing more than + noisy exercises. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Note by M. de Lafayette upon the <i>Memoirs written by himself and his + American correspondence</i>.—Many papers relating to the first years + of my public life have been destroyed during the reign of terror. An + imperfect copy of these memoirs has been saved: this ought to have been + re-written; I have preferred copying it precisely as it was originally + composed. + </p> + <p> + Several letters written from America had been copied by my wife for Dr. + Dubrucil, (physician to the king and to <i>la Charité</i>, at St. + Germain-en-laza, deceased 1785,) whose friendship was the pride of one + portion of my life, and who has filled the remainder of it with a deep and + tender recollection. Those papers have been preserved; it would be + necessary to suppress some repetitions and insignificant details, but I + have left them almost all untouched, because, whilst forming this + collection, I felt pleasure in recalling the sentiments that had animated + me at various periods of my existence. + </p> + <p> + The Duke d'Ayen, my father-in-law, was not one of the least hasty and + severe censurers of my departure for America but he restored to me his + favour with all the kindness and sincerity which characterized him: his + affectionate congratulations deeply touched my heart. The same feeling + induces me at the present moment to repeat some details contained in the + letters I addressed to him. + </p> + <p> + 2. Michel-Louis-Christophe-Roch-Gilbert de Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, + colonel of the grenadiers of France, Chevalier de St. Louis, killed at the + battle of Minden before the age of twenty-five. + </p> + <p> + 3. The college du Plessis. + </p> + <p> + 4. Marie-Louise-Julie de la Rivičre, died at Paris the 12th of April, + 1770, some days before her father Joseph-Yves-Thibauld-Hyacinthe, Marquis + de la Rivičre. + </p> + <p> + 5. Previous to the marriage of M. de Lafayette, we have only one letter + written by him at fourteen years of age, the 8th of February, 1772, which + will be read perhaps with some curiosity. It is addressed to his cousin, + Mademoiselle de Chavaniac. + </p> + <p> + "I have just received, my dear cousin, your letter, and the good account + you give me of my grandmother's health. After that, which was what first + touched my heart, I was much interested by the account of the hunt of the + proprietor of the forests of Lata. I should like very much to know whether + those dogs that neither walk nor bark contributed to the success of the + expedition? The details of that hunt would have amused me very much; if I + had been speaking to you of a new-fashioned cap, I should have thought it + my duty to have described to you its figure and proportions, with a + compass in my hand. + </p> + <p> + "Our cousin's marriage is broken off; there is another one on the carpet, + but they are obliged to lower their tone exceedingly. Mademoiselle de + Roucherolles, a place with Madame de Bourbon, of a thousand crowns a-year, + and five thousand small livres a-year—that is the whole amount. You + see that this is a very short abridgment of the other intended matches. My + uncle, who came to see me the other day, consents to the marriage, on + condition that the Prince de Condé will promise one of his regiments of + cavalry to the cousin. Madame de Montboissier thinks this is asking too + much, and told M. le Marquis de Canillic that, in truth, if he were so + difficult, her husband would no longer take any part in his affairs; this + offended him and some high words passed on both sides. The nephew does not + care much about the marriage. He said, there were in his own province far + better matches, which he named, that would not be refused him. + </p> + <p> + "I thought I had written you word that the Cardinal de Le Roche-Aimon was + abbé de St. Germain. It is said that M. de Briges has the barony de + Mercoeur. M. de la Vauguyon has died, little regretted either by the court + or by the town. The ball of last Thursday is put off to the 15th, that is + to say, for week hence. I dined, the day before yesterday, Thursday, with + M. de la Tour d'Auvergne, who is on a complimentary footing with M. de + Turenne, now Duke de Bouillon. He told us he should lose perhaps a million + from politeness. You will recognise him by that phrase. + </p> + <p> + "Adieu, dear cousin; my respects, if you please, to all the family; M. de + Fayon presents his to you, and I remain your obedient servant, + </p> + <h3> + "LAFAYETTE." + </h3> + <p> + 6. A place in the household of a prince of royal blood. The Marshal de + Noailles wished for this arrangement. To prevent it without openly + opposing the will of those he loved, M. de Lafayette took an opportunity + of displeasing, by a few words, the prince, to whose person they were + desirous of attaching him, and all negotiations on the subject were thus + broken off. We do not believe that since that period a reconciliation has + ever taken place between him and Louis XVIII. + </p> + <p> + 7. In 1828, Mr. Jared Sparks, a distinguished American author, intending + to form a collection of the writings of Washington, which he is at present + publishing at Boston, made a voyage to France to converse with M. de + Lafayette, and consult the archives of foreign affairs. He obtained from + the general many anecdotes, letters, and documents, of which extracts have + enriched his publication. At the close of vol. v., he has placed an + appendix, containing the account of the departure of M. de Lafayette from + France, and his arrival in America. We doubt not but that the details of + that narration were related, nay, perhaps even written, by the general + himself. We shall therefore quote some extracts from it without + hesitation, which, placed as notes, will completely elucidate the text of + these memoirs. + </p> + <p> + "In the summer of 1776," says Mr. Sparks, "M. de Lafayette was stationed + on military duty at Metz, being then an officer in the French army. It + happened at this time that the Duke of Gloucester, brother to the King of + England, was at Metz, and a dinner was given to him by the commandant of + that place. Several officers were invited, and among others Lafayette. + Despatches had just been received by the duke from England, and he made + their contents the topic of conversation; they related to American + affairs, the recent declaration of independence, the resistance of the + colonists, and the strong measures adopted by the ministry to crush the + rebellion. + </p> + <p> + "The details were new to Lafayette; he listened with eagerness to the + conversation, and prolonged it by asking questions of the duke. His + curiosity was deeply excited by what he heard, and the idea of a people + fighting for liberty had a strong influence upon his imagination; the + cause seemed to him just and noble, from the representations of the duke + himself; and before he left the table, the thought came into his head that + he would go to America, and offer his services to a people who were + struggling for freedom and independence. From that hour he could think of + nothing but this chivalrous enterprise. He resolved to return to Paris and + make further inquiries. + </p> + <p> + "When he arrived in that city, he confided his scheme to two young + friends, Count Segur and Viscount de Noailles, and proposed that they + should join him. They entered with enthusiasm into his views; but as they + were dependent on their families, it was necessary to consult their + parents, who reprobated the plan and refused their consent. The young men + faithfully kept Lafayette's secret: his situation was more fortunate, as + his property was at his own disposal, and he possessed an annual revenue + of nearly two hundred thousand livres. + </p> + <p> + "He next explained his intentions to the Count de Broglie who told him + that his project was so chimerical, and fraught with so many hazards, + without a prospect of the least advantage, that he could not for a moment + regard it with favor, nor encourage him with any advice which should + prevent him from abandoning it immediately. When Lafayette found him thus + determined, he requested that at least he would not betray him for he was + resolved to go to America. The Count de Broglie assured him that his + confidence was not misplaced; 'But,' said he, 'I have seen your uncle die + in the wars of Italy; I witnessed your father's death at the battle of + Minden; and I will not be accessary to the ruin of the only remaining + branch of the family: He then used all his powers of argument and + persuasion to divert Lafayette from his purpose, but in vain. Finding his + determination unalterable, the Count de Broglie said, as he could render + him no aid, he would introduce him to the Baron de Kalb, who he knew was + seeking an opportunity to go to America, and whose experience and counsels + might be valuable.—(The Writings of George Washington, vol. v. + Appendix, No. 1, p. 445.) + </p> + <p> + 8. M. du Boismartin was the person sent to Bourdeaux to secure the + purchase and equipment of the ship that M. de Lafayette intended for the + United States.—(Sparks, loc. cit.) + </p> + <p> + 9. It is a singular coincidence that, at the same time that General + Washington, who had never left America, reduced to corps of two thousand + men, did not despair of the common cause, the same sentiment was + animating, two thousand leagues from thence, the breast of a youth of + nineteen, who was destined to become one day his intimate friend, partake + with him the vicissitudes and happy termination of that revolution, and + afterwards carry back to another hemisphere the principles of liberty and + equality which formed its basis. + </p> + <p> + 10. With the Prince de Poix. This journey lasted three weeks. + </p> + <p> + 11. The Marquis de Noailles, brother to the Duke d'Aven, and uncle to + Madame de Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + 12. M. de Lafayette learnt, at Bordeaux, that his intended departure was + known at Versailles, and that the order to prevent it had been already + issued. After having taken his ship to the common port of the Passage, he + returned himself to Bordeaux, and wrote to the ministers, to his family + and friends. Amongst the latter was M. de Coigny, to whom he sent a + confidential person, and who bade him entertain no hopes of obtaining the + permission he wished for. Pretending to repair to Marseilles, where he had + received an order to join his father-in-law, who was going into Italy, he + set off in a postchaise with an officer named Mauroy, who was desirous of + going to America. Some leagues from Bordeaux he got on horseback, + disguised as a courier, and rode on before the carriage, which took the + road to Bayonne. They remained two or three hours in that town, and whilst + Mauroy was arranging some necessary affairs, M. de Lafayette remained + lying on some straw in the stable. It was the postmaster's daughter who + recognised the pretended courier Saint Jean de Luz, from having seen him + when returning from the Passage harbour to Bordeaux. (Sparks, loc. cit.) + </p> + <p> + 13. These memoirs, written until now in the first person, change here to + the third person, in spite of the kind of engagement taken in the first + page to continue them in the former manner. We are ignorant of the cause + of the inconsistency thus offered by the manuscript, which is, however, + completely written in the general's own hand. + </p> + <p> + 14. See, at the end of these memoirs, amongst the various fragments, + fragment A. + </p> + <p> + 15. The court of France despatched orders to the Leeward and Windward + Islands to stop him on his road, because the ship, not being able to take + out papers for North America, was to have stopped in the Spanish islands. + (Manuscript No. 1.) Mr. Sparks relates that M. de Lafayette declared to + the captain that the ship belonged to him, and that if he offered the + slightest resistance, he would take from him the command and give it to + the mate. But as he soon discovered that the real motive of the captain's + resistance was a cargo belonging to him of 8000 dollars, M. de Lafayette + secured to him its full value upon his own private fortune, and thus + succeeded in overcoming all his scruples. (Washington's writings, loc. + cit.) + </p> + <p> + 16. When they landed, says Mr. Sparks, a distant light served to guide + them. As they approached the house from whence it issued, the dogs barked, + and the people took them for a band of marauders landing from an enemy's + ship. They were asked who they were, and what they wanted. Baron Kalb + replied and all suspicions vanished. The next morning the weather was + beautiful. The novelty of all that surrounded him,—the room, the bed + covered with mosquito nets, the black servant who came to ask his + commands, the beauty and foreign aspect of the country which he beheld + from his windows, and which was covered by a rich vegetation,—all + united to produce on M. de Lafayette a magical effect, and excite in him a + variety of inexpressible sensations. (Sparks, appendix.) + </p> + <p> + 17. An American, who must not be confounded with the two brothers of that + name who commanded the one the English army, the other the English fleet. + </p> + <p> + 18. When he arrived at Philadelphia, M. de Lafayette delivered his letters + to Mr. Lovell, president of the committee for foreign affairs. The next + day he proceeded to congress: Mr. Lovell came out of the meeting, and told + him there was but little hope of his request being acceded to. Suspecting + that his letters had not been read, M. de Lafayette wrote the note which + will be found in the text. The resolution of the congress concerning him, + deliberated the 31st of July, is expressed in the following manner: + "Seeing that the Marquis de Lafayette, on account of his great zeal in the + cause of liberty in which the United States are engaged, has quitted his + family and country, and has come to offer his services to the United + States, without demanding either pay or private indemnity, and that he + desires to expose his life in our cause,—resolved, that his services + be accepted, and that, on account of his zeal, illustrious family and + connexions, he shall have the rank and commission of major-general in the + army of the United States." The real intention of this resolution was to + give a rank to M. de Lafayette, and to leave to General Washington the + right and care of confiding to him a command in unison with that rank. + (Letters of Washington, 2nd part. V, p. 10, 35, and 128, and appendix No. + I.) + </p> + <p> + 19. He was presented, for the first time, to Washington, says Mr. Sparks, + at a dinner, at which several members of congress were present. When they + were separating, Washington drew Lafayette aside, expressed much kindness + for him, complimented him upon his zeal and his sacrifices, and invited + him to consider the headquarters as his own house, adding, with a smile + that he could not promise him the luxuries of a court, but that as he was + become an American soldier, he would doubtless submit cheerfully to the + customs and privations of a republican army. The next day Washington + visited the forts of the Delaware, and invited Lafayette to accompany him. + (Sparks, ibid.) + </p> + <p> + 20. See fragment B. + </p> + <p> + 21. From Bethlehem he wrote to M. de Boullé, governor of the Windward + Islands, to propose to him to attack the English islands under American + colours. That general approved of the project, and forwarded it to the + court, who would not, however, accept it. At the same period, M. de + Lafayette, although in disgrace himself at court, wrote to the Count de + Maurepas, to propose to him a still more important enterprise against the + English factories, but also under American colours. The old minister, from + prudential motives, did not adopt this project, but he spoke publicly in + praise of it, and expressed, ever after, a great partiality for Lafayette. + "He will end, one day," said he, smiling, "by unfurnishing the palace of + Versailles to serve the American cause; for when he has taken anything + into his head, it is impossible to resist him."—(Note by M. de + Lafayette.) + </p> + <p> + 22. This name is very illegible in the manuscript. + </p> + <p> + 23. The celebrated Alexander Hamilton, one of the authors of the <i>Federalist</i>. + </p> + <p> + 24. Journal of Congress, 1st December, 1777. + </p> + <p> + 25. See fragment C, at the end of the Memoirs. + </p> + <p> + 26. After having thus declared himself, he wrote to congress that "he + could only accept the command on condition of remaining subordinate to + General Washington, of being but considered as an officer detached from + him, and of addressing all his letters to him, of which those received by + congress would be but duplicates." These requests, and all the others he + made, were granted. (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 27. He had the discretion to renounce an expedition which, undertaken + without proper means, would have produced fatal effects upon the whole + northern part of the United States. At Georgetown, the present residence + of congress, some anxiety was experienced, because they feared that M. de + Lafayette had trusted himself upon the lakes in the season of the year + when the ice begins to melt. The counter orders that were sent him would + have arrived too late; and when it became known that he had himself + renounced the expedition, he received the thanks of congress and of the + minister of war, General Gates, who, in spite of the line of conduct + Lafayette had pursued during his quarrel with General Washington, had + always expressed great respect and esteem for him. (Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + 28. It is singular that the oath of renunciation to Great Britain and her + king, which every one employed in the continental service was obliged to + take at that time, should have been administered in one half of the United + States by a Frenchman of twenty years of age. (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 29. See, after these Memoirs, fragment D. + </p> + <p> + 30. The two battalions formed to arrest the enemy's march were placed by + General Washington himself. When, after having expressed his own feelings + of dissatisfaction, he wished to give himself time to form his army on the + heights behind the passage, he left there Major-General Lafayette, + Brigadier-General Knox, commanding the artillery, and some officers of his + staff. The colonels were good officers, and the battalions conducted + themselves perfectly well. When the army was ranged in order of battle, + General Greene commanded the right of the first line, Lord Stirling the + left, and Lafayette the second line. (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 31. General Washington was never greater in battle than this action. His + presence stopped the retreat; his arrangements secured the victory. His + graceful bearing on horseback, his calm and dignified deportment, which + still retained some trace of the displeasure he had experienced in the + morning, were all calculated to excite the highest degree of enthusiasm. + (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 32. See, after these Memoirs, the fragment E. + </p> + <p> + 33. See fragment F. + </p> + <p> + 34. The following was written by M. de Lafayette twenty years after the + presumed date of the memoirs:—"Lord Carlisle refused,—and he + was right. The challenge, however, excited some jokes against the + commission and its president, which, whether well or ill founded, are + always disadvantageous to those who become their objects."—(Manuscript + No. 1.) "Lord Carlisle was right: but the challenge appearing the result + of chivalric patriotism, party spirit took advantage of the circumstance, + and the feeling which had inspired this irregular step was generally + approved."—(Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 35. General Washington—who, when Lafayette was wounded at + Brandywine, said to the surgeon, "<i>Take care of him as if he were my + son, for I love him the same</i>"—expressed for him, during this + illness, the most tender and paternal anxiety.—(Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0005" id="link2H_4_0005"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FRAGMENTS EXTRACTED FROM VARIOUS MANUSCRIPTS.~{1} + </h2> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. We have already mentioned these manuscripts. The one we term <i>Manuscript + No. 1</i>, consists of a rapid sketch of the American life of General + Lafayette; the other one, or <i>Manuscript 2</i>, is entitled, <i>Observations + on some portion of the American History, by a Friend of General Lafayette</i>. + Both appear to have been written about the period of the empire. Fragment + A is drawn from the Manuscript No. 2. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0006" id="link2H_4_0006"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + A. — DEPARTURE FOR AMERICA IN 1777. + </h2> + <p> + The histories of the American war and revolution are, generally speaking, + very favourable to M. de Lafayette; the life of Washington, by Mr. + Marshall, is especially so. There is one phrase, however, (page 410 of the + third volume of the London edition,) which requires some explanation. "<i>He + left France ostensibly in opposition to his sovereign</i>." This + circumstance is treated in a more lucid and exact manner in the following + works:—<i>The History, etc., by William Gordon, D.D.</i>, vol. ii., + pages 499 and 500. <i>London</i>, 1788.—<i>The History of the + American Revolution, by Dr. Ramsay</i>, vol. ii., page 11. <i>Philadelphia</i>, + 1789. + </p> + <p> + The importance of this step was increased by a peculiar circumstance. The + preparations for the purchase and equipment of the vessel had delayed + Lafayette's departure until the period which had been long previously + fixed upon for an excursion of some weeks into England; this enabled him + to conceal his departure; the American commissioners were well pleased to + take advantage of this accident. Lafayette refused the proposals which + were made him in London to visit the ports, or to do anything which could + be construed into an abuse of confidence. He did not conceal his + partiality for the American insurgents; but he endeavoured to profit by + the parade with which, from political motives, the king and his ministry + received at that period all persons coming from the court of France, and + the attention which was paid them. The Marquis de Noailles, the + ambassador, was his uncle. Lafayette felt no scruple in compromising the + diplomatic character of this representation of the King of France, so that + the <i>maximum</i> of the favourable effect that his departure could + produce was obtained in England. + </p> + <p> + The same result took place in France. It would be difficult at this period + to imagine into what a state of political and military insignificance the + nation and government had been reduced during the war of seven years, and, + above all, after the partition of Poland. The French ministry had + personally, at that period, the reputation of great circumspection; the + few indirect relations it permitted itself to hold with the agents of the + insurgent colonies were only managed through the medium of unacknowledged + agents, and were discovered the moment the ambassador pretended to become + acquainted with them, or that the Americans could have drawn any advantage + from them. Amongst the departures on which the ministers were kind enough + to close their eyes, there were only four engineers for whom this + toleration was in truth a secret mission.~{1} One word from Lord Stormont + was sufficient to procure the detention, discharge, and sometimes + imprisonment of the Americans admitted into our ports: their liberty or + property was only restored to them surreptitiously, and as if escaping + from the vigilance of a superior. + </p> + <p> + Amidst this labyrinth of precautions, feebleness, and denials, the effect + may be conceived that was produced at Versailles by the bold step taken by + a youth of distinguished birth and fortune, allied to one of the first + families of the court, by whom the King of England and his ministers would + fancy themselves braved and even laughed at, and whose departure would + leave no doubt as to the connivance of the ambassador and government of + France. The displeasure of the rulers was roused to the highest pitch: a + portion of Lafayette's family shared in this displeasure. He had secretly + traversed France. Having met near Paris with Carmichael, secretary of the + American agents, he had urged the immediate departure of his vessel from + Bordeaux, preferring to complete the necessary arrangements at the Spanish + port of Passage. He returned himself to Bordeaux, in the hope of obtaining + a consent which he considered would be useful to his cause. The return of + his courier having informed him that they would not condescend to give an + answer to such an indiscreet request, he hastened to quit France himself + in the disguise of a courier, and lost no time in setting sail. + </p> + <p> + The government, to appease as far as possible, the English ambassador, + despatched two light vessels to the Leeward and Windward Islands to stop + Lafayette. At that period, the French navigators did not risk steering + straight towards the American continent; they first repaired to the West + Indies, and, taking out papers for France, they ranged as close as + possible to the American coast, and endeavoured to seize a favourable + moment or pretext to steal into a harbour. Lafayette's vessel had followed + the common course of all expeditions; but its youthful owner, who had + several officers with him, and had won the affection of the crew, obliged + the captain to take a straightforward direction. A lucky gale of wind + drove off the frigates that had been cruising on the preceding day before + Georgetown, and he sailed into that port, having been protected by fate + against the various obstacles which had been opposed to his enterprise. + </p> + <p> + But whilst the French government thus seconded the views of the English + government, the departure of young Lafayette produced, in Paris, in the + commercial towns, in all societies, and even at court, a sensation that + was very favourable to the American cause. The enthusiasm it excited was + in a great measure owing to the state of political stagnation into which + the country had so long been plunged, the resentment excited by the + arrogance of England, her commissioner at Dunkirk, her naval pretensions, + and the love inherent in all mankind of bold and extraordinary deeds, + especially when they are in defiance of the powerful, and to protect the + weak in their struggle for liberty. To these peculiar circumstances may be + imputed the increased interest and attention, the strong national feeling, + and the constantly augmenting force of public opinion to which the French + government at length yielded, when, in its treaties with the United + States, it formed engagements with them, and commenced a war with England, + which were both equally opposed to its real character and inclination. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1: MM. de de Gouvion, Duportail, Laradiére, and Laumoy. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0007" id="link2H_4_0007"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + B. — FIRST INTERVIEW BETWEEN GENERAL WASHINGTON AND GENERAL + LAFAYETTE. + </h2> + <p> + The appearance of the two brothers Howe before the capes of the Delaware + had given rise to the supposition that it was upon that side they intended + to land. General Washington repaired with his army towards the + neighbourhood of Philadelphia. That army had been recruiting during the + winter. Washington went to Philadelphia to attend a public dinner given in + honour of him. It was then Lafayette was introduced to him. This young + foreigner had travelled by land over the southern states, and had made a + direct application to the congress, requesting to serve at first as + volunteer, and to serve at his own expense. The members were much struck + with two requests differing so widely from those of several other + officers, and of one in particular, an officer of artillery, who had made + great pretensions on his arrival, and had soon afterwards drowned himself + in the Schuylkill. The rank of major-general (the highest in the American + army) was given to Lafayette. Washington received the young volunteer in + the most friendly manner, and invited him to reside in his house as a + member of his military family, which offer Lafayette accepted with the + same frankness with which it was made. + </p> + <p> + He remained there until he was appointed to the command of a division. The + court of France had required that the American envoys should write to + America to prevent Lafayette from being employed in their army. They did + not hasten to despatch that letter, and, when its contents became known, + the popularity of Lafayette was so great that it could not produce any + effect. It is thus evident, that from the first moment of his embracing + the American cause every obstacle was thrown in his way; all of which, + however, he encountered and surmounted. (Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0008" id="link2H_4_0008"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + C. — ON THE MILITARY COMMANDS DURING THE WINTER OF 1778, AND THE + FRENCH IN THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h2> + <p> + Amongst the various means employed to deprive the general-in-chief of his + friends, attempts were made to awaken the ambition of Lafayette, who + already enjoyed much popularity in the army and in the country, and who + besides appeared to the enemies of Washington, from his relations with + Europe, one of the men whom it was most important to draw into their + party. They fancied they should gain him over by offering him the + government of the north, which Gates had just quitted, and by the hope of + an expedition into Canada. General Washington received a packet from the + minister of war, enclosing a commission for Lafayette as an independent + commander-in-chief, with an order to repair to the congress to receive + instructions. The general placed it in his hands, without allowing himself + any observation on the subject. Lafayette immediately declared to three + commissioners of congress, who happened to be at that moment in the camp, + "that he would never accept any command independent of the general, and + that the title of his aide-de-camp appeared to him preferable to any other + that could be offered him." When General Washington received the order of + congress, he only said to his young friend, whilst placing the letter in + his hand, "I prefer its being for you rather than for any other person." + </p> + <p> + The military commands, during the winter of 1777-1778, were distributed in + the following manner:—General Washington assembled in some huts at + Valley-Forge what was termed the principal army, reduced at that time to + four or five thousand half-clothed men. General Mac-Dougal had the + direction of a station at Peekskill. Lafayette commanded what was called + the northern army, that is to say, a handful of men; his head-quarters + were at Albany. The enemy made a few incursions, but of slight importance; + and by the exercise of great vigilance, and a judicious choice of + stations, the winter passed away tranquilly. Lafayette had under his + orders two general officers, who had been engaged in the service of + France, namely, General Kalb, a German by birth, who came over in the same + vessel with himself; and General Conway, an Irishman, who had been a major + in a regiment of that nation, also in the service of France. Besides the + four engineers who have been before named, and these two officers, we must + also mention, amongst the foreigners employed in the service of the United + States, Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, who had taken a conspicuous part in + the confederation of his own country, and who, after the success of the + Russians, had arrived in America with letters of introduction to the + congress, General Washington, and General Lafayette; Kosciuszko, his + countryman, who was a colonel of engineers in America, and who afterwards + acted such a grand and noble part during the last revolutions in Poland; + Ternant, by birth a Frenchman, who has served the United States, Holland, + and France with great ability; La Colombe, aide-de-camp to Lafayette, who + has been subsequently so usefully employed in the French revolution; the + Marquis de la Royerie, whom disappointed love brought to the United + States, and who has since taken part in the counter-revolution; Gimat, + aide-de-camp to Lafayette, who has since had the command in the French + islands; Fleury, who distinguished himself in the defence of Fort Mifflin, + and in the attack of the fort of West-Point, and who afterwards died a + field-marshal in France; Mauduit-Duplessis, an extremely brave officer of + artillery, who has since taken part against the French revolution, and was + massacred at Saint Domingo; Touzard, an officer of artillery, who lost his + arm at Rhode Island, where he was acting as aide-de-camp to Lafayette; + Major Lenfant, employed as engineer; Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer, a + good tactician, who arrived at the commencement of 1778, and was of + essential service in disciplining the American troops. These officers, and + several others, obtained employment in America. The greatest number, + however, of those who presented themselves were refused service, and + returned to France, with some few exceptions, to bear thither their own + prejudices against the Americans. Some of those who remained appear to + have written home likewise in the same spirit. General Washington + therefore observes very justly in one of his letters, that Lafayette, in + his correspondence, by destroying the unfavourable impressions that were + given of the Americans, and seeking, on the contrary, to excite the + feelings of the French in their favour, rendered a new and very important + service to their cause. (Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0009" id="link2H_4_0009"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + D. — RETREAT OF BARREN-HILL. + </h2> + <p> + As the English army was preparing to evacuate Philadelphia, Lafayette was + sent, with a detachment of two thousand chosen men, and five pieces of + cannon, to a station half-way betwixt that city and Valley-Forge; this was + Barren-hill. A corps of militia under General Porter had been placed on + Lafayette's left wing; but he retired farther back, and the English took + advantage of that movement to surround Lafayette's detachment. General + Grant, with seven thousand men and fourteen pieces of cannon, was behind + him, and nearer than himself to the only ford by which it was possible for + him to pass the Schuylkill. General Grey, with two thousand men, arrived + on his left at Barren-hill church; whilst the remainder of the English + army, under the command of Generals Clinton and Howe, prepared to attack + him in front. It is said that Admiral Lord Howe joined the army as a + volunteer. The English generals felt so certain of the capture of + Lafayette, that they sent to Philadelphia several invitations to a <i>féte</i>, + at which they said Lafayette would be present. If he had not, in truth, + manoeuvred rather better than they did, the whole corps must inevitably + have been lost. Alarm-guns were fired by the army; General Washington felt + additional anxiety from the fact that, those troops being the flower of + his army, their defeat would, he knew, have discouraged the rest. + Lafayette instantly formed his plan of operation: he threw some troops + into the churchyard, to check those of General Grey. He made a false + attack upon General Grant, 'shewing him the heads of columns; and whilst + the latter halted, and formed his troops to receive him, he caused his + detachment to file off. By these manoeuvres he gained the ford, and passed + it in presence of the enemy, without losing a single man. Two English + lines met, and were on the point of attacking each other, for there was no + longer anything between them; the Americans had been for some time in + safety at the other side of the Schuylkill. The English then returned to + Philadelphia, much fatigued and ashamed, and were laughed at for their ill + success. (Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0010" id="link2H_4_0010"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + E. — ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH FLEET. + </h2> + <p> + The treaty with France became known a short time before the opening of the + campaign. The national enthusiasm for the Americans had much increased, + but the ministry was afraid of war. Necker, in particular, did all he + could to prevent the court of France from espousing the American cause, + which may serve as an answer to the accusations of revolutionary ardour + that were made against him by the aristocrats in France. Maurepas was very + timid, but the news of the taking of Burgoyne inspired him with some + courage. The Count de Vergennes flattered himself that he should succeed + in avoiding war. The court of France shewed little sincerity in its + proceedings with England. The treaty was at length concluded. Dr. + Franklin, Silas Deane, and John Adams, accompanied by many other Americans + then in Paris, were presented to the King and royal family. They repaired + afterwards to the young Madame de Lafayette, who was at Versailles, + wishing to testify by that public act how much they thought themselves + indebted to Lafayette for the happy direction which their affairs had + taken. The news of the treaty excited a great sensation in America, and, + above all, in the army. Lafayette had long since returned from his command + in the north to the head-quarters of General Washington. The manifesto of + the French government to the British cabinet contained this expression: + "The Americans having become independent by their declaration of such a + day." "That," said Lafayette, smiling, "is a principle of national + sovereignty which shall one day be recalled to them." The French + revolution, and the part which he took in it, have doubly verified this + prediction. (Manuscript No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + Mr. Marshall's work contains a curious dissertation upon the declaration + of war between France and England, and gives also the extract of a + memorial of M. Turgot, which it would be interesting to verify. It would + then be seen what opinions were supported at that time, concerning the + colonies in general, and the quarrel with the English colonies in + particular, by one of the most liberal and enlightened men in regard to + political and commercial questions. The idea that the queen supported the + war party is not correct; her social tastes were rather of the Anglomania + kind; her politics were completely Austrian, and the court of Vienna did + not wish that France should have any pretext for refusing to fulfil the + conditions of the treaty made with it, which were soon afterwards exacted; + but the queen, like a true woman of the world, followed the impulse given + by Paris, the commercial towns, and the public. + </p> + <p> + Dr. Ramsay alludes to the happiness which Lafayette must have experienced + when, upon learning the happy news of the French alliance, he, with tears + of joy, embraced his illustrious general. Several persons present have + since recollected that when the message of the court of Versailles to that + of London was read aloud, with all the justifications which dwelt upon the + right of the American nation to give themselves a government, Lafayette + exclaimed,—"That is a great truth which we will recall to them at + home." (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0011" id="link2H_4_0011"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + F. — DISSENSIONS BETWEEN THE FRENCH FLEET AND THE AMERICAN ARMY. + </h2> + <p> + The history of Dr. Gordon, that of Ramsay, and of Mr. Marshall, give a + detailed account of the arrival of Count d'Estaing at the entrance of the + Delaware, his arrival at Sandyhook, and the expedition against Rhode + Island. Lafayette conducted thither, from White Plains, two thousand men + of the continental troops. He made that journey (two hundred and forty + miles) very rapidly, and arrived before the remainder of the troops under + Sullivan were in readiness. It is to be lamented that the latter general + persuaded Count d'Estaing to await the cooperation of the Americans, + whilst, had he encouraged him to force the passage between, Rhode Island + and Cannanicut Island, he would have had time, at the first moment of his + arrival, to have captured fifteen hundred Hessians who were upon the + last-mentioned island. On the other hand, M. d'Estaing was wrong in being + displeased with General Sullivan for effecting his passage and taking + possession of the forts on the north of the island, as soon as he learnt + that they had been abandoned by the enemy, and without having concerted + any plan of operations with the admiral. Everything, however, went on + extremely well. The Americans had twelve thousand men upon the island; + their right was composed of the half of the continentalists brought by + Lafayette from White Plains, and of five thousand militia, and was under + the command of General Greene; the left consisted also of five thousand + militia, with the other half of the continentalists, and was commanded by + M. de Lafayette. On the 8th of August the American army proceeded to + Howland's ferry, whilst the squadron forced the passage. The English set + fire to three of their own frigates; they had six frigates, and several + other vessels, burnt during this expedition. In the afternoon of the day + that Sullivan's army landed, they were expecting the battalions of Foix + and Hainaut, and the marines, which were to have joined Lafayette's corps, + when Admiral Howe suddenly hove in sight, and took possession of the + anchorage that Count d'Estaing had quitted, in order to force his passage + between the islands. The French sailors feared that the enemy, would take + advantage of their situation, enclosed as they were between the islands, + or that some reinforcements would at least be thrown upon the southern + part of the island; but the wind having changed during the night, Count + d'Estaing sailed out gallantly through the fire of the English batteries, + and Lord Howe, cutting his cables, fled before him. This skilful admiral + would have paid dearly for his bold manoeuvre, if the storm had not come + most opportunely to his aid. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Marshall, who had the letters of Washington and Lafayette before him, + states the manner in which Lafayette, on the one side, exposed himself, + without reserve, to the loss of his popularity, and on the other, + zealously exerted himself in defending the honour of the French from the + accusations that the dissatisfaction of the Americans had universally + excited, especially at Rhode Island and Boston, against the officers of + the squadron; and also to prevent that dissatisfaction from breaking into + open disputes. Sullivan, the senior of the three majors-general, was + commander-in-chief. It was after an explanation with Lafayette, his friend + and comrade, that he softened, by a subsequent order of the day, the + expressions which he had imprudently used in the one preceding. General + Greene, a man of superior merit, contributed much to the reconciliation. + The ex-president, Hancock, who had at first loudly expressed his + displeasure, consented to repair to Boston to endeavour to calm the public + mind, and to obtain provisions for the squadron. The popularity of + Lafayette was usefully employed during his short visit to that town. The + congress, and General Washington also, thought that this quarrel could not + he too speedily appeased; but they were at a distance, and a proper + mixture of firmness and persuasion was required from the first moment. + Such a perfect understanding, however, was now established, that it was + not even disturbed by the unfortunate event which, some time afterwards, + cost M. de Saint Sauveur his life. Much was also due to Dr. Cooper, a + distinguished minister of the Presbyterian church. (Manuscript No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0012" id="link2H_4_0012"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CORRESPONDENCE. 1777—1778. + </h2> + <h3> + TO THE DUKE D'AYEN.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + London, March 9,1777. + </p> + <p> + You will be astonished, my dear father, at the news I am on the point of + giving you: it has cost me far more than I can express not to consult you. + My respect and affection for you, as well as my great confidence in you, + must convince you of the truth of this assertion; but my word was given, + and you would not have esteemed me had I broken it; the step I am now + taking will at least prove to you, I hope, the goodness of my intentions. + I have found a peculiar opportunity of distinguishing myself, and of + learning a soldier's trade: I am a general officer in the army of the + United States of America. The frankness of my conduct, and my zeal in + their service, have completely won their confidence. I have done, on my + side, all I could do for them, and their interest will ever be dearer to + me than my own. In short, my dear father, I am at this moment in London, + anxiously awaiting letters from my friends; upon receiving them, I shall + set off from hence, and, without stopping at Paris, I shall embark in a + vessel that I have myself purchased and chartered. My travelling + companions are the Baron de Kalb, a very distinguished officer, brigadier + in the King's service, and major-general, as well as myself, in the United + States' army; and some other excellent officers, who have kindly consented + to share the chances of my fate. I rejoice at having found such a glorious + opportunity of occupying myself, and of acquiring knowledge. I am + conscious that I am making an immense sacrifice, and that to quit my + family, my friends, and you, my dearest father, costs me more than it + could do any other person,—because I love you all far more tenderly + than any other person ever loved his friends. But this voyage will not be + a very long one; we see every day far longer journeys taken for amusement + only; and I hope also to return more worthy of all those who are kind + enough to regret my absence. Adieu, my dear father, I hope I shall soon + see you again. Retain your affection for me; I ardently desire to merit it—nay, + I do merit it already, from my warm affection towards you, and from the + respect that, during the remainder of his life, will be felt for you by, + </p> + <p> + Your affectionate son, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + I have arrived, for one moment, at Paris, my dear father, and have only + time to bid you again farewell. I intended writing to my uncle~{2} and to + Madame de Lusignem, but I am in such haste that I must request you to + present to them my respectful regards. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Jean Paul Francois de Noailles, Duke d'Ayen, afterwards Duke de + Noailles, died a member of the House of Peers, in 1824, and was, as is + well known, father-in-law to M. de Lafayette, who had been, we may say, + brought up in the hotel de Noailles, and who looked upon all his wife's + family as his own. It was at that time divided into two branches. The + Marshal de Noailles, governor of Roussillon, and captain of the guards of + the Scotch company, was the head of the eldest branch. He bad four + children: the Duke d'Ayen, the Marquis de Noailles, and Mesdames de Tesse + and de Lesparre. The Duke d'Ayen, a general officer, captain of the guards + in reversion, married Henriette Anne Louise Daguesseau, by whom he had + daughters only. The eldest, who died in 1794, on the same scaffold as her + mother, had married her cousin, the Viscount de Noailles. The second, + Marie Adrienne Françoise,—born the 2nd November, 1759, died the 24th + December, 1807,—was Madame de Lafayette. The three others, unmarried + at the time this letter was written, married afterwards MM. de Thésan, de + Montagu, and de Grammont. + </p> + <p> + The head of the younger branch of the familv of Noailles was the Marshal + de Mouchy, brother of the Marshal de Noailles, whose children were, the + Prince de Poix, who died peer of France, and captain of the guards under + the restoration; the Duchess de Duras; and the same Viscount de Noailles, + member of the constituent assembly, who died of his wounds in the + expedition to St. Domingo, in 1802. + </p> + <p> + 2. M. de Lusignem, an uncle by marriage of M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + On board the <i>Victory</i>, May 30th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I am writing to you from a great distance, my dearest love, and, in + addition to this painful circumstance, I feel also the still more dreadful + uncertainty of the time in which I may receive any news of you. I hope, + however, soon to have a letter from you; and, amongst the various reasons + which render me so desirous of a speedy arrival, this is the one which + excites in me the greatest degree of impatience. How many fears and + anxieties enhance the keen anguish I feel at being separated from all that + I love most fondly in the world! How have you borne my second departure? + have you loved me less? have you pardoned me? have you reflected that, at + all events, I must equally have been parted from you,—wandering + about in Italy,~{1} dragging on an inglorious life, surrounded by the + persons most opposed to my projects, and to my manner of thinking? All + these reflections did not prevent my experiencing the most bitter grief + when the moment arrived for quitting my native shore. Your sorrow, that of + my friends, Henrietta,~{2} all rushed upon my thoughts, and my heart was + torn by a thousand painful feelings. I could not at that instant find any + excuse for my own conduct. If you could know all that I have suffered, and + the melancholy days that I have passed, whilst thus flying from all that I + love best in the World! Must I join to this affliction the grief of + hearing that you do not pardon me? I should, in truth, my love, be too + unhappy. But I am not speaking to you of myself and of my health, and I + well know that these details will deeply interest you. + </p> + <p> + Since writing my last letter, I have been confined to the most dreary of + all regions: the sea is so melancholy, that we mutually, I believe, sadden + each other. I ought to have landed by this time, but the winds have been + most provokingly contrary; I shall not arrive at Charlestown for eight or + ten days. It will be a great pleasure to me to land, as I am expecting to + do, in that city. When I am once on shore, I shall hope each day to + receive news from France; I shall learn so many interesting, things, both + concerning the new country I am seeking, and, above all, that home which I + have quitted with so much regret! Provided I only learn that you are in + good health, that you still love me, and that a certain number of my + friends entertain the same feelings towards me, I can become a perfect + philosopher with respect to all the rest,—whatever it may be, or + whatever land it may concern. But if my heart be attacked in its most + vulnerable part, if you were to love me less, I should feel, in truth, too + miserable. But I need not fear this—need I, my dearest love? I was + very ill during the first part of my voyage, and I might have enjoyed the + pleasure of an ill-natured person, that of knowing that I had many fellow + sufferers. I treated myself according to my own judgment, and recovered + sooner than the other passengers; I am now nearly the same as if I were on + shore. I am certain that, on my arrival, I shall be in a perfect state of + health, and continue so for a long time. Do not fancy that I shall incur + any real dangers by the occupations I am undertaking. The post of general + officer has always been considered like a commission for immortality. The + service will be very different from the one I must have performed if I had + been, for example, a colonel in the French army. My attendance will only + be required in the council. Ask the opinion of all general officers,—and + these are very numerous, because, having once attained that height, they + are no longer exposed to any hazards, and do not therefore yield their + places to inferior officers, as is the case in other situations. To prove + that I do not wish to deceive you, I will acknowledge that we are at this + moment exposed to some danger, from the risk of being attacked by English + vessels, and that my ship is not of sufficient force for defence. But when + I have once landed, I shall be in perfect safety. You see that I tell you + everything, my dearest love; confide therefore in me, and do not, I + conjure you, give way to idle fears. I will not write you a journal of my + voyage: days succeed each other, and, what is worse, resemble each other. + Always sky, always water, and the next day a repetition of the same thing. + In truth, those who write volumes upon a sea voyage must be incessant + babblers; for my part, I have had contrary winds, as well as other people; + I have made a long voyage, like other people; I have encountered storms; I + have seen vessels, and they were far more interesting for me than for any + other person: well! I have not observed one single event worth the trouble + of relating, or that has not been described by many other persons. + </p> + <p> + Let us speak of more important things: of yourself, of dear Henriette, and + of her brother or sister. Henriette is so delightful, that she has made me + in love with little girls. To whichever sex our new infant may belong, I + shall receive it with unbounded joy. Lose not a moment in hastening my + happiness by apprising me of its birth. I know not if it be because I am + twice a father, but my parental feelings are stronger than they ever were. + Mr. Deane, and my friend Carmichael, will forward your letters, and will, + I am sure, neglect nothing to promote my happiness as soon as possible. + Write, and even send me a confidential person, it would give me such + pleasure to question any one who has seen you: Landrin, for example; in + short, whom you please. You do not know the warmth and extent of my + affection, if you fancy that you may neglect anything relating to + yourself. You will be, at first, a long time without hearing from me; but + when I am once established you will receive letters constantly, and of a + very recent date. There is no great difference of time between letters + from America and letters from Sicily. I own that Sicily weighs heavily on + my heart. I fancied myself near seeing you again! But let me break off at + the word Sicily. Adieu, my dearest love; I shall write to you from + Charlestown, and write to you also before I arrive there. Good night, for + the present. + </p> + <p> + 7th June. + </p> + <p> + I am still floating on this dreary plain, the most wearisome of all human + habitations. To console myself a little, I think of you and of my friends: + I think of the pleasure of seeing you again. How delightful will be the + moment of my arrival! I shall hasten to surprise and embrace you. I shall + perhaps find you with your children. To think, only, of that happy moment, + is an inexpressible pleasure to me; do not fancy that it is distant; + although the time of my absence will appear, I own, very long to me, yet + we shall meet sooner than you can expect. Without being able myself to fix + the day or the month of our reunion, without being aware even of the cause + of our absence, the exile prescribed by the Duke d'Ayen, until the month + of January, appeared to me so immeasurably long, that I certainly shall + not inflict upon myself one of equal length. You must acknowledge, my + love, that the occupation and situation I shall have are very different + from those that were intended for me during that useless journey. Whilst + defending the liberty I adore, I shall enjoy perfect freedom myself: I but + offer my service to that interesting republic from motives of the purest + kind, unmixed with ambition or private views; her happiness and my glory + are my only incentives to the task. I hope that, for my sake, you will + become a good American, for that feeling is worthy of every noble heart. + The happiness of America is intimately connected with the happiness of all + mankind; she will become the safe and respected asylum of virtue, + integrity, toleration, equality, and tranquil happiness. + </p> + <p> + We have occasionally some slight alarms, but, with a little skill and good + luck, I am certain of reaching the port in safety. I am more pleased with + this prospect, because I feel that I am becoming, every day, extremely + reasonable. You know that the viscount~{3} has the habit of repeating, + that "<i>travelling forms young men</i>;" if he said this but once every + morning and once every evening, in truth it would not be too much, for I + am constantly more strongly impressed with the justice of the observation. + I know not where the poor viscount is at this present moment, nor the + prince,~{4} nor all my other friends. This state of uncertainty is a very + painful one. Whenever you chance to meet any one whom I love, tell him a + thousand and ten thousand things from me. Embrace tenderly my three + sisters, and tell them that they must remember me, and love me; present my + compliments to Mademoiselle Marin;~{5} I recommend, also, poor Abbé Fayon + to your care. As to the Marshal de Noailles, tell him that I do not write + to him, for fear of tiring him, and because I should have nothing to + announce to him but my arrival; that I am expecting his commissions for + trees or plants, or whatever else he may desire, and that I should wish my + exactness in fulfilling his wishes to be a proof of my affection for him. + Present, also, my respects to the Duchess de la Trémoďlle,~{6} and tell + her that I make the same offer to her as to the Marshal de Noailles, + either for herself or her daughter-in-law, who has such a beautiful + garden. Tell my old friend Desplaus,~{7} also, that I am well. As to my + aunts, Madame d'Ayen and the viscountess, I am myself writing to them. + </p> + <p> + These are my little commissions, my love; I have also written to Sicily. + We have seen, to-day, several kinds of birds, which announce that we are + not far from shore. The hope of arriving is very sweet, for a ship life is + a most wearisome one. My health, fortunately, allows me to occupy myself a + little; I divide my time between military books and English books. I have + made some progress in this language, which will become very necessary to + me. Adieu; night obliges me to discontinue my letter, as I forbade some + days ago, any candles being used in my vessel: see how prudent I have + become! Once more, adieu; if my fingers be at all guided by my heart, it + is not necessary to see clearly to tell you that I love you, and that I + shall love you all my life. + </p> + <p> + 15th June—At Major Hughes's.~{8} + </p> + <p> + I have arrived, my dearest love, in perfect health, at the house of an + American officer; and, by the most fortunate chance in the world, a French + vessel is on the point of sailing; conceive how happy I am. I am going + this evening to Charlestown, from whence I will write to you. There is no + important news. The campaign is opened, but there is no fighting, or at + least, very little. The manners in this part of the world are simple, + polite, and worthy in every respect of the country in which the noble name + of liberty is constantly repeated. I intended writing to Madame d'Ayen, + but I find it is impossible. Adieu, adieu, my love. From Charlestown I + shall repair, by land, to Philadelphia, to rejoin the army. Is it not true + that you will always love me? + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. At the moment when M. de Lafayette's project of departure was taking + place, he had been desired to join the Duke d'Ayen, and Madame de Tessé, + his sister, who were setting out for Italy and Sicily. + </p> + <p> + 2. The first-born of M. de Lafayette, which died during his voyage. (See + letter 16th June, 1778.) + </p> + <p> + 3. The Viscount de Noailles, brother-in-law to M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + 4. The Prince de Poix, son of the Marshal de Mouchy, and consequently + uncle, according to the mode of Bretagne, to Madame de Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + 5. Mademoiselle Marin was governess to Mesdemoiselles de Noailles; and the + Abbé Fayon was tutor to M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + 6. Madame de Lafayette, author of the <i>Princess de Clever</i>, had only + one daughter, who became Madame de la Tremoille, and heiress to the + property of the Lafayette family; and who cheerfully consented to restore + to her cousins, who inhabited the province, those estates which a love of + their family might make them wish to conserve to the heritors of the name + of Lafayette. Since that period, the members of that branch, of which M. + de Lafayette was the last scion, have constantly kept up feelings, not + only of relationship, but of friendship, with the family of la Tremoille. + </p> + <p> + 7. An old valet de chambre. + </p> + <p> + 8. The father of him who so generously devoted himself to save Lafayette + from the prisons of Olmutz—(Note of M. de Lafayette.) + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + June 19th, 1777, Charlestown. + </p> + <p> + If my last letter, my dearest love, written five or six days ago, was + closed hastily, I hope at least that the American captain, whom I then + believed to be a French one, will remit it to you as soon as possible. + That letter announced to you that I had landed safely in this country, + after having suffered a little from sea-sickness during the first weeks of + my voyage; that I was staying with a very kind officer, in whose house I + was received upon my arrival; that I had been nearly two months at sea, + and was anxious to continue my journey immediately; that letter spoke of + everything which interests my heart most deeply, of my regret at having + quitted you, of your pregnancy, and of our dear children; it told you, + also, that I was in perfect health. I repeat this extract from it, because + the English may very possibly amuse themselves by seizing it on its way. I + place, however, so much confidence in my lucky star, that I hope it will + reach you safely. That same star has protected me to the astonishment of + every person; you may, therefore, trust a little to it in future, my love, + and let this conviction tranquillize your fears. I landed after having + sailed for several days along a coast swarming with hostile vessels. On my + arrival here every one told me that my ship must undoubtedly be taken, + because two English frigates had blockaded the harbour. I even sent, both + by land and sea, orders to the captain to put the men on shore, and burn + the vessel, if he had still the power of doing so. Well! by a most + extraordinary piece of good fortune, a sudden gale of wind having blown + away the frigates for a short time, my vessel arrived at noon-day, without + having encountered friend or foe. At Charlestown I have met with General + Howe, a general officer, now engaged in service. The governor of the state + is expected this evening from the country. All the persons with whom I + wished to be acquainted have shewn me the greatest attention and + politeness (not European politeness merely); I can only feel gratitude for + the reception I have met with, although I have not yet thought proper to + enter into any detail respecting my future prospects and arrangements. I + wish to see the congress first. I hope to set out in two days for + Philadelphia, which is a land journey of more than two hundred and fifty + leagues. We shall divide into small parties; I have already purchased + horses and light carriages for this purpose. There are some French and + American vessels at present here, who are to sail out of the harbour in + company to-morrow morning, taking advantage of a moment when the frigates + are out of sight: they are numerous and armed, and have promised me to + defend themselves stoutly against the small privateers they will + undoubtedly meet with. I shall distribute my letters amongst the different + ships, in case any accident should happen to either one of them. + </p> + <p> + I shall now speak to you, my love, about the country and its inhabitants, + who are as agreeable as my enthusiasm had led me to imagine. Simplicity of + manner, kindness of heart, love of country and of liberty, and a + delightful state of equality, are met with universally. The richest and + the poorest man are completely on a level; and although there are some + immense fortunes in this country, I may challenge any one to point out the + slightest difference in their respective manner towards each other. I + first saw and judged of a country life at Major Hughes's house: I am at + present in the city, where everything somewhat resembles the English + customs, except that you find more simplicity here than you would do in + England. Charlestown is one of the best built, handsomest, and most + agreeable cities that I have ever seen. The American women are very + pretty, and have great simplicity of character; and the extreme neatness + of their appearance is truly delightful: cleanliness is everywhere even + more studiously attended to here than in England. What gives me most + pleasure is to see how completely the citizens are all brethren of one + family. In America there are none poor, and none even that can be called + peasants. Each citizen has some property, and all citizens have the same + rights as the richest individual, or landed proprietor, in the country. + The inns are very different from those of Europe; the host and hostess sit + at table with you, and do the honours of a comfortable meal; and when you + depart, you pay your bill without being obliged to tax it. If you should + dislike going to inns, you may always find country houses in which you + will be received, as a good American, with the same attention that you + might expect in a friend's house in Europe. + </p> + <p> + My own reception has been most peculiarly agreeable. To have been merely + my travelling companion, suffices to secure the kindest welcome. I have + just passed five hours at a large dinner given in compliment to me by an + individual of this town. Generals Howe and Moultrie, and several officers + of my suite, were present. We drank each other's health, and endeavoured + to talk English, which I am beginning to speak a little. I shall pay a + visit to-morrow, with these gentlemen, to the governor of the state, and + make the last arrangements for my departure. The next day, the commanding + officers here will take me to see the town and its environs, and I shall + then set out to join the army. I must close and send my letter + immediately, because the vessel goes to-night to the entrance of the + harbour, and sails to-morrow at five o'clock. As all the ships are exposed + to some risk, I shall divide my letters amongst them. I write to M M. de + Coigny, de Poix, de Noailles, de Ségur, and to Madame d'Ayen.~{1} If + either of these should not receive my letter, be so kind as to mention + this circumstance. + </p> + <p> + From the agreeable life I lead in this country, from the sympathy which + makes me feel as much at ease with the inhabitants as if I had known them + for twenty years, the similarity between their manner of thinking and of + my own, my love of glory and of liberty, you might imagine that I am very + happy: but you are not with me, my dearest love; my friends are not with + me; and there is no happiness for me when far from you and them. I often + ask you if you still love, but I put that question still more often to + myself and my heart ever answers, yes: I trust that heart does not deceive + me. I am inexpressibly anxious to hear from you; I hope to find some + letters at Philadelphia. My only fear is that the privateer which was to + bring them to me should have been captured on her way. Although I can + easily imagine that I have excited the especial displeasure of the + English, by taking the liberty of coming hither in spite of them, and + landing before their very face, yet I must confess that we shall be even + more than on a par if they succeed in catching that vessel, the object of + my fondest hopes, by which I am expecting to receive your letters. I + entreat you to send me both long and frequent letters. You are not + sufficiently conscious of the joy with which I shall receive them. + Embrace, most tenderly, my Henriette: may I add, embrace our children? The + father of those poor children is a wanderer, but he is, nevertheless, a + good honest man,—a good father, warmly attached to his family, and a + good husband also, for he loves his wife most tenderly. Present my + compliments to your friends and to mine; may I not say <i>our</i> friends? + with the permission of the Countess Auguste and Madame de Fronsac.~{2} By + <i>my friends</i>, you know that I mean my own dear circle, formerly of + the court, and which afterwards became the society of <i>the wooden sword</i>;~{3} + we republicans like it the better for the change. This letter will be + given you by a French captain, who, I think, will deliver it into your own + hands; but I must confide to you that I have an agreeable anticipation for + to-morrow, which is to write to you by an American, who will sail on the + same day, but at a later hour. Adieu, then, my dearest love; I must leave + off for want of time and paper; and if I do not repeat ten thousand times + that I love you, it is not from want of affection, but from my having the + vanity to hope that I have already convinced you of it. The night is far + advanced, the heat intense, and I am devoured by gnats; but the best + countries, as you perceive, have their inconveniences. Adieu, my love, + adieu. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. The Viscount de Coigny, son of the last marshal of that name, was the + intimate friend of M. de Lafayette in his youth. He died young, perhaps + even during this voyage.—(See the letters of January the 6th, and + February 13th, 1778.) The Count de Ségur, who had married the sister of + the Duchess d'Ayen, and who was, therefore, the uncle of M. de Lafayette, + continued, to the last, his friend—(See the memoirs published before + his death, which occurred in 1830.) + </p> + <p> + 2. The Countess Auguste d'Aremberg, the wife of Count de Lamark, the + friend of Mirabeau, and the Duchess de Fronsac, daughter-in-law to the + Marshal de Richelieu. + </p> + <p> + 3. A society of young men, who first assembled at Versailles, and + afterwards at an inn at Paris.—(Note by M. de Lafayette.) + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Petersburg, July 17th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I am very happy, my dearest love, if the word happiness can truly be + applied to me, whilst I am separated from all I love; there is a vessel on + the point of sailing for France, and I am enabled to tell you, before + setting out for Philadelphia, that I love you, my dearest life, and that + you may be perfectly tranquil respecting my health. I bore the fatigue of + the journey without suffering from it; although the land expedition was + long and wearisome, yet the confinement of my melancholy ship was far more + so. I am now eight days' journey from Philadelphia, in the beautiful state + of Virginia. All fatigue is over, and I fear that my martial labours will + be very light, if it be true that General Howe has left New York, to go I + know not whither. But all the accounts I receive are so uncertain, that I + cannot form any fixed opinion until I reach my destination; from thence, + my love, I shall write you a long letter. You must already have received + four letters from me, if they have not fallen into the hands of the + English. I have received no news of you, and my impatience to arrive at + Philadelphia to hear, from you cannot be compared to any other earthly + feeling. Conceive the state of my mind, after having passed such an + immense length of time without, having received a line from any friend! I + hope all this will soon end, for I cannot live in such a state of + uncertainty. I have undertaken a task which is, in truth, beyond my power, + for my heart was not formed for so much suffering. + </p> + <p> + You must have learnt the particulars of the commencement of my journey: + you know that I set out in a brilliant manner in a carriage, and I must + now tell you that we are all on horseback,—having broken the + carriage, according to my usual praiseworthy custom,—and I hope soon + to write to you that we have arrived on foot. The journey is somewhat + fatiguing; but although several of my comrades have suffered a great deal, + I have scarcely myself been conscious of fatigue. The captain who takes + charge of this letter will, perhaps, pay you a visit; I beg you in that + case to receive him with great kindness. + </p> + <p> + I scarcely dare think of the time of your confinement, and yet I think of + it every moment of the day. I cannot dwell upon it without the most + dreadful anxiety. I am, indeed, unfortunate, at being so distant from you; + even if you did not love me, you ought to pity me; but you do love me, and + we shall mutually render each other happy. This little note will be short + in comparison to the volumes I have already sent you, but you shall + receive another letter in a few days from me. + </p> + <p> + The farther I advance to the north, the better pleased am I with the + country and inhabitants. There is no attention or kindness that I do not + receive, although many scarcely know who I am. But I will write all this + to you more in detail from Philadelphia. I have only time to intreat you, + my dearest love, not to forget an unhappy man, who pays most dearly for + the error he committed in parting from you, and who never felt before how + tenderly he loved you. + </p> + <p> + My respectful compliments to Madame d'Ayen, and my affectionate regards to + my sisters. Tell M. de Coigny and M. de Poix that I am in good health, in + case some letters should miscarry which I shall send by another + opportunity, by which I shall also send a line to you, although I do not + consider it so secure as this one. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + July 23rd, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I am always meeting, my dearest love, with opportunities of sending + letters; I have this time only a quarter of an hour to give you. The + vessel is on the point of sailing, and I can only announce to you my safe + arrival at Annapolis, forty leagues from Philadelphia. I can tell you + nothing of the town, for, as I alighted from my horse, I armed myself with + a little weapon dipt in invisible ink. You must already have received five + letters from me, unless King George should have received some of them. The + last one was despatched three days since; in it I announced to you that my + health was perfectly good, and had not been even impaired by my anxiety to + arrive at Philadelphia. I have received bad news here; Ticonderoga, the + strongest American post, has been forced by the enemy; this is very + unfortunate, and we must endeavour to repair the evil. Our troops have + taken, in retaliation, an English general officer, near New York. I am + each day more miserable from having quitted you, my dearest love; I hope + to receive news of you at Philadelphia, and this hope adds much to the + impatience I feel to arrive in that city. Adieu, my life; I am in such + haste that I know not what I write, but I do know that I love you more + tenderly than ever; that the pain of this separation were necessary to + convince me how very dear you are to me, and that I would give at this + moment half my existence for the pleasure of embracing you again, and + telling you with my own lips how well I love you. My respects to Madame + d'Ayen, my compliments to the viscountess, my sisters, and all my friends: + to you only have I time to write. O! if you knew how much I sigh to see + you, how much I suffer at being separated from you, and all that my heart + has been called on to endure, you would think me somewhat worthy of your + love! I have left no space for Henriette; may I say for my children? Give + them a hundred thousand embraces; I shall most heartily share them with + you. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, September 12th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I write you a line, my dearest love, by some French officers, my friends, + who embarked with me, but, not having received any appointment in the + American army, are returning to France. I must begin by telling you that I + am perfectly well, because I must end by telling you that we fought + seriously last night, and that we were not the strongest on the field of + battle. Our Americans, after having stood their ground for some time, + ended at length by being routed: whilst endeavouring to rally them, the + English honoured me with a musket ball, which slightly wounded me in the + leg,—but it is a trifle, my dearest love; the ball touched neither + bone nor nerve, and I have escaped with the obligation of lying on my back + for some time, which puts me much out of humour. I hope that you will feel + no anxiety; this event ought, on the contrary, rather to reassure you, + since I am incapacitated from appearing on the field for some time: I have + resolved to take great care of myself; be convinced of this, my love. This + affair, will, I fear, be attended with bad consequences for America. We + will endeavour, if possible, to repair the evil. You must have received + many letters from me, unless the English be equally ill-disposed towards + my epistles as towards my legs. I have not yet received one letter, and I + am most impatient to hear from you. Adieu; I am forbidden to write longer. + For several days I have not had time to sleep. Our retreat, and my journey + hither, took up the whole of last night; I am perfectly well taken care of + in this place. Tell all my friends that I am in good health. My tender + respects to Madame d'Ayen. A thousand compliments to the viscountess and + my sisters. The officers will soon set out. They will see you; what + pleasure! Good night, my dearest life! I love you better than ever. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + October 1st, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I wrote to you, my dearest love, the 12th of September; the twelfth was + the day after the eleventh, and I have a little tale to relate to you + concerning that eleventh day. To render my action more meritorious, I + might tell you that prudent reflections induced me to remain for some + weeks in my bed, safe sheltered from all danger; but I must acknowledge + that I was encouraged to take this measure by a slight wound, which I met + with I know not how, for I did not, in truth, expose myself to peril. It + was the first conflict at which I had been present; so you see how very + rare engagements are. It will be the last of this campaign, or, in all + probability, at least, the last great battle; and if anything should + occur, you see that I could not myself be present. + </p> + <p> + You may, therefore, my love, feel perfectly secure. I have much pleasure + in thus reassuring you. While I am desiring you not to be alarmed on my + account, I repeat to myself that you love me; and this little conversation + with my own heart is inexpressibly delightful to me, for I love you more + tenderly than I have ever done before. + </p> + <p> + My first occupation was to write to you the day after that affair: I told + you that it was a mere trifle, and I was right; all I fear is that you + should not have received my letter. As General Howe is giving, in the + meantime, rather pompous details of his American exploits to the king his + master, if he should write word that I am wounded, he may also write word + that I am killed, which would not cost him anything; but I hope that my + friends, and you especially, will not give faith to the reports of those + persons who last year dared to publish that General Washington, and all + the general officers of his army, being in a boat together, had been + upset, and every individual drowned. But let us speak about the wound: it + is only a flesh-wound, and has neither touched bone nor nerve. The + surgeons are astonished at the rapidity with which it heals; they are in + an ecstasy of joy each time they dress it, and pretend it is the finest + thing in the world: for my part, I think it most disagreeable, painful, + and wearisome; but tastes often differ: if a man, however, wished to be + wounded for his amusement only, he should come and examine how I have been + struck, that he might be struck precisely in the same manner. This, my + dearest love, is what I pompously style my wound, to give myself airs, and + render myself interesting. + </p> + <p> + I must now give you your lesson, as wife of an American general officer. + They will say to you, "They have been beaten:" you must answer,—"That + is true; but when two armies of <i>equal number</i> meet in the field, old + soldiers have naturally the advantage over new ones; they have, besides, + had the pleasure of killing a great many of the enemy, many more than they + have lost." They will afterwards add: "All that is very well; but + Philadelphia is taken, the capital of America, the rampart of liberty!" + You must politely answer, "You are all great fools! Philadelphia is a poor + forlorn town, exposed on every side, whose harbour was already closed; + though the residence of congress lent it, I know not why, some degree of + celebrity. This is the famous city which, be it added, we will, sooner or + later, make them yield back to us." If they continue to persecute you with + questions, you may send them about their business in terms which the + Viscount de Noailles will teach you, for I cannot lose time by talking to + you of politics. + </p> + <p> + I have delayed writing your letter till the last, in the hope of receiving + one from you, answering it, and giving you the latest intelligence of my + health; but I am told, if I do not send immediately to congress, + twenty-five leagues from hence, my captain will have set out, and I shall + lose the opportunity of writing to you. This is the cause of my scrawl + being more unintelligible than usual; however, if I were to send you + anything but a hurried scrawl, I ought, in that case, to beg your pardon, + from the singularity of the case. Recollect, my dearest love, that I have + only once heard of you, from Count Pulaski. I am much provoked, and am + very miserable. Imagine how dreadful it is to be far from all I love, in + this state of suspense and almost despair; it is impossible to support it; + and I feel, at the same time, that I do not deserve to be pitied. Why was + I so obstinately bent on coming hither ? I have been well punished for my + error; my affections are too strongly rooted for me to be able to perform + such deeds. I hope you pity me; if you knew all I suffer, especially at + this moment, when everything concerning you is so deeply interesting! I + cannot, without shuddering, think of this. I am told that a parcel has + arrived from France; I have despatched expresses on every road and in + every corner; I have sent an officer to congress; I am expecting him every + day, and you may conceive with what feelings of intense anxiety. My + surgeon is also very anxious for his arrival, for this suspense keeps my + blood in a state of effervescence, and he would fain require that it + should flow calmly. O, my dearest life, if I receive good news from you, + and all I love,—if those delightful letters arrive to-day, how happy + I shall be!—but with what agitation, also, I shall open them! + </p> + <p> + Be perfectly at ease about my wound; all the faculty in America are + engaged in my service. I have a friend, who has spoken to them in such a + manner that I am certain of being well attended to; that friend is General + Washington. This excellent man, whose talents and virtues I admired, and + whom I have learnt to revere as I know him better, has now become my + intimate friend: his affectionate interest in me instantly won my heart. I + am established in his house, and we live together like two attached + brothers, with mutual confidence and cordiality. This friendship renders + me as happy as I can possibly be in this country. When he sent his best + surgeon to me, he told him to take charge of me as if I were his son, + because he loved me with the same affection. Having heard that I wished to + rejoin the army too soon, he wrote me a letter full of tenderness, in + which he requested me to attend to the perfect restoration of my health. I + give you these details, my dearest love, that you may feel quite certain + of the care that is taken of me. Amongst the French officers, who have all + expressed the warmest interest for me, M. de Gimat, my aide-de-camp, has + followed me about like my shadow, both before and since the battle, and + has given me every possible proof of attachment. You may thus feel quite + secure on this account, both for the present and for the future. + </p> + <p> + All the foreigners who are in the army,—for I do not speak only of + those who have not been employed, and who, on their return to France, will + naturally give an unjust account of America, because the discontented, + anxious to revenge their fancied injuries, cannot be impartial,—all + the foreigners, I say, who have been employed here are dissatisfied, + complain, detest others, and are themselves detested: they do not + understand why I am the only stranger beloved in America, and I cannot + understand why they are so much hated. In the midst of the disputes and + dissensions common to all armies, especially when there are officers of + various nations, I, for my part, who am an easy and a good-tempered man, + am so fortunate as to be loved by all parties, both foreigners and Americans: + I love them all—I hope I deserve their esteem; and we are perfectly + satisfied the one with the other. I am at present in the solitude of + Bethlehem, which the Abbé Raynal has described so minutely. This + establishment is a very interesting one; the fraternity lead an agreeable + and a very tranquil life: we will talk over all this on my return; and I + intend to weary those I love, yourself, of course, in the first place, by + the relation of my adventures, for you know that I was always a great + prattler. You must become a prattler also, my love, and say many things + for me to Henriette—my poor little Henriette! embrace her a thousand + times—talk of me to her, but do not tell her all I deserve to + suffer; my punishment will be, not to be recognised by her on my arrival; + that is the penance Henriette will impose on me. Has she a brother or a + sister?—the choice is quite indifferent to me, provided I have a + second time the pleasure of being a father, and that I may soon learn that + circumstance. If I should have a son, I will tell him to examine his own + heart carefully; and if that heart should be a tender one, if he should + have a wife whom he loves as I love you, in that case I shall advise him + not to give way to feelings of enthusiasm, which would separate him from + the object of his affection, for that affection will afterwards give rise + to a thousand dreadful fears. + </p> + <p> + I am writing, by a different opportunity, to various persons, and also to + yourself. I think this letter will arrive first; if this vessel should + accidentally arrive, and the other one be lost, I have given the viscount + a list of the letters I have addressed to him. I forgot to mention my + aunts;~{1} give them news of me as soon as this reaches you. I have made + no <i>duplicata</i> for you, because I write to you by every opportunity. + Give news of me, also, to M. Margelay,~{2} the Abbe Fayon, and Desplaces. + </p> + <p> + A thousand tender regards to my sisters; I permit them to despise me as an + infamous deserter—but they must also love me at the same time. My + respects to Madame la Comtesse Auguste, and Madame de Fronsac. If my + grandfather's letters should not reach him, present to him my respectful + and affectionate regards. Adieu, adieu, my dearest life; continue to love + me, for I love you most tenderly. + </p> + <p> + Present my compliments to Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane; I wished to write to + them, but cannot find time. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Madame de Chavaniac and Madame de Motier, sisters of General + Lafayette's father. + </p> + <p> + 2. An ancient officer, to whom M. de Lafayette was confided, on leaving + college, as to a governor. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES, + </h3> + <h3> + MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. + </h3> + <p> + Whitemarsh Camp, October 24, 1777. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—You were formerly annoyed, much against my wish, by the part + you were called upon to take in my first projects; you will, perhaps, also + feel annoyed by the attention I take the liberty of requesting you to give + to the objects I have at present in view. They may appear to you as little + worthy as the first of occupying your valuable time; but in this case, as + in the previous one, my good intentions (even should they be ill-directed) + may serve as my apology. My age might also, perhaps, have been one, + formerly; I only request now that it may not prevent you from taking into + consideration whether my opinions be rational. + </p> + <p> + I do not permit myself to examine what succour the glorious cause we are + defending in America may have received; but my love for my own country + makes me observe, with pleasure, under how many points of view the + vexations of the family of England may be advantageous to her. There is, + above all, one project which, in every case, and <i>at all events</i>, + would present, I think, rational hopes of attaining any useful end, in + exact proportion to the means employed in its execution; I allude to an + expedition of greater or less importance against the East Indies; and I + should fear to injure the cause by proposing myself to take charge of it. + </p> + <p> + Without pretending to the art of prophecy in relation to present events, + but convinced in the sincerity of my heart that to injure England would be + serving (shall I say revenging?) my country, I believe that this idea + would powerfully excite the energy of each individual bearing the + honourable name of Frenchman. I came hither without permission; I have + obtained no approbation but that which may be implied by silence; I might + also undertake another little voyage without having been authorized by + government: if the success be uncertain, I should have the advantage of + exposing only myself to danger,—and what should, therefore, prevent + my being enterprising? If I could but succeed in the slightest degree, a + flame kindled on the least important establishment of England, even if + part of my own fortune were to be consumed also, would satisfy my heart by + awakening hopes for a more propitious hour. + </p> + <p> + Guided by the slight knowledge which my ignorance has been able to obtain, + I shall now state in what manner, Sir, I would undertake this enterprise. + An American patent, to render my movements regular, the trifling succours + by which it might be sustained, the assistance I might obtain at the + French islands, the speculations of some merchants, the voluntary aid of a + few of my fellow comrades,—such are the feeble resources which would + enable me to land peacefully on the Isle of France. I should there find, I + believe, privateers ready to assist me, and men to accompany me in + sufficient numbers to lie in wait for the vessels returning from China, + which would offer me a fresh supply of force, sufficient perhaps to enable + me to fall upon one or two of their factories, and destroy them before + they could be protected. With an aid, which I dare scarcely hope would be + granted me, and, above all, with talents which I am far from having yet + acquired, might not some advantage be taken of the jealousy of the + different nabobs, the hatred of the Mahrattas, the venality of the sepoys, + and the effeminacy of the English? Might not the crowd of Frenchmen + dispersed at present on that coast be employed with advantage in the + cause? As to myself personally, in any case, the fear of compromising my + own country would prevent my acknowledging the pride I feel in being her + son, even as the nobility in some provinces occasionally lay aside their + marks of distinction to reassume them at a later period. + </p> + <p> + Although by no means blind as to the imprudence of the step, I would have + hazarded this enterprise alone, if the fear of injuring the interests I + wish to serve, by not sufficiently understanding them, or of proving a + detriment to some better-concerted expedition, had not arrested my + intended movements; for I have the vanity to believe that a project of + this kind may one day be executed on a grander scale, and by far abler + hands, than mine. Even now it might be executed in a manner that would, I + think, insure success, if I could hope to receive from the government, not + an order, not succours, not mere indifference,—but I know scarcely + what, which I can find no language to express with sufficient delicacy. + </p> + <p> + In this case, an order from the king, should he deign to restore me for + some time to my friends and family, without prohibiting my return hither, + would give me a hint to prepare myself with American continental + commissions; some preparations and instructions from France might also + precede that pretended return, and conduct me straight to the East Indies: + the silence which was formerly perhaps an error, would then become a + sacred duty, and would serve to conceal my true destination, and above all + the sort of approbation it might receive. + </p> + <p> + Such, Sir, are the ideas that, duly impressed with a sense of my + incapacity and youth, I presume to submit to your better judgment, and, if + you should think favourably of them, to the various modifications to which + you may conceive them liable; I am certain, at least, that they cannot be + deemed ridiculous, because they are inspired by a laudable motive—the + love of my country. I only ask for the honour of serving her under other + colours, and I rejoice at seeing her interest united to that of the + republicans for whom I am combating; earnestly hoping, however, that I + shall soon be allowed to fight under the French banner. A commission of + grenadier in the king's army would, in that case, be more agreeable to me + than the highest rank in a foreign army. + </p> + <p> + I reproach myself too much, Sir, for thus offering you my undigested ideas + regarding Asia, to heighten my offence by presumptuously tracing a plan of + America, embellished with my own reflections, which you do not require, + and have not asked for: the zeal which led me hither, and, above all, the + friendship which unites me to the general-in-chief, would render me liable + to the accusation of partiality, from which feeling I flatter myself I am + wholly free. I reserve till my return the honour of mentioning to you the + names of those officers of merit whom the love of their profession has led + to this continent. All those who are French, Sir, have a right to feel + confidence in you. It is on this ground that I claim your indulgence; I + have a second claim upon it from the respect with which I have the honour + to be, Sir, + </p> + <p> + Your very humble and obedient servant, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + If this letter should weary you, Sir, the manner in which it will reach + you may be deemed perhaps but too secure. I entrust it to M. de Valfort, + captain of the regiment of Aunis, with the commission of colonel in our + islands, whom his talents, reputation, and researches, have rendered + useful in this country, and whom the wishes of General Washington would + have detained here, if his health had not rendered it absolutely necessary + for him to return to France. I shall here await your orders, (which + cannot, without difficulty, enter an American harbour,) or I shall go + myself to receive them, as future circumstances may render proper; for, + since my arrival, I have not received one order which could regulate my + movements. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + The Camp near Whitemarsh, Oct. 29th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + I send you an open letter, my dearest love, in the person of M. de + Valfort, my friend, whom I entreat you to receive as such. He will tell + you at length everything concerning me; but I must tell you myself how + well I love you. I have too much pleasure in experiencing this sentiment + not to have also pleasure in repeating it to you a thousand times, if that + were possible. I have no resource left me, my love, but to write and write + again, without even hoping that my letters will ever reach you, and I + endeavour to console myself, by the pleasure of conversing with you, for + the disappointment and anguish of not receiving one single line from + France. It is impossible to describe to you how completely my heart is + torn by anxiety and fear; nor should I wish to express all I feel, even if + it were in my power to do so; for I would not disturb, by any painful + impressions, the happiest moments of my exile—those in which I can + speak to you of my tenderness. But do you, at least, pity me? Do you + comprehend all that I endure? If I could only know at this moment where + you are, and what you are doing! but in the course of time I shall learn + all this, for I am not separated from you in reality, as if I were dead. I + am expecting your letters with an impatience, from which nothing can for + an instant divert my thoughts: every one tells me they must soon arrive; + but can I rely on this? Neglect not one opportunity of writing to me, if + my happiness be still dear to you. Repeat to me that you love me: the less + I merit your affection, the more necessary to me are your consoling + assurances of it. You must have received so many accounts of my slight + wound, that all repetitions on the subject would be useless; and if you + ever believed it was anything serious, M. de Valfort can undeceive you. In + a very short time I shall not even be lame. + </p> + <p> + Is it not dreadful, my love, to reflect that it is by the public, by + English papers, by our enemy's gazettes, that I should receive + intelligence concerning you? In an unimportant article relating to my + arrival here, they ended by speaking of yourself, your situation, and + approaching confinement; that source of all my fears, agitations, hopes, + and joy. How happy I should feel if I could learn that I had become a + second time a father, that you are in good health, that my two children + and their mother are likely to constitute the felicity of my future life! + This country is delightful for the growth of filial and paternal love: + these feelings may even be termed passions, and give rise to the most + assiduous and unremitting care. The news of your confinement will be + received with joy by the whole army, and above all by its commander. + </p> + <p> + I shall find my poor little Henriette very amusing on my return. I hope + she will deliver a long sermon of reproof, and that she will speak to me + with all the frankness of friendship; for my daughter will be always, I + trust, my most intimate friend; I will only be a father in affection, and + paternal love shall unite in my heart with friendship. Embrace her, my + love,—may I say embrace <i>them?</i>—for me! But I will not + dwell upon all I suffer from this painful uncertainty. I know that you + share all the sorrows of my heart, and I will not afflict you. I wrote by + the last opportunity to Madame d'Ayen; since my wound I have written to + everybody; but those letters have perhaps been lost. It is not my fault; I + wish to return a little evil to those wicked letter-stealers when they are + on land, but on the sea I have only the consolation of the weak, that of + cursing heartily those of whom I cannot be revenged. A thousand tender + respects to your mother; my kind regards to your sisters. Do not forget my + compliments to the Marshal de Noailles, and to your paternal and maternal + relations. I have received four foolish lines from the Marshal de Mouchy, + who does not say one word of you; I swore at him in every language. Adieu, + my love, adieu; ask questions of my good, excellent friend, M. de Valfort, + for my paper is coming to a close. It is dreadful to be reduced to hold no + communication but by letter with a person whom one loves as I love you, + and as I shall ever love you, until I draw my latest breath. + </p> + <p> + I have not missed a single opportunity, not even the most indirect one, + without writing to you. Do the same also on your side, my dearest life, if + you love me; but I should indeed be unfeeling and ungrateful if I were to + doubt your love. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Camp of Whitemarsh, November 6th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + You will perhaps receive this letter, my dearest love, at the expiration + of five or six years, for I am writing to you by an accidental + opportunity, in which I do not place great trust. See what a circuit my + letter must make. An officer in the army will carry it to Fort Pitt, three + hundred miles in the interior of the continent; it will then embark on the + great Ohio river, and traverse regions inhabited only by savages; having + reached New Orleans, a small vessel will transport it to the Spanish + islands; a ship of that nation—God knows when!—will carry it + with her on her return to Europe. But it will even then be very distant + from you; and it is only after having been soiled by the dirty hands of + all the Spanish post-masters that it will be allowed to pass the Pyrenees. + It may very possibly be unsealed and resealed five or six times before it + be finally placed in your hands; but it will prove to you that I neglect + no opportunity, not even the most indirect one, of sending you news of + myself, and of repeating how well I love you. It is, however, for my own + satisfaction only that I delight to tell you so at present; I hope that I + shall have the pleasure of throwing this letter in the fire when it + arrives, for be it understood I shall be there also, and my presence will + render this piece of paper very insignificant. The idea is most soothing + to my heart, and I indulge it with rapture. How enchanting to think of the + moments when we shall be together! but how painful also to recollect that + my joy is only caused by an illusion, and that I am separated from the + reality of my happiness by two thousand leagues, an immense ocean, and + villanous English vessels! Those wretched vessels make me very unhappy. + One letter, one letter only, have I yet received from you, my love; the + others have been lost or taken, and are probably at the bottom of the sea. + I must consider our enemy the cause of this dreadful loss; for I am + certain you do not neglect to write to me from every port, and by all the + despatches sent by Dr. Franklin and Mr. Deane. And yet some ships arrived; + I have sent couriers to every corner of the continent; but all my hopes + have been frustrated. Perhaps you have not been properly informed. I + entreat you, my love, to inquire carefully in what manner you may best + send your letters. It is so dreadful for me to be deprived of them, and I + am so unhappy at being separated from all I love! I am guilty, it is true, + of having caused my own calamity; but you would pity me if you knew all + that my heart endured. + </p> + <p> + But why tell you news in a letter destined to travel about the world for + years, which will reach you perhaps in shreds, and will represent + antiquity personified? My other despatches must have informed you of the + various events of the campaign. The battle of Brandywine, in which I most + skilfully lost a small part of my leg; the taking possession of + Philadelphia, which will by no means, however, be attended with the ill + consequences which have been expected in Europe; the attack of a post at + Germantown, at which I was not present, from having received a recent + wound, and which did not prove successful; the surrender of General + Burgoyne, with five thousand men—that same Burgoyne who wished to + devour us all, last spring, but who finds himself this autumn the prisoner + of war of our northern army; and finally, our present situation, stationed + immediately opposite each other, at four leagues distance, and General + Howe established at Philadelphia, making great exertion to take certain + forts, and having already lost in the attempt one large and one small + vessel. You are now quite as well informed on the subject as if you were + general-in-chief of either army. I need only at this moment add, that the + wound of the 11th of September, of which I have spoken to you a thousand + times, is almost completely healed, although I am still a little lame, but + that in a few days there will scarcely remain any traces of this accident. + All these details will be given you very circumstantially by my friend Mr. + de Valfort, to whom I have given a letter for you, and on whose accounts + you may implicitly rely. I have just learnt that he has sailed, not, as I + expected, in a packet, but in a good frigate of thirty-five guns: it would + be unlucky indeed if he were taken. From his lips, and the epistle which I + confided to him five or six days ago, you will learn all that your + affection for me may make you wish to know. I wish you also knew the + precise day of my return, and I am most impatient to fix that day myself, + and to be able to say to you, in the joy of my heart,—upon such a + day I set out to rejoin you, and obtain all earthly happiness. + </p> + <p> + A little gentleman, in a blue coat, with lemon-coloured facings and a + white waistcoat, a German, coming hither to solicit an employment, (which + he will not obtain,) and speaking wretched French, told me that he quitted + Europe in the month of August: he talked to me of politics and of the + ministry; he upset all Europe generally, and every court individually; but + he knew not a word of what was most interesting to my heart. I examined + him in every way; I mentioned fifty names to him; his answer was always, + <i>"Me not know them noblemen</i>." + </p> + <p> + I will not weary you with a long account of the state of my finances. The + accident which occurred to my vessel was a source of vexation to me, + because that vessel would have been useful to me in the present settlement + of my affairs; but it is no longer in being, and I should reproach myself + with having sent it back, had I not been obliged to make its return a + clause in my engagements, on account of my minority.~{1} Everything here + is incredibly dear. We feel the consolation of the malevolent in thinking + that the scarcity is still greater in Philadelphia. In time of war, we + become reconciled to all we may ourselves endure by making our enemies + suffer ten times more. We have here an abundance of provisions, and we + learn with pleasure that our English neighbours are not so fortunate. + </p> + <p> + Do not think at present of being uneasy on my account; all the hard blows + are over, and there can be, at most, but some little miniature strokes, + which cannot concern me; I am not less secure in this camp than I should + be were I in the centre of Paris. If every possible advantage to be + attained by serving here; if the friendship of the army in gross and in + detail; if a tender union with the most respectable and admirable of men, + General Washington, sustained by mutual confidence; if the affection of + those Americans by whom I wish to be beloved; if all this were sufficient + to constitute my happiness, I should indeed have nothing to desire. But my + heart is far from being tranquil. You would compassionate me, if you knew + how much that heart suffers, and how well it loves you! + </p> + <p> + The present season of the year makes me hope to receive some letters. What + may they announce to me? what may I hope? O, my dearest love, how cruel it + is to endure this painful anxiety, under circumstances which are so + all-important to my happiness! Have I two children? have I another infant + to share my tender affection with my dearest Henriette? Embrace my dear + little girl a thousand times for me; embrace them both tenderly, my + dearest life. I trust they will know one day how well I love them. + </p> + <p> + A thousand respectful compliments to Madame d'Ayen; a thousand tender ones + to the viscountess and my sisters; to my friends a million of kind + regards; remember me to every one. Adieu! take care of your own health; + give me circumstantial details of all things; believe that I love you more + than ever, that you are the first object of my affection, and the surest + guarantee of my felicity. The sentiments so deeply engraven on a heart + which belongs to you alone, shall remain, whilst that heart continues to + vibrate. Will you, too, always love me, my dearest life? I dare believe + it, and that we shall mutually render each other happy by an affection + equally tender and eternal. Adieu, adieu! how delightful would it be to + embrace you at this moment, and say to you with my own lips, I love thee + better than I have ever loved, and I shall love thee for the remainder of + my life. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. It will be seen by the memoirs that that vessel was wrecked on the bar + of Charlestown. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0013" id="link2H_4_0013"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Haddonfield, the 26th November, 1777. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—I went down to this place since the day before + yesterday, in order to be acquainted of all the roads and grounds around + the enemy. I heard at my arrival that their main body was between Great + and Little Timber Creek since the same evening. Yesterday morning, in + reconnoitering about, I have been told that they were very busy in + crossing the Delaware. I saw them myself in their boats, and sent that + intelligence to General Greene as soon as possible, as every other thing I + heard of. But I want to acquaint your excellency of a little event of last + evening, which, though not very considerable in itself, will certainly + please you, on account of the bravery and alacrity a small party of ours + shewed on that occasion. After having spent the most part of the day to + make myself well acquainted with the certainty of their motions, I came + pretty late into the Gloucester road, between the two creeks. I had ten + light-horse with Mr. Lindsey, almost a hundred and fifty riflemen, under + Colonel Buttler, and two piquets of the militia, commanded by Colonels + Hite and Ellis: my whole body was not three hundred. Colonel Armand, + Colonel Laumoy, the chevaliers Duplessis and Gimat, were the Frenchmen who + went with me. A scout of my men, with whom was Mr. Duplessis, to see how + near were the first piquets from Gloucester, found at two miles and a half + of it a strong post of three hundred and fifty Hessians with field-pieces, + (what number I did know, by the unanimous deposition of their prisoners,) + and engaged immediately. As my little reconnoitering party was all in fine + spirits, I supported them. We pushed the Hessians more than an half mile + from the place where was their main body, and we made them run very fast: + British reinforcements came twice to them, but, very far from recovering + their ground, they went always back. The darkness of the night prevented + us then to push that advantage, and, after standing upon the ground we had + got, I ordered them to return very slow to Haddonfield. The enemy, knowing + perhaps by our drums that we were not so near, came again to fire at us; + but the brave Major Moriss, with a part of his riflemen, sent them back, + and pushed them very fast. I understand that they have had between + twenty-five and thirty wounded, at least that number killed, among whom I + am certain, is an officer; some say more, and the prisoners told me they + have lost the commandant of that body; we got yet, this day, fourteen + prisoners. I sent you the most moderate account I had from themselves. We + left one single man killed, a lieutenant of militia, and only five of ours + were wounded. Such is the account of our little entertainment, which is + indeed much too long for the matter, but I take the greatest pleasure to + let you know that the conduct of our soldiers is above all praises: I + never saw men so merry, so spirited, so desirous to go on to the enemy, + whatever forces they could have, as that small party was in this little + fight. I found the riflemen above even their reputation, and the militia + above all expectations I could have: I returned to them my very sincere + thanks this morning. I wish that this little success of ours may please + you, though a very trifling one, I find it very interesting on account of + the behaviour of our soldiers. + </p> + <p> + Some time after I came back, General Varnum arrived here; General Greene + is, too, in this place since this morning; he engaged me to give you + myself the account of the little advantage of that small part of the + troops under his command. I have nothing more to say to your excellency + about our business on this side, because he is writing himself: I should + have been very glad, if circumstances had permitted me, to be useful to + him upon a greater scale. As he is obliged to march slow in order to + attend his troops, and as I am here only a volunteer, I will have the + honour to wait upon your excellency as soon as possible, and I'll set out + to-day: it will be a great pleasure for me to find myself again with you. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender affection and highest respect I have the honour to + be, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + I must tell, too, that the riflemen had been the whole day running before + my horse, without eating or taking any rest. + </p> + <p> + I have just now a certain assurance that two British officers, besides + those I spoke you of, have died this morning of their wounds in an house; + this, and some other circumstances, let me believe that their lost may be + greater than I told to your excellency. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. All the letters addressed to General Washington, as well as to other + Americans, were written in English. Since the death of General Washington, + his family have returned to General Lafayette the original letters he had + addressed to him, and these are now in our possession. The originals of + Washington's letters were almost all lost in the French revolution; but M. + de Lafayette, during his last journey to the United States, had a great + number of them copied from minutes preserved by Washington himself: they + have been inserted in the collection we have so frequently quoted from, + published by Mr. Sparks. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE DUKE D'AYEN. + </h3> + <p> + Camp Gulph, Pennsylvania, Dec. 16th, 1777. + </p> + <p> + This letter, if it ever reaches you, will find you at least in France; + some hazards are averted by this circumstance, but I must not indulge in + many hopes. I never write a letter for Europe without deploring before + hand the fate most probably awaiting it, and I labour, undoubtedly, more + for Lord Howe than for any of my friends. The bad season is fortunately + drawing near; the English ships will be obliged to quit their confounded + cruising stations; I may then receive letters, and forward them from hence + with some degree of security; this will make me very happy, and will + prevent my wearying you by a repetition of events which I wish you to be + acquainted with, but which I do not wish to remind you of each time I + write. I am very anxious for the account of your journey. I depend + principally on Madame de Lafayette for its details; she well knows how + interesting they will be to me. The Marshall de Noailles tells me, in + general terms, that the letters he receives from Italy assure him the + travellers are all in good health. From him I have also learnt the + confinement of Madame Lafayette; he does not speak of it as if it were the + happiest of all possible circumstances; but my anxiety was too keen to be + able to make any distinction of sex; and by kindly writing to me, and + giving me an account of the event, he rendered me far, far happier than he + imagined, when he announced to me that I had only a daughter.~{1} The Rue + de St. Honoré has now for ever lost its credit, whilst the other Hotel de + Noailles has acquired new lustre by the birth of Adrian.~{2} It is truly + an ill-proceeding on my part to throw that disgrace on a family from whom + I have received so much kindness. You must now be freezing on the high + roads of France; those of Pennsylvania are also very cold, and I endeavour + vainly to persuade myself that the difference of latitude betwixt this and + Paris ought to give us, comparatively speaking, a delightful winter: I am + even told that it will be more severe. We are destined to pass it in huts, + twenty miles from Philadelphia, that we may protect the country, be + enabled to take advantage of every favourable opportunity, and also have + the power of instructing the troops by keeping them together. It would, + perhaps, have been better to have entered quietly into real winter + quarters; but political reasons induced General Washington to adopt this + half-way measure. + </p> + <p> + I wish I had sufficient skill to give you a satisfactory account of the + military events passing in this country; but, in addition to my own + incapacity, reasons, of which you will understand the weight, prevent my + hazarding in a letter, exposed to the capture of the English fleet, a + relation which might explain many things, if I had the happiness of + conversing with you in person. I will, however, endeavour to repeat to + you, once more, the most important events that have occurred during this + campaign. My gazette, which will be more valuable from not containing my + own remarks, must be preferable to the gazettes of Europe; because the man + who sees with his own eyes, even if he should not see quite correctly, + must always merit more attention than the man who has seen nothing. As to + the gazettes which the English shower upon us, they appear to me only fit + to amuse chairmen over their mugs of ale; and even these men must have + indulged in liberal potations, not to perceive the falsehoods they + contain. It seems to me that the project of the English ministry was to + cut in a line that part of America which extends from the bay of Chesapeak + to Ticonderoga. General Howe was ordered to repair to Philadelphia by the + Elk river; Burgoyne to descend to Albany, and Clinton to ascend from New + York by the North river: the three generals might in this manner have + joined hands; they would have received, or pretended to receive, the + submission of the alleged conquered provinces; we should only have + retained for our winter quarters the interior of the country, and have + depended solely for our resources on the four southern states. An attack + on Charlestown may also, perhaps, have been intended: in the opinion of + the cabinet of the King of England, America was thus almost conquered. + Providence fortunately permitted some alterations to take place in the + execution of this finely-conceived project—to exercise, probably, + for some time, the constancy of the British nation. + </p> + <p> + When I arrived at the army, in the month of August, I was much astonished + at not finding any enemies. After having made some marches into Jersey, + where nothing occurred, General Howe embarked at New York. We were + encamped, and expecting their descent, on the Chester side, when we learnt + that they were at the mouth of the Elk river. General Washington marched + to meet them, and after having taken up several stations, resolved to wait + their arrival upon some excellent heights on the Brandywine stream. The + 11th of September the English marched to attack us; but whilst they were + amusing us with their cannon, and several movements in front, they + suddenly detached the greater part of their troops, the choicest men of + their army, with the grenadiers, under the command of General Howe, and + Lord Cornwallis, to pass a ford four miles distant on our right. As soon + as General Washington became aware of this movement, he detached his whole + right wing to march towards them. Some unfounded reports, which had all + the appearance of truth, and which contradicted the first accounts + received, arrested for a length of time the progress of that wing, and + when it arrived, the enemy had already crossed the ford. Thus it became + necessary to engage in an open field with an army superior in numbers to + our own. After having for some time sustained a very brisk fire, though + many were killed on the side of the English, the Americans were obliged to + give way. A portion of them was rallied and brought back: it was then that + I received my wound. In a word, to cut the matter short, everything went + on badly on both sides, and General Washington was defeated—because + he could not gain the first general battle which had been fought during + the war. The army reassembled at Chester; but having been carried to a + distance from it, I have not been able to follow its different movements. + General Howe took advantage of the disorder which a tremendous rain had + occasioned in our army to pass the Schuylkill; he repaired to + Philadelphia, to take possession of it, and stationed himself between that + town and Germantown. General Washington attacked him on the 4th of + October; and we may assert that our general beat theirs, although their + troops defeated ours, since he surprised him, and even drove back the + English for some time; but their experience proved again triumphant over + our unpractised officers and soldiers. Some time before this event, an + American brigadier, placed in detachment on the other side of the river, + had been attacked at night in his camp, and had lost some of his men. + These are the only important events which took place on our side during + the six weeks that I was absent from the camp, whilst obliged to keep my + bed from my unclosed wound: at that time we received good news of General + Burgoyne. When I first rejoined the army, whilst General Howe was on the + water, I learnt that Ticonderoga had been precipitately abandoned by the + Americans, leaving there several cannons and a quantity of ammunition. + This success inflamed the pride of General Burgoyne, and he issued a + pompous proclamation, for which he has since paid very dearly. His first + act was to send a detachment, which was repulsed; he was not, however, + discouraged, but marched on, through immense forests, in a country which + contained but a single road. General Gates had under his orders fifteen or + sixteen thousand men, who distressed the enemy by firing upon them from + behind the trees. Whether conqueror or conquered, General Burgoyne's force + became gradually weakened, and every quarter of a league cost him many + men. At length, surrounded on all sides, and perishing with hunger, he was + obliged to enter into a convention, in virtue of which he was conducted by + the New England militia into that same state of Massachusets in which it + had been asserted in London he was to take up his winter quarters. From + thence he is to be conveyed, with whatever troops he may have remaining, + to England, at the expense of the king his master. Ticonderoga has been + since evacuated by the English. + </p> + <p> + General Clinton, who had set out rather late from New York, after having + taken and destroyed Fort Montgomery, on the north river, endeavoured to + reach the rear of Gates; but, hearing of the convention, he returned on + the same road by which he had advanced. If he had been more rapid in his + march, the affairs of General Gates would not have ended so fortunately. + </p> + <p> + When my wound permitted me, after the space of six weeks, to rejoin the + army, I found it stationed fifteen miles from Philadelphia; our northern + reinforcements had arrived; General Howe was much incommoded by two forts, + one on the Jersey side, the other on the little Island of Mud, that you + will find on your map, below the Schuylkill. These two forts defended the + chevaux de frise of the Delaware; they held out for a long time, against + all the efforts of the English troops, both by sea and land. Two young + Frenchmen, who were acting there as engineers, acquired much glory by + their conduct; MM. de Fleury, of the regiment of Rouergue, and Mauduit + Duplessis, who had also at the same time the command of the artillery: he + is an artillery officer in France. Some Hessians, commanded by Count + Donop, attacked the fort in which Mauduit was stationed, and were repulsed + with considerable loss. Count Donop was taken and received a mortal wound. + These forts, after having made a vigorous resistance, were at length + evacuated. Lord Cornwallis then passed into Jersey with five thousand men. + The same number of our troops was stationed there, under one of our + major-generals. As I was only a volunteer, I went to reconnoitre the + ground, and having met, accidentally, with a detachment near the enemy's + post, the good conduct of my soldiers rendered an imprudent attack + justifiable. We were told that his lordship had been wounded. He then + again re-crossed the river, and we also did the same. Some days afterwards + our army assembled at Whitemarsh, thirteen miles from Philadelphia. The + whole army of General Howe advanced to attack us: but having examined our + position on every side, they judged it more prudent to retire during the + night, after four days of apparent hesitation. We then executed the + project of crossing over on this side of the Schuylkill, and after having + been delayed on the opposite side, from finding on this shore a part of + the enemy's army, (although they only fired a few cannon balls at us,) + they left us a free passage the next day, and we shall all repair unto our + huts for the winter. + </p> + <p> + Whilst remaining there, the American army will endeavour to clothe itself, + because it is almost in a state of nudity,—to form itself, because + it requires instruction,—and to recruit itself, because it is + feeble; but the thirteen states are going to rouse themselves and send us + some men. My division will, I trust, be one of the strongest, and I will + exert myself to make it one of the best. The actual situation of the enemy + is by no means an unpleasant one; the army of Burgoyne is fed at the + expense of the republic, and the few men they may obtain back, for many + will be lost upon the road, will immediately be replaced by other troops; + Clinton is quite at ease in New York, with a numerous garrison; General + Howe is paying court to the belles of Philadelphia. The liberty the + English take of stealing and pillaging from friends as well as foes, + places them completely at their ease. Their ships at present sail up to + the town, not, however, without some danger, for, without counting the + ship of sixty-four guns and the frigate which were burnt before the forts, + and without counting all those that I trust the ice will destroy, several + are lost every day on the difficult passage they are obliged to undertake. + </p> + <p> + The loss of Philadelphia is far from being so important as it is conceived + to be in Europe. If the differences of circumstances, of countries, and of + proportion between the two armies, were not duly considered, the success + of General Gates would appear surprising when compared to the events that + have occurred with us,—taking into account the superiority of + General Washington over General Gates. Our General is a man formed, in + truth, for this revolution, which could not have been accomplished without + him. I see him more intimately than any other man, and I see that he is + worthy of the adoration of his country. His tender friendship for me, and + his complete confidence in me, relating to all military and political + subjects, great as well as small, enable me to judge of all the interests + he has to conciliate, and all the difficulties he has to conquer. I admire + each day more fully the excellence of his character, and the kindness of + his heart. Some foreigners are displeased at not having been employed, + (although it did not depend on him to employ them)—others, whose + ambitious projects he would not serve,—and some intriguing, jealous + men, have endeavoured to injure his reputation; but his name will be + revered in every age, by all true lovers of liberty and humanity; and + although I may appear to be eulogising my friend, I believe that the part + he makes me act, gives me the right of avowing publicly how much I admire + and respect him. There are many interesting things that I cannot write, + but will one day relate to you, on which I entreat you to suspend your + judgment, and which will redouble your esteem for him. + </p> + <p> + America is most impatiently expecting us to declare for her, and France + will one day, I hope, determine to humble the pride of England. This hope, + and the measures which America appears determined to pursue, give me great + hopes for the glorious establishment of her independence. We are not, I + confess, so strong as I expected, but we are strong enough to fight; we + shall do so, I trust, with some degree of success; and, with the + assistance of France, we shall gain, with costs, the cause that I cherish, + because it is the cause of justice,—because it honors humanity,—because + it is important to my country,—and because my American friends, and + myself, are deeply engaged in it. The approaching campaign will be an + interesting one. It is said that the English are sending us some + Hanoverians; some time ago they threatened us with, what was far worse, + the arrival of some Russians. A slight menace from France would lessen the + number of these reinforcements. The more I see of the English, the more + thoroughly convinced I am, that it is necessary to speak to them in a loud + tone. + </p> + <p> + After having wearied you with public affairs, you must not expect to + escape without being wearied also with my private affairs. It is + impossible to be more agreeably situated than I am in a foreign country. I + have only feelings of pleasure to express, and I have each day more reason + to be satisfied with the conduct of the congress towards me, although my + military occupations have allowed me to become personally acquainted with + but few of its members. Those I do know have especially loaded me with + marks of kindness and attention. The new president, Mr. Laurens, one of + the most respectable men of America, is my particular friend. As to the + army, I have had the happiness of obtaining the friendship of every + individual; not one opportunity is lost of giving me proofs of it. I + passed the whole summer without accepting a division, which you know had + been my previous intention; I passed all that time at General Washington's + house, where I felt as if I were with a friend of twenty years' standing. + Since my return from Jersey, he has desired me to choose, amongst several + brigades, the division which may please me best; but I have chosen one + entirely composed of Virginians. It is weak in point of numbers at + present, just in proportion, however, to the weakness of the whole army, + and almost in a state of nakedness; but I am promised cloth, of which I + shall make clothes, and recruits, of which soldiers must be made, about + the same period; but, unfortunately, the last is the most difficult task, + even for more skilful men than me. The task I am performing here, if I had + acquired sufficient experience to perform it well, would improve + exceedingly my future knowledge. The major-general replaces the + lieutenant-general, and the field-marshal, in their most important + functions, and I should have the power of employing to advantage, both my + talents and experience, if Providence and my extreme youth allowed me to + boast of possessing either. I read, I study, I examine, I listen, I + reflect, and the result of all is the endeavour at forming an opinion, + into which I infuse as much common sense as possible. I will not talk + much, for fear of saying foolish things; I will still less risk acting + much, for fear of doing foolish things; for I am not disposed to abuse the + confidence which the Americans have kindly placed in me. Such is the plan + of conduct which I have followed until now, and which I shall continue to + follow; but when some ideas occur to me, which I believe may become useful + when properly rectified, I hasten to impart them to a great judge, who is + good enough to say that he is pleased with them. On the other hand, when + my heart tells me that a favourable opportunity offers, I cannot refuse + myself the pleasure of participating in the peril, but I do not think that + the vanity of success ought to make us risk the safety of an army, or of + any portion of it, which may not be formed or calculated for the + offensive. If I could make an axiom, with the certainty of not saying a + foolish thing, I should venture to add that, whatever may be our force, we + must content ourselves with a completely defensive plan, with the + exception, however, of the moment when we may be forced to action, because + I think I have perceived that the English troops are more astonished by a + brisk attack than by a firm resistance. + </p> + <p> + This letter will be given you by the celebrated Adams, whose name must + undoubtedly be known to you. As I have never allowed myself to quit the + army, I have not been able to see him. He wished that I should give him + letters of introduction to France, especially to yourself. May I hope that + you will have the goodness of receiving him kindly, and even of giving him + some information respecting the present state of affairs. I fancied you + would not be sorry to converse with a man whose merit is so universally + acknowledged. He desires ardently to succeed in obtaining the esteem of + our nation. One of his friends himself told me so. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Madame Charles de Latour-Maubourg. + </p> + <p> + 2. A son of the Viscount de Noailles, who was the son of Marshal de + Mouchy, and married the eldest daughter of the Duke d'Ayen. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0014" id="link2H_4_0014"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, 30th December, 1777. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I went yesterday morning to head-quarters with an + intention of speaking to your excellency, but you were too busy, and I + shall lay down in this letter what I wished to say. + </p> + <p> + I don't need to tell you that I am sorry for all that has happened for + some time past. It is a necessary dependence of my most tender and + respectful friendship for you, which affection is as true and candid as + the other sentiments of my heart, and much stronger than so new an + acquaintance seems to admit; but another reason, to be concerned in the + present circumstances, is my ardent and perhaps enthusiastic wishes for + the happiness and liberty of this country. I see plainly that America can + defend herself if proper measures are taken, and now I begin to fear lest + she should be lost by herself and her own sons. + </p> + <p> + When I was in Europe I thought that here almost every man was a lover of + liberty, and would rather die free than live a slave. You can conceive my + astonishment when I saw that toryism was as openly professed as whiggism + itself: however, at that time I believed that all good Americans were + united together; that the confidence of congress in you was unbounded. + Then I entertained the certitude that America would be independent in case + she should not lose you. Take away, for an instant, that modest diffidence + of yourself, (which, pardon my freedom, my dear General, is sometimes too + great, and I wish you could know, as well as myself, what difference there + is between you and any other man,) you would see very plainly that if you + were lost for America, there is no body who could keep the army and the + revolution for six months. There are open dissensions in congress, parties + who hate one another as much as the common enemy; stupid men, who, without + knowing a single word about war, undertake to judge you, to make + ridiculous comparisons; they are infatuated with Gates, without thinking + of the different circumstances, and believe that attacking is the only + thing necessary to conquer. Those ideas are entertained in their minds by + some jealous men, and perhaps secret friends to the British Government, + who want to push you in a moment of ill humour to some rash enterprise + upon the lines, or against a much stronger army. I should not take the + liberty of mentioning these particulars to you if I did not receive a + letter about this matter, from a young good-natured gentleman at York, + whom Conway has ruined by his cunning, bad advice, but who entertains the + greatest respect for you. + </p> + <p> + I have been surprised at first, to see the few establishments of this + board of war, to see the difference made between northern and southern + departments, to see resolves from congress about military operations; but + the promotion of Conway is beyond all my expectations. I should be glad to + have new major-generals, because, as I know, you take some interest in my + happiness and reputation it is, perhaps, an occasion for your excellency + to give me more agreeable commands in some interesting instances. On the + other hand, General Conway says he is entirely a man to be disposed of by + me. He calls himself my soldier, and the reason of such behaviour to me + is, that he wishes to be well spoken of at the French court, and his + protector, the Marquis de Castries, is an intimate acquaintance of mine; + but since the letter of Lord Stirling I inquired in his character. I found + that he was an ambitious and dangerous man. He has done all in his power, + by cunning manoeuvres, to take off my confidence and affection for you. + His desire was to engage me to leave this country. Now I see all the + general officers of the army against congress; such disputes, if known by + the enemy, would be attended with the worst consequences. I am very sorry + whenever I perceive troubles raised among the defenders of the same cause, + but my concern is much greater when I find officers coming from France, + officers of some character in my country, to whom any fault of that kind + may be imputed. The reason of my fondness for Conway was his being by all + means a very brave and very good officer. However, that talent for + manoeuvres, and which seems so extraordinary to congress, is not so very + difficult a matter for any man of common sense who applies himself to it. + I must pay to General Portail, and some French officers, who came to speak + me, the justice to say, that I found them as I could wish upon this + occasion; for it has made a great noise among many in the army. I wish, + indeed, those matters could be soon pacified. I wish your excellency could + let them know how necessary you are to them, and engage them at the same + time to keep peace, and simulate love among themselves till the moment + when those little disputes shall not be attended with such inconveniences. + It would be, too, a great pity that slavery, dishonour, ruin, and + unhappiness of a whole world, should issue from some trifling differences + between a few men. + </p> + <p> + You will find, perhaps, this letter very useless, and even inopportune; + but I was desirous of having a pretty, long conversation with you upon the + present circumstances, to explain you what I think of this matter. As a + proper opportunity for it did not occur, I took the liberty of laying down + some of my ideas in this letter, because it is for my satisfaction to be + convinced that you, my dear general, who have been indulgent enough to + permit me to look on you as upon a friend, should know the confession of + my sentiments in a matter which I consider as a very important one. I have + the warmest love for my country and for every good Frenchman; their + success fills my heart with joy; but, sir, besides, Conway is an Irishman, + I want countrymen, who deserve, in every point, to do honour to their + country. That gentleman had engaged me by entertaining my head with ideas + of glory and shining projects, and I must confess, to my shame, that it is + a too certain way of deceiving me. + </p> + <p> + I wished to join to the few theories about war I can have, and the few + dispositions nature gave, perhaps, to me, the experience of thirty + campaigns, in hope that I should be able to be the more useful in the + present circumstances. My desire of deserving your satisfaction is + stronger than ever, and everywhere you will employ me you can be certain + of my trying every exertion in my power to succeed. I am now fixed to your + fate, and I shall follow it and sustain it as well by my sword as by all + means in my power. You will pardon my importunity in favour of the + sentiment which dictated it. Youth and friendship make me, perhaps, too + warm, but I feel the greatest concern at all that has happened for some + time since. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender and profound respect, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter was occasioned by the momentary success of an intrigue, + known in American history under the name of Conway's cabal. Conway, who + wished to oppose Gates to Washington, had written to the former a letter, + in which he attacked the general-in-chief. An aide-de-camp of Lord + Stirling gained knowledge of that letter, and communicated its contents to + Washington, who entered immediately into an explanation with Conway, in + consequence of which the latter sent in his resignation, and announced the + intention of re-entering the service of France. The resignation was not + accepted by congress, and Conway was, on the contrary, named + inspector-general of the army, with the rank of major-general, and the + formation of the war office in relation to the mercenary troops. We see, + by a letter from General Washington, that M. de Lafayette was the only + person to whom he shewed General Conway's letter, transmitted by Lord + Stirling's aide-de-camp.—(Letter to Horatio Gates, of the 4th of + January, 1778, written from Washington. V. 1st, Appendix No. 6.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0015" id="link2H_4_0015"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Head-quarters, December 31st, 1777. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—Your favour of yesterday conveyed to me fresh proof + of that friendship and attachment, which I have happily experienced since + the first of our acquaintance, and for which I entertain sentiments of the + purest affection. It will ever constitute part of my happiness to know + that I stand well in your opinion; because I am satisfied that you can + have no views to answer by throwing out false colours, and that you + possess a mind too exalted to condescend to low arts and intrigues to + acquire a reputation. Happy, thrice happy, would it have been for this + army and the cause we are embarked in, if the same generous spirit had + pervaded all the actors in it. But one gentleman, whose name you have + mentioned, had, I am confident, far different views; his ambition and + great desire of being puffed off, as one of the first officers of the age, + could only be equalled by the means which he used to obtain them. But + finding that I was determined not to go beyond the line of my duty to + indulge him in the first—nor to exceed the strictest rules of + propriety to gratify him in the second—he became my inveterate + enemy; and he has, I am persuaded, practised every art to do me an injury, + even at the expense of reprobating a measure that did not succeed, that he + himself advised to. How far he may have accomplished his ends, I know not; + and except for considerations of a public nature, I care not; for, it is + well known, that neither ambitious nor lucrative motives, led me to accept + my present appointments, in the discharge of which, I have endeavoured to + observe one steady and uniform system of conduct, which I shall invariably + pursue, while I have the honour to command, regardless of the tongue of + slander, or the powers of detraction. The fatal tendency of disunion is so + obvious, that I have, in earnest terms, exhorted such officers as have + expressed their dissatisfaction at General Conway's promotion, to be cool + and dispassionate in their decision about the matter; and I have hopes + that they will not suffer any hasty determination to injure the service. + At the same time, it must be acknowledged, that officers' feelings upon + these occasions are not to be restrained, although you may control their + actions. + </p> + <p> + The other observations contained in your letter have too much truth in + them; and, it is much to be lamented, that things are not now as they + formerly were. But we must not, in so great a contest, expect to meet with + nothing but sunshine. I have no doubt that everything happens for the + best, that we shall triumph over all our misfortunes, and, in the end, be + happy; when, my dear marquis, if you will give me your company in + Virginia, we will laugh at our past difficulties and the folly of others; + and I will endeavour, by every civility in my power, to shew you how much, + and how sincerely, I am your affectionate and obedient servant. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0016" id="link2H_4_0016"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Valley Forge, December 31st, 1777. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—I should have much reproached myself the liberty I + took of writing to your excellency, if I had believed it could engage you + in the trouble of answering that letter. But now, as you have written it, + I must tell you that I received this favour with the greatest satisfaction + and pleasure. Every assurance and proof of your affection fills my heart + with joy, because that sentiment of yours is extremely dear and precious + to me. A tender and respectful attachment for you, and an invariable + frankness, will be found in my mind as you know me better; but, after + those merits, I must tell you, that very few others are to be found. I + never wished so heartily to be entrusted by nature with an immensity of + talents than on this occasion; I could be then of some use to your glory + and happiness, as well as to my own. + </p> + <p> + What man do not join the pure ambition of glory with this other ambitious + of advancement, rank, and fortune? As an ardent lover of laurels, I cannot + bear the idea that so noble a sentiment should be mixed with any low one. + In your preaching moderation to the brigadiers upon such an occasion, I am + not surprised to recognise your virtuous character. As I hope my warm + interest is known to your excellency, I dare entertain the idea that you + will be so indulgent as to let me know everything concerning you, whenever + you will not be under the law of secrecy or particular circumstances. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender and affectionate friendship—with the most + profound respect—I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0017" id="link2H_4_0017"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h2> + <h3> + Camp, near Valley-Forge, January 6th, 1778. + </h3> + <p> + What a date, my dearest love, and from what a region I am now writing, in + the month of January! It is in a camp, in the centre of woods, fifteen + hundred leagues from you, that I find myself enclosed in the midst of + winter. It is not very long since we were only separated from the enemy by + a small river; we are at present stationed seven leagues from them, and it + is on this spot that the American army will pass the whole winter, in + small barracks, which are scarcely more cheerful than dungeons. I know not + whether it will be agreeable to General Howe to visit our new city, in + which case we would endeavour to receive him with all due honour. The + bearer of this letter will describe to you the pleasant residence which I + choose in preference to the happiness of being with you, with all my + friends, in the midst of all possible enjoyments; in truth, my love, do + you not believe that powerful reasons are requisite to induce a person to + make such a sacrifice? Everything combined to urge me to depart,—honour + alone told me to remain; and when you learn in detail the circumstances in + which I am placed, those in which the army, my friend, its commander, and + the whole American cause were placed, you will not only forgive me, but + you will excuse, and I may almost venture to say, applaud me. What a + pleasure I shall feel in explaining to you myself all the reasons of my + conduct, and, in asking, whilst embracing you, a pardon, which I am very + certain I shall then obtain! But do not condemn me before hearing my + defence. In addition to the reasons I have given you, there is one other + reason which I would not relate to every one, because it might appear like + affecting airs of ridiculous importance. My presence is more necessary at + this moment to the American cause, than you can possibly conceive; many + foreigners, who have been refused employment, or whose ambitious views + have been frustrated, have raised up some powerful cabals; they have + endeavoured, by every sort of artifice, to make me discontented with this + revolution, and with him who is its chief; they have spread as widely as + they could, the report that I was quitting the continent. The English have + proclaimed also, loudly, the same intention on my side. I cannot in + conscience appear to justify the malice of these people. If I were to + depart, many Frenchmen who are useful here would follow my example. + General Washington would feel very unhappy if I were to speak of quitting + him; his confidence in me is greater than I dare acknowledge, on account + of my youth. In the place he occupies, he is liable to be surrounded by + flatterers or secret enemies; he finds in me a secure friend, in whose + bosom he may always confide his most secret thoughts, and who will always + speak the truth. Not one day passes without his holding long conversations + with me, writing me long letters, and he has the kindness to consult me on + the most important matters. A peculiar circumstance is occurring at this + moment which renders my presence of some use to him: this is not the time + to speak of my departure. I am also at present engaged in an interesting + correspondence with the president of congress. The desire to debase + England, to promote the advantage of my own country, and the happiness of + humanity, which is strongly interested in the existence of one perfectly + free nation, all induces me not to depart at the moment when my absence + might prove injurious to the cause I have embraced. The General, also, + after a slight success in Jersey, requested me, with the unanimous consent + of congress, to accept a division in the army, and to form it according to + my own judgment, as well as my feeble resources might permit; I ought not + to have replied to such a mark of confidence, by asking what were his + commissions for Europe. These are some of the reasons, which I confide to + you, with an injunction of secrecy. I will repeat to you many more in + person, which I dare not hazard in a letter. This letter will be given you + by a good Frenchman, who has come a hundred miles to ask me for my + commissions. I wrote to you a few days ago by the celebrated Mr. Adams; he + will facilitate your sending me letters. You must have received those I + sent you as soon as I heard of your confinement. How very happy that event + has rendered me, my dearest love! I delight in speaking of it in all my + letters, because I delight in occupying myself with it at every moment of + my life! What a pleasure it will give me to embrace my two poor little + girls, and make them request their mother to forgive me! You do not + believe me so hard hearted, and at the same time so ridiculous, as to + suppose that the sex of our new infant can have diminished in any degree + my joy at its birth. Our age is not so far advanced, that we may not + expect to have another child, without a miracle from Heaven. The next one + must absolutely be a boy. However, if it be on account of the name that we + are to regret not having a son, I declare that I have formed the project + of living long enough to bear it many years myself, before I yield it to + any other person. I am indebted to the Marshal de Noailles for the joyful + news. I am anxiously expecting a letter from you. I received the other day + one from Desplaces, who mentioned having sent a preceding one; but the + caprice of the winds, without speaking of English ships, often deranges + the order of my correspondence. I was for some days very uneasy about the + Viscount de Coigny, who, some of my letters announced, was in a precarious + state of health. But that letter from Desplaces, who told me all were + well, without mentioning the viscount's name, has quite reassured me. I + have also received some other letters which do not speak of his health. + When you write, I entreat you to send me many details of all the people + whom I love, and even of all my acquaintance. It is very extraordinary + that I have not heard of Madame de Fronsac's confinement. Say a thousand + tender and respectful things from me to her, as well as to the Countess + Auguste. If those ladies do not enter into the reasons which force me to + remain here, they must indeed think me a most absurd being, more + especially as they have opportunities of seeing clearly what a charming + wife I am separated from; but even that may prove to them what powerful + motives must guide my conduct. Several general officers have brought their + wives to the camp; I envy them—not their wives—but the + happiness they enjoy in being able to see them. General Washington has + also resolved to send for his wife. As to the English, they have received + a reinforcement of three hundred young ladies from New York; and we have + captured a vessel filled with chaste officers' wives, who had come to + rejoin their husbands: they were in great fear of being kept for the + American army. + </p> + <p> + You will learn by the bearer of this letter that my health is very good, + that my wound is healed, and that the change of country has produced no + effect upon me. Do you not think that, at my return, we shall be old + enough to establish ourselves in our own house, live there happily + together, receive our friends, institute a delightful state of freedom, + and read foreign newspapers, without feeling any curiosity to judge by + ourselves of what may pass in foreign countries? I enjoy thus building, in + France, castles of felicity and pleasure: you always share them with me, + my dearest love, and when we are once united, nothing shall again separate + us, or prevent our experiencing together, and through each other, the joy + of mutual affection, and the sweetest and most tranquil happiness. Adieu, + my love; I only wish this project could be executed on this present day. + Would it not be agreeable to you also? Present my tender respects to + Madame d'Ayen: embrace a thousand times the viscountess and my sisters. + Adieu, adieu; continue to love me, and forget not for a moment the unhappy + exile who thinks incessantly of thee with renewed ardour and tenderness. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0018" id="link2H_4_0018"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—I shall make use, in this particular instance, of the + liberty you gave me, of telling freely every idea of mine which could + strike me as not being useless to a better order of things. + </p> + <p> + There were two gentlemen, same rank, same duty to perform, and same + neglect of it, who have been arrested the same day by me. As I went in the + night around the picquets, I found them in fault, and I gave an account of + it the next day to your excellency. You answered, that I was much in wrong + not to have had them relieved and arrested immediately. I objected that it + was then very late for such a changement, and that I did not know which + was the rule in this army, but that the gentlemen should be arrested in + that very moment. The last answer of your excellency has been, "they are + to have a court-martial, and you must give notice of it to the + adjutant-general." Therefore, Major Nevil made two letters in order to + arrest them, <i>one for having been surprised in his post</i>, and the + other, for the same cause, <i>and allowing his sentries to have fires, + which he could see in standing before the picquet</i>. I give you my word + of honour, that there was not any exaggeration. + </p> + <p> + Now I see in the orders, the less guilty punished in a manner much too + severe indeed, and dismissed from the service, (it is among all the + delicate minds deprived of his honour,) when he was only to be severely + reprimanded and kept for some time under arrest. But it can be attributed + to a very severe discipline. + </p> + <p> + What must I think of the same court, when they unanimously acquit (it is + to say that my accusation is not true) the officer who joins to the same + fault, entirely the same this, of allowing his sentries to have fire in + his own sight; for in every service <i>being surprised</i> or being found + in the middle of his picquet without any challenging or stopping sentry, + as Major Nevil, riding before me, found him, is entirely the same thing; + and Major Nevil, riding before me, when I was busy to make a sentry pull + off his fire, can swear that such was the case with that officer—he + can do more than swearing, for he can give his word of honour, and I think + that idea <i>honour</i> is the same in every country. + </p> + <p> + But the <i>préjugés</i> are not the same thing; for giving publicly the + best of such a dispute (for here it becomes a trial for both parties) to + an officer of the last military stage against one of the first, should be + looked on as an affront to the rank, and acquitting a man, whom one other + man accuses, looked upon as an affront to the person. It is the same in + Poland, for Count de Pulaski was much affronted at the decision of a + court-martial entirely acquitting Colonel Molens. However, as I know the + English customs, I am nothing else but surprised to see such a partiality + in a court-martial. + </p> + <p> + Your excellency will certainly approve my not arresting any officer for + being brought before a court-martial for any neglect of duty; but when + they will be robbers or cowards, or when they will assassinate—in + all, when they will deserve being cashiered or put to death. + </p> + <p> + Give me leave to tell your excellency how I am adverse to court-martials. + I know it is the English custom, and I believe it is a very bad one. It + comes from their love of lawyers, speakers, and of that black apparatus of + sentences and judgments; but such is not the American temper, and I think + this new army must pick up the good institutions, and leave the bad ones + wherever they may be. In France, an officer is arrested by his superior, + who gives notice of it to the commanding officer, and then he is punished + enough in being deprived of going out of his room in time of peace—of + going his duty in time of war. Nobody knows of it but his comrades. When + the fault is greater, he is confined in a common room for prisoner + officers, and this is much more shameful. Notice of it is immediately + given to the general officer who commands there. That goes, too, to the + king's minister, who is to be replaced here by the commander-in-chief; in + time of war, it goes to the general-in-chief. + </p> + <p> + Soldiers are punished the same, or next day, by order of proper officers, + and the right of punishing is proportionate to their ranks. + </p> + <p> + But when both officers and soldiers have done something which deserves a + more severe punishment; when their honour, or their life, or their liberty + for more than a very short time, is concerned, then a court-martial meets, + and the sentence is known. How will you let an unhappy soldier be confined + several weeks with men who are to be hanged, with spies, with the most + horrid sort of people, and in the same time be lost for the duty, when + they deserve only some lashes. There is no proportion in the punishments. + </p> + <p> + How is it possible to carry a gentleman before a parcel of dreadful + judges, at the same place where an officer of the same rank has been just + now cashiered, for a trifling neglect of his duty; for, I suppose, + speaking to his next neighbour, in a manoeuvre for going into a house to + speak to a pretty girl, when the army is on its march, and a thousand + other things? How is it possible to bring to the certainty of being + cashiered or dishonoured, a young lad who has made a considerable fault + because he had a light head, a too great vivacity, when that young man + would be, perhaps, in some years, the best officer of the army, if he had + been friendly reprimanded and arrested for some time, without any + dishonour? + </p> + <p> + The law is always severe; and brings with it an eternal shameful mark. + When the judges are partial, as on this occasion, it is much worse, + because they have the same inconvenience as law itself. + </p> + <p> + In court-martial, men are judged by their inferiors. How it is averse to + discipline, I don't want to say. The publication exposes men to be + despised by the least soldier. When men have been before a court-martial, + they should be or acquitted or dismissed. What do you think can be + produced by the half condemnation of a general officer? What necessity for + all the soldiers, all the officers, to know that <i>General Maxwell has + been prevented from doing his duty by his being drunk?</i> Where is the + man who will not laugh at him, if he is told by him, <i>you are a + drunkard;</i> and is it right to ridiculize a man, respectable by his + rank, because he drank two or three gills of rum? + </p> + <p> + These are my reasons against courts-martial, when there is not some + considerable fault to punish. According to my affair, I am sorry in seeing + the less guilty being <i>the only one punished</i>. However, I shall send + to courts-martial but for such crimes that there will be for the judges no + way of indulgence and partiality. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender respect, I am, &c. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0019" id="link2H_4_0019"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h2> + <h3> + York, February 3rd, 1778. + </h3> + <p> + I shall never have any cause to reproach myself, my dearest love, with + having allowed an opportunity to pass without writing to you, and I have + found one by M. du Bouchet, who has the happiness of embarking for France. + You must have already received several letters in which I speak of the + birth of our new infant, and of the pleasure this joyful event has given + me. If I thought that you could imagine the happiness I feel at this event + had been at all diminished because our Anastasia is only a daughter, I + should be so much displeased with you, that I should but love you a very + little for a few moments. O, my love! what an enchanting pleasure it will + be for me to embrace you all; what a consolation to be able to weep with + my other friends for the dear friend whom I have lost! + </p> + <p> + I will not give you a long account of the proofs of confidence with which + I have been honoured by America. Suffice it to say that Canada is + oppressed by the English; the whole of that immense country is in the + power of the enemy, who are there in possession of troops, forts, and a + fleet. I am to repair thither with the title of General of the Northern + Army, at the head of three thousand men, to see if no evil can be done to + the English in that country. The idea of rendering the whole of New France + free, and of delivering her from a heavy yoke, is too glorious for me to + allow myself to dwell upon it. My army would, in that case, increase at an + immense rate, and would be increased also by the French. I am undertaking + a most difficult task, above all taking into account the few resources I + possess. As to those my own merit offers, they are very trifling in + comparison to the importance of the place; nor can a man of twenty be fit + to command an army, charged with the numerous details to which a general + must attend, and having under his direct orders a vast extent of country. + </p> + <p> + The number of the troops I shall command would appear, I own, trifling in + Europe, but it is considerable for America. What gives me most pleasure in + all this is, that, under any circumstances, I shall be now sooner able to + rejoin you. How delightful it will be to hurry through my affairs with the + English there above! I am just setting out for Albany, and from thence to + another place, nearly a hundred and fifty leagues from hence, where my + labours will commence. I shall go part of the way on sledges; having once + reached that spot, I shall have only ice to tread upon. + </p> + <p> + I do not write to any of my friends by this opportunity. I have an immense + deal of business to do; there is an infinite number of military and + political affairs to arrange; there are so many things to repair, so many + new obstacles to remove, that I should require, in truth, forty years' + experience, and very superior talents, to be able to conquer all the + difficulties I meet with. I will, at least, do the best I can, and if I + only succeed in occupying the enemy's attention in the north, even if I do + them no other injury, it would be rendering an important service, and my + little army would not be wholly useless. Be so kind as to tell the + prince~{1} that his youthful captain, although now a general-in-chief, has + not acquired more knowledge than he possessed at Polygone, and that he + knows not how, unless chance or his good angel should direct him, to + justify the confidence which has been placed in him. A thousand tender + respects to Madame d'Ayen. A thousand assurances of my tender affection to + the viscountess and all my sisters. Do not forget me to your father, + Madame de Tessé, and the Marshal de Noailles. Adieu, adieu, my dearest + love; embrace our dear children; I embrace a million of times their + beloved mother. When shall I find myself again within her arms? + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The Prince de Poix, colonel of the regiment de Noailles, in which M. de + Lafayette was captain. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0020" id="link2H_4_0020"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Hemingtown, the 9th February, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—I cannot let go my guide without taking this + opportunity of writing to your excellency, though I have not yet public + business to speak of. I go on very slowly; sometimes drenched by rain, + sometimes covered by snow, and not entertaining many handsome thoughts + about the projected incursion into Canada; if successes were to be had, it + would surprise me in a most agreeable manner by that very reason that I + don't expect any shining ones. Lake Champlain is too cold for producing + the least bit of laurel, and if I am not starved I shall be as proud as if + I had gained three battles. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Duer had given to me a rendezvous at a tavern, but nobody was to be + found there. I fancy that he will be with Mr. Conway sooner than he has + told me; they will perhaps conquer Canada before my arrival, and I expect + to meet them at the governor's house in Quebec. + </p> + <p> + Could I believe, for one single instant, that this pompous command <i>of a + northern army</i> will let your excellency forget a little us absent + friends, then, I would send the project to the place it comes from. But I + dare hope that you will remember me sometimes. I wish you, very heartily, + the greatest public and private happiness and successes. It is a very + melancholy idea for me that I cannot follow your fortunes as near your + person as I could wish; but my heart will take, very sincerely, its part + of everything which can happen to you, and I am already thinking of the + agreeable moment when I may come down to assure your excellency of the + most tender affection and highest respect. I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Albany, the 19th February, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—Why am I so far from you and what business had the + board of war to hurry me through the ice and snow without knowing what I + should do, neither what they were doing themselves? You have thought, + perhaps, that their project would be attended with some difficulty, that + some means had been neglected, that I could not obtain all the success and + the immensity of laurels which they had promised to me; but I defy your + excellency to conceive any idea of what I have seen since I left the place + where I was quiet and near my friends, to run myself through all the + blunders of madness or treachery (God knows what). Let me begin the + journal of my fine and glorious campaign. + </p> + <p> + According to Lord Stirling's advice, I went by Corich-ferry to Ringo's + tavern, where Mr. Duer had given me a rendezvous; but there no Duer was to + be found, and they did never hear from him. + </p> + <p> + From thence I proceeded by the State of New York, and had the pleasure of + seeing the friends of America, as warm in their love for the + commander-in-chief as his best friend could wish. I spoke to Governor + Clinton, and was much satisfied with that gentleman. At length I met + Albany, the 17th, though I was not expected before the 25th. General + Conway had been here only three days before me, and I must confess I found + him very active and looking as if he had good intentions; but we know a + great deal upon that subject. His first word has been that the expedition + is quite impossible. I was at first very diffident of this report, but + have found that he was right. Such is, at least, the idea I can form of + this ill-concerted operation within these two days. + </p> + <p> + General Schuyler, General Lincoln, General Arnold, had written, before my + arrival, to General Conway, in the most expressive terms, that, in our + present circumstances, there was no possibility to begin, now, an + enterprise into Canada. Hay, deputy quarter-master-general; Cuyler, deputy + commissary-general; Mearsin, deputy clothier-general, in what they call + the northern department, are entirely of the same opinion. Colonel Hazen, + who has been appointed to a place which interferes with the three others + above mentioned, was the most desirous of going there. The reasons of such + an order I think I may attribute to other motives. The same Hazen + confesses we are not strong enough to think of the expedition in this + moment. As to the troops, they are disgusted, and (if you except some + Hazen's Canadians) reluctant, to the utmost degree, to begin a winter + incursion in a so cold country. I have consulted everybody, and everybody + answers me that it would be madness to undertake this operation. + </p> + <p> + I have been deceived by the board of war; they have, by the strongest + expressions, promised to me one thousand, and (what is more to be depended + upon) they have assured to me in writing, <i>two thou-sand and five + hundred combatants, at a low estimate</i>. Now, Sir, I do not believe I + can find, <i>in all</i>, twelve hundred fit for duty, and most part of + those very men are naked, even for a summer's campaign. I was to find + General Stark with a large body, and indeed General Gates had told to me, + <i>General Stark will have burnt the fleet before your arrival</i>. Well, + the first letter I receive in Albany is from General Stark, who wishes to + know <i>what number of men, from whence, for what time, for what + rendezvous, I desire him to raise</i>. Colonel Biveld, who was to rise + too, would have done something <i>had he received money</i>. One asks, + what encouragement his people will have, the other has no clothes; not one + of them has received a dollar of what was due to them. I have applied to + every body, I have begged at every door I could these two days, and I see + that I could do something were the expedition to be begun in five weeks. + But you know we have not an hour to lose, and indeed it is now rather too + late, had we every thing in readiness. + </p> + <p> + There is a spirit of dissatisfaction prevailing among the soldiers, and + even the officers, which is owing to their not being paid for some time + since. This department is much indebted, and as near as I can ascertain, + for so short a time, I have already discovered near eight hundred thousand + dollars due to the continental troops, some militia, the quartermaster's + department, &c. &c. &c. It was with four hundred thousand + dollars, only the half of which is arrived to day, that I was to undertake + the operation, and satisfy the men under my commands. I send to congress + the account of those debts. Some clothes, by Colonel Hazen's activity, are + arrived from Boston, but not enough by far, and the greatest part is cut + off. + </p> + <p> + We have had intelligence from a deserter, who makes the enemy stronger + than I thought. There is no such thing <i>as straw on board the vessels to + burn them</i>. I have sent to congress a full account of the matter; I + hope it will open their eyes. What they will resolve upon I do not know, + but I think I must wait here for their answer. I have inclosed to the + president, copies of the most important letters I had received. It would + be tedious for your excellency, were I to undertake the minutest detail of + everything; it will be sufficient to say that the want of men, clothes, + money, and the want of time, deprives me of all hopes as to this + excursion. If it may begin again in the month of June, by the east, I + cannot venture to assure; but for the present moment such is the idea I + conceive of the famous incursion, as far as I may be informed, in a so + short time. + </p> + <p> + Your excellency may judge that I am very distressed by this + disappointment. My being appointed to the command of the expedition is + known through the continent, it will be soon known in Europe, as I have + been desired, by members of congress, to write to my friends; my being at + the head of an army, people will be in great expectations, and what shall + I answer? + </p> + <p> + I am afraid it will reflect on my reputation, and I shall be laughed at. + My fears upon that subject are so strong, that I would choose to become + again only a volunteer, unless congress offers the means of mending this + ugly business by some glorious operation; but I am very far from giving to + them the least notice upon that matter. General Arnold seems very fond of + a diversion against New York, and he is too sick to take the field before + four or five months. I should be happy if something was proposed to me in + that way, but I will never ask, nor even seem desirous, of anything + directly from congress; for you, dear general, I know very well, that you + will do everything to procure me the only thing I am ambitious of—glory. + </p> + <p> + I think your excellency will approve of my staying here till further + orders, and of my taking the liberty of sending my despatches to congress + by a very quick occasion, without going through the hands of my general; + but I was desirous to acquaint them early of my disagreeable and + ridiculous situation. + </p> + <p> + With the greatest affection and respect, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + The 23rd February, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—I have an opportunity of writing to your excellency + which I will not miss by any means, even should I be afraid of becoming + tedious and troublesome; but if they have sent me far from you, I don't + know for what purpose, at least I must make some little use of my pen, to + prevent all communication from being cut off between your excellency and + myself. I have written lately to you my distressing, ridiculous, foolish, + and, indeed, nameless situation. I am sent, with a great noise, at the + head of an army for doing great things; the whole continent, France and + Europe herself, and what is the worse, the British army, are in great + expectations. How far they will be deceived, how far we shall be + ridiculed, you may judge by the candid account you have got of the state + of our affairs. + </p> + <p> + There are things, I dare say, in which I am deceived—a certain + colonel is not here for nothing: one other gentleman became very popular + before I went to this place; Arnold himself is very fond of him. Every + part on which I turn to look I am sure a cloud is drawn before my eyes; + however, there are points I cannot be deceived upon. The want of money, + the dissatisfaction among the soldiers, the disinclination of every one + (except the Canadians, who mean to stay at home) for this expedition, are + as conspicuous as possible; however, I am sure I will become very + ridiculous, and laughed at. <i>My expedition</i> will be as famous as the + <i>secret expedition</i> against Rhode Island. I confess, my dear general, + that I find myself of very quick feelings whenever my reputation and glory + are concerned in anything. It is very hard indeed that such a part of my + happiness, without which I cannot live, should depend upon schemes which I + never knew of but when there was no time to put them into execution. I + assure you, my most dear and respected friend, that I am more unhappy than + I ever was. + </p> + <p> + My desire of doing something was such, that I have thought of doing it by + surprise with a detachment, but it seems to me rash and quite impossible. + I should be very happy if you were here to give me some advice; but I have + nobody to consult with. They have sent to me more than twenty French + officers; I do not know what to do with them; I beg you will acquaint me + the line of conduct you advise me to follow on every point. I am at a loss + how to act, and indeed I do not know what I am here for myself. However, + as being the eldest officer, (after General Arnold has desired me to take + the command,) I think it is my duty to mind the business of this part of + America as well as I can. General Gates holds yet the title and power of + commander-in-chief of the Northern department; but, as two hundred + thousand dollars are arrived, I have taken upon myself to pay the most + necessary part of the debts we are involved in. I am about sending + provisions to Fort Schuyller: I will go to see the fort. I will try to get + some clothes for the troops, to buy some articles for the next campaign. I + have directed some money to be borrowed upon my credit to satisfy the + troops, who are much discontented. In all, I endeavour to do for the best, + though I have no particular authority or instructions; and I will come as + near as I can to General Gates's intentions, but I want much to get an + answer to my letters. + </p> + <p> + I fancy (between us) that the actual scheme is to have me out of this part + of the continent, and General Conway in chief, under the immediate + direction of General Gates. How they will bring it up I do not know, but + you may be sure something of that kind will appear. You are nearer than + myself, and every honest man in congress is your friend; therefore you may + foresee and prevent, if possible, the evil a hundred times better than I + can: I would only give that idea to your excellency. + </p> + <p> + After having written in Europe (by the desire of the members of congress) + so many fine things about my commanding an army, I shall be ashamed if + nothing can be done by me in that way. I am told General Putnam is + recalled; but your excellency knows better than I do what would be + convenient, therefore I don't want to mind these things myself. + </p> + <p> + Will you be so good as to present my respects to your lady. With the most + tender affection and highest respect, I have the honour to be, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0021" id="link2H_4_0021"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head Quarters, 10th March, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—I have had the pleasure of receiving your two + favours of the 19th and 23rd of February, and hasten to dispel those fears + respecting your reputation, which are excited only by an uncommon degree + of sensibility. You seem to apprehend that censure, proportioned to the + disappointed expectations of the world, will fall on you in consequence of + the failure of the Canadian expedition. But, in the first place, it will + be no disadvantage to you to have it known in Europe that you had received + so manifest a proof of the good opinion and confidence of congress as an + important detached command; and I am persuaded that every one will applaud + your prudence in renouncing a project, in pursuing which you would vainly + have attempted physical impossibilities; indeed, unless you can be + chargeable with the invariable effects of natural causes, and be arraigned + for not suspending the course of the seasons, to accommodate your march + over the lake, the most prompt to slander can have nothing to found blame + upon. + </p> + <p> + However sensibly your ardour for glory may make you feel this + disappointment, you may be assured that your character stands as fair as + ever it did, and that no new enterprise is necessary to wipe off this + imaginary stain. The expedition which you hint at I think unadvisable in + our present circumstances. Anything in the way of a formal attack, which + would necessarily be announced to the enemy by preparatory measures, would + not be likely to succeed. If a stroke is meditated in that quarter, it + must be effected by troops stationed at a proper distance for availing + themselves of the first favourable opportunity offered by the enemy, and + success would principally depend upon the suddenness of the attempt. This, + therefore, must rather be the effect of time and chance than + premeditation. You undoubtedly have determined judiciously in waiting the + further orders of congress. Whether they allow me the pleasure of seeing + you shortly, or destine you to a longer absence, you may assure yourself + of the sincere good wishes of, + </p> + <p> + Dear Sir, &c. + </p> + <p> + P. S. Your directing payment of such debts as appear to be most pressing + is certainly right. There is not money enough to answer every demand; and + I wish your supplies of clothing had been better. Your ordering a large + supply of provisions into Fort Schuyler was a very judicious measure, and + I thank you for it. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0022" id="link2H_4_0022"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + TO BARON DE STEUBEN. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL—A FRAGMENT.) + </h3> + <p> + Albany, March 12th. + </p> + <p> + Permit me to express my satisfaction at your having seen General + Washington. No enemies to that great man can be found except among the + enemies to his country; nor is it possible for any man of a noble spirit + to refrain from loving the excellent qualities of his heart. I think I + know him as well as any person, and such is the idea which I have formed + of him; his honesty, his frankness, his sensibility, his virtue, to the + full extent in which this word can be understood, are above all praise. It + is not for me to judge of his military talents; but, according to my + imperfect knowledge of these matters, his advice in council has always + appeared to me the best, although his modesty prevents him sometimes from + sustaining it; and his predictions have generally been fulfilled. I am the + more happy in giving you this opinion of my friend with all the sincerity + which I feel, because some persons may perhaps attempt to deceive you on + this point. + </p> + <h3> + FRAGMENT OF A LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Albany, 20th March, 1778. + </p> + <p> + ... His Excellency General Washington will, I believe, mention to congress + that, at the request of the commissioners of Indian affairs, I send + Colonel Gouvion, and have given proper directions for the building of a + small fort, which they and myself have thought very necessary to be + granted to the Oneydas. The love of the French blood, mixed with the love + of some French <i>Louis d'or</i>, have engaged those Indians to promise + they would come with me.~{1} + </p> + <p> + As I am very certain the Congress of the United States will not propose + anything to me but consistent with my feelings and the sentiment I flatter + myself to have obtained from them, I can assure them, by advance, that any + post they will give, any disposition they will make, with such manners, + will be cheerfully received and complied to by me with acknowledgment. + However, I will beg leave to say, that any command, whatever honourable it + may be, where I would not be so near the danger or occasions of doing + something, I shall always look upon as not suited to me. + </p> + <p> + I never mentioned to congress a long letter I have written, four months + ago, to France, about a project for the East Indies, to which I expect the + answer. Was I to succeed in my expectation, it would bring, soon, that so + much desired French war, in spite of some peaceful men, and be of some use + to the noble cause of freedom, without bringing the continent in any + expense. + </p> + <p> + With the greatest respect, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. M. de Lafayette, during this journey, some curious relations with the + Indian, in a letter of the 27th of February, to General Washington, which, + being void of interest in other respects, has been suppressed. It appears + that he was solicited by General Schuyler to be present at a numerous + meeting of Indians, convoked for a treaty. The traces of those + communications will be found further. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Albany, 25th March, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—How happy I have been in receiving your excellency's + favour of the tenth present; I hope you will be convinced by the knowledge + of my tender affection for you. I am very sensible of that goodness which + tries to dissipate my fears about that ridiculous Canadian expedition. At + the present time we know which was the aim of the honourable board, and + for which project three or four men have rushed the country into a great + expense, and risked the reputation of our arms, and the life of many + hundred men, had the general, your deceived friend, been as rash and + foolish as they seem to have expected. O, American freedom, what shall + become of you if you are in such hands? + </p> + <p> + I have received a letter from the board and a resolve of congress,~{1} by + which you are directed to recall me and the Baron de Kalb, whose presence + is deemed absolutely necessary to your army. I believe this of General + Conway is <i>absolutely necessary</i> to Albany, and he has received + orders to stay there, which I have no objection to, as nothing, perhaps, + will be done in this quarter but some disputes of Indians and tories. + However, you know I have wrote to congress, and as soon as their leave + will come, I shall let Conway have the command of these few regiments, and + I shall immediately join my respectable friend; but till I have received + instructions for leaving that place from yourself, I shall stay, as + powerful commander-in-chief, as if congress had never resolved my presence + absolutely necessary for the great army. + </p> + <p> + Since your last letter, I have given up the idea of New York, and my only + desire is to join you. The only favour I have asked of your commissioners + in France, has been, not to be under any orders but those of General + Washington. I seem to have had an anticipation of our future friendship, + and what I have done out of esteem and respect for your excellency's name + and reputation, I should do now out of mere love for General Washington + himself. I am glad to hear General Greene is quarter-master-general; it is + very interesting to have there an honest man and a friend of yours. But I + feel the greatest pain not to hear anything about reinforcements. What can + you do with a handful of men,—and my poor division, whom I was so + desirous of instructing, clothing, managing myself in the winter, whom, I + was told, I should find six thousand strong at the opening of the + campaign? Don't your excellency think that I could recruit a little in + General Greene's division now that he is quarter-master-general? By that + promotion I find myself very proud to be the third officer of your army. + </p> + <p> + With the utmost respect and affection, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. That congress entertain a high sense of his prudence, activity, and + zeal, and that they are fully persuaded nothing has or would have been + wanting on his part, or on the part of his officers who accompanied him, + to give the expedition the utmost possible effect.—(Secret Journal, + March 2.) + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Valley Forge Camp, in Pennsylvania, April 14th, 1778. + </p> + <p> + If thirty opportunities were to present themselves at once, my dearest + love, you may rest assured that I would write thirty letters; and that, if + you do not receive any news from me, I have nothing, at least, to reproach + myself with. This letter will be accompanied by others, saying nearly the + same things, and having nearly the same date; but accidents are + unfortunately very common, and by this means, some letters may reach you + safely. Respecting your own, my love, I prefer accusing fate, the waves, + Lord Howe, and the devil, to suspecting you for one moment of negligence. + I am convinced that you will not allow a single opportunity to escape of + writing to me; but I should feel, if possible, still more so, if I could + only hope that you knew the degree of happiness your letters give me. I + love you more ardently than ever, and repeated assurances of your + affection are absolutely necessary to my repose, and to that species of + felicity which I can enjoy whilst separated from all I love most fondly—if, + however, the word <i>felicity</i> can be applied to my melancholy, exiled + state. Endeavour to afford me some consolation, and neglect no opportunity + of writing to me. Millions of ages have elapsed since I have received a + line from any one. This complete ignorance of the situation of all those + who are most dear to me, is, indeed, a dreadful calamity: I have, however, + some reason to believe that it cannot last for ever; the scene will soon + become interesting; France must take some decisive part, and vessels will + then arrive with letters. I can give you no news at present; we are all in + a state of repose, and are waiting with impatience for the opening + campaign to awaken us from our stupor. In my other letters, I mentioned my + journey to Albany, and my visit to an assembly of savages. I am expecting + some good Iroquois who have promised to rejoin me here. Either after, or + before receiving this letter, Madame d'Ayen, the viscountess, and my + grandfather,~{1} will receive letters by an opportunity which, I believe, + is more secure than the one I am now writing by; I have written a longer + letter to you also at the same time. I write an immense number of + epistles; God grant that they may arrive! Present my affectionate respects + to your mother, and my grandfather; embrace a thousand times the + viscountess and my sisters; recall me to the remembrance of the Countess + Auguste, Madame de Fronsac, and all your and my friends. Embrace a + thousand times our dearest family. When shall I be able to assure you, my + dearest life, that I love you better than any other person in the world, + and that I shall love you as long as I live? Adieu; I only look upon this + letter as a note. + </p> + <p> + Present my respects to the Marshal de Noailles, and tell him that I have + sent him some trees from Albany; but I will send him others also at + various times, that I may feel certain of his receiving a few of them. + When you present my compliments to my acquaintance, do not forget the + Chevalier de Chastellux. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The Count de la Riviere, (Charles-Ives-Thibault), lieutenant-captain of + the black musketeers, was grandfather of the mother of M. de Lafayette of + whom he had been appointed guardian. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Germantown, April 28th, 1778. + </p> + <p> + I write to you, my dearest love, by a very strange opportunity, since it + is an English officer who has taken charge of my letter. But your wonder + will cease, when you hear that that officer is my friend Fitz-Patrick.~{1} + He is returning to England, and I could not resist my wish of embracing + him before his departure. It was the first time we had met unarmed in + America, and that manner of meeting suits us both much better than the + hostile appearance which we had, until now, thought proper to affect. It + is long since I have received any news from France, and I am very + impatiently expecting letters. Write frequently, my love, I need the + consolation of hearing often from you during this painful separation. + There is no important news; neither would it be proper for Mr. + Fitz-Patrick to carry political news from a hand at present engaged in + fighting with his army. I am in perfect health; my wound is completely + healed, but my heart is far from being tranquil, for I am far from all + those I love; and my anxiety about them, as well as my impatience to + behold them, increase every hour. Say a thousand things for me to all my + friends; present my respects to Madame d'Ayen, and to the Marshal de + Noailles. Embrace, above all, our children, my dearest love, and be + convinced yourself that every moment that separates me from you and them + appears to me an age. Adieu; I must quit you, for the hour is far + advanced, and to-morrow will not be an idle day. Adieu, Adieu! + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. M. de Lafayette had become very intimate with him in England: he is the + same General Fitz-Patrick, who made two famous motions in the House of + Commons; the one March 17th, 1794, for the prisoners of Magdebourg, and + the other, December 16th, 1796, for the prisoners of Olmutz. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Valley Forge Camp, the 19th May, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Agreeable to your excellency's orders, I have taken + the oath of the gentlemen officers in General Woodford's brigade, and + their certificates have been sent to the adjutant-general's office. Give + me leave, now, to present you with some observations delivered to me by + many officers in that brigade, who desire me to submit them to your + perusal. I know, sir, (besides I am not of their opinion in the fact + itself) that I should not accept for you the objections those gentlemen + could have had, as a body, to any order from congress; but I confess the + desire of being agreeable to them, of giving them any mark of friendship + and affection which is in my power and acknowledging the kind sentiments + they honour me with, have been my first and dearest considerations. + Besides that, be pleased to consider that they began by obeying orders, + and want only to let their beloved general know which were the reasons of + their being rather reluctant (as far as reluctance may comply with their + duty and honour) to an oath, the meaning and spirit of which was, I + believe, misunderstood by them. I may add, sir, with a perfect conviction, + that there is not one among them but would be thrice happy were occasions + offered to them of distinguishing yet, by new exertions, their love for + their country, their zeal for their duty as officers, their consideration + for the civil superior power, and their love for your excellency. + </p> + <p> + With the greatest respect and most tender affection, I have the honour to + be, &c. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0023" id="link2H_4_0023"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, 17th May, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR SIR,—I received yesterday your favour of the 15th instant, + enclosing a paper subscribed by sundry officers of General Woodford's + brigade, setting forth the reasons for not taking the oath of abjuration, + allegiance, and office; and I thank you much for the cautious delicacy + used in communicating the matter to me. As every oath should be a free act + of the mind, founded on the conviction of its propriety, I would not wish, + in any instance, that there should be the least degree of compulsion + exercised; nor to interpose my opinion, in order to induce any to make it + of whom it is required. The gentlemen, therefore, who signed the paper, + will use their own discretion in the matter, and swear, or not swear, as + their conscience and feelings dictate. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, I cannot but consider it as a circumstance of some + singularity, that the scruples against the oath should be peculiar to the + officers of one brigade, and so very extensive. The oath in itself is not + new. It is substantially the same with that required in all governments, + and, therefore, does not imply any indignity; and it is perfectly + consistent with the professions, actions, and implied engagements of every + officer. The objection founded on the supposed unsettled rank of the + officers, is of no validity, rank being only mentioned as a further + designation of the party swearing; nor can it be seriously thought that + the oath is either intended to prevent, or can prevent, their being + promoted, or their resignation. + </p> + <p> + The fourth objection, stated by the gentlemen, serves as a key to their + scruples; and I would willingly persuade myself, that their own + reflections will point out to them the impropriety of the whole + proceeding, and not suffer them to be betrayed in future into a similar + conduct. I have a regard for them all, and cannot but regret that they + were ever engaged in the measure. I am certain they will regret it + themselves;—sure I am that they ought. I am, my dear marquis, your + affectionate friend and servant. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL—INSTRUCTION.)~{1} + </h3> + <p> + SIR,—The detachment under your command, with which you will + immediately march towards the enemy's lines, is designed to answer the + following purposes; namely, to be a security to this camp, and a cover to + the country, between the Delaware and the Schuylkill, to interrupt the + communication with Philadelphia, to obstruct the incursions of the enemy's + parties, and to obtain intelligence of their motions and designs. This + last is a matter of very interesting moment, and ought to claim your + particular attention. You will endeavour to procure trusty and intelligent + spies, who will advise you faithfully of whatever may be passing in the + city, and you will, without delay, communicate to me every piece of + material information you obtain. A variety of concurring accounts make it + probable that the enemy are preparing to evacuate Philadelphia; this is a + point of the utmost importance to ascertain, and, if possible, the place + of their future destination. Should you be able to gain certain + intelligence of the time of their intended embarkation, so that you may be + able to take advantage of it, and fall upon the rear of the enemy in the + act of withdrawing, it will be a very desirable event; but this will be a + matter of no small difficulty, and will require the greatest caution and + prudence in the execution. Any deception or precipitation may be attended + with the most disastrous consequences. You will remember that your + detachment is a very valuable one, and that any accident happening to it + would be a severe blow, to this army; you will, therefore, use every + possible precaution for its security, and to guard against a surprise. No + attempt should be made, nor anything risked, without the greatest prospect + of success, and with every reasonable advantage on your side. I shall not + point out any precise position to you, but shall leave it to your + discretion to take such posts occasionally, as shall appear to you best + adapted to the purposes of your detachment. In general, I would observe, + that a stationary post is unadvisable, as it gives the enemy an + opportunity of knowing your situation, and concerting plans successfully + against you. In case of any offensive movement against this army, you will + keep yourself in such a state as to have an easy communication with it, + and, at the same time, harass the enemy's advance. + </p> + <p> + Our parties of horse and foot, between the rivers, are to be under your + command, and to form part of your detachment. As great complaints have + been made of the disorderly conduct of the parties which have been sent + towards the enemy's lines, it is expected that you will be very attentive + in preventing abuses of the like nature, and will inquire how far + complaints already made are founded in justice. + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand, at head quarters, this 18th May, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This instruction has been inserted as the one which M. de Lafayette + received to repair, as a detached body, betwixt the Delaware and + Schuylkill. It was after this movement that he made the retreat of Barren + Hill, which was praised by General Washington. (See the Memoirs, in Mr. + Spark's collection, the letter Of Washington, May 24th, 1778.) + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Valley Forge Camp, June 16, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Chance has furnished me, my dearest love, with a very uncertain + opportunity of writing to you, but, such as it is, I shall take advantage + of it, for I cannot resist the wish of saying a few words to you. You must + have received many letters from me lately, if my writing unceasingly, at + least, may justify this hope. Several vessels have sailed, all laden with + my letters. My expressions of heartfelt grief must even have added to your + distress. What a dreadful thing is absence! I never experienced before all + the horrors of separation. My own deep sorrow is aggravated by the feeling + that I am not able to share and sympathize in your anguish. The length of + time that elapsed before I heard of this event had also increased my + misery. Consider, my love, how dreadful it must be to weep for what I have + lost, and tremble for what remains. The distance between Europe and + America appears to me more enormous than ever. The loss of our poor child + is almost constantly in my thoughts: this sad news followed immediately + that of the treaty; and whilst my heart was torn by grief, I was obliged + to receive and take part in expressions of public joy. I learnt, at the + same time, the loss of our little Adrien, for I always considered that + child as my own, and I regretted him as I should have done a son. I have + written twice to the viscount and viscountess, to express to them my deep + regret, and I hope my letters will reach them safely. I am writing only to + you at present, because I neither know when the vessel sails, nor when she + will arrive, and I am told that a packet will soon set out which will + probably reach Europe first. + </p> + <p> + I received letters from M. de Cambrai and M. Carmichael. The first one + will be employed, I hope, in an advantageous and agreeable manner; the + second, whom I am expecting with great impatience, has not yet arrived at + the army: how delighted I shall be to see him, and talk to him about you!—he + will come to the camp as soon as possible. We are expecting every day news + from Europe; they will be deeply interesting, especially to me, who offer + up such earnest prayers for the success and glory of my country. The King + of Prussia, it is said, has entered into Bohemia, and has forgotten to + declare war. If a conflict were to take place between France and England, + I should prefer our being left completely to ourselves, and that the rest + of Europe should content herself with looking on; we should, in that case, + have a glorious war, and our successes would be of a kind to please and + gratify the nation. + </p> + <p> + If the unfortunate news had reached me sooner, I should have set out + immediately to rejoin you; but the account of the treaty, which we + received the first of May, prevented my leaving this country. The opening + campaign does not allow me to retire. I have always been perfectly + convinced that by serving the cause of humanity, and that of America, I + serve also the interest of France. Another motive for remaining longer is, + that the commissioners have arrived, and that I am well pleased to be + within reach of the negotiations. To be useful in any way to my country + will always be agreeable to me. I do not understand why a minister + plenipotentiary, or something of that kind, has not been already sent to + America; I am most anxious to see one, provided always it may not be + myself, for I am but little disposed to quit the military career to enter + into the diplomatic corps. + </p> + <p> + There is no news here; the only topic of conversation is the news from + Europe, and to that many idle tales are always prefixed: there has been + little action on either side; the only important affair was the one which + fell to my share the 20th of last month, and there was not any blood shed + even there. + </p> + <p> + General Washington had entrusted me to conduct a detachment of two + thousand four hundred chosen men to the vicinity of Philadelphia. It would + be too long to explain to you the cause, but it will suffice to tell you, + that, in spite of all my precautions, I could not prevent the hostile army + from making a nocturnal march, and I found myself the next morning with + part of the army in front, and seven thousand men in my rear. These + gentlemen were so obliging as to take measures for sending to New York + those who should not be killed; but they were so kind, also, as to permit + us to retire quietly, without doing us any injury. We had about six or + seven killed or wounded, and they twenty-five or thirty, which did not + make them amends for a march, in which one part of the army had been + obliged to make forty miles. + </p> + <p> + Some days afterwards, our situation having altered, I returned to the + camp, and no events of importance have occurred since. We are expecting + the evacuation of Philadelphia, which must, we fancy, soon take place. I + have been told that on the 10th of April they were thinking of negotiating + rather than of fighting, and that England was becoming each day more + humble. + </p> + <p> + If this letter ever reaches you, my dearest love, present my respects to + the Duke d'Ayen, the Marshal de Noailles, and Madame de Tessé, to whom I + have written by every vessel, although she accuses me of having neglected + her, which my heart is incapable of doing. I have also written to Madame + d'Ayen by the two last ships, and by several previous ones. Embrace a + thousand times the dear viscountess, and tell her how well I love her. A + thousand tender regards to my sisters; a thousand affectionate ones to the + viscount, M. de Poix, to Coigny,~{1} Segur, his brother, Etienne,~{2} and + all my other friends. Embrace, a million of times, our little Anastasia;—alas! + she alone remains to us! I feel that she has engrossed the affection that + was once divided between my two children: take great care of her. Adieu; I + know not when this may reach you, and I even doubt its ever reaching you. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Probably the Marquis de Coigny. + </p> + <p> + 2. The Count Etienne de Durfort, now peer of France. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL—INSTRUCTIONS.) + </h3> + <p> + Sir,—You are immediately to proceed with the detachment commanded by + General Poor, and form a junction, as expeditiously as possible, with that + under the command of General Scott. You are to use the most effectual + means for gaining the enemy's left flank and rear, and giving them every + degree of annoyance. All continental parties that are already on the + lines, will be under your command, and you will take such measures, in + concert with General Dickinson, as will cause the enemy the greatest + impediment and loss in their march. For these purposes you will attack + them, as occasion may require, by detachment, and if a proper opening + could be given, by operating against them with the whole force of your + command. You will naturally take such precautions as will secure you + against surprise, and maintain your communications with this army. + </p> + <p> + Given at Kingston, this 25th day of June, 1778. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Ice Town, 26th June, 1778, at a quarter after seven. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—I hope you have received my letter from Cranberry, + where I acquaint you that I am going to Ice Town, though we are short of + provisions. When I got there, I was sorry to hear that Mr. Hamilton, who + had been riding all the night, had not been able to find anybody who could + give him certain intelligence; but by a party who came back, I hear the + enemy are in motion, and their rear about one mile off the place they had + occupied last night, which is seven or eight miles from here. I + immediately put Generals Maxwell and Wayne's brigades in motion, and I + will fall lower down, with General Scott's, with Jackson's regiment, and + some militia. I should be very happy if we could attack them before they + halt, for I have no notion of taking one other moment but this of the + march. If I cannot overtake them, we could lay at some distance, and + attack tomorrow morning, provided they don't escape in the night, which I + much fear, as our intelligences are not the best ones. I have sent some + parties out, and I will get some more light by them. + </p> + <p> + I fancy your excellency will move down with the army, and if we are at a + convenient distance from you, I have nothing to fear in striking a blow if + opportunity is offered. I believe that, in our present strength, <i>provided + they do not escape</i>, we may do something. + </p> + <p> + General Forman says that, on account of the nature of the country, it is + impossible for me to be turned by the right or left, but that I shall not + quite depend upon. + </p> + <p> + An officer just from the lines confirms the account of the enemy moving. + An intelligence from General Dickinson says that they hear a very heavy + fire in the front of the enemy's column. I apprehend it is Morgan, who had + not received my letter, but it will have the good effect of stopping them, + and if we attack, he may begin again. + </p> + <p> + Sir, I want to repeat you in writing what I have told to you, which is, + that if you believe it, or if it is believed necessary or useful to the + good of the service and the honour of General Lee, to send him down with a + couple of thousand men, or any greater force; I will cheerfully obey and + serve him, not only out of duty, but out of what I owe to that gentleman's + character. + </p> + <p> + I hope to receive, soon, your orders as to what I am to do this day or + to-morrow, to know where you are and what you intend, and would be very + happy to furnish you with the opportunity of completing some little + advantage of ours. + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + The road I understand the enemy are moving by, is the straight road to + Monmouth. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Cranberry, 26th June, 1778. + </p> + <p> + My Dear Marquis,—General Lee's uneasiness, on accouut of yesterday's + transaction, rather increasing than abating, and your politeness in + wishing to ease him of it, have induced me to detach him from this army + with a part of it, to reinforce, or at least cover, the several + detachments at present under your command. At the same time, that I felt + for General Lee's distress of mind, I have had an eye to your wishes and + the delicacy of your situation; and have, therefore, obtained a promise + from him, that when he gives you notice of his approach and command, he + will request you to prosecute any plan you may have already concerted for + the purpose of attacking, or otherwise annoying the enemy; this is the + only expedient I could think of to answer the views of both. General Lee + seems satisfied with the measure, and I wish it may prove agreeable to + you, as I am, with the warmest wishes for your honour and glory, and with + the sincerest esteem and affection, yours, &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The combination offered by M. de Lafayette, and desired by General + Washington, did not prove successful. In spite of the happy issue of the + battle of Monmouth, the results were not such as might have been expected, + on account of the conduct of General Lee, who was summoned before a court + martial, and condemned to be suspended for one year. (See on this subject + the Memoirs of the Life of Washington, by Marshall, and the Appendix No. + 8, of the 5th vol. of the Letters of Washington.) + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + White Plains, 22nd July, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—You are to have the immediate command of that detachment from + this army, which consists of Glover's and Varnum's brigades, and the + detachment under the command of Colonel Henry Jackson. You are to march + them, with all convenient expedition, and by the best routes, to + Providence, in the state of Rhode Island. When there, you are to subject + yourself to the orders of Major-General Sullivan, who will have the + command of the expedition against Newport, and the British and other + troops in their pay, on that and the Islands adjacent. + </p> + <p> + If, on your march, you should receive certain intelligence of the + evacuation of Rhode Island, by the enemy, you are immediately to counter + march for this place, giving me the earliest advice thereof. Having the + most perfect reliance on your activity and zeal, and wishing you all the + success, honour, and glory, that your heart can wish, I am, with the most + perfect regard, yours, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Order for the expedition of Rhode Island. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head Quarters, White Plains, 27th July, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR MARQUIS,—This will be delivered to you by Major-General Greene, + whose thorough knowledge of Rhode Island, of which he is a native, and the + influence he will have with the people, put it in his power to be + particularly useful in the expedition against that place, as well in + providing necessaries for carrying it on, as in assisting to form and + execute a plan of operations proper for the occasion. The honour and + interest of the common cause are so deeply concerned in the success of + this enterprise, that it appears to me of the greatest importance to omit + no step which may conduce to it; and General Greene, on several accounts, + will be able to render very essential service. + </p> + <p> + These considerations have determined me to send him on the expedition, in + which, as he could not with propriety act, nor be equally useful merely in + his official capacity as quartermaster-general, I have concluded to give + him a command in the troops to be employed in the descent. I have, + therefore, directed General Sullivan to throw all the American troops, + both continental, state, and militia, into two divisions, making an equal + distribution of each, to be under the immediate command of General Greene + and yourself. The continental troops being divided in this manner, with + the militia, will serve to give them confidence, and probably make them + act better than they would alone. Though this arrangement will diminish + the number of continental troops under you, yet this diminution will be + more than compensated by the addition of militia; and I persuade myself + your command will not be less agreeable, or less honourable, from this + change in the disposition. I am, with great esteem and affection, dear + marquis, your most obedient servant. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Providence, 6th August, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—I have received your excellency's favour by General + Greene, and have been much pleased with the arrival of a gentleman who, + not only on account of his merit, and the justness of his views, but also + by his knowledge of the country, and his popularity in this state, may be + very serviceable to the expedition. I willingly part with the half of my + detachment, though I had a great dependence upon them, as you find it + convenient to the good of the service. Any thing, my dear General, you + will order, or even wish, shall always be infinitely agreeable to me, and + I will always feel happy in doing any thing which may please you, or + forward the public good. I am of the same opinion as your excellency, that + dividing our continental troops among the militia, will have a better + effect than if we were to keep them together in one wing. + </p> + <p> + You will receive, by General Sullivan, an account of his dispositions, + preparations, &c.; I, therefore, have nothing to add, but that I have + been on board of the Admiral~{1} the day before yesterday. I saw among the + fleet an ardour and a desire of doing something, which would soon turn + into impatience, if we don't give them a speedy occasion of fighting. The + officers cannot contain their soldiers and sailors, who are complaining + that they have been these four months running after the British, without + getting at them; but I hope they will be soon satisfied. + </p> + <p> + The Count d'Estaing was very glad of my arrival, as he could open freely + his mind to me. He expressed the greatest anxiety on account of his wants + of every kind, provisions, water, &c.; he hopes the taking of Rhode + Island will enable him to get some of the two above mentioned articles. + The admiral wants me to join the French troops to these I command, as soon + as possible. I confess I feel very happy to think of my co-operating with + them, and, had I contrived in my mind an agreeable dream, I could not have + wished a more pleasing event than my joining my countrymen with my + brothers of America, under my command, and the same standards. When I left + Europe, I was very far from hoping such an agreeable turn of our business + in the American glorious revolution. + </p> + <p> + Though I have no account, neither observations, to give to your + excellency, as I am here <i>a man of war of the third rate</i>, I will, + after the expedition, scribble some lines to you, and join to the account + of General Sullivan, the assurance that I have all my limbs, and that I + am, with the most tender affection, and entire confidence, yours, with + high respect. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Admiral d'Estaing. It was the 8th July that the French fleet appeared + at the entrance of the Delaware. It was at this period stationed before + Newport, below the passage, betwixt Rhode Island and Long Island. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + White Plains, 10th August, 1778. + </p> + <p> + My Dear Marquis,—Your favour of the 6th instant, which came to my + hands yesterday, afforded a fresh proof of the noble principles on which + you act, and has a just claim to my sincere and hearty thanks. The common + cause, of which you have been a zealous supporter, would, I knew, be + benefitted by General Greene's presence at Rhode Island, as he is a native + of that state, has an interest with the people, and a thorough knowledge + of the country, and, therefore, I accepted his proffered services; but I + was a little uneasy, lest you should conceive that it was intended to + lessen your command. General Greene did not incline to act in a detached + part of the army, merely as quartermaster-general; nor was it to be + expected. It became necessary, therefore, to give him a detached command, + and consequently to divide the continental troops. Your cheerful + acquiescence in the measure, after being appointed to the command of the + brigades which marched from this army, obviated every difficulty, and gave + me singular pleasure. + </p> + <p> + I am very happy to find that the standards of France and America are + likely to be united under your command, at Rhode Island. I am persuaded, + that the supporters of each will be emulous to acquire honour, and promote + your glory upon this occasion. The courier to Count d'Estaing is waiting. + I have only time, therefore, to assure you, that, with most perfect + esteem, and exalted regard, I have the honour to be, my dear marquis, your + obedient and affectionate servant. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp before Newport, 25th August, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I had expected in answering your first letter that + something interesting would have happened that I might communicate to your + excellency. Every day was going to terminate our uncertainties; nay, every + day was going to bring the hope of a success which I did promise myself to + acquaint you of. Such was the reason of my deferring what my duty and + inclination did urge me to do much sooner. I am now indebted for two + favours of yours, which I beg leave to offer here my thanks for. The first + letter reached me in the time we expected to hear again from the French + fleet; the second I have just received. My reason for not writing the same + day the French fleet went to Boston was, that I did not choose to trouble + your friendship with the sentiments of an afflicted, injured heart, and + injured by that very people I came from so far to love and support. Don't + be surprised, my dear general; the generosity of your honest mind would be + offended at the shocking sight I have under my eyes. + </p> + <p> + So far am I from a critical disposition that I will not give you the + journal of our operations, neither of several instances during our staying + here, which, however, might occupy some room in this letter. I will not + even say to you, how contracted was the French fleet when they wanted to + come in at their arrival; which, according to the report of the advertors, + would have had the greatest effect. How surprised was the admiral, when, + after a formal and agreed convention, one hour after the American general + had given a new written assurance, our troops made the landing a day + before it was expected. How mortified the French officers were to find out + that there was not a gun left in these very forts to whose protection they + were recommended. All these things, and many others, I would not take + notice of, if they were not at this moment the supposed ground upon which, + it is said, that the Count d'Estaing is gone on to Boston. Believe me, my + dear sir, upon my honour, the admirals, though a little astonished by some + instances of conduct on our part, did consider them in the same light as + you and myself would have done, and if he is gone off, it is because he + thought himself obliged by necessity. + </p> + <p> + Let us consider, my dear general, the motions of that fleet since it was + proposed by the Count d'Estaing himself, and granted by the king in behalf + of the United States. I will not go so far up as to remember other + instances of the affection the French nation have for the Americans. The + news of that fleet have occasioned the evacuation of Philadelphia. Its + arrival has opened all the harbours, secured all the coasts, obliged the + British navy to be together. Six of those frigates, two of them I have + seen, sufficient for terrifying all the trading people of the two + Carolinas, are taken or burnt. The Count d'Estaing went to offer battle, + and act as a check to the British navy for a long time. At New York, it + was agreed he should go to Rhode Island, and there he went. They prevented + him from going in at first; afterwards, he was desired to come in, and so + he did. The same day we landed without his knowledge; an English fleet + appears in sight. His being divided into three parts by <i>our directions</i>, + for, though he is a <i>lieutenant-general</i>, he never availed himself of + that title, made him uneasy about his situation. But finding the next + morning that the wind was northerly, being also convinced that it was his + duty to prevent any reinforcement at Newport, he goes out under the + hottest fire of the British land batteries, he puts the British navy to + flight, and pursues them, and they were all in his hands when that horrid + storm arrives to ruin all our hopes. Both fleets are divided, scattered; + the Caesar, a 74 gun ship, is lost; the Marseillais, of the same size, + loses her masts, and after that accident is obliged to send back an + enemy's ship of 64; the Languedoç having lost her masts, unable to be + governed and make any motions, separated from the others, is attacked by a + ship of the line against which she could only bring six guns. + </p> + <p> + When the storm was over, they met again in a shattered condition, and the + Caesar was not to be found. All the captains represented to their general + that, after a so long navigation, in such a want of victuals, water, &c., + which they had not been yet supplied with, after the intelligence given by + General Sullivan that there was a British fleet coming, they should go to + Boston; but the Count d'Estaing had promised to come here again, and so he + did at all events. The news of his arrival and situation came by the <i>Senegal</i>, + a frigate taken from the enemy. General Greene and myself went on board. + The count expressed to me not so much as to the envoy from General + Sullivan, than as to his friend, the unhappy circumstances he was in. + Bound by express orders from the King to go to Boston in case of an + accident or a superior fleet, engaged by the common sentiment of all the + officers, <i>even of some American pilots</i>, that he would ruin all his + squadron in deferring his going to Boston, he called a new council of war, + and finding every body of the same opinion, he did not think himself + justifiable in staying here any longer, and took leave of me with true + affliction not being able to assist America for some days, which has been + rewarded with the most horrid ungratefulness; but no matter. I am only + speaking of facts. The count said to me these last words: after many + months of sufferings, my men will rest some days; I will man my ships, + and, if I am assisted in getting masts, &c., three weeks after my + arrival I shall go out again, and then we shall fight for the glory of the + French name, and the interests of America. + </p> + <p> + The day <i>the count</i> went off, the general American officers drew a + protestation, which, as <i>I had been very strangely called there</i>, I + refused to sign, but I wrote a letter to the admiral. The protestation and + the letter did not arrive in time. + </p> + <p> + Now, my dear general, I am going to hurt your generous feelings by an + imperfect picture of what I am forced to see. Forgive me for it; it is not + to the commander-in-chief, it is to my most dearest friend, General + Washington, that I am speaking. I want to lament with him the ungenerous + sentiments I have been forced to see in many American breasts. + </p> + <p> + Could you believe, that forgetting any national obligation, forgetting + what they were owing to that same fleet, what they were yet to expect from + them, and instead of resenting their accidents as these, of allies and + brothers, the people turned mad at their departure, and wishing them all + the evils in the world, did treat them as a generous one would be ashamed + to treat the most inveterate enemies. You cannot have any idea of the + horrors which were to be heard in that occasion. Many leaders themselves + finding they were disappointed, abandoned their minds to illiberality and + ungratefulness. Frenchmen of the highest character have been exposed to + the most disagreeable circumstances, and yet, myself, the friend of + America—the friend of General Washington. I am more upon a warlike + footing in the American lines, than when I come near the British lines at + Newport. + </p> + <p> + Such is, my dear general, the true state of matters. I am sure it will + infinitely displease and hurt your feelings. I am also sure you will + approve the part I have taken in it, which was to stay much at home with + all the French gentlemen who are here, and declare, at the same time, that + anything thrown before me against my nation I would take as the most + particular affront. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed I send you the general orders of the 24th, upon which I thought I + was obliged to pay a visit to General Sullivan, who has agreed to alter + them in the following manner. Remember, my dear general, that I don't + speak to the commander-in-chief, but to my friend, that I am far from + complaining of anybody. I have no complaints at all to make you against + any one; but I lament with you that I have had an occasion of seeing so + ungenerous sentiments in American hearts. + </p> + <p> + I will tell you the true reason. The leaders of the expedition are, most + of them, ashamed to return after having spoken of their Rhode Island + success in proud terms before their family, their friends, their internal + enemies. The others, regardless of the expense France has been put to by + that fleet, of the tedious, tiresome voyage, which so many men have had + for their service, though they are angry that the fleet takes three weeks, + upon the whole campaign, to refit themselves, they cannot bear the idea of + being brought to a small expense, to the loss of a little time, to the + fatigue of staying some few days more in a camp at some few miles off + their houses; for I am very far from looking upon the expedition as having + miscarried, and there I see even a certainty of success. + </p> + <p> + If, as soon as the fleet is repaired, which (in case they are treated as + one is in a country one is not at war with,) would be done in three weeks + from this time, the Count d'Estaing was to come around, the expedition + seems to offer a very good prospect. If the enemy evacuates New York, we + have the whole continental army, if not, we might perhaps have some more + men, what number, however, I cannot pretend to judge. All that I know is, + that I shall be very happy to see the fleet cooperating with General + Washington himself. + </p> + <p> + I think I shall be forced, by the board of general officers, to go soon to + Boston. That I will do as soon as required, though with reluctance, for I + do not believe that <i>our position on this part of the island is without + danger</i>; but my principle is to do everything which is thought good for + the service. I have very often rode express to the fleet, to the frigates, + and that, I assure you, with the greatest pleasure; on the other hand, I + may perhaps be useful to the fleet. Perhaps, too, it will be in the power + of the count to do something which might satisfy them. I wish, my dear + general, you could know as well as myself, how desirous the Count + d'Estaing is to forward the public good, to help your success, and to + serve the cause of America. + </p> + <p> + I earnestly beg you will recommend to the several chief persons of Boston + to do everything they can to put the French fleet in a situation for + sailing soon. Give me leave to add, that I wish many people, by the + declaration of your sentiments in that affair, could learn how to regulate + theirs, and blush at the sight of your generosity. + </p> + <p> + You will find my letter immense. I began it one day and finished it the + next, as my time was swallowed up by those eternal councils of war. I + shall have the pleasure of writing you from Boston. I am afraid the Count + d'Estaing will have felt to the quick the behaviour of the people on this + occasion. You cannot conceive how distressed he was to be prevented from + serving this country for some time. I do assure you his circumstances were + very critical and distressing. + </p> + <p> + For my part, my sentiments are known to the world. My tender affection for + General Washington is added to them; therefore I want no apologies for + writing upon what has afflicted me both as an American and as a Frenchman. + </p> + <p> + I am much obliged to you for the care you are so kind as to take of that + poor horse of mine; had he not found such a good stable as this at + headquarters, he would have cut a pitiful figure at the end of his + travels, and I should have been too happy if there had remained so much of + the horse as the bones, the skin, and the four shoes. + </p> + <p> + Farewell, my dear general; whenever I quit you, I meet with some + disappointment and misfortune. I did not need it to desire seeing you as + much as possible. With the most tender affection and high regard, I have + the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—I must add to my letter, that I have received one from + General Greene, very different, from the expressions I have to complain + of, he seems there very sensible of what I feel. I am very happy when + placed in a situation to do justice to any one. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The circumstances which gave rise to this letter are mentioned in the + memoirs. The following details will still further explain them:— + </p> + <p> + When the storm had dispersed his fleet, M. de Estaing wrote a very + remarkable letter to General Sullivan, in which he explained to him the + impossibility of remaining in sight of Rhode Island without danger, and + without disobeying the precise orders of the king. He expressed his regret + that the landing of the Americans in the island, which had been effected + one day before the day agreed upon, should not have been protected by the + vessels; and he rejected strongly the imputation of having blamed him + under these circumstances for having operated so early, and with only two + thousand men. To his great regret, his situation obliged him to answer the + proposal of a combined attack, by a refusal. This answer excited much + dissatisfaction amongst the Americans. Their officers signed a + protestation, which appears to have been considered by some of them as the + means of seconding the secret inclination of the admiral by forcing him to + fight. The report was spread, in truth, that a cabal in the naval force + alone obliged him to make a retreat, from a feeling of jealousy of the + glory which he might have acquired, as he had belonged formerly to the + land forces. This protestation was carried to him by Colonel Laurens; + after a recapitulation of all the arguments which might be used against + the departure of the fleet, it terminated by the solemn declaration that + that measure was <i>derogatory to the honour of France</i>, contrary to + the intentions of his V. C. Majesty, and to the interests of the American + nation, &c. When this protestation was submitted to congress, they + immediately ordered that it should be kept secret, and that M. Gérard + should be informed of this order, which General Washington was charged + with executing by every means in his power. + </p> + <p> + General Sullivan issued the following order at the same time:— + </p> + <p> + "It having been supposed, by some persons, that by the orders of the 21st + instant, the commander-in-chief meant to insinuate that the departure of + the French fleet was owing to a fixed determination not to assist in the + present enterprise, and that, as the general did not wish to give the + least colour to ungenerous and illiberal minds to make such an unfair + interpretation, he thinks it necessary to say, that as he could not + possibly be acquainted with the orders of the French admiral, he could not + determine whether the removal of the fleet was absolutely necessary or + not; and, therefore, did not mean to censure an act which those orders + might render absolutely necessary." These details, borrowed from the + edition of the writings of Washington, will explain some passages of this + letter, and the sense of the following letters. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + White Plains, September 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—I have been honoured with your favour of the 25th + ultimo by Monsieur Pontgibaud, and I wish my time, which at present is + taken up by a committee at congress, would permit me to go fully into the + contents of it; this, however, it is not in my power to do; but in one + word let me say, I feel everything that hurts the sensibility of a + gentleman, and consequently, upon the present occasion, I feel for you and + for our good and great allies the French. I feel myself hurt, also, at + every illiberal and unthinking reflection which may have been cast upon + the Count d'Estaing, or the conduct of the fleet under his command; and, + lastly, I feel for my country. Let me entreat you, therefore, my dear + marquis, to take no exception at unmeaning expressions, uttered, perhaps, + without consideration, and in the first transport of disappointed hope. + Every body, sir, who reasons, will acknowledge the advantages which we + have derived from the French fleet, and the zeal of the commander of it; + but, in a free and republican government, you cannot restrain the voice of + the multitude; every man will speak as he thinks, or, more properly, + without thinking, and consequently will judge at effects without attending + to the causes. The censures which have been levelled at the officers of + the French fleet would, more than probably, have fallen in a much higher + degree upon a fleet of our own if we had one in the same situation. It is + the nature of man to be displeased with everything that disappoints a + favourite hope or flattering project; and it is the folly of too many of + them to condemn without investigating circumstances. + </p> + <p> + Let me beseech you, therefore, my good sir, to afford a healing hand to + the wound that, unintentionally, has been made. America esteems your + virtues and your services, and admires the principles upon which you act; + your countrymen, in our army, look up to you as their patron; the count + and his officers consider you as a man high in rank, and high in + estimation here and also in France; and I, your friend, have no doubt but + you will use your utmost endeavours to restore harmony, that the honour, + the glory, and mutual interest of the two nations maybe promoted and + cemented in the firmest manner. I would say more on the subject, but am + restrained for the want of time, and therefore shall only add, that with + every sentiment of esteem and regard, I am, my dear marquis, &c. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO MAJOR-GENERAL SULLIVAN. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head Quarters, White Plains, 1st September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear Sir,—The disagreement between the army under your command and + the fleet, has given me very singular uneasiness: the continent at large + is concerned in our cordiality, and it should be kept up, by all possible + means, consistent with our honour and policy. First impressions, you know, + are generally longest remembered, and will serve to fix, in a great + degree, our national character among the French. In our conduct towards + them we should remember that they are people old in war, very strict in + military etiquette, and apt to take fire, where others scarcely seem + warmed. Permit me to recommend, in the most particular manner, the + cultivation of harmony and good agreement, and your endeavours to destroy + that ill-humour which may have got into the officers. It is of the + greatest importance, also, that the soldiers and the people should know + nothing of the misunderstanding, or, if it has reached them, that ways may + be used to stop its progress and prevent its effects. + </p> + <p> + I have received from congress the enclosed, by which you will perceive + their opinion with regard to keeping secret the protest of the general + officers: I need add nothing on this head. I have one thing, however, more + to say: I make no doubt but you will do all in your power to forward the + repair of the count's fleet, and render it fit for service, by your + recommendations for that purpose to those who can be immediately + instrumental. + </p> + <p> + I am, dear Sir, &c. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0024" id="link2H_4_0024"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO MAJOR-GENERAL GREENE. + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head-quarters, White Plains, 1st September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR SIR,—I have had the pleasure of receiving your several letters, + the last of which was of the 22nd of August. I have not now time to take + notice of the arguments that were made use of for and against the count's + quitting the harbour of Newport and sailing for Boston: right or wrong, it + will probably disappoint our sanguine expectations of success; and, what I + esteem a still worse consequence, I fear it will sow the seeds of + dissension and distrust between us and our new allies, unless the most + prudent measures are taken to suppress the feuds and jealousies that have + already arisen. I depend much upon your aid and influence to conciliate + that animosity which I plainly perceive, by a letter from the marquis, + subsists between the American officers and the French in our service; + this, you may depend, will extend itself to the count, and to the officers + and men of his whole fleet, should they return to Rhode Island, unless, + upon their arrival there, they find a reconciliation has taken place. The + marquis speaks kindly of a letter from you to him on the subject; he will + therefore take any advice coming from you in a friendly light; and, if he + can be pacified, the other French gentlemen will of course be satisfied, + as they look up to him as their head. The marquis grounds his complaint + upon a general order of the 24th of August, the latter part of which is + certainly very impolitic, especially considering the universal clamour + that prevailed against the French nation. + </p> + <p> + I beg you will take every measure to keep the protest entered into by the + general officers from being made public. The congress, sensible of the ill + consequences that will flow from the world's knowing our differences, have + passed a resolve to that purpose. Upon the whole, my dear sir, you can + conceive my meaning better than I can express it; and I therefore fully + depend upon your exerting yourself to heal all private animosities between + our principal officers and the French, and to prevent all illiberal + expressions and reflections that may fall from the army at large. + </p> + <p> + I have this moment received a letter from General Sullivan of the 29th of + August, in which he barely informs me of an action upon that day, in which + he says we had the better, but does not mention particulars. + </p> + <p> + I am, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Tyvertown, 1st September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—That there has been an action fought where I could + have been, and where I was not, is a thing which will seem as + extraordinary to you as it seems so to myself. After along journey and a + longer stay from home, (I mean from head-quarters,) the only satisfactory + day I have, finds me in the middle of a town. There I had been sent, + pushed, hurried, by the board of general officers, and principally by + Generals Sullivan and Greene, who thought I should be of great use to the + common cause, and to whom I foretold the disagreeable event which would + happen to me; I felt, on that occasion, the impression of that bad star + which, some days ago, has influenced the French undertakings, and which, I + hope, will soon be removed. People say that I don't want an action; but if + it is not necessary to my reputation as a tolerable private soldier, it + would at least add to my satisfaction and pleasure. However, I was happy + enough to arrive before the second retreat: it was not attended with such + trouble and danger as it would have been had not the enemy been so sleepy, + I was thus once more deprived of my fighting expectations. + </p> + <p> + From what I have heard from sensible and <i>candid</i> French gentlemen, + the action does great honour to General Sullivan: he retreated in good + order; he opposed, very properly, every effort of the enemy; he never sent + troops but well supported, and displayed great coolness during the whole + day. The evacuation I have seen extremely well performed, and <i>my + private opinion</i> is, that if both events are satisfactory to us, they + are very shameful to the British generals and troops; they had, indeed, so + many fine chances to cut us to pieces; but they are very good people. + </p> + <p> + Now, my dear general, I must give you an account of that journey for which + I have paid so dear. The Count d'Estaing arrived the day before in Boston. + I found him much displeased at a protest of which you have heard, and many + other circumstances which I have reported to you: I did what I could on + the occasion; but I must do the admiral the justice to say that it has not + at all diminished his warm desire of serving America. We waited together + on the council, General Heath, General Hancock, and were very well + satisfied with them; the last one distinguished himself very much by his + zeal on the occasion. Some people in Boston were rather dissatisfied; but + when they saw the behaviour of the council, Generals Heath and Hancock, + they, I hope, will do the same; I, therefore, fear nothing but delays. The + marts are very far off, provisions difficult to be provided. The Count + d'Estaing was ready to come with his land forces and put himself under + General Sullivan's orders, though dissatisfied with the latter; but our + new circumstances will alter that design. + </p> + <p> + I beg you will pardon me once more, my dear general, for having troubled + and afflicted you with the account of what I had seen after the departure + of the French fleet. My confidence in you is such, that I could not feel + so warmly upon this point without communicating it to your excellency. I + have now the pleasure to inform you that the discontent does not appear so + great. The French hospital is arrived at Boston, though under + difficulties, which, however, I think I have diminished a good deal by + sending part of my family, with orders to some persons, and entreaties to + others, to give them all the assistance in their power. Now, everything + will be right provided the Count d'Estaing is enabled to sail soon. Every + exertion, I think, ought to be employed for that purpose in all the + several parts of the continent: marts, biscuit, water, and provisions are + his wants. I long to see that we have again the command, or at least an + equal force, upon the American seas. + </p> + <p> + By your letters to General Sullivan, I apprehend that there is some + general move in the British army, and that your excellency is going to + send us reinforcements. God grant you may send us as many as with the + militia will make a larger army, that you might command them yourself. I + long, my dear general, to be again with you, and to have the pleasure of + co-operating with the French fleet, under your immediate orders, this will + be the greatest I can feel; I am sure everything will then be right. The + Count d'Estaing (if Rhode Island is again to be taken, which I ardently + wish,) would be extremely happy to take it in conjunction with General + Washington, and it would remove the other inconveniences. I am now + entrusted, by General Sullivan, with the care of Warren, Bristol, and the + eastern shore. I am to defend a country with very few troops who are not + able to defend more than a single point. I cannot answer that the enemy + won't go and do what they please, for I am not able to prevent them, only + with a part of their army, and yet this part must not land far from me; + but I answer, that if they come with equal or not very superior forces to + those I may collect, we shall flog them pretty well; at least, I hope so. + My situation seems to be uncertain, for we expect to hear soon from your + excellency. You know Mr. Touzard, a gentleman of my family—he met + with a terrible accident in the last action; running before all the + others, to take a piece of cannon in the midst of the enemy, with the + greatest excess of bravery, he was immediately covered with their shots, + had his horse killed, and his right arm shattered to pieces. He was happy + enough not to fall into their hands: his life is not despaired of. + Congress was going to send him a commission of major. + </p> + <p> + Give me joy, my dear general, I intend to have your picture, and Mr. + Hancock has promised me a copy of that he has in Boston. He gave one to + Count d'Estaing, and I never saw a man so glad at possessing his + sweetheart's picture, as the admiral was to receive yours. + </p> + <p> + In expecting, with the greatest impatience, to hear from your excellency + as to what are to be the general plans, and your private movements, I have + the honour to be, with the highest respect, the warmest and most endless + affection, dear general, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, near Bristol, the 7th September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—I cannot let M. de la Neuville go to head-quarters + without recalling to your excellency's memory an inhabitant of the eastern + Rhode Island, those who long much to be again reunited to you, and + conceive now great hopes, from Sir Henry Clinton's movement to New York, + that you will come to oppose him in person. I think if we meet to oppose + the enemy in this quarter, that more troops are absolutely necessary, for + we are not able to do anything in our scattered situation. I confess I am + myself very uneasy in this quarter, and fear that these people will put it + in their heads to take some of our batteries, &c., which, if properly + attacked, it will be difficult to prevent. I am upon a little advance of + land, where, in case of an alarm, a long stay might be very dangerous; but + we will do the best. + </p> + <p> + I am told that the enemy is going to evacuate New York. My policy leads me + to believe that some troops will be sent to Halifax, to the West Indies, + and to Canada; that Canada, I apprehend, will be your occupation next + winter and spring. This idea, my dear general, alters a plan I had to make + a voyage home some months hence, however, as long as you fight I want to + fight along with you, and I much desire to see your excellency in Quebec + next summer. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender affection and highest respect, I have the honour to + be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE DUKE D'AYEN. + </h3> + <p> + Bristol, near Rhode Island, September 11th, 1778, + </p> + <p> + I have already endeavoured to describe to you some part of the pleasure + your last letter gave me; but I cannot write again without repeating my + assurance of the delight I derived from its perusal. I have blessed, a + thousand times, the vessel that brought that letter, and the favourable + winds that blew it, to the American shore. The kindness and affection you + express have sunk deeply into a heart which is fully sensible of all their + value. Your partiality has far over-rated my slight merit; but your + approbation is so precious to me, my desire of obtaining it is so very + strong, that I experience the same pleasure as if I were conscious of + meriting your good opinion. I love you too well not to be enchanted and + overjoyed when I receive any proof of your affection. You may find many + persons more worthy of it, but I may take the liberty of challenging you + to find one human being who either values it more highly, or is more + desirous of obtaining it. I place full reliance on your kindness, and even + if I were unhappy enough to fall under your displeasure, I hope I should + not forfeit your affection. I think I may promise that that last + misfortune shall never occur through any fault of mine, and I wish I could + feel as certain of never erring from my head as from my heart. The + goodness of my friends imposes a weight of obligation upon me. My greatest + pleasure will be to hear you say, whilst I embrace you, that you do not + disapprove of my conduct, and that you retain for me that friendship which + renders me so happy. It is impossible for me to describe to you the joy + your letter, and the kind feeling which dictated it, have inspired me + with. How delighted I shall be to thank you for it, and to find myself + again in your society! If you should ever amuse yourself by looking at the + American campaigns, or following them on your maps, I shall ask permission + to insert a small river or a mountain: this would give me an opportunity + of describing to you the little I have seen, of confiding to you my own + trifling ideas, and of endeavouring so to combine them as to render them + more military: for there is so great a difference between what I behold + here, and those large, fine, well-organised armies of Germany, that, in + truth, when I recur from them to our American armies, I scarcely dare say + that we are making war. If the French war should terminate before that of + the rest of Europe, and you were disposed to see how things were going on, + and permitted me to accompany you, I should feel perfectly happy; in the + meantime, I have great pleasure in thinking that I shall pass some + mornings with you at your own house, and I promise myself as much + improvement as amusement from conversing with you, if you are so kind as + to grant me some portion of your time. + </p> + <p> + I received, with heartfelt gratitude, the advice you gave me to remain + here during this campaign; it was inspired by true friendship and a + thorough knowledge of my interest: such is the species of advice we give + to those we really love, and this idea has rendered it still dearer to me. + I will be guided by it in proportion as events may follow the direction + you appear to have expected. A change of circumstances renders a change of + conduct sometimes necessary. I had intended, as soon as war was declared, + to range myself under the French banner: I was induced to take this + resolution from the fear that the ambition of obtaining higher rank, or + the wish of retaining the one I actually enjoy, should appear to be my + only motives for remaining here. Such unworthy sentiments have never found + entrance into my heart. But your letter, advising me to remain, and + assuring me there would be no land campaign, induced me to change my + determination, and I now rejoice that I have done so. The arrival of the + French fleet upon this coast, has offered me the agreeable prospect of + acting in concert with it, and of being a happy spectator of the glory of + the French banner. Although the elements, until now, have declared + themselves against us, I have not lost the sanguine hopes of the future, + which the great talents of M. d'Estaing have inspired us with. You will be + astonished to hear that the English still retain all their posts, and have + contented themselves with merely evacuating Philadelphia. I expected, and + General Washington also expected, to see them abandon everything for + Canada, Halifax, and their islands; but these gentlemen are apparently in + no great haste. The fleet, it is true, may hitherto have rendered such a + division of their troops rather difficult; but now that it is removed to + Boston, they might easily begin to make a move: they appear to me, instead + of moving off, to intend fighting a little in this part of the country. I + thought I ought to consult M. d'Estaing, and even M. Gérard on this + subject. Both agreed that I was right to remain, and even said, that my + presence here would not prove wholly useless to my own country. That I + might have nothing to reproach myself with, I wrote to M. de Montbarrey a + short letter, which apprised him of my being still in existence, and of + the resolution I had taken not to return to France in the midst of this + campaign. + </p> + <p> + The kind manner in which you received the gazette which John Adams + conveyed to you, induced me to send you a second, which must have made you + acquainted with the few events that have taken place during this campaign. + The visit that the English army designed to pay to a detachment which I + commanded the 28th of May, and which escaped their hands owing to their + own dilatory movements; the arrival of the treaty, subsequently that of + the commissioners, the letter they addressed to congress, the firm answer + they received, the evacuation of Philadelphia, and the retreat of General + Clinton through Jersey, are the only articles worthy of attention. I have + also described to you in what manner we followed the English army, and how + General Lee, after my detachment had joined him, allowed himself to be + beaten. The arrival of General Washington arrested the disorder, and + determined the victory on our side. It is the battle, or rather affair, of + Monmouth. General Lee has since been suspended for a year by a council of + war, for his conduct on this occasion. + </p> + <p> + I must now relate to you what has occurred since the arrival of the fleet, + which has experienced contrary winds ever since it sailed; after a voyage + of three months it reached the Delaware, which the English had then + quitted; from thence it proceeded to Sandyhook, the same place General + Clinton sailed from after the check he encountered at Monmouth. Our army + repaired to White Plains, that former battle-field of the Americans. M. + d'Estaing blockaded New York, and we were thus neighbours of the English + both by land and sea. Lord Howe, enclosed in the harbour, and separated + from our fleet only by the Sandy-hook bar, did not accept the combat which + the French admiral ardently desired, and offered him for several days. A + noble project was conceived—that of entering into the harbour; but + our ships drew too much water, and the English seventy fours could not + enter with their guns. Some pilots gave no hopes on this subject; but, + when we examined the case more narrowly, all agreed as to its + impossibility, and soundings proved the truth of the latter opinion; we + were therefore obliged to have recourse to other measures. + </p> + <p> + General Washington, wishing to make a diversion on Rhode Island, ordered + General Sullivan, who commanded in that state, to assemble his troops. The + fleet stationed itself in the channel which leads to Newport, and I was + ordered to conduct a detachment of the great army to General Sullivan, who + is my senior in command. After many delays, which were very annoying to + the fleet, and many circumstances, which it would be too long to relate, + all our preparations were made, and we landed on the island with twelve + thousand men, many of them militia, of whom I commanded one half upon the + left side. M. d'Estaing had entered the channel the day before, in spite + of the English batteries. General Pigot had enclosed himself in the + respectable fortifications of Newport. The evening of our arrival, the + English fleet appeared before the channel with all the vessels that Lord + Howe had been able to collect, and a reinforcement of four thousand men + for the enemy, who had already from five to six thousand men. + </p> + <p> + A north wind blew most fortunately for us the next day, and the French + fleet passing gallantly under a sharp fire from the batteries, to which + they replied with broadside shot, prepared themselves to accept the + conflict which Lord Howe was apparently proposing to them. The English + admiral suddenly cut his cables, and fled at full sail, warmly pursued by + all our vessels, with the admiral at their head. This spectacle was given + during the finest weather possible, and within sight of the English, and + American armies. I never felt so proud as on that day. + </p> + <p> + The next day, when the victory was on the point of being completed, and + the guns of the <i>Languedoc</i> were directed towards the English fleet, + at the most glorious moment for the French navy, a sudden gale, followed + by a dreadful storm, separated and dispersed the French vessels, Howe's + vessels, and those of Biron, which, by a singular accident, had just + arrived there. The <i>Languedoc</i> and the <i>Marseillais</i> were + dismasted, and the <i>Cesar</i> was afterwards unheard of for some time. + To find the English fleet was impossible. M. d'Estaing returned to Rhode + Island, remained there two days, to ascertain whether General Sullivan + wished to retire, and then entered the Boston harbour. During these + various cruises, the fleet took or burnt six English frigates, and a large + number of vessels, of which several were armed; they also cleared the + coast and opened the harbours. Their commander appeared to me to have been + formed for great exploits; his talents, which all men must acknowledge, + the qualities of his heart, his love of discipline and of the honour of + his country, and his indefatigable activity, excite my admiration, and + make me consider him, as a man created for great actions. + </p> + <p> + As to ourselves, we remained some time at Rhode Island, and spent several + days firing cannon shot at each other, which produced no great result on + either side; but General Clinton having led himself a reinforcement of + five thousand men, and a part of our militia having returned to their own + homes, we thought of retiring; the harbour was no longer blockaded, and + the English were resuming their naval advantage. Our retreat at that + period was preceded by a trifling skirmish, at which I was not present, + having repaired to Boston respecting an affair which I dare not write for + fear of accidents. I returned in great haste, as you may imagine, and, + after my arrival, we completed the evacuation of the Island. As the + English were gone out, we were such near neighbours, that our picquets + touched each other; they allowed us, however, to re-embark without + perceiving it, and this want of activity appeared to me more fortunate, as + they would have incommoded me exceedingly had they attacked the rear. + </p> + <p> + I am at present on the continent, and have the command of the troops + stationed nearest Rhode Island; General Sullivan is at Providence; M. + d'Estaing is taking in, at Providence, masts and provisions; General + Washington is at White Plains, with three brigades, stationed some miles + in advance on that side, in case of need. As to the English, they occupy + New York and the adjacent Islands, and are better defended by their + vessels than by their troops. They possess the same number of troops at + Rhode Island that they did formerly, and General Grey, at the head of + about five thousand men, marches along the coast, with the intention of + burning the towns and ransoming the small Islands. It is thought, however, + that the scene will soon become more animated; there are great movements + in New York; Lord Howe has gone out with all his fleet, strengthened with + the greatest part of Biron's squadron; M. d'Estaing has taken possession + of the harbour, and has established some formidable batteries. On the + other side, Mr. Grey may form and execute more serious projects; he is at + present in my neighbourhood, and I am obliged to keep myself still more on + the alert, because the stations which I occupy extend from Seconnet Point, + which you may see on the map, to Bristol. I hope all this will soon end, + for we are now in a very tiresome state of inaction. + </p> + <p> + I am becoming extremely prolix, but I perceive that I have forgotten + dates, and two lines more or less will not add much to your fatigue. The + evacuation of Philadelphia took place the 18th June; the affair of + Monmouth the 28th; we arrived on Rhode Island, I think, the 10th August, + and evacuated it the 30th of the same month: my gazette is now completed. + </p> + <p> + An accident has occurred on this Island which has affected me deeply. + Several French officers, in the service of America, have the kindness to + pass much of their time with me, especially when I am engaged firing + musket balls. M. Touzard, an artillery officer in the regiment of <i>La + Fčre</i>, has been, during the last months, one of my constant associates. + Finding a good opportunity on the Island of snatching a piece of cannon + from the enemy, he threw himself in the midst of them, with the greatest + gallantry and courage; but his temerity drew upon himself a hot fire from + the enemy, which killed his horse, and carried away his right arm. His + action has been admired, even by the English; it would be indeed + unfortunate if distance should prevent its being known in France; I could + not refrain from giving an account of it to M. de Montbarrey, although I + have not any right to do so; but I am very anxious to be of use to this + brave officer. If any opportunity offers of serving him, I recommend him + earnestly to your love of noble actions. I confide my letters to M. + d'Estaing, who will send them to France. If you should have the kindness + to write to me, and any packet ships be sent out to the fleet, I beg you + to take advantage of them. The admiration I feel for him who commands it, + and my firm conviction that he will not let an opportunity escape of + performing glorious deeds, will always make me desirous of being employed + in unison with him; and the friendship of General Washington gives me the + assurance that I need not even make such a request; I often also receive + letters from M. d'Estaing, and he will send me yours as soon as he + receives them. You must feel how impossible it is for me to ascertain when + I can return to you. I shall be guided entirely by circumstances. My great + object in wishing to return was the idea of a descent upon England. I + should consider myself as almost dishonoured if I were not present at such + a moment. I should feel so much regret and shame, that I should be tempted + to drown or hang myself, according to the English mode. My greatest + happiness would be to drive them from this country, and then to repair to + England, serving under your command. This is a very delightful project; + God grant it may be realized! It is the one which would be most peculiarly + agreeable to me. I entreat you to send me your advice as soon as possible; + if I but receive it in time, it shall regulate my conduct. Adieu, I dare + not begin another page; I beg you to accept the assurance of my tender + respect, and of all the sentiments that I shall ever feel for you during + the remainder of my life. + </p> + <p> + I shall add this soiled bit of paper, which might have suited Harpagon + himself, to my long epistle, to tell you that I am become very reasonable + as relates to expenses. Now that I have my own establishment, I shall + spend still less, and I really act very prudently, when you consider the + exorbitant price of every thing, principally with paper money. + </p> + <p> + I shall write by another opportunity, perhaps a more speedy one, to Madame + de Tessé. I entreat you to present her with my tender respects. If M. de + Tessé, M. de Mun, M. de Neiailly, M. Senac~{1} retain a kind remembrance + of me, deign to present my compliments to them. If M. de Comte le Broglie + does not receive news from this country, as he has always expressed great + interest in me, be so good as to give him an account of our proceedings + when you see him. + </p> + <p> + May I flatter myself that I still possess your good opinion? I should not + doubt it, if I could but convince you how much I value it; I will do + everything in my power to deserve it, and I should be miserable if you + doubted for an instant how very deeply this feeling is engraven in my + breast. If I have ever erred in the path I am pursuing, forgive the + illusions of my head in favour of the good intentions and rectitude of my + heart, which is filled with feelings of the deepest, gratitude, affection, + and respect for you; and these it will ever retain, in all countries, and + under all circumstances, until my latest breath. + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE, + </h3> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. M. de Tesse, first squire to the Queen, had married Mademoiselle de + Noailles, daughter of the Marshal, and aunt to Madame de Lafayette; M. de + Neuilly was attached, under the Marshal's orders, to the stables of the + Queen; M. de Mun, father to M. de Mun, peer of France, was intimate with + the whole family; M. Senac de Meilhan has been named comptroller general. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Bristol, near Rhode Island, Sept. 13th, 1778. + </p> + <p> + If any thing could lessen my pleasure in writing to you, my dearest love, + it would be the painful idea that I am writing to you from a corner of + America, and that all I love is two thousand leagues from me. But I have + reason to hope that the actual state of things cannot subsist for any + length of time, and that the moment appointed for our meeting is not very + far removed. War, which so often causes separation, must reunite us; it + even secures my return by bringing French vessels here, and the fear of + being taken will soon completely vanish; we shall be at least two to play + at the game, and if the English attempt to interrupt my course, we shall + be able to answer them. How delightful it would be for me to congratulate + myself upon having heard from you; but that happiness has not been granted + me. Your last letter arrived at the same time as the fleet; since that + very distant day, since two months, I have been expecting letters, and + none have reached me. It is true that the admiral, and the King's + minister, have not been better treated by fortune; it is true that several + vessels are expected, one in particular, every day: this gives me hope; + and it is upon hope, that void and meagre food, that I must even subsist. + Do not leave me in such a painful state of uncertainty, and although I do + not expect to be here to receive an answer to the letter I am now writing, + yet I entreat you to send me a very long one immediately, as if I were + only waiting for your letter to depart; when you read this, therefore, + call instantly for pen and ink, and write to me by every opportunity that + you love me, and that you will be glad to see me again, not but that I am + well convinced of this; my affection does not permit me to make use of any + compliments with you, and there would be more vanity in telling you that I + doubt your love, than in assuring you that I depend fully upon it, and for + the remainder of my life. But every repetition of this truth always gives + me pleasure. The feeling itself is so dear to me, and is so very necessary + to my happiness, that I cannot but rejoice in your sweet expressions of + it. It is not my reason (for I do not doubt your love) but my heart that + you delight by repeating a thousand times what gives me more pleasure, if + possible, each time you utter it. O, when shall I be with you, my love; + when shall I embrace you a hundred times? + </p> + <p> + I flattered myself that the declaration of war would recall me immediately + to France: independent of the ties which draw my heart towards those most + dear to me, the love of my country, and my wish to serve her, are powerful + motives for my return. I feared even that people, who did not know me, + might imagine that ambition, a taste for the command I am entrusted with, + and the confidence with which I am honoured, would induce me to remain + here some time longer. I own that I felt some satisfaction in making these + sacrifices to my country, and in quitting everything to fly to her + assistance, without saying one word about the service I was giving up. + This would have been a source of the purest gratification to me, and I had + resolved to set out the moment the news of war arrived. You shall now + learn what has delayed me, and I may venture to say you will approve of my + conduct. + </p> + <p> + The news was brought by a French fleet, who came to co-operate with the + American troops; new operations were just commencing; it was in the midst + of a campaign; this was not a moment to quit the army. I was also assured, + from good authority, that nothing would take place this year in France, + and that I lost, therefore, nothing by remaining here. I ran the risk, on + the contrary, of passing the whole autumn in a vessel, and with a strong + desire to fight everywhere, to fight in truth nowhere, I was flattered in + this country with the hope of undertaking some enterprise in concert with + M. d'Estaing; and persons like himself charged with the affairs of France, + told me my quitting America would be prejudicial, and my remaining in it + useful, to my country. I was forced to sacrifice my delightful hopes, and + delay the execution of my most agreeable projects. But at length the happy + moment of rejoining you will arrive, and next winter will see me united to + all I love best in the world. + </p> + <p> + You will hear so much said about war, naval combats, projected + expeditions, and military operations, made and to be made, in America, + that I will spare you the ennui of a gazette. I have, besides, related to + you the few events that have taken place since the commencement of the + campaign. I have been so fortunate as to be constantly employed, and I + have never made an unlucky encounter with balls or bullets, to arrest me + in my path. It is now more than a year since I dragged about, at + Brandywine, a leg that had been somewhat rudely handled, but since that + time it has quite recovered, and my left leg is now almost as strong as + the other one. This is the only scratch I have received, or ever shall + receive, I can safely promise you, my love. I had a presentiment that I + should be wounded at the first affair, and I have now a presentiment that + I shall not be wounded again. I wrote to you after our success at + Monmouth, and I scrawled my letter almost on the field of battle, and + still surrounded with slashed faces. Since that period, the only events + that have taken place, are the arrival and operations of the French fleet, + joined to our enterprise on Rhode Island. I have sent a full detail of + them to your father. Half the Americans say that I am passionately fond of + my country, and the other half say that since the arrival of the French + ships, I have become mad, and that I neither eat, nor drink, nor sleep, + but according to the winds that blow. Betwixt ourselves, they are a little + in the right; I never felt so strongly what may be called national pride. + Conceive the joy I experienced on beholding the whole English fleet flying + full sail before ours, in presence of the English and American armies, + stationed upon Rhode Island. M. d'Estaing having unfortunately lost some + masts, has been obliged to put into the Boston harbour. He is a man whose + talents, genius, and great qualities of the heart I admire as much as I + love his virtues, patriotism, and agreeable manners. He has experienced + every possible difficulty; he has not been able to do all he wished to do; + but he appears to me a man formed to advance the interests of such a + nation as ours. Whatever may be the private feeling of friendship that + unites me to him, I separate all partiality from the high opinion I + entertain of our admiral. The Americans place great confidence in him, and + the English fear him. As to the Rhode Island expedition, I shall content + myself with saying that General Washington was not there, and that he sent + me to conduct a reinforcement to the commanding officer, my senior in + service. We exchanged, for several days, some cannon balls, which did no + great harm on either side, and General Clinton having brought succours to + his party, we evacuated the island, not without danger, but without any + accident. We are all in a state of inaction, from which we shall soon + awaken. + </p> + <p> + Whilst we were on the Island, an officer, who has passed the winter with + me, named Touzard, of the regiment of <i>La Fčre</i>, seeing an + opportunity of snatching a piece of cannon from the enemy, threw himself + amongst them with the utmost bravery. This action attracted the fire of + his antagonists, which killed his horse, and carried off part of his right + arm, which has since been amputated. If he were in France, such an action, + followed by such an accident, would have been the means of his receiving + the cross of St. Louis and a pension. I should feel the greatest pleasure + if, through you and my friends, I could obtain for him any recompence. + </p> + <p> + I entreat you to present my respectful and affectionate compliments to the + Marshal de Noailles; he must have received the trees I sent him. I will + take advantage of the month of September, the most favourable time, to + send him a still larger quantity. Do not forget me to Madame la Maréchale + de Noailles; embrace my sisters a thousand and a thousand times. If you + see the Chevalier de Chastellux, present to him my compliments and + assurances of affection. + </p> + <p> + But what shall I say to you, my love? What expressions can my tenderness + find sufficiently strong for our dear Anastasia? You will find them but in + your own heart, and in mine, which is equally open to you. Cover her with + kisses; teach her to love me by loving you. We are so completely united, + that it is impossible to love one without loving also the other. That poor + little child must supply all we have lost; she has two places to occupy in + my heart, and this heavy task our misfortune has imposed on her. I love + her most fondly, and the misery of trembling for her life does not prevent + my feeling for her the warmest affection. Adieu; when shall I be permitted + to see thee, to part from thee no more; to make thy happiness as thou + makest mine, and kneel before thee to implore thy pardon. Adieu, adieu; we + shall not be very long divided. + </p> + <h3> + PRESIDENT LAURENS TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 13th September, 1777. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—I am sensible of a particular degree of pleasure in executing + the order of congress, signified in their act of the 9th instant, which + will be enclosed with this, expressing the sentiments of the + representatives of the United States of America, of your high merit on the + late expedition against Rhode Island. You will do congress justice, Sir, + in receiving the present acknowledgment as a tribute of the respect and + gratitude of a free people. I have the honour to be, with very great + respect and esteem, Sir, your obedient and most humble servant, + </p> + <p> + HENRY LAURENS, President. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter, as well as all those that follow to that of the 11th of + January, 1779, with the exception of the letter to Lord Carlisle, was + written originally in English. + </p> + <h3> + RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS. + </h3> + <p> + Resolved:—The president is charged with writing to the Marquis de + Lafayette; that congress conceives that the sacrifice he made of his + personal feelings, when, for the interest of the United States, he + repaired to Boston, at the moment when the opportunity of acquiring glory + on the field of battle could present itself; his military zeal in + returning to Rhode Island, when the greatest part of the army had quitted + it, and his measures to secure a retreat, have a right to this present + expression of the approbation of congress. + </p> + <p> + September 9th, 1778. + </p> + <h3> + MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE TO PRESIDENT LAURENS. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, 23rd September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—I have just received your favour of the 13th instant, + acquainting me with the honour congress have been pleased to confer on me + by their most gracious resolve. Whatever pride such an approbation may + justly give me, I am not less affected by the feelings of gratefulness, + and the satisfaction of thinking my endeavours were ever looked on as + useful to a cause, in which my heart is so deeply interested. Be so good, + Sir, as to present to congress my plain and hearty thanks, with a frank + assurance of a candid attachment, the only one worth being offered to the + representatives of a free people. The moment I heard of America, I loved + her; the moment I knew she was fighting for freedom, I burnt with a desire + of bleeding for her; and the moment I shall be able to serve her at any + time, or in any part of the world, will be the happiest one of my life. I + never so much wished for occasions of deserving those obliging sentiments + with which I am honoured by these states and their representatives, and + that flattering confidence they have been pleased to put in me, has filled + my heart with the warmest acknowledgments and eternal affection. + </p> + <p> + I am, &c., + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Warren, 24th September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I am to acknowledge the reception of your late + favour. Your excellency's sentiments were already known to me, and my + heart had anticipated your answer. I, however, confess it gave me a new + pleasure when I received it. My love for you is such, my dear general, + that I should enjoy it better, if possible, in a private sentimental light + than in a political one. Nothing makes me happier than to see a conformity + of sentiments between you and me, upon any matter whatsoever; and the + opinion of your heart is so precious to me, that I will ever expect it to + fix mine. I don't know how to make out a fine expression of my sentiments, + my most respected friend; but you know, I hope, my heart, and I beg you + will read in it. + </p> + <p> + Agreeably to your advices and my own feelings, I made every effort that I + could for preventing any bad measures being taken on either side; which + conduct I also closely kept in the late affair of Boston concerning M. de + St. Sauveur. I wished to have been of some use on both occasions, and I + hope we have pretty well succeeded. The Count d'Estaing is entirely ours; + so, at least, I apprehend by his confidential letters to me; and it + affords me great pleasure. I have found by him an occasion of writing to + France; and you will better conceive than I may describe, how I have acted + on the occasion. I thought the best way of speaking of those internal + affairs was not to speak of them, or at least very indifferently, so as to + give any such report which might arrive as groundless and insignificant. I + daresay my scheme will have the desired effect, and nothing will be + thought of it in France. I thought it would be well to let the admiral + know that you do not lay any blame upon him, and that you entertained the + sentiments any honest Frenchman might wish upon this matter. + </p> + <p> + Agreeably to a very useful article of a letter to General Sullivan, I have + removed my station from Bristol, and am in a safer place, behind Warren, + The few spies I have been able to procure upon the island seem rather to + think of an evacuation than of any enterprise; but, you know, New York is + the fountain-head. I long much, my dear general, to be again with you; our + separation has been long enough, and I am here as inactive as anywhere + else. My wish, and that you will easily conceive, had been to co-operate + with the French fleet; I don't know now what they will do. The admiral has + written to me upon many plans, and does not seem well fixed on any scheme: + he burns with the desire of striking a blow, and is not yet determined how + to accomplish it. He wrote me that he wanted to see me, but I cannot leave + my post, lest something might happen: it has already cost dear enough to + me. However, if you give me leave, I'll ask this of General Sullivan, and + will do what I think best for both countries. + </p> + <p> + I have heard of a <i>pistolade</i> between two gentlemen, which lasted + very long without much effect; it looks like our too much spoken of <i>cannonade</i> + at Newport, while <i>the siege</i> was continued. I have not yet been able + to find out what your excellency desires me to inquire into, on account of + the French queen:~{1} but the people of the navy are too remote from + Versailles to have any knowledge of it, and the Count d'Estaing himself + has not any intimacy with her. I'll get that intelligence from a better + source, and <i>more agreeable to your feelings on the matter</i>, in order + that you may do what you think fit to be done if the report is true. + </p> + <p> + I beg, my dear general, when you write to your lady, that you would + present my respects to her; and I beg also the liberty to make here a + thousand compliments to your family. With the highest respect and most + tender friendship, I have the honour to be, dear general. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Several ladies had lately come out from New York, who reported that a + vessel had been captured and brought to that city, in which was contained + a present from the Queen of France to Mrs. Washington, as "an elegant + testimonial of her approbation of the general's conduct," and that it had + been sold at auction for the benefit of the captors. This intelligence was + so confidently affirmed from such a respectable source, that General + Washington had requested the Marquis de Lafayette to make inquiry as to + the truth of it through the medium of Madame de Lafayette.—<i>Writings + of Washington</i>, vol. vi p. 74. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Fredericksburg, 25th September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—The sentiments of affection and attachment, which + breathe so conspicuously in all your letters to me, are at once pleasing + and honourable, and afford me abundant cause to rejoice at the happiness + of my acquaintance with you. Your love of liberty, the just sense you + entertain of this valuable blessing, and your noble and disinterested + exertions in the cause of it, added to the innate goodness of your heart, + conspire to render you dear to me; and I think myself happy in being + linked with you in bonds of the strictest friendship. + </p> + <p> + The ardent zeal which you have displayed during the whole course of the + campaign to the eastward, and your endeavours to cherish harmony among the + officers of the allied powers, and to dispel those unfavourable + impressions which had begun to take place in the minds of the unthinking, + from misfortunes, which the utmost stretch of human foresight could not + avert, deserved, and now receives, my particular and warmest thanks. I am + sorry for Monsieur Touzard's loss of an arm in the action on Rhode Island; + and offer my thanks to him, through you, for his gallant behaviour on that + day. + </p> + <p> + Could I have conceived that my picture had been an object of your wishes, + or in the smallest degree worthy of your attention, I should, while M. + Peale was in the camp at Valley Forge, have got him to take the best + portrait of me he could, and presented it to you; but I really had not so + good an opinion of my own worth, as to suppose that such a compliment + would not have been considered as a greater instance of my vanity, than + means of your gratification; and therefore, when you requested me to sit + to Monsieur Lanfang, I thought it was only to obtain the outlines and a + few shades of my features, to have some prints struck from. + </p> + <p> + If you have entertained thoughts, my dear marquis, of paying a visit to + your court, to your lady, and to your friends this winter, but waver on + account of an expedition into Canada, friendship induces me to tell you, + that I do not conceive that the prospect of such an operation is so + favourable at this time, as to cause you to change your views. Many + circumstances and events must conspire to render an enterprise of this + kind practicable and advisable. The enemy, in the first place, must either + withdraw wholly, or in part, from their present posts, to leave us at + liberty to detach largely from this army. In the next place, if + considerable reinforcements should be thrown into that country, a winter's + expedition would become impracticable, on account of the difficulties + which would attend the march of a large body of men, with the necessary + apparatus, provisions, forage, and stores, at that inclement season. In a + word, the chances are so much against the undertaking, that they ought not + to induce you to lay aside your other purpose, in the prosecution of which + you shall have every aid, and carry with you every honourable testimony of + my regard and entire approbation of your conduct, that you can wish. But + it is a compliment, which is due, so am I persuaded you would not wish to + dispense with the form of signifying your desires to congress on the + subject of your voyage and absence. + </p> + <p> + I come now, in a more especial manner, to acknowledge the receipt of your + obliging favour of the 21st, by Major Dubois, and to thank you for the + important intelligence therein contained. + </p> + <p> + I do most cordially congratulate you on the glorious defeat of the British + squadron under Admiral Keppel, an event which reflects the highest honour + on the good conduct and bravery of Monsieur d'Orrilliers and the officers + of the fleet under his command; at the same time that it is to be + considered, I hope, as the happy presage, of a fortunate and glorious war + to his most Christian Majesty. A confirmation of the account I shall + impatiently wait and devoutly wish for. If the Spaniards, under this + favourable beginning, would unite their fleet to that of France, together + they would soon humble the pride of haughty Britain, and no long suffer + her to reign sovereign of the seas, and claim the privilege of giving laws + to the main. + </p> + <p> + You have my free consent to make the Count d'Estaing a visit, and may + signify my entire approbation of it to General Sullivan, who, I am glad to + find, has moved you out of a <i>cul de sac</i>. It was my advice to him + long ago, to have no detachments in that situation, let particular places + be ever so much unguarded and exposed from the want of troops. Immediately + upon my removal from White Plains to this ground, the enemy threw a body + of troops into the Jerseys; but for what purpose, unless to make a grand + forage, I have not been able yet to learn. They advanced some troops at + the same time from their lines at Kingsbridge towards our old encampment + at the plains, stripping the inhabitants not only of their provisions and + forage, but even the clothes on their backs, and without discrimination. + </p> + <p> + The information, my dear marquis, which I begged the favour of you to + obtain, was not, I am persuaded, to be had through the channel of the + officers of the French fleet, but by application to your fair lady, to + whom I should be happy in an opportunity of paying my homage in Virginia, + when the war is ended, if she could be prevailed upon to quit, for a few + months, the gaieties and splendour of a court, for the rural amusements of + a humble cottage. + </p> + <p> + I shall not fail to inform Mrs. Washington of your polite attention to + her. The gentlemen of my family are sensible of the honour you do them by + your kind inquiries, and join with me in a tender of best regards; and + none can offer them with more sincerity and affection than I do. With + every sentiment you can wish, I am, my dear marquis, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, near Warren, 24th September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I am going to consult your excellency upon a point + in which I not only want your leave and opinion, as the + commander-in-chief, but also your candid advice, as the man whom I have + the happiness to call my friend. In an address from the British + commissaries to congress, the first after <i>Johnstone</i> was excluded, + they speak in the most disrespectful terms of my nation and country. The + whole is undersigned by them, and more particularly by the president, Lord + Carlisle. I am the first French officer, in rank, of the American army; I + am not unknown to the British, and if somebody must take notice of such + expressions, that advantage does, I believe, belong to me. Don't you + think, my dear general, that I should do well to write a letter ont he + subject to Lord Carlisle, wherein I should notice his expressions conveyed + in an unfriendly manner? I have mentioned something of this design to the + Count d'Estaing, but wish entirely to fix my opinion by yours, which I + instantly beg, as soon as you may find it convenient. + </p> + <p> + As everyting is perfectly quiet, and General Sullivan is persuaded that I + may, with all safety, go to Boston, I am going to undertake a short + journey towards that place. The admiral has several times expressed a + desire of conversing with me; he has also thrown out some wishes that + something might be done towards securing Boston, but it seems he always + refers to a conversation for further explanation. My stay will be short, + as I don't like towns in time of war, when I may be about a camp. If your + excellency answers me immediately, I may soon receive your letter. + </p> + <p> + I want much to see you, my dear general, and consult you about many + points, part of them are respecting myself. If you approve of my writing + to Lord Carlisle, it would be a reason for coming near you for a short + time, in case the gentleman is displeased with my mission. + </p> + <p> + With the most perfect respect, confidence, and affection, I have the + honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. In the preceding session, the English parliament had passed bills + called conciliatory, and in the month of June, conciliatory commissioners + had presented themselves to negotiate an arrangement. These were, Lord + Carlisle, Governor George Johnstone, and William Eden. Dr. Adam Ferguson, + professor of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, was + secretary of the commission. They addressed a letter to Mr. Laurens which + was to be communicated to congress. To that letter were joined private + letters from Mr. Johnstone to several members of the assembly, whom he + endeavoured to seduce by exciting interested hopes. The letters were given + up to the congress, who declared "<i>that it was incompatible with their + own honour to hold any sort of correspondence or relation with the said + George Johnstone</i>."—(See the Letters of General Washington, vol. + v., p. 397, and vol. vi., p. 31; and the <i>History of the American + Revolution</i>, by David Ramsay, vol. ii., chap. 16.) + </p> + <h3> + TO LORD CARLISLE.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + I expected, until the present moment, my lord, to have only affairs to + settle with your generals, and I hoped to see them at the head only of the + armies which are respectively confided to us; your letter to the Congress + of the United States, the insulting phrase to my country, which you + yourself have signed, could alone bring me into direct communication with + you. I do not, my lord, deign to refute your assertion, but I do wish to + punish it. It is to you, as chief of the commission, that I now appeal, to + give me a reparation as public as has been the offence, and as shall be + the denial which arises from it; nor would that denial have been so long + delayed if the letters had reached me sooner. As I am obliged to absent + myself for some days, I hope to find your answer on my return. M. de + Gimat, a French officer, will make all the arrangements for me which may + be agreeable to you; I doubt not but that General Clinton, for the honour + of his countryman, will consent to the measure I propose. As to myself, my + lord, I shall consider all measures good, if, to the glory of being a + Frenchman, I can add that of proving to one of your nation that my nation + can never be attacked with impunity. + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter was written in French. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Boston, 28th September, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—The news I have got from France, the reflections I + have made by myself, and those which have been suggested to me by many + people, particularly by the admiral, increases more than ever the desire I + had of seeing again your excellency. I want to communicate to you my + sentiments, and take your opinion upon my present circumstances—I + look upon this as of high moment to my private interests. On the other + hand, I have some ideas, and some intelligence in reference to public + interests, which I am very desirous of disclosing to your excellency. I am + sure, my dear general, that your sentiments upon my private concerns are + such, that you will have no objection to my spending some hours with + you.~{1} + </p> + <p> + The moment at which the fleet will be ready is not very far, and I think + it of importance to have settled my affair with you before that time. I am + going to write to General Sullivan on the subject, and if he has no + objection, I'll go immediately to head-quarters; but should he make + difficulties, I beg you will send me that leave. I intend to ride express, + in order that I may have time enough. You may think, my dear general, that + I don't ask, what I never asked in my life—a leave to quit the post + I am sent to—without strong reasons for it; but the letters I have + received from home make me very anxious to see you. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender affection and highest respect, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. In spite of the obstacles which had arrested M. de Lafayette at the + commencement of the projected northern campaign, he had embraced with + ardour the idea of a diversion which was to be operated in Canada, with + the combined forces of France and America; and it was partly to converse + on this plan with Washington, and later with the cabinet of Versailles, + that he insisted upon having a conference with the general-in-chief, and + returning to France before the winter. He was even summoned to explain + himself on this subject with a committee from the congress, who adopted + the plan in principle, but decided that General Washington should be first + consulted. The latter expressed his objections in a public letter + addressed to the congress, and in a private letter addressed to Laurens, + (14th November, 1778.) It was long before the final decision of congress + became known. M. de Lafayette was still ignorant of it when he embarked + for Europe. The 29th December, only, a letter was addressed to him from + President John Jay, who was charged by congress to express to him that the + difficulties of execution—the want of men and materials, and, above + all, the exhausted state of the finances, did not permit the + accomplishment of this project; that if, however, France would first enter + into it, the United States would make every effort to second her. But + France, from various motives, did not shew herself disposed to snatch + Canada from the English. (See the Correspondence of Washington, vol. vi., + and his Life by Marshal, vol. iii) + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Fishkill, 4th October, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—I have had the pleasure of receiving, by the hands + of Monsieur de la Colombe, your favour of the 28th ultimo, accompanied by + one of the 24th, which he overtook somewhere on the road. The leave + requested in the former, I am as much interested to grant, as to refuse my + approbation of the challenge proposed in the latter. The generous spirit + of chivalry, exploded by the rest of the world, finds a refuge, my dear + friend, in the sensibility of your nation only. But it is in vain to + cherish it, unless you can find antagonists to support it; and, however + well adapted it might have been to the times in which it existed, in our + days, it is to be feared, that your opponent, sheltering himself behind + modern opinions, and under his present public character of commissioner, + would turn a virtue of such ancient date into ridicule. Besides, supposing + his lordship accepted your terms, experience has proved that chance is + often as much concerned in deciding these matters as bravery, and always + more than the justice of the cause. I would not, therefore, have your + life, by the remotest possibility, exposed, when it may be reserved for so + many greater occasions. His excellency, the admiral, I flatter myself, + will be in sentiment with me; and, as soon as he can spare you, will send + you to head-quarters, where I anticipate the pleasure of seeing you. + </p> + <p> + Having written very fully to you a few days ago, and put the letter under + cover to General Sullivan, I have nothing to add at this time, but to + assure you that, with the most perfect regard—I am, dear sir, &c. + </p> + <h3> + MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE TO PRESIDENT LAURENS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 13th October, 1778. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—Whatever care I should take not to employ the precious time at + congress in private considerations, I beg leave to lay before them my + present circumstances, with that confidence which naturally springs from + affection and gratitude. The sentiments which bind me to my country, can + never be more properly spoken of than in the presence of men who have done + so much for their own. As long as I thought I could dispose of myself, I + made it my pride and pleasure to fight under American colours, in defence + of a cause, which I dare more particularly call ours, because I had the + good fortune to bleed for it. Now, sir, that France is involved in a war, + I am urged by a sense of duty, as well as by patriotic love, to present + myself before the king, to know in what manner he may judge proper to + employ my services. The most agreeable of all will be such as may enable + me always to serve the common cause among those whose friendship I have + the happiness to obtain, and whose fortune I have had the honour to follow + in less smiling times. That reason, and others, which I leave to the + feelings of congress, engage me to beg from them the liberty of going home + for the next winter. + </p> + <p> + As long as there were any hopes of an active campaign, I did not think of + leaving the field. Now that I see a very peaceable and undisturbed moment, + I take this opportunity of waiting on congress. In case my request is + granted, I shall so manage my departure as to be certain before going off + that the campaign is really over. Inclosed you will find a letter from his + excellency General Washington, where he expresses his assent to my getting + leave of absence. I dare flatter myself, that I shall be looked upon as a + soldier on furlough, who most heartily wants to join again his colours, + and his most esteemed and beloved fellow-soldiers. In case it is thought + that I can be in any way useful to the service of America, when I shall + find myself among my countrymen, and in case any exertion of mine is + deemed serviceable, I hope, sir, I shall always be considered as a man who + is deeply interested in the welfare of the United States, and who has the + most perfect affection, regard, and confidence for representatives. With + the highest regard, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + PRESIDENT LAURENS TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 24th October, 1778. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—I had the honour of presenting to congress your letter, + soliciting leave of absence, and I am directed by the house to express + their thanks for your zeal in promoting that just cause in which they are + engaged, and for the disinterested services you have rendered to the + United States of America. In testimony of the high esteem and affection in + which you are held by the good people of these states, as well as in + acknowledgment of your gallantry and military talents, displayed on many + signal occasions, their representatives in congress assembled have ordered + an elegant sword to be presented to you by the American minister at the + court of Versailles. + </p> + <p> + Enclosed within the present cover will be found an act of congress, of the + 21st instant, authorizing these declarations, and granting a furlough for + your return to France, to be extended at your own pleasure. I pray God to + bless and protect you, Sir; to conduct you in safety to the presence of + your prince, and to the re-enjoyment of your noble family and friends. I + have the honour to be, with the highest respect, and with the most sincere + affection, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, + </p> + <p> + HENRY LAURENS, President. + </p> + <p> + 1778. In Congress, October 21st.—Resolved, That the Marquis de + Lafayette, major-general in the service of the United States, have leave + to go to France, and that he return at such time as shall be most + convenient to him. + </p> + <p> + Resolved, That the president write a letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, + returning him the thanks of congress for that disinterested zeal which led + him to America, and for the services he has rendered to the United States + by the exertion of his courage and abilities on many signal occasions. + </p> + <p> + Resolved, That the minister plenipotentiary of the United States of + America at the court of Versailles be directed to cause an elegant sword, + with proper devices, to be made, and presented in the name of the United + States to the Marquis de Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + October 22nd.—Resolved, That the following letter of recommendation + of the Marquis de Lafayette be written to the King of France:— + </p> + <p> + To our great, faithful, and beloved friend and ally, Louis the Sixteenth, + king of France and Navarre:— + </p> + <p> + The Marquis de Lafayette having obtained our leave to return to his native + country, we could not suffer him to depart without testifying our deep + sense of his zeal, courage, and attachment. We have advanced him to the + rank of major-general in our armies, which, as well by his prudent as + spirited conduct, he has manifestly merited. We recommend this young + nobleman to your majesty's notice, as one whom we know to be wise in + council, gallant in the field, and patient under the hardships of war. His + devotion to his sovereign has led him in all things to demean himself as + an American, acquiring thereby the confidence of these United States, your + good and faithful friends and allies, and the affection of their citizens. + We pray God to keep your majesty in his holy protection. + </p> + <p> + Done at Philadelphia, the 22nd day of October, 1778, by the congress of + the United States of North America, your good friends and allies. + </p> + <p> + HENRY LAURENS, President. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, the 24th of October, 1778. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—You will be surprised to hear that I am yet in this + city, and that I could never get out this time. My own business was + immediately done, and I received from congress all possible marks of + kindness and affection; but public affairs do not go on quite so fast, and + I am detained for the expedition of projects, instructions, and many + papers which I am to carry with me. The zeal for the common cause prevents + my leaving this place before I am dismissed. However, I will certainly set + out to-morrow afternoon at farthest. + </p> + <p> + Congress have been pleased to grant me an undetermined furlough by the + most polite and honourable resolves, to which they have added a letter for + the king in my behalf. I will shew the whole to your excellency as soon as + I have the pleasure to see you; and as I hope to arrive two days after + this letter, I think it is useless to trouble you with copies. + </p> + <p> + I have received an answer from Lord Carlisle, in which he conceals himself + behind his dignity, and, by a prudent foresight, he objects to entering + into any explanation in any change of situation. + </p> + <p> + There is a plan going on which I think you will approve. The idea was not + suggested by me, and I acted in the affair a passive part. I will speak to + your excellency of it more at length, and with more freedom, at our first + interview. May I hope, my dear general, that you will order the enclosed + letters to be sent immediately to Boston, as some of them contain orders + for a frigate to put herself in readiness. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most tender affection, I have the honour to + be. + </p> + <h3> + LORD CARLISLE TO M. DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Sir,—I have received your letter by M. de Gimat; I own it appears to + me difficult to make a serious answer to it; the only one that can be + expected from me in my capacity of commissioner of the king, and which is + one you should have foreseen, is, that I look upon myself, and shall + always look upon myself, as not obliged to be responsible to any + individual for my public conduct and mode of expression. I am only + responsible to my king and country. In respect to the opinions or + expressions contained in one of the public documents published by the + authority of the commission to which I have the honour of belonging, + unless they should be publicly retracted, you may feel certain that, + whatever change may take place in my situation, I shall never be disposed + to give any account of them, still less to disown them privately. I must + recall to you that the insult you allude to as occurring in the + correspondence between the king's commissioners and the congress is not of + a private nature. I think, therefore, that all national disputes will be + best decided when Admiral Biron and Count d'Estaing shall have met. + </p> + <h3> + MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE TO PRESIDENT LAURENS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 26th October, 1778. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—I have received your excellency's obliging letter, enclosing + the several resolutions congress have honoured me with, and the leave of + absence they have been pleased to grant. Nothing can make me happier than + the reflection that my services have met with their approbation; the + glorious testimonial of confidence and satisfaction repeatedly bestowed on + me by the representatives of America, though superior to my merit, cannot + exceed the grateful sentiments they have excited. I consider the noble + present offered to me in the name of the United States as the most + flattering honour; it is my most fervent desire soon to employ that sword + in their service against the common enemy of my country, and of their + faithful and beloved allies. + </p> + <p> + That liberty, safety, wealth, and concord may ever extend to the United + States, is the ardent wish of a heart glowing with a devoted zeal and + unbounded love, and the highest regard and the most sincere affection for + their representatives. Be pleased, Sir, to present my thanks to them, and + to accept, yourself, the assurance of my respectful attachment. I have the + honour to be, with profound veneration, your excellency's most obedient + servant, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + FRAGMENT OF A LETTER FROM THE FRENCH MINISTER, M. GERARD, TO COUNT DE + VERGENNES. + </p> + <p> + October, 1778. —I ought not to terminate this long despatch, without + rendering to the wisdom and dexterity of the Marquis de Lafayette, in the + part he has taken in these discussions, the justice which is due to his + merits. He has given most salutary counsels, authorized by his friendship + and experience. The Americans have strongly solicited his return with the + troops which the king may send. He has replied with a due sensibility, but + with an entire resignation to the will of the king. I cannot forbear + saying, that the conduct, equally prudent, courageous, and amiable, of the + Marquis de Lafayette, has made him the idol of the congress, the army, and + the people of America. A high opinion is entertained of his military + talents. You know how little I am inclined to adulation; but I should be + wanting in justice, if I did not transmit to you these testimonials, which + are here in the mouth of the whole world. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 29th December, 1778. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—This will be accompanied by a letter from congress, + which will inform you, that a certain expedition, after a full + consideration of all circumstances, has been laid aside. I am sorry, + however, for the delay it has occasioned you, by remaining so long + undecided. + </p> + <p> + I am persuaded, my dear marquis, that there is no need of fresh proofs to + convince you either of my affection for you personally, or of the high + opinion I entertain of your military talents and merits. Yet, as you are + on the point of returning to your native country, I cannot forbear + indulging my friendship, by adding to the honourable testimonies you have + received from congress, the enclosed letter from myself to our minister at + your court. I have therein endeavoured to give him an idea of the value + this country sets upon you; and the interest I take in your happiness + cannot but make me desire you may be equally dear to your own. Adieu, my + dear marquis; my best wishes will ever attend you. May you have a safe and + agreeable passage, and a happy meeting with your lady and friends. I ate, + &c. + </p> + <p> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, AMERICAN MINISTER IN FRANCE. + </p> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 28th December, 1788 + </p> + <p> + SIR,—The Marquis de Lafayette, having served with distinction as + major-general in the army of the United States for two campaigns, has been + determined, by the prospect of a European war, to return to his native + country. It is with pleasure that I embrace the opportunity of introducing + to your personal acquaintance a gentleman, whose merit cannot have left + him unknown to you by reputation. The generous motives which first induced + him to cross the Atlantic; the tribute which he paid to gallantry at the + Brandywine; his success in Jersey, before he had recovered from his wound, + in an affair where he commanded militia against British grenadiers; the + brilliant retreat, by which he eluded a combined manoeuvre of the British + forces in the last campaign; his services in the enterprise against Rhode + Island; are such proofs of his zeal, military order, and talents, as have + endeared him to America, and must greatly recommend him to his prince. + </p> + <p> + Coming with so many titles to claim your esteem, it were needless, for any + other purpose than to indulge my own feelings, to add, that I have a very + particular friendship for him; and that, whatever services you may have it + in your power to render him, will confer an obligation on one who has the + honour to be—with the greatest esteem, regard, and respect, sir, + &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Boston, 5th January, 1779. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—In my difficult situation, at such a distance from + you, I am obliged to take a determination by myself, which, I hope, will + meet with your approbation. You remember, that in making full allowance + for deliberations, the answer from congress was to reach me before the + 15th of last month, and I have long since waited without even hearing from + them. Nay, many gentlemen from Philadelphia assure me, congress believe + that I am gone long ago. Though my affairs call me home, private interests + would, however, induce me to wait for your excellency's letters, for the + decision of congress about an exchange in case I should be taken, and for + the last determinations concerning the plans of the next campaign. + </p> + <p> + But I think the importance of the despatches I am the bearer of; the + uncertainty and improbability of receiving any others here; my giving + intelligence at Versailles may be for the advantage of both nations; the + inconvenience of detaining the fine frigate, on board which I return, and + the danger of losing all the men, who desert very fast, are reasons so + important as oblige me not to delay any longer. I am the more of that + opinion from congress having resolved to send about this time three fast + sailing vessels to France, and the marine committee having promised me to + give the despatches to such officers as I would recommend; it is a very + good way of forwarding their letters, and sending such as your excellency + may be pleased to write me. I beg you will send copies of them by the + several vessels. + </p> + <p> + To hear from you, my most respected friend, will be the greatest happiness + I can feel. The longer the letters you write, the more blessed with + satisfaction I shall think myself. I hope you will not refuse me that + pleasure as often as you can. I hope you will ever preserve that affection + which I return by the tenderest sentiments. + </p> + <p> + How happy, my dear general, I should be to come next spring, principally, + as it might yet be proposed, I need not to say. Your first letter will let + me know what I am to depend upon on that head, and, I flatter myself, the + first from me will confirm to you that I am at liberty, and that most + certainly I intend to come next campaign. + </p> + <p> + My health is now in the best condition, and I would not remember I ever + was sick, were it not for the marks of friendship you gave me on that + occasion. My good doctor has attended me with his usual care and + tenderness. He will see me on board and then return to head-quarters; but + the charge of your friend was intrusted to him till I was on board the + frigate. I have met with the most kind hospitality in this city, and, + drinking water excepted, the doctor has done everything he could to live + happy; he dances and sings at the assemblies most charmingly. + </p> + <p> + The gentlemen who, I hope, will go to France, have orders to go to + head-quarters; and I flatter myself, my dear general, that you will write + me by them. I beg you will let the bearer of this, Captain la Colombe, + know that I recommend him to your excellency for the commission of major. + </p> + <p> + Be so kind, my dear general, as to present my best respects to your lady + and the gentlemen of your family. I hope you will quietly enjoy the + pleasure of being with Mrs. Washington, without any disturbance from the + enemy, till I join you again; I also hope you will approve of my sailing, + which, indeed, was urged by necessity, after waiting so long. + </p> + <p> + Farewell, my most beloved general; it is not without emotion, I bid you + this last adieu, before so long a separation. Don't forget an absent + friend, and believe me for ever and ever, with the highest respect and + tenderest affection. + </p> + <p> + On board the <i>Alliance</i>, 10th January, 1779. + </p> + <p> + I open again my letter, my dear general, to let you know that I am not yet + gone, but if the wind proves fair, I shall sail to-morrow. Nothing from + Philadelphia; nothing from head-quarters. So that everybody, as well as + myself, is of opinion that I should be wrong to wait any longer. I hope I + am right, and I hope to hear soon from you. Adieu, my dear, and for ever + beloved friend,—adieu! + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + On board the <i>Alliance</i>, off Boston, 11th Jan., 1779 + </p> + <p> + The sails are just going to be hoisted, my dear general, and I have but + time to take my last leave of you. I may now be certain that congress did + not intend to send anything more by me. The navy board and Mr. Nevil write + me this very morning from Boston, that the North River is passable; that a + gentleman from camp says, he did not hear of anything like an express for + me. All agree for certain that congress think I am gone, and that the + sooner I go the better. + </p> + <p> + Farewell, my dear general; I hope your French friend will ever be dear to + you; I hope I shall soon see you again, and tell you myself with what + emotion I now leave the coast you inhabit, and with what affection and + respect I am for ever, my dear general, your respectful and sincere + friend. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0025" id="link2H_4_0025"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + SECOND VOYAGE TO AMERICA, AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1780 & 1781. + </h2> + <h3> + HISTORICAL MEMOIRS OF 1779, 1780, & 1781.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + Lafayette, who quitted France as a rebel and fugitive, returned there + triumphant and in favour. He was scarcely punished by a week's arrest for + his disobedience to the King, and that was only after he had had a + conversation with the first minister, Maurepas. Lafayette found himself + the connecting link between the United States and France; he enjoyed the + confidence of both countries and both governments. His favour at court and + in society was employed in serving the cause of the Americans, in + destroying the false impressions that were endeavoured to be raised + against them, and in obtaining for them succours of every kind. He + experienced, however, many difficulties; the friends of the Austrian + alliance saw, with displeasure, that that war would cause the refusal of + the forty thousand auxiliaries stipulated by the treaty of Vienna; the + French ministry already feared the too great aggrandisement of the United + States, and decidedly refused the conquest of Canada, on pretence that + before a fourteenth state was added to those that had already declared + themselves independent, it was necessary first to deliver the thirteen + from the yoke of the English. M. Neckar feared everything that could + either increase the expense of the war or prolong it. Maurepas himself, + who had been reluctantly led into it, was completely weary of it; he hoped + to obtain peace by making an attempt on England. Lafayette, taking + advantage of this idea, had organized an expedition, in which the + celebrated Paul Jones was to command the marines, and of which the object + was to transport a body of troops, bearing the American banner, upon the + coast of England, and levy contributions to supply the Americans with the + money that could not be drawn from the treasury of France. Liverpool and + some other towns would have been justly punished for the part they had + taken in the vexations exercised against the colonies, to whom they were + indebted for their prosperity; but the economy and timidity of the French + ministers made this undertaking fail. Lafayette, despairing of the success + of the Canada expedition, took a step that was undoubtedly a bold one, but + which was quite justified by the issue. He had been enjoined not to ask + for French auxiliary troops for the United States, because the popular + feeling of jealousy against foreigners, and especially against Frenchmen, + not only rendered the congress itself averse to this project, but made + them believe it would excite general anxiety and discontent. Lafayette + foresaw that before the succour could be ready, the United States would + feel its necessity, and that it might arrive, as did actually occur, in a + decisive moment for the safety of the cause. He took, therefore, upon + himself, not being able to obtain troops for Canada, to solicit, in the + name of the congress, what he had been positively forbidden to ask, a + succour of auxiliary troops sent to a port of the United States, and he + made choice of that of Rhode Island which, having been evacuated by the + English, and being in an Island suitable for defence, was more likely than + any other to obviate all kinds of difficulties. He obtained the promise of + six thousand men, but four thousand only were afterwards sent, under Count + Rochambeau: however trifling that number might appear, Lafayette knew + that, by employing young officers of the court, and drawing the attention + of the French upon that little corps, the ministers would sooner or later + be obliged to render it of use by obtaining a decided naval superiority + upon the American coast, which was Lafayette's principal object, and which + it was very difficult to obtain, owing to other plans of operation; in + fact, that naval superiority was never established until 1781, and then + lasted but for a few weeks: events have since proved how right Lafayette + was to speak every day of its necessity. The corps which had been granted + were not in readiness to sail until the beginning of the year 1780. + Lafayette in the meantime was employed in the staff of the army which was + preparing for a descent on England, under the orders of the Marshal de + Vaux. It was then that Dr. Franklin's grandson presented him officially + with the sword that congress had decreed to him. Upon that sword were + represented Monmouth, Barren Hill, Gloucester, and Rhode Island; America, + delivered from her chains, was offering a branch of laurel to a youthful + warrior; the same warrior was represented inflicting a mortal wound upon + the British lion. Franklin had placed in another part an ingenious device + for America; it was a crescent, with these words: <i>Crescam ut prosim</i>; + on the other side was the device, <i>Cur non?</i> which the youth himself + had adopted when he first set out for America. + </p> + <p> + Lafayette, at the end of the campaign, renewed his efforts to obtain the + fulfilment of the hopes which had been given him; he succeeded in gaining + pecuniary succours, which were placed at the disposal of General + Washington, for it was upon that general that reposed the whole confidence + of the government, and the hopes of the French nation. Clothing for the + army had been promised also, but that remained behind with the two + thousand men which were to have completed the corps of Rochambeau; and + Admiral Ternay, instead of bringing, as he ought to have done, a stronger + naval force than the enemy had brought, set sail for Rhode Island with + seven vessels. This expedition was kept very secret;~{2} Lafayette had + preceded it on board the French frigate the <i>Hermione</i>; he arrived at + Boston before the Americans and English had the least knowledge of that + auxiliary reinforcement. + </p> + <p> + (1780.) The arrival of Lafayette at Boston produced the liveliest + sensation, which was entirely owing to his own popularity, for no one yet + knew what he had obtained for the United States. Every person ran to the + shore; he was received with the loudest acclamations, and carried in + triumph to the house of Governor Hancock, from whence he set out for + head-quarters. Washington learnt, with great emotion, of the arrival of + his young friend. It was observed that on receiving the despatch which + announced to him this event, his eyes filled with tears of joy, and those + who are acquainted with the disposition of Washington, will consider this + as a certain proof of a truly paternal love. Lafayette was welcomed with + the greatest joy by the army; he was beloved both by officers and + soldiers, and felt the sincerest affection for them in return. After the + first pleasure of their meeting was over, General Washington and he + retired into a private room to talk over the present state of affairs. The + situation of the army was a very bad one; it was in want of money, and it + was become almost impossible to raise recruits; in short, some event was + necessary to restore the energy of the different states, and give the army + an opportunity of displaying its vigour. It was then that Lafayette + announced to the commander-in-chief what had been done, and the succours + which might soon be expected to arrive. General Washington felt the + importance of this good news, and considered it as deciding the successful + issue of their affairs. All the necessary preparations were made: the + secret was well kept, although steps were obliged to be taken for the + arrival of the troops, who landed safely at Rhode Island, and who, in + spite of their long inaction, formed a necessary and powerful force to + oppose to the English army. + </p> + <p> + During the campaign of 1780, the French corps remained at Rhode Island. + After the defeat of Gates, Greene went to command in Carolina; Arnold was + placed at West Point; the principal army, under the immediate orders of + Washington, had for its front guard the light infantry of Lafayette, to + which was joined the corps of the excellent partisan, Colonel Lee. This is + the proper time to speak of that light infantry. The American troops had + no grenadiers; their <i>chasseurs</i>, or riflemen, formed a distinct + regiment, under the orders of the colonel, since Brigadier-General Morgan, + and had been taken, not from different corps, but from parts of the + country on the frontiers of the savage tribes, and from amongst men whose + mode of life, and skill in firing their long carabines, rendered them + peculiarly useful in that service. But the regiments of the line supplied + some chosen men, whose officers were also all picked men, and who formed a + select band of about two thousand, under the orders of Lafayette. The + mutual attachment of that corps and its head had become even a proverb in + America. As a traveller brings from distant countries presents to his + family and friends, he had brought from France the value of a large sum of + money in ornaments for the soldiers, swords for the officers and under + officers, and banners~{3} for the battalions. This troop of chosen men, + well exercised and disciplined, although badly clothed, were easily + recognised by their red and black plumes, and had an excellent and a very + pleasing appearance. But, except the few things which M. de Lafayette + himself supplied, none of the things France had promised to send arrived: + the money she lent proved, however, of essential service to the army. + </p> + <p> + During that year, a conference took place at Hartford, in Connecticut, + between the French generals and General Washington, accompanied by General + Lafayette and General Knox; they resolved to send the American Colonel + Laurens, charged to solicit new succours, and above all, a superiority of + force in the navy. On their return from this conference, the conspiracy of + Arnold was discovered. General Washington would still have found that + general in his quarters; if chance, or rather the desire of showing + Lafayette the fort of West Point, constructed during his absence, had not + induced him to repair thither before proceeding to Robinson's house, in + which General Arnold then resided.~{4} + </p> + <p> + It is impossible to express too much respect or too deep regret for Major + André. The fourteen general officers who had the painful task of + Historians have rendered a detailed account of the treachery of Arnold. + When, at his own request, the command of West Point was confided to him, + he urged General Washington to inform him what means of information he + possessed at New York. He made the same request to Lafayette, who + accidentally had several upon his own account, and to the other officers + who commanded near the enemy's lines. All these generals fortunately + considered themselves bound by the promise of secrecy they had made, + especially as several of the correspondents acted from a feeling of + patriotism only. If Arnold had succeeded in discovering them, those + unfortunate persons would have been ruined, and all means of communication + cut off. + </p> + <p> + Arnold was very near receiving the letter of Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson in + the presence of the commander-in-chief: he had turned aside, with + Lafayette and Knox, to look at a redoubt; Hamilton pronouncing his + sentence, the commander-in-chief, and the whole American army; were filled + with sentiments of admiration and compassion for him. The conduct of the + English in a preceding circumstance had been far from, being similar. + Captain Hale, of Connecticut, a distinguished young man, beloved by his + family and friends, had been taken on Long Island, under circumstances of + the same kind as those that occasioned the death of Major André; but, + instead of being treated with the like respect, to which Major André + himself bore testimony, Captain Hale was insulted to the last moment of + his life. "This is a fine death for a soldier!" said one of the English + officers who were surrounding the cart of execution. "Sir," replied Hale + lifting up his cap, "there is no death which would not be rendered noble + in such a glorious cause." He calmly replaced his cap, and the fatal cart + moving on, he died with the most perfect composure. + </p> + <p> + During the winter, there was a revolt in the Pennsylvanian line. Lafayette + was at Philadelphia; the congress, and the executive power of the state, + knowing his influence over the troops, induced him to proceed thither with + General Saint Clair. They were received by the troops with marked respect, + and they listened to their complaints, which were but too well grounded. + General Wayne was in the midst of them, and had undertaken a negotiation + in concert with the state of Pennsylvania. Lafayette had only, therefore, + to repair to head quarters. The discontent of the Pennsylvanians was + appeased by the measures of conciliation which had been already begun; but + the same kind of revolt in a Jersey brigade was suppressed with more + vigour by the general-in-chief, who, setting out with some battalions of + Lafayette's light infantry, brought the mutineers to reason, and the + generals, no longer restrained by the interference of the civil authority, + re-established immediately that military discipline which was on the point + of being lost.~{6} + </p> + <p> + (1781.) General Arnold was at Portsmouth in Virginia; Washington formed + the project of combining with the French to attack him, and take the + garrison. Lafayette set out from the head quarters with twelve hundred of + the light infantry; he pretended to make an attack on Staten Island, and + marching rapidly by Philadelphia to Head-of-Elk, he embarked with his men + in some small boats, and arrived safely at Annapolis. He set out from + thence in a canoe, with some officers, and, in spite of the English + frigates that were stationed in the bay, he repaired to Williamsburg, to + assemble the militia, whilst his detachment was still waiting for the + escort which the French were to send him. Lafayette had already blockaded + Portsmouth, and driven back the enemy's picquets, when the issue of the + combat between Admiral Arbuthnot and M. Destouches, the commander of the + French squadron, left the English complete masters of the Chesapeake. + Lafayette could only then return to Annapolis, to re-conduct his + detachment to the camp. He found himself blockaded by small English + frigates, which were much too considerable in point of force for his + boats; but having placed cannon on some merchant ships, and embarked + troops in them, he, by that manoeuvre, made the English frigates retreat, + and taking advantage of a favourable wind, he reached with his men the + Head-of-Elk, where he received some very important despatches from General + Washington: The enemy's plan of campaign was just at that time become + known: Virginia was to be its object. General Phillips had left New York + with a corps of troops to reinforce Arnold. The general wrote to Lafayette + to go to the succour of Virginia. The task was not an easy one; the men + whom he commanded had engaged themselves for a short expedition: they + belonged to the northern states, which still retained strong prejudices as + to the unhealthiness of the southern states; they had neither shirts nor + shoes. Some Baltimore merchants lent Lafayette, on his bill, two thousand + guineas, which sufficed to buy some linen. The ladies of Baltimore, whom + he met with at a ball given in his honour when he passed through the town, + undertook to make the shirts themselves. The young men of the same city + formed themselves into a company of volunteer dragoons. His corps were + beginning to desert. Lafayette issued an order, declaring that he was + setting out for a difficult and dangerous expedition; that he hoped that + the soldiers would not abandon him, but that whoever wished to go away + might do so instantly; and he sent away two soldiers who had just been + punished for some serious offences. From that hour all desertions ceased, + and not one man would leave him: this feeling was so strong, that an under + officer, who was prevented by a diseased leg from following the + detachment, hired, at his own expense, a cart, rather than separate from + it. This anecdote is honourable to the American troops, and deserves to + become publicly known. + </p> + <p> + Lafayette had conceived that the capital of Virginia would be the + principal object of the enemy's attack. Richmond was filled with + magazines; its pillage would have proved fatal to the cause. Lafayette + marched thither with such rapidity, that when General Phillips, arriving + before Richmond, learnt that Lafayette had arrived there the night before, + he would not believe it. Having ascertained, however, the truth of the + report, he dared not attack the heights of Richmond. Lafayette had a + convoy to send to the southern states; he reconnoitred Petersburg + carefully. This threatened attack assembled the English, and whilst the + removing of cannon, and other preparations for an assault, amused them, + the convoy was sent off rapidly with the munition and clothes which + General Greene required. After the death of General Phillips, who died + that same day, Arnold wrote, by a flag of truce, to Lafayette, who refused + to receive his letter. He sent for the English officer, and, with many + expressions of respect for the British army, told him that he could not + consent to hold any correspondence with its present general. This refusal + gave great pleasure to General Washington and the public, and placed + Arnold in an awkward situation with his own army. + </p> + <p> + Lord Cornwallis, on entering Virginia by Carolina, got rid of all his + equipage, and did the same also respecting the heavy baggage of the army + under his orders. Lafayette placed himself under the same regimen, and, + during the whole of that campaign, the two armies slept without any + shelter, and only carried absolute necessaries with them. Upon that active + and decisive conflict the issue of the war was to depend; for if the + English, who bore all the force of the campaign on that point, became + masters of Virginia, not only the army of Lafayette, but also that of + Greene, who drew from thence all his resources,—and not only + Virginia, but all the states south of the Chesapeake, would inevitably be + lost. Thus the letters of the commander-in-chief, whilst telling Lafayette + that he did not deceive himself as to the difficulties of the undertaking, + merely requested him to prolong as much as possible the defence of the + state. The result was far more successful than any person had dared to + hope, at a period when all eyes and all thoughts were directed towards + that one decisive point. + </p> + <p> + The military scene in Virginia was soon to become more interesting. + General Greene had marched to the right, to attack the posts of South + Carolina, whilst Lord Cornwallis was in North Carolina. Cornwallis allowed + him to depart, and, marching also to the right, burnt his own equipage and + tents, to be enabled to remove more easily; he then advanced rapidly + towards Petersburg, and made Virginia the principal seat of war. General + Washington wrote to Lafayette that he could send him no other + reinforcement than eight hundred of the mutinous Pennsylvanians, who had + been formed again into a corps on the side of Lancaster. Lord Cornwallis + had obtained, and generally by the aid of negroes, the best horses in + Virginia. His Tarleton front guard, mounted on race horses, stopped, like + birds of prey, all they met with. The active corps of Cornwallis was + composed of more than four thousand men, of which eight hundred were + supplied with horses. The command was divided in the following manner: + General Rochambeau remained at Rhode Island with his French corps; + Washington commanded in person the American troops before New York; he + summoned, some time after, the corps of Rochambeau to join him. That + French lieutenant-general was under his orders the same as the American + major-generals, for when Lafayette asked for the succour of troops, he + took care to stipulate, in the most positive manner, that it was to be + placed entirely under Washington's orders. The Americans were to have the + right side; the American officer, when rank and age were equal, was to + command the French officer. Lafayette had wished to give the rising + republic all the advantages and all the consequence of the greatest and + longest established powers. Washington had sent, the preceding year, + General Greene to command in the southern states; Virginia was nominally + comprised in that command, and had not yet become the theatre of war, but + the distance between the operations of Carolina and those of Virginia was + so great, and the communications were so difficult, that it was impossible + for Greene to direct what was passing in Virginia. Lafayette took, + therefore, the chief command, corresponding in a direct manner with + General Washington, and occasionally with the congress. But he wished that + Greene should retain his title of supremacy, and he only sent to the head + quarters copies of General Greene's letters, who was his intimate friend, + in the same way that both he and Greene had always been on the most + intimate footing with General Washington. During the whole of this + campaign the most perfect harmony always subsisted between the generals, + and contributed much to the success of the enterprise. + </p> + <p> + Lafayette, after having saved the magazines of Richmond, hastened to have + them evacuated; he had taken his station at Osborn, and wrote to General + Washington that he would remain there, as long as his weakest point, which + was the left, should not be threatened with an attack. Lord Cornwallis did + not fail soon to perceive the weakness of that point, and Lafayette + retreated with his little corps, which, including recruits and the + militia, did not exceed two thousand five hundred men. The richest young + men of Virginia and Maryland had come to join him as volunteer dragoons, + and from their intelligence, as well as from the superiority of their + horses, they had been of essential service to him. The Americans retreated + in such a manner that the front guard of the enemy arrived on the spot + just as they had quitted it, and, without running any risk themselves, + they retarded as much as possible its progress. Wayne was advancing with + the reinforcement of Pennsylvanians. Lafayette made all his calculations + so as to be able to effect a junction with that corps, without being + prevented from covering the military magazines of the southern states, + which were at the foot of the mountains on the height of Fluvana. But the + Pennsylvanians had delayed their movements, and Lafayette was thus obliged + to make a choice. He went to rejoin his reinforcement at Raccoon-Ford, and + hastened, by forced marches, to come into contact with Lord Cornwallis, + who had had time to make one detachment at Charlottesville, and another at + the James River Fork. The first had dispersed the Virginian assembly; the + second had done no material injury; but the principal blow was to be + struck: Lord Cornwallis was established in a good position, within one + march of the magazines, when Lafayette arrived close to him on a road + leading towards those magazines. It was necessary for him to pass before + the English army, presenting them his flank, and exposing himself to a + certain defeat: he fortunately found out a shorter road which had remained + for a long time undiscovered, which he repaired during the night; and the + next day, to the great surprise of the English general, he was established + in an impregnable station, between the English and the magazines, whose + loss must have occasioned that of the whole southern army, of whom they + were the sole resource; for there was a road behind the mountains that the + English never intercepted, and by which the wants of General Greene's army + were supplied. Lord Cornwallis, when he commenced the pursuit of + Lafayette, had written a letter, which was intercepted, in which he made + use of this expression: <i>The boy cannot escape me</i>. He flattered + himself with terminating, by that one blow, the war in the whole southern + part of the United States, for it would have been easy for him afterwards + to take possession of Baltimore, and march towards Philadelphia. He beheld + in this manner the failure of the principal part of his plan, and + retreated towards Richmond, whilst Lafayette, who had been joined in his + new station by a corps of riflemen, as well as by some militia, received + notice beforehand to proceed forward on a certain day, and followed, step + by step, the English general, without, however, risking an engagement with + a force so superior to his own. His corps gradually increased. Lord + Cornwallis thought proper to evacuate Richmond; Lafayette followed him, + and ordered Colonel Butler to attack his rear guard near Williamsburg. + Some manoeuvre took place on that side, of which the principal object on + Lafayette's part was, to convince Lord Cornwallis that his force was more + considerable than it was in reality. The English evacuated Williamsburg, + and passed over James River to James Island. A warm action took place + between the English army and the advance guard, whom Lafayette had ordered + to the attack whilst they were crossing the river. Lord Cornwallis had + stationed the first troops on the other side, to give the appearance as if + the greatest number of the troops had already passed over the river. + Although all were unanimous in asserting that this was the case, Lafayette + himself suspected the deception, and quitted his detachment to make + observations upon a tongue of land, from whence he could more easily view + the passage of the enemy. During that time, a piece of cannon, exposed, + doubtless, intentionally, tempted General Wayne, a brave and very + enterprising officer. + </p> + <p> + Lafayette found, on his return, the advance guard engaged in action with a + very superior force; he withdrew it, however (after a short but extremely + warm conflict), in good order, and without receiving a check. The report + was spread that he had had a horse killed under him, but it was merely the + one that was led by his side.~{7} + </p> + <p> + The English army pursued its route to Portsmouth; it then returned by + water to take its station at Yorktown and Gloucester, upon the York River. + A garrison still remained at Portsmouth. Lafayette made some + demonstrations of attack, and that garrison united itself to the body of + the army at Yorktown. + </p> + <p> + Lafayette was extremely desirous that the English army should unite at + that very spot. Such had been the aim of all his movements, ever since a + slight increase of force had permitted him to think of any other thing + than of retiring without being destroyed and of saving the magazines. He + knew that a French fleet was to arrive from the islands upon the American + coast. His principal object had been to force Lord Cornwallis to withdraw + towards the sea-shore, and then entangle him in such a manner in the + rivers, that there should remain no possibility of a retreat. The English, + on the contrary, fancied themselves in a very good position, as they were + possessors of a sea-port by which they could receive succours from New + York, and communicate with the different parts of the coast. An + accidental, but a very fortunate circumstance, increased their security. + Whilst Lafayette, full of hope, was writing to General Washington that he + foresaw he could push Lord Cornwallis into a situation in which it would + be easy for him, with some assistance from the navy, to cut off his + retreat, the general, who had always thought that Lafayette would be very + fortunate if he could save Virginia without being cut up himself, spoke to + him of his project of attack against New York, granting him permission to + come and take part in it, if he wished it, but representing how useful it + was to the Virginian army that he should remain at its head. The two + letters passed each other; the one written by Lafayette arrived safely, + and Washington prepared beforehand to take advantage of the situation of + Lord Cornwallis. Gen. Washington's letter was intercepted, and the + English, upon seeing that confidential communication, never doubted for a + moment but the real intention of the Americans was to attack New York: + their own security at Yorktown was therefore complete.~{8} + </p> + <p> + The Count de Grasse, however, arrived with a naval force, and three + thousand troops~{9} for the land service. He was met at the landing place + of Cape Henry by Colonel Gimat, a Frenchman by birth, commander of the + American battalion, who was charged with despatches from Lafayette; which + explained fully to the admiral his own military position, and that of the + enemy, and conjured him to sail immediately into the Chesapeake; to drive + the frigates into the James River, that the passage might be kept clear; + to blockade the York River; to send two vessels above the position of Lord + Cornwallis, before the batteries on the water-side, at Yorktown and + Gloucester could be put in a proper state. The Count de Grasse adhered to + these proposals, with the exception of not forcing the batteries with two + vessels, which manoeuvre would have made the blockade of Cornwallis by the + land troops still more easy of achievement. The Marquis de St. Simon + landed with three thousand men at James Island. Lafayette assembled a + small corps in the county of Gloucester, led, himself, the American forces + on Williamsburg, where he was met by the corps of the Marquis de St. + Simon, who came to range themselves under his orders, so that Lord + Cornwallis found himself suddenly, as if by enchantment, blockaded both by + sea and land. The combined army, under the orders of Lafayette, was placed + in an excellent situation at Williamsburg. It was impossible to arrive + there except by two difficult and well-defended passages. Lord Cornwallis + presented himself before them in the hope of escaping, by making a + forcible attack; but having ascertained the impossibility of forcing them, + he only occupied himself with finishing speedily the fortifications of + Yorktown; his hopes, however, declined, when the Count de Grasse, having + only left the ships necessary for the blockade, and having gone out of the + harbour to attack Admiral Graves, forced the English to retire, and + returned to his former station in the bay. The French admiral was, + however, impatient to return to the islands; he wished that Yorktown + should be taken by force of arms. The Marquis de St. Simon was of the same + opinion; they both represented strongly to Lafayette that it was just, + after such a long, fatiguing, and fortunate campaign, that the glory of + making Cornwallis lay down his arms should belong to him who had reduced + him to that situation. The admiral offered to send to the attack not only + the garrisons from the ships, but all the sailors he should ask for. + Lafayette was deaf to this proposal, and answered, that General Washington + and the corps of General Rochambeau would soon arrive, and that it was far + better to hasten their movements than act without them; and, by making a + murderous attack, shed a great deal of blood from a feeling of vanity and + a selfish love of glory; that they were certain, after the arrival of the + succours, of taking the hostile army by a regular attack, and thus spare + the lives of the soldiers; which a good general ought always to respect as + much as possible, especially in a country where it was so difficult to + obtain others to replace those who fell. General Washington and Count + Rochambeau were the first to arrive; they were soon followed by their + troops; but, at the same moment, the Admiral de Grasse wrote word that he + was obliged to return to the islands. The whole expedition seemed on the + point of failing, and General Washington begged Lafayette to go on board + the admiral's ship in the bay, and endeavour to persuade him to change his + mind: he succeeded, and the siege of Yorktown was begun. The Count de + Rochambeau commanded the French, including the corps of St. Simon; the + Americans were divided in two parts; one, under Major-general Lincoln, who + had come from the north with some troops; the other, under General + Lafayette, who had been joined by two more battalions of light infantry, + under the orders of Colonel Hamilton. It became necessary to attack two + redoubts. One of these attacks was confided to the Baron de Viomenil, the + other to General Lafayette. The former had expressed, in a somewhat + boasting manner, the idea he had of the superiority of the French in an + attack of that kind; Lafayette, a little offended, answered, "We are but + young soldiers, and we have but one sort of tactic on such occasions, + which is, to discharge our muskets, and push on straight with our + bayonets." He led on the American troops, of whom he gave the command to + Colonel Hamilton, with the Colonels Laurens and Gimat under him. The + American troops took the redoubt with the bayonet. As the firing was still + continued on the French side, Lafayette sent an aide-de-camp to the Baron + de Viomenil, to ask whether he did not require some succour from the + Americans;~{10} but the French were not long in taking possession also of + the other redoubt, and that success decided soon after the capitulation of + Lord Cornwallis, (19th October, 1781.) Nor must the mention of an action + be omitted here which was honourable to the humanity of the Americans. The + English had disgraced themselves several times, and again recently at New + London, by the murder of some imprisoned garrisons. The detachment of + Colonel Hamilton did not for an instant make an ill use of their victory; + as soon as the enemy deposed their arms, they no longer received the + slightest injury. Colonel Hamilton distinguished himself very much in that + attack.~{11} + </p> + <p> + Lord Cornwallis had demanded, in the capitulation, the permission of + marching out with drums beating and colours flying; the Count de + Rochambeau and the French officers were of opinion that this request ought + to be granted; the American generals did not oppose this idea; Lafayette, + recollecting that the same enemy had required General Lincoln, at the + capitulation of Charlestown, to furl the American colours and not to play + an English march, insisted strongly on using the same measures with them + in retaliation, and obtained that these two precise conditions should be + inserted in the capitulation. Lord Cornwallis did not himself file out + with the detachment. The Generals, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette, + sent to present him their compliments by their aides-de-camp. He retained + Lafayette's aide-de-camp, young George Washington, and told him that + having made this long campaign against General Lafayette, he wished, from + the value he annexed to that general's esteem, to give him a private + account of the motives which had obliged him to surrender. He told him + several things which have since been found in his discussion with General + Clinton. Lafayette went the next day to see him. "I know," said Lord + Cornwallis, "your humanity towards prisoners, and I recommend my poor army + to you." This recommendation was made in a tone which implied that in + Lafayette alone he felt real confidence, and placed but little in the + Americans. Lafayette therefore replied, "You know, my lord, that the + Americans have always been humane towards imprisoned armies;" in allusion + to the taking of General Burgoyne at Saratoga.~{12} The English army was + in fact treated with every possible mark of attention. + </p> + <p> + Although the French troops held in every respect the place of auxiliary + troops, yet the Americans always yielded them every preference in their + power relating to food or any other comfort. It is a singular circumstance + that when the troops of the~{13} the young general, although a Frenchman, + took upon himself to order that no flour should be delivered to the + American troops until the French had received their full provision for + three days. The Americans had therefore seldom any thing but the flour of + Indian corn. He gave the horses of the gentlemen of that country to the + French hussars, and the superior officers themselves were obliged to give + up theirs: yet not one murmur escaped as to that preference, which the + Americans felt ought to be shewn to foreigners who came from such a + distance to fight in their cause.~{14} + </p> + <p> + The news of the capture of Yorktown was carried to France by a French + frigate, who made the voyage in eighteen days. The English were thrown + into consternation at that news, which occasioned the downfall of the + ministry of Lord North. It was felt in London, as in the rest of all + Europe, that the decisive check the English had received, had completely + settled the final issue of the conflict, and from that period nothing was + thought of but to acknowledge the independence of the United States on + favourable terms for Great Britain. + </p> + <p> + Generals Washington and Lafayette wished to take advantage of the + superiority of the Count de Grasse in order to attack Charlestown, and the + English who remained in the southern states. Lafayette was to take his + light infantry, as well as the corps of St. Simon, and land on the + Charlestown side, to co-operate with General Greene, who still commanded + in Carolina. It is evident that this project would have been successful. + It has since become known that Lord Cornwallis, when he saw Lafayette + enter into a canoe to go on board the fleet of the Count de Grasse, said + to some English officers, "He is going to decide the loss of Charlestown." + But the admiral refused obstinately to make any operation upon the coast + of North America.~{15} + </p> + <p> + General Lafayette afterwards repaired to congress. To him, who was then + but four-and-twenty, the happy issue of that campaign was as flattering a + success as it had been decisive to the American cause. He received the + instructions of congress, in relation to the affairs of the United States + in Europe; and embarked at Boston in the frigate <i>the Alliance</i>. He + reached France in twenty-three days. The reception he met with, and the + credit he enjoyed both at court and in society were constantly and + usefully employed in the service of the cause he had embraced. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. These Memoirs are extracted from the American Biography of M. de + Lafayette, written by himself, which we have designated under the name of + Manuscript, No. 1. We have completed them by extracts of Manuscript, No. + 2, which contains observations on the historians of America. + </p> + <p> + 2. It was settled that that corps of six thousand men, commanded by + Lieutenant-General Rochambeau, was to be completely under the orders of + the American commander-in-chief, and was only to form a division of his + army. The order of service was regulated in such a manner that the French + were only to be looked upon as auxiliaries, keeping the left of the + American troops, and the command belonging, when there was equality, of + rank and age, to the American officers. In a word, the advantages to be + derived by the government, the general, and the American soldiers, were + stipulated beforehand in such a manner as to prevent all future + discussions. (Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 3. Upon one of these banners a cannon was painted, with this device: <i>Ultima + ratio</i>, suppressing the word <i>regum</i>, which is used in Europe; + upon another, a crown of laurel united to a civic crown, with the device—<i>No + other</i>. And thus with the other emblems.—(Note de M. de + Lafayette.) + </p> + <p> + 4. West Point, a fort on a tongue of land which advances upon the Hudson, + and governs its whole navigation, is such an important position that it is + called by an historian the Gibraltar of America. Arnold had been entrusted + with its command, and his treachery, if it had proved successful, and been + even attended with no other result but that of yielding up this fort to + the enemy, would have inflicted a deadly wound upon the cause of the + United States. He had entered, during eighteen months, into a secret + relation with Sir Henry Clinton, who confided the whole charge of that + affair to an aide-de-camp, Major André. Arnold failed at an appointment + for the first interview with André the 11th September, at Dobb's Ferry. A + second one was proposed on board the sloop of war the <i>Vulture</i>, + which Clinton sent for that purpose, on the 16th, to Teller's Point, about + fifteen or twenty miles below West Point. General Washington, who was + repairing, with M. de Lafayette, to the Hartford conference, crossed the + Hudson the 18th, and saw Arnold, who shewed him a letter from Colonel + Robinson, on board the <i>Vulture</i>, which stated that that officer + requested a rendezvous with him to converse upon some private affairs. + Washington told him to refuse the rendezvous. Arnold then made + arrangements for a private interview. Major André quitted New York, came + on board the sloop, and from thence proceeded, with a false passport, to + Long Clove, where he saw Arnold, the night of the 21st. They separated the + next morning. André, on his return to New York, was taken at Tarry Town, + by three of the militia, and conducted to the post of North Castle, + commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson, who gave notice of this event, on + the 23d, to his superior officer, General Arnold. The latter received the + letter on the 25th, the same day on which he expected General Washington + on his return from Hartford. He fled immediately; a few minutes after the + general-in-chief arrived, and he received, only four hours later, the + despatches which apprised him of the plot—(Washington's, Writings, + vol. vii. Appendix No. 7.) and Mac-Henry, lieutenant-colonels, the one + aid-de-camp to Washington, the other to Lafayette, had gone on before to + request Mrs. Arnold not to wait breakfast for them. They were still there, + and Arnold with them, when he received the note: he turned pale, retired + to his own room, and sent for his wife, who fainted. In that state he left + her, without any one perceiving it: he did not return into the drawing + room, but got upon his aide-de-camp's horse, which was ready saddled at + the door, and desiring him to inform the general that he would wait for + him at West Point, hurried to the bank of the river, got into his canoe, + and was rowed to the <i>Vulture</i>. The general, when he learnt on his + arrival that Arnold was at West Point, fancied that he had gone to prepare + for his reception there, and without entering into the house, stepped into + a boat with the two generals who accompanied him. When they arrived at the + opposite shore, they were astonished at finding they were not expected: + the mystery was only explained on their return, because the despatches of + Lieutenant-Colonel Jameson had arrived in the interim. + </p> + <p> + An historian has spoken of the generosity with which Mrs. Arnold was + treated. It is, in truth, highly honourable to the American character + that, during the first effervescence of indignation against her husband, + she was able to go to Philadelphia, take her effects, and proceed with a + flag of truce to New York, without meeting with the slightest insult. The + same historian (Mr. Marshall) might have added that, the very evening of + Arnold's evasion, the general, having received from him a very insolent + letter, dated on board the <i>Vulture</i>, ordered one of his + aides-de-camp to tell Mrs. Arnold, who was in an agony of terror, that he + had done everything he could to seize her husband, but that, not having + been able to do so, he felt pleasure in informing her that her husband was + safe.~{5} + </p> + <p> + 5. General Arnold is the only American officer who ever thought of making + use of his command to increase the fortune. The disinterestedness of those + soldiers, during a period of revolution, which facilitates abuses, forms a + singular contrast with the reproach of avidity that other governments, who + have not shown the same moderation themselves, have thought proper to make + against the citizens of the United States. The generals and American + officers have almost all of them fought at their own expense; the affairs + of many of them have been ruined by their absence. Those who had + professions lost the power of exercising them. It has been proved, by + accounts exacted in France during times of terror and proscription, that + Lafayette had spent in the service of the American revolution, independent + of his income, more than seven hundred thousand francs of his capital. The + conduct of Washington was even more simple, and according to our opinion, + more praiseworthy: he would neither accept the profit of emolument, nor + the pride of sacrifice; he was paid for all necessary expenses, and, + without increasing his fortune, only lessened it, from the injury it + unavoidably received from his absence. Whilst all the American officers + conducted themselves with the most patriotic disinterestedness, and all + the pretensions of the army were satisfied with the compensation of seven + years pay, we can only quote the single example of the traitor Arnold, who + endeavoured to draw the slightest pecuniary advantage from circumstances. + Some grants of lands have been made by the southern states to Generals + Greene and Wayne, and Colonel Washington, but only since the revolution. + The shares of the Potomac, given also since the revolution to General + Washington, were left by him in his will for the foundation of a college: + in a word, we may affirm, that delicacy and disinterestedness have been + universal in the American army. (Note of M. de Lafayette.) + </p> + <p> + 6. The writings of that period give an account of the revolt of the + soldiers of Pennsvlvania; the complaints of most of them were well + founded. When General Saint Clair, Lafayette, and Laurens, repairing from + Philadelphia to head quarters, stopped at Princetown, as they had been + desired to do by the council of state of Pennsylvania, they found a + negotiation begun by General Wayne, and Colonels Stewart and Butler, who + were all three much beloved by the Pennsylvanian soldiers; committees + arrived from the congress and state, to arrange the affair, not in a + military, but in a civil manner: they remained but a few hours at + Princetown, and the business was soon settled in the same manner in which + it was commenced. But when the soldiers of the Jersey line wished to + imitate the revolt of the Pennsylvanians, General Washington stifled it in + its birth by vigorous measures. But it should be added that the sufferings + and disappointments of that brave and virtuous army were sufficient to + weary the patience of any human being: the conduct of the continental + troops, during the revolution, has been, in truth, most admirable. + </p> + <p> + 7. Mr. Marshall relates the affair of Jamestown. There were no militia + present, except the riflemen, who were placed in advance in the wood. They + threw down successively three commandants of the advance post, placed + there by Cornwallis, that what was passing behind might not be seen. This + obstinacy in covering the position excited the suspicion of Lafayette, in + spite of the unanimous opinion that a rear guard was alone remaining + there. As soon as he saw, from the projecting tongue of land, that those + who had crossed over were placed in such a manner as to appear numerous, + he returned with all possible haste; but General Wayne had yielded to the + temptation. He fortunately perceived his error, and being a good and brave + officer, came forward with much gallantry; fortunately, also, Lafayette + had only placed the Pennsylvanians in advance, and had left the light + infantry in a situation to offer them some assistance. The first half of + his continental troops retired upon the other half, and the whole were + placed in such a manner that Lord Cornwallis feared an ambuscade, and the + more so, observes Mr. Marshall, as he had always been deceived as to the + real force of Lafayette's army.—(Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 8. James Moody rendered an ill service to those who employed him, by + seizing the letter-bag in the Jerseys. Among the letters, those in which + General Washington informed Lafayette of the project respecting New York, + contained friendly and confidential communications, written in the + General's own hand, which could not leave the slightest doubt in any + person's mind: they may be found in the publications of the Generals + Clinton and Cornwallis, which contain also Lafayette's intercepted + letters. But the enemy did not take those in which General Lafayette gave + an account to General Washington of his manoeuvres, of his hopes, and of + all that determined the commander-in-chief to adopt the project on + Virginia, nor Washington's answers to that effect; so that when the + combined troops made their first march towards the south, General Clinton + still remained deceived, owing to the singular chance of the capture of + the letter-bag by Moody.—(Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 9. The entreaties of Count de Rochambeau contributed much towards + persuading the Count de Grasse to bring his whole fleet, to land there the + three thousand two hundred men, who joined, on their arrival, the army of + Lafayette, and to repair immediately to Cape Henry, in Virginia. This is + one more obligation which the common cause of the allies owes to General + Rochambeau, who, from his talents, experience, moderation, and his + subordination to the general-in-chief, respect for the civil power, and + maintenance of discipline, proved that the King of France had made an + excellent choice for the command of the auxiliary corps sent to the United + States. (Note of M. de Lafayette.) + </p> + <p> + 10. The French were much struck on this occasion by the extreme coolness + of one of the officers whom Lafayette sent to the Baron de Viomenil, from + a secret feeling of pleasure, perhaps, in marking how much the present + comparison stood in favour of the American troops. However this might be, + Major Barber received a contusion in his side, but would not allow his + wound to be dressed until he had executed his commission.—(Manuscript, + No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 11. The humanity of the American soldiers in that assault has been + attested by all historians. The following letter must be quoted:— + </p> + <h3> + TO THE EDITOR OF THE EVENING POST. + </h3> + <p> + <i>New York, August</i> 10, 1802. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Finding that a story, long since propagated, under + circumstances which it was expected would soon consign it to oblivion, + (and by which I have been complimented at the expense of Generals + Washington and Lafayette,) has of late been revived, and has acquired a + degree of importance by being repeated in different publications, as well + in Europe as America, it becomes a duty to counteract its currency and + influence by an explicit disavowal. + </p> + <p> + The story imports, in substance, that General Lafayette, with the + approbation or connivance of General Washington, ordered me, as the + officer who was to command the attack on a British redoubt, in the course + of the siege of Yorktown, to put to death all those of the enemy who + should happen to be taken in the redoubt, and that, through motives of + humanity, I forbore to execute the order. + </p> + <p> + Positively, and unequivocally, I declare, that no such order or similar + order, was ever by me received, or understood to have been given, nor any + intimation or hint resembling it. + </p> + <p> + It is needless to enter into an explanation of some occurrences on the + occasion alluded to, which may be conjectured to have given rise to the + calumny. It is enough to say, that they were entirely disconnected with + any act of either of the generals who have been accused. + </p> + <p> + With esteem, I am, sir, your most obedient servant, + </p> + <h3> + A. HAMILTON. + </h3> + <p> + The circumstance alluded to in this letter has been related in the Life of + Hamilton, published by his son. A short time before the taking of + Yorktown, a Colonel Scammell, surprised by the English whilst + reconnoitring, had been taken prisoner and dangerously wounded. When the + redoubt was taken, and Colonel Campbell, who commanded, advanced to give + himself up, a captain, who had served under Scammell, seized a bayonet, + and was on the point of striking him; Hamilton turned aside the blow, and + Campbell exclaimed, "I place myself under your protection," and was made + prisoner by Laurens. (The Life of A. Hamilton, vol. i., chap. 14.) + </p> + <p> + 12. Lord Cornwallis affected being indisposed, in order that he might not + march out at the head of his troops: they passed between two rows of the + American and French army, commanded by General O'Hara, and surrendered + their arms at the order of General Lincoln. Each of the generals, + Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette, sent as aide-de-camp to offer their + compliments to Lord Cornwallis. He retained Lafayette's aide-de-camp, + Major Washington, the nephew of General Washington, to tell him how + anxious he was that the general against whom he had made this campaign + should be convinced that he only surrendered from the impossibility of + defending himself any longer. The American, French, and English generals + visited each other, and everything passed with every possible mark of + attention, especially towards Lord Cornwallis, one of the most estimable + men of England, who was considered their best general. O'Hara having said + one day, at table, to the French generals, affecting not to wish to be + overheard by Lafayette, that he considered it as fortunate not to have + been taken by the Americans alone, "General O'Hara, probably," replied + Lafayette, "does not like repetitions." He had, in, fact, been taken with + Burgoyne, and has since been taken for the third time at Toulon.—(Manuscript, + No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 13. Marqius de St. Simon joined those of Lafayette. + </p> + <p> + 14. See at the end of the volume a precise account of this whole campaign + in Virginia, edited by M. de Lafayette—(Part, No. 1.) + </p> + <p> + 15. General Lafayette was to have taken two thousand Americans and St. + Simon's corps, who, landing near Charlestown, on the sea side, and + co-operating with the troops of General Greene, would have secured the + capture of the capital of Carolina, and of all the English who were + remaining south of New York. Lowering their demands, they then requested + that Lafayette should take the five thousand men who were at Wilmington, + and who were so much struck by the dangers they had encountered, that they + did not retain that post. At length, they contented themselves with asking + the admiral to conduct General Wayne and his detachment, which were sent + to reinforce Greene's army. He would not do so. It has also since become + known, that when Lafayette, returning from his last visit to the admiral, + landed at Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis, who was still there, said to his + officers, "I lay a bet that he has been making arrangements for our ruin + at Charlestown." The English acknowledged that the expedition could not + fail; but the Count de Grasse did not think he ought to lose more time + upon the North American coast, before returning to the defence of the West + Indies.—(Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0026" id="link2H_4_0026"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CORRESPONDENCE. + </h2> + <h3> + 1779-1781. + </h3> + <h3> + TO COUNT DE VERGENNES~{1} + </h3> + <p> + Paris, 24th February, 1779. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—A desire to render an exact obedience to the orders of the + king, impels me to take the liberty of importuning you to let me know what + is my duty. The prohibition which the Marshal de Noailles has put upon me, + makes no exception as to one, whom I do not think, nevertheless, I should + be forbidden to visit. Dr. Franklin was to have met me at Versailles this + morning, if I had been there, to communicate to me some affairs of + importance, as he said. I have informed him of the cause that detained me + at Paris; but I did not think I ought to refuse an interview, which might + not be wholly useless to the king's interests. He is coming to-morrow + morning, and I trust you will add to your kindnesses that of directing me + how to conduct myself in this matter. + </p> + <p> + Suffer me, sir, to inform you that I have heard many persons speak of an + expedition, somewhat resembling the one proposed by congress. I flatter + myself I am too well known by you to have it suspected of me, that any tie + of kindred or friendship could make me forget the profound secrecy which + is due to affairs of state. I have added to nature some acquired skill in + this particular. My sole reason for mentioning the subject, therefore, is + to add, that the indiscretion of some of the members of congress, and the + number of officers returning from America, will always spread rumours, + which it will be impossible to suppress. Truth cannot remain hidden but by + being buried in a mass of false reports. Hence, caution is necessary in + order to preserve our secrets from all the inconveniences to which they + are subject in America, both from the form of the government and from the + character of some of those at the head of affairs. I have the honour to + be, with profound respect, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. During this period of three years, we do not find, as in the preceding + years, a great number of family letters and those of friendship. We have + inserted all those we have been able to discover. In amends, more than two + hundred political, diplomatic, or military letters, are in our hands. We + do not publish a third of them, although there are few that would not be + interesting to the historian of the American revolution. We again repeat, + that all the letters to Americans, or from Americans, were written + originally in English. + </p> + <h3> + ROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, at Middlebrook, 8th March, 1779. + </p> + <p> + My Dear Marquis,—I am mortified exceedingly, that my letter from + Philadelphia, with the several enclosures, did not reach Boston before + your departure, from that port. It was written as soon as congress had + come to a decision upon the several matters, which became the subject of + the president's letter to you, and was committed for conveyance to the + messenger, who was charged with his despatches to that place. + </p> + <p> + Monsieur la Colombe did me the honour of delivering to me your favours, + and will probably be the bearer of my thanks for the affectionate manner + in which you have expressed your sentiments in your last adieu, than which + nothing can be more flattering and pleasing; nor is there anything more + wished for by me, than opportunities of giving substantial proofs of the + sincerity of my attachment and affection. + </p> + <p> + Nothing of importance has happened since you left us, except the enemy's + invasion at Georgia, and possession of its capital; which, though it may + add something to their supplies, on the score of provisions, will + contribute very little to the brilliancy of their arms, for, like the + defenceless island of St. Lucia, it only required the appearance of force + to effect the conquest of it, as the whole militia of the state did not + exceed twelve hundred men, and many of them disaffected. General Lincoln + is assembling a force to dispossess them, and my only fear is, that he + will precipitate the attempt before he is fully prepared for the + execution. In New York and at Rhode Island, the enemy continued quiet till + the 25th ultimo, when an attempt was made by them to surprise the post at + Elizabethtown; but failing therein, and finding themselves closely + pressed, and in danger from detachments advancing towards them from this + army, they retreated precipitately through a marsh, waist-deep in mud, + after abandoning all their plunder; but not before they had, according to + their wonted custom, set fire to two or three houses. The regiment of + Anspach, and some other troops, are brought from Rhode Island to New York. + </p> + <p> + We are happy in the repeated assurances and proofs of the friendship of + our great and good ally, whom we hope and trust, ere this, may be + congratulated on the birth of a prince, and on the joy which the nation + must derive from an instance of royal felicity. We also flatter ourselves, + that before this period the kings of Spain and the two Sicilies may be + greeted as allies of the United States; and we are not a little pleased to + find, from good authority, that the solicitations and offers of the Court + of Great Britain to the Empress of Russia have been rejected; nor are we + to be displeased, that overtures from the city of Amsterdam, for entering + into a commercial connexion with us, have been made in such open and + pointed terms. Such favourable sentiments, in so many powerful princes and + states, cannot but be considered in a very honourable, interesting, and + pleasing point of view, by all those who have struggled with difficulties + and misfortunes to maintain the rights, and secure the liberties, of their + country. But, notwithstanding these flattering appearances, the British + King and his ministers continue to threaten us with war and desolation. A + few months, however, must decide whether these or peace is to take place. + For both we will prepare; and, should the former be continued, I shall not + despair of sharing fresh toils and dangers with you in America; but if the + latter succeeds, I can entertain little hopes, that the rural amusements + of an infant world, or the contracted stage of an American theatre, can + withdraw your attention and services from the gaieties of a court, and the + active part you will more than probably be called upon to share in the + administration of your government. The soldier will then be transformed + into the statesman, and your employment in this new walk of life will + afford you no time to revisit this continent, or think of friends who + lament your absence. + </p> + <p> + The American troops are again in huts; but in a more agreeable and fertile + country, than they were in last winter at Valley Forge; and they are + better clad and more healthy, than they have ever been since the formation + of the army. Mrs. Washington is now with me, and makes a cordial tender of + her regards to you; and if those of strangers can be offered with + propriety, and will be acceptable, we respectively wish to have them + conveyed to your amiable lady. We hope and trust, that your passage has + been short, agreeable, and safe, and that you are as happy as the smiles + of a gracious Prince, beloved wife, warm friends, and high expectations, + can make you. I have now complied with your request in writing you a long + letter, and I shall only add, that, with the purest sentiments of + attachment, and the warmest friendship and regard, I am, my dear Marquis, + your most affectionate and obliged, &c. + </p> + <p> + P. S. Harrison and Meade are in Virginia. All the other officers of my + staff unite most cordially in offering you their sincere compliments. + </p> + <p> + 10th March, 1779.—I have this moment received the letters which were + in the hands of Major Nevill, accompanying yours of the 7th and 11th of + January. The Major himself has not yet arrived at head quarters, being, as + I am told, very sick. I must again thank you, my dear friend, for the + numerous sentiments of affection which breathe so conspicuously in your + last farewell, and to assure you that I shall always retain a warm and + grateful remembrance of it. Major Nevill shall have my consent to repair + to France, if his health permits it, and if the sanction of congress can + be obtained, to whom all applications of officers for leave to go out of + the United States are referred. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. We believe this letter never reached M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Paris, April 1st, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—From what M. de Sartine said to me, I requested M. de Chaumont + yesterday to send for Captain Jones, and although the place of his present + residence be unknown, our messenger will do all that can be done to bring + him immediately to us. I gave him an urgent letter for Jones, and as Dr. + Franklin was not at home, I left one also for him, in which I expressed + our desire to see the captain, rather as if to consult him, than as if we + had formed any definite project. The time I passed with M. de Chaumont + enabled me to discover what I shall now have the honour of relating to + you.~{1} + </p> + <p> + The armament of the <i>Bonhomme Richard</i> (the vessel of fifty guns) + goes on as slowly as possible. The refusal to supply what is wanted, + especially guns, from the king's magazines, will retard the expedition for + a whole month, because it will be the same for all the other ships. The + only way to obviate this delay, would be to charge one man with the whole + armament, and to send him to the ports with orders to get all that was + necessary. + </p> + <p> + I have discovered that Jones had a little plan for an enterprise formed + under the direction of M. Garnier, and in which M. de Chaumont has taken + part. The manner in which M. de Sartine brought him to us, was by making + M. de Chaumont a half confidant, (the most dangerous of all things, + because it gives information without binding to secrecy,) and I think it + would be now better to communicate the secret of the armament without + betraying that of the expedition, and desire him to employ all his + activity in completing it. The other person need not, in that case, take + any part in it, and according to the orders received from M. de Sartine, + it appeared to me, from what M. de Chaumont said, that the <i>Bonhomme + Richard</i>, and other vessels, if required, might be in readiness before + the expiration of three weeks. + </p> + <p> + I intend to have the honour of paying my respects to you after dinner on + Saturday. If you approve of my idea, M. de Chaumont, or any other person + you may prefer, might be summoned at the same time; for by the ordinary + method this business will never be achieved. I hope that, in, consequence + of my aversion to delays in military affairs, you will pardon the + importunity which my confidence in you has inspired, in favour of a + project of which you feel the importance. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, with the most sincere respect and affection, + &c. + </p> + <p> + Permit me to confide to you, also, under the same secrecy, my fears that + orders have not yet been sent to all the ports. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. In the previous recital a few words have been said relating to this + armament. Two frigates, bearing the American colours, were to have been + placed under the orders of Paul Jones, and M. de Lafayette was to command + the small army intended to descend unexpectedly upon the western coast of + England, and to ransack Bristol, Liverpool, and other commercial towns, + for the advantage of the American finances. But this expedition was soon + considered below the position in which M. de Lafayette was placed, and was + abandoned for the plan of a descent on England, which was to be executed + by the combined forces of France and Spain. The slowness of the latter + power occasioned, at a later period, the failure of the project; and the + only result it produced was Paul Jones's expedition, and the conflict + between the <i>Bonhomme Richard</i> and the <i>Serapis</i>. See farther on + the first letters to congress and to Washington. In a collection of + Franklin's private letters, there is also found a letter relating to this + affair, and the note written by M. de Lafayette to Paul Jones when the + expedition was abandoned. (<i>A Collection of the Familiar Letters and + Miscellaneous Papers</i> of B. Franklin, Boston, 1833. Washington's + writings, Vol. vi., Appendix viii.) + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Paris, April 26th, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Allow me the honour of proposing to you a plan, the success of + which, uncertain as it now is, will depend perhaps upon your approbation. + As your means of attack or defence depend on our maritime force, would it + not be doing a service to the common cause to increase for a time that of + our allies? To purchase vessels would be too expensive for a nation so + destitute of money; it would answer all purposes to hire them, and would + enable, us to make such diversions, or to undertake such operations, as + might be deemed necessary. + </p> + <p> + Do you not think, sir, if the King of Sweden would lend to America four + ships of the line, with the half of their crews, and the United States + would engage to return them within a year upon certain conditions, that + the step would be advantageous for us? The vessels might come to us under + the Swedish flag. France need not be implicated at all. We could supply + them in part, provide them with officers in blue, and send them out under + the American flag. It would only be necessary to know, whether France + would engage to be responsible for the sum requisite for the hire, and + would help to complete the equipment. Even if the first part should meet + with obstacles, the government might pledge itself only in case it should + exceed my fortune. + </p> + <p> + I have not as yet spoken to Dr. Franklin about the scheme, but I have + sounded the Swedish ambassador on the subject, much to my satisfaction; he + asked me for a letter, directed to him, which might be sent to his king; + and since I saw that this important project might result in something + advantageous, I was constrained to confide it to you, and ask your + opinion. The Swedish ambassador states that the vessels may be here in two + months and a half; consequently, including the rest of the fleet, the + whole might be at sea in the month of August; and arrive at Rhode Island, + Bermuda, or somewhere else in America, in the month of October, which + would be a good season. + </p> + <p> + It will be necessary for Dr. Franklin to send a trustworthy man, or, what + would be better, for you to send one, upon whom he might depend. The + proposed engagement requires some promise, and especially some hopes, of + commerce, that would diminish the expense which must be incurred. Inform + me, sir, I pray you, whether this little romantic scheme offers any + difficulties, and whether I am to prosecute or resign my proposition. + </p> + <p> + I am, &c. + </p> + <p> + If, whilst we are arranging the negotiation with Sweden, the contributions + of England should yield us anything, I might then recal to your attention + a favourite project of mine. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + St. Jean d'Angely, near Rochfort, June 12, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—How happy I shall think myself whenever a safe opportunity of + writing to congress is offered, I cannot in any way better express than in + reminding them of that unbounded affection and gratitude which I shall + ever feel for them. So deeply are those sentiments engraven on my heart, + that I every day lament the distance which separates me from them, and + that nothing was ever so warmly and passionately wished for, as to return + again to that country of which I shall ever consider myself as a citizen; + there is no pleasure to be enjoyed which could equal this, of finding + myself among that free and liberal nation, by whose affection and + confidence I am so highly honoured; to fight again with those brother + soldiers of mine to whom I am so much indebted. But congress knows that + former plans have been altered by themselves, that others have been + thought impossible, as they were asked too late in the year.~{1} + </p> + <p> + I will therefore make use of the leave of absence they were pleased to + grant me, and serve the common cause among my countrymen, their allies, + until happy circumstances may conduct me to the American shores, in such a + way as would make that return more useful to the United States. The + affairs of America I shall ever look upon as any first business whilst I + am in Europe. Any confidence from the king and ministers, any popularity I + may have among my own countrymen, any means in my power, shall be, to the + best of my skill, and till the end of my life, exerted in behalf of an + interest I have so much at heart. What I have hitherto done or said + relating to America, I think needless to mention, as my ardent zeal for + her is, I hope, well known to congress; but I wish to let them know that + if, in my proposals, and in my repeated urgent representation for getting + ships, money, and support of any kind, I have not always found the + ministry so much in earnest as I was myself, they only opposed to me <i>natural + fears</i> of inconveniences which might arise to both countries, or the + conviction that such a thing was impossible for the present; but I never + could question their good will towards America. If congress believe that + my influence may serve them, in any way, I beg they will direct such + orders to me, that I may the more certainly and properly employ the + knowledge I have of this court and country for obtaining a success in + which my heart is so much interested. + </p> + <p> + His excellency, Doctor Franklin, will, no doubt, inform you, sir, of the + situation of Europe, and the respective state of our affairs. The + Chevalier de la Luzerne will also add thereto the intelligence which will + be intrusted to him at the time of his departure. By the doctor you will + learn what has been said or thought on account of finances. Germany, + Prussia, Turkey, and Russia, have made such a peace as the French have + desired. All the northern kingdoms, the Dutch themselves, seem rather + disgusted with English pride and vexations; they put themselves in a + situation to protect their trade of every kind with France. Irish + intelligence you will be fully and particularly acquainted of. What + concerns Spain will also be laid before you; so that I have nothing to add + but to tell you that our affairs seem going very fast towards a speedy and + honourable end. England is now making her last effort, and I hope that a + great stroke will, before long, abate their fantastic, swollen appearance, + and shew the narrow bounds of their actual power. + </p> + <p> + Since we have taken Senegal I don't know of any military event which I can + mention. There has been a privateering expedition against Jersey Island, + which has been stopped by the difficulty of getting ashore. That little + attempt, made by some few private volunteers, England honoured with the + name of a public French expedition, and very unwisely employed there + Admiral Arbuthnot, which will interpose a great delay to his reported + departure. Congress will hear of an expedition against our friends of + Liverpool and other parts of the English coast; to show there French + troops under American colours, which on account of raising contributions, + my concern for American finances had at length brought into my head. But + the plan was afterwards reduced to so small a scale that they thought the + command would not suit me, and the expedition itself has been delayed + until more important operations take place. There I hope to be employed, + and if anything important should be the matter, I shall, as a faithful + American officer, give an accurate account thereof to congress and General + Washington. + </p> + <p> + The so flattering affection which congress and the American nation are + pleased to honour me with, makes me very desirous of letting them know, if + I dare speak so friendly, how I enjoyed my private situation. Happy, in + the sight of my friends and family, after I was, by your attentive + goodness, safely brought again to my native shore, I met there with such + an honourable reception, with such kind sentiments, as by far exceeded any + wishes I durst have conceived; I am indebted for that inexpressible + satisfaction which the good will of my countrymen towards me affords to my + heart, to their ardent love for America, to the cause of freedom and its + defenders, their new allies, and to the idea they entertain that I have + had the happiness to serve the United States. To these motives, sir, and + to the letter congress was pleased to write on my account, I owe the many + favours the king has conferred upon me; there was no time lost in + appointing me to the command of his own regiment of dragoons, and every + thing he could have done, every thing I could have wished, I have received + on account of your kind recommendations. + </p> + <p> + I have been some days in this small town, near Rochefort harbour, where I + have joined the king's regiment, and where other troops are stationed + which I for the moment command; but I hope to leave this place before + long, in order to play a more active part and come nearer the common + enemy. Before my departure from Paris I sent to the minister of foreign + affairs, (who, by the bye; is one of our best friends,) intelligence + concerning a loan in Holland, which I want France to make or answer for in + behalf of America; but I have not yet heard any thing on that head. M. le + Chevalier de la Luzerne will give you more explicit and fresher news, as + he is particularly ordered to do so, and he sets out directly from + Versailles. That new minister plenipotentiary I beg leave to recommend + most earnestly to congress, not only as a public man, but also as a + private gentleman. From the acquaintance I have made with him, I conceive + he is a sensible, modest, well-meaning man; a man truly worthy of enjoying + the spectacle of American freedom. I hope that by his good qualities and + his talents, he will obtain both public confidence and private friendship. + </p> + <p> + Wherever the interests of beloved friends are seriously concerned, candid + and warm affection knows not how to calculate, and throws away all + considerations. I will frankly tell you, sir, that nothing can more + effectually hurt our interests, consequence, and reputation, in Europe, + than to hear of disputes or divisions between the whigs. Nothing could + urge my touching upon this delicate matter but the unhappy experience of + every day on that head, since I can hear, myself, what is said on this + side of the Atlantic, and the arguments I have to combat with. + </p> + <p> + Let me, sir, finish this long letter, by begging you will present once + more to the congress of the United States, the tribute of an unbounded + zeal and affection, of the highest respect and most sincere gratitude, + with which I shall be animated, till the last moment of my life. + </p> + <p> + With the most, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This relates to the project of an expedition to Canada, and other plans + of the same kind. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + St. Jean d'Angély, near Rochefort harbour, June 12,1779. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—Here is at length a safe opportunity of writing to + you, and I may tell you what sincere concern I feel at our separation. + There never was a friend, my dear general, so much, so tenderly beloved, + as I love and respect you: happy in our union, in the pleasure of living + near to you, in the pleasing satisfaction of partaking every sentiment of + your heart, every event of your life, I have taken such a habit of being + inseparable from you, that I cannot now accustom myself to your absence, + and I am more and more afflicted at that enormous distance which keeps me + so far from my dearest friend. I am the more concerned at this particular + time, my dear general, as I think the campaign is opened, you are in the + field, and I ardently wish I might be near you; and, if possible, + contribute to your success and glory. Forgive me for what I am going to + say, but I cannot help reminding you that a commander-in-chief should + never expose himself too much; that in case General Washington was killed, + nay, even seriously wounded, there is no officer in the army who could + fill his place, every battle would most certainly be lost, and the + American army, the American cause itself, would, perhaps, be entirely + ruined. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed I send your excellency a copy of my letter to congress, in which + you will find such intelligence as I was able to give them. The Chevalier + de la Luzerne intends going to congress by passing through head quarters. + I promised I would introduce him to your excellency, and I have requested + him to let you know of any news he may have been entrusted with. Such a + conversation will better acquaint you than the longest letter. The + ministry told me they would let him know the true state of affairs before + his departure. By what you will hear, my dear general, you will see that + our affairs take a good turn, and I hope England will receive a good + stroke before the end of the campaign. Besides the good dispositions of + Spain, Ireland is a good deal tired of English tyranny. I, <i>in + confidence</i>, tell you that the scheme of my heart would be to make her + as free and independent as America. I have formed some private relations + there. God grant that we may succeed, and the era of freedom at length + arrive for the happiness of mankind. I shall know more about Ireland in a + few weeks, and then I will immediately communicate with your excellency. + As to congress, my dear general, it is too numerous a body for one safely + to unbosom oneself, as with one's best friend. + </p> + <p> + In referring you to M. le Chevalier de la Luzerne, for what concerns the + public news of this time, the present situation of affairs, and the + designs of our ministry, I will only speak to your excellency about that + great article, money. It gave me much trouble, and I insisted upon it so + much, that the director of finances looks upon me as a devil. France has + met great expenses lately; those Spaniards will not give their dollars + easily. However, Dr. Franklin has got some money to pay the bills of + congress, and I hope I shall determine them to greater sacrifices. Serving + America, my dear general, is to my heart an inexpressible happiness. + </p> + <p> + There is another point for which you should employ all your influence and + popularity. For God's sake prevent their loudly disputing together. + Nothing hurts so much the interest and reputation of America, as to hear + of their intestine quarrels. On the other hand there are two parties in + France: MM. Adams and Lee on one part, Doctor Franklin and his friends on + the other. So great is the concern which these divisions give me, that I + cannot wait on these, gentlemen as much as I could wish, for fear of + occasioning disputes and bringing them to a greater collision. That, my + dear general, I intrust to your friendship, but I could not help touching + upon that string in my letter to congress. Since I left America, my dear + General, not a single line has arrived from you;~{1} this I attribute to + winds, accidents, and deficiency of opportunities for I dare flatter + myself General Washington would not lose that of making his friend happy. + In the name of that very friendship, my dear general, never miss any + opportunity of letting me know how you do. I cannot express to you how + uneasy I feel on account of your health, and the dangers you are, perhaps + at this moment, exposing yourself to. These you may possibly laugh at, and + call womanlike considerations; but so, my dear friend, I feel, and I never + could conceal the sentiments of my heart. + </p> + <p> + I don't know what has become of Colonel Nevill and the Chevalier de la + Colombe. I beg you will make some inquiries respecting them, and do every + thing in your power for their speedy exchange, in case they have been + taken. Inclosed I send you a small note for Mr. Nevill. Give me leave to + recommend to your excellency our new plenipotentiary minister, who seems + to me extremely well calculated for deserving general esteem and + affection. + </p> + <p> + I know, my dear general, you wish to hear something about my private + affairs: these I give an account of to congress, and shall only add that I + am here as happy as possible. My family, my friends, my countrymen, made + me such a reception, and shewed me every day such an affection, as I + should not have dared to hope. I have been for some days in this place, + where there is the king's own regiment of dragoons, which I command, and + some regiments of infantry, which are, for the present, under my orders; + but I hope soon to begin a more active life, and in consequence thereof my + return to Paris is, I believe, very near at hand; from thence I shall get + employed in whatever may be done against the common enemy. What I wish, my + dear general, what would make me the happiest of men, is to join again + American colours, or to put under your orders a division of four or five + thousand countrymen of mine. In case any such co-operation or private + expedition should be desired, I think (if peace is not settled this + winter) that an <i>early</i> demand might be complied with for the next + campaign. + </p> + <p> + Our ministry is rather slow in their operations, and have a great + propensity for peace, provided it be an honourable one, so that I think + America must shew herself in good earnest for war till such conditions are + obtained. American independence is a certain, undoubted point, but I wish + to see that independence acknowledged with advantageous conditions. This, + my dear general, is between us; as for what concerns the good will of the + king, of the ministers, of the public, towards America, I, an American + citizen, am fully satisfied with it; and I am sure the alliance and + friendship between both nations will be established in such a way as will + last for ever. + </p> + <p> + Be so kind, my dear general, as to present my best respects to your lady, + and tell her how happy I should feel to present them myself to her at her + own house. I have a wife, my dear general, who is in love with you, and + her affection for you seems to me to be so well justified that I cannot + oppose myself to that sentiment of hers. She begs you will receive her + compliments and make them acceptable to Mrs. Washington. I hope, my dear + general, you will come to see us in Europe, and most certainly I give you + my word that if I am not happy enough to be sent to America before the + peace, I shall by all means go there as soon as I can escape. I must not + forget to tell you, my dear friend, that I have the hope of being soon + once more a father. + </p> + <p> + All Europe wants to see you so much, my dear general, that you cannot + refuse them that pleasure. I have boldly affirmed that you will pay me a + visit after the peace is settled, so that if you deny me, you will hurt + your friend's reputation throughout the world. + </p> + <p> + I beg you will present my best compliments to your family, and remind them + of my tender affection for them all. Be so kind, also, to present my + compliments to the general officers, to all the officers of the army, to + every one, from the first major-general to the last soldier. + </p> + <p> + I most earnestly entreat you, my dear general, to let me hear from you. + Write me how you do, how things are going on. The minutest detail will be + infinitely interesting to me. Don't forget anything concerning yourself, + and be certain that any little event or observation concerning you, + however trifling it may appear, will have my warmest attention and + interest. Adieu, my dear general, I cannot lay down the pen, and I enjoy + the greatest pleasure in scribbling you this long letter. Don't forget me, + my dear general; be ever as affectionate to me as you have been; these + sentiments I deserve from the ardent ones which fill my heart. With the + highest respect, with the most sincere and tender friendship that ever + human heart has felt, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + For God's sake write me frequent and long letters, and speak chiefly about + yourself and your private circumstances. + </p> + <p> + St. Jean, d'Angély, 13th June, 1779. + </p> + <p> + I Have just received, my dear general, an express from court, with orders + to repair immediately to Versailles. There I am to meet M. le Comte de + Vaux, Lieutenant-General, who is appointed to, the command of the troops + intended for an expedition. In that army I shall be employed in the + capacity of aide-maréchal-général des logis, which is, in our service, a + very important and agreeable place; so that I shall serve in the most + pleasing manner, and shall be in a situation to know everything and to + render services. The necessity of setting off immediately prevents my + writing to General Greene, to the gentlemen of your family, and other + friends of mine in the army, whom I beg to accept my excuses on account of + this order, which I did not expect so soon. Everything that happens you + shall most certainly be acquainted of by me, and I will for the moment + finish my letter in assuring your excellency again of my profound respect + and tenderest friendship. Farewell, my dear general, and let our mutual + affection last for ever. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This conjecture was a just one: by the correspondence of General + Washington, who kept copies of all his letters, we perceive that he often + wrote to M. de Lafayette, whose letters, on the contrary, during this + voyage, consist but of two, because we have been able to find only those + that arrived in America. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 30th July, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—I have received the letter which you have had the goodness to + write to me, and in which you promise me another after having read to M. + de Maurepas the paper which I addressed to you.~{1} It is shewing me a + great favour to employ, in answering me, a part of your time, which is so + precious; and I remain in eager expectation of your second letter. Being + convinced that there is no time to lose in adopting the measures which I + propose, my love for my country makes me feel an impatience, which I fear + may pass for importunity; but you will excuse a fault arising from a + feeling which is dear to every good citizen. + </p> + <p> + The Prince de Montbarrey will give you, with regard to Havre, all the + information you may desire. You are certainly right in saying that my + blood is in fermentation. We hear nothing of M. d'Orvilliers. Some say + that he has gone to the Azores, to intercept the West Indian fleet, and to + join M. d'Estaing, who was to return here, as I was informed by yourself + and M. de Sartine; others affirm that he has gone to America. + </p> + <p> + The reasoning of the latter does not bring me over to their opinion; and + it is very probable that if our fleet had been sent, as they suppose, I + should not now be in Normandy. Be that as it may, you know, I hope that + any arrangement, and any station, will satisfy me, and that I do not claim + promotion, or assistance, or any mark of favour whatsoever. If M. + d'Orvilliers, or a detachment, is now in the independent states of + America, and my presence there can be in any way more serviceable than + here, I shall be very willing to go over in an American frigate, which I + will take on my own authority; and with the very natural pretext of + rejoining the army in which I served, I will go and endeavour to use my + influence for the advantage of my country. Several persons say, also, that + Spanish dollars have been sent to the Americans; I earnestly hope it is + so, as my last advices shew the necessity for them. + </p> + <p> + If the project, for want of sufficient means, should not be adopted this + year, I deem it my duty to submit to you a proposition which would in a + great measure accomplish the same object. + </p> + <p> + While waiting until next year to commence combined operations with a + squadron, why might you not send to Boston three thousand, or even two + thousand men, with three hundred dragoons, who should be joined in the + spring by ships of war and a reinforcement of troops? This detachment + could be sent by two fifty gun ships, using one of the India Company's + ships for a transport, or Spanish vessels, if you prefer them. To avoid + expense, let them sail in company with the ships destined for the West + Indies, with the escort of the merchantmen, with the <i>Bonhomme Richard</i>, + and all the frigates at Lorient. These troops will be left in America + until the next campaign, and I will now mention what would be the result + of such a measure; it being well understood that the convoy would proceed + to the West Indies, or to any other destination, after having landed the + detachment. First, we should raise by our presence the value of their + paper money, an important point for French commerce; secondly, we should + be at hand to obtain information, and might take such preliminary steps as + would conduce, eventually, to our obtaining possession of Halifax; + thirdly, such a detachment would inspire, the American army with new + vigour, would powerfully support an attack for retaking the forts on the + north river, and would lead the Americans to such undertakings as + circumstances might render advisable. + </p> + <p> + You have told me to give you all my ideas. It is my duty to submit to you + this last one, which, as it seems to me, is not liable to any objection. + At first, I was afraid of expressing my opinion so strongly as I was + inclined to do, lest I should be suspected of peculiar motives and + predilections; but, now that people must know me better, and that you have + my entire confidence, I speak more freely, and I solemnly affirm, upon my + honour, that if half my fortune were spent in sending succours of troops + to the Americans, I should believe that, in so doing, I rendered to my + country a service more important than would be to me this sacrifice. + </p> + <p> + You will say, perhaps, that it will be difficult to find subsistence for + the troops during the winter; but in paying in specie, we should obtain + provisions very cheap, and the additional number of mouths would be very + small in comparison to the population of the country. + </p> + <p> + Permit me, sir, to offer you the assurance of my attachment. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter, in the form of a memorial, and containing the plan of an + expedition to America, has been placed at the end of the volume.—(See + Appendix 2.) + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Paris, Monday morning, August, 1779. + </p> + <p> + It is not, sir, to the king's minister that I am now writing, but my + confidence in your kindness makes me hope that I am addressing a man whom + I may safely call my friend, to whom I am merely giving an account of all + that is most interesting to me. You may confer a great obligation upon me, + (and render one perhaps to the public,) by employing in a less useless + manner the few talents a soldier may possess, who has been hitherto rather + fortunate in war, and who supplies his want of knowledge by the purest + ardour in the cause. + </p> + <p> + I have seen the Comte de Maurepas, and I told him what I have the honour + of communicating to you; he would not agree to the projects in question, + and was doubtless right, although my own opinion remains unchanged; but he + thinks that I, who was one of the first to speak of the expedition with + fifteen hundred or two thousand men, must now command six hundred hussars, + and that this change would be injurious to me. He, perhaps, imagined, as + some others have done, from kindness towards me, that such a command would + be beneath me. I ought not, besides, he added, to exchange a certainty for + an uncertainty. + </p> + <p> + To this I answer, in the first place, that from the extreme kindness of + the public towards me, nothing (I mean in relation to what passes in my + own heart) can ever be injurious to me; that my setting out with only six + hundred men would have been attributed to its real motive, and therefore + pardoned. In the second place, to suspect me of entering into a + calculation with my country, and of despising any means whatever of + serving her, would either prove a want of discernment or of memory; and to + the last objection, I reply, that the expedition of which I spoke to you + yesterday, is quite as certain as my own. + </p> + <p> + If the troops had remained in a state of inactivity, it would have been + very natural if my ardour had induced me to adopt the trade of a corsair; + nay, it would have been natural if I had set out in an armed boat; but + when an opportunity offers for employing on a grander scale the talents of + a man who has never exercised a soldier's trade but on a wide field, it + would be unfortunate for him to lose the power of distinguishing himself, + and rendering, perhaps, some important services to his own country; and it + would be injudicious in the government not to put to the test that + reputation which has been gained in foreign service. + </p> + <p> + May I, sir, speak to you with frankness? What is most proper for me, would + be an advance guard of grenadiers and <i>chasseurs</i>, and a detachment + of the king's dragoons, making in all, from fifteen hundred to two + thousand men, to raise me above the line, and give me the power of action. + There are not many lieutenants-general, still fewer field-marshals, and no + brigadiers, who have had such important commands confided to them as + chance has given me. I also know the English, and they know me—two + important considerations during a war. The command I wished for has even + been given to a colonel. + </p> + <p> + It is said that M. de Maillebois, M. de Voyer, and M. de Melfort, will be + employed; I know then first and last of these gentlemen; M. de Melfort is + a field-marshal, and although I have exercised that trade myself, I should + be well pleased to be under his orders. I wish to be chosen in the report + of the army, not of the court; I do not belong to the court, still less am + I a courtier; and I beg the king's ministers to look upon me as having + belonged to a corps of the guards. + </p> + <p> + The Count de Maurepas only replied to me, perhaps, to divert my attention + from some projects which are known unto me; I shall see him again on + Wednesday morning, and my fate will then be decided. You would give me, + sir, a great proof of friendship, by paying him a visit either to-night or + to-morrow morning, and communicating to him the same sentiments you + expressed to me yesterday. It is more important that you should see him at + that time, because, if I hear from Lorient that the vessels are in + readiness, I know not how to dissemble, and I must demand my farewell + audience. The little expedition will then be given to some + lieutenant-colonel, who may never have looked with the eye of a general, + who may not possess great talents, but who, if he be brave and prudent, + will lead the six hundred men as well as M. de Turenne could do if he were + to return to life. The detachment of dragoons might then be kept back, the + more so, as when reduced to fifty it would only become ridiculous; and the + major, who takes charge of the detail, would likewise attend to the detail + of my advance guard, in which I place great dependence. + </p> + <p> + I acknowledge to you, that I feel no dependence on M. de Montbarry, and I + even wish, that my affairs could be arranged by you and M. de Maurepas. I + know, sir, that I am asking for a proof of friendship which must give you + some trouble, but I request it because I depend fully upon that + friendship. + </p> + <p> + Pardon this scrawl, Sir; pardon my importunity; and pardon the liberty I + take in assuring you so simply of my attachment and respect. + </p> + <h3> + DR. FRANKLIN TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Passy, 24th August, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—The congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, + but unable adequately to reward it, determined to present you with a + sword, as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgment: they directed it + to be ornamented with suitable devices. Some of the principal actions of + the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and conduct, + are therefore represented upon it. These, with a few emblematic figures, + all admirably well executed, make its principal value. By the help of the + exquisite artists of France, I find it easy to express everything but the + sense we have of your worth, and our obligations to you for this, figures, + and even words, are found insufficient. I, therefore, only add that, with + the most perfect esteem, I have the honour to be, + </p> + <h3> + B. FRANKLIN. + </h3> + <p> + P.S. My grandson goes to Havre with the sword, and will have the honour of + presenting it to you. + </p> + <h3> + TO DR. FRANKLIN. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 29th August, 1779, + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Whatever expectations might have been raised from the sense of + past favours, the goodness of the United States to me has ever been such, + that on every occasion it far surpasses any idea I could have conceived. A + new proof of that flattering truth I find in the noble present, which + congress has been pleased to honour me with, and which is offered in such + a manner by your excellency as will exceed everything, but the feelings of + an unbounded gratitude. + </p> + <p> + In some of the devices I cannot help finding too honourable a reward for + those slight services which, in concert with my fellow soldiers, and under + the god-like American hero's orders, I had the good fortune to render. The + sight of those actions, where I was a witness of American bravery and + patriotic spirit, I shall ever enjoy with that pleasure which becomes a + heart glowing with love for the nation, and the most ardent zeal for its + glory and happiness. Assurances of gratitude, which I beg leave to present + to your excellency, are much too inadequate to my feelings, and nothing + but such sentiments can properly acknowledge your kindness towards me. The + polite manner in which Mr. Franklin was pleased to deliver that + inestimable sword, lays me under great obligations to him, and demands my + particular thanks. + </p> + <p> + With the most perfect respect, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + West Point, 30th Sept., 1779. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—A few days ago, I wrote a letter in much haste; + since that, I have been honoured with the company of Chevalier de la + Luzerne, and by him was favoured with your obliging letter of the 12th of + June, which filled me with equal pleasure and surprise; the latter at + hearing that you had not received one of the many letters I had written to + you since you left the American shore. It gave me infinite pleasure to + hear from your sovereign, and of the joy which your safe arrival in France + had diffused among your friends. I had no doubt that this would be the + case; to hear it from yourself adds pleasure to the account; and here, my + dear friend, let me congratulate you on your new, honourable, and pleasing + appointment in the army commanded by the Count de Vaux, which I shall + accompany with an assurance that none can do it with more warmth of + affection, or sincere joy, than myself. Your forward zeal in the cause of + liberty; your singular attachment to this infant world; your ardent and + persevering efforts, not only in America, but since your return to France, + to serve the United States; your polite attention to Americans, and your + strict and uniform friendship for me, have ripened the first impressions + of esteem and attachment which I imbibed for you into such perfect love + and gratitude, as neither time nor absence can impair. This will warrant + my assuring you that, whether in the character of an officer at the head + of a corps of gallant Frenchmen, if circumstances should require this; + whether as a major-general, commanding a division of the American army; or + whether, after our swords and spears have given place to the ploughshare + and pruning-hook, I see you as a private gentleman, a friend and + companion, I shall welcome you with all the warmth of friendship to + Columbia's shores; and, in the latter case, to my rural cottage, where + homely fare and a cordial reception shall be substituted for delicacies + and costly living. This, from past experience, I know you can submit to; + and if the lovely partner of your happiness will consent to participate + with us in such rural entertainment and amusements, I can undertake, in + behalf of Mrs. Washington, that she will do everything in her power to + make Virginia agreeable to the Marchioness. My inclination and endeavours + to do this cannot be doubted, when I assure you that I love everybody that + is dear to you, and, consequently, participate in the pleasure you feel in + the prospect of again becoming a parent; and do most sincerely + congratulate you and your lady on this fresh pledge she is about to give + you of her love. + </p> + <p> + I thank you for the trouble you have taken, and your polite attention, in + favouring me with a copy of your letter to congress; and feel, as I am + persuaded they must do, the force of such ardent zeal as you therein + express for the interest of this country. The propriety of the hint you + have given them must carry conviction, and, I trust, will have a salutary + effect; though there is not, I believe, the same occasion for the + admonition now that there was several months ago. Many late changes have + taken place in that honourable body, which have removed, in a very great + degree, if not wholly, the discordant spirit which, it is said, prevailed + in the winter, and I hope measures will also be taken to remove those + unhappy and improper differences which have extended themselves elsewhere, + to the prejudice of our affairs in Europe. + </p> + <p> + I have a great pleasure in the visit which the Chevalier de la Luzerne and + Monsieur Marbois did me the honour to make at this camp; concerning both + of whom I have imbibed the most favourable impressions, and I thank you + for the honourable mention you made of me to them. The chevalier, till he + had announced himself to congress, did not choose to be received in his + public character; if he had, except paying him military honours, it was + not my intention to depart from that plain and simple manner of living + which accords with the real interest and policy of men struggling under + every difficulty for the attainment of the most inestimable blessing of + life, <i>liberty</i>. The chevalier was polite enough to approve my + principle, and condescended to appear pleased with our Spartan living. In + a word, he made us all exceedingly happy by his affability and good + humour, while he remained in camp. + </p> + <p> + You are pleased, my dear marquis, to express an earnest desire of seeing + me in France, after the establishment of our independency, and do me the + honour to add, that you are not singular in your request. Let me entreat + you to be persuaded, that, to meet you anywhere, after the final + accomplishment of so glorious an event, would contribute to my happiness; + and that to visit a country to whose generous aid we stand so much + indebted, would be an additional pleasure; but remember, my good friend, + that I am unacquainted with your language, that I am too far advanced in + years to acquire a knowledge of it, and that, to converse through the + medium of an interpreter, upon common occasions, especially with the + ladies, must appear so extremely awkward, insipid, and uncouth, that I can + scarcely bear it in idea. I will, therefore, hold myself disengaged for + the present; but when I see you in Virginia, we will talk of this matter, + and fix our plans. + </p> + <p> + The declaration of Spain in favour of France has given universal joy to + every Whig; while the poor Tory droops like a withering flower under a + declining sun. We are anxiously expecting to hear of great and important + events on your side of the Atlantic; at present, the imagination is left + in the wide field of conjecture, our eyes one moment are turned to an + invasion of England, then of Ireland, Minorea, Gibraltar; in a word, we + hope everything, but know not what to expect, or where to fix. The + glorious success of Count d'Estaing in the West Indies, at the same time + that it adds dominion to France, and fresh lustre to her arms, is a source + of new and unexpected misfortune to our <i>tender and generous parent</i>, + and must serve to convince her of the folly of quitting the substance in + pursuit of a shadow; and, as there is no experience equal to that which is + bought, I trust she will have a superabundance of this kind of knowledge, + and be convinced, as I hope all the world and every tyrant in it will be, + that the best and only safe road to honour, glory, and true dignity, is <i>justice</i>. + </p> + <p> + We have such repeated advice of Count d'Estaing's being in these seas, + that, though I have no official information of the event, I cannot help + giving entire credit to the report, and looking for his arrival every + moment, and I am preparing accordingly; the enemy at New York also expect + it; and, to guard against the consequences, as much as it is in their + power to do, are repairing and strengthening all the old fortifications, + and adding new ones in the vicinity of the city. Their fears, however, do + not retard an embarkation which was making, and generally believed to be + for the West Indies or Charlsetown: it still goes forward; and, by my + intelligence, it will consist of a pretty large detachment. About fourteen + days ago, one British regiment (the forty-fourth completed) and three + Hessian regiments were embarked, and are gone, as is supposed, to Halifax. + The operations of the enemy this campaign have been confined to the + establishment of works of defence, taking a post at King's Ferry, and + burning the defenceless towns of New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, on the + Sound, within reach of their shipping, where little else was, or could be, + opposed to them, than the cries of distressed women and helpless children; + but these were offered in vain. Since these notable exploits, they have + never stepped out of their works or beyond their lines. How a conduct of + this kind is to effect the conquest of America, the wisdom of a North, a + Germain, or a Sandwich can best decide, it is too deep and refined for the + comprehension of common understandings and the general run of politicians. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Washington, who set out for Virginia when we took the field in June, + has often, in her letters to me, inquired if I had heard from you, and + will be much pleased at hearing that you are well and happy. In her name, + as she is not here, I thank you for your polite attention to her, and + shall speak her sense of the honour conferred on her by the Marchioness. + When I look back to the length of this letter, I have not the courage to + give it a careful reading for the purpose of correction: you must, + therefore, receive it with all its imperfections, accompanied with this + assurance, that, though there may be many inaccuracies in the letter, + there is not a single defect in the friendship of, my dear Marquis, yours, + &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 7th October, 1779. + </p> + <p> + My dear general—From those happy ties of friendship by which you + were pleased to unite yourself with me, from the promises you so tenderly + made me when we parted at Fishkill, gave me such expectations of hearing + often from you, that complaints ought to be permitted to my affectionate + heart. Not a line from you, my dear, general, has yet arrived into my + hands, and though several ships from America, several despatches from + congress or the French minister, are safely brought to France, my ardent + hopes of getting at length a letter from General Washington have ever been + unhappily disappointed: I cannot in any way account for that bad luck, and + when I remember that in those little separations where I was but some days + from you, the most friendly letters, the most minute account of your + circumstances, were kindly written to me, I am convinced you have not + neglected and almost forgotten me for so long a time. I have, therefore, + to complain of fortune, of some mistake or neglect in acquainting you that + there was an opportunity, of anything; indeed, but what could injure the + sense I have of your affection for me. Let me beseech you, my dear + general, by that mutual, tender, and experienced friendship in which, I + have put an immense portion of my happiness, to be very exact in inquiring + for occasions, and never to miss those which may convey to me letters that + I shall be so much pleased to receive. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed I send to your excellency the copy of my letters to congress, + which, in concert with Mr. Franklin's longer despatches, will give you a + sketch of European intelligence. Contrary winds have much delayed an + expedition which I think should have been undertaken much sooner: the + kings of France and Spain seem desirous of carrying it on before the + winter; it may be, however, deferred till next spring, and the siege of + Gibraltar would be the only land expedition for the present campaign. In a + few weeks time, when West India successes may be compared to those in + Europe, my gazettes and predictions will have a greater degree of + certainty, but one must not be a conjuror to see that England is in such a + way that one may defy her to get up again, and that a happy peace, blessed + with American independence, will, in this or the ensuing campaign, be the + certain effect of the present war. + </p> + <p> + As my private circumstances are somewhat interesting to your friendship, I + will tell you, my dear general, that since my last letter I have hardly + quitted this place, where head-quarters had been fixed. I was to disembark + with the grenadiers forming the vanguard, and am, therefore, one of the + first who will land on the English shore. The king's own regiment of + dragoons, which he gave me on my return, was to embark at Brest, and join + us a few days after the landing. From Count d'Estaing's expedition on the + American coasts, the nation raises great expectations, and very + impatiently waits for intelligence. How unhappy I am to find myself so far + from you on such an occasion you will easily conceive. The impression of + sorrow such a thought gives me cannot be alleviated but by the sense I + have that the general opinion of the turn warlike operations will take + this campaign, the ties of my duty towards my own country, where my + services had been employed for the expedition against England, and the + hope I entertained of being here more useful to the United States, had not + left me the choice of the part I should take for this campaign. I hope, my + dear sir, you will agree in opinion with me. + </p> + <p> + Whatever may be Count d'Estaing's success in America, it will bring on new + projects and operations. My ideas I laid before your excellency at + Fishkill; but permit me to tell you again how earnestly I wish to join + you. Nothing could make me so delighted as the happiness of finishing the + war under your orders. That, I think, if asked by you, will be granted to + congress and your excellency. But be certain, my dear general, that in any + situation, in any case, let me act as a French or as an American officer, + my first wish, my first pleasure, will be to serve again with you. However + happy I am in France, however well treated by my country and king, I have + taken such a habit of being with you, I am tied to you, to America, to my + fellow soldiers by such an affection, that the moment when I shall sail + for your country will be one of the most wished for and the happiest in my + life. + </p> + <p> + From an American newspaper I find that a certain English intelligence had + been propagated through the United States, that, at the head of fifteen + hundred officers or non-commissioned officers, I was going to embark for + America, and that, with soldiers of your army embodied under them, I + wanted to teach military discipline throughout the <i>American army</i>. + However remote I am from thinking of teaching my own masters, and however + distant from such views was that command in France, whose end you very + well know, I could not help taking it as a reflection on the <i>American + army</i>. The English troops may remember that on some particular + occasions I have not had to lament the want of discipline and spirit in + the troops which I had the honour to command. Whilst we have but the same + British army to fight with, we need not be looking out for any other + improvement than the same qualities which have often enabled my fellow + American soldiers to give, instead of receiving, pretty good lessons to an + enemy, whose justly-reputed courage added a new reputation to American + bravery and military conduct. + </p> + <p> + The above article, my dear general, I beg you will have <i>printed in the + several newspapers</i>. + </p> + <p> + As there is but a little time to write before the sailing of the vessel, I + cannot call to mind all the friends I have in the army, unless your + excellency is pleased to make them a thousand compliments from one who + heartily loves them, and whose first wish is to be again in their company. + </p> + <p> + I congratulate you, my dear general, on the spirited expedition of Stony + Point,~{2} and am glad it has added, a new lustre to our arms. + </p> + <p> + Be so kind, my dear friend, as to present my best respects to your lady. + Mine begs leave to be kindly remembered to you and to her. Thousand + assurances of friendship wait from me on your family. + </p> + <p> + Oh! my dear general, how happy I should be to embrace you again! + </p> + <p> + With such affection as is above all expressions any language may furnish, + I have the honour to be, very respectfully, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. To this letter was joined a long letter to the president of congress, + which contained nearly the same things, expressed in a different manner. + </p> + <p> + 2. A brilliant exploit of General Wayne, who, on the 15th of July, took by + assault the fort of Stony Point, and forced five hundred and fifty-four + English to capitulate. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Versailles, February 2d, 1780. + </p> + <p> + You approved, sir, of my putting down in writing, before conversing with + you upon the subject of the expedition, some of the measures necessary to + be taken in either of the following cases: first, if I should command the + French detachment; and secondly, if I should resume an American + division.~{1} + </p> + <p> + I must begin by observing that this commission is not only a military and + political, but also a social affair: and from the circumstances under + which I am now placed, I assure you, on my honour, that I believe the + first measure would be most favourable to the public service, and the + interest of France as regards her allies. + </p> + <p> + As I must immediately begin my preparations, I should wish to be informed + of the decision in sufficient time to select some officers of proper age, + experience, and talents, with whom I can become acquainted before I take + charge of the corps; and on this account it is necessary to arrange + matters immediately with the Prince de Montbarrey. Two old experienced + lieutenant-colonels should command the infantry under me: in distant + expeditions, it is necessary that officers should suit each other, and I + am particularly fond of old officers. + </p> + <p> + In regard to myself, sir, I ask for nothing,—and as during the + course of a war I may hope to acquire rank, you might either give me one + of those commissions of M. de Sartine, which are only of use in America, + or one that would not prevent my seniors from resuming afterwards their + rank, or else letters of service, to enable me simply to command in the + capacity of an American general officer. + </p> + <p> + There are three methods of concealing the real aim of the expedition: 1st, + to set out together for Lorient, under pretence of taking an island, and + operating in Carolina in the autumn;—2nd, to pretend to send troops + to M. de Bouillé; there need be no commander, and I should have the title + of <i>maréchal-des-logis;</i>—3d, for me to set out immediately with + the grenadiers and dragoons for America, and that the four battalions, + commanded by the two ancient officers, should join me at Rhode Island. + </p> + <p> + If I should have the command, you may act with perfect security, because + the Americans know me too well to feel the slightest anxiety. I will bind + myself, if it be desired, to ask for neither rank nor titles, and, to put + the ministry quite at their ease, I will even promise to refuse them + should they be offered me. + </p> + <p> + In the second case, sir, it would be necessary to prevent, beforehand, in + America, the bad effects that the arrival of another commander would + excite: that I am not to lead that detachment is the last idea that could + ever occur in that country; I will say, therefore, that for myself I + prefer having an American division. + </p> + <p> + I must be in the secret to prepare the various measures, and inform + General Washington of the transaction. A secret with which I was not + acquainted would appear very suspicious at Philadelphia. + </p> + <p> + Three merchant frigates and a transport ship would be procured at Lorient. + We have, it is said, an American crew; the fifteen thousand suits of + clothes, and fifteen thousand guns, &c. might be embarked; at the end + of the month it would be necessary to set out for the continent. + </p> + <p> + On arriving at a port, I should endeavour to commence my operations with + General Washington; I should take a division in the army, and, with M. de + la Luzerne's aid, prepare everything for the arrival of the French. To + increase the number of my division,—to serve as an example to them,—to + change the ideas entertained respecting us,—and to shew in what + perfect good intelligence French and Americans may live together,—I + should request to take with me, at once, a battalion of six hundred + grenadiers, three hundred dragoons, and one hundred hussars. + </p> + <p> + Two or three officers, whom I should bring back with me, must obtain the + same rank in France which they had in America, and I should say that I + have refused that rank myself from motives which are purely social. This + attention is necessary to flatter the self-love of the Americans. We may + stop at Bermuda on our way, and establish there the party for liberty. + </p> + <p> + I shall set out on Wednesday for Nantes, where the clothes are making; I + shall also attend to the selection of the arms; I shall see the king's + regiment at Angers, to form a detachment from it; I shall repair to + Lorient to hasten the arrangement of the frigates, and to see the + battalion of grenadiers; I shall only be here the 20th, and as my + departure must be public, I shall take leave the 25th, in an American + uniform, and if the wind be favourable, I shall sail the 1st of March. + </p> + <p> + As it is physically impossible that a detachment commanded by a foreigner + should amalgamate together well, I believe it would be necessary to + increase it by a battalion, which would raise the number to about three + thousand six hundred, and the grenadiers would remain more particularly + attached to me during the campaign. + </p> + <p> + If that little corps be given to an old field-marshal, we should certainly + displease all the American chiefs. Gates, Sullivan, and Saint Clair, would + not like to be under the orders of others, and their opinion in the + council would be opposed to combined expeditions. I think it necessary, + very necessary, to select a brigadier, and name him field-marshal, which + he would look upon as a promotion. The corps must consider itself as a + division of our army; its commander must abjure all pretensions, think + himself an American major-general, and execute, in all respects, the + orders of General Washington. The naval commander may have more power + placed in his hands. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_CONC" id="link2H_CONC"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + Conclusion. 1st, I think it would be best to give me the corps.—2d, + </h2> + <p> + If it be not given to me, I must instantly set out with the powers I + demand. In either case, it is, unfortunately, necessary to reveal to me + the secret, and set me immediately to work. + </p> + <p> + I shall have the honour, sir, of paying my respects to you during the + procession. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter contains the basis of the plan which was finally adopted. + We have been obliged to retrench several letters which relate to projects + analogous to those presented at various periods by M. de Lafayette. It was + at length determined to send an auxiliary corps even stronger than he had + hoped to obtain. As to himself, he was to precede it to America, whither + he repaired with political instructions from the French cabinet, and to + resume a command in the army of the United States. His instructions are + dated the 5th of March; his departure took place the 19th. + </p> + <h3> + TO HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + At the entrance of Boston harbour, April 27, 1780. + </p> + <p> + Here I am, my dear general, and, in the midst of the joy I feel in finding + myself again one of your loving soldiers, I take but the time to tell you + that I came from France on board a frigate which the king gave me for my + passage. I have affairs of the utmost importance which I should at first + communicate to you alone. In case my letter finds you anywhere this side + of Philadelphia, I beg you will wait for me, and do assure you a great + public good may be derived from it. + </p> + <p> + To-morrow we go up to the town, and the day after I shall set off in my + usual way to joined my beloved and respected friend and general. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear general; you will easily know the hand of your young + soldier. + </p> + <p> + My compliments to the family. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The second of the measures discussed in the preceding letter was the + one preferred, and M. de Lafayette embarked alone at the island of Aix. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Waterburg, on the Boston road, + </p> + <p> + From the Camp, May 6th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + I have already had the honour of writing to you, sir, and of announcing to + you the news of my arrival; but I place so much confidence in the kindness + you express for me, that I do not hesitate to repeat the contents of my + former letter. It was the 28th of April, after a voyage of thirty-eight + days, and after having experienced both calms and contrary winds, that the + <i>Hermione</i> entered the Boston harbour. I cannot sufficiently express + my admiration of the frigate herself, and my gratitude to her commanding + officers. + </p> + <p> + I can neither give you any certain information, sir, nor promise you any + degree of accuracy respecting numbers and dates. General Washington can + alone inform me of the truth; but this does appear to me certain;— + </p> + <p> + Our army is not numerous; the eastern states are occupied in recruiting + it. Paper has been regulated by congress at forty for one: these are very + high taxes, and they hope to be able to raise the finances a little, which + are in a very low state; but, at present, I cannot give you any settled + ideas upon this point. + </p> + <p> + The scarcity of horses, their price, and the want of provisions, have very + much increased during my absence; but I assure you, sir, that, in a moral + point of view, I continue to see a most favourable prospect for my + American friends. + </p> + <p> + General Clinton has besieged Charlestown, and as he has eight or ten + thousand men, and the report is spread that his vessels have crossed the + bar, it is impossible not to fear for that place, unless Spanish or French + vessels should come from the islands to its succour. Some troops from the + army of General Washington have proceeded thither. + </p> + <p> + New York has only six or seven thousand garrisoned men; such is, at least, + the public report, and I do not believe that the hostile forces are much + more numerous at present. They say, at Boston, that there are only four + thousand men; but I repeat, sir, that my gazettes cannot be at all + accurate at present. + </p> + <p> + The English have but few vessels at Charlestown; at most they have only, I + think, one or two at New York. It is said here, and every one seems to + believe it, that if some French forces were to arrive at this moment, they + might strike some decisive blows. + </p> + <p> + Be pleased, sir, to accept the assurance of the warm and respectful + affection with which I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S. Some American officers, just come from New York, assure me that a + frigate has, arrived with important despatches from the English + government. Don Juan de Miralles, who has been long established at + Philadelphia, and who knows M. d'Aranda, died at Morristown; he was buried + with much honour. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Morristown, May, 1783. + </p> + <p> + My dear Marquis,—Your welcome favour of the 27th of April came to my + hands yesterday. I received it with all the joy that the sincerest + friendship would dictate, and with that impatience which an ardent desire + to see you could not fail to inspire. I am sorry I do not know your route + through the State of New York, that I might with certainty send a small + party of horse, all I have at this place, to meet and escort you safely + through the Tory settlements, between this place and the North River. At + all events, Major Gibbs will go as far as Compton, where the roads unite, + to meet you and will proceed from thence, as circumstances may direct, + either towards King's Ferry or New Windsor. I most sincerely congratulate + you on your safe arrival in America, and shall embrace you with all the + warmth of an affectionate friend, when you come to head-quarters, where a + bed is prepared for you. Adieu till we meet. Yours, &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. General Washington expressed, in several letters, the pleasure he felt + at M. de Lafayette's return. (See his letters of the 13th and 14th of + May.) The 16th of May, the congress declared, by a public resolution, that + "they consider his return as a fresh proof of the disinterested zeal and + persevering attachment which have justly recommended him to the public + confidence and applause, and that they receive with pleasure a tender of + the further services of so gallant and meritorious an officer."—(Journal + of Congress, May 20th.) + </p> + <p> + It was afterwards resolved that the commander-in-chief, after having + received the communications M. de Lafayette had to make to him, was to + take the proper measures which were most likely to forward the success of + the plan they had in view. The communications related to the expected + arrival of a French squadron and land forces. The plan in contemplation + was to make some attacks, especially on New York. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU. + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, 19th May, 1780. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—This letter will be handed to you by M. de Galvan, a French + officer in the service of the United States, and you may receive with + confidence the various accounts which he will have the honour to give you. + I have appointed him to await your arrival at Cape Henry, and you will see + that my instructions to this officer are in conformity with those which I + have received from the Count de Vergennes.~{1} + </p> + <p> + I reached Boston on the 26th of April. On the morning of the 10th of May, + I was at head-quarters, and after passing four days with General + Washington, I went to meet the Chevalier de la Luzerne. The military + preparations and the political measures which it was necessary for us to + attend to, have delayed M. de Galvan up to the present moment. I now + hasten to despatch him to his destination, and shall keep him informed of + whatever news may be interesting to you, continuing to add the ideas of + the general, with regard to the best means of improving present + circumstances. + </p> + <p> + Immediately upon my arrival, confidential persons were sent out to procure + plans and details upon the different points which become interesting for + the operations of this campaign. As to other matters, the Chevalier de la + Luzerne has had the goodness to enable me, as far as possible, to fulfil + my instructions, and he has taken the first measures requisite to procure + a supply of food and other necessaries for the land and naval forces. + Although the scarcity of all things is infinitely greater than when I left + America, the precautions taken before-hand by the Chevalier de la Luzerne, + and the measures we are now taking here, render it certain that the French + will not be in want, either of flour or of fresh meat. + </p> + <p> + I will now give you a summary of the present situation of the enemy on the + continent. I shall say nothing of Canada, or Halifax, or the Penobscot, + from whence we are expecting news, and which, for the moment, are not of + essential importance. Rhode Island is in our possession; you can enter it + in full security; letters, signals, and pilots will await you there, + agreeably to my instructions. Your magazines, your sick, and all your + unnecessary baggage, can go up the Providence by water; I shall soon send + to Rhode Island more particular information on this point. + </p> + <p> + The enemy have, at the present moment, seven thousand men of their best + troops employed at the siege of Charlestown; they have also some ships of + the line without the harbour; one vessel of fifty guns, two frigates of + forty-four, and several smaller vessels. According to news from New York, + Charlestown still held out on the 3rd of this month. On the Islands of New + York, Long Island, and Staten Island, the forces of the enemy consisted of + eight thousand regular troops, a few militia, upon which they place no + dependence, and a small number of royalists, very contemptible in all + respects. They have only one ship of seventy-four guns, and some frigates. + The American army is in three divisions; one guards the fort of West Point + and keeps open the North River; another is in South Carolina; and the + third, which is the largest, is in the Jerseys, under the immediate + command of General Washington. This last division, not very numerous at + present, will be increased in a few days; and for that reason, I shall + defer till another letter giving you a more exact account of its + situation. + </p> + <p> + Your voyage is known at New York. Advices were immediately sent on to + Charlestown, recalling either the troops, or at least the ships of war. + They are erecting fortifications on the Island, and preparing vessels + loaded with stones to obstruct the passage; in a word, if it be true that + the present divided state of the English forces seems to insure their + destruction, and to promise us the conquest of New York, it is equally + true that, at the moment of your arrival, if by good fortune things remain + in their present state, we shall have no time to lose in taking advantage + of those favourable circumstances. + </p> + <p> + At the same time that I here execute the orders of my general, and + communicate to you the sentiments of my friend, permit me to assure you of + the strong desire of our army to do whatever may please you, and how much + we shall all endeavour to merit the friendship and the esteem of troops, + whose assistance at the present moment is so essential to us. You will + find amongst us a great deal of good will, a great deal of sincerity, and + above all, a great desire to be agreeable to you. + </p> + <p> + I send a duplicate of this letter to the Chevalier de Ternay, and I shall + send the same to Point Judith and Seaconnet; so that in case you should + make land at Rhode Island, you may at once sail for Sandy Hook. The next + letter which I shall have the honour to write to you, will be dated at + headquarters. The confidence of General Washington, which M. de Galvan has + deserved, and the means which he has of fulfilling his instructions, all + assure me that you will be satisfied with our choice. I have the honour to + be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The instructions given to M. de Lafayette by the minister of foreign + affairs, (5th March, 1780), were, that, to prevent any mistake or delay, + he was to place, both on Rhode Island and on Cape Henry (the mouth of the + Chesapeake), a French officer, to await the arrival of the French + squadron, which was to land at one of those two points, and to give it all + the information it might require on its arrival. This letter was + consequently given to M. de Galvan, and he repaired to Cape Henry, but + vainly expected those frigates: they landed at Rhode Island, they left + Brest the 2nd of May, under the orders of the Chevalier de Ternay, and + appeared before Newport the 10th of July. This letter was delivered + afterwards to M. de Rochambeau, as well as several others, which want of + space and interest do not allow us to insert. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp at Preakness, July 4th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + You know, my dear general, that I am very anxious to see the army well + clothed for this campaign; the importance of such a measure is on every + account obvious, and from the knowledge I have of the auxiliary troops + that are coming, I can so well demonstrate its necessity that I shall for + the present but attend to the means of executing it. + </p> + <p> + In the space of six months (we know from experience) the coats of our + soldiers begin to be worn out, so that there is no great inconvenience in + giving some new clothes to the draftsmen, and after they shall be + discharged, the number of the remaining soldiers will not much exceed six + or seven thousand men; as those very men will have been completely clothed + by the middle of July, I think I make full allowance for them by keeping + in store the seven thousand unmade suits that have been shipped by Mr. + Ross. + </p> + <p> + If more are wanted in the course of next summer, I engage to go over to + France and bring back ten thousand complete suits properly conveyed. + </p> + <p> + Excluding wagoners, servants, and all such people who do not want to be + uniformly clothed, we may calculate the continental army to consist of + fourteen thousand men in the field. There may be found in the army four + thousand coats and waistcoats which are not absolutely bad, four thousand + stocks or cravats, and one thousand pretty good hats. + </p> + <p> + We may get from the stores fifteen thousand overalls, ten thousand pairs + of shoes, three thousand round hats, and some few shirts. + </p> + <p> + There are also six or seven hundred coats of every colour, to which may be + added about three or four hundred of the same kind, and some indifferent + hats found in the army, &c. + </p> + <p> + A small quantity of buff and red cloth to be bought for the facings of the + Pennsylvanian and Jersey lines. + </p> + <p> + The four thousand good hats in the stores or in the army to be cut round, + or cocked in the form of caps, but to be in an uniform manner. + </p> + <p> + All the articles now in the possession of the clothier-general, to be + immediately ordered to North River, and, if necessary, wagons should be + pressed for their speedy transportation. + </p> + <p> + I will write a letter to the Chevalier de Ternay, wherein I will desire + him to send to the most convenient place the clothing which has been put + under his convoy. + </p> + <p> + We shall then have ten thousand new coats and waistcoats, and four + thousand old ones, the whole of an uniform ground, ten thousand new hats + and stocks, and four thousand old ones, five and twenty thousand overalls, + more than twenty thousand shirts, and thirty thousand pairs of shoes. + </p> + <p> + Each soldier enlisted for the war, let them even be ten thousand, shall + have, if you choose, a new complete suit, one hat, one stock, two shirts, + two pairs of overalls, and two pairs of shoes. + </p> + <p> + Each draftsman, if he has not the same, will at least receive a decent + uniform coat, one stock, one hat, one pair of overalls, and two pairs of + shoes; he will not certainly come out but well provided with shirts. + </p> + <p> + By the above mentioned arrangement, there remain about a thousand coats of + every colour, a thousand hats, which are not absolutely bad, and two + thousand pairs of shoes; these I propose to give to such men as will not + appear under arms in the field, and, if necessary, some hunting-shirts may + be added to the said clothing. + </p> + <p> + The dragoons are generally better clothed than the infantry, and we might + very easily complete their coats or stable-jackets, as each different + regiment could adopt a different colour. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the French clothing comes, I wish the whole army to be clothed + at once, in observing to give the round hats to some particular brigades, + for the sake of uniformity, and to turn up the facings according to the + plan agreed. + </p> + <p> + There will be then no excuse for the officers who, out of neglect, should + suffer their men to lose a single article, and the most strict orders may + be given for that purpose. + </p> + <p> + The French arms that are coming might be put in the hands of soldiers + enlisted for the war. + </p> + <p> + I wish that there was a distinction of one woollen epaulette for the + corporal, and two for the serjeant. + </p> + <p> + As to the feathers, (become a distinction of ranks,) I wish such as have + been pointed out might be forbidden to other officers, and for the light + division I shall beg the leave of wearing a black and red feather, which I + have imported for the purpose. + </p> + <p> + These ideas, my dear general, are not given to you as a great stroke of + genius, but I heartily wish something of the kind may be thought proper. + </p> + <h3> + TO MM. LE COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU, AND LE CHEVALIER DE TERNAY.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + Camp, before Dobb's Ferry, Aug. 9, 1780. + </p> + <p> + Gentlemen,—I arrived two days ago at head quarters, and in + consequence of the mission I was charged with, my first care was to render + an account of our conversations; but the most minute details of them are + so important, and the fate of America, and the glory of France, depend so + completely upon the result of our combinations here, that, in order to + feel more certain of having perfectly understood your meaning, I will + submit to you a summary of our conversations, and entreat you to write me + word immediately whether I have rightly understood your meaning. Before + quitting Rhode Island, gentlemen, I should have taken this precaution, if + General Washington's march against New York had not obliged me to join my + division, at the very moment when, from our further arrangements, you most + required some information. + </p> + <p> + 1st. I have described to you the actual situation of America, the + exhausted state in which I found her, and the momentary efforts she had + made, which could only have been produced by the hope of being delivered, + by one decisive blow, from the tyranny of the English. + </p> + <p> + I told you those efforts were so enormous, when we consider the state of + our finances, and the failure of all our resources, that I do not expect + to see them renewed during another campaign. I added that on the 1st of + November we should no longer have any militia, that the 1st of January one + half of our continental army would be disbanded, and I took the liberty of + saying, in my own name, that I thought it necessary, as a political + measure, to enter into action this campaign; and this I had ascertained + also to be the case, by sounding, on my journey, the wishes of the people. + </p> + <p> + 2nd. I confirmed what I have already had the honour of writing to you + respecting the continental troops, and the militia whom we are to have + with us. I told you that by counting the enemies in New York at fourteen + thousand men, of which ten thousand are regulars, and four thousand very + bad militia, I thought their numbers were somewhat exaggerated, and that + it was necessary to begin by deducting the sailors employed by Admiral + Arbuthnot. As to the fortifications, I said that the American troops would + take charge of New York, and that the fort of Brooklyn (upon which you + might operate in concert with a division of our troops) is merely an + earthen work of four bastions, with a ditch and a shed, containing from a + thousand to fifteen hundred men, and having in front another smaller work, + which cannot contain more than a hundred men. I added that nothing could + prevent a regular approach upon Brooklyn, and that that post is the key of + New York. + </p> + <p> + 3rd. I explained to you General Washington's plan, and told you that the + moment you began your march, he would repair to Morrisania, where, I again + repeat, he would establish batteries that would close the passage of + Hell's Gate, and secure the one from the continent to Long Island, so as + to have nothing to fear from the enemy's ships. Whilst awaiting your + arrival, gentlemen, our army would entrench itself at Morrisania, or, if + possible, on the Island of New York, and would place itself in a situation + to detach a corps of troops, as soon as you shall have approached us, + either by coming by land to Westchester, and passing afterwards under + favour of our batteries, or by repairing by sea to Wistown, or any other + bay in that neighbourhood. General Washington would furnish a sufficient + corps of Americans, and fifteen large cannon, to co-operate with your + troops, and he believes that with these forces, and united with artillery, + the point of Brooklyn might soon be taken, and consequently the town of + New York. + </p> + <p> + 4th. I represented to you that Long Island was a rich country, which, even + alter the destruction effected by the English, still possesses some + resources; that we might feel certain of being joined there by the militia + of the island; and, in short, that with the assistance of our Morrisanian + under-batteries, and still more with a battery on the Island of New York, + we should assure the communication between Long Island and the continent. + From these various circumstances, my own private opinion would decidedly + be to commence our action, if the fleet could be placed in security, + before we possessed any superiority of naval force. + </p> + <p> + 5th. I strongly insisted upon the necessity of taking possession, as soon + as possible, of the New York harbour. I requested M. de Ternay to examine + that point with the pilots I gave him, and by the immense advantages of + that measure I hoped that, either with the aid of land forces on the side + of Sandy Hook, or merely by the superiority of his own naval force, he + would be enabled to accomplish the object we had feared his attempting + when we expected him with Admiral Graves. + </p> + <p> + 6th. When proposing to you to send your magazines to Providence, I told + you that Rhode Island was completely useless to the Americans, but very + important for the succours arriving from France, in case, however, no army + should be necessary to preserve it; that if the English were to commit the + fault of taking it, a superior fleet, aided by forces from the continent, + would always have the power of retaking it. + </p> + <p> + 7th. I ended by having the honour of telling you, gentlemen, that in order + to operate upon New York it would be necessary not to commence later than + the first days of September; and, after this explanation, I said that + General Washington, feeling the most perfect confidence in you, was very + desirous of having your opinion upon the subject, and would only undertake + what might appear to you most advantageous. + </p> + <p> + This, gentlemen, is what I had the honour of saying to you, and this is + what you did me the honour to reply to:— + </p> + <p> + 1st. That the succour sent to the United States was anything rather than + trifling; that the second division was to set out a short time after you, + and, that it might justly be expected every instant; that it would consist + at least of two thousand five hundred, and, in all probability, of a still + greater number of troops; that it was to be sent by three ships, but that, + according to all appearances, a larger number of vessels would be granted; + that the only reason which could prevent its arriving before the 1st of + September, would be the impossibility of a junction between the French and + Spanish fleets, and that, in the latter case, it would arrive, at + farthest, by the end of autumn, and would then be a great deal stronger; + that M. de Guichen has been apprised of our projects, and has received the + order to facilitate them; that, consequently, the Chevalier de Ternay has + written to him for the five promised vessels; and that, from all these + circumstances, you hoped to be able to act before the end of the campaign, + but did not doubt, at least, having the power of furnishing us with very + superior forces for this winter, and for the next campaign. + </p> + <p> + 2nd. The project of attacking Brooklyn was extremely agreeable to you, and + appeared to you the most proper measure for the reduction of New York; but + you think that we ought to have upon that Island a force at least equal to + that which the enemy may offer us, and you added that by leaving a + counterfeit at New York, they may fall on the corps of Long Island, with + nearly their whole army, which contingency, you will perceive, had been + already provided for by Washington's arrangements. + </p> + <p> + 3rd. You appeared to me doubtful whether it would be possible to stop the + enemy at the passage of Morrisania, but on this point I can give you no + decisive information. The idea of repairing by land to Westchester + appeared less agreeable to you than that of going by sea into a bay of + Long Island. As to the landing, the Count de Rochambeau looks upon it as a + very long operation, and, from his own experience on the subject, he + believes that it would require nearly three weeks to land an army, with + all its accoutrements, for a campaign and siege. You desired to have every + possible information concerning Brooklyn, in order to be able to make + calculations accordingly for the artillery and engineer service. You + appeared to me to consider a naval superiority as necessary, even at the + commencement of the campaign; but it is true that this idea may partly + proceed from your doubts relating to the communication concerning + Morrisania. + </p> + <p> + 5th. The Chevalier de Ternay conceives it would be difficult to take + possession of New York harbour, and hopes to accomplish the same object by + the situation in which he has placed his cruisers. He does not think that + his seventy-fours can enter, but from the difference of opinion which I + ventured to express, as to the importance at least of occupying the + harbour, he told me he would again attend to this project. As to his + manner of protecting the disembarkation, it would be to cruise in the + Sound, and his frigates, and one or two vessels, would enter into the bay + at the place where the troops should land. + </p> + <p> + 6th. Rhode Island appears to you a very important point to preserve; but + if M. de Ternay should have the superiority, you think, as we do, that it + would be unnecessary to leave a garrison there during the attack of New + York. The Count de Rochambeau desired me to assure General Washington + that, in every case, upon receiving an order, he would instantly repair to + that spot which the commander-in-chief should appoint. I told him, also, + that the French generals wished that it were possible to have an interview + with him. + </p> + <p> + At the termination of our conversation, we decided upon the following + measures, of which I consequently gave an account to General Washington. + </p> + <p> + 1st. You have written to France to urge the speedy arrival and + augmentation of the promised succours. You have already asked for the five + vessels of M. de Guichen, and I have also taken charge of another letter, + which repeats the same request, and which will pass through the hands of + the Chevalier de la Luzerne. + </p> + <p> + 2d. As soon as you receive news of the arrival either of the second + division or of the ships from the West Indies, you will immediately + despatch a messenger to General Washington; and, whilst our army is + marching towards Westchester, and your own making preparation for + embarkation, M. de Ternay will endeavour to effect his junction. + </p> + <p> + 3d. If the French fleet should be equal to that of the enemy, it will + immediately enter into a contest for superiority; if it should be + superior, it will take the French troops instantly on board, and carry + them towards the bay intended for their landing. + </p> + <p> + 4th. A spot shall be chosen from whence the ships may protect the + operation, and which will also afford to the troops first landed a + position well sheltered by the fire from the ships, and behind which the + remainder of the troops may join them; or by advancing with all the landed + troops, the right and left wings may be so placed as to cover the last of + the disembarkation. The spot selected shall be situated in such a manner + that the corps of the American army intended for this particular + expedition, may arrive and land at the very moment of the landing of the + Count de Rochambeau, and that their general may be able to co-operate + instantly with the French general. + </p> + <p> + 5th. According to the number of French troops in a state to operate, + General Washington will either conduct himself, or send to Long Island, a + sufficient number of troops to obtain a force nearly equal to that of the + enemy, and he will also have a corps of troops of nearly the same strength + as the one opposed to him, either at Westchester or in the Island of New + York. + </p> + <p> + 6th. The Chevalier de Ternay will examine, attentively, the possibility of + forcing the passage of Sandy Hook, and if it be deemed practicable, will + attain that important end. + </p> + <p> + 7th. As soon as the arms, clothes, and ammunition, belonging to the United + States, shall arrive, the Chevalier de Ternay will have the goodness, + without giving them time to enter the harbour, to send them with a convoy + of frigates, or, if the batteries be not yet erected, by a ship of the + line, to that point in the Sound which General Washington may judge proper + to select. + </p> + <p> + 8th. The French fleet will take charge of the boats we shall require, + which will be delivered up to them at Providence; they will also land us + all the powder that they can do without themselves; this does not amount, + at present, to more than thirty thousand pounds. + </p> + <p> + 9th. I shall send to the French generals all the correct information I may + obtain respecting the passage of the Sound by Hell Gate; I shall + communicate to them, likewise, all the details relating to Brooklyn, and + they will send us the calculations which have been made in consequence by + the artillery and engineers,—from thence we shall decide what must + be sent with the American Long Island corps for these two companies. Some + doubts are entertained by the French generals concerning the two points of + this last article; I shall send them from home some information respecting + that subject, of which I had before the honour of speaking to them. + </p> + <p> + 10th. The invalids, magazines, &c., shall be sent to Providence, and + the batteries of that river are to be placed by us in proper order. It is + clearly specified that the instant the expected naval superiority of force + arrives, the French are not to lose a single day in commencing their + co-operative measures. + </p> + <p> + Such is, gentlemen, the abridgment of the account rendered to General + Washington; and it will serve as the basis for his preparations, as well + as a rule for the future elucidations you may receive. From the confidence + with which he has honoured me, I was obliged to settle finally all that it + was possible for me to arrange with you,—the fate of America, in + short, appears to be dependent upon your activity or repose during the + remainder of this summer. I attach the greatest importance to all your + ideas being clearly rendered, and I entreat you to lose no time in writing + a few words to say whether I have understood your meaning. + </p> + <p> + A short time after my departure, gentlemen, you must have learnt that + General Clinton, fearing for New York; had been obliged, by a sudden + movement of our army, to enclose himself in that island. The army is at + present near Dobb's Ferry, ten miles above King's Bridge, on the right + side of the North River, and our advance guard is nearly three miles + before it. + </p> + <p> + If General Clinton, with a force and position equal to our own, should + judge proper to fight, we shall give him a favourable opportunity of doing + so, and he may take advantage of that kind of challenge to make the most + impartial trial of the English and Hessian against the American troops. + </p> + <p> + I shall wait here, most impatiently, gentlemen, your answer to this + letter. I shall have the honour of communicating to you the various + advices General Washington may find it expedient to send you. The first + intelligence of the arrival of the ships is very necessary to our peace of + mind, and from an intimate knowledge of our situation, I assure you, + gentlemen, in my own private name and person, that it is important to act + during this campaign, that all the troops you may hope to obtain from + France next year, as well as all the projects of which you may flatter + yourselves, will never repair the fatal consequences of our present + inactivity. Without resources in America, all foreign succours would prove + of no avail; and although, in every case, you may rely wholly upon us, I + think it important to take advantage of the moment when you may find here + a co-operation, without which you will not be able to achieve anything for + the American cause. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S. Such, gentlemen, is the long official letter which I have the honour + of writing to you, but I cannot send it without thanking you for the + kindness you expressed for me at Rhode Island, and presenting you the + assurance of my sincere and respectful attachment. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. General Heath, who commanded the militia in the state of Rhode Island, + announced, on the 13th of July, the arrival of the French squadron to + Washington, who was then stationed with his staff at Bergen. M. de + Lafayette set out instantly, bearing instructions from the + general-in-chief dated the 15th, to meet the French Generals and to + concert with them. Washington had long formed a plan of offensive + operations, for the reduction of the town and garrison of New York (letter + to General Greene the 14th of July); this plan was to take effect on + condition, first, that the French and American troops should form a + junction; second, that the French should have a decided naval superiority + over the united forces of Admiral Graves and Admiral Arbuthnot. In nine + letters, written between the 20th of July and the 1st of August, which + would not perhaps have offered much interest to the reader, M. de + Lafayette rendered an account of his mission, of which a short analysis + will give the principal details. + </p> + <p> + The first letters relate to the multiplied difficulties he encountered in + the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island, in collecting provisions, + clothing, arms, and, above all, powder, in sufficient quantities for the + projected expedition. These difficulties were much increased by the + insufficiency of every kind of munition brought by the French squadron, + which but half realized the promises of the French cabinet. M. de + Lafayette repaired to Newport the 25th, and found the army, which had been + disembarked, encamped in Rhode Island, and M. de Rochambeau much occupied + by the news of an important attack, and, in fact, four of the enemy's + ships appeared on the 19th, and nine or ten more two days after, before + Block Island. Sir Henry Clinton had on his side left New York. By a + combination of his land and sea forces, he intended to surprise the French + army. But he experienced some delay; his soldiers could only embark in the + transports the 27th; there was a wrong understanding between him and + Admiral Arbuthnot. He learnt that the French had fortified themselves at + Newport, and that the neighbouring militia had joined them; and at length + that General Washington was making a rapid movement upon New York. He + hastened to pass over the Sound, and landed his troops on the 31st. + </p> + <p> + M. de Lafayette, who had always felt doubtful, himself, of Clinton's + making the attack, had then the opportunity of discussing with the allies + the project for an offensive operation. He was extremely anxious to put it + into execution, and General Washington was desirous also of doing the + same. + </p> + <p> + The thing was, however, difficult. Although the capture of New York had + always been one of the objects of the French ministry, the instructions of + M. de Rochambeau prescribed to him to attach great importance to the + station of Rhode Island, and to endeavour to make it the basis for his + other operations. He was therefore reluctant to quit it in order to march + upon New York. M. de Ternay, at the same time, considered it as impossible + to enter with his ships of war into the harbour of that town, and + contented himself with promising a blockade; he did not, besides, possess + that naval superiority which could only be obtained by the arrival of the + second division, which was so vainly expected from France, or by the + junction of the squadron of M. de Guichen, then in the West Indies, to + whom M. de Lafayette had written to promote that object. M. de + Rochambeau's own opinion was, however, in favour of offensive measures, + and he promised to conform, according to his instructions, to the orders + of the general-in-chief. Everything was discussed and regulated in two or + three conferences, which took place from the end of July to the + commencement of August, between MM. de Rochambeau, de Ternay, and de + Lafayette. The result of these conferences is resumed in a letter, to + which is annexed this note— + </p> + <p> + In the suppressed letters it is also seen that the French troops evinced + the greatest ardour, and that the good intelligence that reigned between + the two allies completely justified the expectations of M. de Lafayette, + and the measures he had proposed. He wrote, in a letter of the 31st, to + General Washington:— + </p> + <p> + "The French army hate the idea of staying here, and want to join you. They + swear at those that speak of waiting the second division: they are enraged + to be blockaded in this harbour. As to their dispositions towards the + inhabitants and our troops, and the dispositions of the inhabitants and + the militia for them, they are such as I may wish. You would have been + glad the other day to see two hundred and fifty of our drafts that came on + from Connanicut, without provisions and tents, and who were mixed in such + a way with the French troops, that every French soldier and officer took + an American with him, and divided his bed and his supper in the most + friendly manner. The patience and sobriety of our militia are so much + admired by the French officers, that, two days ago, a French colonel + called all his officers together, to take the good examples which were + given to the French soldiers by the American troops. So far are they gone + in their admiration, that they find a great deal to say in favour of + General Varnum, and his escort of militia dragoons, who fill up all the + streets of Newport. On the other band, the French discipline is such, that + chickens and pigs walk between the tents without being disturbed, and that + there is in the camp a corn-field, of which not one leaf has been touched. + The Tories don't know what to say to it."—(ORIGINAL.)—(<i>Letters + of Washington from the 14th of July to the 5th of August, 1780, and + Appendix, Nos. 1 and 8</i>, VOL. vii.) + </p> + <h3> + FROM THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU TO M. DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Newport, August 12th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + I received, my dear marquis, the letter you did me the honour of writing + the 9th of August; permit me to send you, in reply, the one I had the + honour of addressing to our general on the 10th of this month, to express + to him the opinion you asked for by his desire. I am only now, therefore, + waiting for his last orders, and I have earnestly requested him to grant + me the favour of an interview, that the admiral and I may receive from his + own lips the last plan he has decided upon; we should do more in a quarter + of an hour's conversation than we could do by multiplied despatches. I am + as thoroughly convinced as any person can be of the truth of what your + letters mentioned, that it was his marching which had detained Clinton, + who intended to come and attack us; but I must observe to you also, at the + same time, that there was much reason to hope that he would have been well + beaten here, and during that time our general would have taken New York. + As to your observation, my dear marquis, that the position of the French + at Rhode Island is of no use to the Americans, I reply:— + </p> + <p> + First, That I never heard it had been injurious to any one of them. + </p> + <p> + Second, That it would be well to reflect that the position of the French + corps may have had something to do with Clinton's evacuation of the + continent, when he has been obliged to confine himself to Long Island and + New York; that, in short, while the French fleet is guarded here by an + assembled and a superior naval force, your American shores are + undisturbed, your privateers are making considerable prizes, and your + maritime commerce enjoys perfect liberty. It appears to me, that, in so + comfortable a situation, it is easy to wait patiently the naval and land + forces that the king assured me should, be sent; that, in short, as I have + received no letter from France since my departure; I can only flatter + myself that the second division is already on the road, and is bringing me + despatches, since, if it had been blockaded by superior forces, some sort + of advice would have been sent me from the shores of France. I fear those + savannahs and other events of the kind, of which I have seen so many + during the course of my life. There exists a principle in war, as in + geometry, <i>vis unita fortior</i>. I am, however, awaiting orders from + our generalissimo, and I entreat him to grant the admiral and myself an + interview. I will join the latter's despatch to this packet as soon as I + receive it. + </p> + <p> + I beg you to accept, my dear marquis, the assurance of my sincerest + affection. + </p> + <h3> + TO MM. DE ROCHAMBEAU AND DE TERNAY. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, August 18th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + GENTLEMEN,—As I wish to submit the same observations to you both, + permit me to address this letter to you in common, and permit me also + (without pretending to complain of the interpretation you have given to my + last letter) to accuse myself of having explained my own meaning in a very + awkward manner. + </p> + <p> + On my return here, gentlemen, General Washington asked me for an account + of our conversations. You know that he had given me full powers to explain + to you our situation, and to settle finally the plan of the campaign. When + he knew that you wished to confer with him, he again wrote me word that I + was to arrange everything in his name, as if he were himself present. It + was natural that he should wish to know what I said to you, what you + replied, and what we had finally decided upon. He thought that the best + manner of collecting our ideas was to write them down; and I, fearing to + say a single word that was not precisely according to your intentions, + thought it more polite, more respectful towards you, to submit to your + examination the written account which my general had requested. I may add, + at this place, gentlemen, that the general, thinking that you were only + acquainted with our position from what I had the honour of saying to you, + did not consider the previous letters he had received as answers to what I + had undertaken to explain to you. All that I said to you, gentlemen, + concerning Rhode Island, the passage of Hell Gate, the harbour of New + York, and the disembarkation, was from the reiterated orders of General + Washington; and as to the political opinions, which I will dispense myself + with expressing in future, because they must come from the Chevalier de la + Luzerne, I, assure you that if, as your own countryman, it was more + delicate for me to give them in my own name, they are not less conformable + to the ideas of General Washington. The only time when I took the liberty + of speaking for myself was, when, wearied by the questions that have been + made to me by a thousand American individuals upon the second division, + and the superiority of the English at this present period, I yielded to my + ardent wish of entering at once on action, and to the hope of commencing + our operations immediately. If I have been to blame, I think it can only + be in this one instance. + </p> + <p> + I believe that the march towards New York has recalled Clinton from the + bay of Huntington, but I believe that if he had been guilty of the folly + of attacking you, he would have both lost at Rhode Island a portion of his + army, owing to our French troops, and the Island of New York by our + attack. This was my opinion, and the one I found most prevalent here, and + I also think that it is very unfortunate for the common cause that General + Clinton did not pursue his enterprise. Is it I who could imagine the + contrary?—I who have always been laughed at for thinking it + impossible that the French could ever be beaten! + </p> + <p> + When, after having received three letters from General Washington, and + held twenty conversations with him on the subject, I thought it proper to + tell you in what point of view we looked upon Rhode Island, I do not think + it ever occurred to me to say you had injured any person by staying there, + and as to the advantage America derives from having a French squadron and + French troops, allow me to mention, gentlemen, that M. d'Estaing found me + formerly well disposed to acknowledge this truth; that for more than + eighteen months, and especially since the commencement of last summer, I + held a regular correspondence with the French government, to represent to + it the utility of such a measure; and, although the gratitude of the + Americans does not by any means require being excited, few hours pass + without my employing a part of my time in pointing out to them the + advantages that you may procure for them even when inferior to the hostile + forces, and in which I do not take the measures most proper to publish + this truth from the extremity of Canada to that of Florida, as I may prove + to you by the few copies of letters which I have preserved. + </p> + <p> + As to the political opinions with which I took the liberty of closing my + letter, although I acknowledge having committed the fault of expressing + them to you, I am certain beforehand that, from an intimate acquaintance + with the American character and resources, the Chevalier de la Luzerne and + General Washington are both of my opinion. + </p> + <p> + I will do all that depends upon me, gentlemen, to prevail upon the general + to meet you half way; but, from his proximity to the enemy, and from the + present situation of the army, which he has never quitted since the + commencement of the war, I fear it will appear to him very difficult to + absent himself. Whenever you have any orders to give me, look upon me as a + man who, you must well know, idolizes his own country with a peculiar + degree of enthusiasm, and who unites to that feeling (the strongest one of + his heart) the respectful affection with which he has the honour of being, + &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE ROCHAMBEAU. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, August 18th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + Having written, sir, one letter to you in common with the Chevalier de + Ternay, permit me to address myself to you with the frankness authorised + by the warm affection I have felt, and endeavoured to prove to you, from + my earliest youth. Although your letter expresses your usual kindness for + me, I observed a few sentences in it which, without being individually + applied to me, prove to me that my last epistle displeased you. After + having been engaged night and day for four months, in preparing the minds + of the people to receive, respect, and love you; after all I have said to + make them sensible of the advantages they derived from your residence at + Rhode Island, and after having made use of my own popularity to propagate + this truth; in short, sir, after all that my patriotism and affection for + you have dictated to me, my feelings were unavoidably hurt by your giving + such an unfavourable turn to my letter, and one which had never for a + moment occurred to myself. If in that letter I have offended or displeased + you; if, for example, you disapprove of that written account which General + Washington asked for, and which I thought I ought to submit to you, I give + you my word of honour that I thought I was doing a very simple thing; so + simple, indeed, that I should have considered I was wronging you by not + doing it. + </p> + <p> + If you had heard that second division spoken of, sir, as I have done; if + you knew how strongly the English and the Tories endeavour to persuade the + Americans that France only wishes to kindle, without extinguishing the + flame, you would readily conceive that my desire of silencing those + reports might have inspired me, perhaps, with too much warmth. I will + confide to you that, thus placed in a foreign country, my self love is + wounded by seeing the French blockaded at Rhode Island, and the pain I + feel induces me to wish the operations to commence. As to what you write + to me, sir, respecting Rhode Island, if I were to give you an account of + all I have said, written, and inserted in the public papers; if you had + heard me, frequently in the midst of a group of American peasants, + relating the conduct of the French at Newport; if you were only to pass + three days here with me, you would see the injustice of your reproach. + </p> + <p> + If I have offended you, I ask your pardon, for two reasons; first, because + I am sincerely attached to you; and secondly, because it is my earnest + wish to do everything I can to please you here. As a private individual, + in all places your commands will ever be laws to me, and for the meanest + Frenchmen here I would make every possible sacrifice rather than not + contribute to their glory, comfort, and union with the Americans. Such, + sir, are my feelings, and although you have imagined some which are very + foreign to my heart, I forget that injustice to think only of my sincere + attachment to you. + </p> + <p> + P.S. I am far from thinking, sir, that I am in any degree the cause of the + sentiments that are experienced in this country for yourself and the + officers of your army. I am not so vain as to have entertained such an + idea; but I have had the advantage of knowing you, and I was, therefore, + able to foresee what would occur on your arrival, and to circulate the + opinions adopted by all those who have personally known you. I am + convinced, and no one here can deny it, that but for your arrival, + American affairs would have gone on badly this campaign; but, in our + present situation, this alone is not sufficient, and it is important to + gain advantages over the enemy. Believe, that when I wrote in <i>my own + name</i>, that opinion did not belong to myself alone; my only fault was + writing with warmth, in an official manner, that which you would have + forgiven on account of my youth, if I had addressed it as a friend to + yourself alone; but my intentions were so pure, that I was as much + surprised as pained by your letter, and that is saying a great deal. + </p> + <h3> + FROM M. DE ROCHAMBEAU. + </h3> + <p> + Newport, August 27th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + Permit an aged father, my dear marquis, to reply to you as he would do to + a son whom he tenderly loves and esteems. You know me well enough to feel + convinced that I do not require being excited, that when I, at my age, + form a resolution founded upon military and state reasons, and supported + by circumstances, no possible instigation can induce me to change my mind + without a positive order from my general. I am happy to say that his + despatches, on the contrary, inform me that my ideas correspond + substantially with his own, as to all those points which would allow us to + turn this into an offensive operation, and that we only differ in relation + to some small details, on which a slight explanation, or his commands, + would suffice to remove all difficulties in an instant. As a Frenchman, + you feel humiliated, my dear friend, at seeing an English squadron + blockading in this country, with a decided superiority of frigates and + ships, the Chevalier de Ternay's squadron; but console yourself, my dear + marquis, the port of Brest has been blockaded for two months by an English + fleet, and this is what prevents the second division from setting out + under the escort of M. de Bougainville. If you had made the two last wars, + you would have heard nothing spoken of but these same blockades; I hope + that M. de Guichen, on one side, and M. de Gaston, on the other, will + revenge us for these momentary mortifications. + </p> + <p> + It is always right, my dear marquis, to believe that Frenchmen are + invincible; but I, after an experience of forty years, am going to confide + a great secret to you: there are no men more easily beaten when they have + lost confidence in their chiefs, and they lose it instantly when their + lives have been compromised, owing to any private or personal ambition. If + I have been so fortunate as to have retained their confidence until the + present moment, I may declare, upon the most scrupulous examination of my + own conscience, that I owe it entirely to this fact, that, of about + fifteen thousand men who have been killed or wounded under my command, of + various ranks, and in the most bloody actions, I have not to reproach + myself with having caused the death of a single man for my own personal + advantage. + </p> + <p> + You wrote to the Chevalier de Chastellux, my dear marquis, that the + interview I requested of our general has embarrassed him, because it only + becomes necessary after the arrival of the second division, when there + will be quite time enough to act. But you must surely have forgotten that + I have unceasingly requested that interview immediately, and that it is + absolutely necessary that he, the admiral, and I, should concert together + all our projects and details, that in case one of the three chances should + occur and enable us to act offensively, our movements may be prompt and + decisive. In one of these three cases, my dear marquis, you will find in + your old prudent father some remnants of vigour and activity. Be ever + convinced of my sincere affection, and that if I pointed out to you very + gently what displeased me in your last despatch, I felt at the time + convinced that the warmth of your heart had somewhat impaired the coolness + of your judgment. Retain that latter quality in the council-room, and + reserve all the former for the hour of action. It is always the aged + father, Rochambeau, who is addressing his dear son Lafayette, whom he + loves, and will ever love and esteem until his latest breath. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE. + </h3> + <p> + Robinson House, opposite W. Point, Sept. 26, 1780. + </p> + <p> + When I parted from you yesterday, sir, to come and breakfast here with + General Arnold, we were far from foreseeing the event which I am now going + to relate to you.~{1} + </p> + <p> + You will shudder at the danger to which we have been exposed; you will + admire the miraculous chain of unexpected events and singular chances that + have saved us; but you will be still more astonished when you learn by + what instruments this conspiracy has been formed. West Point was sold—and + sold by Arnold: the same man who formerly acquired glory by rendering such + immense services to his country. He had lately entered into a horrible + compact with the enemy, and but for the accident that brought us here at a + certain hour, but for the combination of chances that threw the + adjutant-general of the English army in the hands of some peasants, beyond + the limits of our stations, West Point and the North River, we should both + at present, in all probability, be in possession of the enemy. + </p> + <p> + When we set out yesterday for Fishkill, we were preceded by one of my + aides-de-camp, and one of General Knox's, who found General Arnold and his + wife at breakfast, and sat down at table with them. Whilst they were + together, two letters were given to Arnold, which apprised him of the + arrestration of the spy. He ordered a horse to be saddled, went into his + wife's room to tell her he was ruined, and desired his aide-de-camp to + inform General Washington that he was going to West Point and would return + in the course of an hour. + </p> + <p> + On our arrival here, we crossed the river and went to examine the works. + You may conceive our astonishment when we learnt, on our return, that the + arrested spy was Major André, adjutant-general of the English army; and + when amongst his papers were discovered the copy of an important council + of war, the state of the garrison and works, and observations upon various + means of attack and defence, the whole in Arnold's own hand writing. + </p> + <p> + The adjutant-general wrote also to the general, avowing his name and + situation. Orders were sent to arrest Arnold; but he escaped in a boat, + got on board the English frigate the <i>Vulture</i>, and as no person + suspected his flight, he was not stopped at any post. Colonel Hamilton, + who had gone in pursuit of him, received soon after, by a flag of truce, a + letter from Arnold to the general, in which he entered into no details to + justify his treachery, and a letter from the English commander, Robertson, + who, in a very insolent manner, demanded that the adjutant-general should + be delivered up to them, as he had only acted with the permission of + General Arnold. + </p> + <p> + The first care of the general has been to assemble, at West Point, the + troops that, under various pretences, Arnold had dispersed. We remain here + to watch over the safety of a fort, that the English may respect less as + they become better acquainted with it. Continental troops have been + summoned here, and as Arnold's advice may determine Clinton to make a + sudden movement, the army has received orders to be prepared to march at a + moment's warning. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The project of an expedition against New York had not been abandoned: + it was still canvassed by letter. General Washington agreed with the + French generals as to the necessity of waiting for a naval reinforcement. + The latter insisted upon having a conference with the General and M. de + Lafayette. (See especially Washington's Letter of the 21st August, vol. + vii. p. 169.) That long deferred conference was at length granted, and it + was fixed that it should take place at Hartford (Connecticut). Washington + left his army the 18th of September. It will be recollected that it was + his interview with Arnold at the passage of the Hudson, that induced the + latter to take the steps which led to the discovery of the conspiracy. + (See above.) Some days after, M. de Rochambeau wrote thus to M. de + Lafayette:— + </p> + <p> + "Providence has declared itself for us, my dear marquis,—and that + important interview, which I have so long wished for, and which has given + me so much pleasure, has been crowned by a peculiar mark of the favour of + Heaven. The Chevalier de la Luzerne has not yet arrived; I took the + liberty of opening your letter to him, in which I found all the details of + that horrible conspiracy, and I am penetrated with mingled feelings, of + grief at the event itself, and joy at its discovery." + </p> + <p> + TO MADAME DE TESSÉ. + </p> + <p> + Camp, on the right side of the North River, near the Island of New York, + October 4th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + A French frigate arriving from America,—the son of M. de Rochambeau + on board! Good God, what a commotion all that will excite, and how much + trouble inquisitive people will take to discover the secrets of the + ministers. But I, my dear cousin, will confide to you our secret. The + French army has arrived at Rhode Island, and has not quitted that spot. M. + de Ternay's seven vessels have been blockaded the whole time, and the + English have nineteen vessels here under that lucky commander, Rodney. We + Americans, without money, without pay, and without provisions, by holding + out fair promises, have succeeded in forming an army, which has been + offering to fight a battle with the English for the last three months, but + which cannot without vessels reach the island of New York. Gates, who was + no favourite of mine, has become still less so since he has allowed + himself to be beaten in the south. But all this is quite as monontonous as + a European war, and catastrophes are necessary to excite and sustain the + interest of men. + </p> + <p> + You must know, then, my cousin, that a certain General Arnold, of some + reputation in the world, was our commander at West Point, a fort on the + North River, whose importance the Duke d'Ayen will explain to you. General + Washington and I, returning from Hartford, where we had held a conference + with the French generals, discovered a conspiracy of the highest + importance. We owe that discovery to an almost incredible combination of + accidents. West Point was sold by Arnold, and we were consequently lost. + The traitor has fled to join the enemy. + </p> + <p> + I received letters from you by the fleet, and by the Alliance, and I am + impatiently expecting more recent ones. The nation will not be pleased + with the state of tranquillity in which we remain. But as we have no + ships, we can only wait for the enemy's blows, and General Clinton does + not appear in any haste to attack us. As to ourselves, we republicans + preach lectures to our sovereign master, the people, to induce him to + recommence his exertions. In the mean while we practise so much frugality, + and are in such a state of poverty and nudity, that I trust an account + will be kept in the next world, whilst we remain in purgatory, of all we + have suffered here. + </p> + <p> + Poircy~{1} is here, and although he does not find a St. Germain in this + part of the world, he accustoms himself extremely well, I assure you, to a + soldier's life. I thank you from the bottom of my heart for all the news + you gave me. Although they afforded me the greatest pleasure, I scarcely + dare reply to them, from the fear that my answers may appear to come from + another world. I saw in the paper that the King of Spain was dead: has + God, then, punished him for having conferred the title of grandee upon M. + de Montbarrey? + </p> + <p> + I need not tell you that I am in good health, for that is, you know, my + usual custom. My situation here is as agreeable as possible. I am in high + favour, I believe, with the French army: the American army shew me every + possible kindness and attention. I have the command of a flying corps, + composed of the elite of the troops. My friend General Washington + continues to be everything to me that I before described to you. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear cousin. When shall I again see you? I pray that God may + grant us an honourable peace, and that I may embrace my friends, and I + willingly, for my own part, will give up my share of the glory in the hope + eventually to win. + </p> + <p> + Present my affectionate regards to M. de Tesse, M. de Mun, M. Tenai, and + the baron;~{2} I was on the point of saying, embrace his daughter for me. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Secretary. The Marshal de Noailles had a house at Saint Germain. + </p> + <p> + 2. The Baron de Tott. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Near Fort Lee, opposite Fort Washington, on the North River, Oct. 7th, + 1780. + </p> + <p> + You must have already learnt, my dearest love, all that can interest you + relating to myself, from my arrival at Boston until my voyage to Rhode + Island, which place public affairs, and the desire of seeing my friends, + induced me to visit soon after my landing. I have been since to Hartford + in Connecticut, to be present at an interview between the French generals + and General Washington: of all my young friends, Damas ~{1} was the only + one who accompanied us. The viscount~{2} and I often write to each other, + but we do not meet, and the poor man remains shut up in Rhode Island; the + French squadron detains the army there, and is itself detained by nineteen + ships of the line and sundry other ships of war, upon which M. Rodney + proudly exhibits the British colours. So long as our naval inferiority + lasts, you need feel no anxiety about the health of your friends in + America. + </p> + <p> + I must speak to you, however, about my health; it continues excellent, and + has not been interrupted for a single moment; a soldier's mode of living + is extremely frugal, and the general officers of the rebel army fare very + differently from the French army at Newport. You have probably heard that, + on my arrival in America, I found the army of General Washington very weak + in numbers, and still more so in resources. Our prospects were not + brilliant, and the loss of Charleston was for us a most heavy blow, but + the desire of co-operating with their allies gave new vigour to the + states. General Washington's army increased more than half in number, and + more than ten thousand militia were added to it, who would have come + forward if we had acted offensively. Associations of merchants and + patriotic banks were formed to supply the army with subsistence. The + ladies made, and are still making, subscriptions, to afford succour to the + soldiers. When that idea was first proposed, I made myself your ambassador + to the ladies of Philadelphia, and you are inscribed on the list for a + hundred guineas. General Gates had in the south an army quite sufficient + for defence; but he has been completely beaten in Carolina. The fruit of + all these labours has been, to prove to the French that the Americans + desire nothing better than to second their views upon England, to prove to + the English that the flame of liberty was not wholly extinguished in + America, and to keep us, during the whole campaign, in daily expectation + of a battle, which General Clinton, although equal to us in number, has + never thought proper to accept. If we had only had ships, we should have + been enabled to do a great deal more. + </p> + <p> + As I know that all that interests me deeply is also interesting to you, I + will tell you that we are much occupied by an important system, which + would secure to us a considerable army during the whole war, and would + bring into action all the resources which America is capable of making. + God grant that the nation may understand its true interests, and our + affairs will go on without difficulty! + </p> + <p> + M. de Rochambeau and M. de Ternay, as well as all the other French + officers, conduct themselves extremely well here. A little ebullition of + frankness gave rise to a slight altercation between those generals and + myself. As I perceived I could not convince them, and that it was + important for the public good that we should remain friends; I declared, + with due humility, that I had been mistaken, that I had committed an + error, and, in short, in proper terms, I asked their pardon, which + produced such an excellent effect that we are now on a more amicable + footing than ever. + </p> + <p> + I command a flying corps, which always forms an advance guard, and is + quite independent of the great army; this is far too grand for our pacific + situation. + </p> + <p> + On the Hackensack River, Oct. 8th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + You will learn, my dearest love, an important event, which has exposed + America to the greatest danger. A frightful conspiracy has been planned by + the celebrated Arnold: he sold to the English the fort of West Point, + which was under his command, and, consequently, the whole navigation of + the river: the plot was within an ace of succeeding, and quite as many + chances combined together to discover it as in that affair of the <i>Alliance</i>, + which I have so often described to you.~{3} After our journey to Hartford, + General Washington passed by West Point, which was not on his road; but he + was desirous of shewing me the works that had been constructed since my + departure for France. Detained by various accidents upon the road, we + arrived at the traitor's house just as he received the letters which + announced that he had been discovered. He had not time to intercept those + proofs of infamy, and consequently he could only make his escape towards + New York half an hour before our arrival. + </p> + <p> + The adjutant-general of the English army has been arrested under a feigned + name and dress. He was an important person, the friend and confidant of + General Clinton. He behaved with so much frankness, courage, and delicacy, + that I could not help lamenting his unhappy fate. + </p> + <p> + I received, with great delight, the letters of my dear sisters; I shall + write to them to-morrow; but I shall send this scrawl, as I fear the + frigate may depart. I finish my letter in this place, having begun it + rather more close to the enemy: we had approached them to protect a small + enterprise, in which a detachment of my advance-guard has been engaged, + and which only ended by capturing two officers, and fifteen men and + horses. We are now marching towards a place you will find marked upon the + map Sotawa, whither the grand army is also to repair. I shall write to + Madame d'Ayen and to my sisters. + </p> + <p> + Sotawa Bridge, October 10th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + I am closing my letter, but before sealing it, I must again speak to you + for a moment of my affection. General Washington was much pleased by the + kind messages which I delivered from you; he desires me to present to you + his tender regards; he is affectionately attached to George, and is much + gratified by the name we have given him. We often speak of you and of the + little family. Adieu, adieu. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. The Count Charles de Damas, died a peer of France under the + restoration. + </p> + <p> + 2. The Viscount de Noailles. + </p> + <p> + 3. The conspiracy discovered on board the frigate which brought home M. de + Lafayette, in September, 1779. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Light Camp, October 30th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—In our conversations upon military operations you + have often told me that, since the beginning of the campaign, your eyes + were turned towards a project upon which I generally agree in opinion with + you, and beg leave to offer some observations. + </p> + <p> + Far from lessening my desire of finishing the campaign by some brilliant + stroke, the project of Staten Island, though it miscarried, has + strengthened my opinions, as I have clearly seen, by the details of this + operation, that we should, in all human probability, have succeeded, and + that our men were fully equal to any enterprise of that kind.~{1} + </p> + <p> + My reasons for wishing to undertake something are these:—1st. Any + enterprise will please the people of this country, and shew them that when + we have men we do not lie still; and even a defeat (provided it was not + fatal) would have its good consequences. 2ndly. The French court have + often complained to me of the inactivity of the American army, who, before + the alliance, had distinguished themselves by their spirit of enterprise. + They have often told me, your friends leave us now to fight their battles, + and do no more risk themselves: it is, moreover, of the greatest political + importance to let them know, that, on our side, we were ready to + co-operate. Be sure, my dear general, that many people's interest will be + to let it be believed that we <i>were not ready</i>, and if anything may + engage the ministry to give us the asked for support, it will be our + proving to the nation that, on our side, <i>we had been ready</i>. So far + was the Chevalier de la Luzerne convinced of this (and on this point the + minister's interest is the same as ours) that he was made happy by my + mentioning to him the Staten Island affair. I well know the court of + Versailles, and were I to go to it, I should think it very impolitic to go + there unless we had done something. 3rdly. It is more than probable that + mediators will interfere this winter by a negotiation. Then England will + say, how can we give up people whom we consider as half conquered; their + best city has been taken by an army not much superior to the people that + were to defend it; their southern army was routed almost as soon as looked + at by the British troops New York is so much ours, that they dare not + approach it, and General Washington's army does not exceed five thousand + men. What shall France answer? Principally now that from the letters I + have received I find the Charleston affair has brought our arms into + contempt. But what difference, if France might say, the American army has + taken, sword in hand, your best works; they have offered to you the battle + upon your own island, and, perhaps they may add (for news increases in + travelling), they are now in possession of New York. + </p> + <p> + Upon these considerations, my dear general, what I want is this, to find + an expedition which may wear a brilliant aspect, and afford probable + advantages, also an immense, though very remote one, which, if + unsuccessful, may not turn fatal to us, for the loss of two or three + hundred men, half of them being enlisted for two months, I do not consider + as a ruinous adventure. + </p> + <p> + The basis of the plan will be, that Fort Washington, being in our + possession, may, with the Fort Lee batteries, protect our crossing North + River, and be a security for our retreat, principally if some works are + added on the point of embarkation. The taking of Fort Washington we may + demonstrate to be very probable, and upon that point you are of my + opinion. + </p> + <p> + The enemy have, on the upper part of the Island from fifteen hundred to + two thousand men, who would immediately occupy all the other upper posts. + Their army on Long Island would repair to New York, and there would also + retire the troops posted at Harlem. + </p> + <p> + As soon as Fort Washington should be ours, the army would cross over to + the island, and those of West Point arrive in the same time (which + calculation may be easily done) so that we should effectually possess all + the upper posts, or cut them off from their main army. Some militia would + come to our assistance, and as these posts are not well furnished with + provisions we should take them, at least, by famine. + </p> + <p> + The enemy's army consists of nine thousand men: they must certainly leave + one thousand men in their several posts; fifteen hundred of them, at + least, will be either killed at Fort Washington or blocked up at Laurel + Hill, and they will then have between six and seven thousand men to attack + ten. The two thousand militia (in supposing that they durst take them out) + I do not mention, because we may have four thousand militia for them: + under such circumstances it is, probable that Sir Henry Clinton will + venture a battle. If he does, and by chance beat us, we retire under Fort + Washington; but, if we beat him, his works will be at such a distance, + that he will be ruined in the retreat. If, on the contrary, he knows that + the French army is coming, and if we spread the report of a second + division, or of Count de Guichen being upon the coasts, he will keep in + his works, and we will, some way or other, carry the upper posts. When we + are upon the spot we may reconnoitre New York, and see if something is to + be done. If Clinton was making a forage into the Jerseys, I should be + clear for pushing to the city. + </p> + <p> + If we undertake, the circumstances of the weather make it necessary that + we undertake immediately. I would move the army, as soon as possible, to + our position near the new bridge. This movement may invite Clinton in the + Jerseys, and bring us nearer to the point of execution. + </p> + <p> + Though my private glory and yours, my dear general, both of which are very + dear to my heart, are greatly interested, not so much for the opinions of + America, as for those of Europe, in our doing something this campaign, I + hope you know me too well to think I should insist upon steps of this + nature unless I knew that they were politically necessary, and had a + sufficient military probability. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + The six hundred men of Luzerne's legion might be got in twelve days. If + our movements had no other effect but to make a diversion in favour of the + south, it would, on that footing, meet with the approbation of the world, + and perhaps impeach the operations of General Leslie. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. M. de Lafayette had taken, since the 7th of August, command of the + corps of light infantry, consisting of six companies of men, selected in + different lines of the army. Those battalions were divided into two + brigades; one under the command of General Hand, the other of General + Poor. The inactivity of the army was very opposite to the character and + policy of M. de Lafayette; he endeavoured incessantly to find means of + putting an end to it, at least as far as regarded himself. The 14th of + August he had written to General Washington to ask his permission to + attempt a nocturnal surprise on the two camps of Hessians established at + New York Island. At the beginning of October, he attempted an expedition + on Italian Island, which could not be accomplished, owing to a mistake + made by the administration of the materality of the army. This letter, and + the letters of the 13th of November, allude to this circumstance. We have + been obliged to retrench ten letters, which relate solely to the + unimportant incidents of a war of observation. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head-quarters, 30th October, 1780. + </p> + <p> + It is impossible, my dear marquis, to desire more ardently than I do, to + terminate the campaign by some happy stroke; but we must consult our means + rather than our wishes, and not endeavour to better our affairs by + attempting things which, for want of success, may make them worse. We are + to lament that there has been a misapprehension of our circumstances in + Europe; but to endeavour to recover our reputation, we should take care + that we do not injure it more. Ever since it became evident that the + allied arms could not co-operate this campaign, I have had an eye to the + point you mention, determined, if a favourable opening should offer, to + embrace it; but, so far as my information goes, the enterprise would not + be warranted; it would, in my opinion, be imprudent to throw an army of + ten thousand men upon an island against nine thousand, exclusive of seamen + and militia. This, from the accounts we have, appears to be the enemy's + force. All we can do at present, therefore, is to endeavour to gain a more + certain knowledge of their situation, and act accordingly. This I have + been some time employed in doing, but hitherto with little success. I + shall thank you for any aids you can afford. Arnold's flight seems to have + frightened all my intelligencers out of their senses. I am sincerely and + affectionately yours. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Light Camp, November 13th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—In revolving in my mind the chances of discovery by + moonlight, and, on the other hand, the inconveniences of staying longer + than you wish under our tents, I have thought if there was any position + which might enable us to take advantage of the first hours of the night. + How far the sending of the Pennsylvanians towards Aquakanac, and going + ourselves to the Hukinsac~{1} position, may awaken the enemy, I cannot + pretend to say. The most difficult affair in this would be the article of + the boats. Colonel Smith will go tomorrow morning to West Point, unless + any intelligence received at head-quarters had made it useful that the + enterprise be attempted soon, in which case he would go and reconnoitre + the place. Suppose he was to bring from West Point Colonel Gouvion, who + has often examined the place with the eye of an engineer. These ideas, my + dear general, have rather started into any mind, than become fixed, and I + thought I would communicate them. + </p> + <p> + Most affectionately and respectfully yours, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + The Marquis de Laval Montmorency, one of the most illustrious families in + France, is on his way to the camp. The Chevalier de Chastellux, a relation + and friend of mine, major-general in the French army, is also coming. I + every day expect my brother-in-law, and his friend, Count de Charlus, only + son to the Marquis de Castries, who enjoys a great consideration in + France, and has won the battle of Closter Camp. The Duke of Lauzun has + also written to me that he would come soon.~{2} These five gentlemen may, + by their existence at home, be considered as the first people in the + French army. This little history I give you before their arrival, in + consequence of what you have desired from me at the beginning. + </p> + <p> + I write some letters to the commanding officers at Fishkill, West Point, + and King's Ferry, so that the gentlemen may be directed to come by the + best road to my quarters, from which I will present them to you. I think + the letters ought to be sent as soon as possible. + </p> + <p> + P.S. As General Heath commands in all these parts, I think, upon + recollection, that I had better write to him alone. You might also send + him a line on the subject. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. The general-in-chief projected an attack on the posts of the northern + part of New York. While General Heath was to attract, by a feint, the + attention of the enemy, Washington was to march in advance, and M. de + Lafayette to attack Fort Washington. This expedition, for which great + preparations had been made, terminated in a few reconnoitring parties. The + campaign closed without an engagement. + </p> + <p> + 2. The Marquis de Laval, is the Duke de Laval, who died under the + restoration. The Chevalier de Chastellux is well known by his works. The + Count de Charlus is at present the Duke de Castries, member of the chamber + of peers. M. de Lauzun has been general in the service of the French + republic. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Paramus, November the 28th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + My dear General,—We arrived last night at this place, and were much + favoured by the weather in our recognising of the Island, where, I + confess, my feelings were different from what I had experienced when + looking at these forts with a hopeful eye. I saw the fatal sentry alluded + to, Colonel Gouvion, on an upper battery of Jeffery's Hook. I also saw a + small vessel playing off this Hook, but quite a trifling thing, without + guns, and but two men on board. Nothing else on the river but the usual + guards of spiting devil. + </p> + <p> + As you have been pleased to consult me on the choice of an + adjutant-general, I will repeat here, my dear general, that though I have + a claim upon General Hand, in every other point of view, his zeal, + obedience, and love of discipline, have given me a very good opinion of + him. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Smith has been by me wholly employed in that line, and I can + assure you that he will perfectly answer your purpose. + </p> + <p> + Unless, however, you were to cast your eye on a man who, I think, would + suit better than any other in the world. Hamilton is, I confess, the + officer whom I should like to see in that station. With equal advantages, + his services deserve from you the preference to any other. His knowledge + of your opinions and intentions on military arrangements, his love of + discipline, the superiority he would have over all the others, principally + when both armies shall operate together, and his uncommon abilities, are + calculated to render him perfectly agreeable to you. His utility would be + increased by this preferment; and on other points he could render + important services. An adjutant-general ought always to be with the + commander-in-chief. Hamilton should, therefore, remain in your family, and + his great industry in business would render him perfectly serviceable in + all circumstances. On every public or private account, my dear general, I + would advise you to take him. + </p> + <p> + I shall, on my arrival at Philadelphia, write you how those matters are + going, upon which I build my private schemes. But I heartily wish that + some account or other from Europe may enable you to act this winter on + maritime operations. I hate the idea of being from you for so long a time; + but I think I ought not to stay idle. At all events, I must return when + your army takes the field. + </p> + <p> + I flatter myself with the hope of meeting Mrs. Washington on the road. + Adieu, my dear general, most affectionately and respectfully yours. + </p> + <h3> + TO HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, December 5th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—By my letter of yesterday I have mentioned to you + that a Spanish expedition was intended against St. Augustine. They mean to + set out at the end of December, which will certainly delay them till the + middle of January. It consists of twelve ships of the line, some frigates, + bomb ketches, and a large number of troops. I have advised the minister to + communicate officially to you this intelligence, and also to Count de + Rochambeau, that proper means, if convenient, may be taken to improve it. + </p> + <p> + For my part, my dear general, I have conducted myself agreeably to what + you said to me in our last conversations, that if, in the course of the + winter, a naval superiority was obtained, our business should be to push + for the southward, and that you would take for that purpose four thousand + French and two thousand Americans. Nothing against New York can be + undertaken before the end of May. Anything, therefore, that could employ + us during February, March, and April, is worthy of our attention. + </p> + <p> + The confederacy was going to sail for some clothing which we have in the + West Indies. No time was left to wait for an answer from you. I knew + perfectly your sense of this affair. I therefore, with the advice of + Chevalier de la Luzerne, wrote him a letter dated from Camp, wherein I + explained to him that something might be done in conjunction for the + public good. My opinion is strengthened by your sentiments on this matter, + without, however, bringing myself, and still less yourself, to make any + formal application to the Spanish generals. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed you will find a copy of this letter, the first part of which + mentions that if, after having landed their troops in Florida, they would + send their ships of the line for us, we might, at three weeks notice + before the departure of the squadron, have in readiness six thousand men + for a powerful diversion in Carolina. Their own interest is the only thing + I seem to consider in this business, and I endeavour to invite Spanish + caution in this measure; but, unless a more particular application is + made, I do not believe that this part of my letter will have any effect. + </p> + <p> + The second part will, I hope, be productive of some good for America. I + urge the necessity immediately to open a correspondence with General + Greene that he may, by his manoeuvres, facilitate the operation of Spain. + I tell them, that unless they land a corps of troops on the boundaries of + Georgia, with a view at least to threaten Augusta and Savannah, their + expedition will run a great risk. I advise the measure of cruizing off + Charleston Harbour, the whole under the idea of their own interest. + </p> + <p> + I have also written to the naval French commander in the West Indies, + advising him to succour Chevalier de Ternay, which I know he will not do. + But I take this opportunity of condemning their foolish neglect, in not + appearing on our coasts when they return to Europe; and I do also advise + that, in their cruizes from St. Domingo, they may sometimes appear off + Savannah and Charlestown Harbour. Inclosed you will find a copy of this + letter. + </p> + <p> + Though I always speak of the beginning of February, it is, however, + certain, that any time in February would be convenient to go to the + southward. March and April are more than sufficient for the taking of + Charlestown; and in all cases, I know, from our last conversations, that + you wish for a naval superiority this winter, in order to succour the + southern states. + </p> + <p> + I had this morning, my dear general, a long conversation with the + Chevalier de la Luzerne, relating to a southern operation. He is, as well + as myself, clearly of opinion, that unless a formal application and a plan + of campaign be proposed to them, they will not send their ships to us. In + this last case their coming ought still to be questioned. But if you + thought it better to try, you might propose to the French generals to send + a frigate there, and see, with them, what might be done in conjunction. + Suppose they were to take four thousand men, leaving some, and the + militia, at Rhode Island. We could on our part muster two thousand + Americans. However, the Spaniards are so positive and strict in following + literally their instructions that I do not believe anything will engage + them to come. But my letter, which I look upon as a mere cipher on the + first proposition, will, I hope, engage, them to impart their projects to + General Greene, and of course this diversion will become useful to us. + </p> + <p> + Suppose Count de Rochambeau and Chevalier de Ternay were to send to + Havanna a copy of your letter, I think they ought to intrust it to + Viscount de Noailles, who will soon return to Rhode Island, and whose name + is highly respected by the court of Spain for many particular reasons, too + long to be mentioned here. + </p> + <p> + I have seen Mr. Ross, and find that very little clothing is to be for the + present expected. They have some arms on board the <i>Alliance</i>, and, I + think, a hundred bales of cloth on board a vessel under Jones's convoy. + The remainder will come with the <i>Serapis</i>. Unless the storm has + forced Jones to put in some French harbour, he may be expected every + minute. + </p> + <p> + The assembly of Pennsylvania have before them the affair of the recruits; + but proper arrangements are not properly supported. They are fond of + voluntary enlistments. I have an appointment for to-morrow with General + Mifflin, where I will debate this matter with him. + </p> + <p> + To-morrow, my dear general, I will go to Brandywine with Chevalier de + Chastellux, and also to Red Bank, Fort Mifflin, &c. On my return I + hope to find news from France, and I will write you my determination about + my going to the southward. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed you will find a newspaper, wherein congress have printed a letter + from General Gates, relating to a new success of Sumpter. + </p> + <p> + Congress have lately received letters from Mr. Jay and Mr. Adams, but + nothing very particular. They have more fully written by other + opportunities that are expected. Portugal has entered into the convention + of neutrality, and with such conditions as to shew their partiality to our + side of the question. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear general, most respectfully and affectionately. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The winter, according to custom, causing the dispersion of the army, M. + de Lafayette repaired to Philadelphia to be nearer arrivals and + intelligence from Europe. It was there he first conceived the project of + going to serve in the south under General Greene, who was to make a winter + campaign. As regards the project of making a division in Florida, with the + co-operation of the Spaniards, he seconded it with ardour, and to General + Washington, M. de la Luzerne, and the Spanish commanders, he wrote long + letters on the subject, which have but little interest, owing to the + project not having been attended with any important result: those letters + have been omitted. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, 14th December, 1780. + </p> + <p> + My dear Marquis,—Soon after despatching my last letter to you, your + favour dated at Paramus was put into my hands by Colonel Gouvion. The + Chevalier de la Luzerne's despatches came in time for the post, which is + the only means left me for the conveyance of letters; there not being so + much money in the hands of the quartermaster-general (I believe I might go + further, and say in those of the whole army,) as would bear the expense of + an express to Rhode Island. I could not get one the other day to ride so + far as Compton. + </p> + <p> + I am now writing to the Count de Rochambeau and the Chevalier de Ternay, + on the subject of your several letters. When their answer arrives, I will + communicate the contents to you. You must be convinced, from what passed + at the interview at Hartford, that my command of the French troops at + Rhode Island stands upon a very limited scale, and that it would be + impolitic and fruitless in me to propose any measures of co-operation to a + third power, without their concurrence; consequently an application from + you, antecedently to an official proposition from the minister of France, + the gentlemen at the head of the French armament at Rhode Island, + congress, or myself, could only be considered as coming from a private + gentleman; it is, therefore, my advice to you to postpone your + correspondence with the Spanish generals, and let your influence come in + hereafter, as auxiliary to something more formal and official. I do not + hesitate to give it clearly as my opinion to you, (but this opinion and + this business should be concealed behind a curtain,) that the favourable + moment of the Spanish operations in the Floridas ought to be improved to + the utmost extent of our means, provided the Spaniards, by a junction of + their maritime force with that of his most Christian Majesty, under the + command of the Chevalier de Ternay, will give us a secure convoy, and + engage not to leave us until the operations shall be at an end, or it can + be done by consent of parties. + </p> + <p> + I am very thankful to the minister for permitting, and to you for + communicating to General Greene, intelligence of the Spanish movement + towards the Floridas. It may have a happy influence on his measures, and + it may be equally advantageous to the Spaniards. Your expressions of + personal attachment and affection to me are flattering and pleasing, and + fill me with gratitude. It is unnecessary, I trust, on my part, to give + you assurances of mutual regard, because I hope you are convinced in your + own choice to go to the southern army or to stay with this, circumstances + and inclination alone must govern you. It would add to my pleasure if I + could encourage your hope of Colonel Nevill's exchange. I refused to + interest myself in the exchange of my own aide. General Lincoln's were + exchanged with himself, and upon that occasion, for I know of no other, + congress passed a resolution, prohibiting exchanges out of the order of + captivity. + </p> + <p> + Under one general head, I shall express my concern for your disappointment + of letters, our disappointment of clothes, and disappointment in the mode + of raising men; but I shall congratulate you on the late change of the + administration of France,~{1} as it seems to be consonant to your wishes, + and to encourage hope. I am much pleased at the friendly disposition of + Portugal. Much good, I hope, will result from the combination of the + maritime powers. I am in very confined quarters; little better than those + at Valley Forge, but such as they are I shall welcome into them your + friends on their return to Rhode Island. I am, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Endnote 1: The Marquis de Castries had succeeded, as minister of the + navy, to M. de Sartine. This change gave rise to the hope that France + would send the promised succours, and that expectation induced M. de + Lafayette to renounce his journey to the south. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES.~{1} + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, on the North River, Jan. 30th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The letters which I had the honour of writing to you, sir, and which were + dated the 20th May, 19th July, 4th and 16th December, have, I hope, + reached you safely. Since the arrival of the squadron, your despatch of + the 3rd of June is the only one I have received. The Chevalier de la + Luzerne has only received one letter of the same month, and none have yet + reached the officers of the army and squadron. + </p> + <p> + The first copy of this letter will be delivered to you by + Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens, aide-de-camp to General Washington, who is + charged by congress with a private mission. Permit me to recommend to you + this officer as a man who, by his integrity, frankness, and patriotism, + must be extremely acceptable to government. + </p> + <p> + According to the instructions of congress, he will place before you the + actual state of our affairs, which demand, I think more than ever, the + most serious attention. As to the opinions which I may allow myself to + express, sir, they entirely correspond with those I have hitherto + expressed, and the very slight alterations observable in them have been + occasioned by a change of time, prejudices, and circumstances. + </p> + <p> + With a naval inferiority, it is impossible to make war in America. It is + that which prevents us from attacking any point that might be carried with + two or three thousand men. It is that which reduces us to defensive + operations, as dangerous as they are humiliating. The English are + conscious of this truth, and all their movements prove how much they + desire to retain the empire of the sea. The harbours, the country, and all + the resources it offers, appear to invite us to send thither a naval + force. If we had possessed but a maritime superiority this spring, much + might have been achieved with the army that M. de Rochambeau brought with + him, and it would not have been necessary to have awaited the division he + announced to us. If M. de Guichen had stopped at Rhode Island, on his way + to France, Arbuthnot would have been ruined, and not all Rodney's efforts + could have prevented our gaining victories. Since the hour of the arrival + of the French, their inferiority has never for one moment ceased, and the + English and the Tories have dared to say that France wished to kindle, + without extinguishing the flame. This calumny becomes more dangerous at a + period when the English detachments are wasting the south; when, under the + protection of some frigates, corps of fifteen hundred men are repairing to + Virginia, without our being able to get to them. On the whole continent, + with the exception of the Islands of Newport, it is physically impossible + that we should carry on an offensive war without ships, and even on those + Islands the difficulty of transportation, the scarcity of provisions, and + many other inconveniences, render all attempts too precarious to enable us + to form any settled plan of campaign. + </p> + <p> + The result, sir, of all this is, that the advantage of the United States + being the object of the war, and the progress of the enemy on that + continent being the true means of prolonging it, and of rendering it, + perhaps, even injurious to us, it becomes, in a political and military + point of view, necessary to give us, both by vessels sent from France, and + by a great movement in the fleet in the Islands, a decided naval + superiority for the next campaign; and also, sir, to give us money enough + to place the American forces in a state of activity; fifteen thousand of + the regular army, and ten thousand, or, if we choose it, a still greater + number of militia in this part of the country; a southern army, of which I + cannot tell precisely the extent, but which will be formed by the five + southern states, with all means of supporting in this country such a + considerable force. Such, sir, are the resources that you may employ + against the common enemy; immense sums of money could not transport + resources of equal value from Europe to America, but these, without a + succour of money, although established on the very theatre of war, will + become useless; and that succour, which was always very important, is now + absolutely necessary. + </p> + <p> + The last campaign took place without a shilling having been spent; all + that credit, persuasion, and force could achieve, has been done,—but + that can hold out no longer: that miracle, of which I believe no similar + example can be found, cannot be renewed, and our exertions having been + made to obtain an army for the war, we must depend on you to enable us to + make use of it. + </p> + <p> + From my peculiar situation, sir, and from what it has enabled me to know + and see, I think it is my duty to call your attention to the American + soldiers and on the part they must take in the operations of the next + campaign. The continental troops have as much courage and real discipline + as those that are opposed to them. They are more inured to privation, more + patient than Europeans, who, on these two points, cannot be compared to + them. They have several officers of great merit, without mentioning those + who have served during the last wars, and from their own talents have + acquired knowledge intuitively; they have been formed by the daily + experience of several campaigns, in which, the armies being small, and the + country a rugged one, all the battalions of the line were obliged to serve + as advance-guards and light troops. The recruits whom we are expecting, + and who only bear, in truth, the name of recruits, have frequently fought + battles in the same regiments which they are now re-entering, and have + seen more gun-shots than three-fourths of the European soldiers. As to the + militia, they are only armed peasants, who have occasionally fought, and + who are not deficient in ardour and discipline, but whose services would + be most useful in the labours of a siege. This, sir, is the faithful + picture that I think myself obliged to send you, and which it is not my + interest to paint in glowing colours, because it would be more glorious to + succeed with slighter means. The Chevalier de la Luzerne, who, having + himself seen our soldiers, will give you a detailed and disinterested + account of them, will doubtless tell you, as I do, that you may depend + upon our regular troops. The result of this digression, sir, is, to insist + still more earnestly on the necessity of sending money to put the American + troops in movement, and to repeat that well-known truth, that a pecuniary + succour and a naval superiority must be the two principal objects of the + next campaign. + </p> + <p> + It would take us too long to examine the faults that have been committed, + and the efforts that the states may still endeavour to make: we must + return to the former point, that, under present circumstances, money is + requisite to derive any advantage from the American resources; that the + means which have been substituted for funds are almost completely worn + out; that those to which we are at present reduced, do not fulfil the + proposed end, and are opposed to the ideas which induced the nation to + commence the revolution; that, consequently, we require money to restore + to the army that degree of activity without which it cannot operate in an + efficacious manner. Clothes, arms, ammunition, are comprised in the same + article, and Colonel Laurens carries with him a copy of the former list, + from which some deductions have been made. I will content myself with + saying, that nothing of any importance has been sent us, that it is + necessary to clothe the American army, that it requires arms, and, to be + enabled to besiege places, a great augmentation of powder. As these + expenses relate to the pecuniary succours, and are those which will strike + most forcibly individuals, both of the army and nation, I think it + important that the government should prepare them with promptness, and + send them in a secure manner. + </p> + <p> + If it should appear strange, sir, to call that completion of the army a + great effort, I would beg to observe, that hunger, cold, nudity, and + labour, the certainty of receiving no pay, clothes, or necessary food, + being the prospects held out to the American soldier, they must be but + little inviting to citizens who are, generally speaking, accustomed to + live at home with some degree of comfort; and the English having had + sufficient time to think of all the naval points, the attacks of next year + will be anything rather than surprises, and our forces must increase in + proportion to their precautions. I could have wished that there had been + some French troops, and my confidence in the decrease of prejudice has + been even greater than that of congress, General Washington, or your + minister at that time. The advance-guard of the Count de Rochambeau, + although inactive itself from want of ships, by its presence alone has + rendered an essential service to America: if it had not arrived, the + campaign would have been a ruinous one. When I consider the present state + of feeling, my opinion, as I have had the honour of telling you before, + would be to send hither, for the expedition of New York, a division of + about ten thousand Frenchmen. + </p> + <p> + In our conference at Hartford, sir, the calculations were of course made, + not according to the fortifications actually existing, but according to + those they might intend erecting. The answers General Washington thought + proper to make to the questions put by the Count de Rochambeau, have been + long since carried to you by the <i>Amazon</i>. A proposal to ask for a + corps of fifteen thousand Frenchmen could only be acceptable to the + commander-in-chief. But if that surplus were to lessen the sum of money by + means with which fifteen thousand regular troops, ten thousand militia, + and a southern army should be put into motion; if it were to lessen the + number of ships that would enable us to act in all places, and with a + decided superiority;—I must again repeat, that pecuniary succours + and a naval superiority are the two most essential points; that the same + quantity of money would, put into action here, double that number of + American soldiers; and that, without ships, a few thousand men more would + be but of little use to us. + </p> + <p> + The admirable discipline of the French corps, in addition to the honour it + confers on M. de Rochambeau and the soldiers under his command, fulfils a + still more important aim, by impressing on the minds of the Americans the + highest idea of our nation. + </p> + <p> + The wisdom of the government, in placing that corps under the orders of + General Washington, allows me only to repeat how essential it is that his + authority should be complete, and without any sort of restriction. The + talents, prudence, delicacy, and knowledge of country, which are all + united in him in the greatest degree of perfection, are qualities of which + one only would suffice to ensure the rigid observance of the instructions + which I bear; and the longer I remain here, the more frilly am I convinced + that each of them is equally necessary to the harmony and success of the + whole affair. + </p> + <p> + We have had, lately, sir, an important mutiny, of which Colonel Laurens + will give you the details.~{2} A corps of Pennsylvanian troops, almost + wholly composed of strangers, and stationed at Morristown (Jersey), + unanimously rose against their officers, and, under the direction of one + of their sergeants, marched on to Princetown. The civil authorities + repaired thither, to afford them the justice they demanded. To be in want + of food and clothes, to serve for more than a year without pay, some of + them, indeed, having been forced to serve a whole year beyond their + engagement, are evils to which no army would submit. It is singular enough + that those mutineers should have hung up the envoys of General Clinton. + The greatest part of the soldiers are disbanded, but they are to re-enter + the service, and to join the recruits in different regiments of the state. + I am not less positive as to the number of men we shall have in our + continental army. Some troops belonging to the Jerseys, seduced by + example, and being those next to the Pennsylvanians, which were composed + of the greatest number of foreigners, wished to take the same method of + obtaining justice; but General Washington, having taken the management of + this affair in his own hands, sent forward a detachment; the mutineers + submitted, and their chiefs were punished. It is impossible to pass too + high encomiums upon the New England troops, almost all national ones, + whose cause was at bottom the same, and who, in spite of their nudity, + crossed heavy snows to march against the mutineers. This proves, sir, that + human patience may have some limits, but that soldier citizens will endure + far more than strangers. These events furnish another argument for the + necessity of obtaining money. + </p> + <p> + I flatter myself, sir, that the government, conscious that the ensuing + campaign may be a decisive one, will occupy itself seriously of rendering + it favourable to us. The taking of New York would destroy the power of the + English on this continent, and a short continuation of naval superiority + would secure to us the easy conquest of all the other parts of the United + States. As to the taking of New York, which it would be rash to consider + easy, but absurd to respect the town as if it were a fortified one, it is, + I believe, well authenticated, and General Washington has no doubt upon + the subject, that with the means proposed in my letter, we should obtain + possession of it in the course of the summer. + </p> + <p> + It is, I believe, important to turn, as far as possible, the enemy's + attention towards Canada. + </p> + <p> + When General Washington gave Colonel Laurens his opinion respecting + military affairs and the operations of the campaign, he also put down in + writing some ideas on our present situation, and communicated to me that + letter, which contains the substance of several of his conversations with + me. I take the liberty of requesting the king's minister, to ask to see + that letter. Our situation is not painted in flattering colours; but the + general speaks from the sad experience of our embarrassments, and I agree + with him, sir, that it is indispensable for us to obtain some pecuniary + succours, and a decided naval superiority. + </p> + <p> + You must certainly have learnt, sir, that the defeat of Ferguson, and some + other successes of ours, having disarranged the plans of Lord Cornwallis, + General Leslie re-embarked to form the junction by water, and that he has + since arrived at Charlestown. Arnold, became an English general, and + honoured by the confidence of that nation, is at this moment at the head + of a British detachment. Having landed in Virginia, he took possession of + Richmond for some hours, and destroyed some public and private property: + he must now have retired into a safe harbour, or has, perhaps, joined some + other expedition. At the very moment when the English fancied that we were + in the most awkward situation from the mutiny of some troops, General + Washington sent a detachment on the left side of the Hudson, commanded by + Lieutenant-Colonel Hull, supported by General Parsons, which surprised, at + Westchester, a corps of three hundred men under Colonel Delancey, wounded + several, killed thirty, took sixty prisoners, burnt all the barracks and + provisions, and retired, after having destroyed a bridge of communication + with the Island of New York. + </p> + <p> + The general is soon to pass some days with the French troops at Rhode + Island, and I shall accompany him on that journey. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, sir, with equal affection and respect, &c. + &c: + </p> + <p> + New Windsor, February 4th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + By a letter from M. de Rochambeau, sir, we learn that the English squadron + in Gardiner's Bay has suffered severely from a gale of wind. A + seventy-four, it is said, has run on shore; the <i>London</i>, of ninety + guns, is dismasted, and M. Destouches~{3} was preparing to take advantage + of this event. But you will receive more circumstantial, and perhaps more + certain details, by letters from Rhode Island, and we are also ourselves + expecting some, to fix more positively our own ideas and hopes. General + Knox, commander of our artillery, a man of great merit and extreme + probity, has just reported to the general the result of a mission which + had been given him in the New England States. The spirit of patriotism and + the zeal he found,—the exertions they are making to levy troops, + either for the whole duration of the war, or for (what amounts, I trust, + to the same thing) the period of three years, surpass our most sanguine + hopes; and as they have twenty regiments in the continental service, I can + only urge, in a still more positive manner, what I have already had the + honour in writing to you. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter was written in ciphers. It is inserted here exactly as it + was first deciphered at the archives of foreign affairs. To avoid + repetitions, we have not inserted the answers of the minister; these were + written in a tone of confidence and friendship, and accord almost on every + point with the ideas of M. de Lafayette, which were, in a measure, adopted + by the cabinet of Versailles for the approaching campaign. + </p> + <p> + 2. The revolt of the Pennsylvanian line is of the 2nd of January. It was + appeased ten days afterwards, and imitated, the 20th of the same month, by + the New Jersey troops.—(See the Letters of Washington at that + period, and the Appendix, No. x. vol. vii.) + </p> + <p> + 3. M. Destouches had replaced in the command of the frigates M. de Ternay, + deceased the 15th December, after a short illness. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, in the North River, February 2nd, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The person who will deliver this to you, my dearest love, is a man I am + much attached to, and whom I wish you to become intimate with. He is the + son of president Laurens, who has been lately established in the Tower of + London;~{1} he is lieutenant-colonel in our service, and aide-de-camp to + General Washington; he has been sent by congress on a private mission to + the court of France. I knew him well during the two first campaigns, and + his probity, frankness, and patriotism, have attached me extremely to him. + General Washington is very fond of him; and of all the Americans whom you + have hitherto seen, he is the one I most particularly wish you to receive + with kindness. If I were in France, he should live entirely at my house, + and I would introduce him to all my friends (I have even introduced him to + some by letter); and give him every opportunity in my power of making + acquaintance, and of passing his time agreeably at Versailles; and in my + absence, I entreat you to replace me. Introduce him to Madame d'Ayen, the + Marshal de Mouchy, the Marshal de Noailles, and treat him in every respect + as a friend of the family: he will tell you all that has occurred during + our campaign, the situation in which we are at present placed, and give + you all details relating to myself. + </p> + <p> + Since my arrival here, my health has not for a moment failed. The air of + this country agrees with me extremely well, and exercise is very + beneficial to me. My exertions during the last campaign did not lead me + into much danger, and in that respect we have not, in truth, much to + boast. The French squadron has remained constantly blockaded in Rhode + Island, and I imagine that the Chevalier Ternay died of grief in + consequence of this event. However this may be, he is positively dead. He + was a very rough and obstinate man, but firm, and clear in all his views, + and, taking all things into consideration, we have sustained a great loss. + The French army has remained at Newport, and although its presence has + been very useful to us, although it has disconcerted some plans of the + enemy which would have been very injurious to us, it might have done still + more good if it had, not been thus blockaded. + </p> + <p> + Several Frenchmen have passed by head quarters. They have all been + delighted with General Washington, and I perceive with pleasure that he + will be much beloved by the auxiliary troops. Laval and Custine disputed + together during the whole journey, and at each station would have done + much better than the American and English generals, but never both in the + same manner. The viscount and Damas have taken a long journey on the + continent; we have also had the Count des Deux-Ponts, whom I like very + much; M. de Charlus is at present in Philadelphia. I intend setting out + about the 15th, for Rhode Island, and I shall accompany General Washington + during his visit to the French army. When you recollect how <i>those poor + rebels</i> were looked upon in France, when I came to be hung with them, + and when you reflect upon my warm affection for General Washington, you + will conceive how delightful it will be for me to witness his reception + there as generalissimo of the combined armies of the two nations. + </p> + <p> + The Americans continue to testify for me the greatest kindness: there is + no proof of affection and confidence which I do not receive each day from + the army and nation. I am serving here in the most agreeable manner + possible. At every campaign I command a separate flying corps, composed of + chosen troops; I experience for the American officers and soldiers that + friendship which arises from having shared with them, for a length of + time, dangers, sufferings, and both good and evil fortune. We began by + struggling together; our affairs have often been at the lowest possible + ebb. It is gratifying to me to crown this work with them, by giving the + European troops a high idea of the soldiers who have been formed with us. + To all these various motives of interest for the cause and army, are + joined my sentiments of regard for General Washington: amongst his + aides-de-camp there is one man I like very much, and of whom I have often + spoken to you; this is Colonel Hamilton. + </p> + <p> + I depend on Colonel Laurens to give you the details of our campaign. We + remained sufficiently near the English to merit the accusation of + boldness; but they would not take advantage of any of the opportunities we + offered them. We are all in winter quarters in this part of the country. + There is some activity in the south, and I was preparing to go there; but + the wishes of General Washington, and the hope of being useful to my + countrymen, have detained me here. The corps I command having returned to + the regiments, I have established myself at head-quarters. America made + great efforts last summer, and has renewed them this winter, but in a more + durable manner, by only making engagements for the war, and I trust that + none will have cause to be dissatisfied with us. + </p> + <p> + Arnold, who has now become an English general, landed in Virginia, with a + corps, which appears well pleased to serve under his orders. There is no + accounting for taste; but I do not feel sorry, I own, to see our enemies + rather degrade themselves, by employing one of our generals, whose + talents, even before we knew his treachery, we held in light estimation: + abilities must, in truth, be rare in New York. But whilst speaking of + baseness, Colonel Laurens will tell you of the fine embassy sent by + General Clinton to some mutinous soldiers. He will describe to you also + the details of that mutiny; the means employed to arrest it with the + Pennsylvanians, and also those we employed with the Jersey troops. This + only proves, however, that human patience has its limits, as no European + army would endure the tenth part of such sufferings, that <i>citizens</i> + alone can support nudity, hunger, cold, labour, and the absolute want of + that pay which is necessary to soldiers, who are more hardy and more + patient, I believe, than any others in existence. + </p> + <p> + Embrace our children a thousand and a thousand times for me; their father, + although a wanderer, is not less tender, not less constantly occupied with + them, and not less happy at receiving news from them. My heart dwells with + peculiar delight on the moment when those dear children will be presented + to me by you, and when we may embrace and caress them together. Do you + think that Anastasia will recollect me? Embrace tenderly for me my dear + and amiable viscountess, Madame du Roure, my two sisters, de Noailles and + d'Ayen, &c. &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. He was detained both as a prisoner of war and a rebel. The 18th of + October, Madame de Lafayette had herself written in his favour to M. de + Vergennes, a letter which is still preserved, in the archives of foreign + affairs. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Elk, March the 8th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My dear general,—Your letter of the 1st inst. did not come to hand + until last evening, and I hasted to answer to its contents, though I + should, in a few hours, be better able to inform you of my movements.~{1} + </p> + <p> + From what I hear of the difficulties to convoy us down the bay, I very + much apprehend that the winds will not permit any frigate to come up. + Count de Rochambeau thinks his troops equal to the business, and wishes + that they alone may display their zeal and shed their blood for an + expedition which all America has so much at heart. The measures he is + taking may be influenced by laudable motives, but I suspect they are not + entirely free from selfish considerations. God grant this may not be + productive of bad consequences. Baron de Viomenil will also want to do + every thing alone. As to the French troops, their zeal is laudable, and I + wish their chiefs would reserve it for the time when we may co-operate + with an assurance of success. + </p> + <p> + I heartily feel, my dear general, for the honour of our arms, and think it + would be derogatory to them had not this detachment some share in the + enterprise. This consideration induces me to embark immediately, and our + soldiers will gladly put up with the inconveniences that attend the + scarcity of vessels. We shall have those armed ones (though the largest + has only twelve guns) and with this every body assures us that we may go + without any danger to Annapolis. For my part I am not yet determined what + to do; but if I see no danger to our small fleet in going to Annapolis, + and if I can get Commodore Nicholson to take the command of it, I shall + perhaps proceed in a small boat to Hampton, where my presence can alone + enable me to procure a frigate, and where I will try to cool the + impetuosity or correct the political mistakes of both barons.~{2} + </p> + <p> + Whichever determination I take, a great deal must be personally risked, + but I hope to manage things so as to commit no imprudence with the + excellent detachment whose glory is as dear, and whose safety is much + dearer, to me than my own. I have written to General Greene, and will + write to the governors, either to get intelligence or to prepare means to + operate; but (General Greene excepted) I do not give them any hint of our + intentions further than the expedition against Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + When a man has delicate games to play, and when chance may influence so + much his success or miscarriage, he must submit to blame in case of + misfortune. But your esteem, my dear general, and your affection, will not + depend upon events. With the highest respect and most tender friendship, + &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. An instruction of the 20th of February, enjoined to General Lafayette + to take the command of a detachment assembled at Peekskill, to act in + conjunction with the militia, and some vessels of M. Destouches. He was to + proceed by a rapid march to Hampton, on the Chesapeak bay, to surprise + Arnold at Portsmouth: he had orders to return back immediately if he + learnt that the latter had quitted Virginia, or that the French commander + had lost his naval superiority. M. de Lafayette reached Pompton the 23rd, + (from whence he wrote to the general-in-chief,) Philadelphia the 2nd, and + Head-of-Elk the 3rd of March. Washington, however, had himself repaired to + Newport to urge the departure of M. Destouches, which event he announced + in a letter of the 11th. The result of his encounter on the 16th with + Admiral Arbuthnot was to oblige the squadron to return to Newport, and M. + de Lafayette to begin his retreat on the 24th. He spoke himself in the + following terms of the expedition of which this letter treats:— + </p> + <p> + "Dr. Ramsay and Mr. Marshall speak of the expedition attempted against + Arnold, and the circumstances which caused its failure. Lafayette's + detachment was composed of twelve hundred of those soldiers of light + infantry which had formed, the preceding year, the advance guard of the + army: these were drawn from regiments of the four states of New England + and Jersey. Gordon has truly related that, after conducting them by water + from Head-of-Elk to Annapolis, he went himself in an open canoe to + Elizabethtown to accelerate the preparations. The expedition having + failed, he was obliged to return to Annapolis, where his continental + troops had remained, vainly expecting that the French frigates would come + to escort them. It was a bold and skilful stroke in him to take advantage + of a favourable moment to convoy the American flotilla from Annapolis to + Head-of-Elk, and the detachment had scarcely arrived when General + Washington, announcing to him that General Phillips, with more than two + thousand chosen men, had gone to reinforce Arnold, and take the command in + Virginia, which was to become the centre of active operations, desired him + to defend the state as well and as long as the weakness of his means + allowed."—(Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 2. Viomenil and Steuben. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + On board the <i>Dolphin</i>, March 9th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Here I am at the mouth of Elk River, and the fleet + under my command will proceed to Annapolis, where I am assured they can go + without danger. They are protected by the <i>Nesbitt</i>, of twelve guns, + some field-pieces on board the vessel that carries Colonel Stevens, and we + are going to meet an eight-gun and a six-gun-vessel from Baltimore. With + this escort, we may go as far as Annapolis. No vessel of the enemy ever + ventured so far up, and if by chance they should, our force is superior to + any cruizer they have in the bay. At Annapolis we shall meet Commodore + Nicholson, whom I have requested, by a letter, to take the general command + of our fleet, and if there was the least danger, to proceed farther down. + They are to remain at Annapolis until I send them new orders. + </p> + <p> + As to myself, my dear general, I have taken a small boat armed with + swivels, and on board of which I have put thirty soldiers. I will precede + the fleet to Annapolis, where I am to be met by intelligence, and + conformable to the state of things below, will determine my personal + movements and those of the fleet. + </p> + <p> + With a full conviction that (unless you arrived in time at Rhode Island) + no frigate will be sent to us I think it my duty to the troops I command, + and the country I serve, to overlook some little personal danger, that I + may ask for a frigate myself; and in order to add weight to my + application, I have clapped on board my boat the only son of the minister + of the French Navy, whom I shall take out to speak if circumstances + require it. + </p> + <p> + Our men were much crowded at first, but I unload the vessels as we go + along, and take possession of every boat that comes in my way. + </p> + <p> + These are, my dear general, the measures I thought proper to take. The + detachment is, I hope, free from danger, and my caution on this point has + been so far as to be called timidity by every seaman I have consulted. + Captain Martin, of the <i>Nesbitt</i>, who has been recommended by General + Gist, makes himself answerable for the safe arrival of the fleet at + Annapolis before to-morrow evening. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Williamsburg, March the 23rd 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—By former letters your excellency has been + acquainted with my motions, from my arrival at the head of Elk to the time + of my landing at this place. The march of the detachment to Elk had been + very rapid and performed in the best order. Owing to the activity of + Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens, a train of artillery had been provided at + Philadelphia, and notwithstanding some disappointments, namely, that + relating to the want of vessels, no delay should have been imputed to us + in this co-operation. Having received your excellency's letter, by which + the sailing of the French fleet became a matter of certainty, I determined + to transport the detachment to Annapolis, and did it for many essential + reasons. The navigation of the bay is such that the going in and the going + out of Elk River requires a different wind from those which are fair to go + up and down the bay. Our stopping at Annapolis, and making some + preparations on the road to Carolina, might be of use to deceive the + enemy. But above all, I thought, with your excellency, that it was + important, both to the success of the operation and the honour of our + arms, that the detachment should be brought to cooperate, and from the + time when the French were to sail and the winds that blew for some days, I + had no doubt but that our allies were in the Chesapeak, before we could + arrive at Annapolis. + </p> + <p> + Owing to the good disposition of Commodore Nicholson, whom I requested to + take charge of our small fleet, the detachment was safely lodged in the + harbour of Annapolis; and in the conviction that my presence here was + necessary, not so much for preparations which Baron de Steuben provided, + as for settling our plans with the French, and obtaining an immediate + convoy for the detachment, I thought it better to run some risk than to + neglect anything that could forward the success of the operation, and the + glory of the troops under my command. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival at this place, I was surprised to hear that no French fleet + had appeared, but attributed it to delays and chances so frequent in naval + matters. My first object was to request that nothing be taken for this + expedition which could have been intended for, or useful to, the southern + army, whose welfare appeared to me more interesting than our success. My + second object has been to examine what had been prepared, to gather and + forward every requisite for a vigorous co-operation, besides a number of + militia amounting to five thousand; I can assure your excellency that + nothing has been wanting to ensure a complete success. + </p> + <p> + As the position of the enemy had not yet been reconnoitred, I went to + General Muhlenberg's camp, near Suffolk, and after he had taken a position + nearer to Portsmouth, we marched down with some troops to view the enemy's + works. This brought on a trifling skirmish; during which we were able to + see something; but the insufficiency of ammunition, which had been for + many days expected, prevented my engaging far enough to push the enemy's + outposts, and our reconnoitring was postponed to the 21st,—when, on + the 20th, Major MacPherson, an officer for whom I have the highest + confidence and esteem, sent me word from Hampton, where he was stationed, + that a fleet had come to anchor within the Capes. So far it was probable + that this fleet was that of M. Destouches, that Arnold himself appeared to + be in great confusion, and his vessels, notwithstanding many signals, + durst not, for a long time, venture down. An officer of the French navy + bore down upon them from York, and nothing could equal my surprise in + hearing from Major MacPherson, that the fleet announced by a former letter + certainly belonged to the enemy. + </p> + <p> + Upon this intelligence, the militia were removed to their former position, + and I requested Baron de Steuben (from whom, out of delicacy, I would not + take the command until the co-operation was begun, or the continental + troops arrived) to take such measures as would put out of the enemy's + reach the several articles that had been prepared. On my return to this + place, I could not hear more particular accounts of the fleet. Some people + think they are coming from Europe; but I believe them to be the fleet from + Gardiner's Bay. They are said to be twelve sail in all, frigates included. + I have sent spies on board and shall forward their report to + head-quarters. + </p> + <p> + Having certain accounts that the French had sailed on the 8th, with a + favourable wind, I must think that they are coming to this place, or were + beaten in an engagement, or are gone somewhere else. In these three cases, + I think it my duty to stay here until I hear something more, which must be + in a little time. But as your excellency will certainly recal a detachment + composed of the flower of each regiment, whose loss would be immense to + the army under your immediate command, and as my instructions are to march + them back as soon as we lose the naval superiority in this quarter, I have + sent them orders to move at the first notice which I will send to-morrow + or the day after, or upon a letter from your excellency, which my + aide-de-camp is empowered to open. + </p> + <p> + Had I not been here upon the spot, I am sure that I should have waited an + immense time before I knew what to think of this fleet, and my presence at + this place was the speediest means of forwarding the detachment either to + Hampton or your excellency's immediate army. By private letters, we hear + that General Greene had, on the 19th, an engagement with Lord Cornwallis. + The honour of keeping the field was not on our side. The enemy lost more + men than we did. General Greene displayed his usual prudence and + abilities, both in making his dispositions and posting his troops at ten + miles from the first field of battle, where they bid defiance to the + enemy, and are in a situation to check his progress. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, 6th April, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—Since my letter to you of yesterday,~{1} I have + attentively considered of what vast importance it will be to reinforce + General Greene as speedily as possible; more especially as there can be + little doubt that the detachment under General Phillips, if not part of + that now under the command of General Arnold, will ultimately join, or in + some degree co-operate with Lord Cornwallis. I have communicated to the + general officers at present with the army my sentiments on the subject; + and they are unanimously of opinion that the detachment under your command + should proceed and join the southern army. Your being already three + hundred miles advanced, which is nearly half way, is the reason that + operates against any which can be offered in favour of marching that + detachment back. You will therefore, immediately at the receipt of this, + turn the detachment to the southward. Inform General Greene that you are + upon your march to join him, and take his directions as to your route, + when you begin to approach him. Previously to that, you will be guided by + your own judgment, and by the roads on which you will be most likely to + find subsistence for the troops and horses. It will be well to advise + Governor Jefferson of your intended march through the state of Virginia, + or, perhaps, it will answer a good purpose were you to go forward to + Richmond yourself, after putting the troops in motion, and having made + some necessary arrangement for their progress. + </p> + <p> + You will take with you the light artillery and smallest mortars, with + their stores and the musket cartridges. But let these follow, under a + proper escort, rather than impede the march of the detachment, which ought + to move as expeditiously as possible without injury to them. The heavy + artillery and stores you will leave at some proper and safe place, if it + cannot be conveniently transported to Christiana River, from whence it + will be easily got to Philadelphia. You may leave to the option of + Lieutenant-Colonel Stevens to proceed or not, as he may think proper; his + family is in peculiar circumstances, and he left it with the expectation + of being absent for a short time. Should there be other officers under + similar circumstances, you may make them the same offers, and they shall + be relieved. + </p> + <p> + I am, my dear marquis, yours, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This related merely to the expedition which had lately failed. + Washington deplored its result, which had been occasioned by maritime + events, but he approved and eulogised the conduct of M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Elk, April 8th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Your excellency's letters of the 5th and 6th + instant are just come to hand, and before I answer their contents, I beg + leave to give you a summary account of the measures I have lately taken. + As to the part of my conduct you have been acquainted with, I am happy, my + dear general, to find it has met with your approbation. + </p> + <p> + When the return of the British fleet put it out of doubt that nothing + could be undertaken for the present against Portsmouth, I sent pressing + orders to Annapolis, in order to have everything in readiness, and even to + move the troops by land to the Head-of-Elk. I myself hastened back to + Maryland, but confess I could not resist the ardent desire I had of seeing + your relations, and, above all, your mother, at Fredericksburg. For that + purpose I went some miles out of my way, and, in order to conciliate my + private happiness to duties of a public nature, I recovered by riding in + the night those few hours which I had consecrated to my satisfaction. I + had also the pleasure of seeing Mount Vernon, and was very unhappy that my + duty and my anxiety for the execution of your orders prevented my paying a + visit to Mr. Curtis.~{1} + </p> + <p> + On my arrival at Annapolis, I found that our preparations were far from + promising a speedy departure. The difficulty of getting wagons and horses + is immense. No boats sufficient to cross over the ferries. The state is + very desirous of keeping us as long as possible, as they were scared by + the apparition of the <i>Hope</i>, twenty guns, and the <i>Monk</i>, + eighteen guns, who blockaded the harbour, and who (as appeared by + intercepted letters) were determined to oppose our movements. + </p> + <p> + In these circumstances, I thought it better to continue my preparations + for a journey by land, which, I am told, would have lasted ten days, on + account of ferries, and, in the meanwhile, had two eighteen-pounders put + on board a small sloop, which appeared ridiculous to some, but proved to + be of great service. In the morning of the 6th, Commodore Nicholson went + out with the sloop and another vessel, full of men. Whether the sound of + eighteen pounders, or the fear of being boarded, operated upon the enemy, + I am not able to say; but, after some manoeuvres, they retreated so far as + to render it prudent for us to sail to this place. Every vessel with + troops and stores was sent in the night by the commodore, to whom I am + vastly obliged; and having brought the rear with the sloop and other + vessels, I arrived this morning at Elk. It is reported that the ships have + returned to their stations; if so, they must have been reinforced; their + commander had already applied for an augmentation of force. + </p> + <p> + Before I left Annapolis, hearing that General Greene was in want of + ammunition, I took the liberty of leaving for the southern army four + six-pounders, with three hundred rounds each, nearly a hundred thousand + cartridges, and some small matters, which I left to the care of the + governor and General Smallwood, requesting them to have wagons and horses + impressed, to send them to a place of safety, where they must be by this + time. I also wrote to the governor of Virginia, to General Greene, and the + baron. These stores will set off in a few days, under the care of a + detachment, for the Maryland line, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Stuart. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of previous orders, everything was in readiness for our + movement. The troops were ordered to march the next morning, and I expect + a sufficiency of vessels is now at Wilmington or Christiana Creek; so that + I am in hopes to join your excellency in a very few days. Your letter of + the 6th, ordering me to the southward, is just come to hand. Had I been + still at Annapolis, or upon the road by land, and of course with the same + means to return that I had to advance, your commands should have been + immediately obeyed; but necessity keeps us here for some days, and as your + letters arrived in two days, your answer to this must be here before we + are in a situation to move. + </p> + <p> + When your excellency wrote to me, I was supposed to be at Annapolis, or + very near that place, with the means of returning, which makes a great + difference. Another circumstance, still more material, is, that, instead + of joining either Arnold or Phillips (if Phillips be there), Lord + Cornwallis is so disabled as to be forced to a retreat, as appears from + General Greene's letter. + </p> + <p> + To these considerations I have added this one, which is decisive: that + being fitted only to march twelve miles, part of it in the State of + Delaware, and a part of our provisions being asked for from Philadelphia, + it is impossible to have the necessary apparatus to march and subsist, or + to cross ferries on our way to the southern army, so as to leave this + place under four or five days. As to a transportation through the bay, we + cannot expect the same good luck of frightening an enemy, who must know + how despicable our preparations are; and we must, at least, wait for the + return of look-out boats which, if sent immediately, will not possibly + return under five or six days. + </p> + <p> + In these circumstances, my dear general, I am going to make every + preparation to march to Virginia, so as to be ready as soon as possible. I + shall keep here the vessels, and will also keep those which have been + ordered to Christiana Creek. This state of suspense will distract the + enemy's conjectures, and put me in a situation to execute your + excellency's orders, which will be here before I can be able to move with + any degree of advantage towards the southward. + </p> + <p> + Had it been possible to obey to-morrow morning, I would have done it + immediately; but since I am obliged to make preparations, I beg leave to + make these observations, which I should have been allowed to present, had + I been at the meeting of general officers. + </p> + <p> + The troops I have with me being taken from every northern regiment, have + often (though without mentioning it) been very uneasy at the idea of + joining the southern army. They want clothes; shoes particularly; they + expect to receive clothes and money from their states. This would be a + great disappointment for both officers and men. Both thought at first they + were sent out for a few days, and provided themselves accordingly; both + came cheerfully to this expedition, but both have had already their fears + at the idea of going to the southward. They will certainly obey, but they + will be unhappy, and some will desert. + </p> + <p> + Had this corps considered themselves as light infantry, destined for the + campaign, to be separated from their regiments, it would be attended with + less inconveniences; and such a corps, in the course of the campaign, + might be brought there without difficulty, particularly by water, as they + would be prepared accordingly. + </p> + <p> + Supposing the Jersey line were to join the detachment of their troops at + this place, it would hardly make any difference, as we have been but five + days coming from Morristown to the Head-of-Elk. + </p> + <p> + These considerations, my dear general, I beg you to be convinced, are not + influenced by personal motives. I should most certainly prefer to be in a + situation to attack New York, nor should I like, in an operation against + New York, to see you deprived of the New England light infantry; but I + think with you, that these motives are not to influence our determination, + if this be the best way to help General Greene. + </p> + <p> + By the letters I have received from my two friends, Marquis de Castries + and Count de Vergennes, I am assured that we shall soon get an answer to + our propositions against New York, and am strongly led to hope that, + having a naval superiority, the army under your immediate command will not + remain inactive. + </p> + <p> + At all events, my dear general, I will use my best endeavours to be ready + to move either way as soon as possible; and have the honour to be, with + the highest respect and affection, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Son of Mrs. Washington by a former marriage. + </p> + <h3> + TO COLONEL HAMILTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Susquehannah Ferry, 18th April, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Dear Hamilton,~{1}—You are so sensible a fellow, that you can + certainly explain to me what is the matter that New York should be given + up; that our letters to France go for nothing; that when the French are + coming, I am going. This last matter gives great uneasiness to the + minister of France. All this is not comprehensible to me, who, having been + long from head-quarters, have lost the course of intelligence. + </p> + <p> + Have you left the family, my dear sir? I suppose so. But from love to the + general, for whom you know my affection, I ardently wish it was not the + case. Many, many reasons conspire to this desire of mine; but if you do + leave it, and if I go to exile, come and partake it with me. Yours, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The 11th of April, Washington renewed, with more detail, his + instructions upon the movement to the south, and General Greene, desiring + to carry the theatre of war into South Carolina, urged General Lafayette + to march upon the capital of Virginia. The latter made his preparations + accordingly, and with great activity, in spite of the regret he + experienced, and the difficulties he encountered. He deplored, in truth, + that long-promised expedition on New York being abandoned; and he had to + combat the repugnance of the troops, who threatened to become weakened by + desertion. This was the subject of several long letters we have thought + proper to suppress. He wrote, also, frequently, to Colonel Hamilton, and + we may see some of those letters in the life of the latter. We have only + inserted this one letter, which expresses all he felt. Hamilton, at that + period, having had a coolness with Washington, wished to quit his staff; + and it was in reality as an officer of the line that he took part in the + siege of Yorktown.—(See his Life, vol. i., chap. xiii.) + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Baltimore, April 18th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Every one of my letters were written in so + lamentable a tone, that I am happy to give you a pleasanter prospect. The + anxiety I feel to relieve your mind from a small part of those many + solicitudes and cares which our circumstances conspire to gather upon you, + is the reason of my sending this letter by the chain of communication, and + with a particular recommendation. When I left Susquehannah Ferry, it was + the general opinion that we could not have six hundred men by the time we + should arrive at our destination. This, and the shocking situation of the + men offered the more gloomy prospects, as the board of war have confessed + their total inability to afford us relief. Under these circumstances, I + have employed every personal exertion, and have the pleasure to inform you + that desertion has, I hope, been put to an end. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival on this side of the Susquehannah, I made an order for the + troops, wherein I endeavoured to throw a kind of infamy upon desertion, + and to improve every particular affection of theirs. Since then, desertion + has been lessened. Two deserters have been taken up; one of whom has been + hanged to-day, and the other (being an excellent soldier) will be + forgiven, but dismissed from the corps, as well as another soldier who + behaved amiss. To these measures, I have added one which my feelings for + the sufferings of the soldiers, and the peculiarity of their + circumstances, have prompted me to adopt. + </p> + <p> + The merchants of Baltimore lent me a sum of about 2,000<i>l</i>., which + will procure some shirts, linen, overalls, shoes, and a few hats. The + ladies will make up the shirts, and the overalls will be made by the + detachment, so that our soldiers have a chance of being a little more + comfortable. The money is lent upon my credit, and I become security for + the payment of it in two years' time, when, by the French laws, I may + better dispose of my estate. But before that time, I shall use my + influence with the French court, in order to have this sum of money added + to any loan congress may have been able to obtain from them. + </p> + <p> + In case you are told, my dear general, that my whole baggage has been + taken in the bay, I am sorry I cannot discountenance the report. But when + the mention of papers and maps is made, do not apprehend anything bad for + the papers or maps you have put in my possession. Nothing has been lost + but writing paper and printed maps. The fact is this: when at York, I had + some continental soldiers and my baggage to send up in a safe barge and an + unsafe boat. I, of course, gave the barge to the soldiers, who easily went + to Annapolis. The baggage was put into the boat, and has not been since + heard of. But being aware of the danger; I took by land with me every + article that was, on public accounts, in the least valuable. By a letter + from Baron de Steuben, dated Chesterfield Court House the 10th of April, I + find that General Phillips has at Portsmouth 1500 or 2000 men added to the + force under Arnold. Proper allowance being made for exaggerations, I + apprehend that his whole army amounts to 2800 men, which obliges me to + hasten my march to Fredericksburg and Richmond, where I expect to receive + orders from General Greene. + </p> + <p> + The importance of celerity, the desire of lengthening the way home, and + immense delays that would stop me for an age, have determined me to leave + our tents, artillery, &c., under a guard, and with orders to follow as + fast as possible, while the rest of the detachment, by forced marches, and + with impressed wagons and horses, will hasten to Fredericksburg or + Richmond, and by this derange the calculations of the enemy. We set off + to-morrow, and this rapid mode of travelling, added to my other + precautions, will, I hope, keep up our spirits and good humour.~{1} + </p> + <p> + I am, my dear general, &c. + </p> + <p> + P. S. The word <i>lessened</i> does not convey a sufficient idea of what + experience has proved to be true, to the honour of our excellent soldiers. + It had been announced in general orders, that the detachment was intended + to fight an enemy far superior in number, under difficulties of every + sort. That the general was, for his part, determined to encounter them, + but that such of the soldiers as had an inclination to abandon him, might + dispense with the danger and crime of desertion, as every one of them who + should apply to head-quarters for a pass to join their corps in the north + might be sure to obtain it immediately. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter announces the real commencement of the Virginian campaign. + M. de Lafayette marched upon Richmond, and thus wrote on the 4th of May:— + </p> + <p> + "The leaving of my artillery appears a strange whim, but had I waited for + it, Richmond had been lost. It is not without trouble I have made this + rapid march. General Phillips has expressed to a flag officer the + astonishment he felt at our celerity; and when on the 30th, as he was + going to give the signal to attack, he reconnoitred our position, Mr. + Osburn, who was with him, says, that he flew into a violent passion, and + swore vengeance against me and the corps I had brought with me." + </p> + <p> + The subsequent operations are given in detail, both in the Memoirs, and in + a relation of the campaign; it was, therefore, thought proper to suppress + the greatest part of the letters in which M. de Lafayette gave an account + of them to General Washington. To each of those letters is usually annexed + a copy of his official reports to General Greene. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Alexandria, April 23rd, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—Great happiness is derived from friendship, and I + experience it particularly in the attachment which unites me to you. But + friendship has its duties, and the man who likes you best, will be the + first to let you know everything in which you may be concerned. + </p> + <p> + When the enemy came to your house, many negroes deserted to them. This + piece of news did not affect me much, as I little value these matters. But + you cannot conceive how unhappy I have been to hear that Mr. Lund + Washington went on board the enemy's vessels, and consented to give them + provisions. + </p> + <p> + This being done by the gentleman who, in some measure, represents you at + your house, will certainly have a bad effect, and contrasts with spirited + answers from some neighbours that have had their houses burnt accordingly. + </p> + <p> + You will do what you think proper about it, my dear general; but, as your + friend, it was my duty confidentially to mention the circumstances. + </p> + <p> + With the help of some wagons and horses, we got, in two days, from the + camp, near Baltimore, to this place. We halted yesterday, and having made + a small bargain for a few pair of shoes, are now marching to + Fredericksburg. No official account from Phillips, but I am told they are + removing stores from Richmond and Petersburg. I am surprised nobody writes + to me, and hope soon to receive intelligence. + </p> + <p> + Our men are in high spirits. Their honour having been interested in this + affair, they have made a point to come with us; and murmurs, as well as + desertion, are entirely out of fashion. Requesting my best respects to + Mrs. Washington, and my compliments to the family, I have the honour to + be, with those sentiments which you know, &c. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, May 4, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR MARQUIS,—The freedom of your communications is an evidence + to me of the sincerity of your attachment, and every fresh instance of + this gives pleasure and adds strength to the bond which unites us in + friendship. In this light I view the intimation respecting the conduct of + Mr. Lund Washington. Some days previous to the receipt of your letter, + which only came to my hands yesterday, I received an account of this + transaction from that gentleman himself, and immediately wrote and + forwarded the answer, of which the enclosed is a copy. This letter, which + was written in the moment of my obtaining the first intimation of the + matter, may be considered as a testimony of my disapprobation of his + conduct, and the transmission of it to you, as a proof of my friendship; + because I wish you to be assured, that no man can condemn the measure more + sincerely than I do. + </p> + <p> + A false idea, arising from the consideration of his being my steward, and + in that character more the trustee and guardian of my property than the + representative of my honour, has misled his judgment and plunged him into + error, upon the appearance of desertion among my negroes, and danger to my + buildings; for sure I am, that no man is more firmly opposed to the enemy + than he is. From a thorough conviction of this, and of his integrity, I + entrusted every species of my property to his care, without reservation or + fear of his abusing it. The last paragraph of my letter to him was + occasioned by an expression of his fear, that all the estates convenient + to the river would be stripped of their negroes and moveable property. + </p> + <p> + I am very happy to find that desertion has ceased, and content has taken + place, in the detachment you command. Before this letter can reach you, + you must have taken your ultimate resolution upon the proposal contained + in my letters of the 21st and 22nd ultimo, and have made the consequent + arrangements. I shall be silent, therefore, on the subject of them, and + only beg, in case you should not return to this army, and the papers were + not lost with your other baggage (on which event give me leave to express + my concern) that you would permit M. Capitaine to furnish me with copies + of the drafts, and the remarks of the pilots (taken at Colonel Day's) on + the entrance of the harbour of New York. It is possible they may be + wanted, and I am not able to furnish them without your assistance. + </p> + <p> + Mrs. Washington and the rest of my small family, which, at present, + consists only of Tilghman and Humphreys, join me in cordial salutations, + and, with sentiments of the purest esteem and most affectionate regard, I + remain, my dear marquis, &c. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL WASHINGTON TO LUND WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + New Windsor, April 30, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Dear Lund,—I am very sorry to hear of your loss; I am a little sorry + to hear of my own; but that which gives me most concern is, that you + should go on board the enemy's vessels, and furnish them with + refreshments. It would have been a less painful circumstance to me to have + heard that, in consequence of your non-compliance with their request, they + had burnt my house and laid the plantation in ruins. You ought to have + considered yourself as my representative, and should have reflected on the + bad example of communicating with the enemy, and making a voluntary offer + of refreshments to them, with a view to prevent a conflagration. + </p> + <p> + It was not in your power, I acknowledge, to prevent them from sending a + flag on shore, and you did right to meet it; but you should, in the same + instant that the business of it was unfolded, have declared explicitly, + that it was improper for you to yield to the request; after which, if they + had proceeded to help themselves by force, you could but have submitted, + and, being unprovided for defence, this was to be preferred to a feeble + opposition, which only serves as a pretext to burn and destroy. + </p> + <p> + I am thoroughly persuaded that you acted from your best judgment, and + believe that your desire to preserve my property, and rescue the buildings + from impending danger, was your governing motive; but to go on board their + vessels, carry them refreshments, commune with a parcel of plundering + scoundrels, and request a favour by asking a surrender of my negroes, was + exceedingly ill judged, and, it is to be feared, will be unhappy in its + consequences, as it will be a precedent for others, and, may be, become a + subject of animadversion. + </p> + <p> + I have no doubt of the enemy's intention to prosecute the plundering plan + they have begun; and, unless a stop can be put to it by the arrival of a + superior naval force, I have as little doubt of its ending in the loss of + all my negroes, and in the destruction of my houses. But I am prepared for + the event, under the prospect of which, if you could deposit in a place of + safety the most valuable and less bulky articles, it might be consistent + with policy and prudence, and a means of preserving them hereafter. Such + and so many things as are necessary for common and present use must be + retained, and must run their chance through the fiery trial of this + summer. I am sincerely, yours. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp Wilton, on James River, May 17, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—My correspondence with one of the British generals, + and my refusal of a correspondence with the other, may be, perhaps, + misrepresented, I shall therefore give an account of what has passed, and + I hope your excellency and General Greene will approve of my conduct. On + the arrival of our detachment at Richmond, three letters were brought by a + flag, which I have the honour to inclose, and which, as commander of the + troops in this state, it became my duty to answer. The enclosed letters + were successively sent in pursuit of General Phillips, who received them + both with a degree of politeness that seemed to apologize for his + unbecoming style. General Phillips being dead of a fever, an officer was + sent with a passport and letters from General Arnold. I requested the + gentleman to come to my quarters, and having asked <i>if General Phillips + was dead</i>,~{1} to which he answered in the negative, I made it a + pretence not to receive a letter from General Arnold, which, being dated + head-quarters, and directed to the commanding officer of the American + troops, ought to come from the British general chief in command. I did, + however, observe, should any officers have written to me I should have + been happy to receive their letters. The next day the officer returned + with the same passport and letter, and informed me that he were now at + liberty to declare that Phillips was dead, and Arnold was + commander-in-chief of the British army in Virginia. The high station of + General Arnold having obliged me to an explanation, the enclosed note was + sent to the officer of the flag, and the American officer verbally assured + him that were I requested to put in writing a minute account of my + motives, my regard for the British army was such that I would cheerfully + comply with the demand. + </p> + <p> + Last evening, a flag of ours returned from Petersburg, who had been sent + by the commander of the advanced corps, and happened to be on his way + while the British officer was at our picquets. Inclosed is the note + written by General Arnold, in which he announces his determination of + sending our officers and men to the West Indies. + </p> + <p> + The British general cannot but perfectly know that I am not to treat of + partial exchanges, and that the fate of the continental prisoners must be + regulated by a superior authority to that with which I am invested. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect, I have the honour to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Gordon places the death of General Phillips on the 13th of May: he was + very ill in his bed, when a cannon ball traversed his bed-room. General + Phillips commanded at Minden the battery whose cannon killed the father of + M. de Lafayette. + </p> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL PHILLIPS TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + British Camp, at Osborn, April 28, 1781. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—It is a principle of the British army engaged in the present + war, which they esteem as an unfortunate one, to conduct it with every + attention to humanity and the laws of war; and in the necessary + destruction of public stores of every kind, to prevent, as far as + possible, that of private property. I call upon the inhabitants of + Yorktown, Williamsburg, Petersburg, and Chesterfield, for a proof of the + mild treatment they have received from the king's troops; in particular at + Petersburg, when the town was saved by the labour of the soldiers, which + otherwise must have perished by the wilful inactivity of its inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + I have now a charge of the deepest nature to make against the American + arms: that of having fired upon the king's troops by a flag of truce + vessel; and, to render the conduct as discordant to the laws of arms, the + flag was flying the whole time at the mast head, seeming to sport in the + violation of the most sacred laws of war. + </p> + <p> + You are sensible, sir, that I am authorized to inflict the severest + punishment in return for this bad conduct, and that towns and villages lay + at the mercy of the king's troops, and it is to that mercy alone you can + justly appeal for their not being reduced to ashes. The compassion, and + benevolence of disposition, which has marked the British character in the + present contest, still govern the conduct of the king's officers, and I + shall willingly remit the infliction of any redress we have a right to + claim, provided the persons who fired from the flag of truce vessel are + delivered into my possession, and a public disavowal made by you of their + conduct. Should you, sir, refuse this, I hereby make you answerable for + any desolation which may follow in consequence. + </p> + <p> + Your ships of war, and all other vessels, not actually in our possession + in James River, are, however, driven beyond a possibility of escaping, and + are in the predicament and condition of a town blockaded by land, where it + is contrary to the rules of war that any public stores should be + destroyed. I shall therefore demand from you, sir, a full account of + whatever may be destroyed on board vessels or otherwise, and need not + mention to you what the rules of war are in these cases. + </p> + <p> + I am, sir, your most humble servant, + </p> + <h3> + W. PHILLIPS. + </h3> + <h3> + FROM GENERAL PHILLIPS TO THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp at Osborn, April 29th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—When I was at Williamsburg, and at Petersburg, I gave several + inhabitants and country people protections for their persons and + properties. I did this without asking, or even considering, whether these + people were either friends or foes, actuated by no other motive than that + of pure humanity. I understand, from almost undoubted authority, that + several of these persons have been taken up by their malicious neighbours, + and sent to your quarters, where preparations are making for their being + ill treated; a report which I sincerely hope may be without foundation. I + repeat to you, sir, that my protections were given generally from a wish + that, in the destruction of public stores, as little damage as possible + might be done to private property, and to the persons of individuals; but + at any rate, I shall insist upon my signs manual being held sacred, and I + am obliged to declare to you, sir, that if any persons, under the + description I have given, receive ill treatment, I shall be under the + necessity of sending to Petersburg, and giving that chastisement to the + illiberal persecutors of innocent people, which their conduct shall + deserve. And I further declare to you, sir, should any person be put to + death, under the pretence of their being spies of, or friends to, the + British government, I will make the shores of James River an example of + terror to the rest of Virginia. It is from the violent measures, + resolutions of the present house of delegates, council, and governor of + Virginia, that I am impelled to use this language, which the common temper + of my disposition is hurt at. I shall hope that you, sir, whom I have + understood to be a gentleman of liberal principles, will not countenance, + still less permit to be carried into execution, the barbarous spirit which + seems to prevail in the council of the present civil power of this colony. + </p> + <p> + I do assure you, sir, I am extremely inclined to carry on this unfortunate + contest with every degree of humanity, and I will believe you intend doing + the same. + </p> + <p> + I am, sir, your most obedient humble servant, + </p> + <h3> + W. PHILLIPS. + </h3> + <h3> + TO MAJOR GENERAL PHILLIPS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + American camp, April 30th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Your letters of the 26th, 28th, and 29th, came yesterday to + hand. The duplicate dated at Petersburg being rather of a private nature, + it has been delivered to Major-General Baron de Steuben. I am sorry the + mode of your request has delayed the civility that had been immediately + intended. + </p> + <p> + From the beginning of this war, which you observe is an unfortunate one to + Great Britain, the proceedings of the British troops have been hitherto so + far from evincing benevolence of disposition, that your long absence~{1} + from the scene of action is the only way I have to account for your + panegyrics. I give you my honour, sir, that the charge against a flag + vessel shall be strictly inquired into, and in case the report made to you + is better grounded than the contrary one I have received, you shall obtain + every redress in my power, that you have any right to expect. This + complaint I beg leave to consider as the only part in your letter that + requires an answer. Such articles as the requiring that the persons of + spies be held sacred, cannot certainly be serious. + </p> + <p> + The style of your letters, sir, obliges me to tell you, that should your + future favours be wanting in that regard due to the civil and military + authority in the United States, which cannot but be construed into a want + of respect to the American nation, I shall not think it consistent with + the dignity of an American officer to continue the correspondence. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, your most obedient servant, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. General Phillips had been made prisoner at Saratoga. + </p> + <h3> + TO MAJOR GENERAL PHILLIPS. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + May 3rd, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Your assertion relating to the flag vessel was so positive, + that it becomes necessary for me to set you right in this matter. Inclosed + I have the honour to send you some depositions, by which it is clearly + proved that there has been on our side no violation of flags. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, sir, your humble servant, + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE + </h3> + <h3> + NOTE FOR CAPTAIN EMYNE. + </h3> + <p> + May 15th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The Major-General Marquis de Lafayette has the honour to present his + compliments to Captain Emyne, and begs him to recollect that, on the + supposition of the death of General Phillips, he said, "that he should + know in that case what to do." From regard to the English army, he had + made use of the most polite pretence for declining all correspondence with + the English general who is at this moment commander-in-chief. But he now + finds himself obliged to give a positive denial. In case any other English + officer should honour him with a letter, he would always be happy to give + the officers every testimony of his esteem. + </p> + <h3> + NOTE FROM GENERAL ARNOLD TO CAPTAIN RAGEDALE. + </h3> + <p> + Brigadier-General Arnold presents his compliments to Captain Ragedale, and + takes the liberty of informing him, that the flag of truce having been + sent by Brigadier-General Nelson, who is not commander-in-chief of the + American army, is an inadmissible act. The letters are accordingly sent + back unopened. If Captain Ragedale thinks proper to leave them with the + servants, a receipt must be given for them. + </p> + <p> + Brigadier-General Arnold has given orders that the officers lately taken + in that place should be sent to New York; their baggage will follow soon + after them, and all the officers and soldiers of the American army that + shall be taken prisoners in future, shall be sent to the West Indies, + unless a cartel be immediately granted for the exchange of prisoners, as + General Arnold has repeatedly demanded. + </p> + <p> + Head-quarters, at Petersburg, 17th May, 1781. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Richmond, May 24th, 1781, + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—My official letter, a copy of which I send to + congress, will let you know the situation of affairs in this quarter. I + ardently wish my conduct may meet with your approbation. Had I followed + the first impulsion of my temper, I should have risked something more; but + I have been guarding against my own warmth; and this consideration, that a + general defeat, which, with such a proportion of militia, must be + expected, would involve this state and our affairs in ruin, has rendered + me extremely cautious in my movements. Indeed, I am more embarrassed to + move, more crippled in my projects, than we have been in the northern + states. As I am for the present fixed in the command of the troops in this + state, I beg it as a great favour that you will send me Colonel Gouvion. + Should a junction be made with General Greene, he will act as my + aide-de-camp. Had the Pennsylvanians arrived before Lord Cornwallis, I was + determined to attack the enemy, and have no doubt but what we should have + been successful. Their unaccountable delay cannot be too much lamented, + and will make an immense difference to the fate of this campaign. Should + they have arrived time enough to support me in the reception of Lord + Cornwallis's first stroke, I should still have thought it well enough; but + from an answer of General Wayne, received this day, and dated the 19th, I + am afraid that at this moment they have hardly left Yorktown. + </p> + <p> + Public stores and private property being removed from Richmond, this place + is a less important object. + </p> + <p> + I don't believe it would be prudent to expose the troops for the sake of a + few houses, most of which are empty; but I am wavering between two + inconveniences. Were I to fight a battle, I should be cut to pieces, the + militia dispersed, and the arms lost. Were I to decline fighting, the + country would think itself given up. I am therefore determined to + skirmish, but not to engage too far, and particularly to take care against + their immense and excellent body of horse, whom the militia fear as they + would so many wild beasts. + </p> + <p> + A letter from General Greene to General Sumner is dated 5th May, seven + miles below Camden. The baron is going to him with some recruits, and will + get more in North Carolina. When the Pennsylvanians come, I am only to + keep them a few days, which I will improve as well as I can. Cavalry is + very necessary to us. I wish Lauzun's legion could come. I am sure he will + like to serve with me, and as General Greene gave me command of the troops + in this state, Lauzun might remain with me in Virginia. If not, Shelden's + dragoons might be sent. As to Moylan, I do not believe he will be ready + for a long time. + </p> + <p> + Were I anyways equal to the enemy, I should be extremely happy in my + present command, but I am not strong enough even to get beaten. Government + in this state has no energy, and laws have no force. But I hope this + assembly will put matters upon a better footing. I had a great deal of + trouble to put the departments in a tolerable train; our expenses were + enormous, and yet we can get nothing. Arrangements for the present seem to + put on a better face, but for this superiority of the enemy, which will + chase us wherever they please. They can overrun the country, and, until + the Pennsylvanians arrive, we are next to nothing in point of opposition + to so large a force. This country begins to be as familiar to me as Tappan + and Bergen. Our soldiers are hitherto very healthy: I have turned doctor, + and regulate their diet. Adieu, my dear general. Let me hear sometimes + from you; your letters are a great happiness to your affectionate friend, + &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp, 28th June, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Inclosed, I have the honour to send you a copy of + my letter to General Greene. The enemy have been so kind as to retire + before us.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Twice I gave them a chance of fighting (taking care not to engage farther + than I pleased), but they continued their retrograde motions. Our numbers + are, I think, exaggerated to them, and our seeming boldness confirms the + opinion. + </p> + <p> + I thought, at first, Lord Cornwallis wanted to get me as low down as + possible, and use his cavalry to advantage. But it appears that he does + not as yet come out, and our position will admit of a partial affair. His + lordship had (exclusive of the reinforcement from Portsmouth, said to be + six hundred) four thousand men, eight hundred of whom were dragoons, or + mounted infantry. Our force is about equal to his, but only one thousand + five hundred regulars and fifty dragoons. Our little action more + particularly marks the retreat of the enemy. From the place whence he + first began to retire to Williamsburg is upwards of one hundred miles. The + old arms at the Point of Fork have been taken out of the water. The cannon + was thrown into the river, undamaged, when they marched back to Richmond; + so that his lordship did us no harm of any consequence, but lost an + immense part of his former conquests, and did not make any in this state. + General Greene only demanded of me to hold my ground in Virginia. But the + movements of Lord Cornwallis may answer better purposes than that in the + political line. Adieu, my dear general; I don't know but what we shall, in + our turn, become the pursuing enemy; and in the meanwhile, have the honour + to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. It was the 20th of May that Lord Cornwallis effected his junction with + the troops of Arnold, whose unexpected opposition re-established the + affairs of the English in Virginia. The war became from that moment + extremely active, and the movements of the two armies very complicated. M. + de Lafayette maintained his position, and experienced no other check than + the loss of some magazines, at the forks of James River, which had been + confided to the care of Baron Steuben. His position was, however, rather a + defensive one, until the period at which that letter was written, when the + English abandoned Richmond. Cornwallis obtained, and usually by the aid of + negroes, the best horses of Virginia. He had mounted an advance-guard of + Tarleton on race-hores, who, like birds of prey, seized all they met with, + so that they had taken many couriers who were bearers of letters. + Cornwallis stopped once during his retrograde march on Williamsburg; the + Americans being close to him, it was thought an affair would take place, + but he continued on his road. It was before he reached Williamsburg that + his rear-guard was attacked by the advance corps of Lafayette under + Colonel Butler. He evacuated Williamsburg the 4th; Lafayette had done all + he could to convince him that his own forces were more considerable than + they really were. Either the night of, or two nights before, the + evacuation of Williamsburg, a double spy had taken a false order of the + day to Lord Cornwallis,—found, he said, in the camp,—which + ordered General Morgan's division to take a certain position in the line. + The fact was, that General Morgan had arrived in person, but unaccompanied + by troops: Dr. Gordon justly observes, that Lord Cornwallis, from + Charlestown to Williamsburg, had made more than eleven hundred miles, + without counting deviations, which amounts, reckoning those deviations, to + five hundred leagues. The whole march through North Carolina and Virginia, + and the campaign against Lafayette, were effected without tents or + equipages, which confers honour on the activity of Lord Cornwallis, and + justifies the reputation he had acquired, of being the best British + general employed in that war.—(Extract of Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0028" id="link2H_4_0028"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + EXTRACTS OF SEVERAL LETTERS TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h2> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Ambler's Plantation, July 8th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The inclosed copy, my dear general, will give you an account of our + affairs in this quarter. Agreeably to your orders I have avoided a general + action, and when Lord Cornwallis's movements indicated that it was against + his interest to fight, I ventured partial engagements. His lordship seems + to have given up the conquest of Virginia. It has been a great secret that + our army was not superior, and was most generally inferior, to the enemy's + numbers. Our returns were swelled up, as militia returns generally are; + but we had very few under arms, particularly lately, and to conceal the + lessening of our numbers, I was obliged to push on as one who had heartily + wished a general engagement. Our regulars did not exceed one thousand five + hundred, the enemy had four thousand regulars, eight hundred of whom were + mounted: they thought we had eight thousand men. I never encamped in a + line, and there was greater difficulty to come at our numbers. + </p> + <p> + Malvan Hill, July 20th. + </p> + <p> + When I went to the southward, you know I had some private objections; but + I became sensible of the necessity there was for the detachment to go, and + I knew that had I returned there was nobody that could lead them on + against their inclination. My entering this state was happily marked by a + service to the capital. Virginia became the grand object of the enemy, as + it was the point to which the ministry tended. I had the honour to command + an army and oppose Lord Cornwallis. When incomparably inferior to him, + fortune was pleased to preserve us; when equal in numbers, though not in + quality of troops, we have also been pretty lucky. Cornwallis had the + disgrace of a retreat, and this state being recovered, government is + properly re-established: The enemy are under the protection of their works + at Portsmouth. It appears an embarkation is taking place, probably + destined to New York. The war in this state would then become a plundering + one, and great manoeuvres be out of the question. A prudent officer would + do our business here, and the baron is prudent to the utmost. Would it be + possible, my dear general, in case a part of the British troops go to New + York, I may be allowed to join the combined armies? + </p> + <p> + Malvan Hill, July 20th. + </p> + <p> + No accounts from the northward, no letter from head quarters. I am + entirely a stranger to every thing that passes out of Virginia; and + Virginian operations being for the present in a state of languor, I have + more time to think of my solitude; in a word, my dear general, I am home + sick, and if I cannot go to head quarters, wish at least to hear from + thence. I am anxious to know your opinion concerning the Virginian + campaign. That the subjugation of this state was the great object of the + ministry is an indisputable fact. I think your diversion has been of more + use to the state than my manoeuvres; but the latter have been much + directed by political views. So long as my lord wished for an action, not + one gun has been fired; the moment he declined it, we have been + skirmishing; but I took care never to commit the army. His naval + superiority, his superiority of horse, of regulars, his thousand + advantages over us, so that I am lucky to have come off safe. I had an eye + upon European negotiations, and made it a point to give his lordship the + disgrace of a retreat. + </p> + <p> + From every account it appears that a part of the army will embark. The + light infantry, the guards, the 80th regiment, and the Queen's rangers, + are, it is said, destined to New York. Lord Cornwallis, I am told, is much + disappointed in his hopes of command. I cannot find out what he does with + himself. Should he go to England, we are, I think, to rejoice for it; he + is a cold and active man, two dangerous qualities in this southern war. + </p> + <p> + The clothing you have long ago sent to the light infantry is not yet + arrived. I have been obliged to send for it, and expect it in a few days. + These three battalions are the best troops that ever took the field; my + confidence in them is unbounded; they are far superior to any British + troops, and none will ever venture to meet them in equal numbers. What a + pity these men are not employed along with the French grenadiers; they + would do eternal honour to our arms. But their presence here, I must + confess, has saved this state, and, indeed, the southern part of the + continent. + </p> + <p> + Malvan Hill, July 26th. + </p> + <p> + I had some days ago the honour to write to your excellency, and informed + you that a detachment from the British army would probably embark at + Portsmouth. The battalions of light infantry and the Queen's rangers were + certainly, and the guards, with one or two British regiments, were likely + to be, ordered upon that service. My conjectures have proved true, and + forty-nine sail have fallen down in Hampton-road, the departure of which I + expect to hear every minute. A British officer, a prisoner, lately + mentioned that Lord Cornwallis himself was going. + </p> + <p> + It appears the enemy have some cavalry on board. The conquest of Virginia, + and the establishment of the British power in this state, not having + succeeded to the expectation of the British court, a lesser number might + be sufficient for the present purpose, and two thousand men easily spared. + So that I do not believe the present embarkation is under that number; so + far as a land force can oppose naval operations and naval superiority, I + think the position now occupied by the main body of our small army affords + the best chance to support the several parts of Virginia. + </p> + <p> + Malvan Hill, July 30th. + </p> + <p> + Some expressions in your last favour will, if possible, augment my + vigilance in keeping you well apprised of the enemy's movements.~{2} There + are in Hampton-road thirty transport ships full of troops, most of them + red coats. There are eight or ten brigs which have cavalry on board, they + had excellent winds and yet they are not gone. Some say they have received + advices from New York in a row boat: the escort, as I mentioned before, is + the <i>Charon</i>, and several frigates, the last account says seven. I + cannot be positive, and do not even think Lord Cornwallis has been fully + determined. + </p> + <p> + I have sent, by a safe hand, to call out some militia, mount some cannon + at the passes, and take out of the way every boat which might serve the + enemy to go to North Carolina. You know, my dear general, that, with a + very trifling transportation, they may go by water from Portsmouth to + Wilmington. The only way to shut up that passage is, to have an army + before Portsmouth, and possess the heads of these rivers, a movement + which, unless I was certain of a naval superiority, might prove ruinous. + But should a fleet come in Hampton-road, and should I get some days' + notice, our situation would be very agreeable. + </p> + <p> + Malvan Hill, July 31. + </p> + <p> + A correspondent of mine, servant to Lord Cornwallis, writes on the 26th of + July, at Portsmouth, and says his master, Tarleton, and Simcoe, are still + in town, but expect to move. The greatest part of the army is embarked. My + lord's baggage is yet in town. His lordship is so shy of his papers that + my honest friend says he cannot get at them. There is a large quantity of + negroes, but, it seems, no vessels to take them off. What garrison they + leave I do not know: I shall take care at least to keep them within + bounds. . . . Should a French fleet now come in Hampton Road, the British + army would, I think, be ours. + </p> + <p> + Camp on Pamunkey, August 6. + </p> + <p> + The embarkation which I thought, and do still think, to have been destined + for New York, was reported to have sailed up the bay, and to be bound for + Baltimore; in consequence of which I wrote to your excellency, and as I + had not indulged myself too near Portsmouth, I was able to cut across + towards Fredericksburg. But, instead of continuing his voyage up the bay, + my lord entered York River, and landed at York and Gloucester. To the + former vessels were added a number of flat-bottomed boats. + </p> + <p> + Our movements have not been precipitate. We were in time to take our + course down Pamunkey River, and shall move to some position where the + several parts of the army will unite. I have some militia in Gloucester + county, some about York. We shall act agreeably to circumstances, but + avoid drawing ourselves into a false movement, which, if cavalry had + command of the rivers, would give the enemy the advantage of us. His + lordship plays so well, that no blunder can be hoped from him to recover a + bad step of ours. + </p> + <p> + York is surrounded by the river and a morass; the entrance is but narrow. + There is, however, a commanding hill, (at least, I am so informed,) which, + if occupied by the enemy, would much extend their works. Gloucester is a + neck of land projected into the river, and opposite to York. Their + vessels, the biggest of whom is a forty-four, are between the two towns. + Should a fleet come in at this moment, our affairs would take a very happy + turn. + </p> + <p> + New Kent Mountain, August 11. + </p> + <p> + Be sure, my dear general, that the pleasure of being with you will make me + happy in any command you may think proper to give me; but for the present + I am of opinion, with you, I had better remain in Virginia, the more so, + as Lord Cornwallis does not choose to leave us, and circumstances may + happen that will furnish me agreeable opportunities in the command of the + Virginian army. I have pretty well understood you, my dear general, but + would be happy in a more minute detail, which, I am sensible, cannot be + entrusted to letters. Would not Gouvion be a proper ambassador? indeed, at + all events, I should be happy to have him with me; but I think he would + perfectly well answer your purpose; a gentleman in your family could with + difficulty be spared. Should something be ascertained, Count Damas might + come, under pretence to serve with me; it is known he is very much my + friend. But, to return to operations in Virginia, I will tell you, my dear + general, that Lord Cornwallis is entrenching at York and at Gloucester. + The sooner we disturb him, the better; but unless our maritime friends + give us help, we cannot much venture below. + </p> + <p> + Forks of York River, August 21. + </p> + <p> + The greater part of the enemy are at York, which they do not as yet + fortify, but are very busy upon Gloucester neck, where they have a pretty + large corps under Colonel Dundas. They have at York a forty-four gun ship; + frigates and vessels are scattered lower down. There is still a small + garrison at Portsmouth. Should they intend to evacuate, they at least are + proceeding with amazing slowness. From the enemy's preparations, I should + infer that they are working for the protection of one fleet, and for a + defence against another; that in case they hold Portsmouth, the main body + would be at York, and a detached corps upon Gloucester neck to protect the + water battery. Their fortifications are much contracted. From the enemy's + caution and partial movements, I should conclude their intelligence is not + very good, and that they wish to come at an explanation of my intentions + and prospects. + </p> + <p> + We have hitherto occupied the forks of York River, thereby looking both + ways. Some militia have prevented the enemy's parties from remaining any + time at or near Williamsburg, and false accounts have given them some + alarms. Another body of militia, under Colonel Ennis, has kept them pretty + close in Gloucester Town, and foraged in their vicinity. Upon the receipt + of your orders, I wrote to the governor, that intelligence of some plans + of the enemy rendered it proper to have some six hundred militia collected + upon Blackwater. I wrote to General Gregory, near Portsmouth, that I had + an account that the enemy intended to push a detachment to Carolina, which + would greatly defeat a scheme we had there. I have requested General Wayne + to move towards the southward, to be ready to cross James River at + Westover. A battalion of light infantry, and our only hundred dragoons, + being in Gloucester county, I call them my vanguard, and will take my + quarters there for one or two days, while the troops are filing off + towards James River. Our little army will consequently assemble again upon + the waters of the Chickahonimy; and should Jamestown Island thought to be + a good place to junction, we will be in a situation to form it, while we + render it more difficult for the enemy to render a journey to + Carolina.~{3} + </p> + <p> + In the present state of affairs, my dear general, I hope you will come + yourself to Virginia, and that, if the French army moves this way, I will + have, at least, the satisfaction of beholding you myself at the head of + the combined armies. In two days I will write again to your excellency, + and keep you particularly and constantly informed, unless something is + done the very moment (and it will probably be difficult). Lord Cornwallis + must be attacked with pretty great apparatus. But when a French fleet + takes possession of the bay and rivers, and we form a land force superior + to his, that army must, sooner or later, be forced to surrender, as we may + get what reinforcements we please. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear general; I heartily thank you for having ordered me to + remain in Virginia; it is to your goodness that I am indebted for the most + beautiful prospect which I may ever behold. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. From Williamsburg, the English retreated towards Portsmouth, near the + mouth of James River, and consequently not far from Chesapeak Bay. The sea + was open to them, and those repeated retrograde movements seemed to + indicate the project of evacuating Virginia. M. de Lafayette, therefore, + when he learnt that they were embarking on board their ships, never + doubted but that their intention was to leave that part of the country, to + repair, in all probability, to New York. But it became evident, at the + same time, that if those naval forces appeared upon the coast, they would + be blockaded without any means of escape. This is what occasioned their + inexplicable and unhoped for retreat upon Yorktown and Gloucester. + </p> + <p> + 2. The 13th, Washington, who was then at Dobb's Ferry, while + congratulating M. de Lafayette on his success, announced to him the + junction of his army with that of Rochambeau, and that very important + information would be carried to him by a confidential officer. He + recommended to him to concentrate his forces, and obtain means of + corresponding with him. The 15th, he apprised him that the Count de Grasse + intended quitting St. Domingo on the 3rd, with his fleet, to proceed to + the Chesapeak, and prescribed to him to shut out from Lord Cornwallis all + retreat on North Carolina. He added, "You shall hear further from me." The + 30th, he no longer concealed his intention of marching to the south. But + he only announced on the 21st of August that his troops were actually on + their march. While recurring to the necessity of inclosing the enemy on + every side, he ended by saying, "The particular mode I shall not at this + distance attempt to dictate; your own knowledge of the country, from your + long continuance in it, and the various and extended movements you have + made, have given you great opportunities for observation; of which I am + persuaded your military genius and judgment will lead you to make the best + improvement."—(Letters of Washington, vol. viii.) + </p> + <p> + 3. After the arrival of Lord Cornwallis at York, General Lafayette asked + Colonel Barber for a faithful and intelligent soldier, whom he could send + as a spy into the English camp. Morgan, of the New Jersey line, was + pointed out to him. The general sent for him and proposed to him the + difficult task of going over to the enemy as a deserter and enrolling in + their army. Morgan answered that he was ready to everything for his + country and his general, but to act the part of a spy was repugnant to all + his feelings; he did not fear for his life but for his name which might be + blotted with an eternal stain. He ended, however, by yielding but on + condition, that in case of any misfortune, the general would make the + truth known, and publish all the particulars of the case in the New Jersey + papers. M. de Lafayette promised this should be done. Morgan then + proceeded to the English camp. His mission was to give advice of the + movements of the enemy, and deceive them as to the projects and resources + of the Americans. He had not been long with the English, when Cornwallis + sent for him, and questioned him, in the presence of Tarleton, upon the + means General Lafayette might have of crossing south of James River. + Morgan replied, according to his private instructions, that he had a + sufficient number of boats, on the first signal, to cross the river, with + his whole army. "In that case," said Cornwallis to Tarleton, "what I said + to you cannot be done;" alluding, in all probability, to an intended march + upon North Carolina. After the arrival of the French fleet, M. de + Lafayette, on his return from a reconnoitring party, found in his quarters + six men dressed in the English uniform, and a Hessian dressed in green: + Morgan was amongst them, bringing back five deserters and a prisoner: he + no longer thought his services as a spy could be of any use to his + country. The next day, the general offered him, as a recompence, the rank + of sergeant. Morgan thanked him, but declined the offer, saying that he + thought himself a good soldier, but was not certain of being a good + sergeant. Other offers were also refused. "What can I then do for you?" + inquired the general. "I have only one favour to ask," replied Morgan. + "During my absence, my gun has been taken from me; I value it very much, + and I should like to have it back again." Orders were given that the gun + should be found and restored to him: this was the only thing he could be + prevailed on to receive. Mr. Sparks, who published this anecdote, "says he + heard it related, fifty years after it had occurred, by General Lafayette, + who still expressed great admiration for that soldier's noble feelings and + disinterested conduct."—(Washington's Writings, vol. viii., p. 152.) + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, between the branches of York River, August 24, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The residence of Virginia is anything but favourable to my correspondence. + I do not accuse public affairs of this evil; and as I find so much time to + think of my affection for you, I could doubtless find some, also, to + assure you of it; but there are no opportunities here of sending letters, + and we are obliged to despatch them to Philadelphia and expose them to + many hazards; these dangers, in addition to those of the sea, and the + increased delay they occasion, must necessarily render the arrival of + letters far more difficult. If you receive a greater number from the + French than from the Virginian army, it would be unjust to imagine that I + have been to blame. + </p> + <p> + Your self-love has, perhaps, been gratified by the part I have been + obliged to act: you may have hoped that I could not be equally awkward on + every theatre; but I should accuse you of an egregious degree of vanity + (for all things being in common between us, there is vanity in rating me + too highly) if you have not trembled for the perils to which I have been + exposed. I am not speaking of cannon balls, but of the more dangerous + master-strokes with which I was threatened by Lord Cornwallis. It was not + prudent in the general to confide to me such a command. If I had been + unfortunate, the public would have called that partiality an error in his + judgment. + </p> + <p> + To begin, even from the deluge, I must speak to you of that miserable + Portsmouth expedition. General Rochambeau had intended sending a thousand + Frenchmen there, under the Baron de Viomenil. You must have heard that the + French squadron gained a great deal of glory, whilst the English attained + their desired end. Admiral Arbuthnot will since have informed you that I + was blockaded; but, although we were not sailors, that blockade did not + detain us four hours. You will have learnt, afterwards, that General + Phillips having made some preparations at Portsmouth, we marched in all + haste to Richmond, where we arrived nearly at the same time; but I arrived + first. They then came from New York and Carolina to unite with the + Virginian troops; the whole was commanded by the formidable Lord + Cornwallis, who abandoned his first conquests to fulfil the ministerial + plan by the conquest of Virginia. It was not without some difficulty that + we avoided the battle he wished for; but, after many marches, we became + stronger than we were at the commencement, and we pretended to be stronger + than we were; we regained what we had lost without risking a battle, and, + after two trifling affairs, the hostile army proceeded to Portsmouth, + which it has since evacuated, and whose fortifications we have destroyed. + That army is now in York River, whither they repaired by water. If the + naval superiority which we are so fully expecting should arrive, I shall + rejoice at the campaign closing by the English army's assuming that + position. + </p> + <p> + The French and American troops before New York are under the orders of the + generalissimo. My friend Greene has had great success in Carolina, and + that campaign has taken a far better turn than we had any reason to expect + or hope. <i>It may perhaps end in a very favourable manner</i>. It is said + that the British ministry are sending here the Governor of Virginia; I + fancy they have founded rather too many hopes upon the success of their + army. The Pennsylvanians, who were to have joined them, are at present + here with us. But for the virtue, zeal, and courage of the regular troops + who were with me, it would have been impossible for me to have saved + myself. I cannot sufficiently express my gratitude to those with whom I + have undertaken this fatiguing campaign. The militia have done all they + could. I have been well pleased, with our little army, and only hope it + may have been also pleased with me. + </p> + <p> + I must speak of my health, which is a monotonous subject,—for I need + only repeat favourable accounts of my own constitution: the sun of + Virginia has a very bad character, and I had received many alarming + predictions; many persons, in truth, have had fevers; but this climate + agrees with me as well as any other, and the only effect fatigue has upon + me is to increase my appetite. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, between the branches of York River, August 24th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + When a person, sir, has Lord Cornwallis in front and is flying through the + sands of Virginia, he must depend upon others to give circumstantial news + of America. Ever since the guidance of this army has been entrusted to me, + I have found myself five hundred miles from any other troops, and all + accounts of the war, of General Washington, and of congress, are an + immense time in reaching me; but you have the Chevalier de la Luzerne, and + you could not have a better informer. There is only one point on which I + cannot depend on any person to speak for me,—and that is when I am + assuring you of the affectionate and devoted attachment I shall feel for + you during the remainder of my life. + </p> + <p> + To execute the gigantic project which his court has planned, Lord + Cornwallis was obliged to leave exposed both the Carolinas. General Greene + took ample advantage of this circumstance. It is true that the hostile + army bore on every point upon us, and all depended upon our having the + good luck to avoid a battle: fortune served us well, and after a few + junctions, our little army regained all the ground whose conquest had + occasioned so many sacrifices. In the other states we manoeuvred rather + than fought. Lord Cornwallis has left us Portsmouth, from whence he + communicated with Carolina, and finds himself at present at York, which + would be a very advantageous station for us, if we possessed a naval + superiority: if that should by chance arrive, our little army would enjoy + successes which would amply compensate for this long and fatiguing + campaign: I should not, in that case, regret our last movements having + placed us in our present situation. + </p> + <p> + I can only speak to you of myself, sir, or of the English army, for all + other accounts will reach you at Versailles almost as soon as they do me + in this remote corner of Virginia. It is reported that you are going to + make peace, but I am not very credulous on this point, and I fancy that + they will at least await the end of this campaign. + </p> + <p> + This is a large packet, sir, but I do not fear taking advantage of your + kindness, as I well know the full extent; I flatter myself I merit it as + much as it is possible for any person to do so, by the feelings of + confidence and respectful affection with which I remain, &c. + </p> + <p> + I beg you to present my kind compliments to the Countess de Vergennes, and + to your sons. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE MAUREPAS. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, between the branches of the York River, August 24th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Whilst I am thus, sir, more than ever separated from the rest of the + world, I am not less occupied with the persons I love, and who honour me + with their kindness and attention. I owe you so much gratitude, and feel + so much attached to you, that I wish to recal sometimes to your + recollection the rebel commander of the little Virginian army. Interested + for me, sir, as I know you are, you would have been alarmed by the + important part my youth has been called upon to act: five hundred miles + from any other corps, and without any resources whatever, I was placed to + oppose the projects of the court of St. James's and the good fortune of + Lord Cornwallis. Until the present moment, we have not met with any + disasters; but, in a time of war, no person can tell what events may occur + on the following day. Lord Cornwallis pursued us without succeeding in + taking us, and after a variety of movements, he is now in the good York + harbour; who knows whether his manoeuvres may not end by making us + prisoners of war? + </p> + <p> + As I do not know what vessel may bear this despatch, I will neither dwell + upon our projects nor our hopes; the Chevalier de la Luzerne, who knows + every opportunity for France, will inform you of all that passes here; for + my part, I am lost in the sands of Virginia, living only by my wits, and + corresponding with Lord Cornwallis only. This letter, sir, is merely + intended to recal me to your remembrance, and to offer you the assurance + of my respectful and affectionate regard. + </p> + <p> + Will you permit me, sir, to present my respects to the Countess de + Maurepas and Madame de Flamarens? + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Holt's Forge, 1st Sept., 1781. + </p> + <p> + My dear General,—From the bottom of my heart I congratulate you upon + the arrival of the French fleet. Some rumours had been spread, and spy + accounts sent out, but no certainty until the admiral's despatches came to + hand. Inclosed I send you his letter, and that of M. de St. Simon, both of + whom I request you will have translated by Tilghman or Gouvion alone, as + there are parts of them personal, which I do not choose to shew to others. + Thanks to you, my dear general, I am in a very charming situation, and + find myself at the head of a beautiful body of troops; but am not so hasty + as the Count de Grasse, and think that, having so sure a game to play, it + would be madness, by the risk of an attack, to give anything to chance. + </p> + <p> + It appears Count de Grasse is in a great hurry to return; he makes it a + point to put upon my expressions such constructions as may favour his + plan. They have been pleased to adopt my ideas, as to the sending of + vessels into James River, and forming a junction at Jamestown. I wish they + may also force the passage at York, because then his lordship has no + possibility of escape. + </p> + <p> + The delay of Count de Grasse's arrival, the movement of the grand army, + and the alarm there was at York, have forced me, for greater security, to + send a part of the troops to the south side, of James River. To-morrow and + the day after will be employed in making dispositions for covering a + landing, which will be done with continentals discumbered of baggage; and + on the 5th, agreeable to the count's desire, a junction will be made of + our troops. I shall then propose to the French general the taking of a + safe position, within ten or twelve miles of York; such a one as cannot be + forced without a much greater loss than we could suffer. + </p> + <p> + And, unless matters are very different from what I think they are, my + opinion is, that we ought to be contented with preventing the enemy's + forages, and fatiguing them by alarming their picquets with militia, + without committing our regulars. Whatever readiness the Marquis de St. + Simon has been pleased to express to Colonel Gimat, respecting his being + under me, I shall do nothing without paying that deference which is due to + age, talents, and experience; but would rather incline to the cautious + line of conduct I have of late adopted. General Portail must be now with + Count de Grasse. He knows your intentions, and our course will be + consulted in our movements. + </p> + <p> + Lord Cornwallis has still one way to escape; he may land at West Point, + and cross James River, some miles below Point of Fork; but I thought this + part was the most important, as the other route is big with obstacles. + However, to prevent even a <i>possibility</i>, I would wish some ships + were above York. + </p> + <p> + The governor~{2} was with me when the letters came; he jumped upon a + horse, and posted off to his council. I gave him a memorandum, demanding + provisions of every kind for the fleet and the combined army. We may + depend upon a quantity of cattle, but flour ought to be sent from Maryland + and Pennsylvania. Chevalier d'Annemours, the French consul, is here, and + will take a method to have his countrymen supplied without starving us. + </p> + <p> + Upon a particular inquiry of the country, and our circumstances, I hope + you will find we have taken the best precautions to lessen his lordship's + chances to escape; he has a few left, but so very precarious, that I + hardly believe he will make the attempt; if he does, he must give up + ships, artillery, baggage, part of the horses, all the negroes; he must be + certain to lose the third of his army, and run the greatest risk to lose + the whole, without gaining that glory which he may derive from a brilliant + defence. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear general, the agreeable situation I am in is owing to your + friendship, and is, for that reason, the dearer to your respectful servant + and friend. + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. Washington having finally adopted the project of uniting the land and + sea forces against the army of Cornwallis, which had so fortunately + stationed itself in the position most favourable to a naval attack, it was + still important and difficult to prevent him from reaching Carolina, and + thus ruining the campaign of the allied powers. It was to attain this end, + that Lafayette had despatched troops to the south of James River, under + pretence of dislodging the English from Portsmouth; this movement had also + the good effect of uniting to the corps of the army the troops and + artillery who could escape by Albemarle Sound on the arrival of the Count + de Grasse. With the same view, he detained troops on the south of James + River, on pretence of sending General Wayne and his Pennsylvanians to the + southern army to reinforce General Greene. No person was in the secret, + and the enemy could not, therefore, be undeceived. It was at that period + that he sent them the pretended deserter, Morgan. In short, after having + manoeuvred for several months to lead his opponent into the spot that + would best allow him to take advantage of a naval co-operation, he + manoeuvred at last so as to prevent his enemy from withdrawing when he + became conscious of his danger. His precautions in this respect were more + necessary from Lord Cornwallis knowing that a large French fleet was + expected in North America. The moment the Count de Grasse arrived, + Lafayette marched on rapidly to Williamsburg, and effected a junction with + a corps of three thousand men belonging to the Marquis de St. Simon. As + soon as he landed at Jamestown, he crossed the river, united Wayne's corps + to his own, and assembled, on the other side of York River, opposite to + Gloucester, a corps of militia. The English army thus found itself + enclosed on every side, and no possible means of safety were left to Lord + Cornwallis but by his undertaking a very perilous enterprise. He + reconnoitred, however, the position of Williamsburg, with the intention of + attacking it. It was a well chosen station: two creeks; or small rivers, + throwing themselves, one into James, the other into York River, almost + enclosed the peninsula on that point; it was necessary to force two well + defended passages; two houses and two public buildings of Williamsburg, + both of stone, were well placed to defend the front. There were five + thousand French and American troops, a large corps of militia, and a well + served campaign artillery. Lord Cornwallis thought he ought not to hazard + an attack. He might have crossed over to Gloucester, or have ascended York + River, the Count de Grasse having neglected to place vessels above that + point, but he must have abandoned, in that case, his artillery, magazines, + and invalids, and measures had been taken to cut off his road in several + places; he determined, therefore, to await the attack. He might have had, + in truth, the chance of a combat, if Lafayette had yielded to some + tempting solicitations. The Count de Grasse was in a hurry to return; the + idea of waiting for the northern troops and generals was intolerable to + him; he entreated Lafayette to attack the English army; with the American + and French troops that were under his command, offering, for that purpose, + not only the detachments which formed the garrisons of the ships, but also + as many sailors as he should demand. The Marquis de St. Simon, who + although subordinate to Lafayette from the date of his commission, was + much his senior in point of age and service, joined earnestly in the + admiral's request. He represented that Lord Cornwallis's works were not + yet completed, and that an attack of superior forces would soon, in all + probability, take Yorktown, and afterwards Gloucester. The temptation was + great for the young general of the combined army, who was scarcely + four-and-twenty years of age; he had an unanswerable pretence for taking + such a step in the declaration made by M. de Grasse, that he could not + wait for the northern generals and forces; but this attack, which, if + successful, would have been so brilliant, must necessarily have cost a + great deal of blood. Lafayette would not sacrifice to his personal + ambition the soldiers who had been confided to him; and, refusing the + request of the Count de Grasse, he only endeavoured to persuade him to + await the arrival of General Washington, accompanied by the Generals + Rochambeau and Lincoln, seniors of Lafayette; by this means the reduction + of the army of Cornwallis became a secure and by no means costly + operation. (Note extracted from Manuscript, No. 2.) + </p> + <p> + 2. The governor of Virginia, Nelson. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Williamsburg, September 8, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My dear General,—I had the honour to write you lately, giving an + account of everything that came within my knowledge. I was every hour + expecting I might be more particular; but if you knew how slowly things go + on in this country; still I have done the best in my power; I have written + and received twenty letters a day from government and from every + department. The governor does what he can: the wheels of his government + are so very rusty that no governor whatever will be able to set them free + again. Time will prove that Jefferson has been too severely charged. The + French troops, my dear general, have landed with amazing celerity; they + have already been wanting flour, meat and salt, not so much, however, as + to be one day without. I have been night and day the quarter-master + collector, and have drawn myself into a violent head-ache and fever, which + will go off with three hours' sleep, the want of which has occasioned it. + This, my dear general, will apologize to you for not writing with my own + hand. The French army is composed of the most excellent regiments: they + have with them a corps of hussars, which may be of immediate use. The + general and all the officers have cheerfully lived in the same way as our + poorly provided American detachment. I think a letter from you on the + subject will have a very good effect. Last night by leaving our own + baggage, and accepting of our officers' horses, we have been able to move + to a position near Williamsburg: it is covered along the front with + ravines; the right flank is covered by a mill-pond, on the road to + Jamestown; the left by Queen's Creek, small rivulets, and marshes. We have + militia still in front of our right and left, and a good look out on the + river. Our provisions may come to the capital landing. Williamsburg and + its strong buildings are in our front. I have upon the lines General + Muhlenberg with one thousand men, four hundred of whom are Virginian + regulars, and one hundred dragoons. In borrowing White's unequipped horses + we may add one hundred hussars. There is a line of armed ships along James + River, and a small reserve of militia, which may increase every day: there + are in Gloucester county eight hundred militia driving off stock. I had + recommended, with proper delicacy, to Count de Grasse to send some naval + forces up York River; the French armed vessels in Pamunkey are come down + to West Point. No movement of Count de Grasse has as yet taken place, + except some ships below York. Your excellency's letter to him has been + duly forwarded; we are under infinite obligations to the officers and the + men for their zeal. + </p> + <p> + I entered into these particular accounts, my dear general, in order to + show you that propriety, and not the desire to advance, has dictated our + measures. We will try, if not dangerous, upon a large scale, to form a + good idea of the works; but, unless I am greatly deceived, there will be + madness in attacking them now with our force. Marquis de St. Simon, Count + de Grasse, and General du Portail, agree with me in opinion; but, should + Lord Cornwallis come out against, such a position, as we have, everybody + thinks that he cannot but repent of it; and should he beat us, he must + soon prepare for another battle. + </p> + <p> + Now, my dear general, I am going to speak to you of the fortifications at + York. Lord Cornwallis is working day and night, and will soon work himself + into a respectable situation: he has taken ashore the greater part of his + sailors; he is picking up whatever provisions he can get. I am told he has + ordered the inhabitants in the vicinity of the town to come in, and should + think they may do him much good. Our present position will render him + cautious, and I think it a great point. No news as yet in this camp of the + fleet of M. le Comte de Barras.~{1} + </p> + <p> + I will now answer you that part of your letter respecting provisions for + the troops under your immediate command. + </p> + <p> + With respect to a proper place for the debarkation of your troops, it is + the opinion of the Marquis de St. Simon, and mine, that it must be in + James River, but we have not had an opportunity yet of fixing on the best + spot: it appears, however, that it must be at or near Williamsburg or + Jamestown. + </p> + <p> + With the most affectionate regard and esteem, I am; dear general, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. Marshall speaks of the departure of the Count de Barras for the + Chesapeak, and of his arrival with the artillery of the siege; that the + admiral had received a letter from the minister of the marine, the Marshal + de Castries, who, informing him of the orders given to M. de Grasse to + proceed to the coasts of the United States, left him free to make a cruise + on the banks of Newfoundland, not wishing to oblige him to serve under his + junior, to whom the minister had entrusted the command. But M. de Barras + nobly determined to convey himself and the artillery to Rhode Island, and + to range himself, with all his vessels, under the command of an admiral + less ancient than himself.—Manuscript, No. 2. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp before York, October 16, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My dear General,—Your excellency having personally seen our + dispositions, I shall only give an account of what passed in the + execution. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Gimat's battalion led the van, and was followed by that of Colonel + Hamilton's, who commanded the whole advanced corps; at the same time, a + party of eighty men, under Colonel Laurens, turned the redoubt. I beg + leave to refer your excellency to the report I have received from Colonel + Hamilton, whose well known talents and gallantry were on this occasion + most conspicuous and serviceable. Our obligations to him, to Colonel + Gimat, to Colonel Laurens, and to each and all the officers and men, are + above expression. Not one gun was fired, and the ardour of the troops did + not give time for the sappers to derange them, and, owing to the conduct + of the commanders and the bravery of the men, the redoubt was stormed with + uncommon rapidity. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Barber's battalion, which was the first in the supporting column, + being detached to the aid of the advance, arrived at the moment they were + getting over the works, and executed their orders with the utmost + alacrity. The colonel was slightly wounded: the rest of the column under + General Muhlenberg and Hazen advanced with admirable firmness and + discipline. Colonel Vose's battalion displayed to the left, a part of the + division successively dressing by him, whilst a second line was forming + columns in the rear. It adds greatly to the character of the troops that, + under the fire of the enemy, they displayed and took their rank with + perfect silence and order. Give me leave particularly to mention Major + Barber, division inspector, who distinguished himself, and received a + wound by a cannon ball. + </p> + <p> + In making arrangements for the support of the works we had reduced, I was + happy to find General Wayne and the Pennsylvanians so situated as to have + given us, in case of need, the most effectual support. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, with the most perfect respect, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. It was the 13th of September that General Washington had operated his + junction with General Lafayette, and the 28th the place of York was + invaded. The assault was given on the 15th of October. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE MAUREPAS. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, near York, October 20th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The play, sir, is over—and the fifth act has just been closed; I was + in a somewhat awkward situation during the first acts; my heart + experienced great delight at the final one—and I do not feel less + pleasure in congratulating you, at this moment, upon the fortunate issue + of our campaign. I need not describe the particulars of it, sir, because + Lauzun will give them to you in person; and I only wish him the same + degree of good luck in crossing the ocean that he had in passing through a + corps of Tarleton's legion. + </p> + <p> + M. de Rochambeau will give you a full account of the army he commands; but + if the honour of having commanded for some time the division of M. de St. + Simon gives me any right to speak of my obligations to that general and + his troops, that right would be much valued by me. + </p> + <p> + Will you have the kindness, sir, to present my respectful compliments to + the Countess de Maurepas, and Madame de Flamarens, and to accept, + yourself, the sincere assurance of my affection, gratitude, and respect. + </p> + <h3> + TO M. DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Camp, near York, October 20th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Allow me, sir, to offer you my congratulations upon the good leaf that has + been turned over in our political tablets. M. Laurens will give all + particulars; I rejoice that your Virginian campaign should close so well, + and my respect for the talents of Lord Cornwallis renders his capture + still more valuable to me. After this commencing stroke, what English + general will ever think of conquering America? Their southern manoeuvres + have not ended more fortunately than their northern ones, and the affair + of General Burgoyne has been again renewed. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, Sir; I have so short a time for writing, that I can only add at + present the assurance of the respect and sincere attachment of, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO MADAME DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + On board <i>La Ville de Paris</i>, in Chesapeak Bay, Oct. 22, 1781. + </p> + <p> + This is the last moment, my dearest love, allowed me for writing to you; + M. de Lauzun is going to join the frigate and return to Europe; some + business I had to settle with the admiral affords me the pleasure of thus + giving you some news of me two days later; what relates to public affairs + will be detailed to you by M. de Lauzun. The close of this campaign is + truly brilliant for the allied troops; our movements have been all + remarkably well combined, and I must, indeed, be difficult to please, if I + were not completely satisfied with the close of my Virginian campaign. You + must have learnt all the trouble that Lord Cornwallis's talents and + superior forces gave me,—the good luck we had in regaining the + ground we had lost,—and, finally, our drawing Lord Cornwallis into + the very position that was necessary to enable us to capture him: at that + precise moment all the troops rushed upon him. I count as amongst the + happiest epochs of my life, that in which the division of M. de St. Simon + remained united to my army, and that in which I alternately commanded the + three field-marshals, with the troops under their orders. I pity Lord + Cornwallis, for whom I have the highest respect; he is kind enough to + express some esteem for me, and after having allowed myself the pleasure, + in the capitulation, of repaying the incivilities of Charlestown, I do not + intend to carry my vengeance any farther. My health is extremely good, and + I met with no accident during our encounter. + </p> + <p> + Present my most affectionate respects to Madame d'Ayen, and the Marshal de + Noailles; a thousand kind regards to all my sisters, the Abbé Fayon, and + M. de Margelay. I embrace ten thousand times our beloved children. Adieu, + adieu. + </p> + <h3> + THE MARQUIS DE SEGUR TO M. DE LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + December 5th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + The king, sir, having been informed of the military talents of which you + have given such multiplied proofs whilst commanding the different corps of + the army that has been confided to you in the United States; of the wisdom + and prudence that have guided you in the various decisions you were called + upon to take respecting the interests of the United States; and of the + great confidence with which you have inspired General Washington; his + Majesty has desired me to tell you, that the praises you have so justly + merited on such various occasions have fixed his attention, and that your + conduct and successes have made him, sir, conceive the most favourable + opinion of you; such a one as you might yourself desire, and from which + you may depend on his future kindness. His Majesty, in order to give you a + very flattering and peculiar mark of this intention, renews to you the + rank of field-marshal in his armies, which you are to enjoy as soon as the + American war shall be terminated, at which period you will quit the + service of the United States to re-enter that of his Majesty. In virtue of + this decision, sir, you may be considered as field-marshal from the date + of the signature of the capitulation, after the siege of Yorktown, by + General Cornwallis, the 19th October, of this year, on account of your + fulfilling at that time the functions belonging to that rank in the troops + of the United States of America. + </p> + <p> + His Majesty is disposing at this moment of his regiment of dragoons, of + which he had kept for you the command until the present time. + </p> + <p> + I beg you to be convinced of the pleasure I experience in this act of his + Majesty's justice, and of the wish, I feel to prove to you, on every + occasion, the sincere attachment with which I have the honour of being, + &c. + </p> + <p> + SÉGUR. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + <i>Alliance</i>, off Boston, December 21st, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I am sorry to think we are not yet gone, and there + still remain some doubts of our going to-morrow. This delay I lament not + so much on private accounts as I do on the account of our next campaign, + in the planning of which your opinion, as I shall deliver it, must be of + the greatest use to the common cause. As to the department of foreign + affairs, I shall be happy to justify the confidence of the congress, by + giving my opinion to the best of my power, whenever it is asked for; but + the affair of finances will, I fear, be a difficult point for the American + minister, in which, however, I shall be happy to help him with my utmost + exertions. The moment I arrive in France, I will write to you minutely how + things stand, and give you the best accounts in my power. + </p> + <p> + I have received every mark of affection in Boston, and am much attached to + this town, to which I owe so many obligations; but, from public + considerations, I have been impatient to leave it and go on board the + frigate, where I receive all possible civilities, but where I had rather + be under sail than at anchor. + </p> + <p> + I beg your pardon, my dear general, for giving you so much trouble in + reading my scrawls; but we are going to sail, and my last adieu, I must + dedicate to my beloved general. Adieu, my dear general: I know your heart + so well, that I am sure that no distance can alter your attachment to me. + With the same candour, I assure you that my love, my respect, my gratitude + for you, are above expression; that, at the moment of leaving you, I felt + more than ever the strength of those friendly ties that for ever bind me + to you, and that I anticipate the pleasure, the most wished for pleasure, + to be again with you, and, by my zeal and services, to gratify the + feelings of my respect and affection. Will you be pleased to present my + compliments and respects to Mrs. Washington, and to remember me to General + Knox and General Lincoln. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear general, your respectful and tender friend, &c. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0029" id="link2H_4_0029"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ADDITIONAL CORRESPONDENCE. + </h2> + <h3> + INSERTED ONLY IN THE + </h3> + <h3> + AMERICAN EDITION. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h3> + TO HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + At Robins's Tavern, halfpast four, 26 June, 1778. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—I have received your excellency's favor~{1} notifying + your arrival at Cramberry, and am glad to have anticipated your orders in + not going too far. I have felt the unhappy effects of the want of + provisions, for I dare say if we had not been stopped by it, as we were + already within three miles of the enemy's rear, we would very easily have + overtaken them and fought with advantage. + </p> + <p> + I have consulted the general officers of the detachment, and the general + opinion seems to be that I should march in the night near them, so as to + attack the rear guard when on the march. We have also spoken of a night + attack. The latter seems dangerous. The former will perhaps give them time + of escaping, as it is impossible I would move quite close by them, at + least nearer than three miles.—Col. Morgan is towards the right + flank, Gen. Dickinson is a little upon the left, Gens. Scott and Maxwel + have insisted upon going further down than we are now; for Wayne's and + Jackson's corps they have not had provisions at all but will be able to + march in the night. I beg you would let me know your intention and your + opinion of the matter, my motions depend much upon what the army will do + for countenancing them. I beg you would be very particular upon what you + think proper to be done and what your excellency will do. I wish indeed + you would anticipate the different cases which may happen according to the + place where the enemy lays.—Gen. Wayne, Col. Hamilton and several + officers have gone to reconnoitre it, I fancy they will lay about seven or + eight miles from here. Your excellency knows that by the direct road you + are only three miles further from Monmouth than we are in this place. + </p> + <p> + The enemy is said to march since this morning with a great confusion and + fright. Some prisoners have been made, and deserters come amazingly fast. + I believe an happy blow would have the happiest effect, and I always + regret the time we have lost by want of provisions. + </p> + <p> + I beg you would answer to me immediately, and with the highest respect I + have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The letter referred to does not appear in Sparks' "Writings of + Washington;" but there is a letter of instructions in vol. 5, p. 417 of + that work addressed to Gen. Lafayette by Gen. Washington, dated the 25th + June 1770, in relation to the service upon which the former had been + detached; some account of which is to be found in the preceding "Memoirs," + ante p.p.51, 52. See also, the letters of Gen. Washington to Gens. Lee and + Lafayette, in Sparks' "Writings &c." p.p. 410, 419. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + At Cranbarry, 5 o'clock, June, 1778, + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—I have received your orders for marching as just as I + could and I have marched without waiting for the provisions tho' we want + them extremely. Gen. Forman and Col. Hamilton sat out last night to meet + the other troops and we shall be together at Hidestown or somewhat lower. + Gen. Forman is firmly of opinion that we may overtake the enemy,—for + my part I am not so quiet upon the subject as he is, but his sentiment is + of great weight on account of his knowledge of the country. It is highly + pleasant to me to be followed and countenanced by the army that if we stop + the enemy and meet with some advantage they may push it with vigor. I have + no doubt but if we overtake them we possess a very happy chance. However, + I would not have the army quite so near as not to be quite master of its + motions, but a very little distance may do it.—I have heard nothing + of the enemy this morning. An officer of militia says, that after they had + pitched their tents yesterday night, they struck them again. But I am + inclined to believe they did not go farther, and that the man who brought + the intelligence was mistaken. I expect some at Hidestown which I will + immediately forward to you. I beg when your excellency will write to me, + that you could let me know the place you have reached, that I might govern + myself accordingly. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. In answer to the letter of instructions mentioned in the preceding + note. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Half past ten, 28th June, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—Your orders have reached me so late and found me in + such a situation that it will be impossible to follow them as soon as I + could wish. It is not on account of any other motive than the + impossibility of moving the troops and making such a march immediately, + for in receiving your letter I have given up the project of attacking the + enemy, and I only wish to join Gen. Lee.—I was even going to set + out, but all the Brigadiers, Officers, &c. have represented that there + was a material impossibility of moving troops in the situation where ours + find themselves—I do not believe Gen. Lee is to make any attack to + morrow, for then I would have been directed to fall immediately upon them, + without making 11 miles entirely out of the way. I am here as near as I + will be at English Town. To-morrow at two o'clock I will set off for that + place. + </p> + <p> + I do not know if Morgan's corps, the militia, &c., must be brought + along with the other part of the detachment. Gen. Forman who don't approve + much of that motion, says, that our right flank must be secured, unless to + incur the most fatal consequences for the whole army. + </p> + <p> + I beg your pardon sir, if my letter is so badly written, but I want to + send it soon and to rest one or two hours. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + Be so good as to send a speedy answer of what you think proper to order + me. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. In answer probably to Gen. Washington's letter of the 26th June. + Sparks' Washington, vol. 5, p. 419. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Cranbarry, half past nine o'clock, 29 June, 1778. + </p> + <p> + Dear General,—Inclosed I have the honor to send you a letter which + Colonel Hamilton was going to send me from this place when I arrived with + the detachment, and which may give you an idea of the position of the + enemy. I will try to meet and collect as soon as possible our forces, tho' + I am sorry to find the enemy so far down that way. We will be obliged to + march pretty fast, if we want to attack them. It is for that I am + particularly concerned about provisions. I send back immediately for the + purpose, and beg you would give orders to have them forwarded as speedily + as possible, and directed to march fast, for I believe we must set out + early to-morrow morning. The detachment is in a wood, covered by <i>Cranberry</i> + Creek, and I believe extremely safe. We want to be very well furnished + with spirits as a long and quick march may be found necessary, and if Gen. + Scot's detachment is not provided, it should be furnished also with + liquor; but the provisions of this detachment are the most necessary to be + sent as soon as possible, as we expect them to march. + </p> + <p> + If any thing new comes to my knowledge, I will immediately write to your + excellency, and I will send an express in the morning. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <p> + I wish also we could get some axes, but it should not stop the so + important affairs of provisions. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + St. Jean d'Angely, June, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—I learnt before I left Paris, that a loan, negotiating in + Holland for England, and which was to have been completed the coming + autumn, would be stopped, because the lenders had demanded one per cent + more interest. This loan was undertaken by a banker of English origin, who + has apportioned it among a great many persons, and had become + lender-general to the English government. I am told that some profits over + and above the commission might help America to this sum, amounting to + above forty millions. I communicated this information to the Chevalier de + la Luzerne to be imparted to you; but having discharged that duty towards + the Americans, I feared lest M. Necker would not share in my earnestness. + I have already appropriated twenty millions to bank stock, ten to an + expedition, and ten to pay the interest until the final reimbursement. + </p> + <p> + I received at the moment I was coming away a letter from America, dated in + the month of January, in which the President informed me in behalf of + Congress, that they had changed their determination respecting the joint + expedition to Canada. The reasons assigned are, the slight probability of + Rhode Island and New York being evacuated next winter, the uncertainty of + the enemy's movements next spring, and therefore the impossibility of + promising their quota of the troops, fixed in the plan that I was + intrusted with. I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 9 July, 1779 + </p> + <p> + Sir, If my letter from America had contained any interesting information, + I should not have delayed a moment to acquaint you with it; but it is only + a confirmation of what you heard, and we have some later news by the way + of England. It will be injurious to commerce for the British to have the + command of James River, and while they can coast along those shores with + impunity, their transient descents will almost always succeed. If they + should establish themselves in their new profession, to drive them out + would be the more accordant to the plan I spoke to you about; as, in + Virginia, November and even December are good campaigning months. The + arrival of M. Gerard will certainly supply you with many details of + American affairs, the Swedish ambassador has sent me, in the name of his + king, the most flattering assurances, and well suited to awaken my + gratitude, but the vessels are not forthcoming, and if we go to America, + we must go under the Spanish or French flag. I think if our Southern + allies should engage alone in a similar expedition, they would do more + harm than good by it. + </p> + <p> + I wish I could send news that the English fleet was beaten in good + earnest; and whilst I wait that event with as much interest, as if I was + at the head of the fleet, the army and the whole ministry, I do not forget + that your time is precious, and so I shall content myself with presenting + to you the homage of my respect and my attachment. + </p> + <h3> + TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS. + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 7th October, 1779. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—As from their minister in France, any European intelligence + will be properly conveyed to congress, I beg only the leave of paying them + a due tribute of my respect and heartfelt assurance of my unbounded zeal, + love and gratitude: so sensible I am of their goodness towards me, that I + flatter myself they will kindly receive this letter from one who will ever + boast in the name of an American soldier, and whose delight has been long + ago, in sharing the same fortune as the American people, never to be + considered but as a countryman of theirs. + </p> + <p> + ...land has been obliged to make, the terror that has been spread along + her own shores, while her naval forces were flying in the channel before + our fleet, and suffering themselves to be insulted by our van guard + frigates, and at length the obligation our fleet was under, to repair into + the harbour of Brest for getting provisions and water, are events which + will be more accurately reported by Mr. Franklin's dispatches. The Ardent, + man-of-war of sixty-four guns has been taken by two French frigates. + Captain Jones's small American squadron had the good luck of taking lately + a fleet from the Baltic, and displaying Continental colours along the + coasts of Scotland. + </p> + <p> + Since I had the honor to write to your excellency, I have ever been with + Count de Vaux's army, which was divided in two corps at St. Malo and the + Havre, and consisted of thirty thousand men. Another body has been + stationed in Flanders, and two thousand dragoons are to embark at Brest.—The + project of invading England was at first retarded by a difficult meeting + of the French and Spanish fleets on account of contrary winds, by useless + efforts to bring out the enemy to an engagement, and the necessity of + repairing into the harbour of Brest. How it will be possible to bring out + the expedition in the autumn is yet undetermined, but it will be perhaps + delayed until next spring, though the ministry seem very anxious of acting + in this campaign. + </p> + <p> + Suppose the taking of Gibraltar, which they are going to attack with the + greater vigor, was the only European conquest for this year, the large + expenses France has made will yet be of a great use to the common cause, + as it has exhausted England and detained at home forces which would have + done mischief in the other part of the world. + </p> + <p> + The loss which the enemy have sustained in the East Indies has been very + severly felt by them, and from their negociations in Europe they cannot + procure themselves any allies. + </p> + <p> + Count d'Estaing's arrival on the American coasts will, I hope, have + produced such an effect as we earnestly desire. How truly concerned, how + truly unhappy I am in being confined to mere wishes, Congress, from the + knowledge they have of my sentiments will better feel for me than I might + myself express. The furlough they were pleased to give me was unlimited, + no one could imagine the campaign would take such a turn, and till the + month of June I was in hopes of rendering myself, in this part of the + world, of a more immediate use to the United States. The expedition + against England had been afterwards fixed upon, and my services were + thought useful to my country and the common cause: So that I hope Congress + will approve of my conduct. + </p> + <p> + Whatever may be the success of the campaign in America, it will certainly + bring on new projects for the ensuing year. The sense I have of the favors + conferred on me by congress, and the marks of confidence which I have + obtained in many occasions, give me the freedom of reminding them that the + moments where I may find myself under American colours, among my fellow + soldiers, and take orders from our great and heroic General will ever be + considered as the happiest ones in my life. + </p> + <p> + If there is any thing in France where not only as a soldier, but as a + politician, or in whatever possible light, I may employ my exertions to + the advantage of the United States, I hope it is useless to tell that I + will seize the happy opportunity and bless the fortunate hour which shall + render me useful to those whom I love with all the ardor and frankness of + my heart. + </p> + <p> + The inestimable sword which Congress have generously added to their so + many favors, I have received from their minister with such honorable + services as by far exceed any merit I may ever boast of. This present has + been also graced by Mr. Franklin's politeness in offering it, and I could + not help repeating again to Congress some assurances of those sentiments + which for ever will animate my grateful heart. + </p> + <p> + With the warm feelings of one whose first ambition and delight is to be + known in this and to be called in ages to come a <i>lover of America</i>, + who is bound to his representatives by the most respectful and tender + attachment and gratitude, and with the highest regard for your excellency. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be your's &c. + </p> + <p> + Paris, 9th January, 1780. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—You were too busy yesterday for me to communicate to you the + answer of M. de Montbarrey to the request for powder and guns which I had + taken it upon me to make. I spoke in my own name, and the advice which I + took the liberty of giving was not ill received. M. de Montbarrey told me + that he would speak to you about it. He promised me an early answer; and + as you favor my request, I hope that we shall soon obtain the powder and + the fifteen thousand complete sets of accoutrements, which we would add to + the clothes bought with the king's money. You are conferring a great + obligation upon America, and affording her great additional means of + contributing to the advancement of the grand common cause. Every citizen + must be strongly interested in the fate of our islands, and must fear the + effects, which would follow if an expedition should go out from New York. + It is enough to know that country, whose independence is so important to + the honor and safety of France, to desire that it may be not forgotten in + the plan of the campaign, and to regret the loss of the time which might + be employed in giving it assistance. But the extensive operations are + beyond my sphere, I shall merely ask for my guns, and assure you of the + strong affection and respect with which I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.~{1} + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Peekskill, July the 20th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + DEAR GENERAL,—Having heard of an express from Rhode Island being + going through the Continental village, I sent for him as it would not + delay him more than an hour. Inclosed I have the honor to send you the + letter from Gen. Heath, which I have opened, and also two letters from the + French generals to me. It seems, my dear General, that they have + anticipated the desire you expressed yourself of our plans in a private + conversation. That way indeed will do better than a hundred letters. In + case (what however I don't believe) they would wish to speak to yourself, + I shall immediately send an express to inform you of it; but I dare say + they will be satisfied with my coming. + </p> + <p> + I am glad to hear they are hunting after the Cork fleet, and those + frigates being out will also apprise them of the enemy's naval motions. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear General. With a heart full of hopes, and I think of well + grounded expectations, I have the honor to be very tenderly and + respectfully, &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S. It is much to be lamented that Paul Jones did not come in the first + envoy. In case there is nothing to fear from the enemy, I will send the + clothing to New London. Be certain, my dear General, that though by + serious reflexions and calculations which I can prove to be right, I have + great hopes of success, I shall however look upon and speak of all the + difficulties that may present themselves. I have on public and private + accounts many reasons to feel the consequence of the plan in question, and + to take the greatest care in considering by myself and explaining to + others our circumstances. The delay of the small arms I don't consider as + equally hurtful to our affairs as will be the deficiency of Powder. But as + (even at the so much overrated calculations) we have enough of it for one + month, I will try to get a supply from the fleet, and then it will come to + the same point. You will hear from me as soon as possible after my + arrival. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter was written by General Lafayette, while on his journey to + Newport R.I., whither he has been sent with full instructions to conduct + measures of co-operation with the French Generals De Rochambeau and De + Ternay. A copy of these instructions is given in Sparks' History of + Washington, Vol. 7, App. III. See also the answer of Washington to La + Layette, ib. p. 117. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Danbury, July the 21st, 1780. + </p> + <p> + As I find an express going from Hartford to General Greene, I send this + letter to him that you might hear something further about the recruits of + Connecticut. + </p> + <p> + From the Colonel who under Gen. Parsons is intrusted with the care of + forwarding them, I hear that by the first of August two thousand of them + will be at West Point; but I had put in my head that they were to bring + arms with them, and I find it is not the case. + </p> + <p> + Gen. Parsons and myself will meet at Newtown, where, in mentioning again + to him the necessity of hurrying the recruits to West Point, I will + apprise him that you have been disappointed in the expectation of some + powder, and desire him to write to you how far, in case of an emergency, + you might be provided for with that article from his state. + </p> + <p> + In case Gen. Parsons thought that my waiting on the governor and council + might answer any purpose, I would go three or four miles out of my way to + preach to them some of my old sermons. + </p> + <p> + With the help of French horses whom I make free with on the road, I hope I + will arrive very soon at Rhode Island. Nothing about Graves' fleet; but I + am happy to think that they will find our people ready to receive them at + Newport. + </p> + <p> + When I wrote you, my dear General, that my heart was full of flattering + expectations, it is understood that I suppose a sufficiency of arms and + ammunition, which I thought so far useless to explain, as I hope you + believe I have some common sense. But I had an idea that the recruits + would be armed, and I yet think (though I had no reason to be particular + on that head) that you have many small arms in your stores. For what + relates to the powder, I hope that what you will get from the states, and + what I flatter myself to borrow from the French fleet, wilt put you in a + situation to wait for the alliance. You may remember that the second + division is to come before, or very little after, the beginning of our + operations. + </p> + <p> + I however confess it is impossible not to be very angry at captain Jones's + delays, and much disappointed in our expectations. The only thing I want + to know, is <i>if you depend on a sufficiency of arms and ammunition for + the first thirty days</i>. Be certain that before settling any thing, my + great basis will be, <i>when and how does the second division come, and + how far may we depend on the arms and ammunition coming with them</i>. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, respectfully, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Hartford, July the 22d, 1780.~{1} + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I hasten to inform you that the missing transport + is safely arrived, on the 19th, at Boston. She is said to be a two-decker, + and to have on board a vast deal of powder, with pieces of ordnance, and + also the baggage of the officers of <i>Bourbonnsis</i>.—The + intelligence came this instant by an officer of our army who saw the men + encamped on the commons, from where they were to march to Providence. Two + American frigates were, I am told, ordered to convoy the ship around the + Rhode Island; but as their orders were to sail by to-morrow, they will + have time to receive contrary directions from the French Admiral. The + inclosed newspaper will acquaint you of Graves's cruising off Block + Island, and on their first appearance, Chev. de Ternay will certainly + dispatch an express to Boston. + </p> + <p> + In a conversation which I had yesterday with General Parsons, he told me + that he thought the number of your arms in stores, amounted to ten + thousand, exclusive of those which are now in the hands of the men. He + seems to be of opinion, and so is Col. Wadsworth, that there is no + inconvenience in their State's furnishing their drafts with arms, and + giving even a larger proportion if thought necessary. They say those arms + may be by the 5th of August at King's Ferry. I was so particular as to + make myself certain that this demand will not in the least impeach any + other measure, and as it would be too distressing to fall short on that + article, I will take on myself, though in a private capacity, to persuade + the Governor and Council in the measure of arming every one of the men + whom they send out, and forwarding the arms to King's Ferry, or West + Point, as you may direct. + </p> + <p> + As to the matter of ammunition Gen. Parsons thinks that (as far as he may + guess,) near fifty tons of powder might be collected. Col. Wadsworth says + he can't ascertain the quantity. They have three mills, and from what I + can collect, I am certain that if you attack New York, this State will do + all in their power. I will foretell the Governor, that he will have a + large demand of ammunition, and let you know how much we are to depend + upon, as far as I may guess from his answer. Massachusetts have, say they, + a vast deal of powder. + </p> + <p> + I intend to breakfast at Newport the day after to-morrow, and as soon as I + can make out any thing worth the while, from my conversation with them, I + will let you know every matter that may be interesting. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most tender friendship, I have the honor to + be, dear General, &c. + </p> + <p> + I am told that the French are in a great want of vegetables. I think it + will be agreeable to them to forward their waggons and horses as much as + possible.~{2} + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. It appears from Spark's Hist. of Washington, p. 125. n. that in his + progress to New Port, General Lafayette called on Governor Trumbull, + General Parsons, Mr. Jeremiah Wadsworth, the Commissary-General, and other + persons in Connecticut, to procure and hasten forward the quota of troops, + and such supplies of arms and ammunition as could be spared from that + State, to co-operate with the French troops upon their landing. + </p> + <p> + 2. The answer to the above letter appears in Spark's Writ. of Washington, + Vol. 7, p 125, See also ib. p.127, note. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Lebanon, July the 23d, 1780.~{1} + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I had this morning the honor to wait on His + Excellency, the governor, and took the liberty, though in a private + capacity, to inform him of our circumstances. The result of our + conversation I will therein transmit to you, and to be more certain of + conveying the governor's ideas, I am writing at his own house, and will + show him my letter before I fold it up. + </p> + <p> + To begin by the article of powder which is so much wanted, and which, from + unforeseen circumstances may, by its deficiency, ruin all our + expectations, I am, by the Governor, desired to tell you that you may + depend upon: 1stly. Fifty four tons for the present. 2dly, Fifteen tons to + be made up in the course of August, by the three Connecticut Mills. 3dly, + Twenty tons, which in case of an absolute necessity, will be found out in + this State; the whole amounting to eighty-five tons, which he would try to + encrease, if possible, to ninety. How far that may fulfil your + expectations, I don't know, but his Excellency will wait for a letter from + you on this subject. + </p> + <p> + As to the balls, shells, &c., the Governor cannot as yet ascertain the + quantity to be expected, but thinks this State may go a great length. + </p> + <p> + His resources for arms have been, it seems, overrated by General Parsons, + and other gentlemen, whose opinions I had communicated to your Excellency. + The Governor thinks that it would be difficult to arm the whole of the + recruits. He will, however, if requested by you, do any thing in his + power, and might have a good prospect of succeeding for the half part of + them. + </p> + <p> + Tho' I had no orders for this interview with Governor Trumbull, and from + the knowledge of our circumstances, took upon myself the freedom of + disclosing them to him, I heard your Excellency's sentiments on one point + so often, so strongly, and so repeatedly expressed, that I could with all + certainty assure him, that you would not ask from the State more than is + necessary to answer our great purposes, and in delivering the country from + the danger of ruin and the disgrace of a shameful inability, to turn this + decisive crisis to the honor and safety of America. + </p> + <p> + I took also the liberty of mentioning something about clothing the + officers, and assured the Governor that you thought the measure to be + highly necessary. He entirely agrees in opinion with me, and does not + doubt but that at the first meeting of the Council a sufficient sum in + hard money will be delivered for that purpose. The knowledge I have of + Colonel Wadsworth's zeal and activity makes me desirous that he be + intrusted with that business. + </p> + <p> + As to the clothing from the fleet, it seems the Governor wishes it to be + sent into Connecticut river, and I will engage the French Admiral into + that measure; for I am very warm in this opinion, my dear General, and so + I know you are, that as less trouble as possible must be given to the + people whose exertions should be entirely thrown in such channels, as are + of absolute necessity; but if we can't send the clothing around without an + eminent danger of its being taken, then his Excellency the Governor will + send it with all possible dispatch and by pressed waggons from the + boundaries of Rhode Island to any place on the North River, which is + mentioned in Mr. Olney's instructions. + </p> + <p> + I have the honour to be, dear General, &c. + </p> + <p> + Your's, &c. + </p> + <p> + P. S.—I have read my letter to the Governor and he agrees with the + contents. He will immediately give orders about the Mills, and collect + four hundred french arms he had in stocks.~{2} + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. This is one of the letters referred to in Gen. Washington's letter of + 20th July. Spark's Writ. of Wash. v, 7, p.128. + </p> + <p> + 2. For the answer to the above, see Spark's Writ. Of Wash. v. 7, p.124. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Newport, July 26th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Every private intelligence from Long-Island, and + also the letters from General Howe, and the officer on the lines do agree + with the note I have received from Colonel Hamilton, and are all positive + upon it that General Clinton, with a great part of his army, is coming to + attack the French troops. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of this Count de Rochambeau is fortifying both Islands, and + making preparations of defence. He has requested our calling immediately a + body of militia, which demand has been complied with by General Heath. + </p> + <p> + After many intelligences had been received, I did yet persist in + disbelieving the report, but they now come from so many quarters, that I + am obliged to yield to the general idea, and expect them in a little time. + </p> + <p> + I have no doubt but that in the course of the day we will receive some + orders, and some intelligences from head-quarters. The French Generals + have asked me if your army was in a situation to make a diversion, or if a + part of it would not be marched immediately to our relief. My answer was, + that if you was able to do one or the other, you would certainly not lose + a minute, but that I could not tell them any thing positive; that however, + I thought you would come nearer to New-York than you was when at + Preakaness. + </p> + <p> + All the last day has been employed or in viewing the camp with Count de + Rochambeau, or in helping General Heath in his arrangements. This morning + the Count is gone to reconnoitre the grounds on the Island. We dine + together at the Admiral's, and I will, if possible, begin our + conversation, our affairs exclusive of what we are now expecting from the + enemy. + </p> + <p> + In case you was to send some troops this way, I wish I might get notice in + such a time as to have some clothing kept on the road, but in all cases we + should take some well looking and well dressed men; that, I only mention + as a mere supposition. + </p> + <p> + If the enemy mean regular approaches the French Generals say that they + would give time for a succour to come. In all suppositions I don't think + the French will be able to form a junction before some time, as they can't + leave the Island before the fifteenth of next month, (in supposing that + they are not attacked.) They have many sick, but I will soon be able to + tell you more about it, and had not those intelligences been so pressing, + I might have by this time fully spoken on our affairs with the French + Generals. + </p> + <p> + For my part, my dear General, till orders from you fix any thing I am to + do, I will stay here under General Heath's orders, and help him to the + best of my skill. As soon as any thing important comes to us I will send + you an express. + </p> + <p> + From private inquires I hope the fleet will furnish us with some powder. + As to the militia who are called by General Heath, the French army will + spare to them such provisions as may be wanted. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect and tender affection, + Yours, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Newport, July the 26th, at Seven o'clock, P. M.~{1} + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—I had this morning the honor of writing to you by + Genl. Heath's express, and informed you that we had from every official + and private quarter minuted accounts of the enemy's coming in great force + to attack this island. For my part I have been a long time a disbeliever + of the intelligence; but so many letters came to hand that at length I was + forced to take the general opinion about their intended expedition. But, + tho' I wrote you in the morning, I know you are anxious of hearing often + from this quarter, and will therefore desire General Heath to send an + other express. + </p> + <p> + Nothing as yet (the ships of war excepted) has come in sight; but the + French Generals who have not the smallest doubt about their coming, are + hurrying their preparations of defence. + </p> + <p> + General Heath and myself were invited to a meeting of the French General + Officers, wherein, to my great satisfaction, the idea of holding both + Connecticut and Rhode Island was abandoned, as it is assured that from the + first one the enemy cannot annoy our shipping, if in a certain position. + Count de Rochambeau, Chevalier de Chattelux, and myself, went afterwards + to dine with the Admiral, and the two French Commanders have agreed to the + following plan: + </p> + <p> + The transports to be put in the harbour of Newport; the shipping to anchor + along the shore from Brenton's Point, going Northward, where they are + protected by batteries, a frigate and a cutter to be stationed in Sekonnet + Passage; the army to encamp at its usual place, but upon the appearance of + the enemy, to be in readiness to attack them at any point where they may + disembark, and, if unsuccessful, to retire to the position which was once + occupied by the enemy. There they want also to place some militia. Count + de Rochambeau cannot hear of the idea of evacuating the island, and says + he will defend this post to the last man. I could not help advising him + very strongly and very often to erect works, and keep a communication open + with the Continent by Howland's Ferry or Bristol Point, that matter will, + I hope, be attended to in the course of the next day. + </p> + <p> + General Heath will inform you of the measures he has taken, in which, as + the second officer, I am only to help him to the best of my power. The + Count's urging request, made it, I think, necessary to call for Militia. + </p> + <p> + The number of sick is such that by the return given before me to Count de + Rochambeau, it appears they will have but three thousand six hundred men + fit for duty if they are attacked within a few days. The fleet has a great + proportion of sick men and the ships are therefore poorly manned for the + present. + </p> + <p> + Count de Rochambeau asked me so often if you would not send a body of + Continental troops to their relief; if, in the course of twelve days from + this they could not be arrived, or that I knew he wanted me to write to + you about it, and at length he told me he did not want it. But this must + be <i>between us</i>. The Count says he will stand a storm; but if the + enemy wanted to make a long work of it that a corps of Continental troops + in their rear would have the best effects. That in this case the enemy + would be much exposed on the Island, and that the circumstances which + would follow their re-embarking, would be so fatal to them as to + facilitate our operations for the campaign. All this, my dear General, I + was in a private manner desired to hint to you. + </p> + <p> + We could not speak of our grand operations, and they are wholly taken in + their expectations of the enemy. But what might be an inducement to send a + corps this way is, that in any case the French will not be able to march + before the 15th of August. + </p> + <p> + A return of the clothing has been promised to me for this evening, but + tho' I am sorry to be the news-bearer of so many disappointments, I must + tell you that from what they said to me nothing but a small part of the + clothing has been intrusted to them, and that not only nothing new has + been done, but what I had settled has been undone by those arrangements of + the alliance which I can't conceive. In case you was to send troops this + way, I think their route to Providence should be known, so that they might + meet the clothing on the way. What you will do, my dear General, I don't + know, but it seems Count de Rochambeau is determined to defend Newport, at + all events. + </p> + <p> + With the most perfect respect and tender sentiments, I have the honor to + be, Yours, &c. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. For the answer to this letter, See Spark's Writ. of Wash. v. 7, p.128. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Newport, July the 29th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—Your letter of the 22d~{1} came to hand last + evening, and I hasten to answer at least to a part of its contents. I + shall begin by the disagreeable disappointment I met with on account of + our clothing. Inclosed, my dear General, you will find the return of what + has been put on board of the fleet, which I have sent by a vessel to + Providence, and which will be forwarded to head-quarters. I can't tell you + how much I feel for that shoking arrangement of clothing, but as it is not + quite so essential to arms and powder, if we have no clothing. I shall be + the forwardest to advise our acting without it. I am apt to blush for + neglecting improvements that are within my reach, but I readily do without + those which are not in our power. + </p> + <p> + As to the affair of arms I spoke this morning to the Count, and am sorry + to find that he has but the most necessary articles of exchange which are + to answer to the daily broken arms, &c., his superfluous armament is + coming in the second division, and for the present there is nothing to + expect from that quarter. The only way, my dear General, will be to + request the States to pick up arms for their recruits. Governor Trumbull, + (as you may have seen by my letter from Lebanon,) thinks there is a great + deal of difficulty in this matter; but many other Gentlemen from the State + assure that it can be done. I will desire Colonel Wadsworth to manage that + affair with the Governor, and I will also write a private letter to Mr. + Bowdoin and Governor Greene. + </p> + <p> + As to the powder, my dear General, I hope the Navy will give us some, not + however a great deal. You cannot conceive how difficult it is for the + present to speak with them on offensive plans. They expect Clinton at + every minute, and say his success will decide our operations, I had + however this morning a conversation with the Land General, and was to see + in the evening the Admiral, who, I am told, cannot come, so that I must + delay it to be done to-morrow. + </p> + <p> + Connecticut will, I think, furnish you with a much greater quantity than + you expected. How far it will fulfil your purpose I hope to hear from you; + but I cannot flatter you to get so much from the fleet as two hundred, + even as hundred tons. + </p> + <p> + I have fully considered, my dear General, the idea of those French + Generals, and made myself acquainted with every thing that has past since + my departure from France. A great mismanagement in the affair of + transports, has prevented the whole coming here at once; but as the French + and Spaniards have a superiority, there is no doubt but that if they join + together as was intended, the second division will be here in less than + three of four weeks. The fleet on this Continent will, I hope, be + commanded by Mr. Duchoffaut, and will be very superior to that of the + enemy. If by an unlucky chance the junction was prevented, the second + division would yet certainly come in the autumn, and be in a situation to + act during the winter; but I have all reasons to believe that they will be + here in three weeks, and you may depend upon it that they will at all + events be here for the winter. From what I have been intrusted with I have + a pretty certain ground to hope that my letter will produce upon Count de + Guichen, the desired effect, and after an expedition which I can't trust + to paper, will be concluded, you may, I think, depend upon his coming this + way with a good part of his fleet. + </p> + <p> + In a word, the French Ministry are determined to keep here during the war + a land and naval force which will act on the Continent till a peace is + concluded, and to support it with all their power. They look upon Rhode + Island as a point to be kept for receiving their fleets and their + reinforcements of troops, and want the defence of it to be such an object + as will insure the basis of our operations. + </p> + <p> + Before settling any thing the French Generals want to hear from their + second division. <i>Don't fear by any means</i> their acting rashly, and + be assured that you may very far depend on their <i>caution</i>; but our + wants of arms and ammunition have made me also very cautious. If the + States furnish us with a sufficiency of the first article, and almost a + sufficiency of the second, which we will make up with the fleet, then I am + most strongly of opinion that waiting for the second division is all + together wrong and unwarrantable. + </p> + <p> + I have, however, brought Count de Rochambeau to this, viz.:—That if + the second division comes we must attack. That in all cases, if we are + masters of the water, we may attack; and that we may do it if the Admiral + thinks that we can secure the passage by batteries, and if each part is + equal to the whole of the enemy. + </p> + <p> + We must now see what the Admiral has to say. What he wrote about the + harbour of New York don't please me. If Duchoffaut comes, I answer for + anything you wish. To-morrow I will speak with the two Gentlemen, so at + least I hope, and will let you know their answers. + </p> + <p> + If the second division comes in time we shall certainly act and succeed. + Then we will have our arms, powder, clothing, &c. + </p> + <p> + I never thought, my dear General, that Clinton would come this way; nor do + I think it now, but every body says he is coming. Governor Clinton has it + as a certainty, and upon his letter received this morning they have + altered the arrangement; I had settled to dismiss the extraordinary + militia. I hate troubling all these people, and taking them away from + their harvest. Gen. Heath is of my opinion, but the intelligences are so + particular, so authentic, that he dares not to neglect to gather as many + men as possible. Before you receive this you will certainly know the truth + of those reports. + </p> + <p> + If you think, my dear General, that Clinton is coming, and if he + disembarks upon Rhode Island, I am clearly of opinion that three or four + thousand Continental troops and the militia landing on his rear, while the + Count would sally from Newport, would ruin the British army, and that the + taking of New York would be but a trifle after such a stroke. + </p> + <p> + In case you adopt the measure, I think that the communication with the + main is very important. I went yesterday to the North end of the Island, + and had the works repaired in such a way (at least they will be soon so) + as to keep up a communication by Howland's Ferry for eight or ten days + after the enemy will possess the Island. I have also desired Colonel + Greene, in case they appear, to run up the boats to Slave Ferry. Signals + have been established from Watch Point to Connanicut; all those + arrangements I have made with the approbation and by the orders of General + Heath. + </p> + <p> + You will by this express receive a letter from Genl. Heath, who applies + for, and most ardently wishes a leave of repairing to his command in the + grand army. For my part, my dear General, I will, I think, wait your + answer to this, and want to know if by the situation of your arms and + ammunition, there is a possibility of your acting before the second + division comes. If from the answers of the States you think <i>such a + proportion</i> of powder from the fleet will be sufficient; then I will be + more positive. If, however, after my conversations, I was to see that the + second division must be waited for at all events, then I need not be + waiting for your answer to this. I will, therefore, my dear General, + </p> + <p> + 1st, Or arrange with them a beginning of operations before the second + division comes, and then wait for your answer about arms and ammunition, + or the prospects I may have by myself to fix it entirely. + </p> + <p> + 2d, Or fix our plans for the moment the second division comes, and then I + will, as soon as possible, repair to head-quarters. + </p> + <p> + They seem rather doubtful of the possibility of landing safely, and having + a sufficiency of boats to carry them under the protection of our + Westchester batteries, and I beg you will give me such a note about it as + I might show to them. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most tender friendship, I have the honor to + be, dear General, + </p> + <p> + Yours, &c. + </p> + <p> + All the officers and soldiers of the army have a great desire to join the + grand army, and hate the idea of staying at Rhode Island. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Spark's Writ. of Wash. vol. 7, p. 117. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL) + </h3> + <p> + Newport, July the 31st, 1780, + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—In consequence of a note from me the Admiral came + to last evening, and defensive ideas gave way to offensive plans. Our + conversation was long, and it is not yet ended, but I hasten to write you + a summary report of what past between the Count, the Chevalier, and + myself. + </p> + <p> + I first began, in my own name, to give them a pretty exact account of the + situation we were in three months ago, of the supernatural efforts which + the country had made for the purpose of an immediate co-operation. I told + them that by the 1st of January our army would be dismissed; that the + Militia was only to serve for three months. I added, that for the + defensive they were useless to us, nay, they were hurtful, and that I + thought it necessary to take New-York before the winter. All that, my dear + General, was said in my own name, and therefore in a less delicate way + than when I am your interpreter. + </p> + <p> + I then told them that I was going to speak of you, and after many + compliments, assurances of confidence, &c., I went on with your plan, + beginning with the importance of possessing the harbour, and going on + about the three ways which you have directed me to point out as to be + hereafter regulated by circumstances. + </p> + <p> + As to the possessing of the harbour the Chevalier told that he did not + believe his ships might go in; but that if superior at sea, he would + answer by cruising off to protect the landing, the transportation, and + prevent an evacuation; indeed to blockade the harbour. + </p> + <p> + The French General, with the advice of the Naval commander did not + hesitate to prefer the going in transports to the point you know of. Both + were of opinion that nothing could be undertaken unless we had a naval + superiority, and as I know it is your opinion also, (tho' it is not mine,) + I durst not insist on that article. + </p> + <p> + There was another reason which made me wait for the reinforcement. I knew + we had neither arms nor powder. I know we would be at least a long time to + get them; but as they did not think of making me the objection I put my + assent to the others on the account of my private confidence in their + superior abilities; told them that you also thought we should have a naval + superiority, and added, in my own name, that however we must, any how, act + before the winter, and get rid of a shameful defensive. + </p> + <p> + The summary of the arrangement will, I presume, be this: That as soon as + we hear of a naval reinforcement we go where you know, and establish what + you intend to fix; that, if possible, we get where I want you to be; that + immediately the French will embark and go where you wish them to be, or + thereabout; that a number equal to the enemy's whole force be stationed in + that part; that they don't want there more than ten pieces of our heavy + cannon; that after every thing will be disembarked, three weeks, in their + opinion, will do the business on their side; that proper means will be + taken by sea to keep up the communication and prevent an evacuation; that + we must not give up that plan if we may begin in August or September; that + fascines and other apparatus must be ready on the opposite shore; that + they will take for us all the boats belonging to the Continent which will + be at Providence; that as soon as our clothing, &c., arrive, it will + without entering any harbour be sent to W.C. or thereabout. + </p> + <p> + Their superiority at sea, will, I think, take place in the course of this + month; they have two ways to depend upon it:—1st, Unless of an + absolute impossibility the second division, consisting of four other + regiments and the remaining part of Lauzun's, with the Alliance and all + other stores, and with a strong convoy of ships of the line, will be here + very soon. When they will be heard of on the coast, Chevalier de Tergay + will, at all events, go out and meet them. 2dly, the Gentleman I wrote to + on my arrival has full liberty to send here reinforcements, the Admiral + has already applied to him, but I am going to make him write other letters + <i>in my way</i>, and will send them to-morrow or the day after to + Chevalier de la Luzerne, whom I beg you will immediately desire to secure + three fast sailing vessels for the West Indies. + </p> + <p> + I am going this evening to fix plans with Pilots, and also to speak of the + entrance of the harbour. Dobs and Shaw are here, and I will have a full + conversation with them and the Admiral, both for the entrance of the + harbour and the navigation of the Sound. To-morrow I call, with as much + secrecy as possible, a number of Pilots for the harbour of Halifax and + River St. Laurence. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed, you will find a letter from Count de Rochambeau. He requests you + will have the goodness of letting the Minister know what the French army + is about, as he had no time of writing to him; it is, I believe, very + important. 1st, To send every where to meet the reinforcement, and give + them proper directions. 2dly, To have some vessels ready for the West + Indies. + </p> + <p> + The French set more value upon Rhode Island than it is worth. I however + got them to promise that in case of an operation they will not leave here + a Garrison, and that their Magazines would be sent to Providence. + </p> + <p> + You know, my dear General, I did not expect Clinton, and tho' I could not + stand alone in my opinion, I ever lamented the calling out of the Militia. + I am happy to inform you that they have been dismissed. Nothing can equal + the spirit with which they turned out, and I did not neglect letting the + French know that they have done more for their allies than they would have + done for the security of their own continental troops on a similar + occasion. + </p> + <p> + As to the three month men, the French General wants them to establish the + communication with the main; but I will soon request him to let them go to + the grand army, and will, in the same time, get from this State as many + arms and powder as possible. I have written to Massachusetts for the same + purpose. + </p> + <p> + After I will have sent the Pilots, and made calculations with the + Commander of the Artillery and the first Engineer whom the Count will + consult, I shall draw a plan which I will get their answer to, and repair + with it to head-quarters. In the meantime I will receive answers from + Boston and from Governor Greene. + </p> + <p> + The Admiral cannot send to us more than thirty thousand of powder. But you + see that their demands as to heavy pieces are small; they indeed say they + do not want any on the Island, and that their twenty-ones will be + sufficient. All that, my dear General, I will be more positive upon after + the Commanders of Artillery and Engineers will have made with us their + calculations. + </p> + <p> + I hope, my dear General, that by the 5th or 6th of August, I will have + nothing more to do in this place. The French army hate the idea of staying + here, and want to join you; they swear at those that speak of waiting for + the second division; they are enraged to be blockaded in this harbour. As + to the dispositions of the inhabitants and our troops, and the + dispositions of the inhabitants and the Militia for them, they are such as + I may wish. You would have been glad the other day to see two hundred and + fifty of our drafts that came on Connecticut without provisions or tents, + and who were mixed in such a way with the French troops, that every French + soldier and officer took an American with him and divided their bed and + their supper in the most friendly manner. + </p> + <p> + The patience and sobriety of our Militia is so much admired by the French + Officers, that two days ago a French Colonel called all his officers + together to desire them to take the good examples which were given to the + French soldiers by the American troops. So far are they gone in their + admirations that they find a great deal to say in favor of General Varnum, + and his escort of Militia Dragoons, who fill up all the streets of + Newport. On the other hand, the French discipline is such, that chiken and + pigs walk between the tents without being disturbed, and that there is in + the camp a cornfield, from which not one leaf has been touched. The Tories + don't know what to say to it. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear General. To-morrow, I hope having the pleasure of writing + you another letter, and am with the most tender friendship, dear General, + </p> + <p> + Your most obedient humble servant, &c. + </p> + <p> + I beg, my dear General, you will present my compliments to the family. + ~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Spark's Writ. of Wash. vol. 7, p. 117. The answer to this letter + appears in Spark's Writ. of Wash. v. 7, p. 135. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Newport, August the 1st, 1750. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—Your letter to Count de Rochambeau~{1} mentioning + the enemy's embarkation, and your future movements against New-York, a + positive letter from Governor Trumbull, and a positive one from General + Parsons, have once more altered the dispositions, and such of the Militia + as had been dismissed have been again sent for. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of these expectations my offensive arrangements have been + entirely cut short, they are wholly taken in their preparations. My letter + of yesterday has been detained with the hope that some intelligence might + be added to it; but I will send it this morning, and if it is possible to + obtain from the Admiral some hour's conversation with Captains Dobs and + Shaw I shall to-morrow morning dispatch another express. + </p> + <p> + The dispositions of defence are, I believe, these; the French to occupy + the English lines; General Heath to command a corps of militia on the + Tivertown side; I to have his van-guard on the Island, and to watch the + enemy's motions almost all around the Island, which is not a small affair. + </p> + <p> + If the enemy land I will try to oppose it, and the French will come in + columns to attack them with fixed bayonets. If this attack do not succeed + they will retire behind the lines, and take with them fifteen hundred + Militia, when with the few ones that may stay, I will retire to Butt's + Hill, and secure the communication with General Heath. + </p> + <p> + As you did not write to me, my dear General, I could not know what you + want me to do. If you think seriously of entering on the Island of + New-York, I am extremely sorry to stay here. If on the contrary you send + troops this way, (which, if the enemy land, would be fatal to them,) I + will not be to lament my being away from the army. I shall feel very + unhappy to be with some Militia while the Light Infantry is acting under + you, and had I been sent for, I would have joined you very fast; but if + you can take New-York I will heartily forget that I could have been there, + and feel nothing but joy; if, however, there was time enough, I'd beg you + will send for me. If you send troops this way I believe they may strike a + great blow. + </p> + <p> + The wind is against them, so that they won't be here before the day after + to-morrow. Adieu, my dear General, with the highest respect I have the + honor to be, + </p> + <p> + Your's, &c.~{2} + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Spark's Writ. of Wash. vol. 7, p. 126. + </p> + <p> + 2. For the answer to the above, approving the measures of Lafayette, See + Spark's Writ. of Wash. v.7, p.147. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Elizabeth Town, October the 27th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General.—From what you have heard from Dr. Hagen about the + boats when on your way to head-quarters, I don't believe that you may have + kept any hope for our success. The boats have been, it seems, reduced to + five, and from the time when they were yet at the Little Falls you may see + that they could not be here at the appointed hour. + </p> + <p> + I will not permit myself to reflect on this moment upon the many blunders + committed on that affair by the Quarter-General's department. I was too + certain of some brilliant success, and military glory is too much idolized + by me; not to be rather severe on the occasion. I will content myself to + say that from the report and common agreement of all the spies and guides + collected together by Major Lee, from the negligence of the enemy, the + circumstances of the tide and a thick foggy weather, not one of those whom + I led into the matter had the least doubt upon your success. + </p> + <p> + The only advantage I have got from it has been to convince myself that our + troops are particularly fit for such an expedition, on account of their + patience and silence; and that if the other business could be supported + upon a large scale, I would answer to carry it. I have written upon both + roads to the commanding officer of the brigade of the line that our + expedition was relinquished, and that I would advise him not to give to + his men the trouble of going farther. I have also requested him to speak + of this movement as if it had taken place on account of some intelligence + that the enemy meant to come out into the Jersey's to attack us. + </p> + <p> + I have taken my position between Elizabethtown and Connecticut Farms. + General Clinton has not the time of making any disposition against us. + To-morrow at nine or ten I will march to our position of Crane's Town, and + the day after to-morrow to Cotawa, unless I receive contrary orders. + </p> + <p> + Newark Mountain was rather too far to march it this night, and too near + for to-morrow, because our men being in want of blankets will like better + to join their tents again. + </p> + <p> + If your Excellency approves of this arrangement, I beg, you will order our + baggage to wait for us on our position of Crane's Town; if you dislike the + disposition your orders may reach us on the road. + </p> + <p> + I beg, my dear General, you will please to communicate our ill success and + disgraceful disappointment to the Minister, who said he would not leave + Morris Town until he hears from me. + </p> + <p> + Had I any thing to reproach to myself on the occasion, I would be + inconsolable. I undertook the business because I thought myself equal to + it; I wish the people in the Quarter Master's Department had done the same + for their plans. + </p> + <p> + I am, my dear General, your's, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Light Camp, October 27th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—I am sorry to hear from Major Gibbs that my letter + of last night did not reach you before your departure from head quarters. + It had been written at one o'clock, as soon as I took my position for the + night, and intrusted to Colonel Ogden, who promised to send it by an + officer acquainted with the roads. + </p> + <p> + Depending upon your communication of the sad intelligence to Chevalier de + la Luzerne, I did not send to Morristown where he was to wait for the news + of the success. + </p> + <p> + Among the many blunders which have been committed, I shall extract from + that complete assortment some instances (not for this glorious occasion + that is forever lost) but on any future one. + </p> + <p> + You may remember that after a long time Colonel Pickering assured to you + that the boats were in complete readiness whilst they had no oars,—he + afterwards positively told that he had only three boats with him at Camp + when two hours before I had seen five of them with my own eyes. The + sending of those five boats two hours after that which you had appointed, + you have been early apprized of, but you don't perhaps know that instead + of being at Dod's the night before last the boats from Suffrans arrived + there last evening about sunset, to this report the man who received them + eight miles this side of Suffrans adds that they wanted their double trees + and spread chains, so that he was obliged to lose about two hours in + taking those things from Continental wagons and the inhabitants; when our + affairs will be thus managed your best projects cannot fail of being + defeated. + </p> + <p> + Had Mr. Pickering followed the example of General Knox, every thing would + have been here in proper time and proper order, as was the artillery from + the Park.—I confess, my dear General, that I cannot reconcile my + feelings to the idea that by this neglect I have lost a most happy + opportunity, blessed with all the little circumstances which may insure + success. Our expedition has taken the most foolish turn in the eyes of any + one who is unacquainted with this circumstance of the boats. + </p> + <p> + When I was in hopes of seeing in time at least five of them, I gave up the + watering place to think only of Richmond; but when I saw that we could not + be there before the break of the day, I did not hesitate to relinquish an + expedition which on that footing would have occasioned a great profusion + of blood for little or no purpose, but you will easily guess what I have + felt on the occasion. I never have been so deeply wounded by any + disappointment. + </p> + <p> + By Mercereau and Colonel Ogden, I hear that the enemy are collecting boats + and intend a forage into the Jerseys. I would be very happy to know if you + have got the like intelligence. Suppose they were to come out in force and + at a distance from us, would not this be an opportunity to execute your + grand plan? + </p> + <p> + I beg you will let me know this evening if I am to march to-morrow to our + old ground to Cotawa; if the enemy were likely to come out, or if you + thought of a certain plan, I would advise to keep Major Lee for some days, + as in both cases he will be a capital man,—he is a most charming + officer. + </p> + <p> + Arnold has issued a second proclamation wherein he invites the officers + and soldiers of our army to join him, promising to them equal ranks to + those they hold in the American service. + </p> + <p> + I am told expresses were sent to me to acquaint me of the delay of the + boats; but excepting Doctor Pagen I have not seen one of them,—the + boats have been sent to the two bridges by Major Gibbs, I had brought them + up with me, and in passing by them both conductors and wagoners have + received the curses of every officer and soldier in the division. The men + marched last night very fast with such silence, good order and desire of + fighting as would have highly pleased you. The activity and resources of + Major Lee have been on that occasion displayed in such a way as entitles + him to my eternal esteem and gratitude. I felt not only for me but for all + the officers and men who had promised themselves so much glory on the + occasion. + </p> + <p> + With the most tender affection and high respect I have the honor to be, my + clear general, yours, &e, + </p> + <p> + Colonel Ogden has remained behind to get inteligences; so that being + uncertain if my first letter has reached you, I would be happy to know in + the course of the night if I am to march to-morrow morning to the old + ground.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The two preceding letters relate to a descent upon Staten Island, which + was projected, and was to be executed by Lafayette, who was now in command + of a Light Corps, consisting of battallions, stationed in advance of the + main army, and was anxious to effect some important enterprise before the + campaign should be brought to a close; but this expedition, as well as an + attack proposed in his letter of the 30th October, ante upon the upper + part of New York Island, was rendered impracticable by the want of boats + and other necessary preparations. See Sparks' Writ. of Wash. v. 7, p. 280, + and App. No. 9. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, December 4, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I will for this time write a very short letter to + you and cannot be more particular either on public or private business, + until some few days stay in this city have enabled me to get further + information. + </p> + <p> + I have been greatly disappointed in my not meeting Mrs. Washington. I have + been very angry with my bad fate which led me into another road at the + only moment when I could miss her—this has been the more the case, + as I knew you was uneasy about her, and I wanted both to send you an + express and to advise her to the best way of meeting you as soon as + possible. + </p> + <p> + The southern news are expected this evening. Leslie has re-embarked and + will probably go to Charleston; the southern members are pleased to like + my going towards their country. However I cannot for the present be + determined, as I don't yet know if the campaign will be active, and if + succours are to be expected from France. + </p> + <p> + By a vessel from there who left Lorient before the middle of October, we + hear that nothing material had happened except the taking of the merchant + fleet. Both naval armies were in port. There was an expedition of, I + think, ten ships of the line and five thousand men ready to sail—this + vessel came in company with Jones, who is daily expected; but a very + little part of our clothing will be on board, some will come on board the + Serapis, Jones, who mounts the <i>Ariel</i> had dispatches from the French + Court, for as he however might have been detained by a storm off the + French coast which separated the little convoy. In the vessel arrived was + a Mr. Ross, who, I hope will give me some account of the clothing, and + Baron d'Arent, who got rid of his rupture, has a star with a cross and a + ribbon, and is upon very good terms with the King of Prussia. + </p> + <p> + Congress have debated a motion about your being desired to go to the + southward, but have determined that you would better know than they do if + it was more useful to go or to stay. I am more than ever of this last + opinion. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival I found one of the salt meat vessels sold and the other to + be sold to day. I have spoken on the subject to almost every member of + Congress, who promised that they would take the best measures in their + power to get these provisions. + </p> + <p> + Chevalier de la Luzerne has communicated to me in <i>the most confidential + way</i> a Spanish plan against St. Augustine, upon which I am building a + letter for the Generals of this nation, and using the best arguments in my + power to engage them either to send twelve ships of the line to take us + and conduct us to Charleston, as to render their operations as useful as + possible to General Greene. To-morrow I will write you about it. If I have + time before the departure of the confederacy who is going to the West + Indies, I will send you the original, if not a copy of my letter. This is + entirely <i>confidential</i>, as I have not the Chevelier's permission to + mention it. Adieu, my dear General, your's, most respectfully. + </p> + <p> + A letter dated Cadiz, September 23d, mentions that Count d'Estaing + commands the combined fleet, and is gone to sea. In this case his going + with sixteen ships could not be true. I will endeavour to ascertain this + matter.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Mr. Carmichael writes that Spain has sent a hundred and thirty thousand + dollas. It is not a great deal, the dispositions of that court are very + satisfactory. Portugal does every thing we want, letters are just arrived + from St. Domingo but not desciphered. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. The Light Infantry corps which Lafayette had commanded was broken up + when the army went into winter quarters, and he now entertained the desire + of transferring his services to the southern army under General Greene, + and had applied to Washington for his advice. See Sparks' Writ. of Wash. + Vol. 7, p. 316. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + December the 5th, in the Evening, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—However acquainted I may be with your intentions, I + thought, upon the whole, that I should better wait for your approbation + before I present any opinion of yours to the Spanish and French Generals + in the West Indies. I will, I know, lose the opportunity of the + confederacy, but many vessels are going that way, and if my letters meet + with your approbation I shall send them by triplicates. I Impatiently wait + for your answer. + </p> + <p> + I will write to General Greene to let him know of this intended + expedition, which, tho' uncertain as all human events are, may be, + however, in a great measure depended upon. + </p> + <p> + I confess that I don't hope to prevail upon the Spaniards to come here; + but if you will, you, Count de Rochambeau, and Chevalier de Ternay, may + try. In that case I wish you would write to both of them. My letter will, + at all events, give some remote chance of their doing what I wish, and + insure their communicating with General Greene. For political reasons I + also wish to draw them into this correspondence. + </p> + <p> + Chevalier de la Luzerne wishes his packet to Count de Rochambeau to be + forward as soon as possible. Adieu, my dear General, yours most + respectfully and affectionately.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. For the answer to this letter, See Sparks' Writ. of Wash. v. 7, p. 322. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, December the 16th, 1780. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Your favor of the 8th instant never came to hand + before last night. My former letters will have explained to you my + sentiments relating to a journey southward. I must heartily thank you, my + dear General, for the kind and friendly letters you have been pleased to + send me. I am so happy in your friendship that every mark of your + affection, for me gives me a degree of pleasure which far surpasses all + expressions. + </p> + <p> + As I have written to you before, my dear General, there is an intelligence + of some ships and troops having been put in readiness at Brest; there is a + possibility of a Spanish officer waiting on you for the sake of a + co-operation. We are also to expect news from my friend the new Minister + of the French Navy, and before they arrive you would not like my + departure. + </p> + <p> + Two other reasons have weight with me; the first that if the enemy make + this detachment, without which nothing material will happen in the + Southward, and if the intelligence is true about the fast recruiting of + six month men, there is (not a probability) but a possibility of some + thing to be done in this quarter. The second is, that for reasons I will + explain to you when we meet, a visit from you to the French army is to be + much wished, and in this case you will be glad that I may accompany you. + </p> + <p> + Under these circumstances, to which is added a natural reluctance to part + from you and this army, and some idea that upon the whole my staying will + be more agreeable to you, I think, my dear General, that unless new + intelligence comes I will soon return. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Laurens persists in refusing to go, and hopes Hamilton may be + sent, whom he thinks better calculated for the purpose; but I don't + believe now that this plan may be effected, and in that case I should + advise Laurens to accept of the commission, provided he is merely a <i>messenger</i> + and not an <i>envoy</i>, that would supersede the old Doctor. + </p> + <p> + The Assembly of Pennsylvania have passed a bill for their officers which + seems satisfactory to them. Before I go I will still intrigue for the + affair of filling up the battalions. Mifflin behaves perfectly well. + </p> + <p> + Adieu, my dear General, most affectionately and respectfully, Yours, &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. For the letter referred to in the commencement of this, See Sparks' + Writ. of Wash. v. 7, p. 316, and see also the letter of Washington to + Lafayette, ibid, p.322 & 339. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Philadelphia, March the 2nd, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Your letters of the 25th and 26th~{1} both came + yesterday to hand, which shows that the expresses have not made great + dispatch. I would have done myself the honour of writing to your + Excellency had I not every minute waited for intelligence from the + Southward. + </p> + <p> + Your Excellency remembers that our shortest calculation on the arrival of + the troops at the head of Elk was for the 6th of March; I am happy to + inform you that they will be there this day or to-morrow early, and + notwithstanding the depth of the mud, and the extreme badness of the + roads, this march, which I can call rapid, (as for example, they came in + two days from Morris Town to Princeton,) has been performed with such + order and alacrity, that agreeable to the report two men only have been + left behind; and yet these two men have embarked at Trenton with some + remains of baggage. At every place where the detachment have halted, they + have found covering and wood ready for them, and there has not been the + least complaint made to me from any inhabitant. Every third day they have + drawn their provisions; the clothing has also been distributed, and having + embarked yesterday at Trenton they passed the city about two o'clock with + a wind which was extremely favorable. Congress have given to their troops + the advance of one month's pay which will be distributed at the head of + Elk in new emission. + </p> + <p> + The Artillery, consisting of one 24, six 18, two brass 12, one 8 inch + howitzer, two 8 inch mortars, in all, 12 heavy pieces; four 6 pounders, + and two small howitzers, with a sufficient quantity of ammunition, will be + at the head of the Elk this day and to-morrow, so that by the 4th I hope + we shall be ready to sail. A quantity of medicines and instruments, and + fifteen hundred pairs of shoes will be at the head of Elk before we + embark. Vessels will be in readiness to receive us with thirty days + provision on board. I am also assured that we will have a sufficient + quantity of boats to land the detachment, and two heavy ones will be added + for the Artillery, the public, and some of the private armed vessels in + the Bay have been ordered to the head of Elk; two dispatch boats are + there, and four more have been asked for. As a farther security to our + subsistence, I have got the Minister's permission to dispose of the French + flour and salt meat along the Bay in case of necessity. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival at this place I heard that M. de Tilly, the French + Commander, had conferred with the Virginians, but upon seeing that nothing + could be done immediately, he was undetermined whether to stay or to + return to Rhode Island. Fearing that our letters might miscarry, and + wishing to hurry the preparations of the Militia, I complied with the + earnest solicitations of the Minister of France to send on Colonel + Gouvion, and directed him to go either by land or water (as the state of + the Bay would permit) on board the French squadron, and afterwards to + Baron de Steuben's Camp, where he may apprise these Gentlemen of our + force, our intentions, and the time of our arrival. This minuted account I + give to your Excellency to show you that nothing on our part has been + wanting for the success of the expedition. Our preparations have in every + article fulfilled, and in the most important one, time, have exceeded what + had been expected. + </p> + <p> + Your letter was sent by express to General St. Clair, who immediately came + to town; but nothing having been done for the settling of the accounts, + none of the promises having been complied with, and the men being much + scattered, it has, (after much consideration,) been thought impossible to + embark any number with us, and General St. Clair promises to make every + exertion for the sending of two or three hundred in a few days whom + however I am not to depend upon. + </p> + <p> + I am myself going to the head of Elk and shall arrive there this evening. + It has not been possible for me to leave sooner the City, as the three + days I have remained here have been fully employed in making and + forwarding preparations. + </p> + <p> + Before I go I will wait on the Board of War Navy and propose the sending + of the frigates; but the Trumbull having not her compliment of men, and + those of the Ariel having mutinied at sea, I am afraid we will find + difficulties. The preparations made at New York; the return of the + Amarila; the remasting of the Bedfort; the impossibility Mr. Destouches is + under to give us any further assistance; the uncertainty of what Mr. de + Tilly may have determined before he had received your letter. Such are, my + dear General, the many reasons which from a pretty certain expedition have + lately made a precarious one. Under these circumstances, indeed, there + must always be more or less danger in going down the Bay, and venturing + the low country about Portsmouth. Being unacquainted with the answer you + have received from Count de Rochambeau and Mr. Destouches, I am not able + to judge how far I may depend upon the same ship being ordered again to + Chesapeake (in case before the reception of your letter) she had thought + proper to sail. Her coming was not in consequence of your proposition; her + going was relative to the difficulties of an expedition very different + from ours, and I wish I might know if (tho' Mr. Destouches cannot give + further assistance,) this assistance at least may be depended upon, so as + to hope for the return of the ship should M. de Tilly have left the bay. + The bottom of the Bedfort is said to be damaged; the Amarila was said to + have been dismasted. Suppose those circumstances were true, they would be + in our favour. If a detachment was to go from New York to Portsmouth, + Westpoint would be less in danger. If Cornwallis continues advancing on, + perhaps our being in the neighbourhood of Arnold may be of service; I + will, however, confine myself literally to my instructions, and if Colonel + Gouvion writes me with certainty that M. de Tilly is gone; if I am not led + to suppose he will return, I will march back the detachment; for the + present I am going on because upon the increasing of the enemy's force at + Gardner's Bay, you recommended dispatch to me; I hope, however, that I + will hear from your Excellency. Now that the chain is established, Colonel + Dickering says, that in six days I may receive your answer at the head of + Elk. The hope of seeing the French ship again, or some other reason, may + detain me; but your answer will determine my movements, and I can receive + it by the 8th, which is about the time when it was thought we would arrive + at the head of Elk. + </p> + <p> + My expectations are not great, and I think we have but few chances for us. + I shall make all possible dispatch, and listen particularly to the voice + of prudence; however, some hazard might be ran, if we undertake under + these circumstances. + </p> + <p> + General Duportail having not left this place, I am led to hope that if we + don't go I may return in time for the journey to Rhode Island. I most + earnestly beg, my dear General, that you will favor me with an immediate + answer. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most tender affection, I have the honor to + be, your's, &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S.—One of our transports from Trenton had got aground, but the + troops of her will still be in time for her at the head of Elk. Some new + difficulties have been made for the collecting of shoes, but I will try to + get over them. From the extraordinary motions of Lord Cornwallis, whom we + have not heard of these many days, and from the movements in New-York, I + am led to hope that I will hear from you respecting my future conduct, and + that I may be at head-quarters before you think it prudent to leave New + Windsor.~{2} + </p> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. For these, See Sparks' Writ. Wash. p. 430 & 439 The date of the + letter is there given as the 27th. + </p> + <p> + 2. See the letters of Washington is Sparks' Writ. of Wash. Vol. 7, p. 444 + & 447. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Head of Elk, March the 7th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My dear general,—Contrary winds, heavy rains, disappointments of + vessels, and every inconvenience to which we had no remedy, have been, + from the day of my arrival, combined against our embarkation. I hope, + however, we will be on board to-morrow morning, and as nothing certain has + been heard from the French ships, no time will be lost on our part for the + celerity of the expedition. + </p> + <p> + The troops will embark five miles below this place, and three miles higher + up than the Point where General Howe landed. There will be more room for + the arrangements of our vessels, and the shallowness of the water insures + us against the enterprise of any vessel of force. In this situation we may + wait for intelligence from our friends. The State of Maryland have made to + me every offer in their power. I will improve this opportunity of making + up some deficiencies in the Quarter-Master and Engineer's Department, of + insuring to us a good stock of provisions, and upon the intelligence + received that Baron de Steubens was gone with a large detachment to the + Southward, I had hinted the possibility of getting some Militia from the + lower countries, and repairing some cannon at Baltimore; but having read + the inclosed from the Baron, I will write again to Governor Lee, (as my + letter has been gone but two days,) and save the State from any expence of + that kind. To the obtaining of vessels has been joined the difficulty of + getting them up the river, as they were taking every opportunity to slip + them off. All the vessels, three excepted, are only bay craft, and our + Admiral's ship mounts twelve guns. I have prepared some kind of orders for + that fleet, but hope to be relieved from my Naval command by the arrival + of a French frigate, and have, at all events, sent for Commodore Nicholson + of Baltimore. Mr. McHenry has been very active in accelerating the + measures of his State. + </p> + <p> + By a letter from Colonel Gouvion, dated Yucomico River, I find that after + many adventures, he had landed there on the 4th, and was proceeding by + land to his destination. The wind is fair enough to come up the Bay, and + hope soon to hear from our friends. + </p> + <p> + The enclosed letter from the Baron having first come into my hand, and + being on public service, as it was waited upon <i>to be forwarded with + dispatch</i>, I took the liberty to open it, but was very sorry to have + done it after a letter of the same date had came also to hand; both say + the same thing (at least in every material point,) and I am happy to find + that the Baron's preparations are going on rapidly. + </p> + <p> + Whatever may be the Baron's opinion upon the facility of taking, sword in + hand, the fortifications of Portsmouth, I will not hazard any thing before + I have considered the matter with my own eyes. Arnold had so much time to + prepare, and plays so deep a game; nature has made the position so + respectable, and some of the troops under his orders have been in so many + actions that I don't flatter myself to succeed so easily as it may be + thought. The prospect of preserving Naval superiority must, I think, + decide if we are to save bloodshed by regular approaches, or to risk our + men into the dangers of an assault; but I would like to destroy the works + in some measure before we attempt to storm them. A conversation with the + Baron, with Colonel Gouvion, and some other officers, joined to what I can + see myself, will better fix my mind on the matter than it can be at + present. When I left Philadelphia General Wayne was not far from hoping he + could soon collect a thousand men; but I am not so sanguine in my + expectations; I am, however, trying to prepare matters for this number of + men, but I think that a sufficiency of vessels, (unless ours are sent + back,) will not be obtained in a few days. Let General Wayne arrive in + time or not, when he comes under my directions I wish to know if in case + we succeed, he must be sent to Genl. Greene. Supposing he is to go there, + would your Excellency think of selecting some riflemen for the grand army? + It seems to me that I heard you once mentioning this matter. The State of + Virginia, I am told, finds difficulties in the keeping of prisoners. + Suppose something of the kind was stated to me, am I to alter any thing in + what you said to me on the subject? + </p> + <p> + I am in a great hurry to go, my dear General; but let us succeed or fall + in the object we have in view, I shan't be less hurried to return with the + detachment to head-quarters, where I hope to be again as soon as you may + possibly expect. I beg you will present my respects to Mrs. Washington, + and Mrs. Hamilton, and compliments to the family. I have received Mr. + Washington's answer, he is waiting for me at the Baron's quarters. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most tender affection I have the honor to be, + your's, &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Washington's letter in Sparks' Writ. in Wash, vol. 8, p. 449. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Off Turkey Point, March the 9th. + </p> + <p> + My dear general,—Commodore Nicholson has joined us sooner than I + expected; he answers to conduct the detachment to Annapolis without the + least danger, there he will wait for intelligence from me, but says that + if the French fleet are below be might go with safety (if not for the + vessels at least for the troops) to the point of our destination. + Nicholson will be very useful to the French fleet as he knows well the + bay. + </p> + <p> + I will be at Hampton to-morrow night or the day after, and three days + after my arrival, if the French (whose arrival has not been heard of) + consent to send a Frigate, the detachment may come in two days from + Annapolis. + </p> + <p> + Most respectfully, my dear General, your's &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S.—I have written to the State of Maryland to tell them we don't + want any of their Militia. I have left to the Navy Board to judge of the + propriety to send out the Ariel adding that it was no more essential. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + York, March 15th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General,—The number of small frigates and privateers that + are in the bay, made it impossible for me to carry the detachment farther + down than Annapolis, and I have requested the Governor of Maryland as well + as the principal officers of the detachment, to give out that we are going + to join General Greene; but the object of the expedition is so perfectly + well known every where, that our sole dependence to keep Arnold must be + upon the apprehension he has of a French fleet being cruizing off the + capes. + </p> + <p> + For my part, I came in a barge from Annapolis, and very luckily escaped + the dangers that were in the way. Colonel Harrison will have given to your + Excellency a minute detail of the reasons which have prompted me to this + measure. I have taken his advice on the matter, and have no doubt but that + your Excellency (considering the probability that no frigate would have + been sent) will approve of the step I have taken to forward as much as + possible both the advantage of the expedition and the honor of the + American arms. + </p> + <p> + On my arrival, (yesterday afternoon) I have found that Baron de Stuben had + been very active in making preparations, and agreeable to what he tells + me, we shall have five thousand militia ready to operate. This, with the + Continental detachment, is equal to the business, and we might very well + do without any land force from Newport. + </p> + <p> + By papers found in the baggage of a British officer, (taken in a boat) it + seems that General Gregory had a correspondence with the enemy. The Baron + has suspended him, but he is still with the troops. + </p> + <p> + Arnold is so well acquainted with the coming of the detachment, and his + object is so well known, that, as I said before, our only chance to keep + him must be the idea of a French fleet being off the capes; he is + fortifying at Portsmouth, and trying to get provisions. There has been + some trifling skirmishes with the militia. + </p> + <p> + To my great disappointment the French fleet have not yet appeared. If the + project has not been given up they must be expected every minute; they had + double the time which they wanted, and such winds as ought have brought + them in four days. + </p> + <p> + I wanted to hold up the idea of my going to the Southward; but the Baron + says that if the detachment is not announced, the militia will desert. He + wanted me to take the command immediately, but I thought it more polite + not to do it until the detachment arrives or operations are begun. + </p> + <p> + In your first letter to the Baron, I wish my dear General, you will write + to him that I have been much satisfied with his preparations. I want to + please him, and harmony shall be my first object. As in all cases, (even + this of my going to the Southward and coming here to make arrangements + with the Baron) I would reconnoitre the enemies; I will take an + opportunity of doing it as soon as possible. They have not as yet been + reconnoitred by the Baron, and I think it therefore more necessary for me + to see with my own eyes. + </p> + <p> + As I have just arrived, my dear General, I cannot give you a very exact + account of matters. + </p> + <p> + This letter I send by duplicate, and have the honor to be with the highest + respect and most tender affection, yours, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Elk, April the 10th, 1751. + </p> + <p> + Dear general,—By my letter of the 8th your Excellency will have + known of my arrival at this place, and the preparations I was making to + proceed Southward. I took at the same time the liberty to inform you that + the great want of money, baggage, clothing, under which both officers and + men are suffering, and the hope they had of being furnished with a part of + these articles from their States, would render it very inconvenient for + the troops to proceed immediately by land; they begin to be sensible of + the reason which detains them here, and are uneasy about it, as they are + so unprovided for the journey. I have, however, hurried on preparations, + and will be able to set off to-morrow morning. The circumstances of my + being ready sooner than I expected, and a letter from the Governor of + Maryland telling that six ships, whom I take to be plundering vessels, + were coming up the Potomac, induces me not to wait for your Excellency's + answer. Not that I pretend to defend the towns of Alexandria, Baltimore + and Annapolis, at a time, or to stop the depredations of the enemy's + parties in a country where their naval superiority renders it impossible; + but because I don't think any consideration must delay the execution of + superior orders, and because, if the corps was not sent to Southward they + would with alacrity march back thirty or forty miles more to rejoin the + grand army. + </p> + <p> + Having received no particulars of your Excellency's journey to Rhode + Island, but by the paper, a letter from you to Mr. Lund Washington, and + private letters from some friends, I cannot know what change has taken + place in your plans, and am not able to account for the inactivity which + you foresee for the grand army. Letters from Ministers, letters from my + friends, intelligences from other quarters, every thing was combined to + flatter me with the hope that our grand and decisive object would be in + contemplation. I then was not displeased with the dispositions of the + enemy that weakened that place. It is probable that your Excellency's + plans have changed, and you intend to prosecute the war to the Southward. + </p> + <p> + I had yesterday the pleasure of dining on board the Hermione, and left her + under sail to go to Rhode Island, where she will probably be the day after + to-morrow. Mr. Delatouche, uncle to captain Latouche, will, it is said, + command the squadron of the second division. I was conversing with his + nephew, on whom he has an entire confidence on the expedition against New + York, and he assured me that his Uncle's plan would certainly be to take + possession of the harbour, and send a force up the North River, which you + know is entirely the thing that you wanted M. de Vernay to do. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Delatouche having confidentially told me that he had a great influence + over Mr. Destouches, I observed to him how important it was for the common + cause that the French fleet might have the greatest possible activity. We + were also conversing of the difficulties we laboured under for + transportation, and he told me that the next day after his arrival at + Rhode Island, unless such obstacles occurred as he could not foresee; Mr. + Destouches would make you an offer of the ship l'Eveillé, and the four + frigates to carry twelve hundred men to any part of` continent you might + think proper. Those ships are too strong to be afraid of frigates, and too + fast sailers to be in the least concerned by the fear of a squadron. + Thinking that (particularly as Lord Cornwallis has retreated) our march + would take us forty days, where desertion and sickness, occasioned by want + of shoes and every other necessary, as well as by the heat of the season, + would much reduce our numbers, and that these ships, with the addition of + the two frigates at Philadelphia, armed <i>en flute</i>, would in sailing + on the 4th or 5th of May, carry 1500 men to Wilmington, Georgetown, or any + place in the rear of Lord Cornwallis or the neighborhood of General + Greene, I thought it my duty to encourage this idea, which would bring us + to the point of operations sooner than we could arrive by land. It would + also give you the time of forming at Morristown or Trenton, a detachment + well provided, agreeably to the project you had in contemplation after the + return of this corps. The appointment of officers could be made without + affecting the delicacy of the regimental officers, nor the honor of those + already employed. While we would be operating, Mr. Destouches might keep + cruizers off Charleston. These ideas, my dear General, are only thrown out + in consequence of the freedom you have often ordered me to take. What Mr. + Destouches may do is uncertain, and I did not think myself authorised to + express to him the least wish on that head. It was my duty to relate our + difficulties to you, and the chances I foresaw to see them relieved in + some measure; but unless the bad weather, of which there is now a + prospect, makes it impossible, I will be to-morrow at the ferry at the + Susquehannah. + </p> + <p> + You may have known from Mr. de La Luzerne, that two millions and a half + had been given to Mr. Franklin, and that Marquis de Castries and Count de + Vergennes, were trying to obtain a sum more adequate to our wants. This, + however, the Minister of France has requested me not to mention, as it was + as yet an uncertainty, and would perhaps give ill-grounded hopes, + destructive of the internal efforts we ought to make. I am told that just + before the departure of Mr. Dela Peyrouse, some dispatches were sent to + Brest; but do not think they contain any thing relating to our operations, + as Marquis de Castries writes me that the determination of the Council + upon our letters will be sent by the ships who is to convoy the expected + vessels. + </p> + <p> + I am very sorry I have not seen the Aid de Camp who had a verbal message + from General Greene. Inclosed I send to your Excellency the letter I have + received on the occasion. Perhaps, did he mean to propose an expedition + towards Cape-fear or Georgetown, which might be made with the light + squadron above mentioned. An additional circumstance is, that l'Eveillé + will now be commanded by Mr. de Lombard, captain Latouche's uncle, who is + entirely under that Gentleman's influence. + </p> + <p> + I write to the board of war to get some shoes and other parts of clothing. + I will this morning speak to the commanding officers of battalions on our + intended journey; but have not yet said any thing to Colonel Gimat and + Major Galvan, because it is possible that new circumstances may engage you + to change your dispositions. Going by water, if possible, would level most + all difficulties; but if I don't hear from you, I will always proceed on. + I have the honor to be, yours &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Washington's Letters of 21st of March and 5th and 6th of April. + Sparks' Writ. of Wash. volume 7. pp. 449 and 468, 8469. See also—Sparks' + Writ. of Wash. vol. 8. Appendix No. 1. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Susquehannah ferry April 13th, 1751. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I received your Excellency's letter relating to + Colonel Gouvion. It would have been very agreeable to me to keep this + officer, your orders have been sent to Philadelphia where he is for the + present. However distant I may be from the scene, I am happy to find that + your Excellency hopes to undertake the grand object we have had in + contemplation. + </p> + <p> + By a letter just received from the board of War, it seems that + representations of wants have been made which they have mistaken for + objections from me to our journey southward. I have said to some officers + that our proximity to the southern states was the reason which had induced + your Excellency to send this detachment, but I hope I need not assure you + that I never thought of intimating the least idea of alteration to your + Excellency's projects, but such as you would think of making yourself + after your own ideas and intelligences. Perhaps my letter to the board of + War may appear disrespectful or impolite, but nothing could stop me in an + instance where it might be suspected I objected to your plans, or even + differed in opinion. You know me too perfectly not to think an explanation + useless. + </p> + <p> + It is confidently reported that the second division is arrived in the + capes of Delaware, consisting of nine sail of the line, this was the + number mentioned to me by the Marquis de Castries to be in harbour, your + Excellency would in that case have a brilliant Campaign to the northward. + </p> + <p> + With the highest and most affectionate respect Yours &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Letters of Wash. of the 11th April. Sparks' Writ. of Wash. vol. 8, + p. 11. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Susquehannah ferry April 13th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Had your Excellency's answer to my letter of the + 8th, been forwarded with an equal celerity that your favor of the 6th, I + would have received it before this time, but whatever change my new + situation could make in your Excellency's dispositions, I thought it my + duty in the mean while to obey the positive orders I had received, the + Troops are now crossing the ferry and will with all possible speed proceed + to Richmond. + </p> + <p> + By a letter received from General Green I find that he is, strongly of + opinion that I must go to the southward, his intention is to carry the + seat of war into South Carolina, there by preventing a junction between + Arnold and Cornwallis, he gives me many excellent reasons to justify the + movement and requests me to make to Richmond, and they will, if possible, + increase my zeal to execute your Excellency's orders. + </p> + <p> + General Green's opinion is that Lord Cornwallis will fall down towards + Wilmington, his own project is to carry the war into South Carolina. Under + these circumstances a corps of Light Infantry embarked at Philadelphia on + board a light squadron might have been upon the seat of war in a very + short passage. + </p> + <p> + I cannot help fearing, my dear General, that our campaign will take a + defensive turn which is far from answering our first plans and + expectations. Major McPherson is with me as a volunteer, that officer has + most zealously employed himself and has been most dangerously exposed in + the discovery of a plot made to furnish the enemy with provisions, he has + managed this matter with infinite address, being for two days and one + night with six soldiers who, as well as himself, put on the air of + British, and, in company with a spy who thought them to be enemy and by a + most violent gale of wind, crossed the bay in a small boat, by which means + he was made sensible that a trade of flour is carried with the enemy from + the western shore of Maryland, and saved a magazine of 800 barrels of + continental flour which would otherwise have fallen into the hands of the + enemy. In case we proceed southerly perhaps will it be possible for + General Green to give Mayor McPherson a command in some detachment; I + would be happy if he was recommended to him by your Excellency. My + determination being to go on with rapidity, unless I am recalled, your + Excellency may easily judge of my movements from the answer I will + probably receive in a few hours. Was I to assure your Excellency that this + journey is perfectly agreeable to the Troops, I would not use that candor + which you have so much right to expect, but their zeal and discipline + insure their readiness to obey. I shall do my utmost to prevent desertion, + and unless I was recalled, I shall proceed with celerity. But I beg your + Excellency to remember that experience has often taught us how much + reduced has ever been the number of our troops from the time of their + departure to that of their arrival at the Southern army. + </p> + <p> + With the highest and most affectionate respect, + </p> + <p> + Yours &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Susquehannah ferry April 14th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL—Your Excellency's letter of the 11th, has overtaken + me at this place, and having given to you an account of every measure I + thought proper to take, I will only add that I am still at the ferry where + the troops have crossed the river; but the wind blows so high that it has + been impossible to take the waggons over, and I am obliged to have others + impressed on the southern side of the Susquehannah. Your Excellency + mentions the propriety of remaining at the head off Elk until shoes can be + collected, but the prospect I have from the board of war are not + flattering enough to encourage this measure. On the other side General + Green is pressing in his advices, and will soon be so in his orders to me. + I cannot obtain any good account of Phillip's motions, nor oppose the + schemes he may have formed, until I am much farther advanced; and + dissatisfaction and desertion being two greater evils than any other we + have to fear; I am anxious to have rivers, other countries, and every kind + of barrier to stop the inclination of the men to return home. Many men + have already deserted, many more will I am afraid take the same course, + whatever sense of duties, ties of affection, and severity of discipline + may operate, shall be employed by me, and I wish we might come near the + enemy, which is the only means to put a stop to the spirit of desertion. + </p> + <p> + Many articles, and indeed every one which compose the apparatus of a + soldier, will be wanting for this detachment. But shoes, linen, overalls, + hunting shirts, shirts, and ammunition will be the necessary supplies for + which I request your Excellency's most pressing orders to people + concerned, and most warm entreaties to the board of war. I wish it was + possible to have the men equiped at once, and this would be a great saving + of expense. + </p> + <p> + While I am writing to your Excellency the wind rises more and more, which + will much impede our passage for such stores as were to cross over with + the waggons, and the guard appointed to stay with them. At such a distance + from the enemy, I cannot give your Excellency any account of their + movements, but by the last intelligence General Phillips was still at + Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + Should the French get a naval superiority, an expedition against + Portsmouth is very practible. These companies, filled up to their proper + number, and some other troops to increase the corps to two thousand, would + with a detachment of artillery from Philladelphia, be equal to the attack + of that post. 3000 militia can with the greatest ease be collected. In + case Duke de Lauzurn's legion arrives, that corps could come in the fleet; + but should the French become superior at sea the British fleet in + Chesapeak would be in danger, and in every case, if your Excellency thinks + of sending any reinforcement this way, (let it be the Jersey troops or + recruits) their coming by water to James or York river may save an immense + trouble and expense. + </p> + <p> + My heart and every faculty of my mind, have been these last years so much + concerned in the plan of an expedition against * * * that I am very + desirous to hear, by the very first safe opportunity what reasons can have + overthrown the project. + </p> + <p> + Some disputes that have at first happened between the Jersey and + New-England troops, make me think that these last must be as much as + possible separated from the Pensylvanians. + </p> + <p> + While I was writing these accounts have been brought to me, that, a great + desertion had taken place last night: nine of the Rhode Island company, + and the best men they had, who have made many campaigns, and never were + suspected, these men say they like better a hundred lashes than a journey + to the south-ward. As long as they had an expedition in view they were + very well satisfied, but the idea of remaining in the southern states + appear to them intolerable, and they are amazingly averse to the people + and climate. I shall do my best, but if this disposition lasts I am afraid + we will be reduced lower than I dare express. With the highest and most + affectionate respect, yours &,c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Letters of Washington, of the 21st and 22d April—Sparks' + Writ. of Wash. v. 8., pp. 19, 22. + </p> + <h3> + TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Hanover Court House, April 28th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—Having received intelligence that General Phillips' army were + preparing at Portsmouth, for offensive operations. I left at Baltimore + every thing that could impede our march, to follow us under a proper + escort, and with about a thousand men, officers included; hastened towards + Richmond which I apprehended would be a principal object with the enemy. + </p> + <p> + Being on our way, I have received successive accounts of their movements. + On the 21st, the British troops, commanded by their Generals, Philips and + Arnold, landed at City Point on the south side of James River. A thousand + militia under Maj. General Caroude Stuben and General Muhlenberg, were + posted at Blandford to oppose them, and on the 25th they had an engagement + with the enemy; the militia behaved very gallantly, and our loss, it is + said, is about twenty killed and wounded. The same day, the enemy whose + force it is reported to be near 2500 regular troops, marched into + Petersburg. Yesterday they moved to Osburn's, about thirteen miles from + Richmond, and after a skirmish with a corps of militia, destroyed some + vessels that had been collected there, but have not yet attempted to cross + the river. Baron de Stuben, is at the same side, and has removed to + Falling Creek Church. + </p> + <p> + The Continental detachment will in a few hours arrive at this place, 20 + miles from Richmond. The enemy are more than double our force in regular + troops and their command of the waters gives them great advantages. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect, I have the honor to be yours, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL GREENE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp on Pamunkey River, May 3d, 1781. + </p> + <p> + Sir,—I had lately the honor to inform you of the enemy's movements + towards Richmond, and the forced marches I was making to its defence. The + detachment arrived on the 29th; the British army was thirteen miles + distant on the other side of the river. Petersburg, Chesterfield Court + House, and part of our vessels had fallen into their hands. Our regular + force consisted of 900 men, rank and file; that of the enemy, of 2,300, at + the lowest estimate. + </p> + <p> + The command of the water, and such a superiority of regular troops, gave + them possession of our shore. There was no crossing for us, but under a + circuit of fifteen miles, and from the number and size of their boats, + their passage over the river was six times quicker than ours. + </p> + <p> + Richmond being their main object. I determined to defend this capital, + where a quantity of public stores and tobacco was contained. General + Nelson was there, with a corps of militia, and Generals Stuben and + Muhlenberg, higher up on the other side. The same evening, we were by + summons from General Philips, made accountable for the public stores on + board vessels near the town, (which he declared) should certainly fall + into his hands. Next morning the enemy moved to Manchester, opposite + Richmond, where they burnt the ware-houses. Six hundred men ventured on + this side, but were timely recalled, and being charged by a few dragoons + of Major Nelson, flew into their boats with precipitation. + </p> + <p> + Knowing General Phillip's intention against Richmond, (orders for attack + had been already given) I directed Baron de Stuben to join us, and + collected our force to receive the enemy, but the same night they + retreated to Osburn's, from thence to the neck of land formed by James + River and Appamatox, where they have re-embarked. Col. Pleasant's and + Good's battallions of militia, were sent on each side of the river and + gave annoyance to their troops and boats. The enemy have lost some men + killed, prisoners and deserters. Since the British army landed at City + Point, (some flour excepted at the Court-house) no public property has + been destroyed. Yours &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp near Bottom's Creek, May 4th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—I request you will receive my affectionate + acknowledgements for your kind letters. Every mark of friendship I receive + from you adds to my happiness, as I love you with all the sincerity and + warmth of my heart, and the sentiment I feel for you goes to the very + extent of my affections. + </p> + <p> + Inclosed I send you, my dear General, two copies of letters to General + Greene, which I also sent to Congress for their information. You will also + find copies of the strange letters I have received from General Phillips, + and the answers which, if he does not behave better, will break off our + correspondence. + </p> + <p> + The leaving of my artillery appears a strange whim, but had I waited for + it Richmond was lost, and Major Galvan, who has exerted himself to the + utmost, cannot be with us under two days, as he never could obtain or + seize horses for the artillery and ammunition waggons. It is not without + trouble I have made this rapid march. General Phillips has expressed to an + officer on flag, the astonishment he felt at our celerity, and when on the + 30th, as he was going to give the signal to attack, he reconnoitred our + position, Mr. Osburn, who was with him, says that he flew into a violent + passion and swore vengeance against me and the corps I had brought with + me. + </p> + <p> + I am, however, uneasy, my dear General, and do not know what the public + will think of our conduct. I cannot say in any official letter that no + boats, no waggons, no intelligence, not one spy could be obtained; that if + once I had been manoeuvring with Phillips he had every advantage over me; + that a defeat would have scattered the militia, lost the few arms we have, + and knocked down this handful of Continental troops. Great deal of + mischief had been already done. I did not know but what the enemy meant to + establish a post. Under these circumstances I thought it better to fight + on none but my own grounds and to defeat the main and most valuable object + of the enemy. Had I gone on the other side, the enemy would have given me + the slip and taken Richmond, leaving nothing to me, but the reputation of + a rash unexperienced young man. Our stores could not be removed. + </p> + <p> + No orders from General Greene have as yet come to me. I cannot conceive + the reason of his delay in answering my letters. In the meanwhile, + Phillips is my object, and if with a thousand men I can be opposed to + three thousand in this State, I think I am useful to General Greene. In a + former letter he tells me that his object is to divide the enemy, and + having no orders I must be regulated by his opinion. + </p> + <p> + The enemy are gone down the river. I have detached some militia to Hoods + where I mean to make a fort. Colonel Hennis, with another corps of + militia, is gone towards Williamsburg. His orders are in case the enemy + land there, to annoy them, and in case they mean to establish a post, he + is to disturb them until I arrive. This position is 16 miles from + Richmond, 42 from Williamsburg, 60 from Fredericksburg. I have sent an + officer at Point Comfort, and established a chain of expresses to know if + they appear to turn towards Potomac. Should it be the case, Fredericksburg + will have my attention, having missed Mr. Hunter's works at Fredericksburg + must be their next object as they are the only support to our operations + in the southward. Your first letters, my dear General, will perhaps tell + me something more about your coming this way. How happy I should be to see + you, I hope I need not express. As you are pleased to give me the choice, + I shall frankly tell my wishes. If you co-operate with the French against + the place, you know I wish to be at head quarters. If something is + co-operated in Virginia, I will find myself very happily situated for the + present. In case my detachment remains in this State I wish not to leave + it, as I have a separate and active command, though it does not promise + great glory; but as you gave me leave to do it, I shall in a few days + write to you more particularly on my private concerns. It is not only on + account of my own situation that I wish the French fleet may come into the + bay. Should they come even without troops, it is ten to one that they will + block up Phillips in some rivers, and then I answer he is ruined. Had I + but ships, my situation would be the most agreeable in the world. Adieu my + dear General, you will make me happy to write me sometimes. With the + highest respect and most tender affection, I have the honor to be, yours, + &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Letters of Wash. of 31 May.—See Sparks' Writ., v. 8., p. 60. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Richmond, May the 8th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—There is no fighting here unless you have a naval + superiority, or an army mounted upon race-horses. Phillips' plan against + Richmond has been defeated; he was going towards Portsmouth, and I thought + it should be enough for me to oppose him at some principal points in this + State. But now it appears I will have business to transact with two + armies, and this is rather too much. + </p> + <p> + By letters from North Carolina, I find that Lord Cornwallis, who I had + been assured had sailed from Charleston, is advancing towards Hallifax. In + consequence of letters from the same quarter, General Phillip's has + altered his plans, and returned to a place called Brandon on the south + side of James river, where he landed the night before last. Our detachment + is under march towards the Hallifax road, his command of the water, + enabled him to land where I could not reach him. The brigade at Petersburg + is destroyed, and unless he acts with an uncommon degree of folly, he will + be at Hallifax before me. Each of these armies is more than the double + superior to me. We have no boats, few militia, and less arms. I will try + to do for the best, and hope to deserve your approbation. + </p> + <p> + Nothing can attract my sight from the supplies and reinforcements destined + to General Green's army. While I am going to get beaten by both armies or + each of them seperately, the Baron remains at Richmond where he hurries + the collection of recruits, and every other requisite. I have forbidden + every department to give me any thing that maybe thought useful to General + Greene, and should a battle be expected (an event which I will try to keep + off,) no consideration will prevent our sending to Carolina 800 recruits + who, I hope, may be equiped in a fortnight. When General Green becomes + equal to offensive operations, this quarter will be relieved. I have + written to Wayne, to hasten his march, but unless I am very hard pushed, + shall request him to proceed south-ward. The militia have been ordered + out, but are slow, unarmed, and not yet used to this business. General + Green, from whom I had as yet no letters, was on the 26th, before Camden, + but did not think himself equal to the storming of the works. My respects, + if you please, to Mr. Washington, and compliments to the family. Most + respectfully and affectionately. + </p> + <p> + Yours &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Welton, north side of James River, May 18th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL.—Having been directed by General Greene to take + command of the troops in Virginia. I have also received orders from him, + that every account from this quarter, be immediately transmitted to + Congress, and to your Excellency; in obedience to which I shall have the + honor to relate our movements, and those of the combined armies of the + enemy. When General Phillips retreated from Richmond, his project was to + stop at Williamsburg, there to collect contributions which he had imposed, + this induced me to take a position between Pamunkey, and Chikahomany + rivers, which equally covered Richmond, and some other interesting parts + of the State, and from where I detached General Nelson with some militia + towards Williamsburg. + </p> + <p> + Having got as low down as that place, General Phillips seemed to discover + an intention to make a landing, but upon advices received by a vessel from + Portsmouth, the enemy weighed anchor, and with all the sail they could + crowd, hastened up the river, this intelligence made me apprehensive that + the enemy intended to manoeuvre me out of Richmond where I returned + immediately, and again collected our small force, intelligence was the + same day received that Lord Cornwallis (who I had been assured, to have + embarked at Wilmington) was marching through North Carolina, (this was + confirmed by the landing of General Phillips at Brandon south side of + James River.) Apprehending that both armies would move to meet at a + central point, I march towards Petersburg and intended to have established + a communication over Appamatox and James river, but on the 9th, General + Phillips took possession of Petersburgh; a place where his right flank + being covered by James River, his front by Appamatox, on which the bridges + had been destroyed in the first part of the invasion, and his left not + being attackable but by a long circuit through fords that at this season + are very uncertain, I could not (even with an equal force) have got any + chance of fighting him, unless I had given up this side of James River, + and the country from which reinforcements are expected. It being at the + enemy's choice to force us to an action, which their own position insured + them against our enterprizes, I thought it proper to shift this situation, + and marched the greater part of our troops to this place about ten miles + below Richmond. Letters from General Nash, General Sumner, and General + Jones are positive as to the arrival of Colonel Tarleton, and announce + that of Lord Cornwallis at Halifax. Having received a request from North + Carolina for ammunition, I made a detachment of 500 men under General + Muhlenberg to escort 20,000 cartridges over Appamatox, and to divert the + enemy's attention, Colonel Gimat, with his battalion, and 4 field pieces + cannonaded their position from this side of the River. I hope our + ammunition will arrive safe, as before General Muhlenberg returned he put + it in a safe road with proper directions. On the 13th, General Phillips + died and the command devolved on General Arnold. General Wayne's + detachment has not yet been heard of, before he arrives, it becomes very + dangerous to risk any engagement where (as the British armies being vastly + superior to us) we shall certainly be beaten, and by the loss of arms, the + dispersion of militia, and the difficulty of a junction with General + Wayne, we may lose a less dangerous chance of resistance. + </p> + <p> + These considerations have induced me to think that with our so very great + inferiority, and with the advantage the enemy have by their cavalry and + naval superiority, there would be much rashness in fighting them on any + but our grounds, and this side of the river, and that an engagement which + I fear will be soon necessary; ought, if possible to be deferred till the + Pensylvanians arrive, whom I have by several letters requested to hasten + to our assistance. + </p> + <p> + No report has lately come from near Hallifax, though a very active officer + has been sent for that purpose; but every intelligence confirms that Lord + Cornwallis is hourly expected at Petersburg, it is true there never was + such difficulty in getting tolerable intelligence, as there is in this + country, and the immense superiority of the enemy's horses, render it very + precarious to hazard our small parties. + </p> + <p> + Arnold has received a small reinforcement from Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + I am dear General, your most obedient humble servant, Yours &c. + </p> + <p> + P.S. Injustice to Major Mitchell and Captain Muir, who were taken at + Petersburg, I have the honor to inform your Excellency that they had been + sent to that place on public service. I have requested General Lawson to + collect and take command of the militia south of Appamatox, local + impediments was thrown in the road from Hallifax to Petersburg, and + precautions taken to remove the horses from the enemy's reach. Should it + be possible to get arms, some militia might be brought into the field, but + General Greene and myself labour under the same disadvantage, the few + militia we can with great pains collect arrive unarmed, and we have not a + sufficiency of weapons to put into their hands.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Washington's Letter of the 31st May.—Sparks' Writ. of Wash., + v. 8., p. 60. + </p> + <h3> + TO COLONEL HAMILTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Richmond, May 23, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR HAMILON,—I have been long complaining that I had nothing to + do, and want of employment was an objection I had to my going to the + southward; but for the present, my dear friend, my complaint is quite of + an opposite nature, and I have so many arrangements to make, so many + difficulties to combat, so many enemies to deal with, that I am much of a + General as will make me a historian of misfortunes, and nail my curse upon + the ruins of what good soldiers are pleased to call the army in Virginia. + There is an age past since I heard from you. I acknowledge that on my + part, I have not written so often as I ought to have done, but you will + excuse this silence in favor of my very embarrassing circumstances, + however remote you may be from your former post of aid-de-camp, to the + Commander-in-chief, I am sure you are nevertheless acquainted with every + transaction at head quarters. My letters have served to report + information, and I shall consequently abstain from repetitions. + </p> + <p> + Our forced march saved Richmond. Phillips was going down, and thus far I + am very happy. Phillips' return, his landing at Brandon, south side of + James and Appamatox rivers. Had Phillips marched to Hallifax I was + determined to follow him, and should have risked every thing rather to + omit making a diversion in favor of Greene; but that army took possession + of Petersburg, and obliged me to stick to the side of the river whence + reinforcements are expected. Both armies have formed their junction of + between four and five thousand men. We have no Continentals; their + infantry is near five to one; their cavalry ten to one. Our militia are + not numerous, without arms, and not used to war. Government wants energy, + and there is nothing to enforce the laws. General Greene has directed me + to take command in this State, and I must tell you by the way, his letter + is very polite and affectionate; it then became my duty to arrange the + departments, which I found in the greatest confusion and relaxation; + nothing can be obtained, and yet expenses are enormous. The Baron and the + few new levies we could collect, are ordered to South Carolina. Is it not + strange that General Wayne's detachment cannot be heard of? They are to go + to Carolina; but should I have them for a few days, I am at liberty to + keep them. This permission I will improve so far as to receive one blow, + that being beat, I may at least be beat with some decency. There are + accounts that Lord Cornwallis is very strong; others make him very weak. + In this country there is no getting good intelligence. I request you will + write me if you approve of my conduct. The command of the waters, the + superiority in cavalry, and the great disproportion of forces, gave the + enemy such advantages that I durst not venture out, and listen to my + fondness for enterprise; to speak truth, I was afraid of myself as much as + of the enemy. Independence has rendered me the more cautious, as I know my + own warmth; but if the Pennsylvanians come, Lord Cornwallis shall pay + something for his victory. + </p> + <p> + I wish a reinforcement of light infantry to recruit the battallions, or a + detachment under General Huntington, was sent to me. I wish Lawson or + Sheldon were immediately dispatched with some horses. Come here, my dear + friend, and command our artillery in Virginia. I want your advices and + your exertions. If you grant my request, you will vastly oblige your + friend. Yours, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Richmond, May the 24th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL.—The junction of Lord Cornwallis with the other army + at Petersburg was an event that, from local circumstances, and from their + so great superiority, it was impossible to prevent, it took place on the + 20th, and having lost every hope to operate, a timely stroke in + conjunction with the Pensylvanians, my ideas were confined to defensive + measures. I therefore moved up to Richmond, where precautions were taken + to remove every valuable property, either public or private. + </p> + <p> + By an officer that was in Halifax after Lord Cornwallis, I hear he has not + left any post at that place, it appears, his sick and wounded remained at + Wilmington, and were reimplaced by that garison. Reports concerning the + numbers are so different, that I cannot trust anything but my eyes, until + such an opportunity offers, this is the order of march, in which it is + said his Lordship crossed Roanoke. Col. Tarlton's legion, Col. Hamilton's + corps, 23d, 71st, 33d, British regiments, 200 tories, an Hessian regiment, + the light infantry and guards with six field pieces. I am told General + Leslie and Genl. O'Hara are with him, I have received successive and + repeated accounts, that a British fleet of transports was arrived at + Hampton, they were said to consist of 11 large vessels, and 16 smaller + ones, under convoy of three large frigates. Mr. Day D.Q.M. at + Williamsburg, writes that on the 22nd, 12 sail of large ship; a sloop, and + schooner got underway opposite James Town; those ships full of men, and + some horses on board the sloop. We have no accounts of any fleet having + sailed from New-York. + </p> + <p> + Yesterday afternoon, we had a heavy rain, which Colonel Tarlton improved + in surprising some militia in Chesterfield County, thirty of whom fell + into his hands. + </p> + <p> + This morning at 9 o'clock the enemy moved from Peteraburg towards City + Point, and destroyed the bridge they had lately constructed over + Appamatoc. I have just received accounts, that a body of them has landed + at Westover. These are said to be the men who came up the river from + Hampton, previous to which General Arnold had received a small + reinforcement from Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + To my great mortification, I have heard this morning, that the + Pensylvanians are not so near as I had been, by every account positively + assured. General Wayne writes me he will hasten to my support, and I am + confident he will not lose time at this critical moment, but before he + arrives, it is impossible that 900 continentals and 40 horses, with a body + of militia by no means so considerable as they are reported to be, and + whom it is so difficult to arm, be with any advantage opposed to such a + superiority of forces, such a number of cavalry, to which may be added, + their very prejudicial command of the writers. + </p> + <p> + Our handful of men being the point to which militia may be collected, and + the only check, however small it is, that the enemy may have in this + state, it ought, I think, to be managed with a great deal of prudence as + its preservation is so very important to the fate of operations in + Virginia. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect. I have the honor to be Yours &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp between Rappahannock and North Anna, June 3rd, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Inclosed you will find the copy of a letter to + General Green. He at first had requested that I would directly write to + you, since which his orders have been different, but he directed me to + forward you copies of my official accounts. So many letters are lost in + their way that I do not care to avoid repetitions.—I heartily wish, + my dear general, my conduct may be approved of, particularly by you. My + circumstances have been peculiar, and in this state I have sometimes + experienced strange disappointments. Two of them, the stores at + Charlottesville, and the delay of the Pennsylvania detachment, have given + me much uneasiness and may be attended with bad consequences. Your + presence, my dear general, would do a great deal, Should these detachments + be increased to three or four thousand, and the French army come this way, + leaving one of our generals at Rhode Island and two or three about New + York and in the Jerseys, you might be very offensive in this quarter, and + there could be, a southern army in Carolina. Your presence would do + immense good, but I would wish you to have a large force. General + Washington, before he personally appears, must be strong enough to hope + success. Adieu, my dear general, with the highest respect and most tender + affection I have the honor to be, Yours,~{1} + </p> + <p> + P.S. If you persist in the idea to come this way. you may depend upon + about 3000 militia in the field, relieved every two months. Your presence + will induce them to turn out with great spirit. + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. This letter, and the succeeding one to Gen. Greene, was written while + Lafayette was retreating before Lord Cornwallis, and as he was about to + cross the Rapidan to form a junction with Wayne. See the answers in + Sparks's <i>Writ. of Wash</i>. v. 3. p. 86. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL GREENE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp between Rappahannock and North Anna, June 3rd, 1781, + </p> + <p> + SIR,—I have done myself the honor to write you many letters, but + least some of them should have miscarried, which I much apprehend to have + been the case, I shall repeat an account of the late transactions in this + state. + </p> + <p> + The junction of the enemy being made, which for the reasons I have + mentioned it was impossible to prevent, I retired towards Richmond and + waited for Lord Cornwallis's movements, his regular force being so vastly + superior to mine.—Reinforcements from below having still increased + it, and his cavalry being ten to one, I could not think to bring into + action a small body of eight or nine hundred men, that preserved the + shadow of an army and an inconsiderable number of militia whose defeat was + certain and would be attended with a fatal loss of arms.— + </p> + <p> + Lord Cornwallis had at first a project to cross above Richmond, but + desisted from it and landed at Westover, he then proposed to turn our left + flank, but before it was executed we moved by the left to the forks of + Chickahomony,—the enemy advanced twelve miles and we retreated in + the same proportion; they crossed Chickahomony and advanced on the road to + Fredericksburg. We marched in a parallel with them, keeping the upper part + of the country. Our position at Mattapony church would have much exposed + the enemy's flank on their way to Fredericksburg, but they stopped at + Cook's ford on the North Anna river, where they are for the present.—General + Wayne having announced to me his departure on the 23d, I expected before + this time to have made a junction. We have moved back some distance and + are cautious not to indulge Lord Cornwallis with an action with our + present force.— + </p> + <p> + The intentions of the enemy are not as yet well explained. Fredericksburg + appears to be their object, the more so as a greater number of troops are + said to be gone down than is necessary for the garrison of Portsmouth.—The + public stores have been as well as possible removed, and every part of + Hunter's works that could be taken out of the way.—It is possible + they mean to make a stroke towards Charlotteville; this I would not be + uneasy for, had my repeated directions been executed, but instead of + removing stores from there to Albemarle old Court House, where Baron de + Steuben has collected six hundred regulars, and where I ordered the + militia south of James River to rendezvous—It appears from a letter + I received this evening that state stores have been contrary to my + directions collected there, least they should mix with the Continentals, + but my former letters were so positive, and my late precautions are so + multiplied that. I hope the precious part of the stores will have been + removed to a safer place. I had also some stores removed from Orange Court + House. Dispatches from the Governor to me have fallen into the enemies' + hands; of which I gave him and the Baron immediate notice. + </p> + <p> + The report of an insurrection in Hampshire county, and the hurry of Lord + Cornwallis to communicate the copy of a Cartel with you where it is + settled the prisoners will be sent by such a time to Jamestown, are + motives that gave me some suspicions of a project towards the Convention + troops. The number of the rebels is said to be 700—Gen. Morgan has + marched against them; I think the account is pretty well authenticated + tho' it is not official.—Having luckily opened a letter from the + Board of War, to the Governor whereby the Convention troops are ordered to + New England, I sent a copy of it to Col. Wood and requested an immediate + execution of the order. This motive and the apprehension that I might be + interrupted in a junction with Gen. Wayne have induced me particularly to + attend to our re-union, an event that was indispensable to give us a + possibility to protect some part or other of this state. I was until + lately ignorant of your orders, that the new Continentals and militia + under Baron de Steuben be united with this part of your army, and the + Baron intended shortly to march to the southward.—When united to + Gen. Wayne 1 shall be better able to command my own movements and those of + the other troops in this state.—Had this expected junction taken + place sooner, matters would have been very different. + </p> + <p> + The enemy must have five hundred men mounted and their Cavalry increases + daily. It is impossible in this country to take horses out of their way, + and the neglect of the inhabitants, dispersion of houses, and robberies of + negroes, (should even the most vigorous measures have been taken by the + Civil authority) would have yet put many horses into their hands. Under + this cloud of light troops it is difficult to reconnoitre as well as + counteract any rapid movements they choose to make. I have the honor to be + with great respect, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL GREENE, + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Allen's Creek, 22 miles from Richmond, Jane 18th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—The enemy's position at Cooke's ford enabled them either to + return to James River or to gain our northern communication. The arms and + other precious stores arriving from Philadelphia, the importance of a + junction with Gen. Wayne, and other strong reasons mentioned in my last, + made it my first object to check the further progress of Lord Cornwallis. + Some stores at the forks of James River were under the care of the major + general, the Baron de Steuben, who had five hundred regulars of the + Virginia new levies, and some militia. + </p> + <p> + Col. Tarlton's legion having pressed for Charlottesville, where the + Assembly were sitting, was disappointed in his purpose by proper + information being given them. One hundred and fifty arms, however, and a + small quantity of powder fell into the enemy's hands. + </p> + <p> + A detachment under Col. Simcoe said to be four hundred dragoons and + mounted infantry, proceeded to the point of Fork, of which the Baron de + Steuben received notice. Both his men and stores were transported to the + south branch when the Baron marched to Etaunton River. Simcoe threw over a + few men which destroyed what stores had been left. He hazarded a great + deal, but our loss was inconsiderable. + </p> + <p> + In the meantime the British army was moving to the point of Fork, with + intention to strike our magazines at Albermarle old Court House. Our force + was not equal to their defence, and a delay of our junction would have + answered the views of the enemy. But on the arrival of the Pennsylvanians + we made forced marches towards James River, and on our gaining the South + Anna we found Lord Cornwallis encamped some miles below the point of Fork. + A stolen march through a difficult road gave us a position upon Michunk + Creek, between the enemy and our magazines, where, agreeable to + appointment, we were joined by a body of riflemen. The next day Lord + Cornwallis retired towards Richmond (where he now is) and was followed by + our small army. + </p> + <p> + I have directed General Steuben to return this way and a junction will be + formed as soon as his distance permits. + </p> + <p> + With the highest regard, &c., &c. + </p> + <p> + P. S. The following is an extract of a letter just now received from James + Barron, Commodore, dated Warwick, 9 miles from Hampton, June 17th, 1781, + </p> + <p> + "At five o'clock this afternoon anchored in the road from sea, 35 sail of + the enemies' vessels; viz: 24 ships, 10 brigs and one schooner, which I + take to be the fleet that sailed from hence 13 days ago. Only 4 appear to + have troops on board." + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL GREENE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Mr. Tyter's plantation, 20 miles from Williamsburg, 27th June, 1781. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—My letter of the 18th, informed you of the enemy's retrograde + movement to Richmond, where they had made a stop. Our loss at the point of + Fork chiefly consisted of old arms out of repair and some cannon, most of + which have been since recovered. + </p> + <p> + On the 18th the British Army moved towards us with design as I apprehend + to strike at a detached corps commanded by Gen. Muhlenberg, upon this the + light Infantry and Pennsylvanians marched under Gen. Wayne when the enemy + retired into town. The day following I was joined by Gen. Steuben's + troops, and on the night of the 20th Richmond was evacuated. Having + followed the enemy our light parties fell in with them near New Kent Court + House, the army was still at a distance and Lord Cornwallis continued his + route towards Williamsburg; his rear and right flank were covered by a + large corps commanded by Col. Simcoe. I pushed forward a detachment under + Col. Butler, but notwithstanding a fatiguing march the colonel reports + that he could not have overtaken them, had not Major McPherson mounted 50 + light infantry behind an equal number of dragoons, which coming up with + the enemy charged them within six miles of Williamsburg; such of the + advance corps as could arrive to their support, composed of riflemen under + Major Call and Major Willis began a smart action. Inclosed is the return + of our loss. That of the enemy is about 60 killed and 100 wounded, + including several officers, a disproportion which the skill of our + riflemen easily explains. I am under great obligations to Col. Butler and + the officers and men of the detachment for their ardor in the pursuit and + their conduct in the action. Gen. Wayne who had marched to the support of + Butler, sent down some troops under Major Hamilton. The whole British army + came out to save Simcoe, and on the arrival of our army upon this ground + returned to Winsburg. The post they occupy at present is strong and under + protection of their shipping, but upwards of one hundred miles from the + point of Fork. + </p> + <p> + I had the honor to communicate these movements to the executive of the + state that the seat of government might be again re-established in the + capital. Lord Cornwallis has received a reinforcement from Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + With the greatest respect I have the honor to be. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL GREENE. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Ambler's Plantation, opposite Jamestown, 8 July, 1781. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—On the 4th inst. the enemy evacuated Williamsburg where some + stores fell into our hands, and retired to this place under the cannon of + their shipping. Next morning we advanced to Bird's tavern, and a part of + the army took post at Norrel's mill about nine miles from the British + camp. + </p> + <p> + The 6th I detached an advanced corps under Gen. Wayne with a view of + reconnoitering the enemy's situation. Their light parties being drawn in + the pickets which lay close to their encampment were gallantly attacked by + some riflemen whose skill was employed to great effect. + </p> + <p> + Having ascertained that Lord Cornwallis had sent off his baggage under a + proper escort and posted his army in an opened field fortified by the + shipping, I returned to the detachment which I found more generally + engaged. A piece of cannon had been attempted by the van guard under Major + Galvan whose conduct deserves high applause.—Upon this the whole + British army came out and advanced to the thin wood occupied by General + Wayne.—His corps chiefly composed of Pennsylvanians and some light + infantry did not exceed eight hundred men with three field pieces. But + notwithstanding their numbers, at sight of the British the troops ran to + the rencontre. A short skirmish ensued with a close, warm, and well + directed firing, but as the enemy's right and left of course greatly + outflanked ours, I sent General Wayne orders to retire half a mile to + where Col. Vose's and Col. Barber's light infantry battalions had arrived + by a rapid move, and where I directed them to form. In this position they + remained till some hours in the night. The militia under Gen. Lawson had + been advanced, and the continentals were at Norrel's mill when the enemy + retreated during the night to James Island, which they also evacuated, + crossing over to the south side of the river. Their ground at this place + and the island were successively occupied by General Muhlenberg. Many + valuable horses were left on their retreat. + </p> + <p> + From every account the enemy's loss has been very great and much pains + taken to conceal it. Their light infantry, the brigade of guards and two + British regiments formed the first line, the remainder of the army the + second; the cavalry were drawn up but did not charge. + </p> + <p> + By the inclosed return you will see what part of Gen. Wayne's detachment + suffered most. The services rendered by the officers make me happy to + think that altho' many were wounded we lost none. Most of the field + officers had their horses killed, and the same accident to every horse of + two field pieces made it impossible to move them, unless men had been + sacrificed. But it is enough for the glory of Gen. Wayne and the officers + and men he commanded to have attacked the whole British army with a + reconnoitering party only, close to their encampment, and by this severe + skirmish hastened their retreat over the river.— + </p> + <p> + Col. Bowyer of the riflemen is a prisoner.— + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, &e, + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Mrs. Ruffin's, August 20th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL—Independent of the answer to your letter of the + 15th, I have been very particular in a second letter intrusted to Col. + Moriss. But at this moment wish to send you minuted and repeated accounts + of every thing that passes in this quarter. + </p> + <p> + The enemy have evacuated their forts at Troy, Kemp's Landing, Great + Bridge, and Portsmouth. Their vessels with troops and baggage went round + to York. Some cannon have been left spiked up at Portsmouth; but I have + not yet received proper returns. + </p> + <p> + I have got some intelligences by the way of this servant I have once + mentioned. A very sensible fellow was with him, and from him as well as + deserters, I hear that they begin fortifying at York. They are even + working by a windmill at which place I understand they will make a fort + and a battery for the defence of the river. I have no doubt but that + something will be done on the land side. The works at Gloster are + finished; they consist of some redoubts across Gloster creek and a battery + of 18 pieces beating the river. + </p> + <p> + The enemy have 60 sails of vessels into York river, the largest a 50 gun + ship and two 36 frigates.—About seven other armed vessels, the + remainder are transports, some of them still loaded and a part of them + very small vessels. It appears they have in that number merchantmen, some + of whom are Dutch prizes. The men of war are very thinly manned. On board + the other vessels there are almost no sailors. + </p> + <p> + The British army had been sickly at Portsmouth, the air of York begins to + refit them. The whole cavalry have crossed on the Gloster side yesterday + evening, a movement of which I gave repeated accounts to the militia + there; but the light infantry and main body of the militia are at this + place, Gen. Wayne on the road to Westover, and we may form our junction in + one day. I keep parties upon the enemy's lines. The works at Portsmouth + are levelling. The moment I can get returns and plans l will send them to + your Excellency. The evacuation of a post fortified with much care and + great expense will convince the people abroad that the enemy cannot hold + two places at once.—The Maryland troops were to have set out on + Monday last. There is in this quarter an immense want of clothing of every + sort, arms, ammunition, hospital stores, and horse accoutrements. Should a + maritime superiority be expected, I would propose to have all those + matters carried from Philadelphia to the head of Elk. + </p> + <p> + The numbers of the British army fit for duty I <i>at least</i> would + estimate at 4500, rank and file. Their sailors I cannot judge but by + intelligences of the number of vessels. In a word this part affords the + greatest number of regulars and the only active army to attack, which + having had no place of defence must be less calculated for it than any + garrison either at New York or in Carolina. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most sincere affection, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Holt's Forge, September the 1st, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL.—I am happy to inform your Excellency that Count de + Grasse's fleet is safely arrived in this bay; it consists of 28 ships of + the line with several frigates and convoys a considerable body of troops + under Marquis de St. Simon.—Previous to their arrival such positions + had been taken by our army as to prevent the enemy's retreating towards + Carolina. + </p> + <p> + In consequence of your Excellency's orders I had the honor to open a + correspondence with the French Generals, and measures have been taken for + a junction of our troops.— + </p> + <p> + Lord Cornwallis is still on York river and is fortifying himself in a + strong position.— + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect I have the honor to be,~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See answer of Washington, Sparks's Writ. of Wash. v. 8. p. 156. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp Williamsburg, Sept. 8th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL.—Your letter of the 2d September is just come to + hand. Mine of yesterday mentioned that the ships in York river had gone + down. Inclosed is the account of an engagement off the capes. What + disposition has been made for the internal protection of the bay, I do not + know. James river is still guarded, but we have not as yet received any + letter from Count de Grasse relative to his last movements. I hasten to + communicate them as your Excellency will probably think it safer to keep + the troops at the Head of Elks until Count de Grasse returns. Indeed, + unless the greatest part of your force is brought here, a small addition + can do but little more than we do effect. Lord Cornwallis will in a little + time render himself very respectable. + </p> + <p> + I ardently wish your whole army may be soon brought down to operate. + </p> + <p> + We will make it our business to reconnoitre the enemy's works and give you + on your arrival the best description of it that is in our power. I expect + the governor this evening and will again urge the necessity of providing + what you have recommended. + </p> + <p> + By a deserter from York I hear that two British frigates followed the + French fleet and returned after they had seen them out of the capes. A spy + says that two schooners supposed to be French have been seen coming up + York river, but we have nothing so certain as to insure your voyage, tho' + it is probable Count de Grasse will soon return. + </p> + <p> + I beg leave to request, my dear General, in your answer to the Marquis de + St. Simon you will express your admiration at this celerity of their + landing and your sense of their cheerfulness in submitting to the + difficulties of the first moments. Indeed I would be happy something might + also be said to Congress on the subject. + </p> + <p> + Your approbation of my conduct emboldens me to request that Gen. Lincoln + will of course take command of the American part of your army; the + division I will have under him may be composed of the troops which have + gone through the fatigues and dangers of the Virginia campaign; this will + be the greatest reward of the services I may have rendered, as I confess I + have the strongest attachment to these troops. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect I have the honor to be,~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. See Letter of Washington, Sparks's Writ. of Wash. v. 8. p. 157. A plan + of operations in Virginia at p. 158. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Williamsburg, 10 Sept. 1781. + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Gourion is just arrived, he says you may be on your + way. We hasten to send to the commanding naval officer in the bay. + Hitherto I had no way to write to you by water, but Count de Grasse being + at sea we request the officer he has left to have every precaution taken + for the safety of navigation. It is probable they are taken, but I would + have been too uneasy had I not added this measure to those that have been + probably adopted. + </p> + <p> + I wrote several letters to you; the surprising speedy landing of the + French troops under the Marquis de St. Simon; our junction at + Williamsburg; the unremitted ardor of the enemy in fortifying at York; the + sailing of Count de Grasse in pursuit of 16 sail of the line, of the + British fleet, were the most principal objects. I added we were short of + flour, might provide cattle enough. I took the liberty to advise James + River as the best to land in, the particular spot referred to a more + particular examination, the result of which we shall send tomorrow. + </p> + <p> + Excuse the haste that I am in, but the idea of your being in a cutter + leaves me only the time to add that I am, &c. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + Camp before York, September 30th, 1781. + </p> + <p> + My Dear General—You have been so often pleased to ask I would give + my opinion on any subject that may occur, that I will this day take the + liberty to mention a few articles. + </p> + <p> + I am far from laughing at the idea of the enemy's making a retreat. It is + not very probable, but it is not impossible, indeed they have no other way + to escape; and since we cannot get ships at York I would be still more + afraid of a retreat by West Point than any thing else. The French hussars + remaining here, our dragoons and some infantry might be stationed + somewhere near West Point, rather on the north side. I see the service is + much done by details, and to use your permission would take the liberty to + observe that when the siege is once begun it might be more agreeable to + the officers and men to serve as much as possible by whole battalions. + Col. Scamel is taken: his absence I had accounted for by his being officer + of the day. I am very sorry we lose a valuable officer, but tho' Col. + Scamel's being officer of the day has been a reason for his going in + front, I think it would be well to prevent the officers under the rank of + generals or field officers reconnoitering for the safety of their commands + from advancing so near the enemy's lines. + </p> + <p> + There is a great disproportion between Huntington's and Hamilton's + battalions. Now that Scamel is taken we might have them made equal and put + the eldest of the two Lieutenant Colonels upon the right of the brigade. + </p> + <p> + I have these past days wished for an opportunity to speak with your + Excellency on Count de Grasse's demand relative to Mr. de Barrass's fleet. + This business being soon done, we may think of Charleston, at least of the + harbor or of Savannah. I have long and seriously thought of this matter + but would not be in a hurry to mention it until we knew how long this will + last. However it might be possible to give Count de Grasse an early hint + of it in case you agree with him upon the winterly departure of the whole + fleet for the West Indies. One of my reasons to wish troops (tho' not in + great number) to be sent to Glocester county by way of West Point is that + for the first days it will embarrass any movement of the enemy up the + river or up the country on either side, and when it is in Glocester county + it may be thought advantageous by a respectable regular force to prevent + the enemy's increasing their works there and giving us the trouble of a + second operation, and in the same time it will keep from York a part of + the British forces. + </p> + <p> + With the highest respect and most sincere affection I have the honor to + be, &c.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Endnote: + </p> + <p> + 1. For a "Plan of the Siege of Yorktown," see Spark's Writ. of Wash. v.8. + p. 186. + </p> + <h3> + TO GENERAL WASHINGTON. + </h3> + <h3> + (ORIGINAL.) + </h3> + <p> + November 29th, 1781 + </p> + <p> + MY DEAR GENERAL,—Inclosed you will find some numbers, a copy of + which I have kept, and which contains some names that may probably occur + in our correspondence. I need not tell you, my dear General, that I will + be happy in giving you every intelligence in my power and reminding you of + the most affectionate friend you can ever have. + </p> + <p> + The goodness you had to take upon yourself the communicating to the + Virginia army the approbation of Congress appears much better to me than + my writing to the scattered part of the body I had the honor to command. + Give me leave, my dear General, to recall to your memory the peculiar + situation of the troops who being already in Virginia were deprived of the + month's pay given to the others. Should it be possible to do something for + them it would give me great satisfaction. + </p> + <p> + I will have the honor to write to you from Boston, my dear General, and + would be very sorry to think this is my last letter. Accept however once + more the homage of the respect and of the affection that render me for + ever— + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /><br /> <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_APPE" id="link2H_APPE"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + APPENDIX I. + </h2> + <h3> + A SUMMARY OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 1781, + </h3> + <h3> + TO SERVE AS EXPLANATION TO THE MAP. + </h3> + <p> + After the combat of MM. Destouches and Arbuthnot, the project on + Portsmouth was abandoned: the French sailed for Rhode Island; the militia + were dismissed, the regular troops proceeded to the north. Arnold was + afterwards reinforced by Major-general Phillips, and the conquest of + Virginia became the true object of the English during this campaign. The + allied army, under the Generals Washington and Rochambeau, proceeded + towards New York; that of General Greene attacked the posts which had been + left in Carolina, both about five hundred miles from Richmond: + Major-general the Marquis de Lafayette was charged with defending + Virginia. + </p> + <p> + <i>April</i> and <i>May</i>.—From preparations made at Portsmouth, + he conceives that the capital was the proposed aim; a forced march of his + corps from Baltimore to Richmond, about two hundred miles; he arrives in + the evening of the 29th of April; the enemy had reached Osborn; the small + corps of militia assemble in the night at Richmond; the next morning the + enemy at Manchester, seeing themselves forestalled, re-embark at Bermuda + Hundred, and re-descend James River. + </p> + <p> + The Americans at Bottom's Bridge, a detached corps in Williamsburg; + General Phillips receives an <i>aviso</i>, and re-ascends the river, + landing at Brandon; second reinforcement from New York; Lord Cornwallis, + who was reported to have embarked at Charlestown, advances through North + Carolina. + </p> + <p> + The Americans at Osborn, to establish a communication on James and + Appomattox, are forestalled by the march of Phillips to Petersburg, the + 10th, at Wilton; the 18th, canonading and reconnoitring, on Petersburg, + which, by assembling on one point, the hostile parties permit a convoy to + file off for Carolina; the 20th, at Richmond; junction of Lord Cornwallis + with the troops of Petersburg; the great disproportion of the American + corps, the impossibility of commanding the navigable rivers, and the + necessity of keeping the important side of James River, do not allow any + opposition. + </p> + <p> + Having sent a portion of the troops to Portsmouth, Lieutenant-general Lord + Cornwallis selected for himself an army of about five thousand men, three + hundred dragoons, and three hundred light horsemen; crosses to Westover. + The Americans had only about three thousand men, formed of one thousand + two hundred regulars, fifty dragoons, and two thousand militia. All the + important forces had evacuated Richmond; our troops at Wintson's Bridge; a + rapid march of the two corps, the enemies to engage an action, the + Americans to avoid it, and retain the heights of the country with the + communication of Philadelphia, which is equally necessary to our army and + to the existence of that of Carolina. + </p> + <p> + <i>June</i>.—The magazines of Fredericksburg are evacuated; the + Americans at Mattapony Church; the enemy at Chesterfield Tavern; heavy + rains, which will render the Rapid Ann impassable; Lord Cornwallis marches + to engage the front; our troops hasten their march, and repair to Racoon + Ford, to await General Wayne, with a regular corps of Pennsylvanians. + </p> + <p> + Despairing of being able to engage in action, or cut off the communication + between Wayne and Philadelphia, Lord Cornwallis changes his own + purpose,and endeavours to defeat that of the Americans; he suddenly + directs his movements against the great magazines of Albemarle Court + House; a detachment of dragoons strives to carry off the Assembly of State + at Charlottesville, but does not accomplish this end; another detachment + bore upon Point-of-Fork, where General Steuben formed six or seven hundred + recruits; he evacuated that point, and thought he ought to retire in the + direction of Carolina; some objects of slight importance are destroyed. + The passage of the Rapid Ann was necessary, to avoid being embarrassed by + Lord Cornwallis; the communication with Philadelphia was indispensable. It + was impossible to hope, even by fighting, to prevent the destruction of + the magazines before the junction with the Pennsylvanians. Lafayette + takes, therefore, the resolution of waiting for them, and, as soon as they + arrive, regains the enemy with forced marches. + </p> + <p> + The 12th, the Americans at Boswell's Tavern; Lord Cornwallis has reached + Elk Island. The common road, which it is necessary for him to cross to + place himself above the enemy, passes at the head of Bird's Creek; Lord + Cornwallis carries thither, his advance-guard, and expects to fall upon + our rear; the Americans repair, during the night, a road but little known, + and, concealing their march, take a position at Mechunck Creek, where, + according to the orders given, they are joined by six hundred + mountaineers. The English general, seeing the magazines covered, retires + to Richmond, and is followed by our army. + </p> + <p> + Various manoeuvres of the two armies; the Americans are rejoined by + General Steuben, with his recruits; their force then consists of two + thousand regulars, and three thousand two hundred militia. Lord Cornwallis + thinks he must evacuate Richmond; the 20th, the Marquis de Lafayette + follows him, and retains a posture of defence, seeking to manoeuvre, and + avoiding a battle. The enemy retires on Williamsburg, six miles from that + town; their rear-guard is attacked in an advantageous manner by our + advanced corps under Colonel Butler. Station taken by the Americans at one + march from Williamsburg. + </p> + <p> + <i>July</i>.—Various movements, which end by the evacuation of + Williamsburg; the enemy at Jamestown. Our army advances upon them; the + 6th, a sharp conflict between the hostile army and our advance-guard under + General Wayne, in front of Green Spring: two pieces of cannon remain in + their hands; but their progress is arrested by a reinforcement of light + infantry; the same night they retire upon James Island, afterwards to + Cobham, on the other side of James River, and from thence to their works + at Portsmouth. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Tarleton is detached into Amelia County; the generals Morgan and + Wayne march to cut him off; he abandons his project, burns his wagons, and + retires with precipitation. The enemy remaining in Portsmouth, the + American army takes a healthy station upon Malvan Hill, and reposes after + all its labour. + </p> + <p> + <i>August</i>.—The Americans refusing to descend in front of + Portsmouth, a portion of the English army embarks and proceeds by water to + Yorktown and Gloucester. General Lafayette takes a position at the Fork of + Pamunkey and Mattapony River, having a detached corps upon both sides of + York River. The Pennsylvanians and some new levies receive orders to + remain on James River, and think them selves intended for Carolina. An + assembly of militia on Moratie or Roanoke River; the fords and roads south + of James River destroyed on various pretence; movements to occupy the + attention of the enemy. As in the event prepared by Lafayette, the means + of escape would remain to the garrison of Portsmouth, Lafayette threatened + that point. General O'Hara thinks he ought to nail up thirty pieces of + cannon, and join the largest part of the army. The whole was scarcely + united, when the Count de Grasse appears at the entrance of Chesapeak Bay. + General Wayne crosses the river, and places himself in such a manner as to + arrest the enemy's march, if he should attempt to retreat towards + Carolina. The French admiral is waited for at Cape Henry by an + aide-de-camp of Lafayette, to report to him the respective situations of + the land troops, and ask him to make the necessary movements to cut off + all retreat to the enemy. He anchors at Cape Henry, sends three vessels to + York River, and fills James River with frigates; the Marquis de Saint + Simon, with three thousand men, lands at James Island or Jamestown. + </p> + <p> + <i>September</i>.—The river thus defended, General Wayne receives + the order to cross it; the Marquis de Lafayette marches upon Williamsburg, + and assembles together, in a good position, the combined troops, to the + number of seven thousand three hundred men. He had left one thousand rive + hundred militia in the county of Gloucester, and sends to hasten some + troops coming from the north. This station, which closes all retreat to + Lord Cornwallis, (our advance posts nine miles from York,) is retained + from the 4th to the 28th of September. Lord Cornwallis reconnoitres the + position of Lafayette, and despairs of forcing it. + </p> + <p> + The 6th September, the Count de Grasse, quitting the defended rivers, goes + out with the remainder of his fleet, pursues Admiral Hood, who had + presented himself, beats him, and sinks the <i>Terror</i>; he takes the <i>Iris</i> + and <i>Richmond</i> frigates; the 13th, he joins, in the bay, the squadron + of M. de Barras, which had sailed from Rhode Island, with eight hundred + men and the French artillery: the fleet of the Count de Grasse consists, + at this period, of thirty eight ships of the line. + </p> + <p> + Admiral de Grasse and General Saint Simon, commanders of the French under + Lafayette, urge him to attack Lord Cornwallis and offer him a + reinforcement from the ship garrisons. He prefers acting on more secure + grounds, and waiting for the troops from the north. General Washington + succeeded in reality, in completely deceiving General Clinton as to his + intentions; he was advancing towards Virginia with an American detachment, + and the army of the Count de Rochambeau embarked at the head of the + Chesapeak; they proceeded upon transports, to Williamsburg. The 28th, they + march upon New York, and the combined army commences investing it; the + 29th, reconnoitring the place; the 30th, the enemy evacuates the advance + posts, and retires into the works of York. + </p> + <p> + <i>October</i>.—The 1st, a new reconnoitre; the 3rd, a skirmish + between the legion of the Duke of Lauzun and that of Tarleton, in which + the former gained the advantage. That legion and eight hundred men from + the ships under M. de Choisy, had joined the militia at Gloucester. The + night of the 6th, the trenches were opened; that of the 11th, the second + parallel. The night of the 14th, the redoubts of the enemy's left were + taken, sword in hand, the one by the grenadiers and French light horsemen, + the other by the light infantrymen of the Americans. The first directed by + the Baron de Viomenil, a field-marshal; the 2nd by the Marquis de + Lafayette. The morning of the 17th, Lord Cornwallis asked to capitulate; + that same evening the firing ceased. The English Army, reduced to eight + thousand men, comprising 900 militia gave themselves as prisoners of war. + </p> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <a name="link2H_APPE2" id="link2H_APPE2"> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + APPENDIX II + </h2> + <h3> + TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES. + </h3> + <p> + Havre, 18th July, 1779. + </p> + <p> + SIR,—You ask me for some ideas respecting an expedition to America. + As it is not a fixed plan which you require, nor a memorial addressed in + form to the ministry, it will be the more easy to comply with your wishes. + </p> + <p> + The state of America, and the new measures which the British appear to be + adopting, render this expedition more than ever necessary. Deserted + coasts, ruined ports, commerce checked, fortified posts whence expeditions + are sent, all seem to call for our assistance, both by sea and land. The + smallest effort made now, would have more effect on the people than a + great diversion at a more distant period; but besides the gratitude of the + Americans, and particularly of the oppressed states, a body of troops + would insure us a great superiority on that continent. In short, sir, + without entering into tedious details, you know that my opinions on this + point have never varied, and my knowledge of this country convinces me, + that such an expedition, if well conducted, would not only succeed in + America, but would be of very essential service to our own country. + </p> + <p> + Besides the advantage of gaining the affection of the Americans, and that + of concluding a good peace, France should seek to curtail the means of + approaching vengeance. On this account it is extremely important to take + Halifax; but as we should require foreign aid, this enterprise must be + preceded by services rendered to different parts of the continent; we + should then receive assistance, and, under pretext of invading Canada, we + should endeavour to seize Halifax, the magazine and bulwark of the British + navy in the new world. + </p> + <p> + Well aware that a proposition on a large scale would not be acceded to, I + will diminish, as much as possible, the necessary number of troops. I will + say four thousand men, a thousand of them to be grenadiers and chasseurs; + to whom I will add two hundred dragoons and one hundred hussars, with the + requisite artillery. The infantry should be divided into full battalions, + commanded by lieutenant-colonels. If commissions of higher rank should be + desired for the older officers, you are aware that the minister of marine + has it in his power to bestow such, as when the expedition returns to + Europe, will have no value in the land service. We want officers who can + deny themselves, live frugally, abstain from all airs, especially a quick, + peremptory manner, and who can relinquish, for one year, the pleasures of + Paris. Consequently we ought to have few colonels and courtiers, whose + habits are in no respect American. + </p> + <p> + I would ask, then, for four thousand three hundred men, and, as I am not + writing to the ministry, allow me, for greater ease in speaking, to + suppose myself for a moment the commander of this detachment. You are + sufficiently acquainted with my principles to know that I shall not court + the choice of the king. Although I have commanded, with some success, a + larger body of troops, and I frankly confess I feel myself capable of + leading them, yet my intention is not to put forth my own claims; but to + answer for the actions of a stranger would be a folly, and as, setting + talents apart, it is on the political conduct of the leader, the + confidence of the people and of the American army, that half the success + must depend, I am obliged, reluctantly, to set forth a character that I + know, in order to establish my reasonings upon some basis. + </p> + <p> + Leaving this digression, I come to the embarkation of these four thousand + three hundred men. As the coasts of Normandy and Brittany have been much + harassed, I should propose sailing from the Island of Aix; troops and + provisions might be obtained in the vicinity. The ports between Lorient + and the channel would furnish transport vessels.~{1} + </p> + <p> + Lorient has some merchant ships of a pretty large burthen. The caracks of + the channel are still larger, and these vessels have, moreover, guns of + large calibre, which may be of use, either in battle, or in silencing + batteries onshore; besides, they might be ready in a very short time. I + would embark the soldiers, a man to every two tons, and would admit the + dragoons, with their cavalry equipage only. There are many details I would + give if the project be decided upon, but would be superfluous to mention + here. After the experience of Count d'Estaing, who found himself + straitened with biscuit for four months, and flour for two, I would take + the latter, adding biscuit for six months, which would make in all eight + months' provision for the marine and the troops. As to our escort, that + must be decided upon by the marine; but our transports being armed + vessels, three ships of the line, one of fifty guns for the rivers, three + frigates and two cutters, would appear to me to be more than sufficient. + As the expedition is especially a naval one, the commander of the squadron + should be a man of superior abilities; his character, his patriotism, are + important points. I have never seen M. de Guichen, but the reports I have + heard of his worth and modesty prepossess me strongly in his favour. Being + then at the Island of Aix with our detachment, and the squadron that is to + transport it, the next question is how to act, and our movements must + depend entirely upon circumstances. According to the first project, we + were to sail by the first of September, and by the second to remain here + until the last of January;~{2} it might, however, be possible to sail in + October. This even appears to me better than remaining until the close of + January; but the different operations are included in the other plan. The + enemy's fleet is to be reinforced, and, as we are assured that four or + five weeks' preparation will be sufficient for the transports and the + troops, there is nothing unreasonable in forming our projects for this + autumn, and even for the month of September. + </p> + <p> + The advantages of commencing our operations in that month would be, first, + to deprive the enemy of Rhode Island; secure to ourselves, till spring, a + fine island and harbour, and have it in our power to open the campaign + when we please. Secondly, to establish our superiority in America before + the winter negotiations. Thirdly, if peace should be desired, to place an + important post in our side of the balance. Fourthly, in case the enemy + should have extended their forces over any one of the states, to drive + them away with the more ease, as we should take them by surprise. + </p> + <p> + A few days before our departure, and not sooner (to prevent the + consequences of an indiscretion), three corvettes should be despatched to + America, with letters to M. de Luzerne, to congress, and to General + Washington. We might write that the king, desiring to serve his allies, + and agreeably to the requests of Dr. Franklin, intends sending some + vessels to America, and, with them, a body of land forces; and that, if + congress is in want of their assistance, they will willingly lend their + aid to General Washington, but otherwise they will proceed to the Islands: + This form will be perfectly appropriate. On any part, I would write, in my + capacity of an American officer, more detailed letters to congress, and to + General Washington. To the latter I would say, confidentially, that we + have almost a <i>carte blanche</i>, and unfold my plans, and request him + to make the necessary preparations. It should be reported at our departure + that we are destined as a garrison to one of the Antilles, while the + troops of these islands act on the offensive, and that, in the summer, we + shall be ordered to attempt a revolution in Canada. + </p> + <p> + The squadron sailing before the 10th of September, would arrive at Sandy + Hook, off the coast of Jersey, early in November, one of the finest months + of the year in independent America. Our fleet would then seem to threaten + New York, and we should find, on our arrival, pilots for different + destinations, and the necessary signals and counter signs.~{3} If Rhode + Island should be the proper point of attack, of which I have no doubt, we + would steer southward towards evening, and, putting about during the + night, land at Block Island, and lay siege to Newport. + </p> + <p> + There are some continental troops, who might reach Bristol in a day. There + are militia at Tivertown, who might also be mustered. Greenwich having + also a body of troops, must have flat-bottomed boats; those at Sledge + Ferry would be sent down. All these we should find on the spot. To escape + the inconveniences experienced the last year, the naval commander should + send, without a moment's delay, two frigates, to occupy the eastern + channel, and force the middle one, a thing of trifling danger. The vessels + found there should be destroyed; and as the enemy usually leave at + Conanicut Island a body of from six to fifteen hundred men, we might + easily seize it, and make our land rendezvous there. If the wind should be + favourable, the vessels might return the same night, or the end of the + squadron might join them; all these manoeuvres, however, will depend on + circumstances. Thus much is certain, that the same wind which brings us to + land will enable us to make ourselves masters of the eastern channel, so + as to assist the Americans at Bristol and Tivertown, and, if possible, to + secure the middle channel; at all events, however, it is easy to effect a + landing in the manner I describe.~{4} + </p> + <p> + Newport is strongly fortified on the side towards the land, but all the + shore that is behind the town offers great facilities for landing; it is, + besides, too extensive to admit of being defended by batteries. There the + French troops might easily disembark, and, reaching at day-break the + heights which command the town and the enemy's lines, might seize their + outworks and storm all before there, protected, if necessary, by the fire + of the ships. The enemy, scattered and confounded by these false attacks + on both sides of the island, would suppose that the system of the past + year was re-adopted. The bolder this manoeuvre appears, the more confident + we may be of its success. + </p> + <p> + You are aware, moreover, that in war all depends on the moment; the + details of the attack would be quickly decided on the spot. I need only + say here, that my thorough knowledge of the island leads me to think that, + with the above mentioned number of troops, and a very slender co-operation + on the part of America, I might pledge myself to gain possession of the + island in a few days.~{5} + </p> + <p> + As soon as we are in possession of the island, we must write to the state + of Rhode Island, offering to resign the place to the national troops. + Unless the state should prefer waiting for the opinion of General + Washington, our offer would be accepted, and we should be invited to + establish ourselves there during the winter. The batteries upon Goat + Island, Brenton's Point and Conanicut Island, would render the passage of + the harbour the more secure to us, particularly with the aid of our + vessels, as the British are not strong enough to attack us there, and + would never attempt it in an unfavourable season. We should be supported + by the country, and although it is said to be difficult to procure + provisions, I should endeavour to preserve our naval stores, and should + obtain more resources than the American army itself. + </p> + <p> + The same letter that announces to congress our success in Rhode Island, of + which, as far as calculations may be relied on, there is little doubt, + should also mention our proposed voyage to the West Indies, and inquire + whether, our assistance is further needed. Their reply would open to new + fields of service, and, with their consent, we would leave the sick in a + hospital at Greenwich, and the batteries manned by the militia, and + proceed to Virginia. It might be hoped, without presumption, that James + River Point, if still occupied, would yield to the united efforts of our + troops and those of the Virginians. The bay of Chesapeak would then be + free, and that state might bend its whole force against its western + frontiers.~{6} + </p> + <p> + It is impossible to estimate here the posts which the British occupy in + America. Georgia and Carolina appear to need our assistance, and the + precise operation against Rhode Island must be decided on the spot; but to + give a general idea, it is sufficient to say that the months of December + and January should be employed at the south. As the English are obliged to + station some of their vessels, frigates, merchant ships, or transports, in + each of their ports, they would amount in the whole to a considerable + loss. + </p> + <p> + In the month of February we would return to Newport, where we might employ + ourselves in interchanges with New York; and the French sailors, exchanged + for soldiers, might be sent under a flag of truce to M. d'Orvillers. + Political interests might be treated of with congress, and the commander + of the detachment go to Philadelphia to make arrangements with the + minister plenipotentiary for the next campaign, and to lay some proposals + before congress and General Washington. I should propose sending for + deputies from the different savage nations, making them presents, + endeavouring to gain them over from the side of the English, and to revive + in their hearts that ancient love of the French nation which, at some + future day, it may be important for us to possess. + </p> + <p> + It is needless to say here, that if we should wait until the month of + October, the season would be too far advanced to think of Rhode Island, + but the southern operations would be equally practicable, and their + success more certain, as we should take the enemy by surprise. + </p> + <p> + In that case, instead of proceeding to Newport, we should winter at + Boston, where we should be well received, and provided with every + accommodation. We could open the campaign when we pleased, and might make + preparations beforehand for a great expedition against Rhode Island, + procuring, at the same time, from the inhabitants of the ports of the + north of Boston, and especially that of Marble Head, all the information + they may have acquired about Halifax. + </p> + <p> + But let us suppose ourselves established at Newport. The campaign opens by + the close of April, and the British will be in no haste to quit New York. + The fear of leaving himself unprotected on our side will prevent his + executing any design against the forts on the North River. It may even be + in our power to assist General Washington in making an attack on New York. + Count d'Estaing, before his departure, thought that he had discovered the + possibility of a passage through the Sound. This question I leave to naval + officers; but, without being one myself, I know that Long Island might be + captured, the troops driven off, and, whilst General Washington made a + diversion on his side, batteries might be erected that would greatly annoy + the garrison of New York. At all events, preparations should be made to + act against Halifax in the month of June. With the claims which the other + expedition would give us, I will pledge myself that we should be assisted + in this by the Americans. I could find at Boston, and in the northern + parts, trust-worthy persons who could go to Halifax for us, and procure + all the necessary information; the town of Marble Head, in particular, + would furnish us with excellent pilots. The inhabitants of the north of + New Hampshire and Cascobay should be assembled under the command of their + general, Stark, who gained the victory at Bennington, ready to march, if + circumstances require it, by the route of Annapolis. The country is said + to be inhabited by subjects ill affected to British government; ~{7} some + of them have entered into a correspondence with the Americans, and have + given assurances that they will form a party in our favour. + </p> + <p> + With regard to ourselves, I suppose that we sail the 1st of June, and that + we are accompanied by some continental frigates, and such private vessels + as might be collected in Boston. Congress would undoubtedly furnish us + with as many troops as we should require, and those very brigades which + lately belonged to my division, and whose sole object at present is to + keep the enemy at Rhode Island in check, having no longer any employment, + would be able to join us without impairing the main army. They would come + the more willingly, as the greater part of the regiments belonging to the + northern part of New England would be averse to crossing the Hudson River, + and would prefer a service more advantageous to their own country.~{8} We + should find at Boston cannon and mortars. Others, if necessary, might be + sent from Springfield, and the corps of American artillery is tolerably + good. + </p> + <p> + The enemy would suspect our designs the less, as their ideas run wholly + upon an invasion of Canada; the movements of the militia in the north + would be considered as a plan for uniting with us at Sorel, near the River + St. Francis, as we ascended the St. Lawrence: this opinion, which, with a + little address, might be strengthened, would awaken apprehensions and + excite disturbances at Quebec;~{9} and if a vessel of war should by chance + be at Halifax ready for sea, they would probably despatch it to the + threatened colony. + </p> + <p> + I have never seen the town of Halifax, but those persons who, before the + war, were in the English service, and had spent most of the time in + garrison, inform me that the great point is, to force to the right and + left the passage of George's Island, and that a landing might be effected + without difficulty, either on the side towards the eastern battery, in + order to seize that battery and Fort Sackville, or, which appears to be a + shorter way, on the side towards the town. The northern suburb, where the + magazines are, is but slightly defended. The basin, where vessels are + repaired, might also be secured. Several officers, worthy of confidence, + have assured me, that Halifax is built in the form as of an amphitheatre; + that all the houses might be cannonaded by the vessels that had forced the + passage, and in that case, the town would compel the garrison to + surrender. As the troops might destroy all the works on the shore, and the + vessels of war easily carry the batteries on the islands, I am well + persuaded, and the accounts of all who have been there convince me still + more, that Halifax would be unable to withstand the united power of our + forces and those of America.~{10} + </p> + <p> + The idea of a revolution in Canada is gratifying to all good Frenchmen; + and if political considerations condemn it, you will perceive that this is + to be done only by suppressing every impulse of feeling. The advantages + and disadvantages of this scheme demand a full discussion, into which I + will not at present enter. Is it better to leave in the neighbourhood of + the Americans an English colony, the constant source of fear and jealousy, + or to free our oppressed brethren, recover the fur trade, our intercourse + with the Indians, and the profit of our ancient establishments, with out + the expenses and losses formerly attending them? Shall we throw into the + balance of the new world a fourteenth state, which would be always + attached to us, and which, by its situation, would give us a superiority + in the troubles that may, at some future day, agitate America? Opinions + are very much divided on this topic. I know yours, and my own is not + unknown to you; I do not, therefore, dwell on it, and consider it in no + other light than as a means of deceiving and embarrassing the enemy. If, + however, it should at any time be brought under consideration, it would be + necessary to prepare the people beforehand; and the knowledge which I was + obliged to obtain when a whole army was about to enter that country has + enabled me to form some idea of the means of succeeding there But to + return to Nova Scotia: part of the American troops, who will accompany us, + and such of the inhabitants as take up arms in our favour, might be left + there as a garrison. It would be easy to destroy or take possession of the + English establishments on the banks of Newfoundland, and after this + movement we should direct our course according to circumstances. Supposing + that we could return to Boston or Rhode Island during the month of + September, and that New York had not yet been taken, we might still be + enabled to assist General Washington. Otherwise St. Augustine, the + Bermudas, or some other favourable points of attack, might engage our + attention; on the other hand, if we should be ordered home, we might reach + France in three weeks or a month from the banks of Newfoundland, and alarm + the coasts of Ireland on our way. + </p> + <p> + If the September plan, which combines all advantages, appears too near at + hand, if it were decided even not to send us in October, it would be + necessary to delay our departure until the end of January. In this case, + as in the former, we should be preceded fifteen days only by corvettes; we + should pass the month of April in the south, attack Rhode Island to May, + and arrive at Halifax the last of June. But you are aware that the autumn + is, on many accounts, the most favourable time for our departure; at all + events, you will not accuse me of favouring this opinion from interested + motives, as a winter at Boston or Newport is far from equivalent to one + spent at Paris.~{11} + </p> + <p> + These views, in obedience to your request, I have the honour to submit to + your judgment; I do not affect to give them the form of a regular plan, + but you will weigh the different schemes according to circumstances. I + trust that you will receive these remarks with the greater indulgence, as + my American papers, those respecting Halifax excepted, are at Paris, and, + consequently, almost all my references are made from memory; beside, I did + not wish to annoy you with details too long for a letter, and if you are + desirous to converse more freely on the subject, the impossibility of + leaving the port of Havre, at present, will allow me time to spend three + days at Versailles. + </p> + <p> + I am thoroughly convinced, and I cannot, without violating my conscience, + forbear repeating, that it is highly important for us to send a body to + America. If the United States should object to it, I think it is our duty + to remove their objections, and even to suggest reasons for it. But on + this head you will be anticipated, and Dr. Franklin is only waiting a + favorable occasion to make the propositions. Even if the operations of the + present campaign, with the efforts of Count d'Estaing or some other + fortunate accident should have given affairs a favorable turn, there will + be a sufficient field for us, and one alone of the, proposed advantages + would repay the trouble of sending the detachment. + </p> + <p> + A very important point, and one on which I feel obliged to lay the + greatest stress, is the necessity of perfect and inviolable secrecy. It is + unnecessary to trust any person, and even the men who are most actively + employed in fitting out the detachment and the vessel need not be informed + of the precise intentions of government. At farthest, the secret should be + confided to the naval commander, and to the leader of the land forces, and + not even to them before the last moment. + </p> + <p> + It will certainly be said that the French will be coldly received in that + country, and regarded with a jealous eye in their army. I cannot deny that + the Americans are difficult to be dealt with, especially by the Frenchmen; + but if I were intrusted with the business, or if the commander chosen by + the king, acts with tolerable judgment, I would pledge my life that all + difficulties would be avoided, and that the French troops would be + cordially received. + </p> + <p> + For my own part, you know my sentiments, and you will never doubt that my + first interest is to serve my country. I hope, for the sake of the public + good, that you will send troops to America. I shall be considered too + young, I presume, to take the command, but I shall surely be employed. If, + in the arrangement of this plan, any one, to whom my sentiments are less + known than to yourself, in proposing for me either the command or some + inferior commission, should assign as a reason, that I should thereby be + induced to serve my country with more zeal either in council or in action, + I took the liberty (putting aside the minister of the king) to request M. + de Vergennes to come forward as my friend, and to refuse, in my name, + favors bestowed from motives so inconsistent with my character. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, &c. + </p> + <h3> + LAFAYETTE. + </h3> + <p> + Endnotes: + </p> + <p> + 1. I hear that you have, at Lorient, three vessels of the India company, + of forty guns and eight hundred tons. These caracks, if I recollect + rightly, are fifty-gun ships, of nine hundred and sixty tons all number of + vessels would be sufficient; they might soon be got ready, and their force + would diminish the required escort. As for frigates, you will find in + readiness, at Lorient, the <i>Alliance</i>, the <i>Pallas</i>, and others. + However, if you are determined to employ the vessels which are fitted out, + in the expedition against England, it would be necessary to take ours from + St. Malo in preference. (Note from M. de Lafayette.) + </p> + <p> + 2. Virginia and Carolina would be the scene of our operations during the + months of December and January, and we should pass the remainder of the + winter at Boston. I greatly prefer this project to waiting until the last + of January. + </p> + <p> + 3. To deceive the enemy, pilots might be assembled from different parts, + under pretence of sending them to the Islands, at the request of the + French. This business, as well as the preparations and signals, might be + entrusted to a lieutenant-colonel of the royal corps of engineers, an + officer of great merit at the head of the American corps of engineers, + who, under cover of working to the fortifications of the Delaware, might + remain near Sandy Hook. + </p> + <p> + 4. The frigates or vessels necessary to protect the landing, either real + or pretended, of the Americans, should anchor in those channels. The enemy + would then be obliged either to disperse among the forts, and thereby to + weaken their lines, or else to leave the field open to the Americans, who, + by a diversion upon the lines, would force the enemy to have them fully + manned, and prevent them attending to their rear. + </p> + <p> + 5. It is necessary, however, to consider all the unfortunate contingencies + that may occur. If the expedition to Rhode Island should be prevented, or + if it should not succeed, or if nothing can be attempted at New York, we + ought then to proceed on our expeditions against Virginia, or Georgia, or + Carolina, and winter afterwards at Boston, leaving Rhode Island to the + next season, as proposed in our plan of sailing in the month of October. + </p> + <p> + 6. If the capture of the Bermudas, or some expedition of the kind, should + be considered necessary, the rest of the winter might be employed in + carrying it into effect. + </p> + <p> + 7. The last time I was at Boston, I saw there a respectable man, a member + of the council in Nova Scotia, who had secretly entered into the service + of General Gates, and who assured us of the favourable disposition of the + inhabitants. + </p> + <p> + 8. General Gates, who is popular in New England, and perfectly acquainted + with Halifax, has often proposed to make an expedition, in concert, + against that town, with French and American troops combined. + </p> + <p> + 9. In the present harassed state of the English, I doubt if they will have + in port any vessel capable of joining the squadron. + </p> + <p> + 10. I have not made any allowance for the diversion in the north, of + which, however, I feel certain, and if the troops should not go to + Annapolis, would, at least, compel a part of the British garrison, and + such of the inhabitants as adhered to the royal party, to remain in the + fort. + </p> + <p> + 11. Fifteen hundred or two thousand select troops thrown into America + might aid General Washington, and enable him to act on the offensive, by + supplying him with good heads to his columns, and by uniting the French + with an American division for combined operations. This plan would be of + some use, but it appeared to me that you wished for one offering results + of greater importance. + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs, Correspondence and +Manuscripts of General Lafayette, by Lafayette + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CORRESPONDENCE OF LAFAYETTE *** + +***** This file should be named 8376-h.htm or 8376-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/8/3/7/8376/ + + +Text file produced by Stan Goodman, Marvin A. 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