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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Historical Account Of The Rise And Progress Of The Colonies Of South Carolina And Georgia, Volume 2
+by Alexander Hewatt
+
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+Title: An Historical Account Of The Rise And Progress Of The Colonies Of South Carolina And Georgia, Volume 2
+
+Author: Alexander Hewatt
+
+Release Date: May, 2005  [EBook #8181]
+[This file was first posted on June 26, 2003]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA, VOLUME 2 ***
+
+
+
+
+E-text prepared by Stan Goodman, Thomas Berger, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
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+
+
+AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES OF SOUTH
+CAROLINA AND GEORGIA
+
+In Two Volumes.
+
+VOL. II.
+
+By ALEXANDER HEWATT
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+  _The form of legal governments._
+  _Sir Alexander Cumming sent out to treat of peace with the Indians._
+  _Brings with him to England seven Cherokees._
+  _Who enter into a treaty of peace and alliance._
+  _Speech of a Cherokee warrior._
+  _Robert Johnson governor._
+  _Several indulgences granted the people._
+  _Happy effects of peace and security._
+  _A project formed for planting a new colony._
+  _James Oglethorpe carries a colony to Georgia._
+  _He treats with Indians for a share of their lands._
+  _Tomochichi's speech to the King._
+  _His Majesty's answer._
+  _Indians easiest managed by gentle and fair means._
+  _The colony of Switzers brought Carolina._
+  _Eleven townships marked out._
+  _A struggle about lands._
+  _State of the colony._
+  _The regulation of the Trustees._
+  _Their impolitical restrictions._
+  _Two colonies of Highlanders and Germans sent out._
+  _Thomas Broughton Lieut.-governor of Carolina._
+  _Oglethorpe fortifies Georgia._
+  _Which gives umbrage to the Spaniards._
+  _The brave Chickesaws defeat the French._
+  _Religious state of the colony._
+  _The association of Presbyterians._
+  _Remarks on paper currency._
+  _Small progress of Georgia._
+  _Hardships of the first settlers._
+  _An Irish colony planted._
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+  _Trade obstructed by the Spaniards of Mexico._
+  _William Bull Lieutenant-governor._
+  _Oglethorpe's regiment sent to Georgia._
+  _The Spaniards try in vain to seduce the Creeks._
+  _Matters hastening to a rupture with Spain._
+  _Mutiny in Oglethorpe's camp._
+  _A negro insurrection in Carolina._
+  _A war with Spain._
+  _A project for invading Florida._
+  _Measures concerted for this purpose._
+  _General Oglethorpe marches against Florida._
+  _Invests Augustine._
+  _Raises the siege._
+  _A great fire at Charlestown._
+  _A petition in favour of the rice trade._
+  _Remarks on the treatment of slaves._
+  _The hardships of their situation._
+  _Oppressed with ignorance and superstition._
+  _James Glen governor._
+  _Lord Carteret's property divided from that of the Crown._
+  _The country much exposed to invasion._
+  _The Spaniards invade Georgia._
+  _A stratagem to get rid of the enemy._
+  _The Spaniards retreat to Augustine._
+  _Ill treatment of General Oglethorpe._
+  _His character cleared, and conduct vindicated._
+  _The Carolineans petition for three independent companies._
+  _The colony's advantages from Britain._
+  _Its advantage and importance to Britain._
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+  _All commotions and oppressions in Europe favourable to America._
+  _Cultivation attended with salutary effects._
+  _Mean heat in Carolina._
+  _The diseases of the country._
+  _Climate favourable to the culture of indigo._
+  _The manner of cultivating and making indigo._
+  _The common methods of judging of its quality._
+  _Nova Scotia settled._
+  _The great care of Britain for these colonies._
+  _Low state of Georgia._
+  _Complaint of the people._
+  _Troubles excited by Thomas Bosomworth._
+  _With difficulty settled._
+  _The charter surrendered to the King._
+  _George Whitfield's settlement._
+  _Whitfield's orphan-house._
+  _Sketch of his character._
+  _A congress with Creeks._
+  _The Governor's speech to them._
+  _Malatchee's answer._
+  _A hurricane at Charlestown._
+  _The advantages of poor settlers in the province._
+  _The advantages of money-lenders._
+  _And of the borrowers._
+  _Great benefits enjoyed by the colonists._
+  _Progress of the province._
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+  _A dispute about the limits of British and French territories._
+  _A chain of forts raised by the French._
+  _The distracted state of the British colonies._
+  _General Braddock's defeat in Virginia._
+  _Colonel Johnson's success at Lake George._
+  _Governor Glen holds a congress with the Cherokees._
+  _And purchases a large tract of land from them._
+  _Forts built in defence of Carolina._
+  _Its excellent fruits and plants._
+  _Its minerals undiscovered._
+  _The British forces augmented._
+  _Their first success in America._
+  _The cause of the Cherokee war._
+  _Governor Lyttleton prepares to march against them._
+  _The Cherokees sue for peace._
+  _Governor Lyttleton marches against the Cherokees._
+  _Holds a congress at Fort Prince George._
+  _His speech to Attakullakulla._
+  _Attakullakulla's answer._
+  _A treaty concluded with six chiefs._
+  _The Governor returns to Charlestown._
+  _The treaty of peace broken._
+  _Occonostota's stratagem for killing the officer of the fort._
+  _The war becomes general._
+  _Colonel Montgomery arrives._
+  _And marches against the Cherokees._
+  _Chastises them near Etchoe._
+  _And returns to Fort Prince George._
+  _The consternation of the inhabitants from Indians._
+  _Great distress of the garrison at Fort Loudon._
+  _The terms obtained for the garrison._
+  _Treacherously broken by the savages._
+  _A proposal for attacking Fort Prince George._
+  _Captain Stuart escapes to Virginia._
+  _The war continues._
+  _The Highlanders return to Carolina._
+  _Colonel Grant marches against the Cherokees._
+  _Engages and defeats them._
+  _Destroys their towns._
+  _Peace with the Cherokees._
+  _A quarrel between the commanding officers._
+  _A whirlwind at Charlestown._
+  _Of the heat at Savanna._
+
+CHAP. XI.
+
+  _A peace, and its happy effects respecting America._
+  _Boundaries of East and West Florida._
+  _The southern provinces left secure._
+  _Encouragement given to reduced officers and soldiers._
+  _Georgia begins to flourish._
+  _A plan adopted for encouraging emigrations to Carolina._
+  _A number of Palatines seduced into England._
+  _Sent into Carolina._
+  _And settled at Londonderry._
+  _Some emigrate from Britain, and multitudes from Ireland._
+  _And from the northern colonies, resort to Carolina._
+  _Regulations for securing the provinces against Indians._
+  _John Stuart made superintendant for Indian affairs._
+  _Decrease of Indians, and the causes of it._
+  _Present state of Indian nations in the southern district._
+  _Mr. Stuart's first speech to the Indians, at Mobile._
+  _A description of Charlestown._
+  _The number of its inhabitants._
+  _A general view of the manners, &c. of the people._
+  _And of their way of living._
+  _The arts and sciences only of late encouraged._
+  _The militia and internal strength of the province._
+  _Of its societies formed for mutual support and relief._
+  _Of its merchants and trade._
+  _Of its planters and agriculture._
+  _An interruption of the harmony between Britain and her colonies, and
+                the causes of it._
+  _The new regulations made in the trade of the colonies give great
+                offence._
+  _A vote passed for charging stamp-duties on the Americans._
+  _Upon which the people of New England discover their disaffection to
+                government._
+  _An opportunity given the colonies to offer a compensation for the
+                stamp-duty._
+  _The stamp-act passes in parliament._
+  _Violent measures taken to prevent its execution._
+  _The assembly of Carolina study ways and means of eluding the act._
+  _Their resolutions respecting the obedience due to the British
+                parliament._
+  _The people become more violent in opposition to government._
+  _The merchants and manufacturers in England join in petitioning for
+                relief._
+  _The stamp-act repealed._
+  _Which proves fatal to the jurisdiction of the British parliament in
+                America._
+  _And gives occasion of triumph to the colonies._
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONY OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VII.
+
+
+    [Sidenote] The form of legal governments.
+
+From that period in which the right and title to the lands of Carolina
+were sold, and surrendered to the King, and he assumed the immediate care
+and government of the province, a new aera commences in the annals of
+that country, which may be called the aera of its freedom, security, and
+happiness. The Carolineans who had long laboured under innumerable
+hardships and troubles, from a weak proprietary establishment, at last
+obtained the great object of their desires, a royal government, the
+constitution of which depended on commissions issued by the crown to the
+Governor, and the instructions which attended those commissions. The form
+of all provincial governments was borrowed from that of their mother
+country, which was not a plan of systematic rules drawn before-hand by
+speculative men, but a constitution which was the result of many ages of
+wisdom and experience. Its great object is the public good, in promoting
+of which all are equally concerned. It is a constitution which has a
+remedy within itself for every political disorder, which, when properly
+applied, must ever contribute to its stability and duration. After the
+model of this British constitution the government of Carolina now assumed
+a form like the other regal ones on the continent, which were composed of
+three branches, of a Governor, a Council, and an Assembly. The crown
+having the appointment of the Governor, delegates to him; its
+constitutional powers, civil and military, the power of legislation as
+far as the King possesses it; its judicial and executive powers, together
+with those of chancery and admiralty jurisdiction, and also those of
+supreme ordinary: all these powers, as they exist in the crown, are known
+by the laws of the realm; as they are entrusted to Governors, they are
+declared and defined by their commissions patent. The council, though
+differing in many respects from the house of peers, are intended to
+represent that house, and are appointed by the King during pleasure, for
+supporting the prerogatives of the crown in the province. The Assembly
+consists of the representatives of the people, and are elected by them as
+the House of Commons in Great Britain, to be the guardians of their
+lives, liberties, and properties. Here also the constitution confides in
+the good behaviour of the representatives; for should they presume in any
+respect to betray their trust, it gives the people more frequent
+opportunities than even in Britain, of chusing others in their stead. The
+Governor convenes, prorogues, and dissolves these Assemblies, and has a
+negative on the bills of both houses. After bills have received his
+assent, they are sent to Great Britain for the royal approbation, in
+consequence of which they have the force of laws in the province. This is
+a general sketch of the royal governments, which are intended to resemble
+the constitution of Great Britain, as nearly as the local circumstances
+of the provinces will admit, and which, notwithstanding its
+imperfections, is certainly the best form of government upon earth. By
+the instructions which the Governor receives from time to time from
+England, his power no doubt is greatly circumscribed; but it is his duty
+to transmit authentic accounts of the state of his province, in order
+that the instructions given him may be proper, and calculated for
+promoting not only the good of the province, but also that of the British
+empire.
+
+    [Sidenote] Sir Alexander Cumming sent out to treat of peace with the
+               Indians.
+
+After the purchase of the province, the first object of the royal concern
+was, to establish the peace of the colony on the most firm and permanent
+foundation; and for this purpose treaties of union and alliance with
+Indian nations were judged to be essentially necessary. Domestic security
+being first established, the colonists might then apply themselves to
+industry with vigour and success, and while they enriched themselves,
+they would at the same time enlarge the commerce and trade of the
+mother-country. For this purpose Sir Alexander Cumming was appointed, and
+sent out to conclude a treaty of alliance with the Cherokees, at this
+time a warlike and formidable nation of savages. These Indians occupied
+the lands about the head of Savanna river, and backwards among the
+Apalachian mountains. The country they claimed as their hunting grounds
+was of immense extent; and its boundaries had never been clearly
+ascertained. The inhabitants of their different towns were computed to
+amount to more than twenty thousand, six thousand of whom were warriors,
+fit on any emergency to take the field. An alliance with such a nation
+was an object of the highest consequence to Carolina, and likewise to the
+mother-country, now engaged for its defence and protection.
+
+    [Sidenote] Brings with him to England seven Cherokees.
+
+About the beginning of the year 1730, Sir Alexander arrived in Carolina,
+and made preparations for his journey to the distant hills. For his
+guides he procured some Indian traders, well acquainted with the woods,
+and an interpreter who understood the Cherokee language, to assist him in
+his negociations. When he reached Keowee, abort three hundred miles from
+Charlestown, the chiefs of the lower towns there met him, and received
+him with marks of great friendship and esteem. He immediately dispatched
+messengers to the middle, the valley, and over-hill settlements, and
+summoned a general meeting of all their chiefs, to hold a congress with
+him at Nequassee. Accordingly in the month of April the chief warriors of
+all the Cherokee towns assembled at the place appointed. After the
+various Indian ceremonies were over, Sir Alexander made a speech to them,
+acquainting them by whose authority he was sent, and representing the
+great power and goodness of his sovereign King George; how he, and all
+his other subjects, paid a cheerful obedience to his laws, and of course
+were protected by him from all harm: That he had come a great way to
+demand of Moytoy, and all the chieftains of the nation, to acknowledge
+themselves the subjects of his King, and to promise obedience to his
+authority: and as he loved them, and was answerable to his Sovereign for
+their good and peaceable behaviour, he hoped they would agree to what he
+should now require of them. Upon which the chiefs, falling on their
+knees, solemnly promised fidelity and obedience, calling upon all that
+was terrible to fall upon them if they violated their promise. Sir
+Alexander then, by their unanimous consent, nominated Moytoy commander
+and chief of the Cherokee nation, and enjoined all the warriors of the
+different tribes to acknowledge him for their King, to whom they were to
+be accountable for their conduct. To this they also agreed, provided
+Moytoy should be made answerable to Sir Alexander for his behaviour to
+them. After which many useful presents were made them, and the congress
+ended to the great satisfaction of both parties. The crown was brought
+from Tenassee, their chief town, which with five eagle tails, and four
+scalps of their enemies, Moytoy presented to Sir Alexander, requesting
+him, on his arrival at Britain, to lay them at his Majesty's feet. But
+Sir Alexander proposed to Moytoy, that he should depute some of their
+chiefs to accompany him to England, there to do homage in person to the
+great King. Accordingly six of them agreed, and accompanied Sir Alexander
+to Charlestown, where being joined by another, they embarked for England
+in the Fox man of war, and arrived at Dover in June 1730.
+
+    [Sidenote] Who enter into a treaty of peace and alliance.
+
+We shall not pretend to describe their behaviour at the sight of London,
+or their wonder and astonishment at the greatness of the city, the number
+of the people, and the splendour of the army and court. Being admitted
+into the presence of the King, they, in the name of their nation,
+promised to continue for ever his Majesty's faithful and obedient
+subjects. A treaty was accordingly drawn up, and signed by Alured Popple,
+secretary to the Lords Commissioners of trade and plantations, on one
+side; and by the marks of the six chiefs, on the other. The preamble to
+this treaty recites, "That whereas the six Chiefs, with the consent of
+the whole nation of Cherokees, at a general meeting of their nation at
+Nequassee, were deputed by Moytoy, their chief warrior, to attend Sir
+Alexander Cumming to Great Britain, where they had seen the great King
+George: and Sir Alexander, by authority from Moytoy and all the
+Cherokees, had laid the crown of their nation, with the scalps of their
+enemies and feathers of glory, at his Majesty's feet, as a pledge of
+their loyalty: And whereas the great King had commanded the Lords
+Commissioners of trade and plantations to inform the Indians, that the
+English on all sides of the mountains and lakes were his people, their
+friends his friends, and their enemies his enemies; that he took it
+kindly the great nation of Cherokees had sent them so far, to brighten
+the chain of friendship between him and them, and between his people and
+their people; that the chain of friendship between him and the Cherokees
+is now like the sun, which shines both in Britain and also upon the great
+mountains where they live, and equally warms the hearts of Indians and
+Englishmen; that as there is no spots or blackness in the sun, so neither
+is there any rust or foulness on this chain. And as the King had fastened
+one end to his breast, he defied them to carry the other end of the chain
+and fasten it to the breast of Moytoy of Telliquo, and to the breasts of
+all their old wise men, their captains, and people, never more to be made
+loose or broken.
+
+"The great King and the Cherokees being thus fastened together by a chain
+of friendship, he has ordered, and it is agreed, that his children in
+Carolina do trade with the Indians, and furnish them with all manner of
+goods they want, and to make haste to build houses and plant corn from
+Charlestown, towards the towns of Cherokees behind the great mountains:
+That he desires the English and Indians may live together as children of
+one family; that the Cherokees be always ready to fight against any
+nation, whether white men or Indians, who shall dare to molest or hurt
+the English; that the nation of Cherokees shall, on their part, take care
+to keep the trading path clean, that there be no blood on the path where
+the English tread, even though they should be accompanied with other
+people with whom the Cherokees may be at war: That the Cherokees shall
+not suffer their people to trade with white men of any other nation but
+the English, nor permit white men of any other nation to build any forts
+or cabins, or plant any corn among them, upon lands which belong to the
+great King: and if any such attempt shall be made, the Cherokees must
+acquaint the English Governor therewith, and do whatever he directs, in
+order to maintain and defend the great King's right to the country of
+Carolina: That if any negroes shall run away into the woods from their
+English masters, the Cherokees shall endeavour to apprehend them, and
+bring them to the plantation from whence they run away, or to the
+Governor, and for every slave so apprehended and brought back, the Indian
+that brings him shall receive a gun and a watch-coat: and if by any
+accident it shall happen, that an Englishman shall kill a Cherokee, the
+King or chief of the nation shall first complain to the English Governor,
+and the man who did the harm shall be punished by the English laws as if
+he had killed an Englishman; and in like manner, if any Indian happens to
+kill an Englishman, the Indian shall be delivered up to the Governor, to
+be punished by the same English laws as if he were an Englishman."
+
+This was the substance of the first treaty between the King and the
+Cherokees, every article of which was accompanied with presents of
+different kinds, such as cloth, guns, shot, vermilion, flints, hatchets,
+knives. The Indians were given to understand, "That these were the words
+of the great King, whom they had seen, and as a token that his heart was
+open and true to his children the Cherokees, and to all their people, a
+belt was given the warriors, which they were told the King desired them
+to keep, and shew to all their people, to their children, and children's
+children, to confirm what was now spoken, and to bind this agreement of
+peace and friendship between the English and Cherokees, as long as the
+rivers shall run, the mountains shall last, or the sun shall shine."
+
+    [Sidenote] Speech of a Cherokee warrior.
+
+This treaty, that it might be the easier understood, was drawn up in
+language as similar as possible to that of the Indians, which at this
+time was very little known in England, and given to them, certified and
+approved by Sir Alexander Cumming. In answer to which, Skijagustah, in
+name of the rest, made a speech to the following effect:--"We are come
+hither from a mountainous place, where nothing but darkness is to be
+found--but we are now in a place where there is light.--There was a
+person in our country--he gave us a yellow token of warlike honour, which
+is left with Moytoy of Telliquo,--and as warriors we received it.--He
+came to us like a warrior from you.--A man he is;--his talk is
+upright--and the token he left preserves his memory among us.--We look
+upon you as if the great King were present;--we love you as representing
+the great King;--we shall die in the same way of thinking.--The crown of
+our nation is different from that which the great King George wears, and
+from that we saw in the tower.--But to us it is all one.--The chain of
+friendship shall be carried to our people.--We look upon the great King
+George as the Sun, and as our father, and upon ourselves as his
+children.--For though we are red, and you are white, yet our hands and
+hearts are joined together.--When we shall have acquainted our people
+with what we have seen, our children from generation to generation will
+always remember it.--In war we shall always be one with you. The enemies
+of the great King shall be our enemies;--his people and ours shall be
+one, and shall die together.--We came hither naked and poor as the worms
+of the earth, but you have every thing,--and we that have nothing must
+love you, and will never break the chain of friendship which is between
+us.--Here stands the Governor of Carolina, whom we know.--This small rope
+we show you is all that we have to bind our slaves with, and it may be
+broken.--But you have iron chains for yours.--However, if we catch your
+slaves, we will bind them as well as we can, and deliver them to our
+friends, and take no pay for it.--We have looked round for the person
+that was in our country--he is not here;--however, we must say he talked
+uprightly to us, and we shall never forget him.--Your white people may
+very safely build houses near us;--we shall hurt nothing that belongs to
+them, for we are children of one father, the great King, and shall live
+and die together." Then laying down his feathers upon the table he added:
+"This is our way of talking, which is the same thing to us as your
+letters in the book are to you, and to you beloved men we deliver these
+feathers in confirmation of all we have said."
+
+The Cherokees, however barbarous, were a free and independent people; and
+this method of obtaining a share of their lands by the general consent,
+was fair and honourable in itself, and most agreeable to the general
+principles of equity, and the English constitution. An agreement is made
+with them, in consequence of which the King could not only give a just
+title to Indian lands; but, by Indians becoming his voluntary subjects,
+the colonists obtained peaceable possession. The Cherokees held abundance
+of territory from nature, and with little injury to themselves could
+spare a share of it; but reason and justice required that it be obtained
+by paction or agreement. By such treaties mutual presents were made,
+mutual obligations were established, and, for the performance of the
+conditions required, the honour and faith of both parties were pledged.
+Even to men in a barbarous state such policy was the most agreeable, as
+will afterwards clearly appear; for the Cherokees, in consequence of this
+treaty, for many years, remained in a state of perfect friendship and
+peace with the colonists, who followed their various employments in the
+neighbourhood of those Indians, without the least terror or molestation.
+
+    [Sidenote] Robert Johnson Governor.
+
+About the beginning of the year 1731, Robert Johnson, who had been
+Governor of Carolina while in the possession of the Lords Proprietors,
+having received a commission from the King, investing him with the same
+office and authority, arrived in the province. He brought back these
+Indian chiefs, possessed with the highest ideas of the power and
+greatness of the English nation, and not a little pleased with the kind
+and generous treatment they had received. The Carolineans, who had always
+entertained the highest esteem for this gentleman, even in the time of
+their greatest confusion, having now obtained him in the character of
+King's Governor, a thing they formerly had so earnestly desired, received
+him with the greatest demonstrations of joy. Sensible of his wisdom and
+virtue, and his strong attachment to the colony, they promised themselves
+much prosperity and happiness under his gentle administration.
+
+This new Governor, from his knowledge of the province, and the
+dispositions of the people, was not only well qualified for his high
+office, but he had a council to assist him, composed of the most
+respectable inhabitants. Thomas Broughton was appointed
+Lieutenant-governor, and Robert Wright Chief Justice. The other members
+of the council were, William Bull, James Kinloch, Alexander Skene, John
+Fenwick, Arthur Middleton, Joseph Wragg, Francis Yonge, John Hamerton,
+and Thomas Waring. At the first meeting of Assembly, the Governor
+recommended to both houses, to embrace the earliest opportunity of
+testifying their gratitude to his Majesty for purchasing seven-eight
+parts of the province, and taking it under his particular care; he
+enjoined them to put the laws in execution against impiety and
+immorality, and as the most effectual means of discouraging vice, to
+attend carefully to the education of youth. He acquainted them of the
+treaty which had been concluded in England with the Cherokees, which he
+hoped would be attended with beneficial and happy consequences; he
+recommended the payment of public debts, the establishment of public
+credit, and peace and unanimity among themselves as the chief objects of
+their attention; for if they should prove faithful subjects to his
+Majesty, and attend to the welfare and prosperity of their country, he
+hoped soon to see it, now under the protection of a great and powerful
+nation, in as flourishing and prosperous a situation as any of the other
+settlements on the continent. They in return presented to him the most
+loyal and affectionate addresses, and entered on their public
+deliberations with uncommon harmony and great satisfaction.
+
+    [Sidenote] Several indulgences granted the people.
+
+For the encouragement of the people, now connected with the mother
+country both by mutual affection and the mutual benefits of commerce,
+several favours and indulgences were granted them. The restraint upon
+rice, an innumerated commodity, was partly taken off; and, that it might
+arrive more seasonably and in better condition at the market, the
+colonists were permitted to send it to any port southward of Cape
+Finisterre. A discount upon hemp was also allowed by parliament. The
+arrears of quit-rents bought from the Proprietors were remitted by a
+bounty from the Crown. For the benefit and enlargement of trade their
+bills of credit were continued, and seventy-seven thousand pounds were
+stamped and issued by virtue of an act of the legislature, called the
+Appropriation Law. Seventy pieces of cannon were sent out by the King,
+and the Governor had instructions to build one fort at Port-Royal, and
+another on the river Alatamaha. An independent company of foot was
+allowed for their defence by land, and ships of war were stationed there
+for the protection of trade. These and many more favours flowed to the
+colony, now emerging from the depths of poverty and oppression, and
+arising to a state of freedom, ease and affluence.
+
+    [Sidenote] Happy effects of peace and security.
+
+As a natural consequence of its domestic security, the credit of the
+province in England increased. The merchants of London, Bristol, and
+Liverpool turned their eyes to Carolina, as a new and promising channel
+of trade, and established houses in Charlestown for conducting their
+business with the greater ease and success. They poured in slaves from
+Africa for cultivating their lands, and manufactures of Britain for
+supplying the plantations; by which means the planters obtained great
+credit, and goods at a much cheaper rate than they could be obtained from
+any other nation. In consequence of which the planters having greater
+strength, turned their whole attention to cultivation, and cleared the
+lands with greater facility and success. The lands arose in value, and
+men of foresight and judgment began to look out and secure the richest
+spots for themselves, with that ardour and keenness which the prospects
+of riches naturally inspire. The produce of the province in a few years
+was doubled. During this year above thirty-nine thousand barrels of rice
+were exported, besides deer-skins, furs, naval stores, and provisions;
+and above one thousand five hundred negroes were imported into it. From
+this period its exports kept pace with its imports, and secured its
+credit in England. The rate of exchange had now arisen to seven hundred
+_per cent. i. e._ seven hundred Carolina money was given for a bill of an
+hundred pounds sterling on England; at which rate it afterwards
+continued, with little variation, for upwards of forty years.
+
+Hitherto small and inconsiderable was the progress in cultivation
+Carolina had made, and the face of the country appeared like a desert,
+with little spots here and there cleared, scarcely discernible amidst the
+immense forest. The colonists were slovenly farmers, owing to the vast
+quantities of lands, and the easy and cheap terms of obtaining them; for
+a good crop they were more indebted to the great power of vegetation and
+natural richness of the soil, than to their own good culture and
+judicious management. They had abundance of the necessaries, and several
+of the conveniencies of life. But their habitations were clumsy and
+miserable huts, and having no chaises, all travellers were exposed in
+open boats or on horseback to the violent heat of the climate. Their
+houses were constructed of wood, by erecting first a wooden frame, and
+then covering it with clap-boards without, and plastering it with lime
+within, of which they had plenty made from oyster-shells. Charlestown, at
+this time, consisted of between five and six hundred houses, mostly built
+of timber, and neither well constructed nor comfortable, plain
+indications of the wretchedness and poverty of the people. However, from
+this period the province improved in building as well as in many other
+respects; many ingenious artificers and tradesmen of different kinds
+found encouragement in it, and introduced a taste for brick buildings,
+and more neat and pleasant habitations. In process of time, as the colony
+increased in numbers, the face of the country changed, and exhibited an
+appearance of industry and plenty. The planters made a rapid progress
+towards wealth and independence, and the trade being well protected,
+yearly increased and flourished.
+
+    [Sidenote] A project formed for planting a new colony
+
+At the same time, for the relief of poor and indigent people of Great
+Britain and Ireland, and for the farther security of Carolina, the
+settlement of a new colony between the rivers Alatamaha and Savanna was
+projected in England. This large territory, situated on the south-west of
+Carolina, yet lay waste, without an inhabitant except its original
+savages. Private compassion and public spirit conspired towards promoting
+the excellent design. Several persons of humanity and opulence having
+observed many families and valuable subjects oppressed with the miseries
+of poverty at home, united, and formed a plan for raising money and
+transporting them to this part of America. For this purpose they applied
+to the King, obtained from him letters-patent, bearing date June 9th,
+1732, for legally carrying into execution what they had generously
+projected. They called the new province Georgia, in honour of the King,
+who likewise greatly encouraged the undertaking. A Corporation consisting
+of twenty-one persons was constituted, by the name of Trustees, for
+settling and establishing the Colony of Georgia; which was separated from
+Carolina by the river Savanna. The Trustees having first set an example
+themselves, by largely contributing towards the scheme, undertook also to
+solicit benefactions from others, and to apply the money towards
+clothing, arming, purchasing utensils for cultivation, and transporting
+such poor people as should consent to go over and begin a settlement.
+They however confined not their views to the subjects of Britain alone,
+but wisely opened a door also for oppressed and indigent Protestants from
+other nations. To prevent any misapplication or abuse of charitable
+donations, they agreed to deposit the money in the bank of England, and
+to enter in a book the names of all the charitable benefactors, together
+with the sums contributed by each of them; and to bind and oblige
+themselves, and their successors in office, to lay a state of the money
+received and expended before the Lord Chancellor of England, the Lord
+Chief Justice of the King's Bench and Common Pleas, the Master of the
+Rolls, and the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer.
+
+When this scheme of the Trustees with respect to the settlement of
+Georgia was made public, the well-wishers of mankind in every part of
+Britain highly approved of an undertaking so humane and disinterested. To
+consult the public happiness, regardless of private interest, and to
+stretch forth a bountiful hand for relief of distressed fellow-creatures,
+were considered as examples of uncommon benevolence and virtue, and
+therefore worthy of general imitation. The ancient Romans, famous for
+their courage and magnanimity, ranked the planting of colonies among
+their noblest works, and such as added greater lustre to their empire
+than their most glorious wars and victories. By the latter old cities
+were plundered and destroyed; by the former new ones were founded and
+established. The latter ravaged the dominions of enemies, and depopulated
+the world; the former improved new territories, provided for unfortunate
+friends, and added strength to the state. The benevolent founders of the
+colony of Georgia perhaps may challenge the annals of any nation to
+produce a design more generous and praise-worthy than that they had
+undertaken. They voluntarily offered their money, their labour, and time,
+for promoting what appeared to them the good of others, leaving
+themselves nothing for reward but the inexpressible satisfaction arising
+from virtuous actions. Among other great ends they had also in view the
+conversion and civilization of Indian savages. If their public
+regulations were afterwards found improper and impracticable; if their
+plan of settlement proved too narrow and circumscribed; praise,
+nevertheless, is due to them. Human policy at best is imperfect; but,
+when the design appears so evidently good and disinterested, the candid
+and impartial part of the world will make many allowances for them,
+considering their ignorance of the country, and the many defects that
+cleave to all codes of laws, even when framed by the wisest legislators.
+
+About the middle of July, 1732, the trustees for Georgia held their first
+general meeting, when Lord Percival was chosen President of the
+Corporation. After all the members had qualified themselves, agreeable to
+the charter, for the faithful discharge of the trust, a common seal was
+ordered to be made. The device was, on one side, two figures resting upon
+urns, representing the rivers Alatamaha and Savanna, the boundaries of
+the province; between them the genius of the colony seated, with a cap of
+liberty on his head, a spear in one hand and a cornucopia in the other,
+with the inscription, COLONIA GEORGIA AUG.: on the other side was a
+represention of silk worms, some beginning and others having finished
+their web, with the motto, NON SIBI SED ALIIS; a very proper emblem,
+signifying, that the nature of the establishment was such, that neither
+the first trustees nor their successors could have any views of interest,
+it being entirely designed for the benefit and happiness of others.
+
+    [Sidenote] James Oglethorpe carries a colony to Georgia.
+
+In November following, one hundred and sixteen settlers embarked at
+Gravesend for Georgia, having their passage paid, and every thing
+requisite for building and cultivation furnished them by the Corporation.
+They could not properly be called adventurers, as they run no risque but
+what arose from the change of climate, and as they were to be maintained
+until by their industry they were able to support themselves. James
+Oglethorpe, one of the Trustees, embarked along with them, and proved a
+zealous and active promoter of the settlement. In the beginning of the
+year following Oglethorpe arrived in Charlestown, where he was received
+by the Governor and Council in the kindest manner, and treated with every
+mark of civility and respect. Governor Johnson, sensible of the great
+advantage that must accrue to Carolina from this new colony; gave all the
+encouragement and assistance in his power to forward the settlement. Many
+of the Carolineans sent them provisions, and hogs, and cows to begin
+their stock. William Bull, a man of knowledge and experience, agreed to
+accompany Mr. Oglethorpe, and the rangers and scout-boats were ordered to
+attend him to Georgia. After their arrival at Yamacraw, Oglethorpe and
+Bull explored the country, and having found an high and pleasant spot of
+ground, situated on a navigable river, they fixed on this place as the
+most convenient and healthy situation for the settlers. On this hill they
+marked out a town, and, from the Indian name of the river which ran past
+it, called it Savanna. A small fort was erected on the banks of it as a
+place of refuge, and some guns were mounted on it for the defence of the
+colony. The people were set to work in felling trees and building huts
+for themselves, and Oglethorpe animated and encouraged them, by exposing
+himself to all the hardships which the poor objects of his compassion
+endured. He formed them into a company of militia, appointed officers
+from among themselves, and furnished them with arms and ammunition. To
+shew the Indians how expert they were at the use of arms, he frequently
+exercised them; and as they had been trained beforehand by the serjeants
+of the guards in London, they performed their various parts in a manner
+little inferior to regular troops.
+
+    [Sidenote] He treats with Indians for a share of their lands.
+
+Having thus put his colony in as good a situation as possible, the next
+object of his attention was to treat with the Indians for a share of
+their possessions. The principal tribes that at this time occupied the
+territory were the Upper and Lower Creeks; the former were numerous and
+strong, the latter, by diseases and war, had been reduced to a smaller
+number: both tribes together were computed to amount to about twenty-five
+thousand, men, women and children. Those Indians, according to a treaty
+formerly made with Governor Nicolson, laid claim to the lands lying
+south-west of Savanna river, and, to procure their friendship for this
+infant colony, was an object of the highest consequence. But as the tribe
+of Indians settled at Yamacraw was inconsiderable, Oglethorpe judged it
+necessary to have the other tribes also to join with them in the treaty.
+To accomplish this union he found an Indian woman named Mary, who had
+married a trader from Carolina, and who could speak both the English and
+Creek languages; and perceiving that she had great influence among
+Indians, and might be made useful as an interpreter in forming treaties
+of alliance with them; he therefore first purchased her friendship with
+presents, and afterwards settled an hundred pounds yearly on her, as a
+reward for her services. By her assistance he summoned a general meeting
+of the chiefs, to hold a congress with him at Savanna, in order to
+procure their consent to the peaceable settlement of his colony. At this
+congress fifty chieftains were present, when Oglethorpe represented to
+them the great power, wisdom and wealth of the English nation, and the
+many advantages that would accrue to Indians in general from a connection
+and friendship with them; and as they had plenty of lands, he hoped they
+would freely resign a share of them to his people, who were come for
+their benefit and instruction to settle among them. After having
+distributed some presents, which must always attend every proposal of
+friendship and peace, an agreement was made, and then Tomochichi, in name
+of the Creek warriors, addressed him in the following manner: "Here is a
+little present, and, giving him a buffaloe's skin, adorned on the inside
+with the head and feathers of an eagle, desired him to accept it, because
+the eagle was an emblem of speed, and the buffalo of strength. He told
+him, that the English were as swift as the bird and as strong as the
+beast, since, like the former, they flew over vast seas to the uttermost
+parts of the earth; and, like the latter, they were so strong that
+nothing could withstand them. He said, the feathers of the eagle were
+soft, and signified love; the buffalo's skin was warm, and signified
+protection; and therefore he hoped the English would love and protect
+their little families." Oglethorpe accordingly accepted the present, and
+after having concluded this treaty limited by the nature of their
+government, was nevertheless great, as they always directed the public
+councils in all affairs relative to peace and war. It is true their young
+men, fond of fame and glory from warlike exploits, and rejoicing in
+opportunities of distinguishing themselves, will now and then, in
+contempt to the power of their old leaders, break out in scalping
+parties. To moderate and restrain the fiery passions of the young men,
+the sages find generally the greatest difficulties, especially as these
+passions are often roused by gross frauds and impositions. Unprincipled
+and avaricious traders sometimes resided among them, who, that they might
+the more easily cheat them, first filled the savages drunk, and then took
+all manner of advantages of them in the course of traffic. When the
+Indian recovered from his fit of drunkenness, and finding himself robbed
+of his treasures, for procuring which he had perhaps hunted a whole year,
+he is filled with fury, and breathes vengeance and resentment. No
+authority can then restrain him within the bounds of moderation. At such
+a juncture in vain does the leader of the greatest influence interpose.
+He spurns at every person that presumes to check that arm by which alone
+he defends his property against the hands of fraud and injustice. Among
+themselves indeed theft is scarcely known, and injuries of this kind are
+seldom committed; and had the traders observed in general the same
+justice and equity in their dealings with them, as they commonly practice
+among themselves, it would have been an easy matter with their wise and
+grave leaders to maintain peace in all the different intercourses between
+Europeans and Indians. Tomochichi acknowledged, that the Governor of the
+world had given the English great wisdom, power and riches, insomuch that
+they wanted nothing; he had given Indians great territories, yet they
+wanted every thing; and he prevailed on the Creeks freely to resign such
+lands to the English as were of no use to themselves, and to allow them
+to settle among them, on purpose that they might get instruction, and be
+supplied with the various necessaries of life. He persuaded them, that
+the English were a generous nation, and would trade with them on the most
+just and honourable terms; that they were brethren and friends, and would
+protect them from danger, and go with them to war against all their
+enemies.
+
+Some say that James Oglethorpe, when he came out to settle this colony in
+Georgia, brought along with him Sir Walter Raleigh's journals, written by
+his own hand; and by the latitude of the place, and the traditions of the
+Indians, it appeared to him that Sir Walter had landed at the mouth of
+Savanna river. Indeed during his wild and chimerical attempts for finding
+out a golden country, it is not improbable that this brave adventurer
+visited many different places. The Indians acknowledged that their
+fathers once held a conference with a warrior who came over the great
+waters. At a little distance from Savanna, there is an high mount of
+earth, under which they say the Indian King lies interred, who talked
+with the English warrior, and that he desired to be buried in the same
+place where this conference was held. But having little authority with
+respect to this matter, we leave the particular relation of it to men in
+circumstances more favourable for intelligence.
+
+    [Sidenote] The colony of Switzers brought to Carolina.
+
+While the security of Carolina, against external enemies, by this
+settlement of Georgia, engaged the attention of British government, the
+means of its internal improvement and population at the same time were
+not neglected. John Peter Pury, a native of Neufchatel in Switzerland,
+having formed a design of leaving his native country, paid a visit to
+Carolina, in order to inform himself of the circumstances, and situation
+of the province. After viewing the lands there, and procuring all the
+information he could, with respect to the terms of obtaining them, he
+returned to Britain. The government entered into a contract with him,
+and, for the encouragement of the people, agreed to give lands and four
+hundred pounds sterling for every hundred effective men he should
+transport from Switzerland to Carolina. Pury, while in Carolina, having
+furnished himself with a flattering account of the soil and climate, and
+of the excellence and freedom of the provincial government, returned to
+Switzerland, and, published it among the people. Immediately one hundred
+and seventy poor Switzers agreed to follow him, and were transported to
+the fertile and delightful province as he described it; and not long
+afterwards two hundred more came over, and joined them. The Governor,
+agreeable to instructions, allotted forty thousand acres of lands for the
+use of the Swiss settlement on the north-east side of Savanna river; and
+a town was marked out for their accommodation, which he called
+Purisburgh, from the name of the principal promoter of the settlement.
+Mr. Bignion, a Swiss minister, whom they had engaged to go with them,
+having received episcopal ordination from the bishop of London, settled
+among them for their religious instruction. On the one hand the Governor
+and council, happy in the acquisition of such a force, allotted each of
+them his separate tract of land, and gave every encouragement in their
+power to the people: On the other, the poor Swiss emigrants began their
+labours with uncommon zeal and courage, highly elevated with the idea of
+possessing landed estates, and big with the hopes of future success.
+However, in a short time they felt the many inconveniencies attending a
+change of climate. Several of them sickened and died, and others found
+all the hardships of the first state of colonization falling heavily upon
+them. They became discontented with the provisions allowed them, and
+complained to government of the persons employed to distribute them; and,
+to double their distress, the period for receiving the bounty expired
+before they had made such progress in cultivation as to raise sufficient
+provisions for themselves and families. The spirit of murmur crept into
+the poor Swiss settlement, and the people finding themselves oppressed
+with indigence and distress, could consider their situation in no other
+light than a state of banishment, and not only blamed Pury for deceiving
+them, but also heartily repented their leaving their native country.
+
+    [Sidenote] Eleven townships marked out.
+
+According to the new plan adopted in England for the more speedy
+population and settlement of the province; the Governor had instructions
+to mark out eleven townships, in square plats, on the sides of rivers,
+consisting each of twenty thousand acres, and to divide the lands within
+them into shares of fifty acres for each man, woman, and child, that
+should come over to occupy and improve them. Each township was to form a
+parish, and all the inhabitants were to have an equal right to the river.
+So soon as the parish should increase to the number of an hundred
+families, they were to have right to send two members of their own
+election to the Assembly, and to enjoy the same privileges as the other
+parishes already established. Each settler was to pay four shillings a
+year for every hundred acres of land, excepting the first ten years,
+during which term they were to be rent free. Governor Johnson issued a
+warrant to St. John, Surveyor-general of the province, empowering him to
+go and mark out those townships. But he having demanded an exorbitant sum
+of money for his trouble, the members of the council agreed among
+themselves to do this piece of service for their country. Accordingly
+eleven townships were marked out by them in the following situations; two
+on river Alatamacha, two on Savanna, two on Santee, one on Pedee, one on
+Wacamaw, one on Watcree, and one on Black rivers.
+
+    [Sidenote] A struggle about lands.
+
+The old planters now acquiring every year greater strength of hands, by
+the large importation of negroes, and extensive credit from England,
+began to turn their attention more closely than ever to the lands of the
+province. A spirit of emulation broke out among them for securing tracts
+of the richest ground, but especially such as were most conveniently
+situated for navigation. Complaints were made to the Assembly, that all
+the valuable lands on navigable rivers and Creeks adjacent to Port-Royal
+had been run out in exorbitant tracts, under colour of patents granted by
+the Proprietors to Cassiques and Landgraves, by which the complainants,
+who had, at the hazard of their lives, defended the country, were
+hindered from obtaining such lands as could be useful and beneficial, at
+the established quit-rents, though the Attorney and Solicitor-General of
+England had declared such patents void. Among others, Job Rothmaller and
+Thomas Cooper, having been accused of some illegal practices with respect
+to this matter, a petition was presented to the Assembly by thirty-nine
+inhabitants of Granville county in their vindication. When the Assembly
+examined into the matter, they ordered their messenger forthwith to take
+into custody Job Rothmaller and Thomas Cooper, for aiding, assisting, and
+superintending the deputy-surveyor in marking out tracks of land already
+surveyed, contrary to the quit rent act. But Cooper, being taken into
+custody, applied to Chief Justice Wright for a writ of _habeas corpus_,
+which was granted. The Assembly, however, sensible of the ill
+consequences that would attend such illegal practices, determined to put
+a stop to them by an act made on purpose. They complained to the Governor
+and Council against the Surveyor-General, for encouraging land-jobbers,
+and allowing such liberties as tended to create litigious disputes in the
+province, and to involve it in great confusion. In consequence of which,
+the Governor, to give an effectual check to such practices, prohibited
+St. John to survey lands to any person without an express warrant from
+him. The Surveyor-general, however, determined to make the most of his
+office, and having a considerable number to support him, represented both
+Governor and Council as persons disaffected to his Majesty's government,
+and enemies to the interest of the country. Being highly offended at the
+Assembly, he began to take great liberties without doors, and to turn
+some of their speeches into ridicule. Upon which an order was issued to
+take St. John also into custody; and then the Commons came to the
+following spirited resolutions: "That it is the undeniable privilege of
+this Assembly to commit such persons they may judge to deserve it: That
+the freedom of speech and debate ought not to be impeached or questioned
+in any court or place out of that house: That it is a contempt and
+violation of the privileges of that house, to call in question any of
+their commitments: That no writ of _habeas corpus_ lies in favour of any
+person committed by that house, and that the messenger attending do yield
+no obedience to such; and that the Chief Justice be made acquainted with
+these resolutions." In consequence of which, Wright complained before the
+Governor and Council of these resolutions, as tending to the dissolution
+of all government, and charged the lower house with disallowing his
+Majesty's undoubted prerogative, and with renouncing obedience to his
+writs of _habeas corpus_. But the Council in general approved of their
+conduct, and were of opinion, that the Assembly of Carolina had that same
+privilege there, that the House of Commons had in England. In short, this
+affair created some trouble in the colony. For while a strong party, from
+motives of private interest, supported the Chief Justice; the Assembly
+resolved, "That he appeared to be prejudiced against the people, and was
+therefore unworthy of the office he held, and that it would tend to the
+tranquillity of the province immediately to suspend him."
+
+In this situation was the colony about the end of the year 1733. Each
+planter, eager in the pursuit of large possessions of land, which were
+formerly neglected, because of little value, strenuously vied with his
+neighbour for a superiority of fortune, and seemed impatient of every
+restraint that hindered or cramped him in his favourite pursuit. Many
+favours and indulgences had already been granted them from the Crown, for
+promoting their success and prosperity, and for securing the province
+against external enemies. What farther favours they expected, we may
+learn from the following Memorial and Representation of the state of
+Carolina, transmitted to his Majesty, bearing date April 9th, 1734, and
+signed by the Governor, the President of the Council, and the Speaker of
+the Commons House of Assembly.
+
+    [Sidenote] State of the colony.
+
+"Your Majesty's most dutiful subjects of this province, having often
+felt, with hearts full of gratitude, the many signal instances of your
+Majesty's peculiar favour and protection, to those distant parts of your
+dominions, and especially those late proofs of your Majesty's most
+gracious and benign care, so wisely calculated for the preservation of
+this your Majesty's frontier province on the continent of America, by
+your royal charter to the Trustees for establishing the colony of
+Georgia, and your great goodness so timely applied, for the promoting the
+settlement of the Swiss at Purisburgh; encouraged by such views of your
+Majesty's wise and paternal care, extended to your remotest subjects, and
+excited by the duty we owe to your most sacred Majesty, to be always
+watchful for the support and security of your Majesty's interest,
+especially at this very critical conjuncture, when the flame of a war
+breaking out in Europe may very speedily be lighted here, in this your
+Majesty's frontier province, which, in situation, is known to be of the
+utmost importance to the general trade and traffic in America: we,
+therefore, your Majesty's most faithful Governor, Council, and Commons,
+convened in your Majesty's province of South Carolina, crave leave with
+great humility to represent to your Majesty the present state and
+condition of this your province, and how greatly it stands in need of
+your Majesty's gracious and timely succour in case of a war, to assist
+our defence against the French and Spaniards, or any other enemies to
+your Majesty's dominions, as well as against the many nations of savages
+which so nearly threaten the safety of your Majesty's subjects.
+
+"The province of South Carolina, and the new colony of Georgia, are the
+southern frontiers of all your Majesty's dominions on the continent of
+America; to the south and south-west of which is situated the strong
+castle of St. Augustine, garrisoned by four hundred Spaniards, who have
+several nations of Indians under their subjection, besides several other
+small settlements and garrisons, some of which are not eighty miles
+distant from the colony of Georgia. To the south-west and west of us the
+French have erected a considerable town, near Fort Thoulouse on the
+Moville river, and several other forts and garrisons, some not above
+three hundred miles distant from our settlements; and at New Orleans on
+the Mississippi river, since her late Majesty Queen Anne's war, they have
+exceedingly increased their strength and traffic, and have now many forts
+and garrisons on both sides of that great river for several hundred miles
+up the same; and since his most Christian Majesty has taken out of the
+Mississippi Company the government of that country into his own hands,
+the French natives in Canada come daily down in shoals to settle all
+along that river, where many regular forces have of late been sent over
+by the King to strengthen the garrisons in those places, and, according
+to our best and latest advices, they have five hundred men in pay,
+constantly employed as wood-rangers, to keep their neighbouring Indians
+in subjection, and to prevent the distant ones from disturbing the
+settlements; which management of the French has so well succeeded, that
+we are very well assured they have now wholly in their possession and
+under their influence, the several numerous nations of Indians that are
+situated near the Mississippi river, one of which, called the Choctaws,
+by estimation consists of about five thousand fighting men, and who were
+always deemed a very warlike nation, lies on this side the river, not
+above four hundred miles distant from our out-settlements, among whom, as
+well as several other nations of Indians, many French Europeans have been
+sent to settle, whom the priests and missionaries among them encourage to
+take Indian wives, and use divers other alluring methods to attach the
+Indians the better to the French alliance, by which means the French are
+become throughly acquainted with the Indian way, warring and living in
+the woods, and have now a great number of white men among them, able to
+perform a long march with an army of Indians upon any expedition.
+
+"We further beg leave to inform your Majesty, that if the measures of
+France should provoke your Majesty to a state of hostility against it in
+Europe, we have great reason to expect an invasion will be here made upon
+your Majesty's subjects by the French and Indians from the Mississippi
+settlements. They have already paved a way for a design of that nature,
+by erecting a fort called the Albama fort, alias Fort Lewis, in the
+middle of the Upper Creek Indians, upon a navigable river leading to
+Mobile, which they have kept well garrisoned and mounted with fourteen
+pieces of cannon, and have lately been prevented from erecting a second
+nearer to us on that quarter. The Upper Creeks are a nation very bold,
+active and daring, consisting of about two thousand five hundred fighting
+men, (and not above one hundred and fifty miles distant from the
+Choctaws), whom, through we heretofore have traded with, claimed and held
+in our alliance, yet the French, on account of that fort and a superior
+ability to make them liberal presents, have been for some time striving
+to draw them over to their interest, and have succeeded with some of the
+towns of the Creeks; which, if they can be secured in your Majesty's
+interest, are the only nation which your Majesty's subjects here can
+depend upon as the best barrier against any attempts either of the French
+or their confederate Indians.
+
+"We most humbly beg leave farther to inform your Majesty, that the French
+at Mobile perceiving that they could not gain the Indians to their
+interest without buying their deer-skins, (which is the only commodity
+the Indians have to purchase necessaries with), and the French not being
+able to dispose of those skins by reason of their having no vent for them
+in Old France, they have found means to encourage vessels from hence,
+New-York, and other places, (which are not prohibited by the acts of
+trade), to truck those skins with them for Indian trading goods,
+especially the British woollen manufactures, which the French dispose of
+to the Creeks and Choctaws, and other Indians, by which means the Indians
+are much more alienated from our interest, and on every occasion object
+to us that the French can supply them with strouds and blankets as well
+as the English, which would have the contrary effect if they were wholly
+supplied with those commodities by your Majesty's subjects trading with
+them. If a stop were therefore put to that pernicious trade with the
+French, the chief dependence of the Creek Indians would be on this
+government, and that of Georgia, to supply them with goods; by which
+means great part of the Choctaws, living next the Creeks, would see the
+advantage the Creek Indians enjoyed by having British woollen
+manufactures wholly from your Majesty's subjects, and thereby be invited
+in a short time to enter into a treaty of commerce with us, which they
+have lately made some offers for, and which, if effected, will soon
+lessen the interest of the French with those Indians, and by degrees
+attach them to that of your Majesty.
+
+"The only expedient we can propose to recover and confirm that nation to
+your Majesty's interest, is by speedily making them presents to withdraw
+them from the French alliance, and by building some forts among them your
+Majesty may be put in such a situation, that on the first notice of
+hostilities with the French, your Majesty may be able at once to reduce
+the Albama fort, and we may then stand against the French and their
+Indians, which, if not timely prepared for before a war breaks out, we
+have too much reason to fear we may be soon over-run by the united
+strength of the French, the Creeks and Choctaws, with many other nations
+of their Indian allies: for, should the Creeks become wholly enemies, who
+are well acquainted with all our settlements, we probably should also be
+soon deserted by the Cherokees, and a few others, small tribes of
+Indians, who, for the sake of our booty, would readily join to make us a
+prey to the French and savages. Ever since the late Indian war, the
+offences given us then by the Creeks have made that nation very jealous
+of your Majesty's subjects of this province. We have therefore concerted
+measures with the honourable James Oglethorpe, Esq; who, being at the
+head of a new colony, will (we hope) be successful for your Majesty's
+interest among that people. He has already by presents attached the Lower
+Creeks to your Majesty, and has laudably undertaken to endeavour the
+fixing a garrison among the Upper Creeks, the expence of which is already
+in part provided for in this session of the General Assembly of this
+province. We hope therefore to prevent the French from encroaching
+farther on your Majesty's territories, until your Majesty is graciously
+pleased further to strengthen and secure the same.
+
+"We find the Cherokee nation has lately become very insolent to your
+Majesty's subjects trading among them, notwithstanding the many favours
+the chiefs of that nation received from your Majesty in Great-Britain,
+besides a considerable expence which your Majesty's subjects of this
+province have been at in making them presents, which inclines us to
+believe that the French, by their Indians, have been tampering with them.
+We therefore beg leave to inform your Majesty, that the building and
+mounting some forts likewise among the Cherokees, and making them
+presents will be highly necessary to keep them steady in their duty to
+your Majesty, lest the French may prevail in seducing that nation, which
+they may the more readily be inclined to from the prospect of getting
+considerable plunder in slaves, cattle, _&c._ commodities which they very
+well know we have among us, several other forts will be indispensibly
+necessary, to be a cover to your Majesty's subjects settled backwards in
+this province, as also to those of the colony of Georgia, both which in
+length are very extensive; for though the trustees for establishing the
+colony of Georgia, by a particular scheme of good management, painfully
+conducted by the gentleman engaged here in that charitable enterprise,
+has put that small part of the colony, which he has not yet been able to
+establish, in a tenable condition, against the Spaniards of Florida which
+lie to the southward; yet the back exposition of those colonies to the
+vast number of French and Indians which border on the westward, must, in
+case of a war, cry greatly aloud for your Majesty's gracious and timely
+succour. The expense of our safety on such an occasion, we must, with all
+humility, acquaint your Majesty, either for men or money, can never be
+effected by your Majesty's subjects of this province, who, in conjunction
+with Georgia, do not in the whole amount to more than three thousand five
+hundred men, which compose the militia, and wholly consist of planters,
+tradesmen, and other men of business.
+
+"Besides the many dangers which by land we are exposed to from so many
+enemies that lie on the back of us; we further beg leave to represent to
+your Majesty, the defenceless condition of our ports and harbours, where
+any enemies of your Majesty's dominions may very easily by sea invade us,
+there being no fortifications capable of making much resistance. Those in
+Charlestown harbour are now in a very shattered condition, occasioned by
+the late violent storms and hurricanes, which already cost this country a
+great deal of money, and now requires several thousands of pounds to
+repair the old and build new ones, to mount the ordnance which your
+Majesty was graciously pleased to send us, which, with great concern, we
+must inform your Majesty we have not yet been able to accomplish, being
+lately obliged, for the defence and support of this your Majesty's
+province and government, to raise, by a tax on the inhabitants, a supply
+of above forty thousand pounds paper currency _per annum_, which is a
+considerable deal more than a third part of all the currency among us; a
+charge which your Majesty's subjects of this province are but barely able
+to sustain. Since your Majesty's royal instruction to your Majesty's
+Governor here, an entire stop has been put to the duties which before
+accrued from European goods imported; and if a war should happen, or any
+thing extraordinary, to be farther expensive here, we should be under the
+utmost difficulties to provide additionally for the same, lest an
+increase of taxes with an apprehension of danger, should drive away many
+of our present inhabitants, as well as discourage others from coming here
+to settle for the defence and improvement of your Majesty's province,
+there being several daily moving with their families and effects to North
+Carolina, where there are no such fears and burdens.
+
+"We must therefore beg leave to inform your Majesty, that, amidst our
+other perilous circumstances, we are subject to many intestine dangers
+from the great number of negroes that are now among us, who amount at
+least to twenty-two thousand persons, and are three to one of all your
+Majesty's white subjects in this province. Insurrections against us have
+been often attempted, and would at any time prove very fatal if the
+French should instigate them, by artfully giving them an expectation of
+freedom. In such a situation we most humbly crave leave to acquaint your
+Majesty, that even the present ordinary expences necessary for the care
+and support of this your Majesty's province and government, cannot be
+provided for by your Majesty's subjects of this province, without your
+Majesty's gracious pleasure to continue those laws for establishing the
+duty on negroes and other duties for seven years, and for appropriating
+the same, which now lie before your Majesty for your royal assent and
+approbation; and the further expences that will be requisite for the
+erecting some forts, and establishing garrisons in the several necessary
+places, so as to form a barrier for the security of this your Majesty's
+province, we most humbly submit to your Majesty.
+
+"Your Majesty's subjects of this province, with fulness of zeal, duty and
+affection to your most gracious and sacred Majesty, are so highly
+sensible of the great importance of this province to the French, that we
+must conceive it more than probable, if a war should happen, they will
+use all endeavours to bring this country under their subjection; they
+would be thereby enabled to support their sugar islands with all sorts of
+provisions and lumber by an easy navigation, which to our great advantage
+is not so practicable from the present French colonies, besides the
+facility of gaining then to their interest most of the Indian trade on
+the northern continent; they might then easily unite the Canadees and
+Choctaws, with the many other nations of Indians which are now in their
+interest. And the several ports and harbours of Carolina and Georgia,
+which now enable your Majesty to be absolute master of the passage
+through the Gulf of Florida, and to impede, at your pleasure, the
+transportation home of the Spanish treasure, would then prove for many
+convenient harbours for your Majesty's enemies, by their privateers or
+ships of war to annoy a great part of the British trade to America, as
+well as that which is carried on through the Gulf from Jamaica; besides
+the loss which Great Britain must feel in so considerable a part of its
+navigation, as well as the exports of masts, pitch, tar, and turpentine,
+which, without any dependence on the northern parts of Europe, are from
+hence plentifully supplied for the use of the British shipping.
+
+"This is the present state and condition of your Majesty's province of
+South Carolina, utterly incapable of finding funds sufficient for the
+defence of this wide frontier, and so destitute of white men, that even
+money itself cannot here raise a sufficient body of them.
+
+"With all humility we therefore beg leave to lay ourselves at the feet of
+your Majesty, humbly imploring your Majesty's most gracious care in the
+extremities we should be reduced to on the breaking out of a war; and
+that your Majesty would be graciously pleased to extend your protection
+to us, as your Majesty, in your great wisdom, shall think proper."
+
+    [Sidenote] The regulations of the Trustees.
+
+In the mean time the Trustees for Georgia had been employed in framing a
+plan of settlement and establishing such public regulations as they
+judged most proper for answering the great end of the corporation. In
+this general plan they considered each inhabitant both as a planter and a
+soldier who must be provided with arms and ammunition for defence, as
+well as with tools and utensils for cultivation. As the strength of the
+province was their chief object in view, they agreed to establish such
+tenures for holding lands in it as they judged most favourable for a
+military establishment. Each tract of land granted was considered as a
+military fief, for which the possessor was to appear in arms, and take
+the field, when called upon for the public defence. To prevent large
+tracts from falling in process of time into one hand, they agreed to
+grant their lands in tail male in preference to tail general. On the
+termination of the estate in tail male, the lands were to revert to the
+trust; and such lands thus reverting were to be granted again to such
+persons, as the common council of the trust should judge most
+advantageous for the colony; only the Trustees in such a case were to pay
+special regard to the daughters of such persons as had made improvements
+on their lots, especially when not already provided for by marriage. The
+wives of such persons as should survive them, were to be during their
+lives entitled to the mansion-house, and one-half of the lands improved
+by their husbands. No man was to be permitted to depart the province
+without licence. If any part of the lands granted by the Trustees, shall
+not by cultivated, cleared, and fenced round about with a worm fence, or
+pales, six feet high, within eighteen years from the date of the grant,
+such part was to revert to the trust, and the grant with respect to it to
+be void. All forfeitures for non-residence, high-treason, felonies, _&c._
+were to the Trustees for the use and benefit of the colony. The use of
+negroes was to be absolutely prohibited, and also the importation of rum.
+None of the colonists were to be permitted to trade with Indians, but
+such as should obtain a special licence for that purpose.
+
+    [Sidenote] Their impolitical restrictions.
+
+These were some of the fundamental regulations established by the
+Trustees of Georgia, and perhaps the imagination of man could scarcely
+have framed a system of rules worse adapted to the circumstances and
+situation of the poor settlers, and of more pernicious consequence to the
+prosperity of the province. Yet, although the Trustees were greatly
+mistaken, with respect to their plan of settlement, it must be
+acknowledged their views were generous. As the people sent out by them
+were the poor and unfortunate, who were to be provided with necessaries
+at their public store, they received their lands upon condition of
+cultivation, and by their personal residence, of defence. Silk and wine
+being the chief articles intended to be raised, they judged negroes were
+not requisite to these purposes. As the colony was designed to be a
+barrier to South Carolina, against the Spanish settlement at Augustine
+they imagined that negroes would rather weaken than strengthen it, and
+that such poor colonists would run into debt, and ruin themselves by
+purchasing them. Rum was judged pernicious to health, and ruinous to the
+infant settlement. A free trade with Indians was considered as a thing
+that might have a tendency to involve the people in quarrels and troubles
+with the powerful savages, and expose them to danger and destruction.
+Such were probably the motives which induced those humane and generous
+persons to impose such foolish and ridiculous restrictions on their
+colony. For by granting their small estates in tail male, they drove the
+settlers from Georgia, who soon found that abundance of lands could be
+obtained in America upon a larger scale, and on much better terms. By the
+prohibition of negroes, they rendered it impracticable in such a climate
+to make any impression on the thick forest, Europeans being utterly
+unqualified for the heavy task. By their discharging a trade with the
+West Indies, they not only deprived the colonists of an excellent and
+convenient market for their lumber, of which they had abundance on their
+lands, but also of rum, which, when mixed with a sufficient quantity of
+water, has been found in experience the cheapest, the most refreshing,
+and nourishing drink for workmen in such a soggy and burning climate. The
+Trustees, like other distant legislators, who framed their regulations
+upon principles of speculation, were liable to many errors and mistakes,
+and however good their design, their rules were found improper and
+impracticable. The Carolineans plainly perceived, that they would prove
+unsurmountable obstacles to the progress and prosperity of the colony,
+and therefore from motives of pity began to invite the poor Georgians to
+come over Savanna river, and settle in Carolina, being convinced that
+they could never succeed under such impolitic and oppressive
+restrictions.
+
+    [Sidenote] Two Colonies of Highlanders and Germans sent out.
+
+Besides the large sums of money which the Trustees had expended for the
+settlement of Georgia, the Parliament had also granted during the two
+past years thirty-six thousand pounds towards carrying into execution the
+humane purpose of the corporation. But after the representation and
+memorial from the legislature of Carolina reached Britain, the nation
+considered Georgia to be of the utmost importance to the British
+settlements in America, and began to make still more vigorous efforts for
+its speedy population. The first embarkations of poor people from
+England, being collected from towns and cities, were found equally idle
+and useless members of society abroad, as they had been at home. An hardy
+and bold race of man, inured to rural labour and fatigue, they were
+persuaded would be much better adapted both for cultivation and defence.
+To find men possessed of these qualifications, the Trustees turned their
+eyes to Germany and the Highlands of Scotland, and resolved to send over
+a number of Scotch and German labourers to their infant province. When
+they published their terms at Inverness, an hundred and thirty
+Highlanders immediately accepted them, and were transported to Georgia. A
+town-ship on the river Alatamaha, which was considered as the boundary
+between the British and Spanish territories, was allotted for the
+Highlanders, on which dangerous situation they settled, and built a town,
+which they called New Inverness. About the same time an hundred and
+seventy Germans embarked with James Oglethorpe, and were fixed in another
+quarter; so that, in the space of three years, Georgia received above
+four hundred British subjects, and about an hundred and seventy
+foreigners. Afterwards several adventurers, both from Scotland and
+Germany, followed their countrymen, and added further strength to the
+province, and the Trustees flattered themselves with the hopes of soon
+seeing it in a promising condition.
+
+    [Sidenote] Thomas Broughton Lieut.-governor of Carolina.
+
+The same year Carolina lost Robert Johnson, her favourite Governor, whose
+death was as much lamented by the people, as during his life he had been
+beloved and respected. The province having been much indebted to his
+wisdom, courage and abilities, to perpetuate his memory among them, and,
+in testimony of their esteem, a monument was erected in their church at
+the public expence. After his decease the government devolved on Thomas
+Broughton, a plain honest man, but little distinguished either for his
+knowledge or valour. As the welfare of the province depended greatly on
+its government, no man ought to be entrusted with such a charge but men
+of approved virtue and capacity. There is as much danger arising to a
+community from a feeble and contemptible government, as from an excess of
+power committed to its rulers. Weak and unexperienced hands hold the
+reins of government with awkwardness and difficulty, and being easily
+imposed upon, their authority sinks into contempt. At this time many of
+the leading men of the colony scrupled not to practise impositions, and
+being eagerly bent on engrossing lands, the Lieutenant-Governor freely
+granted them warrants; and the planters, provided they acquired large
+possessions, were not very scrupulous about the legality of the way and
+manner in which they were obtained.
+
+    [Sidenote] Oglethorpe fortifies Georgia.
+
+James Oglethorpe having brought a number of great guns with him from
+England, now began to fortify Georgia, by erecting strong-holds on its
+frontiers, where he judged they might be useful for its safety and
+protection. At one place, which he called Augusta a fort was erected on
+the banks of Savanna river, which was excellently situated for protecting
+the Indian trade, and holding treaties of commerce and alliance with
+several of the savage nations. At another place, called Frederica, on an
+island nigh the mouth of the river Alatamaha, another fort, with four
+regular bastions, was erected, and several pieces of cannon were mounted
+on it. Ten miles nearer the sea a battery was raised, commanding the
+entrance into the sound, through which all ships of force must come that
+might be sent against Frederica. To keep little garrisons in these forts,
+to help the Trustees to defray the expences of such public works, ten
+thousand pounds were granted by the parliament of Great Britain.
+
+    [Sidenote] Which gives umbrage to the Spaniards.
+
+While James Oglethorpe was thus busily employed in strengthening Georgia,
+he received a message from the Governor of Augustine, acquainting him
+that a Spanish Commissioner from Havanna had arrived there, in order to
+make certain demands of him, and would meet him at Frederica for that
+purpose. At the same time he had advice, that three companies of foot had
+came along with him to that Spanish settlement. A few days afterwards
+this Commissioner came to Georgia by sea, and Oglethorpe, unwilling to
+permit him to come to Frederica, dispatched a sloop to bring him into
+Jekyl Sound, where he intended to hold a conference with him. Here the
+Commissioner had the modesty to demand, that Oglethorpe and his people
+should immediately evacuate all the territories to the southward of St.
+Helena Sound, as they belonged to the King of Spain, who was determined
+to maintain his right to them; and if he refuted to comply with his
+demand, he had orders to proceed to Charlestown and lay the same before
+the Governor and Council of that province. Oglethorpe endeavoured to
+convince him that his Catholic Majesty had been misinformed with respect
+to those territories, but to no purpose; his instructions were
+peremptory, and the conference broke up without coming to any agreement.
+After which Oglethorpe embarked with all possible expedition, and sailed
+for England.
+
+During his absence the strict law of the Trustees, respecting the rum
+trade, had like to have created a quarrel between the Carolineans and
+Georgians. The fortification at Augusta had induced some traders of
+Carolina to open stores at that place, so conveniently situated for
+commerce with Indian nations. For this purpose, land carriage being
+expensive, they intended to force their way by water with loaded boats up
+Savanna river to their stores at Augusta. But as they passed the town of
+Savanna, the magistrates rashly ordered the boats to be stopt, the
+packages to be opened, the casks of rum to be staved, and the people to
+be confined. Such injurious treatment was not to be suffered; the
+Carolineans determined to give a check to their insolence, and for that
+purpose deputed two persons, one from the Council and another from the
+Assembly, to demand of the Georgians by what authority they presumed to
+seize and destroy the effects of their traders, or to compel them to
+submit to their code of laws. The magistrates of Georgia, sensible of
+their error, made great concessions to the deputies, and treated them
+with the utmost civility and respect. The goods were instantly ordered to
+be returned, the people to be set at liberty, and all manner of
+satisfaction was given to the deputies they could have expected. Strict
+orders were sent to the agents of Georgia among Indians not to molest the
+traders from Carolina, but to give them all the assistance and protection
+in their power. The Carolineans, on the other hand, engaged not to
+smuggle any strong liquors among the settlers of Georgia, and the
+navigation on the river Savanna was declared equally open and free to
+both provinces.
+
+    [Sidenote] The brave Chickesaws defeat the French.
+
+About the same time the French took the field against the Emperor; and
+the flames of war kindling between such powerful potentates, would, it
+was thought, inevitably spread, and involve all Europe in the quarrel. In
+case Great Britain should interfere in this matter; and declare in favour
+of the Emperor, orders were sent out to the Governors of Quebec and New
+Orleans to invade the weakest frontiers of the British settlements of
+America. For this purpose an army was formed in New France, and
+preparations were made for uniting the force of Canada and Louisiana to
+attack Carolina. But before this design was put in execution, advice
+came, that the clouds of war which threatened Europe were dispersed, and
+a general peace was restored, by the mediation of Britain and Holland.
+This put a stop to the motions of the main body in Canada; however, a
+detachment of two hundred French and four hundred Indians were sent down
+the Mississippi, to meet a party from New Orleans to cut off the
+Chickesaw Indians. This tribe were the firm allies of Britain, and the
+bravest nation of savages on the continent, but consisted only of between
+six and eight hundred gun-men. The French having encroached in their
+lands, and built some forts nigh them, had on that account drawn upon
+themselves their invincible enmity and resentment. The Chickesaws had
+long obstinately opposed their progress up the river Mississippi, and
+were now the chief obstacle that prevented a regular communication
+between Louisiana and Canada. The French determined to remove it, by
+extirpating this troublesome nation, and for this purpose fell down the
+river in boats to the place where they expected to meet their friends
+from New Orleans. But the party from the southward not coming up at the
+time appointed, and the Canadians thinking themselves strong enough for
+the enterprize, began the war by attacking the Chickesaw towns. Upon
+which the savages gathered together above three hundred warriors, gave
+the French battle in an open field, and, though with considerable loss,
+compleatly defeated them. Above forty Frenchmen and eight Indians were
+killed on the spot, and the rest were taken prisoners, among whom was
+their commander, and chief, brother to Mons. Bienville, Governor of New
+Orleans. Hard was the fate of the unfortunate prisoners, who for several
+days were kept almost perishing with hunger in the wilderness, and at
+last were tied to a stake, tortured, and burned to death. Another party
+of French from Mobile, in the same year, advanced against the Creeks, who
+were also unsuccessful, and obliged to retreat with considerable loss.
+Carolina rejoiced at those disasters, and began now more than ever to
+court the friendship and interest of these rude nations in their
+neighbourhood, considering them as the best barrier against their natural
+enemies.
+
+    [Sidenote] Religious state of the colony.
+
+By this time the Episcopalian form of divine worship had gained ground in
+Carolina, and was more countenanced by the people than any other. That
+zeal for the right of private judgment had much abated, and those
+prejudices against the hierarchy, which the first emigrants carried from
+England with them, were now almost entirely worn off from the succeeding
+generation. To bring about this change, no doubt the well-timed zeal and
+extensive bounty of the society, incorporated for the propagation of the
+Gospel, had greatly contributed. At this time the corporation had no less
+than twelve missionaries in Carolina, each of whom shared of their
+bounty. Indeed, a mild church-government, together with able, virtuous,
+and prudent teachers, in time commonly give the establishment in every
+country a superiority over all sectaries. Spacious churches had been
+erected in the province, which were pretty well supplied with clergymen,
+who were paid from the public treasury, and countenanced by the civil
+authority, all which favoured the established church. The dissenters of
+Carolina were not only obliged to erect and uphold their churches, and
+maintain their clergy by private contributions, but also to contribute
+their share in the way of taxes, in proportion to their ability, equally
+with their neighbours; towards the maintenance of the poor, and the
+support of the establishment. This indeed many of them considered as a
+grievance, but having but few friends in the provincial assembly, no
+redress could be obtained for them. Besides, the establishment gave its
+adherents many advantageous privileges in point of power and authority
+over persons of other denominations. It gave them the best chance for
+being elected members of the legislature, and of course of being
+appointed to offices, both civil and military in their respective
+districts. Over youthful minds, fond of power, pomp and military parade,
+such advantages have great weight. Dissenters indeed had the free choice
+of their ministers, but even this is often the cause of division. When
+differences happen in a parish, the minority must yield, and therefore
+through private pique, discontent or resentment, they often conform to
+the establishment. It is always difficult, and often impossible for a
+minister to please all parties, especially where all claim an equal right
+to judge and chuse for themselves, and divisions and subdivisions seldom
+fail to ruin the power and influence of all sectaries. This was evidently
+the case in Carolina for many of the posterity of rigid Dissenters were
+now found firm adherents to the church of England, which had grown
+numerous on the ruins of the dissenting interest.
+
+    [Sidenote] The association of Presbyterians.
+
+However, the emigrants from Scotland and Ireland, most of whom were
+Presbyterians, still composed a considerable party of the province, and
+kept up the Presbyterian form of worship in it. Archibald Stobo, of whom
+I have formerly taken notice, by great diligence and ability still
+preserved a number of followers. An association had been formed in favour
+of this mode of religious worship, by Messrs. Stobo, Fisher, and
+Witherspoon, three ministers of the church of Scotland, together with
+Joseph Stanyarn, and Joseph Blake, men of respectable characters and
+considerable fortunes. The Presbyterians had already erected churches at
+Charlestown, Wiltown, and in three of the maritime islands, for the use
+of the people adhering to that form of religious worship. As the
+inhabitants multiplied, several more in different parts of the province
+afterwards joined them, and built churches, particularly at Jacksonburgh,
+Indian Town, Port-Royal, and Williamsburgh. The first clergymen having
+received their ordination in the church of Scotland, the fundamental
+rules of the association were framed according to the forms, doctrines,
+and discipline of that establishment, to which they agreed to conform as
+closely as their local circumstances would admit. These ministers adopted
+this mode of religious worship, not only from a persuasion of its
+conformity to the primitive Apostolic form, but also from a conviction of
+its being, of all others, the most favourable to civil liberty, equality,
+and independence. Sensible that not only natural endowments, but also a
+competent measure of learning and acquired knowledge were necessary to
+qualify men for the sacred function, and enable them to discharge the
+duties of it with honour and success, they associated on purpose to
+prevent deluded mechanics, and illiterate novices from creeping into the
+pulpit, to the disgrace of the character, and the injury of religion. In
+different parts of the province, persons of this stamp had appeared, who
+cried down all establishments, both civil and religions, and seduced weak
+minds from the duties of allegiance, and all that the Presbytery could do
+was to prevent them from teaching under the sanction of their authority.
+But this association of Presbyterians having little countenance from
+government, and no name or authority in law, their success depended
+wholly on the superior knowledge, popular talents and exemplary life of
+their ministers. From time to time clergymen were afterwards sent out at
+the request of the people from Scotland and Ireland; and the colonists
+contributed to maintain them, till at length funds were established in
+trust by private legacies and donations, to be appropriated for the
+support of Presbyterian ministers, and the encouragement of that mode of
+religious worship and government.
+
+    [Sidenote] Remarks on paper-currency.
+
+I have several times made remarks on the paper-currency of the province,
+which the planters were always for increasing, and the merchants and
+money lenders for sinking. The exchange of London, like a commercial
+thermometer, served to measure the rise or fall of paper-credit in
+Carolina; and the price of bills of exchange commonly ascertained the
+value of their current money. The permanent riches of the country
+consisted in lands, houses, and negroes; and the produce of the lands,
+improved by negroes, raw materials, provisions, and naval stores, were
+exchanged for what the province wanted from other countries. The
+attention of the mercantile part was chiefly employed about staple
+commodities; and as their great object was present profit it was natural
+for them to be governed by that great axiom in trade, whoever brings
+commodities cheapest and in the best order to market, must always meet
+with the greatest encouragement and success. The planters, on the other
+hand, attended to the balance of trade, which was turned in their favour,
+and concluded, that when the exports of any province exceeded its
+imports, whatever losses private persons might now and then sustain, yet
+that province upon the whole was growing rich. Let us suppose, what was
+indeed far from being the case, that Georgia so far advanced in
+improvement as to rival Carolina in raw materials, and exchangeable
+commodities, and to undersell her at the markets in Europe: This
+advantage could only arise from the superior quality of her lands, the
+cheapness of her labour, or her landed men being contented with smaller
+profits. In such a case it was the business of the Carolina merchants to
+lower the price of her commodities, in order to reap the same advantages
+with her neighbours; and this could only be done by reducing the quantity
+of paper-money in circulation. If gold and silver only past current in
+Georgia, which by general consent was the medium of commerce throughout
+the world, if she had a sufficient quantity of them to answer the
+purposes of trade, and no paper-currency had been permitted to pass
+current; in such case her commodities would bring their full value at the
+provincial market, and no more, according to the general standard of
+money in Europe. Supposing also that Carolina had a quantity of gold and
+silver in circulation, sufficient for the purposes of commerce, and that
+the planters, in order to raise the value of their produce, should issue
+paper-money equal to the quantity of gold and silver in circulation, the
+consequence would be, the price of labour, and of all articles of
+exportation would be doubled. But as the markets of Europe remained the
+same, and her commodities being of the same kind and quality with those
+of Georgia, they would not bring an higher price. Some persons must be
+losers, and in the fist instance this loss must fall on the mercantile
+interest, and moneyed men. Therefore this superabundance of paper-credit,
+on whose foundation the deluded province built its visionary fabric of
+great wealth, was not only useless, but prejudicial with respect to the
+community. Paper-money in such large quantities is the bane of commerce,
+a kind of fictitious wealth, making men by high founding language imagine
+they are worth thousands and millions, while a ship's load of it would
+not procure for the country a regiment of auxiliary troops in time of
+war, nor a suit of clothes at an European market in time of peace. Had
+America, from its first settlement, prohibited paper-money altogether,
+her staple commodities must have brought her, in the course of commerce,
+vast sums of gold and silver, which would have circulated through the
+continent, and answered all the purposes of trade both foreign and
+domestic. It is true the value of gold and silver is equally nominal, and
+rises and falls like the value of other articles of commerce, in
+proportion to the quantity in circulation. But as nations in general have
+fixed on these metals as the medium of trade, this has served to stamp a
+value on them, and render them the means not only of procuring every
+where the necessaries of life, but by supporting public credit, the chief
+means also of national protection.
+
+However, some distinction in point of policy should perhaps be made
+between a colony in its infancy, and a nation already possessed of
+wealth, and in an advanced state of agriculture and commerce, especially
+while the former is united to, and under the protection of the latter. To
+a growing colony, such as Carolina, paper-credit, under certain
+limitations, was useful in several respects; especially as the gold and
+silver always left the country, when it answered the purpose of the
+merchant for remittance better than produce. This credit served to
+procure the planter strength of hands to clear and cultivate his fields,
+from which the real wealth of the province arose. But in an improved
+country such as England, supported by labourers, manufacturers and trade,
+large emissions of paper-money lessen the value of gold and silver, and
+both cause them to leave the country, and its produce and manufactures to
+come dearer to market. Adventurous planters in Carolina, eager to obtain
+a number of negroes, always stretched their credit with the traders to
+its utmost pitch; for as negroes on good lands cleared themselves in a
+few years, they by this means made an annual addition to their capital
+stock. After obtaining this credit, it then became their interest to
+maintain their superiority in assembly, and discharge their debt to the
+merchants in the easiest manner they could. The increase of paper-money
+always proved to them a considerable assistance, as it advanced the price
+of those commodities they brought to the market, by which they cancelled
+their debts with the merchants; so that however much this currency might
+depreciate, the loss occasioned by it from time to time fell not on the
+adventurous planters, but on the merchants and money-lenders, who were
+obliged to take it in payment of debts, or produce, which always arose in
+price in proportion to its depreciation.
+
+In excuse for increasing provincial paper-money the planters always pled
+the exigencies of the public, such as warlike expeditions, raising
+fortifications, providing military stores, and maintaining garrisons;
+those no doubt rendered the measure sometimes necessary, and often
+reasonable, but private interest had also considerable weight in adopting
+it, and carrying it into execution. In the year 1737, a bill of exchange
+on London, for a hundred pounds sterling, sold for seven hundred and
+fifty pounds Carolina currency. Of this the merchants might complain, but
+from this period they had too little weight in the public councils to
+obtain any redress. The only resource left for them was to raise the
+price of negroes, and British articles of importation, according to the
+advanced price of produce, and bills of exchange. However, the exchange
+again fell to seven hundred _per cent._ at which standard it afterwards
+rested and remained.
+
+    [Sidenote] Small progress of Georgia.
+
+By this time the poor colonists of Georgia, after trial, had become fully
+convinced of the impropriety and folly of the plan of settlement framed
+by the Trustees, which, however well intended, was ill adapted to their
+circumstances, and ruinous to the settlement. In the province of
+Carolina, which lay adjacent, the colonists discovered that there they
+could obtain lands not only on better terms, but also liberty to purchase
+negroes to assist in clearing and cultivating them. They found labour in
+the burning climate intolerable, and the dangers and hardships to which
+they were subjected unsurmountable. Instead of raising commodities for
+exportation, the Georgians, by the labour of several years, were not yet
+able to raise provisions sufficient to support themselves and families.
+Under each discouragements, numbers retired to the Carolina side of the
+river, where they had better prospects of success, and the magistrates
+observed the infant colony sinking into ruin, and likely to be totally
+deserted. The freeholders in and round Savanna assembled together, and
+drew up a state of their deplorable circumstances, and transmitted it to
+the Trustees, in which they represented their success in Georgia as a
+thing absolutely impossible, without the enjoyment of the same liberties
+and privileges with their neighbours in Carolina. In two respects they
+implored relief from the Trustees; they desired a fee-simple or free
+title to their lands, and liberty to import negroes under certain
+limitations, without which they declared they had neither encouragement
+to labour, nor ability to provide for their posterity. But the colony of
+Highlanders, instead of joining in this application, to a man
+remonstrated against the introduction of slaves. As they lay contiguous
+to the Spanish dominions, they were apprehensive that these enemies would
+entice their slaves from them in time of peace, and in time of war
+instigate them to rise against their masters. Besides, they considered
+perpetual slavery as shocking to human nature, and deemed the permission
+of it as a grievance, and which in some future day might also prove a
+scourge, and make many feel the smart of that oppression they so
+earnestly desired to introduce. For as the Spaniards had proclaimed
+freedom to them, they alledged that slaves would run away, and ruin poor
+planters; and at all events would disqualify them the more for defending
+the province against external enemies, while their families were exposed
+to barbarous domestics, provoked perhaps by harsh usage, or grown
+desperate through misery and oppression.
+
+    [Sidenote] Hardships of the first settlers.
+
+Few persons who are acquainted with the country will wonder at the
+complaints of the poor settlers in Georgia; for if we consider the
+climate to which they were sent, and the labours and hardships they had
+to undergo, we may rather be astonished that any of them survived the
+first year after their arrival. When James Oglethorpe took possession of
+this wilderness, the whole was an immense thick forest, excepting
+savannas, which are natural plains where no trees grow, and a few Indian
+fields, where the savages planted maize for their subsistence. In the
+province there were the same wild animals, fishes, reptiles and insects,
+which were found in Carolina. The country in the maritime parts was
+likewise a spacious plain, covered with pine trees, where the lands were
+barren and sandy; and with narrow slips of oaks, hickory, cypress, cane,
+&c. where the lands were of a better quality. Rains, thunder-storms,
+hurricanes, and whirlwinds, were equally frequent in the one province as
+in the other. Little difference could be perceived in the soil, which in
+both was barren or swampy; and the same diseases were common to both. The
+lands being covered with wood, through which the sea-breezes could not
+penetrate, there was little agitation in the air, which at some seasons
+was thick, heavy and foggy, and at others clear, close, and suffocating,
+both which are very pernicious to health. The air of the swampy land was
+pregnant with innumerable noxious qualities, insomuch that a more
+unwholesome climate was not perhaps to be found in the universe. The poor
+settlers considered this howling wilderness to which they were brought,
+to have been designed by nature rather for the habitation of wild beasts
+than human creatures. They found that diseases, or even misfortunes were
+in effect equally fatal: for though neither of them might prove mortal,
+yet either would disable them from living, and reduce them to a state in
+which they might more properly be said to perish than to die.
+
+Nothing has retarded the progress and improvement of these southern
+settlements more than the inattention shewn to the natural productions of
+the soil, and the preference which has commonly been given to articles
+transplanted from Europe. Over the whole world different articles of
+produce are suited to different soils and climates. As Georgia lay so
+convenient for supplying the West Indies with maize, Indian pease, and
+potatoes, for which the demand was very great, perhaps the first planters
+could scarcely have turned their attention to more profitable articles,
+but without strength of hands little advantage could be reaped from them.
+It is true the West-India Islands would produce such articles, yet the
+planters would never cultivate them, while they could obtain them by
+purchase: the lands there suited other productions more valuable and
+advantageous. Abundance of stock, particularly hogs and black cattle,
+might have been raised in Georgia for the same market. Lumber was also in
+demand, and might have been rendered profitable to the province, but
+nothing could succeed there under the foolish restrictions of the
+Trustees. European grain, such as wheat, oats, barley, and rye, thrived
+very ill on the maritime parts; and even silk and wine were found upon
+trial by no means to answer their expectations. The bounties given for
+raising the latter were an encouragement to the settlers, but either no
+pains were taken to instruct the people in the proper methods of raising
+them, or the soil and climate were ill adapted for the purpose. The poor
+and ignorant planters applied themselves to those articles of husbandry
+to which probably they had been formerly accustomed, but which poorly
+rewarded them and left them, after all their toil, in a starved and
+miserable condition.
+
+The complaints of the Georgians, however ignorant they might be, ought
+not to have been entirely disregarded by the Trustees. Experience
+suggested those inconveniencies and troubles from which they implored
+relief. The hints they gave certainly ought to have been improved towards
+correcting errors in the first plan of settlement, and framing another
+more favourable and advantageous. Such scattered thoughts of individuals
+sometimes afford wise men materials for forming just judgments, and
+improving towards the establishment of the best and most beneficial
+regulations. The people governed ought never to be excluded from the
+attention and regard of their Governors. The honour of the Trustees
+depended on the success and happiness of the settlers, and it was
+impossible for the people to succeed and be happy without those
+encouragements, liberties and privileges absolutely necessary to the
+first state of colonization. A free title to their land, liberty to chuse
+it, and then to manage it in such a manner as appeared to themselves most
+conducive to their interest, were the principal incentives to industry;
+and industry, well directed, is the grand source of opulence to every
+country.
+
+It must be acknowledged, for the credit of the benevolent Trustees, that
+they sent out these emigrants to Georgia under several very favourable
+circumstances. They paid the expences of their passage, and furnished
+them with clothes, arms, ammunition, and instruments of husbandry. They
+gave them lands, and bought for some of them cows and hogs to begin their
+flock. They maintained their family during the first year of their
+occupancy, or until they should receive some return from their lands. So
+that if the planters were exposed to hazards from the climate, and
+obliged to undergo labour, they certainly entered on their task with
+several advantages. The taxes demanded, comparatively speaking, were a
+mere trifle. For their encouragement they wrought entirely for
+themselves, and for some time were favoured with a free and generous
+maintenance.
+
+    [Sidenote] An Irish colony planted.
+
+By this time an account of the great privileges and indulgences granted
+by the crown for the encouragement of emigration to Carolina, had been
+published through Britain and Ireland, and many industrious people in
+different parts had resolved to take the benefit of his Majesty's bounty.
+Multitudes of labourers and husbandmen in Ireland, oppressed by landlords
+and bishops, and unable by their utmost diligence to procure a
+comfortable subsistence for their families, embarked for Carolina. The
+first colony of Irish people had lands granted them near Santee river,
+and formed the settlement called Williamsburgh township. But
+notwithstanding the bounty of the crown, these poor emigrants remained
+for several years in low and miserable circumstances. The rigours of the
+climate, joined to the want of precaution, so common to strangers, proved
+fatal to numbers of them. Having but scanty provisions in the first age
+of cultivation, vast numbers, by their heavy labour, being both
+debilitated in body and dejected in spirit, sickened and died in the
+woods. But as this township received frequent supplies from the same
+quarter, the Irish settlement, amidst every hardship, increased in
+number; and at length they applied to the merchants for negroes, who
+entrusted them with a few, by which means they were relieved from the
+severest part of the labour, then, by their great diligence and industry,
+spots of land were gradually cleared, which in the first place yielded
+them provisions, and in process of time became moderate and fruitful
+estates.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII.
+
+
+    [Sidenote] Trade obstructed by the Spaniards of Mexico.
+
+For several years before an open rupture took place between Great Britain
+and Spain, no good understanding subsisted between those two different
+courts, neither with respect to the privileges of navigation on the
+Mexican seas, nor to the limits between the provinces of Georgia and
+Florida. On one hand, the Spaniards pretended that they had an exclusive
+right to some latitudes in the bay of Mexico; and, on the other, though
+the matter had never been clearly ascertained by treaty, the British
+merchants claimed the privilege of cutting logwood on the bay of
+Campeachy. This liberty indeed had been tolerated on the part of Spain
+for several years, and the British merchants, from avaricious motives,
+had begun a traffic with the Spaniards, and supplied them with goods of
+English manufacture.  To prevent this illicit trade, the Spaniards
+doubled the number of ships stationed in Mexico for guarding the coast,
+giving them orders to board and search every English vessel found in
+those seas, to seize on all that carried contraband commodities, and
+confine the sailors. At length not only smugglers, but fair traders were
+searched and detained, so that all commerce in those seas was entirely
+obstructed. The British merchants again and again complained to the
+ministry of depredations committed, and damages sustained; which indeed
+produced one remonstrance after another to the Spanish court; all which
+were answered only by evasive promises and delays. The Spaniards
+flattered the British minister, by telling him, they would enquire into
+the occasion of such grievances, and settle all differences by way of
+negotiation. Sir Robert Walpole, fond of pacific measures, and trusting
+to such proposals of accommodation, for several years suffered the
+grievances of the merchants to remain unredressed, and the trade of the
+nation to suffer great losses.
+
+    [Sidenote] William Bull Lieut.-governor.
+
+In the year 1738, Samuel Horsley was appointed Governor of South
+Carolina, but he dying before he left England, the charge of the province
+devolved on William Bull, a man of good natural abilities, and well
+acquainted with the state of the province. The garrison at Augustine
+having received a considerable reinforcement, it therefore became the
+business of the people of Carolina, as well as those of Georgia, to watch
+the motions of their neighbours. As the Spaniards pretended a right to
+that province, they were pouring in troops into Augustine, which gave the
+British colonists some reason to apprehend they had resolved to assert
+their right by force of arms. William Bull despatched advice to England
+of the growing power of Spain in East Florida, and at the same time
+acquainted the Trustees, that such preparations were making there as
+evidently portended approaching hostilities. The British ministers were
+well acquainted with the state of Carolina, from a late representation
+transmitted by its provincial legislature. The Trustees for Georgia
+presented a memorial to the king, giving an account of the Spanish
+preparations, and the feeble and defenceless condition of Georgia, and
+imploring his Majesty's gracious assistance. In consequence of which, a
+regiment of six hundred effective men was ordered to be raised, with a
+view of sending them to Georgia. The King having made James Oglethorpe
+Major-General of all the forces of the two provinces, gave him the
+command of this regiment and ordered him out for the protection of the
+southern frontiers of the British dominions in America.
+
+    [Sidenote] Oglethorpe's regiment sent to Georgia.
+
+About the middle of the same year, the Hector, and Blandford ships of war
+sailed, to convoy the transports which carried General Oglethorpe and his
+regiment to that province. Forty supernumeraries followed the General to
+supply the place of such officers or soldiers as might sicken and die by
+the change of the climate. Upon the arrival of this regiment, the people
+of Carolina and Georgia rejoiced, and testified their grateful sense of
+his Majesty's paternal care in the strongest terms. The Georgians, who
+had been for some time harassed with frequent alarms, now found
+themselves happily relieved, and placed in such circumstances as enabled
+them to bid defiance to the Spanish power. Parties of the regiment were
+sent to the different garrisons, and the expence the Trustees had
+formerly been at in maintaining them of course ceased. The General held
+his head-quarters at Frederica, but raised forts on some other islands
+lying nearer the Spaniards, particularly in Cumberland and Jekyl islands,
+in which he also kept garrisons to watch the motions of his enemies.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Spaniards try in vain to seduce the Creeks.
+
+While these hostile preparations were going on, it behoved General
+Oglethorpe to cultivate the firmest friendship with Indian nations, that
+they might be ready on every emergency to assist him. During his absence
+the Spaniards had made several attempts to seduce the Creeks, who were
+much attached to Oglethorpe, by telling them he was at Augustine, and
+promised them great presents in case they would pay him a visit at that
+place. Accordingly some of their leaders went down to see the beloved
+man, but not finding him there, they were highly offended, and resolved
+immediately to return to their nation. The Spanish Governor, in order to
+cover the fraud, or probably with a design of conveying those leaders out
+of the way, that they might the more easily corrupt their nation; told
+them, that the General lay sick on board of a ship in the harbour, where
+he would be extremely glad to see them. But the savages were jealous of
+some bad design, and refused to go, and even rejected their presents and
+offers of alliance. When they returned to their nation, they found an
+invitation from General Oglethorpe to all the chieftains to meet him at
+Frederica, which plainly discovered to them the insidious designs of the
+Spaniards, and helped not a little to increase his power and influence
+among them. A number of their head warriors immediately set out to meet
+him at the place appointed, where the General thanked them for their
+fidelity, made them many valuable presents, and renewed the treaty of
+friendship and alliance with them. At this congress the Creeks seemed
+better satisfied than usual, agreed to march a thousand men to the
+General's assistance whenever he should demand them, and invited him up
+to see their towns. But as he was then busy, he excused himself, by
+promising to visit them next summer, and accordingly dismissed them no
+less pleased with his kindness, than incensed against the Spaniards for
+their falsehood and deceit.
+
+    [Sidenote] Matters hastening to a rupture with Spain.
+
+By this time the King of England had resolved to vindicate the honour of
+his crown, and maintain his right to those territories in Georgia,
+together with the freedom of commerce and navigation in the Mexican seas.
+The pacific system of Sir Robert Walpole had drawn upon him the
+displeasure of the nation, particularly of the mercantile part; and that
+amazing power and authority he had long maintained began to decline. The
+spirit of the nation was rouzed, insomuch that the administration could
+no longer wink at the insults, depredations, and cruelties of Spain.
+Instructions were sent to the British ambassador at the court of Madrid,
+to demand in the most absolute terms a compensation for the injuries of
+trade, which, upon calculation, amounted to two hundred thousand pounds
+sterling; and at the same time a squadron of ten ships of the line, under
+the command of Admiral Haddock, were sent to the Mediterranean sea. This
+produced an order from the Spanish Court to their ambassador, to allow
+the accounts of the British merchants, upon condition that the Spanish
+demand on the South-Sea Company be deducted: and that Oglethorpe be
+recalled from Georgia, and no more employed in that quarter, as he had
+there made great encroachments on his Catholic Majesty's dominions. These
+conditions were received at the court of Britain with that indignation
+which might have been expected from an injured and incensed nation. In
+answer to which the Spanish ambassador was given to understand, that the
+King of Great Britain was determined never to relinquish his right to a
+single foot of land in the province of Georgia; and that he must allow
+his subjects to make reprisals, since satisfaction for their losses in
+trade could in no other way be obtained. In this unsettled situation,
+however, matters remained for a little while between those two powerful
+potentates.
+
+    [Sidenote] Mutiny in Oglethorpe's camp.
+
+In the mean time preparations were making both in Georgia and Florida, by
+raising fortifications on the borders of the two provinces, to hold each
+other at defiance. The British soldiers finding themselves subjected to a
+number of hardships in Georgia, to which they had not been accustomed in
+Britain, several of them were discontented and ungovernable. At length a
+plot was discovered in the camp for assassinating their general. Two
+companies of the regiment had been drawn from Gibraltar, some of whom
+could speak the Spanish language. While stationed on Cumberland island,
+the Spanish out-posts on the other side could approach so near as to
+converse with the British soldiers, one of whom had even been in the
+Spanish service, and not only understood their language, but also had so
+much of a Roman Catholic spirit as to harbour an aversion to Protestant
+heretics. The Spaniards had found means to corrupt this villain, who
+debauched the minds of several of his neighbours, insomuch that they
+united and formed a design first to murder General Oglethorpe, and then
+make their escape to Augustine. Accordingly, on a certain day a number of
+soldiers under arms came up to the General, and made some extraordinary
+demands; which being refused, they instantly cried out, one and all, and
+immediately one of them discharged his piece at him: and being only at
+the distance of a few paces, the ball whizzed over his shoulder, but the
+powder singed his clothes, and burnt his face. Another presented his
+piece, which flashed in the pan; a third drew his hanger and attempted to
+stab him, but the General parrying it off, an officer standing by run the
+ruffian through the body, and killed him on the spot. Upon which the
+mutineers ran, but were caught and laid in irons. A court-martial was
+called to try the ringleaders of this desperate conspiracy, some of whom
+were found guilty and condemned to be shot, in order to deter others from
+such dangerous attempts.
+
+Nor was this the only concealed effort of Spanish policy, another of a
+more dangerous nature soon followed in Carolina, which might have been
+attended with much more bloody and fatal effects. At this time there were
+above forty thousand negroes in the province, a fierce, hardy and strong
+race, whose constitutions were adapted to the warm climate, whose nerves
+were braced with constant labour, and who could scarcely be supposed to
+be contented with that oppressive yoke under which they groaned. Long had
+liberty and protection been promised and proclaimed to them by the
+Spaniards at Augustine, nor were all the negroes in the province
+strangers to the proclamation. At different times Spanish emissaries had
+been found secretly tampering with them, and persuading them to fly from
+slavery to Florida, and several had made their escape to that settlement.
+Of these negro refugees the Governor of Florida had formed a regiment,
+appointing officers from among themselves, allowing them the same pay and
+clothing them in the same uniform with the regular Spanish soldiers. The
+most sensible part of the slaves in Carolina were not ignorant of this
+Spanish regiment, for whenever they run away from their masters, they
+constantly directed their course to this quarter. To no place could negro
+serjeants be sent for enlisting men where they could have a better
+prospect of success. Two Spaniards were caught in Georgia, and committed
+to jail, for enticing slaves to leave Carolina and join this regiment.
+Five negroes, who were cattle hunters at Indian Land, some of whom
+belonged to Captain McPherson, after wounding his son and killing another
+man, made their escape. Several more attempting to get away were taken,
+tried, and hanged at Charlestown.
+
+    [Sidenote] A negro insurrection in Carolina.
+
+While Carolina was kept in a state of constant fear and agitation from
+this quarter, an insurrection openly broke out in the heart of the
+settlement which alarmed the whole province. A number of negroes having
+assembled together at Stono, first surprised and killed two young men in
+a warehouse, and then plundered it of guns and ammunition. Being thus
+provided with arms, they elected one of their number captain, and agreed
+to follow him, marching towards the south-west with colours flying and
+drums beating, like a disciplined company. They forcibly entered the
+house of Mr. Godfrey, and having murdered him, his wife, and children,
+they took all the arms he had in it, set fire to the house, and then
+proceeded towards Jacksonsburgh. In their way they plundered and burnt
+every house, among which were those of Sacheveral, Nash, and Spry,
+killing every white person they found in them, and compelling the negroes
+to join them. Governor Bull returning to Charlestown from the southward,
+met them, and, observing them armed, quickly rode out of their way. He
+spread the alarm, which soon reached the Presbyterian church at Wiltown,
+where Archibald Stobo was preaching to a numerous congregation of
+planters in that quarter. By a law of the province all planters were
+obliged to carry their arms to church, which at this critical juncture
+proved a very useful and necessary regulation. The women were left in
+church trembling with fear while the militia, under the command of
+Captain Bee, marched in quest of the negroes, who by this time had become
+formidable from the number that joined them. They had marched above
+twelve miles, and spread desolation through all the plantations in their
+way. Having found rum in some houses, and drank freely of it, they halted
+in an open field, and began to sing and dance, by way of triumph. During
+these rejoicings the militia discovered them, and stationed themselves in
+different places around them, to prevent them from making their escape.
+The intoxication of several of the slaves favoured the assailants. One
+party advanced into the open field and attacked them, and, having killed
+some negroes, the remainder took to the woods, and were dispersed. Many
+ran back to their plantations, in hopes of escaping suspicion from the
+absence of their masters; but the greater part were taken and tried. Such
+as had been compelled to join them contrary to their inclination were
+pardoned, but all the chosen leaders and first insurgents suffered death.
+
+All Carolina was struck with terror and consternation by this
+insurrection, in which above twenty persons were murdered before it was
+quelled, and had not the people in that quarter been fortunately
+collected together at church, it is probable many more would have
+suffered. Or had it become general, the whole colony must have fallen a
+sacrifice to their great power and indiscriminate fury. It was commonly
+believed, and not without reason, that the Spaniards were deeply
+concerned in promoting the mischief, and by their secret influence and
+intrigues with slaves had instigated them to this massacre. Having
+already four companies of negroes in their service, by penetrating into
+Carolina, and putting the province into confusion, they might no doubt
+have raised many more. But, to prevent farther attempts, Governor Bull
+sent an express to General Oglethorpe with advice of the insurrection,
+desiring him to double his vigilance in Georgia, and seize all straggling
+Spaniards and negroes. In consequence of which a proclamation was issued
+to stop all slaves found in that province, offering a reward for every
+one they might catch attempting to run off. At the same time a company of
+rangers were employed to patrole the frontiers, and block up all passages
+by which they might make their escape to Florida.
+
+    [Sidenote] A war with Spain.
+
+In the mean time things were hastening to a rupture in Europe, and a war
+between England and Spain was thought unavoidable. The plenipotentiaries
+appointed for settling the boundaries between Georgia and Florida, and
+other differences and misunderstandings subsisting between the two
+crowns, had met at Pardo in convention, where preliminary articles were
+drawn up; but the conference ended to the satisfaction of neither party.
+Indeed the proposal of a negotiation, and the appointment of
+plenipotentiaries, gave universal offence to the people of Britain, who
+breathed nothing but war and vengeance against the proud and arrogant
+Spaniards. The merchants had lost all patience under their sufferings,
+and became clamorous for letters of reprisal, which at length they
+obtained. Public credit arose, and forwarded hostile preparations. All
+officers of the navy and army were ordered to their stations, and with
+the unanimous voice of the nation war was declared against Spain on the
+23rd of October, 1739.
+
+    [Sidenote] A project for invading Florida.
+
+While Admiral Vernon was sent to take the command of a squadron in the
+West-India station, with orders to act offensively against the Spanish
+dominions in that quarter, to divide their force, General Oglethorpe was
+ordered also to annoy the subjects of Spain in Florida by every method in
+his power.  In consequence of which, the General immediately projected an
+expedition against the Spanish settlement at Augustine. His design he
+communicated by letter to Lieutenant Governor Bull, requesting the
+support and assistance of Carolina in the expedition.  Mr. Bull laid his
+letter before the provincial assembly, recommending to them to raise a
+regiment, and give him all possible assistance in an enterprize of such
+interesting consequence. The assembly, sensible of the vast advantages
+that must accrue to them from getting rid of such troublesome neighbours,
+resolved that so soon as the General should communicate to them his plan
+of operations, together with a state of the assistance requisite, at the
+same time making it appear that there was a probability of success, they
+would most cheerfully assist him. The Carolineans, however, were
+apprehensive, that as that garrison had proved such a painful thorn in
+their side in time of peace, they would have more to dread from it in
+time of war; and although the colony had been much distressed by the
+small-pox and the yellow fever for two years past, which had cut off the
+hopes of many flourishing families; the people, nevertheless, lent a very
+favourable ear to the proposal, and earnestly wished to give all the
+assistance in their power towards dislodging an enemy so malicious and
+cruel.
+
+    [Sidenote] Measures concerted for this purpose.
+
+In the mean time General Oglethorpe was industrious in picking up all the
+intelligence he could respecting the situation and strength of the
+garrison, and finding it in great straits for want of provisions, he
+urged the speedy execution of his project, with a view to surprise his
+enemy before a supply should arrive. He declared, that no personal toil
+or danger should discourage him from exerting himself towards freeing
+Carolina from such neighbours as had instigated their slaves to massacre
+them, and publicly protected them after such bloody attempts. To concert
+measures with the greater secrecy and expedition, he went to Charlestown
+himself, and laid before the legislature of Carolina an estimate of the
+force, arms, ammunition, and provisions, which he judged might be
+requisite for the expedition. In consequence of which, the Assembly voted
+one hundred and twenty thousand pounds, Carolina money, for the service
+of the war. A regiment, consisting of four hundred men, was raised,
+partly in Virginia and partly in North and South Carolina, with the
+greatest expedition, and the command was given to Colonel Vanderdussen.
+Indians were sent for from the different tribes in alliance with Britain.
+Vincent Price, commander of the ships of war on that station, agreed to
+assist with a naval force consisting of four ships of twenty guns each,
+and two sloops, which proved a great encouragement to the Carolineans,
+and induced them to enter with double vigour on military preparations.
+General Oglethorpe appointed the mouth of St. John's river, on the
+Florida shore, for the place of rendezvous, and having finished his
+preparations in Carolina, set out for Georgia to join his regiment, and
+make all ready for the expedition.
+
+    [Sidenote] General Oglethorpe marches against Florida.
+
+On the 9th of May 1740, the General passed over to Florida with four
+hundred select men of his regiment, and a considerable party of Indians;
+and on the day following invested Diego, a small fort, about twenty-five
+miles from Augustine, which after a short resistance surrendered by
+capitulation. In this fort he left a garrison of sixty men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Dunbar, and returned to the place of general
+rendezvous, where he was joined by Colonel Vanderdussen, with the
+Carolina regiment, and a company of Highlanders, under the command of
+Captain M'Intosh. But by this time six Spanish half-galleys, with long
+brass nine pounders, and two sloops loaded with provisions, had got into
+the harbour at Augustine. A few days afterwards, the General marched with
+his whole force, consisting of above two thousand men, regulars,
+provincials and Indians, to Fort Moosa, situated within two miles of
+Augustine, which on his approach the Spanish garrison evacuated, and
+retired into the town. He immediately ordered the gates of this fort to
+be burnt, three breaches to be made in its walls, and then proceeded to
+reconnoitre the town and castle.
+
+Notwithstanding the dispatch of the British army, the Spaniards, during
+their stay at Fort Diego, had collected all the cattle in the woods
+around them, and drove them into the town; and the General found, both
+from a view of the works, and the intelligence he had received from
+prisoners, that more difficulty would attend this enterprize than he at
+first expected. Indeed, if he intended a surprize, he ought not to have
+stopped at Fort Diego, for by that delay the enemy had notice of his
+approach, and time to gather their whole force, and put themselves in a
+posture of defence. The castle was built of soft stone, with four
+bastions; the curtain was sixty yards in length, the parapet nine feet
+thick; the rampart twenty feet high, casemated underneath for lodgings,
+arched over, and newly made bomb-proof. Fifty pieces of cannon were
+mounted, several of which were twenty-four pounders. Besides the castle,
+the town was entrenched with ten salient angles, on each of which some
+small cannon were mounted. The garrison consisted of seven hundred
+regulars, two troops of horse, four companies of armed negroes, besides
+the militia of the province, and Indians.
+
+    [Sidenote] Invests Augustine.
+
+The General now plainly perceived that an attack by land upon the town,
+and an attempt to take the castle by storm would cost him dear before he
+could reduce the place, and therefore changed his plan of operations.
+With the assistance of the ships of war, which were now lying at anchor
+off Augustine-bar, he resolved to turn the siege into a blockade, and try
+to shut up every channel by which provisions could be conveyed to the
+garrison. For this purpose he left Colonel Palmer with ninety-five
+Highlanders, and forty-two Indians at Fort Moosa, with orders to scour
+the woods around the town, and intercept all supplies of cattle from the
+country by land. And, for the safety of his men, he at the same time
+ordered him to encamp every night in a different place, to keep strict
+watch around his camp, and by all means avoid coming to any action. This
+small party was the whole force the General left for guarding the land
+side. Then he sent Colonel Vanderdussen, with the Carolina regiment, over
+a small creek, to take possession of a neck of land called Point Quartel,
+above a mile distant from the castle, with orders to erect a battery upon
+it; while he himself, with his regiment, and the greatest part of the
+Indians, embarked in boats, and landed on the island of Anastatia. In
+this island the Spaniards had a small party of men stationed for a guard,
+who immediately fled to town, and as it lay opposite to the castle, from
+this place, the General resolved to bombard the town. Captain Pierce
+stationed one of his ships to guard the passage, by way of the Motanzas,
+and with the others blocked up the mouth of the harbour, so that the
+Spaniards were cut off from all supplies by sea. On the island of
+Anastatia batteries were soon erected, and several cannon mounted by the
+assistance of the active and enterprising sailors. Having made these
+dispositions, General Oglethorpe then summoned the Spanish Governor to a
+surrender; but the haughty Don, secure in his strong hold, sent him for
+answer, that he would be glad to shake hands with him in his castle.
+
+This insulting answer excited the highest degree of wrath and indignation
+in the General's mind, and made him resolve to exert himself to the
+utmost for humbling his pride. The opportunity of surprizing the place
+being now lost, he had no other secure method left but to attack it at
+the distance in which he then stood. For this purpose he opened his
+batteries against the castle, and at the same time threw a number of
+shells into the town. The fire was returned with equal spirit both from
+the Spanish fort and from six half-gallies in the harbour, but so great
+was the distance, that though they continued the cannonade for several
+days, little execution was done on either side. Captain Warren, a brave
+naval officer, perceiving that all efforts in this way for demolishing
+the castle were vain and ineffectual, proposed to destroy the Spanish
+gallies in the harbour, by an attack in the night, and offered to go
+himself and head the attempt. A council of war was held to consider of
+and concert a plan for that service; but, upon sounding the bar, it was
+found it would admit no large ship to the attack, and with small ones it
+was judged rash and impracticable, the gallies being covered by the
+cannon of the castle, and therefore that design was dropt.
+
+    [Sidenote] Raises the siege.
+
+In the mean time the Spanish commander observing the besiegers
+embarrassed, and their operations beginning to relax, sent out a
+detachment of three hundred men against Colonel Palmer, who surprised him
+at Fort Moosa, and, while most of his party lay asleep, cut them almost
+entirely to pieces. A few that accidentally escaped, went over in a small
+boat to the Carolina regiment at Point Quartel. Some of the Chickesaw
+Indians coming from that fort having met with a Spaniard, cut off his
+head, agreeable to their savage manner of waging war, and presented it to
+the General in his camp: but he rejected it with abhorrence, calling them
+barbarous dogs, and bidding them begone. At this disdainful behaviour,
+however, the Chickesaws were offended, declaring, that if they had
+carried the head of an Englishman to the French, they would not have
+treated them so: and perhaps the General discovered more humanity than
+good policy by it, for these Indians, who knew none of the European
+customs and refinements in war, soon after deserted him. About the same
+time the vessel stationed at the Metanzas being ordered off, some small
+ships from the Havanna with provisions, and a reinforcement of men, got
+into Augustine, by that narrow channel, to the relief of the garrison. A
+party of Creeks having surprised one of their small boats, brought four
+Spanish prisoners to the General, who informed him, that the garrison had
+received seven hundred men, and a large supply of provisions. Then all
+prospects of starving the enemy being lost, the army began to despair of
+forcing the place to surrender. The Carolinean troops, enfeebled by the
+heat, dispirited by sickness, and fatigued by fruitless efforts, marched
+away in large bodies. The navy being short of provisions, and the usual
+season of hurricanes approaching, the commander judged it imprudent to
+hazard his Majesty's ships, by remaining longer on that coast. Last of
+all, the General himself, sick of a fever, and his regiment worn out with
+fatigue, and rendered unfit for action by a flux, with sorrow and regret
+followed, and reached Frederica about the 10th of July 1740.
+
+Thus ended the unsuccessful expedition against Augustine, to the great
+disappointment of both Georgia and Carolina. Many heavy reflections were
+afterwards thrown out against General Oglethorpe for his conduct during
+the whole enterprize. Perhaps the only chance of success he had from the
+beginning was by surprising this garrison in the night by some sudden
+attempt. He was blamed for remaining so long at fort Diego, by which
+means the enemy had full intelligence of his approach, and time to
+prepare for receiving him. He was charged with timidity afterwards, in
+making no bold attempt on the town. It was said, that the officer who
+means to act on the offensive, where difficulties must be surmounted,
+ought to display some courage; and that too much timidity in war is often
+as culpable as too much temerity. Great caution he indeed used for saving
+his men, for excepting those who fell by the sword in fort Moosa, he lost
+more men by sickness than by the hands of the enemy. Though the disaster
+of Colonel Palmer, in which many brave Highlanders were massacred, was
+perhaps occasioned chiefly by want of vigilance and a disobedience of
+orders, yet many were of opinion, that it was too hazardous to have left
+so small a party on the main land, exposed to sallies from a superior
+enemy, and entirely cut off from all possibility of support and
+assistance from the main body. In short, the Carolineans called in
+question the General's military judgment and skill in many respects; and
+protested that he had spent the time in barren deliberations, harassed
+the men with unnecessary marches, allowed them not a sufficient quantity
+of provisions, and poisoned them with breakish water. He, on the other
+hand, declared he had no confidence in the firmness and courage of the
+provincials; for that they refused obedience to his orders, and at last
+abandoned his camp, and retreated to Carolina. The truth was, so strongly
+fortified was the place, both by nature and art, that probably the
+attempt must have failed, though it had been conducted by the ablest
+officer, and executed by the best disciplined troops. The miscarriage,
+however, was particularly ruinous to Carolina, having not only subjected
+the province to a great expence, but also left it in a worse situation
+than it was before the attempt.
+
+    [Sidenote] A great fire at Charlestown.
+
+The same year stands distinguished in the annals of Carolina, not only
+for this unsuccessful expedition against the Spaniards, but also for a
+desolating fire, which in November following broke out in the capital,
+and laid the half of it in ruins. This fire began about two o'clock in
+the afternoon, and burnt with unquenchable violence until eight at night.
+The houses being built of wood, and the wind blowing hard at north-west,
+the flames spread with astonishing rapidity. From Broad-street, where the
+fire kindled, to Granville's Bastion, almost every house was at one time
+in flames, and exhibited an awful and striking scene. The vast quantities
+of deerskins, rum, pitch, tar, turpentine and powder, in the different
+stores, served to increase the horror, and the more speedily to spread
+the desolation. Amidst the cries and shrieks of women and children, and
+the bursting forth of flames in different quarters, occasioned by the
+violent wind, which carried the burning shingles to a great distance, the
+men were put into confusion, and so anxious were they about the safety of
+their families, that they could not be prevailed upon to unite their
+efforts for extinguishing the fire. The sailors from the men of war, and
+ships in the harbour were the most active and adventurous hands engaged
+in the service. But such was the violence of the flames, that it baffled
+all the art and power of man, and burnt until the calmness of the evening
+closed the dreadful scene. Three hundred of the best and most convenient
+buildings in the town were consumed, which, together with lots of goods,
+and provincial commodities, amounted to a prodigious sum. Happily few
+lives were lost, but the lamentations of ruined families were heard in
+every quarter. In short, from a flourishing condition the town was
+reduced in the space of six hours to the lowest and most deplorable
+state. All those inhabitants whose houses escaped the flames, went around
+and kindly invited their unfortunate neighbours to them, so that two and
+three families were lodged in places built only for the accommodation of
+one. After the legislature met, to take the miserable state of the people
+under consideration, they agreed to make application to the British
+parliament for relief. The British parliament voted twenty thousand
+pounds sterling, to be distributed among the sufferers at Charlestown,
+which relief was equally seasonable and useful on the one side, as it was
+generous and noble on the other. No time should obliterate the
+impressions of such benevolent actions. This gift certainly deserved to
+be wrote on the table of every heart, in the most indelible characters.
+For all men must acknowledge, that it merited the warmest returns of
+gratitude, not only from the unfortunate objects of such bounty, but from
+the whole province.
+
+    [Sidenote] A petition in favour of the rice trade.
+
+While the war between Great Britain and Spain continued, a bill was
+brought into parliament to prevent the exportation of rice, among other
+articles of provision, to France or Spain, with a view to distress these
+enemies as much as possible. In consequence of which, a representation to
+the following effect, in behalf of the province of Carolina, and the
+merchants concerned in that trade, was presented to the House of Commons
+while the bill was depending before them, praying that the article of
+rice might be excepted out of the bill, and endeavouring to prove, that
+the prohibiting its importation would be highly detrimental to Great
+Britain, and in no respect to her enemies: "The inhabitants of South
+Carolina have not any manufactures of their own, but are supplied from
+Great Britain with all their clothing, and the other manufactures by them
+consumed, to the amount of one hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling
+a-year. The only commodity of consequence produced in South Carolina is
+rice, and they reckon it as much their staple commodity as sugar is to
+Barbadoes and Jamaica, or tobacco to Virginia and Maryland; so that if
+any stop be put to the exportation of rice from South Carolina to Europe,
+it will not only render the planters there incapable of paying their
+debts, but also reduce the government of that province to such
+difficulties for want of money, as at this present precarious time may
+render the whole colony an easy prey to their neighbours the Indians and
+Spaniards, and also to those yet more dangerous enemies their own
+negroes, who are ready to revolt on the first opportunity, and are eight
+times as many in number as there are white men able to bear arms, and the
+danger in this respect is greater since the unhappy expedition to
+Augustine.
+
+"From the year 1729, when his Majesty purchased South Carolina, the trade
+of it hath so increased, that their annual exports and imports of late
+have been double the value of what they were in the said year; and their
+exports of rice in particular have increased in a greater proportion:
+for, from the year 1720 to 1729, being ten years, both included, the
+whole export of rice was 264,488 barrels, making 44,081 tons. From the
+1730 to 1739, being also ten years, the whole export of rice was 499,525
+barrels, making 99,905 tons; so that the export of the latter ten years
+exceeded the former by 235,037 barrels, or 55,824 tons: and of the vast
+quantities of rice thus exported, scarcely one fifteenth part is consumed
+either in Great Britain or in any part of the British dominions; so that
+the produce of the other fourteen parts is clear gain to the nation;
+whereas almost all the sugar, and one fourth part of the tobacco,
+exported from the British colonies, are consumed by the people of Great
+Britain, or by British subjects; from whence it is evident, that the
+national gain arising from rice is several times as great in proportion,
+as the national gain arising from either sugar or tobacco.
+
+"This year, _viz._ 1740, in particular, we shall export from South
+Carolina above ninety thousand barrels of rice, of which quantity there
+will not be three thousand barrels used here, so that the clear national
+gain upon that export will be very great; for at the lowest computation,
+of twenty-five shillings sterling _per_ barrel, the eighty-seven thousand
+barrels exported will amount in value to one hundred and eight thousand
+seven hundred and fifty pounds, at the first hand; whereto there must be
+added the charge of freight, _&c._ from South Carolina to Europe, which
+amount to more than the first cost of the rice, and are also gain to
+Great Britain; so that the least gain upon this article for the present
+year will be two hundred and twenty thousand pounds, over and above the
+naval advantage of annually employing more than one hundred and sixty
+ships of one hundred tons each."
+
+"Rice being an enumerated commodity, it cannot be exported from South
+Carolina without giving bond for double the value that the same shall be
+landed in Great Britain, or in some of the British plantations, excepting
+to the southward of Cape Finisterre, which last was permitted by a law
+made in the year 1729; and the motive for such permission was, that the
+rice might arrive more seasonably and in better condition at market. We
+have hereunto added an account of the several quantities of rice which
+have been exported from South Carolina to the different European markets
+since the said law was made; and it will thereby appear, that we have not
+in those ten years been able to find sale for any considerable quantity
+of rice in Spain; for in all that time we have not sold above three
+thousand five hundred and seventy barrels to the Spaniards, making only
+three hundred and fifty-seven barrels annually upon a medium; nor can we
+in the time to come expect any alteration in favour of our rice trade
+there, because the Spaniards are supplied with an inferior sort of rice
+from Turkey, _&c._ equally agreeable to them and a great deal cheaper
+than ours; the truth whereof appears by the rice taken in a ship called
+the Baltic Merchant and carried into St. Sebastians, where it was sold at
+a price so much under the market rate here, or in Holland, as to
+encourage the sending of it thence to Holland and Hamburgh.
+
+"In France the importation of Carolina rice without licence is
+prohibited; and though during the last and present years there hath, by
+permission, been some consumption of it there, yet the whole did not
+exceed nine thousand barrels, and they have received from Turkey so much
+rice of the present year's growth, as to make that commodity five
+shillings _per_ 100 _lb._ cheaper at Marseilles than here, and even at
+Dunkirk it is one shilling and sixpence _per_ 100 _lb._ cheaper than
+here; so that there is not any prospect of a demand for Carolina rice in
+France, even if liberty could be obtained for sending the same to any
+port of that kingdom.
+
+"Germany and Holland are the countries where we find the best market for
+our rice, and there the greater part of it is consumed; so that the
+present intended embargo, or prohibitory law, cannot have any other
+effect, in relation to rice, than that of preventing our allies from
+using what our enemies do not want, nor we ourselves consume more than a
+twentieth part of, and which is of so perishable a nature, that even in a
+cold climate it doth not keep above a year without decaying, and in a
+warm climate it perishes entirely. The great consumption of rice in
+Germany and Holland is during the winter season, when pease and all kinds
+of pulse, _&c._ are scarce; and the rice intended for those markets ought
+to be brought there before the frost begins, time enough to be carried up
+the rivers; so that preventing the exportation only a few days may be
+attended with this had consequence, that by the frost the winter sale may
+be lost.
+
+"And as we have now, _viz._ since November 11th, above ten thousand
+barrels of old rice arrived, so we may in a few weeks expect double that
+quantity, besides the new crop now shipping off from Carolina; the
+stopping of all which, in a country where there is not any sale for it,
+instead of permitting the same to be carried to the only places of
+consumption, must soon reduce the price thereof to so low a rate, that
+the merchants who have purchased that rice will not be able to sell it
+for the prime cost, much less will they be able to recover the money they
+have paid for duty, freight, and other charges thereon, which amount to
+double the first cost: for the rice that an hundred pounds sterling will
+purchase in South Carolina, costs the importer two hundred more in
+British duties, freight, and other charges[1]."
+
+[1] An Account of Rice exported in Ten Years after the Province was
+    purchased for the King.
+
+                             _Barrels._
+    To Portugal, - - - - - - -  83,379
+    To Gibraltar,  - - - - - -     958
+    To Spain,  - - - - - - - -   3,570
+    To France, - - - - - - - -   9,500
+    To Great Britain,
+    Ireland, and the
+    British Plantations, - - -  30,000
+    To Holland, Hamburgh
+    and Bremen, including
+    7000 barrels to Sweden
+    and Denmark, - - - - - - - 372,118
+                               -------
+    Total quantity exported
+    in those ten years,  - - - 499,525
+
+"Thus it appears, that by prohibiting the exportation of rice from this
+kingdom, the merchants who have purchased the vast quantities before
+mentioned will not only lose the money it cost them, but twice as much
+more in duties, freight, and other charges, by their having a perishable
+commodity embargoed in a country where it is not used. Or if, instead of
+laying the prohibition here, it be laid in South Carolina; that province,
+the planters there, and the merchants who deal with them, must all be
+involved in ruin; the province, for want of means to support the expense
+of government; the planters, for want of the means to pay their debts and
+provide future supplies; and the merchants, by not only losing those
+debts, but twice as much more in the freight, duties, and other charges,
+upon rice which they cannot sell. So that, in either case, a very
+profitable colony, and the merchants concerned in the trade of it, would
+be ruined for the present, if not totally lost to this kingdom, by
+prohibiting the exportation of rice; and all this without doing any
+national good in another way, for such prohibition could not in any shape
+distress our enemies. It is therefore humbly hoped, that rice will be
+excepted out of the bill now before the honourable House of Commons."
+
+As this representation contains a distinct account of the produce and
+trade of the province, and shews its usefulness and importance to Great
+Britain, we judged it worthy of the particular attention of our readers,
+and therefore have inserted it. With respect to the internal dangers
+arising from the savage nature and vast number of the slaves, mentioned
+in this and a former state of the province, we shall now make some
+remarks, in which we will be naturally led to consider their miserable
+condition, and the harsh treatment to which slavery necessarily subjects
+them.
+
+    [Sidenote] Remarks on the treatment of slaves.
+
+That slavery has been practiced by many of the most civilized nations in
+the world, is indeed a truth evident from the history of them. In war the
+conquerors were supposed to have a right to the life of their captives,
+insomuch that they might kill, torture or enslave them, as they thought
+proper. Yet, though war may be justifiable on the principles of
+self-preservation and defence, it is no easy matter to vindicate the
+conqueror's right to murder or enslave a disarmed enemy. Slavery in
+general, like several other enormities, ought to be ascribed to the
+corruption and avarice of men, rather than to any principles of nature
+and humanity, which evidently testify against it; and that vindication
+which is drawn from the custom and practice of ancient nations in favour
+of such an institution, is equally applicable to many other enormities
+which are a shame and disgrace to human nature. Helpless children have
+been exposed to the fury of wild beasts; pride and ambition have spread
+their desolations far and wide; but such practices are not therefore
+humane and just. That many nations have encouraged slavery, and that the
+remains of it are still observable among the freest of them, are argument
+which none will plead for their honour and credit. That species of
+servitude which still remains in Britain among the labourers in the coal
+mines, _&c._ is very different from that to which the natives of Africa
+are subjected in the western world; because such labourers voluntarily
+enter on such servitude, they acquire wages as their reward, and both
+their persons and properties are under the protection of the laws of the
+realm.
+
+Upon the slightest reflection all men must confess, that those Africans,
+whom the powers of Europe have conspired to enslave, are by nature
+equally free and independent, equally susceptible of pain and pleasure,
+equally averse from bondage and misery, as Europeans themselves. Like all
+rude nations, they have a strong attachment to their native country, and
+to those friends and relations with whom they spent the early years of
+life. By this trade being torn from those nearest connections, and
+transported to a distant land, it is no easy thing to describe the
+uneasiness and pain they must endure from such violence and banishment.
+During the passage being loaded with irons, and cooped up in a ship,
+oppressed with the most gloomy apprehensions, many of them sicken and die
+through fear and regret. The provisions made for the voyage by the
+merchants and masters of ships, who consult their worldly interest more
+than the dictates of humanity, we may be sure are neither of the best
+kind, nor distributed among them in the most plentiful manner. After
+their arrival they are sold and delivered over to the colonists, to whose
+temper, language and manners they are utter strangers; where their
+situation for some time, in case of harsh usage, is little better than
+that of the dumb beasts, having no language but groans in which they can
+express their pains, nor any friend to pity or relieve them. Some destroy
+themselves through despair, and from a persuasion they fondly entertain,
+that, after death, they will return to their beloved friends and native
+country.
+
+    [Sidenote] The hardships of their situation.
+
+After the sale the purchasers become vested with the absolute property of
+them, according to the laws, usages, and customs of the trade, and
+whatever hardships are thereby imposed on those foreigners, the planters
+are so far excusable, having the sanction of the supreme legislature for
+the purchase they make. The laws of England, from necessity or
+expediency, have permitted such labourers to be imported among them; and
+therefore, on their part, the purchase, however injurious, cannot be
+illegal. Having acquired this kind of property, it then lies with the
+colonists to frame laws and regulations for the future management of
+their slaves. In doing this, absolute obedience and non-resistance are
+fundamental principles established for the government of them, and
+enforced by the severest penalties. All laws framed with respect to them,
+give their masters such authority over them as is under few limitations.
+Their power of correction may be said to be only not allowed to extend to
+death. However severely beat and abused, no negro can bring an action
+against his owner, or appear as an evidence against white men, in any
+court of law or justice. Their natural rights as human creatures are
+entirely disregarded, and punishments are commonly inflicted according to
+the will of their master, however cruel and barbarous his disposition may
+be. A common place of correction is instituted, to which they are sent to
+receive such a number of stripes as their owners shall order, and such
+blunders have been committed in giving and executing those orders, that
+the innocent sometimes have suffered along with the guilty. In short,
+such is their miserable condition, that they are exposed defenceless to
+the insolence, caprice, and passions of owners, obliged to labour all
+their life without any prospect of reward, or any hope of an end of their
+toil until the day of their death. At the decease of their masters they
+descend, like other estates of inheritance, to the heir at law, and
+sometimes to thoughtless and giddy youth, habituated from their earliest
+days to treat them like brutes. At other times, no doubt, they are more
+fortunate, but their condition of life evidently subjects them to harsh
+usage even from the best of masters, and we leave the world to judge what
+they have to expect from the worst.
+
+Indeed it must be acknowledged, in justice to the planters of Carolina in
+general, that they treat their slaves with as much, and perhaps more
+tenderness, than those of any British colony where slavery exists; yet a
+disinterested stranger must observe, even among the best of masters,
+several instances of cruelty and negligence in the manner of managing
+their slaves. Comparatively speaking, they are well clothed and fed in
+that province, which while they continue in health fits and qualifies
+them for their task. When they happen to fall sick, they are carefully
+attended by a physician; in which respect their condition is better than
+that of the poorest class of labourers in Europe. But in the West Indies,
+we have been told, they are both covered with rags and have a scanty
+portion of provisions allowed them, in which case urgent necessity and
+pinching hunger must often urge them to pilfer, and commit many injuries
+to which otherwise they would have no inclination, and for which they
+incur severe punishment. In cases of violence and murder committed on
+these wretched creatures, it is next to impossible to have the
+delinquents brought to punishment; for either the grand jury refuse to
+find the bill, or the petty jury bring in the verdict not guilty. When
+they are tempted to fly to the woods to shun severe labour or punishment
+then they may be hunted down or shot as wild beasts. When whipped to
+death, the murderer, after all, is only subjected to an inconsiderable
+fine, or a short imprisonment, by the provincial laws. It is impossible
+that the Author of nature ever intended human beings for such a wretched
+fate; for surely he who gave life, gave also an undoubted right to the
+means of self-preservation and happiness, and all the common rights and
+privileges of nature.
+
+But there is another circumstance which renders their case still more
+wretched and deplorable. Good masters and mistresses, whose humanity and
+a sense of interest will not permit them to treat their negroes in a
+harsh manner, do not always reside at their plantations. Many planters
+have several settlements at considerable distances from the place where
+they usually live, which they visit perhaps only three or four times in a
+year. In their absence the charge of negroes is given to overseers, many
+of whom are ignorant and cruel, and all totally disinterested in the
+welfare of their charge. In such a case it can scarcely be expected that
+justice will be equally dispensed, or punishments properly inflicted. The
+negroes, however, ly entirely at the mercy of such men, and such monsters
+they sometimes are, as can inflict misery in sport, and hear the groans
+extorted from nature with laughter and triumph. All slaves under their
+care must yield absolute obedience to their orders, however unreasonable
+and difficult, or suffer punishment for their disobedience. It would
+rouze the anguish and indignation of a humane person to stand by while a
+puny overseer chastises those slaves, and behold with what piercing
+stripes he furrows the back of an able negro, whose greatness of soul
+will not suffer him to complain, and whose strength could crush his
+tormentor to atoms. The unmerciful whip with which they are chastised is
+made of cow-skin, hardened, twisted, and tapering, which brings the blood
+with every blow, and leaves a scar on their naked back which they carry
+with them to their grave. At the arbitrary will of such managers, many of
+them with hearts of adamant, this unfortunate race are brought to the
+post of correction, often no doubt through malice and wantonness, often
+for the most trifling offences, and sometimes, O horrid! when entirely
+innocent. Can it be deemed wonderful, that such unhappy creatures should
+now and then be tempted to assert the rights of nature? Must not such
+harsh usage often fire them with desires of liberty and vengeance? What
+can be expected but that they should sometimes give those oppressors
+grounds of fear, who have subjected them to such intolerable hardships.
+
+But from those labourers in the field the colonials have perhaps less
+danger to dread, than from the number of tradesmen and mechanics in
+towns, and domestic slaves. Many negroes discover great capacities, and
+an amazing aptness for learning trades, where dangerous tools are used;
+and many owners, from motives of profit and advantage, breed them to be
+coopers, carpenters, bricklayers, smiths, and other trades. Out of mere
+ostentation the colonists also keep a number of them about their
+families, who attend their tables, and hear their conversation, which
+very often turns upon their own various arts, plots, and assassinations.
+From such open and imprudent conversation those domestics may no doubt
+take dangerous hints, which, on a fair opportunity, may be applied to
+their owners hurt. They have also easy access to fire arms, which gives
+them a double advantage for mischief. When they are of a passionate and
+revengeful disposition, such domestic slaves seldom want an opportunity
+of striking a sudden blow, and avenging themselves, in case of ill usage,
+by killing or poisoning their owners. Such crimes have often been
+committed in the colonies, and punished; and there is reason to believe
+they have also frequently happened, when they have passed undiscovered.
+Prudence and self-preservation strongly dictate to the Carolineans the
+necessity of guarding against those dangers which arise from domestic
+slaves, many of whom are idle, cunning and deceitful.
+
+    [Sidenote] Oppressed with ignorance and superstition.
+
+In other respects the policy of the colonists, with respect to the
+management and treatment of slaves is extremely defective. The hardships
+to which their bodies are exposed, would be much more tolerable and
+justifiable, were any provision made for civilizing and improving their
+minds. But how grievous their circumstances when we consider, that,
+together with their bodily toil and misery, they are also kept in heathen
+ignorance and darkness, destitute of the means of instruction, and
+excluded in a manner from the pale of the Christian church. Humanity
+places every rational creature upon a level, and gives all an equal title
+those rights of nature, which are essential to life and happiness.
+Christianity breathes a spirit of benevolence, gentleness, and compassion
+for mankind in general, of what nation or complexion soever they be. As
+government has tolerated and established slavery in the plantations, the
+supreme charge of these creatures may be regarded rather as a national
+than a provincial concern. Being members of a great empire, living under
+its supreme care and jurisdiction, and contributing to the increase of
+trade and commerce, to the improvement and opulence of the British
+dominions, they are unquestionably entitled to a share of national
+benevolence and Christian charity. An institution for their religious
+instruction was an object of such usefulness and importance, that it
+merited the attention of the supreme legislature; and the expence of a
+few superb and perhaps empty churches in England, would certainly have
+been better employed in erecting some neat buildings in the plantations
+for this beneficial purpose. To such an institution the merchants of
+Britain, especially those who owe a great part of their opulence to the
+labours of Africans, and whose plea for the trade was the bringing them
+within the pale of the Christian church, ought certainly to have
+contributed in the most liberal manner. The profits of the trade,
+abstracting from other considerations, could well admit of it; but every
+principle of compassion for the ignorant, the poor, and the unfortunate,
+powerfully dictates the same duty, the neglect of which, to every
+impartial judge, must appear in a very inexcusable and criminal light.
+Masters of slaves under the French and Spanish jurisdictions, are obliged
+by law to allow them time for instruction, and to bring them up in the
+knowledge and practice of the Catholic religion. Is it not a reproach to
+the subjects of Britain, who profess to be the freest and most civilized
+people upon earth, that no provision is made for this purpose, and that
+they suffer so many thousands of these creatures, residing in the British
+dominions, to live and die the slaves of ignorance and superstition? How
+can they expect the blessing of heaven on the riches flowing from their
+foreign plantations, when they are at no pains to introduce those objects
+of their care to the knowledge of the true God, and to make them
+partakers of the benefits and hopes of Christianity.
+
+The advantages of religion, like the other gifts of heaven, ought to be
+free and common as the air we breathe to every human creature, capable of
+making a proper use and improvement of them. To the honour of the society
+for the propagation of the Gospel it must indeed be acknowledged, that
+they have made some efforts for the conversion and instruction of those
+heathens. Not many years ago they had no less than twelve missionaries in
+Carolina, who had instructions to give all the assistance in their power
+for this laudable purpose, and to each of whom they allowed fifty pounds
+a-year, over and above their provincial salaries. But it is well known,
+that the fruit of their labours has been very small and inconsiderable.
+Such feeble exertions were no ways equal to the extent of the work
+required, nor to the greatness of the end proposed. Whether their small
+success ought to be ascribed to the rude and untractable dispositions of
+the negroes, to the discouragements and obstructions thrown in the way by
+their owners, or to the negligence and indolence of the missionaries
+themselves we cannot pretend to determine. Perhaps we may venture to
+assert, that it has been more or less owing to all these different
+causes. One thing is very certain, that the negroes of that country, a
+few only excepted, are to this day as great strangers to Christianity,
+and as much under the influence of Pagan darkness, idolatry and
+superstition, as they were at their first arrival from Africa.
+
+But, though neglected by the British nation, they are entitled to a share
+of the common privileges of humanity and Christianity, from their
+provincial owners. It is their duty and interest to use slaves with
+tenderness and compassion, and render them as happy and contented as
+their situation will admit. Were they to allow them certain portions of
+time from their labours of body for the improvement of their mind, and
+open the way for, and provide the means of instruction, would not kind
+usage be productive of many beneficial effects? The loss of labour none
+but avaricious wretches would grudge, and the day of rest allotted for
+man and beast since the beginning of the world, and properly improved for
+that purpose, might of itself be attended with good consequences;
+whereas, to encourage them to labour on that day for themselves, is not
+only robbing them of the opportunities of instruction, but abusing the
+Sunday, by making it to them the most laborious day of the week. It would
+strike a stranger with astonishment and indignation, to hear the excuses
+planters make for this criminal neglect. Some will tell you they are
+beings of an inferior rank, and little exalted above brute creatures;
+that they have no souls, and therefore no concern need be taken about
+their salvation. Others affirm, that they would become more expert in
+vice by being taught, and greater knaves by being made Christians. But
+such advocates for heathen ignorance and barbarism merit no serious
+notice, being enemies to all improvements in human nature, and all the
+benefits resulting to society from civilization and Christianity. Certain
+it is, the inhabitants of Africa have the same faculties with those of
+Europe. Their minds are equally capable of cultivation, equally
+susceptible of the impressions of religion. Ridiculous is it to imagine,
+that the black tincture of their skin, or the barbarous state in which
+they were there found, can make any material alteration. Though fortune
+has put the former under the power of the latter, and assigned them the
+portion of perpetual labour to procure the mere luxuries of life for
+other men; yet, if such a traffic be reasonable and just, there is no
+crime negroes can commit that may not be defended and justified upon the
+same principles. If Europe, to obtain sugar, rum, rice, and tobacco, has
+a right to enslave Africa; surely Africa, if she had the power, has a
+much better right to rob Europe of those commodities, the fruits of her
+children's labour. Every argument that can be brought in support of the
+institution of slavery, tends to the subversion of justice and morality
+in the world. The best treatment possible from the colonists cannot
+compensate for so great a loss. Freedom, in its meanest circumstances, is
+infinitely preferable to slavery, though it were in golden fetters, and
+accompanied with the greatest splendour, ease, and abundance.
+
+If then the greatest advantages are not a sufficient compensation for the
+loss of liberty, what shall we think of those who deny them the smallest?
+But one would imagine that, exclusive of every other motive, personal
+safety would even induce the colonists to provide for them those
+advantages which would render them as easy and contented as possible with
+their condition. Were they duly impressed with a sense of their duty to
+God and man; were they taught the common rules of honesty, justice, and
+truth; were their dispositions to humility, submission, and obedience,
+cultivated and improved; would not such advantages place them more on a
+level with hired servants, who pay a ready and cheerful obedience to
+their masters? Were they favoured with the privileges of Christianity,
+would they not be more faithful and diligent, and better reconciled to
+their servile condition? Besides, Christianity has a tendency to tame
+fierce and wild tempers. It is not an easy thing to display the great and
+extensive influence which the fear of God, and the expectation of a
+future account, would have upon their minds: Christianity enforces the
+obligations of morality, and produces a more regular and uniform
+obedience to its laws. A due sense of the divine presence, the hopes of
+his approbation, and the fears of his displeasure, are motives that
+operate powerfully with the human mind, and in fact would prove stronger
+barriers against trespasses, murders, plots, and conspiracies, than any
+number of stripes from the hands of men, or even the terrors of certain
+death. Whereas, to keep the minds of human creatures under clouds of
+darkness, neither disciplined by reason, nor regulated by religion, is a
+reproach to the name of Protestants, especially in a land of Christian
+light and liberty. Sundays and holidays are indeed allowed the negroes in
+Carolina, the former cannot consistent with the laws be denied them; the
+latter, as they are commonly spent are nuisances to the province.
+Holidays there are days of idleness, riot, wantonness and excess; in
+which the slaves assemble together in alarming crowds, for the purposes
+of dancing, feasting and merriment. At such seasons the inhabitants have
+the greatest reason to dread mischief from them; when let loose from
+their usual employments, they have fair opportunities of hatching plots
+and conspiracies, and of executing them with greater facility, from the
+intemperance of their owners and overseers.
+
+After all, it must be confessed, that the freemen of Carolina themselves
+were for many years in a destitute condition with respect to religious
+instruction; partly owing to their own poverty and the unhealthiness of
+the climate, and partly owing to troubles and divisions subsisting among
+them during the proprietary government. At that time the first object of
+their concern would no doubt be to provide for themselves and their
+children: but since the province has been taken under the royal care,
+their circumstances in every respect have changed for the better,
+insomuch that they are not only able to provide instruction for
+themselves and families, but also to extend the benefit to those living
+in a state of servitude among them. Now they are arrived to such an easy
+and flourishing situation, as renders their neglect entirely without
+excuse. The instruction of negroes would no doubt be a difficult, but by
+no means an impracticable undertaking, and the more difficult the end,
+the more praise and merit would be due to those who should effectually
+accomplish it. Even the Catholics of Spain pitied the miserable condition
+of negroes living among the protestant colonies, and to induce them to
+revolt, proffered them the advantages of liberty and religion at
+Augustine. Is it not a shame to a Protestant nation to keep such a number
+of human creatures so long among them, beings of the same nature,
+subjects of the same government, who have souls to be saved, and capable
+of being eternally happy or miserable in a future world, not only in a
+miserable state of slavery, but also of pagan darkness and superstition.
+What could be expected from creatures thus doomed to endless labour, and
+deprived of the natural rights of humanity and the privileges of
+Christianity, but that they should snatch at the least glimmering hopes
+and prospects of a better state, and give their task-masters reason to
+dread, that they would lay hold of some opportunity of forcing their way
+to it. This inexcusable negligence with respect to them may be considered
+of itself as no small source of danger to the colonists, as the hazard is
+greater from savage and ferocious, than mild and civilized dispositions,
+and, as the restraints of terror and temporal punishments are less
+constant and powerful than those of conscience and religion. The
+political and commercial connection subsisting between the mother country
+and the colonies, makes the charge of negroes, in reason and justice, to
+fall equally upon both. And whatever other men may think, we are of
+opinion, that an institution for their instruction was an object of the
+highest consequence, and that, by all the laws of God and man, that
+nation which brought this unfortunate race into such a situation, was
+bound to consult both their temporal and eternal felicity.
+
+    [Sidenote] James Glen governor.
+
+About this time James Glen received a commission from his majesty,
+investing him with the government of South Carolina, and at the same time
+was appointed Colonel of a new regiment of foot to be raised in the
+province. He was a man of considerable knowledge, courteous, and polite;
+exceedingly fond of military parade and ostentation, which commonly have
+great force on ordinary minds, and by these means he maintained his
+dignity and importance in the eyes of the people. All governors invested
+with extensive powers ought to be well acquainted with the common and
+civil laws of their country; and every wise prince will guard against
+nominating weak or wicked persons to an high office, which affords them
+many opportunities of exercising their power to the prejudice of the
+people. When men are promoted to the government of provinces on account
+of their abilities and merit, and not through the interest of friends,
+then we may expect to see public affairs wisely managed, authority
+revered, and every man sitting secure under his vine, and enjoying the
+fruits of his industry with contentment and satisfaction. But when such
+offices are bestowed on ignorant or needy persons, because they happen to
+be favourites of some powerful and clamorous Lord at court, without any
+view to the interest and happiness of the people, then avarice and
+oppression commonly prevail on one hand, and murmur and discontent on the
+other. The appointment of Governor Glen was so far proper, as he
+possessed those qualifications which rendered his government respectable,
+and the people living under it for several years happy and contented. His
+council, consisting of twelve men, were appointed also by the King, under
+his sign manual. The assembly of representatives consisted of forty-four
+members, and were elected every third year by the freeholders of sixteen
+parishes. The court of chancery was composed of the Governor and Council,
+to which court belonged a master of chancery and a register. There was a
+court of vice-admiralty, the Judge, Register, and Marshal of which were
+appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty in England. The
+Court of King's Bench consisted of a Chief Justice appointed by the King,
+who sat with some assistant justices of the province; and the same judges
+constituted the Court of Common Pleas. There were likewise an
+Attorney-General, a Clerk, and Provost-Marshal. The Secretary of the
+province, who was also Register, the Surveyor-general of the lands, and
+the Receiver-general of the quit-rents, were all appointed by the Crown.
+The Comptroller of the customs, and three Collectors, at the ports of
+Charlestown, Port-Royal, and Georgetown, were appointed by the
+Commissioners of the Customs in England. The provincial Treasurer was
+appointed by the General Assembly. The clergy were elected by the
+freeholders of the parish. All Justices of the peace, and officers of the
+militia, were appointed by the Governor in Council. This is the nature of
+the provincial government and constitution, and in this way were the
+principal officers of each branch appointed or elected, under the royal
+establishment.
+
+    [Sidenote] Ld. Carteret's property divided from that of the Crown.
+
+About the same time John Lord Carteret (now Earl of Granville) applied by
+petition to his Majesty, praying that the eighth part of the lands and
+soil granted by King Charles, and referred to him by the act of
+parliament establishing an agreement with the other seven Lords
+Proprietors for the surrender of their title and interest to his Majesty,
+might be set apart and allotted to him and his heirs for ever, and
+proposing to appoint persons to divide the same; at the same time
+offering to resign to the King his share of, and interest in the
+government, and to convey, release and confirm to his Majesty, and his
+heirs, the other seven parts of the province. This petition being
+referred to the Lords Commissioners of trade and plantations, they
+reported, that it would be for his Majesty's service that Lord Carteret's
+property should be separated from that of his Majesty, and that the
+method proposed by his Lordship would be the most proper and effectual
+for the purpose. Accordingly five commissioners were appointed on the
+part of the King, and five on that of Lord Carteret for separating his
+Lordship's share, and making it one entire district by itself. The
+territory allotted him was divided on the north-east by the line which
+separated North Carolina from Virginia; on the east by the Atlantic
+ocean; on the south by a point on the sea-shore, in latitude thirty-five
+degrees and thirty-four minutes; and, agreeable to the charter, westward
+from these points on the sea-shore it extended, in a line parallel to the
+boundary line of Virginia, to the Pacific Ocean. Not long afterwards, a
+grant of the eighth part of Carolina, together with all yearly rents and
+profits arising from it, passed the great seal, to John Lord Carteret and
+his heirs. But the power of making laws, calling and holding assemblies,
+erecting courts of justice, appointing judges and justices, pardoning
+criminals, granting titles of honour, making ports and havens, taking
+customs or duties on goods, executing the martial law, exercising the
+royal rights of a county palatine, or any other prerogatives relating to
+the administrations of government, were all excepted out of the grant.
+Lord Carteret was to hold this estate upon condition of yielding and
+paying to his Majesty and his heirs and successors, the annual-rent of
+one pound thirteen shillings and fourpence, on the feast of All-Saints,
+for ever, and also one fourth part of all the gold and silver ore found
+within this eighth part of the territory so separated and granted him.
+
+    [Sidenote] The country much exposed to invasion.
+
+As Carolina abounds with navigable rivers, while it enjoys many
+advantages for commerce and trade, it is also much exposed to foreign
+invasions. The tide on that coast flows from six to ten feet
+perpendicular, and makes its way up into the flat country by a variety of
+channels. All vessels that draw not above seventeen feet water, may
+safely pass over the bar of Charlestown, which at spring-tides will admit
+ships that draw eighteen feet. This bar lies in thirty-two degrees and
+forty minutes north latitude, and seventy-eight degrees and forty-five
+minutes west longitude from London. Its situation is variable, owing to a
+sandy foundation and the rapid flux and reflux of the sea. The channel
+leading to George-town is twelve or thirteen feet deep, and likewise
+those of North and South Edisto rivers, and will admit all ships that
+draw not above ten or eleven feet of water. At Stono there is also a
+large creek, which admits vessels of the same draught of water; but Sewee
+and Santee rivers, and many others of less note, are for smaller craft
+which draw seven, eight, or nine feet. The channel up to Port Royal
+harbour is deep enough for the largest ships that sail on the sea; and
+the whole royal navy of England may ride with safety in it. Nature has
+evidently ordained this place for trade and commerce, by the many
+advantages with which she hath favoured it. It lies in thirty-two degrees
+and five minutes north latitude, and in longitude seventy-nine degrees
+five minutes. Its situation renders it an excellent station for a
+squadron of ships in time of war, as the run from it is short to the
+windward islands, but especially as it lies so convenient for distressing
+the immense trade coming through the Gulf of Florida. From this harbour
+ships may run out to the Gulf stream in one day, and return with equal
+ease the next, so that it would be very difficult to escape a sufficient
+number of cruisers stationed at Beaufort. The harbour is also defended by
+a small fort, built of tappy, which is a kind of cement composed of
+oyster-shells beat small, and mixed with lime and water, which when dry
+becomes hard and durable. The fort has two demi-bastions to the river,
+and one bastion to the land, with a gate and ditch, mounting sixteen
+heavy cannon, and containing barracks for an hundred men.
+
+Several leagues to the southward of Port-Royal, Savanna river empties
+itself into the ocean, which is also navigable for ships that draw not
+above fourteen feet water. At the southern boundary of Georgia the great
+river Alatamaha falls into the Atlantic sea, about sixteen leagues
+north-east of Augustine, which lies in twenty-nine degrees fifty minutes.
+This river admits ships of large burden as far as Frederica, a small town
+built by General Oglethorpe, on an eminence in Simon's Island. The island
+on the west end is washed by a branch of the river Alatamaha, before it
+empties itself into the sea at Jekyl sound. At Frederica the river forms
+a kind of bay. The fort General Oglethorpe erected here for the defence
+of Georgia had several eighteen pounders mounted on it and commanded the
+river both upwards and downwards. It was built of tappy, with four
+bastions, surrounded by a quadrangular rampart, and a palisadoed ditch,
+which included also the King's stores, and two large buildings of brick
+and timber. The town was surrounded with a rampart, in the form of a
+pentagon, with flankers of the same thickness with that at the fort, and
+a dry ditch. On this rampart several pieces of ordnance were also
+mounted. In this situation General Oglethorpe had pitched his camp, which
+was divided into streets, distinguished by the names of the several
+Captains of his regiment. Their little huts were built of wood, and
+constructed for holding each four or five men. At some distance from
+Frederica was the colony of Highlanders, situated on the same river, a
+wild and intrepid race, living in a state of rural freedom and
+independence. Their settlement being near the frontiers, afforded them
+abundance of scope for the exercise of their warlike temper; and having
+received one severe blow from the garrison at Augustine, they seemed to
+long for an opportunity of revenging the massacre of their beloved
+friends.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Spaniards invade Georgia.
+
+The time was fast approaching for giving them what they desired. For
+although the territory granted by the second charter to the proprietors
+at Carolina extended far to the south-west of the river Alatamaha, the
+Spaniards had never relinquished their pretended claim to the province of
+Georgia. Their ambassador at the British court had even declared that his
+Catholic Majesty would as soon part with Madrid as his claim to that
+territory. The squadron commanded by Admiral Vernon had for some time
+occupied their attention in the West Indies so much, that they could
+spare none of their forces to maintain their supposed right. But no
+sooner had the greatest part of the British fleet left those seas, and
+returned to England, than they immediately turned their eyes to Georgia,
+and began to make preparations for dislodging the English settlers in
+that province. Finding that threats could not terrify General Oglethorpe
+to compliance with their demands, an armament was prepared at the Havanna
+to go against him, and expel him by force of arms from their frontiers.
+With this view two thousand forces, commanded by Don Antonio de Rodondo,
+embarked at the Havanna, under the convoy of a strong squadron, and
+arrived at Augustine in May 1742.
+
+But before this formidable fleet and armament had reached Augustine, they
+were observed by Captain Haymer, of the Flamborough man of war, who was
+cruising on that coast; and advice was immediately sent to General
+Oglethorpe of their arrival in Florida. Georgia now began to tremble in
+her turn. The General sent intelligence to Governor Glen at Carolina,
+requesting him to collect all the forces he could with the greatest
+expedition, and send them to his assistance; and at the same time to
+dispatch a sloop to the West Indies, to acquaint Admiral Vernon with the
+intended invasion.
+
+Carolina by this time had found great advantage from the settlement of
+Georgia, which had proved an excellent barrier to that province, against
+the incursions of Spaniards and Spanish Indians. The southern parts being
+rendered secure by the regiment of General Oglethorpe in Georgia, the
+lands backward of Port-Royal had become much in demand, and risen four
+times their former value. But though the Carolineans were equally
+interested with their neighbours in the defence of Georgia, having little
+confidence in General Oglethorpe's military abilities, since his
+unsuccessful expedition against Augustine, the planters, struck with
+terror, especially those on the southern parts, deserted their
+habitations, and flocked to Charlestown with their families and effects.
+The inhabitants of Charlestown, many of whom being prejudiced against the
+man, declared against sending him any assistance, and determined rather
+to fortify their town, and stand upon their own grounds in a posture of
+defence. In this resolution, however, it is plain they acted from bad
+motives, in leaving that officer to stand alone against such a superior
+force. At such an emergency, good policy evidently required the firmest
+union, and the utmost exertion of the force of both colonies; for so soon
+as General Oglethorpe should be crushed, the reduction of Georgia would
+open to the common enemy an easy access into the bowels of Carolina, and
+render the force of both provinces, thus divided, unequal to the public
+defence.
+
+In the mean time General Oglethorpe was making all possible preparations
+at Frederica for a vigorous stand. Message after message was sent to his
+Indian allies, who were greatly attached to him, and crowded to his camp.
+A company of Highlanders joined him on the first notice; and seemed
+joyful at the opportunity of retorting Spanish vengeance on their own
+heads. With his regiment, and a few rangers, Highlanders, and Indians,
+the General fixed his head quarters at Frederica, never doubting of a
+reinforcement from Carolina, and expecting their arrival every day; but
+in the mean time determined, in case he should be attacked, to sell his
+life as dear as possible in defence of the province.
+
+About the end of June, 1742, the Spanish fleet, amounting to thirty-two
+sail; and carrying above three thousand men, under the command of Don
+Manuel de Monteano, came to anchor off Simons's bar. Here they continued
+for some time sounding the channel, and after finding a depth of water
+sufficient to admit their ships, they came in with the tide of flood into
+Jekyl sound. General Oglethorpe, who was at Simons's fort, fired at them
+as they passed the sound, which the Spaniards returned from their ships,
+and proceeded up the river Alatamaha, out of the reach of his guns. There
+the enemy having hoisted a red flag at the mizen top-mast-head of the
+largest ship, landed their forces upon the island, and erected a battery,
+with twenty eighteen pounders mounted on it. Among their land forces they
+had a fine company of artillery, under the command of Don Antonio de
+Rodondo, and a regiment of negroes. The negro commanders were clothed in
+lace, bore the same rank with white officers, and with equal freedom and
+familiarity walked and conversed with their commander and chief. Such an
+example might justly have alarmed Carolina. For should the enemy
+penetrate into that province, where there were such numbers of negroes,
+they would soon have acquired such a force, as must have rendered all
+opposition fruitless and ineffectual.
+
+General Oglethorpe having found that he could not stop the progress of
+the enemy up the river, and judging his situation at Fort Simons too
+dangerous, nailed up the guns, burst the bombs and coehorns, destroyed
+the stores, and retreated to his head quarters at Frederica. So great was
+the force of the enemy, that he plainly perceived that nothing remained
+for him to achieve, with his handful of men, and therefore resolved to
+use his utmost vigilance, and to act only on the defensive. On all sides
+he sent out scouting parties to watch the motions of the Spaniards, while
+the main body were employed in working at the fortifications, making them
+as strong as circumstances would admit. Day and night he kept his Indian
+allies ranging through the woods, to harass the outposts of the enemy,
+who at length brought in five Spanish prisoners, who informed him of
+their number and force, and that the Governor of Augustine was commander
+in chief of the expedition. The General, still expecting a reinforcement
+from Carolina, used all his address in planning measures for gaining
+time, and preventing the garrison from sinking into despair. For this
+purpose he sent out the Highland company also to assist the Indians, and
+obstruct as much as possible the approach of the enemy till he should
+obtain assistance and relief. His provisions for the garrison were
+neither good nor plentiful, and his great distance from all settlements,
+together with the enemy keeping the command of the river, cut off
+entirely all prospects of a supply. To prolong the defence, however, he
+concealed every discouraging circumstance from his little army, which,
+besides Indians, did not amount to more than seven hundred men; and to
+animate them to perseverance, exposed himself to the same hardships and
+fatigues with the meanest soldier in his garrison.
+
+    [Sidenote] A stratagem to get rid of the enemy.
+
+While Oglethorpe remained in this situation, the enemy made several
+attempts to pierce through the woods, with a view to attack the fort; but
+met with such opposition from deep morasses, and dark thickets, lined
+with fierce Indians, and wild Highlanders, that they honestly confessed
+that the devil himself could not pass through them to Frederica. Don
+Manuel de Monteano, however, had no other prospect left, and these
+difficulties must either be surmounted, or the design dropt; and
+therefore one party after another was sent out to explore the thickets,
+and to take possession of every advantageous post to be found in them. In
+two skirmishes with the Highlanders and Indians, the enemy had one
+captain, and two lieutenants killed, with above one hundred men taken
+prisoners. After which the Spanish commander changed his plan of
+operations, and keeping his men under cover of his cannon, proceeded with
+some gallies up the river with the tide of flood, to reconnoitre the
+fort, and draw the General's attention to another quarter. To this place
+Oglethorpe sent a party of Indians, with orders to lie in ambuscade in
+the woods, and endeavour to prevent their landing. About the same time an
+English prisoner escaped from the Spanish camp, and brought advice to
+General Oglethorpe of a difference subsisting in it, in so much that the
+forces from Cuba, and those from Augustine encamped in separate places.
+Upon which the General resolved to attempt a surprise on one of the
+Spanish camps, and taking the advantage of his knowledge of the woods,
+marched out in the night with three hundred chosen men, the Highland
+company, and some rangers. Having advanced within two miles of the
+enemy's camp, he halted, and went forward with a small party to take a
+view of the posture of the enemy. But while he wanted above all things to
+conceal his approach, a Frenchman fired his musket, run off and alarmed
+the enemy. Upon which Oglethorpe finding his design defeated, retreated
+to Frederica, and being apprehensive that the deserter would discover his
+weakness, began to study by what device he might most effectually defeat
+the credit of his informations. For this purpose he wrote a letter,
+addressing it to the deserter, in which he desired him to acquaint the
+Spaniards with the defenceless state of Frederica, and how easy and
+practicable it would be to cut him and his small garrison to pieces. He
+begged him, as his spy, to bring them forward to the attack, and assure
+them of success; but if he could not prevail with them to make that
+attempt, to use all his art and influence to persuade them to stay at
+least three days more at Fort Simons, for within that time, according to
+the advice he had just received from Carolina, he would have a
+reinforcement of two thousand land-forces, and six British ships of war,
+with which he doubted not he would be able to give a good account of the
+Spanish invaders. He intreated the deserter to urge them to stay, and
+above all things cautioned him against mentioning a single word of Vernon
+coming against Augustine, assuring him, that for such services he should
+be amply rewarded by his Britannic Majesty. This letter he gave to one of
+the Spanish prisoners, who for the sake of liberty and a small reward,
+promised to deliver it to the French deserter; but, instead of that, as
+Oglethorpe expected, he delivered it to the commander and chief of the
+Spanish army.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Spaniards retreat to Augustine.
+
+Various were the speculations and conjectures which this letter
+occasioned in the Spanish camp, and the commander, among others, was not
+a little perplexed what to infer from it. In the first place he ordered
+the French deserter to be put in irons, to prevent his escape, and then
+called a council of war, to consider what was most proper to be done in
+consequence of intelligence, so puzzling and alarming. Some officers were
+of opinion, that the letter was intended to deceive, and to prevent them
+from attacking Frederica; others thought that the things mentioned in it
+appeared so feasible, that there were good grounds to believe, the
+English General wished them to take place, and therefore gave their voice
+for consulting the safety of Augustine, and dropping a plan of conquest
+attended with so many difficulties, and which, in the issue, might
+perhaps hazard the loss of both army and fleet, if not of the whole
+province of Florida. While the Spanish leaders were employed in these
+deliberations, and much embarrassed, fortunately three ships of force,
+which the Governor of South Carolina had sent out, appeared at some
+distance on the coast. This corresponding with the letter, convinced the
+Spanish commander of its real intent, and struck such a panic into the
+army, that they immediately set fire to their fort, and in great hurry
+and confusion embarked, leaving behind them several cannon, and a
+quantity of provisions and military stores. The wind being contrary, the
+English ships could not, during that day, beat up to the mouth of the
+river, and before next morning the invaders got past them, and escaped to
+Augustine.
+
+In this manner was the province of Georgia delivered, when brought to the
+very brink of destruction by a formidable enemy. Fifteen days had Don
+Manuel de Monteano been on the small island on which Frederica was
+situated, without gaining the smallest advantage over an handful of men,
+and in different skirmishes lost some of his bravest troops. What number
+of men Oglethorpe lost we have not been able to learn, but it must have
+been very inconsiderable. In this resolute defence of the country he
+displayed both military skill and personal courage, and an equal degree
+of praise was due to him from the Carolineans as from the Georgians. It
+is not improbable that the Spaniards had Carolina chiefly in their eye,
+and had meditated an attack where rich plunder could have been obtained,
+and where, by an accession of slaves, they might have increased their
+force in proportion to their progress. Never did the Carolineans make so
+bad a figure in defence of their country. When union, activity and
+dispatch were so requisite, they ingloriously stood at a distance, and
+suffering private pique to prevail over public spirit, seemed determined
+to risk the safety of their country, rather than General Oglethorpe, by
+their help, should gain the smallest degree of honour and reputation.
+Money, indeed, they voted for the service, and at length sent some ships,
+but, by coming so late, they proved useful rather from the fortunate
+co-operation of an accidental cause, than from the zeal and public spirit
+of the people. The Georgians with justice blamed their more powerful
+neighbours, who, by keeping at a distance in the day of danger, had
+almost hazarded the loss of both provinces. Had the enemy pursued their
+operations with vigour and courage, the province of Georgia must have
+fallen a prey to the invaders, and Carolina had every thing to dread in
+consequence of the conquest. Upon the return of the Spanish troops to the
+Havanna, the commander was imprisoned, and ordered to take his trial for
+his conduct during this expedition, the result of which proved so
+shameful and ignominious to the Spanish arms. Though the enemy threatened
+to renew the invasion, yet we do not find that after this repulse they
+made any attempts by force of arms to gain possession of Georgia.
+
+    [Sidenote] Ill treatment of General Oglethorpe.
+
+The Carolineans having had little or no share of the glory gained by this
+brave defence, were also divided in their opinions with respect to the
+conduct of General Oglethorpe. While one party acknowledged his signal
+services, and poured out the highest encomiums on his wisdom and courage;
+another shamefully censured his conduct, and meanly detracted from his
+merit. None took any notice of his services, except the inhabitants in
+and about Port-Royal, who addressed him in the following manner: "We the
+inhabitants of the southern parts of Carolina beg leave to congratulate
+your Excellency on your late wonderful success over your and our
+inveterate enemies the Spaniards, who so lately invaded Georgia, in such
+a numerous and formidable body, to the great terror of his Majesty's
+subjects in these southern parts. It was very certain, had the Spaniards
+succeeded in those attempts against your Excellency, they would also have
+entirely destroyed us, laid our province waste and desolate, and filled
+our habitations with blood and slaughter; so that his Majesty must have
+lost the fine and spacious harbour of Port-Royal, where the largest ships
+of the British nation may remain in security on any occasion. We are very
+sensible of the great protection and safety we have long enjoyed, by your
+Excellency being to the southwards of us, and keeping your armed sloops
+cruising on the coast, which has secured our trade and fortunes more than
+all the ships of war ever stationed at Charlestown; but more by your late
+resolution in frustrating the attempts of the Spaniards, when nothing
+could have saved us from utter ruin, next to the Providence of Almighty
+God, but your Excellency's singular conduct, and the bravery of the
+troops under your command. We think it our duty to pray God to protect
+your Excellency, and send you success in all your undertakings for his
+Majesty's service; and we assure your Excellency, that there is not a man
+of us but would most willingly have ventured his all, in support of your
+Excellency and your gallant troops, had we been assisted, and put in a
+condition to have been of service to you; and that we always looked upon
+our interest to be so united to that of the colony of Georgia, that had
+your Excellency been cut off, we must have fallen of course."
+
+But while the inhabitants in and about Port-Royal were thus addressing
+General Oglethorpe, reports were circulating in Charlestown to his
+prejudice, insomuch that both his honour and honesty were called in
+question. Such malicious rumours had even reached London, and occasioned
+some of his bills to return to America protested. Lieutenant-Colonel
+William Cook, who owed his preferment to the General's particular
+friendship and generosity, and who, on pretence of sickness, had left
+Georgia before this invasion, had filed no less than nineteen articles of
+complaint against him, summoning several officers and soldiers from
+Georgia to prove the charge. As the General had, in fact, stretched his
+credit, exhausted his strength, and risqued his life for the defence of
+Carolina in its frontier colony, such a recompence must have been equally
+provoking, as it was unmerited. We are apt to believe, that such
+injurious treatment could not have arisen from the wiser and better part
+of the inhabitants, and therefore must be solely ascribed to some envious
+and malicious spirits, who are to be found in all communities. Envy
+cannot bear the blaze of superior virtue, and malice rejoices in the
+stains which even falsehood throws on a distinguished character; and such
+is the extensive freedom of the British form of government that every
+one, even the meanest, may step forth as an enemy to great abilities and
+an unblemished reputation. The charges of envy and malice, Oglethorpe
+might have treated with contempt; but to vindicate himself against the
+rude attacks of an inferior officer, he thought himself at this time
+bound in honour to return to England.
+
+    [Sidenote] His character cleared, and conduct vindicated.
+
+Soon after his arrival a court-martial of general officers was called,
+who sat two days at the Horse Guards, examining one by one the various
+articles of complaint lodged against him. After the most mature
+examination, the board adjudged the charge to be false, malicious, and
+groundless, and reported the same to his Majesty. In consequence of which
+Lieutenant-Colonel Cook was dismissed from the service, and declared
+incapable of serving his Majesty in any military capacity whatever. By
+this means the character of General Oglethorpe was divested of those dark
+stains with which it had been overclouded, and began to appear to the
+world in its true and favourable light. Carolina owed this benefactor her
+friendship and love. Georgia was indebted to him for both her existence
+and protection. Indeed his generous services for both colonies deserved
+to be deeply imprinted on the memory of every inhabitant and the benefits
+resulting from them to be remembered to the latest age with joy and
+gratitude.
+
+After this period General Oglethorpe never returned to the province of
+Georgia, but upon all occasions discovered in England an uncommon zeal
+for its prosperity and improvement. From its first settlement the colony
+had hitherto been under a military government, executed by the General
+and such officers as he thought proper to nominate and appoint. But now
+the Trustees thought proper to establish a kind of civil government, and
+committed the charge of it to a president and four assistants, who were
+to act agreeable to the instructions they should receive from them, and
+to be accountable to that corporation for their public conduct. William
+Stephens was made chief magistrate, and Thomas Jones, Henry Parker, John
+Fallowfield, and Samuel Mercer, were appointed assistants. They were
+instructed to hold four general courts at Savanna every year, for
+regulating public affairs, and determining all differences relating to
+private property. No public money could be disposed of but by a warrant
+under the seal of the President and major part of the Assistants in
+council assembled, who were enjoined to send monthly accounts to England
+of money expended, and of the particular services to which it was
+applied. All officers of militia were continued, for the purpose of
+holding musters, and keeping the men properly trained for military
+services; and Oglethorpe's regiment was left in the colony for its
+defence.
+
+By this time the Trustees had transported to Georgia, at different times,
+above one thousand five hundred men, women and children. As the colony
+was intended as a barrier to Carolina, by their charter the Trustees were
+at first laid under several restraints with respect to the method of
+granting lands, as well as the settlers with respect to the terms of
+holding and disposing of them. Now it was found expedient to relieve both
+the former and latter from those foolish and impolitic restrictions.
+Under the care of General Oglethorpe the infant province had surmounted
+many difficulties, yet still it promised a poor recompense to Britain for
+the vast sums of money expended for its protection. The indigent
+emigrants, especially those from England, having little acquaintance with
+husbandry, and less inclination to labour, made bad settlers; and as
+greater privileges were allowed them on the Carolina side of the river,
+they were easily decoyed away to that colony. The Highlanders and Germans
+indeed, being more frugal and industrious, succeeded better, but hitherto
+had made very small progress, owing partly to wars with the Spaniards,
+and to severe hardships attending all kinds of culture in such an
+unhealthy climate and woody country. The staple commodities intended to
+be raised in Georgia were silk and wine, which were indeed very
+profitable articles; but so small was the improvement made in them, that
+they had hitherto turned out to little account. The most industrious and
+successful settlers could as yet scarcely provide for their families, and
+the unfortunate, the sick, and indolent part, remained in a starved and
+miserable condition.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Carolineans petition for three independent companies.
+
+Soon after the departure of General Oglethorpe, the Carolineans
+petitioned the King, praying that three independent companies, consisting
+each of an hundred men, might be raised in the colonies, paid by Great
+Britain, and stationed in Carolina, to be entirely under the command of
+the Governor and Council of that province. This petition was referred to
+the Lords of his Majesty's Privy-council, and a time appointed for
+considering, whether the present state of Carolina was such as rendered
+this additional charge to the nation proper and necessary. Two reasons
+were assigned by the colonists for the necessity of this military force:
+the first was, to preserve peace and security at home; the second, to
+protect the colony against foreign invasions. They alledged, that as the
+country was overstocked with negroes, such a military force was requisite
+to overawe them, and prevent insurrections; and as the coast was so
+extensive, and the ports lay exposed to every French and Spanish
+plunderer that might at any time invade the province, their security
+against such attempts was of the highest consequence to the nation. But
+though they afterwards obtained some independent companies, those
+reasons, at this time, did not appear to the Privy-council of weight
+sufficient to induce them to give their advice for this military
+establishment. It was their opinion, that it belonged to the provincial
+legislature to make proper laws for limiting the importation of negroes,
+and regulating and restraining them when imported; rather than put the
+mother country to the expence of keeping a standing force in the province
+to overawe them: that Georgia, and the Indians on the Apalachian hills,
+were a barrier against foreign enemies on the western frontiers: that
+Fort Johnson, and the fortifications in Charlestown, were a sufficient
+protection for that port; besides, that as the entrance over the bar was
+so difficult to strangers, before a foreign enemy could land five hundred
+men in that town, half the militia in the province might be collected for
+its defence. Georgetown and Port-Royal indeed were exposed, but the
+inhabitants being both few in number and poor, it could not be worth the
+pains and risque of a single privateer to look into those harbours. For
+which reasons it was judged, that Carolina could be in little danger till
+a foreign enemy had possession of Georgia; and therefore it was agreed to
+maintain Oglethorpe's regiment in that settlement complete; and give
+orders to the commandant to send detachments to the forts in James's
+Island, Port-Royal, and such other places where their service might be
+thought useful and necessary to the provincial safety and defence.
+
+    [Sidenote] The colony's advantages from Britain.
+
+Many are the advantages Carolina has derived from its political and
+commercial connection with Britain. Its growing and flourishing state the
+colony owes almost entirely to the mother-country, without the protection
+and indulgence of which, the people had little or no encouragement to be
+industrious. Britain first furnished a number of bold and enterprising
+settlers, who carried with them the knowledge, arts, and improvements of
+a civilized nation. This may be said to be the chief favour for which
+Carolina stands indebted to the parent state during the proprietary
+government. But since the province has been taken under the royal care,
+it has been nursed and protected by a rich and powerful nation. Its
+government has been stable, private property secure, and the privileges
+and liberties of the people have been extensive. Lands the planters
+obtained from the King at a cheap rate. To cultivate them the
+mother-country furnished them with labourers upon credit. Each person had
+entire liberty to manage his affairs for his own profit and advantage,
+and having no tythes, and very trifling taxes to pay, reaped almost the
+whole fruits of his industry. The best and most extensive market was
+allowed to the commodities he produced, and his staples increased in
+value in proportion to the quantity raised, and the demand for them in
+Europe. All British manufactures he obtained at an easy rate, and
+drawbacks were allowed on articles of foreign manufacture, that they
+might be brought the cheaper to the American market. In consequence of
+which frugal planters, every three or four years, doubled their capital,
+and their progress towards independence and opulence was rapid. Indeed,
+the colonists had many reasons for gratitude, and none for fear, except
+what arose from their immoderate haste to be rich, and from purchasing
+such numbers of slaves, as exposed them to danger and destruction.
+
+The plan of settling townships, especially as it came accompanied with
+the royal bounty, had proved beneficial in many respects. It encouraged
+multitudes of poor oppressed people in Ireland, Holland and Germany to
+emigrate, by which means the province received a number of frugal and
+industrious settlers. As many of them came from manufacturing towns in
+Europe, it might have been expected that they would naturally have
+pursued those occupations to which they had been bred, and in which their
+chief skill consisted. But this was by no means the case; for, excepting
+a few of them that took up their residence in Charlestown, they procured
+lands, applied to pasturage and agriculture, and by raising hemp, wheat
+and maize in the interior parts of the country, and curing hams, bacon,
+and beef, they supplied the market with abundance of provision, while at
+the same time they found that they had taken the shortest way of arriving
+at easy and independent circumstances.
+
+    [Sidenote] Its advantage and importance to Britain.
+
+Indeed while such vast territories in Carolina remained unoccupied, it
+was neither for the interest of the province, nor that of the
+mother-country, to employ any hands in manufactures. So long as labour
+bestowed on lands was most profitable, no prudent colonist would direct
+his attention or strength to any other employment, especially as the
+mother-country could supply him with all kinds of manufactures at a much
+cheaper rate than he could make them. The surplus part of British
+commodities and manufactures for which there was no vent in Britain,
+found in Carolina a good market, and in return brought the English
+merchant such articles as were in demand at home, by which means the
+advantages were mutual and reciprocal. The exclusive privilege of
+supplying this market encouraged labour in England, and augmented the
+annual income of the nation. From the monopoly of this trade with
+America, which was always increasing, Britain derived many substantial
+advantages. These colonies consumed all her superfluities which lay upon
+hand, and enlarged her commerce, which, without such a market, must have
+been confined to its ancient narrow channel. In the year 1744, two
+hundred and thirty vessels were loaded at the port of Charlestown, so
+that the national value of the province was not only considerable in
+respect of the large quantity of goods it consumed, but also in respect
+to the naval strength it promoted. Fifteen hundred seamen at least found
+employment in the trade of this province, and, besides other advantages,
+the profits of freight must make a considerable addition to the account
+in favour of Britain.
+
+Nor is there the smallest reason to expect that manufactures will be
+encouraged in Carolina, while landed property can be obtained on such
+easy terms. The cooper, the carpenter, the brick-layer, the shipbuilder,
+and every other artificer and tradesman, after having laboured for a few
+years at their respective employments, and purchased a few negroes,
+commonly retreat to the country, and settle tracts of uncultivated land.
+While they labour at their trades, they find themselves dependent on
+their employers; this is one reason for their wishing at least to be
+their own masters; and though the wages allowed them are high, yet the
+means of subsistence in towns are also dear, and therefore they long to
+be in the same situation with their neighbours, who derive an easy
+subsistence from a plantation, which they cultivate at pleasure, and are
+answerable to no master for their conduct. Even the merchant becomes
+weary of attending the store, and risking his flock on the stormy seas,
+or in the hands of men where it is often exposed to equal hazards, and
+therefore collects it as soon as possible, and settles a plantation. Upon
+this plantation he sets himself down, and being both landlord and farmer,
+immediately finds himself an independent man. Having his capital in lands
+and negroes around him, and his affairs collected within a narrow circle,
+he can manage and improve them as he thinks fit. He soon obtains plenty
+of the necessaries of life from his plantation; nor need he want any of
+its conveniencies and luxuries. The greatest difficulties he has to
+surmount arise from the marshy soil, and unhealthy climate, which often
+cut men off in the midst of their days. Indeed in this respect Carolina
+is the reverse of most countries in Europe, where the rural life, when
+compared with that of the town, is commonly healthy and delightful.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. IX.
+
+
+    [Sidenote] All commotions and oppressions in Europe favourable to
+    America.
+
+The war between England and France still raged in Europe, and being
+carried on under many disadvantages on the side of the allied army, was
+almost as unsuccessful as their enemies could have desired. The battle of
+Fontenoy was obstinate and bloody, and many thousands were left on the
+field on the side of the vanquished. The victorious army had little
+reason for boasting, having likewise bought their victory very dear.
+Though bad success attended the British arms on the continent at this
+time, yet that evil being considered as remote, the people seemed only to
+feel it as affecting the honour of the nation, which by some fortunate
+change might retrieve the glory of its arms; but a plot of a more
+interesting nature was discovered, which added greatly to the national
+perplexity and distress. A civil war broke out within the bowels of the
+kingdom, the object of which was nothing less than the recovery of the
+British crown from the house of Brunswick. Charles Edward Stuart, the
+young pretender, stimulated by the fire of youth, encouraged by the
+deceitful promises of France, and invited by a discontented party of the
+Scotch nation, had landed in North Britain to head the rash enterprise.
+Multitudes of bold and deluded Highlanders, and several Lowlanders, who
+owed their misfortunes to their firm adherence to that family, joined his
+army. He became formidable both by the numbers that followed him, and the
+success that at first attended his arms. But at length, after having
+struck a terror into the nation, he was routed at Culloden field, and his
+party were either dispersed, or made prisoners of war.
+
+What to make of the prisoners of war became a matter of public
+deliberation. To punish all, without distinction, would have been
+unjustifiable cruelty in any government, especially where so many were
+young, ignorant, and misled: to pardon all, on the other hand, would
+discover unreasonable weakness, and dangerous lenity. The prisoners had
+nothing to plead but the clemency of the King, and the tenderness of the
+British constitution. Examples of justice were necessary to deter men
+from the like attempts; but it was agreed to temper justice with mercy,
+in order to convince the nation of the gentleness of that constitution,
+which made not only a distinction between the innocent and guilty, but
+even among the guilty themselves, between those who were more, and those
+who were less criminal. The King ordered a general pardon to pass the
+Great Seal, in which he extended mercy to the ignorant, and misled among
+the rebels, which pardon comprehended nineteen out of twenty, who drew
+lots for this purpose, were exempted from trial, and transported to the
+British plantations. Among other settlements in America, the southern
+provinces had a share of these bold and hardy Caledonians, who afterwards
+proved excellent and industrious settlers.
+
+As every family of labourers is an acquisition to a growing colony, such
+as Carolina, where lands are plenty, and hands only wanted to improve
+them; to encourage emigration, a door was opened there to Protestants of
+every nation. The poor and distressed subjects of the British dominions,
+and those of Germany and Holland, were easily induced to leave
+oppression, and transport themselves and families to that province. Lands
+free of quit-rents, for the first ten years, were allotted to men, women,
+and children. Utensils for cultivation, and hogs and cows to begin their
+stock, they purchased with their bounty-money. The like bounty was
+allowed to all servants after the expiration of the term of their
+servitude. From this period Carolina was found to be an excellent refuge
+to the poor, the unfortunate, and oppressed. The population and
+prosperity of her colonies engrossed the attention of the mother-country.
+His Majesty's bounty served to alleviate the hardships inseparable from
+the first years of cultivation, and landed property animated the poor
+emigrants to industry and perseverance. The different townships yearly
+increased in numbers. Every one upon his arrival obtained his grant of
+land, and sat down on his freehold with no taxes, or very trifling ones,
+no tythes, no poor rates, with full liberty of hunting and fishing, and
+many other advantages and privileges he never knew in Europe. It is true
+the unhealthiness of the climate was a great bar to his progress, and
+proved fatal to many of these first settlers; but to such as surmounted
+this obstacle, every year brought new profits, and opened more
+advantageous prospects. All who escaped the dangers of the climate, if
+they could not be called rich during their own life, by improving their
+little freeholds, they commonly left their children in easy or opulent
+circumstances. Even in the first age being free, contented, and
+accountable to man for their labour and management, their condition in
+many respects was preferable to that of the poorest class of labourers in
+Europe. In all improved countries, where commerce and manufactures have
+been long established, and luxury prevails, the poorest ranks of citizens
+are always oppressed and miserable. Indeed this must necessarily be the
+case, otherwise trade and manufactures, which flourish principally by the
+low price of labour and provisions, must decay. In Carolina, though
+exposed to more troubles and hardships for a few years, such industrious
+people had better opportunities than in Europe for advancing to an easy
+and independent state. Hence it happened that few emigrants ever returned
+to their native country; on the contrary, the success and prosperity of
+the most fortunate, brought many adventurers and relations after them.
+Their love to their former friends, and their natural partiality for
+their countrymen, induced the old planters to receive the new settlers
+joyfully, and even to assist and relieve them. Having each his own
+property and possession, this independence produced mutual respect and
+beneficence, and such general harmony and industry reigned among them,
+that those townships, formerly a desolate wilderness, now stocked with
+diligent labourers, promised soon to become fruitful fields.
+
+    [Sidenote] Cultivation attended with salutary effects.
+
+It has been observed, that in proportion as the lands have been cleared
+and improved, and scope given for a more free circulation of air, the
+climate has likewise become more salubrious and pleasant. This change was
+more remarkable in the heart of the country than in the maritime parts,
+where the best plantations of rice are, and where water is carefully
+preserved to overflow the fields; yet even in those places cultivation
+has been attended with salutary effects. Time and experience had now
+taught the planters, that, during the autumnal months, their living among
+the low rice plantations subjected them to many disorders, from which the
+inhabitants of the capital were entirely exempted. This induced the
+richer part to retreat to town during this unhealthy season. Those who
+were less able to bear the expences of this retreat, and had learned to
+guard against the inconveniencies of the climate, sometimes escaped; but
+laborious strangers suffered much during these autumnal months.
+Accustomed as they were in Europe to toil through the heat of the day,
+and expose themselves in all weathers, they followed the same practices
+in Carolina, where the climate would by no means admit of such liberties.
+Apprehensive of no ill consequences from such exposure, they began their
+improvement with vigour and resolution, and persevered until the hot
+climate and heavy toil exhausted their spirits, and brought home to them
+the unwelcome intimations of danger.
+
+    [Sidenote] Mean heat in Carolina.
+
+In the months of July, August, and September, the heat in the shaded air,
+from noon to three o'clock, is often between ninety and an hundred
+degrees; and as such extreme heat is of short duration, being commonly
+productive of thunder-showers, it becomes on that account the more
+dangerous. I have seen the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer arise in
+the shade to ninety-six in the hottest, and fall to sixteen in the
+coolest season of the year; others have observed it as high as an
+hundred, and as low as ten; which range between the extreme heat of
+summer and cold in winter is prodigious, and must have a great effect
+upon the constitution of all, even of those who are best guarded against
+the climate; what then must be the situation of such as are exposed to
+the open air and burning sky in all seasons? The mean diurnal heat of the
+different seasons has been, upon the most careful observation, fixed at
+sixty-four in spring, seventy-nine in summer, seventy-two in autumn, and
+fifty-two in winter; and the mean nocturnal heat in those seasons at
+fifty-six degrees in spring, seventy-five in summer, sixty-eight in
+autumn, and forty-six in winter.
+
+    [Sidenote] The diseases of the country.
+
+As this climate differs so much from that of Britain, Ireland, and
+Germany, and every where has great influence on the human constitution,
+no wonder that many of these settlers should sicken and die by the
+change, during the first state of colonization. In the hot season the
+human body is relaxed by perpetual perspiration, and becomes feeble and
+sickly, especially during the dog-days, when the air is one while
+suffocating and sultry, and another moist and foggy. Exhausted of fluids,
+it is perhaps not at all, or very improperly, supplied. Hence
+intermittent, nervous, putrid and bilious fevers, are common in the
+country, and prove fatal to many of its inhabitants. Young children are
+very subject to the worm-fever, which cuts off multitudes of them. The
+dry belly-ache, which is a dreadful disorder, is no stranger to the
+climate. An irruption, commonly called the Prickly Heat, often breaks out
+during the summer, which is attended with troublesome itching and
+stinging pains; but this disease being common, and not dangerous, is
+little regarded; and if proper caution be used to prevent it from
+striking suddenly inward, is thought to be attended even with salutary
+effects. In the spring and winter pleurisies and peripneumonies are
+common, often obstinate, and frequently fatal diseases. So changeable is
+the weather, that the spirits in the thermometer will often rise or fall
+twenty, twenty-five, and thirty degrees, in the space of twenty four
+hours, which must make havock of the human constitution. In autumn there
+is sometimes a difference of twenty degrees between the heat of the day
+and that of the night, and in winter a greater difference between the
+heat of the morning and that of noon-day. We leave it to physicians more
+particularly to describe the various disorders incident to this climate,
+together with the causes of them; but if violent heat and continual
+perspiration in summer, noxious vapours and sudden changes in autumn,
+piercing cold nights, and hot noon-days in winter, affect the human
+constitution, the inhabitants of Carolina, especially in the maritime
+parts, have all these and many more changes and hardships during the year
+to undergo. Not only man, but every animal, is strongly affected by the
+sultry heat of summer. Horses and cows retire to the shade, and there,
+though harassed with insects, they stand and profusely sweat through the
+violence of the day. Hogs and dogs are also much distressed with it.
+Poultry and wild fowls droop their wings, hang out their tongues, and,
+with open throats, pant for breath. The planter who consults his health
+is not only cautious in his dress and diet, but rises early for the
+business of the field, and transacts it before ten o'clock, and then
+retreats to the house or shade during the melting heat of the day, until
+the coolness of the evening again invites him to the field. Such is his
+feebleness of body and languor of spirit at noon, that the greatest
+pleasure of life consists in being entirely at rest. Even during the
+night he is often restless and depressed, insomuch that refreshing sleep
+is kept a stranger to his eyes. If unfortunately the poor labourer is
+taken sick in such weather, perhaps far removed from, or unable to
+employ, a physician, how great must be his hazard. In towns this heat is
+still rendered more intolerable by the glowing reflection from houses,
+and the burning sand in the streets. But how it is possible for cooks,
+blacksmiths, and other tradesmen, to work at the side of a fire, as many
+in the province do during such a season, we must leave to the world to
+judge.
+
+    [Sidenote] Climate favourable to the culture of indigo.
+
+This hot weather, however, has been found favourable to the culture of
+indigo, which at this time was introduced into Carolina, and has since
+proved one of its chief articles of commerce. About the year 1745 a
+fortunate discovery was made, that this plant grew spontaneously in the
+province, and was found almost every where among the wild weeds of the
+forest. As the soil naturally yielded a weed which furnished the world
+with so useful and valuable a dye, it loudly called for cultivation and
+improvement. For this purpose some indigo seed was imported from the
+French West Indies, where it had been cultivated with great success, and
+yielded the planters immense profit. At first the seed was planted by way
+of experiment, and it was found to answer the most sanguine expectations.
+In consequence of which several planters turned their attention to the
+culture of indigo and studied the art of extracting the dye from it.
+Every trial brought them fresh encouragement. In the year 1747 a
+considerable quantity of it was sent to England, which induced the
+merchants trading to Carolina to petition parliament for a bounty on
+Carolina indigo. The parliament, upon examination, found that it was one
+of the most beneficial articles of French commerce, that their West India
+islands supplied all the markets of Europe; and that Britain alone
+consumed annually six hundred thousand weight of French indigo, which, at
+five shillings a pound, cost the nation the prodigious sum of one hundred
+and fifty thousand pounds sterling. It was demonstrated by the merchants,
+that this vast expence might be saved, by encouraging the cultivation of
+indigo in Carolina, and commonly believed that in time the colony might
+bring it to such perfection, as to rival the French at the markets of
+Europe. This petition of the merchants was soon followed by another from
+the planters and inhabitants of Carolina, and others to the same effect
+from the clothiers, dyers, and traders of different towns in Britain. It
+was proved, that the demand for indigo annually increased, and it could
+never he expected that the planters in the West Indies would turn their
+hands to it, while the culture of sugar canes proved more profitable.
+Accordingly, an act of parliament passed, about the beginning of the year
+1748, for allowing a bounty of sixpence _per_ pound on all indigo raised
+in the British American plantations, and imported directly into Britain
+from the place of its growth. In consequence of which act the planters
+applied themselves with double vigour and spirit to that article, and
+seemed to vie with each other who should bring the best kind and greatest
+quantity of it to the market. Some years indeed elapsed before they
+learned the nice art of making it as well as the French, whom long
+practice and experience had taught it to perfection; but every year they
+acquired greater skill and knowledge in preparing it, and received
+incredible profit as the reward of their labours. While many of them
+doubled their capital every three or four years by planting indigo, they
+in process of time brought it to such a degree of perfection, as not only
+to supply the mother-country, but also to undersel the French at several
+European markets.
+
+    [Sidenote] The manner of cultivating and making indigo.
+
+Here it may not be improper to give the reader some account of the manner
+in which the people of Carolina cultivate this plant, and extract the dye
+from it. As we pretend to little knowledge of this matter ourselves, we
+shall give the following rules and directions of an ingenious person, who
+practised them for several years with great success. "As both the
+quantity and quality of indigo greatly depend on the cultivation of the
+plant, it is proper to observe, that it seems to thrive best in a rich,
+light soil, unmixed with clay or sand. The ground to be planted should be
+plowed, or turned up with hoes, some time in December, that the frost may
+render it rich and mellow. It must also be well harrowed, and cleansed
+from all grass, roots, and stumps of trees, to facilitate the hoeing
+after the weed appears above ground. The next thing to be considered is
+the choice of the seed, in which the planters should be very nice; there
+is great variety of it, and from every sort good indigo may be made; but
+none answers so well in this colony as the true Guatimala, which if good
+is a small oblong black seed, very bright and full, and when rubbed in
+the hand will appear as if finely polished.
+
+"In Carolina we generally begin to plant about the beginning of April, in
+the following manner: The ground being well prepared, furrows are made
+with a drill-plow, or hoe, two inches deep, and eighteen inches distant
+from each other, to receive the seed, which is sown regularly, and not
+very thick, after which it is lightly covered with earth. A bushel of
+seed will sow four English acres. If the weather proves warm and serene,
+the plant will appear above ground in ten or four-teen days. After the
+plant appears, the ground, though not grassy, should be hoed to loosen
+the earth about it, which otherwise would much hinder its growth. In good
+seasons it grows very fast, and must all the while be kept perfectly
+clean of weeds. Whenever the plant is in full bloom it must be cut down,
+without paying any regard to its height, as its leaves are then thick and
+full of juice, and this commonly happens in about four months after
+planting. But, previous to the season for cutting, a complete set of vats
+of the following dimensions, for every twenty acres of weed, must be
+provided, and kept in good order. The steeper or vat in which the weed is
+first put to ferment, must be sixteen feet square in the clear, and two
+and a half feet deep; the second vat or battery twelve feet long, ten
+feet wide, and four and a half feet deep from the top of the plate. These
+vats should be made of the best cypress or yellow-pine plank, two and a
+half inches thick, well fastened to the joints and studs with seven-inch
+spikes, and then caulked, to prevent their leaking. Vats thus made will
+last in Carolina, notwithstanding the excessive heat, at least seven
+years. When every thing is ready, the weed must be cut and laid regularly
+in the steeper with the stalk upward, which will hasten the fermentation;
+then long rails must be laid the length of the vat, at eighteen inches
+distance from one another, and wedged down to the weed, to prevent its
+buoying up when the water is pumped into the steeper. For this purpose
+the softest water answers best, and the quantity of it necessary must be
+just sufficient to cover all the weed. In this situation it is left to
+ferment, which will begin sooner or later in proportion to the heat of
+the weather, and the ripeness of the plant, but for the most part takes
+twelve or fifteen hours. After the water is loaded with the salts and
+substance of the weed, it must be let out of the steeper into the
+battery, there to be beat; in order to perform which operation, many
+different machines have been invented: but for this purpose any
+instrument that will agitate the water with great violence may be used.
+When the water has been violently agitated for fifteen or twenty minutes
+in the battery, by taking a little of the liquor up in a plate it will
+appear full of small grain or curdled; then you are to let in a quantity
+of lime-water kept in a vat for the purpose, to augment and precipitate
+the faeculae, still continuing to stir and beat vehemently the indigo
+water, till it becomes of a strong purple colour, and the grain hardly
+perceptible. Then it must be left to settle, which it will do in eight or
+ten hours. After which the water must be gently drawn out of the battery
+through plug-holes contrived for that purpose, so that the faeculae may
+remain at the bottom of the vat. It must then be taken up, and carefully
+strained through a horse-hair sieve, to render the indigo perfectly
+clean, and put into bags made of Osnaburghs, eighteen inches long, and
+twelve wide, and suspended for six hours, to drain the water out of it.
+After which the mouths of these bags being well fastened, it must be put
+into a press to be entirely freed from any remains of water, which would
+otherwise greatly hurt the quality of the indigo. The press commonly used
+for this purpose is a box of five feet in length, two and a half wide,
+and two deep, with holes at one end to let out the water. In this box the
+bags must be laid, one upon another, until it is full, upon which a plank
+must be laid, fitted to go within the box, and upon all a sufficient
+number of weights to squeeze out the water entirely by a constant and
+gradual pressure, so that the indigo may become a fine stiff paste; which
+is then taken out and cut into small pieces, each about two inches
+square, and laid out to dry. A house made of logs must be prepared on
+purpose for drying it, and so constructed that it may receive all the
+advantages of an open and free air, without being exposed to the sun,
+which is very pernicious to the dye. For here indigo placed in the sun,
+in a few hours will be burnt up to a perfect cinder. While the indigo
+remains in the drying house, it must be carefully turned three or four
+times in a day, to prevent its rotting. Flies should likewise be
+carefully kept from it, which at this season of the year are hatched in
+millions, and infest an indigo plantation like a plague. After all, great
+care must also be taken, that the indigo be sufficiently dry before it is
+packed, lest after it is headed up in barrels it should sweat, which will
+certainly spoil and rot it."
+
+In this manner indigo is cultivated and prepared in Carolina, and the
+richest land in the heart of the country is found to answer best for it.
+The maritime islands, however, which are commonly sandy, are not
+unfavourable for this production, especially those that contain spots of
+land covered with oak, and hickory trees. It is one of those rank weeds
+which in a few years will exhaust the strength and fertility of the best
+lands in the world. It is commonly cut in the West Indies six and seven
+times in the year, but in Carolina no more than two or three times before
+the frost begins. Our planters have been blamed by the English merchants
+for paying too much attention to the quantity, and too little to the
+quality of their indigo, hence the West-India indigo brings an higher
+price at the market. He that prefers the quality to the quantity, is very
+careful to cut the plant at the proper season, that is, when the weed
+begins to bloom; for the more luxuriant and tender the plant, the more
+beautiful the indigo. While it is curing, indigo has an offensive and
+disagreeable smell, and as the dregs of the weed are full of salts, and
+make excellent manure, therefore they should be immediately buried under
+ground when brought out of the steeper. It is commonly observed, that all
+creatures about an indigo plantation are starved, whereas, about a rice
+one, which abounds with provisions for man and beast, they thrive and
+flourish. The season for making indigo in Carolina ends with the first
+frosty weather, which puts a stop to fermentation, and then double labour
+is not only requisite for beating it, but when prepared it is commonly
+good for nothing.
+
+    [Sidenote] The common methods of judging of its quality.
+
+The planters bring their indigo to market about the end of the year, and
+frequently earlier. The merchant judges of its quality by breaking it,
+and observing the closeness of its grain, and its brilliant copper, or
+violet blue colour. The weight in some measure proves its quality, for
+heavy indigo of every colour is always bad. Good indigo almost entirely
+consumes away in the fire, the bad leaves a quantity of ashes. In water
+also pure and fine indigo entirely melts and dissolves, but the
+heterogeneous and solid parts of the bad sink to the bottom like sand.
+From this period it became a staple to Carolina, and proved equally
+profitable as the mines of Mexico or Peru. To the mother country it was
+no less beneficial, in excluding the French indigo entirely from her
+market, and promoting her manufactures, and trade. I shall afterwards
+take notice of the rapid progress made in the cultivation of this
+article; particularly with respect to the quantity produced and yearly
+shipped to Britain, to supply the markets in Europe.
+
+    [Sidenote] Nova Scotia settled.
+
+The great bounty and indulgence of Britain towards her American colonies
+increased with their progress in cultivation, and favour after favour was
+extended to them. Filled with the prospect of opening an excellent market
+for her manufactures, and enlarging her commerce and navigation, in which
+her strength in a great measure consisted, these colonies were become the
+chief objects of her care, and new ones were planted for the protection
+of the old. At this time the peace of Aix la Chapelle left a number of
+brave sailors and soldiers without employment. Good policy required that
+they should be rendered useful to the nation, and at the same time
+furnished with employment for their own subsistence. Acadia, which was
+ceded to Britain by the treaty of peace, changed its name to Nova Scotia,
+and was capable of producing every species of naval stores. The sea there
+abounded with excellent fish, which might furnish employment for a number
+of sailors, and be made an useful and advantageous branch of trade. But
+the excellent natural harbours which the country afforded, of all other
+things proved the greatest inducement for establishing a colony in it,
+the possession of which would not only promote trade in the time of
+peace, but also prove a safe station for British fleets in time of war.
+Besides, for the sake of commercial advantage, it was judged proper to
+confine the settlements in America as much as possible to the sea-coast.
+The parliament therefore determined to send out a colony to Nova Scotia,
+and, to forward the settlement, voted forty thousand pounds. The
+following advantageous terms were held forth to the people by government,
+and a number of adventurers agreed to accept them. Fifty acres of land
+were to be allowed to every soldier and sailor, two hundred to every
+ensign, three hundred to every lieutenant, four hundred and sixty to
+every captain, and six hundred to all officers of higher rank; together
+with thirty for every servant they should carry along with them. No
+quit-rents were to be demanded for the first ten years. They were also to
+be furnished with instruments for fishing and agriculture, to have their
+passage free, and provisions found them for the first year after their
+arrival. Three thousand seven hundred and sixty adventurers embarked for
+America on these favourable terms, and settled at Halifax, which place
+was fixed on as the seat of government, and fortified. The Acadians, the
+former inhabitants of the country, were allowed peaceably to remain in
+it, and having sworn never to bear arms against their countrymen,
+submitted to the English government, and passed under the denomination of
+French neutrals. The greatest difficulty which the new settlers of Nova
+Scotia had to surmount at this time arose from the Micmac Indians, who
+held that territory from nature, and for some time obstinately defended
+their right to their ancient possessions; and it was not without
+considerable loss that the British subjects at length, by force of arms,
+drove them away from those territories.
+
+    [Sidenote] The great care of Britain for these colonies.
+
+Nor did this new settlement engross the whole attention and liberality of
+the parent state; the province of Georgia also every year shared
+plentifully from the same hands. Indeed the bounty of the mother country
+was extensive as her dominions, and, like the sun, cherished and
+invigorated every object on which it shone. All the colonies might have
+been sensible of her constant attention to their safety and prosperity,
+and had great reason to acknowledge themselves under the strongest
+obligations to her goodness. If she expected a future recompense by the
+channel of commerce, which is for the most part mutually advantageous, it
+was no more than she had justly merited. The colonists, we allow, carried
+with them the rights and liberties of the subjects of Britain, and they
+owed in return the duties of obedience to her laws and subjection to her
+government. The privileges and duties of subjects in all states have been
+reciprocal, and as the mother country had incurred great expence for the
+establishment and support of these foreign settlements; as she had
+multiplied her burdens for their defence and improvement; surely such
+protection and kindness laid a foundation for the firmest union, and the
+most dutiful returns of allegiance and gratitude.
+
+    [Sidenote] Low state of Georgia.
+
+However, the province of Georgia, notwithstanding all that Britain had
+done for its population and improvement, still remained in a poor and
+languishing condition. Its settlers consisted of two sorts of people;
+first, of indigent subjects and foreigners, whom the Trustees transported
+and maintained; secondly, of men of some substance, whom flattering
+descriptions of the province had induced voluntarily to emigrate to it.
+After the peace Oglethorpe's regiment being disbanded, a number of
+soldiers accepted the encouragement offered them by government, and took
+up their residence in Georgia. All those adventurers who had brought some
+substance along with them, having by this time exhausted their small
+stock in fruitless experiments, were reduced to indigence, so that
+emigrants from Britain, foreigners, and soldiers, were all on a level in
+point of poverty. From the impolitic restrictions of the Trustees, these
+settlers had no prospects during life but those of hardship and poverty,
+and of consequence, at their decease, of bequeathing a number of orphans
+to the care of Providence. Nor was the trade of the province in a better
+situation than its agriculture. The want of credit was an unsurmountable
+obstacle to its progress in every respect. Formerly the inhabitants in
+and about Savanna had transmitted to the Trustees a representation of
+their grievous circumstances, and obtained from them some partial relief.
+But now, chagrined with disappointments, and dispirited by the severities
+of the climate, they could view the design of the Trustees in no other
+light than that of having decoyed them into misery. Even though they had
+been favoured with credit, and had proved successful, which was far from
+being their case; as the tenure of their freehold was restricted to heirs
+male, their eldest son could only reap the benefit of their toil, and the
+rest must depend on his bounty, or be left wholly to the charge of that
+Being who feeds the fowls of the air. They considered their younger
+children and daughters as equally entitled to paternal regard, and could
+not brook their holding lands under such a tenure, as excluded them from
+the rights and privileges of other colonists. They saw numbers daily
+leaving the province through mere necessity, and frankly told the
+Trustees, that nothing could prevent it from being totally deserted, but
+the same encouragements with their more fortunate neighbours in Carolina.
+
+[Sidenote: Complaint of the people.]
+
+That the Trustees might have a just view of their condition, the
+Georgians stated before them their grievances, and renewed their
+application for redress. They judged that the British constitution,
+zealous for the rights and liberties of mankind, could not permit
+subjects who had voluntarily risked their lives, and spent their
+substance on the public faith, to effect a settlement in the most
+dangerous frontiers of the British empire, to be deprived of the common
+privileges of all colonists. They complained that the land-holders in
+Georgia were prohibited from selling or leasing their possessions; that a
+tract containing fifty acres of the best lands was too small an allowance
+for the maintenance of a family, and much more so when they were refused
+the freedom to chuse it; that a much higher quit-rent was exacted from
+them than was paid for the best lands in America; that the importation of
+negroes was prohibited, and white people were utterly unequal to the
+labours requisite; that the public money granted yearly by parliament,
+for the relief of settlers and the improvement of the province, was
+misapplied, and therefore the wise purposes for which it was granted were
+by no means answered. That these inconveniencies and hardships kept them
+in a state of poverty and misery, and that the chief cause of all their
+calamities was the strict adherence of the Trustees to their chimerical
+and impracticable scheme of settlement, by which the people were refused
+the obvious means of subsistence, and cut off from all prospects of
+success.
+
+We have already observed, that the laws and regulations even of the
+wisest men, founded on principles of speculation, have often proved to be
+foreign and impracticable. The Trustees had an example of this in the
+fundamental constitutions of John Locke. Instead of prescribing narrower
+limits to the industry and ambition of the Georgians, they ought to have
+learned wisdom from the case of the Proprietors of Carolina, and enlarged
+their plan with respect to both liberty and property. By such indulgence
+alone they could encourage emigrations, and animate the inhabitants to
+diligence and perseverance. The lands in Georgia, especially such as were
+first occupied, were sandy and barren; the hardships of clearing and
+cultivating them were great, the climate was unfavourable for labourers,
+and dangerous to European constitutions. The greater the difficulties
+were with which the settlers had to struggle, the more encouragement was
+requisite to surmount them. The plan of settlement ought to have arisen
+from the nature of the climate, country, and soil, and the circumstances
+of the settlers, and been the result of experience and not of
+speculation.
+
+Hitherto Georgia had not only made small improvement in agriculture and
+trade, but her government was feeble and contemptible. At this time, by
+the avarice and ambition of a single family, the whole colony was brought
+to the very brink of destruction. As the concerns of these settlements
+are closely connected and interwoven with the affairs of Indian nations,
+it is impossible to attain proper views of the circumstances and
+situation of the people, without frequently taking notice of the relation
+in which they stood to their savage neighbours. A considerable branch of
+provincial commerce, as well as the safety of the colonists, depended on
+their friendship with Indians; and, to avoid all danger from their savage
+temper, no small share of prudence and courage was often requisite. This
+will appear more obvious from the following occurrence, which, because it
+is somewhat remarkable, we shall the more circumstantially relate.
+
+    [Sidenote] Troubles excited by Thomas Bosomworth.
+
+I have already observed, that during the time General Oglethorpe had the
+direction of public affairs in Georgia, he had, from maxims of policy,
+treated an Indian woman, called Mary, with particular kindness and
+generosity. Finding that she had great influence among the Creeks, and
+understood their language, he made use of her as an interpreter, in order
+the more easily to form treaties of alliance with them, allowing her for
+her services an hundred pounds sterling a-year. This woman Thomas
+Bosomworth, who was chaplain to Oglethorpe's regiment, had married, and
+among the rest had accepted a track of land from the crown, and settled
+in the province. Finding that his wife laid claim to some islands on the
+sea-coast, which, by treaty, had been allotted the Indians as part of
+their hunting lands; to stock them he had purchased cattle from the
+planters of Carolina, from whom he obtained credit to a considerable
+amount. However, this plan not proving so successful as the proud and
+ambitious clergyman expected, he took to audacious methods of supporting
+his credit, and acquiring a fortune. His wife pretended to be descended
+in a maternal line from an Indian king, who held from nature the
+territories of the Creeks, and Bosomworth now persuaded her to assert her
+right to them, as superior not only to that of the Trustees, but also to
+that of the King. Accordingly Mary immediately assumed the title of an
+independent empress, disavowing all subjection or allegiance to the King
+of Great Britain, otherwise than by way of treaty and alliance, such as
+one independent sovereign might make with another. A meeting of all the
+Creeks was summoned, to whom Mary made a speech, setting forth the
+justice of her claim, and the great injury done to her and them by taking
+possession of their ancient territories, and stirring them up to defend
+their property by force of arms. The Indians immediately took fire, and
+to a man declared they would stand by her to the last drop of their blood
+in defence of their lands. In consequence of which Mary, with a large
+body of savages at her back, set out for Savanna, to demand a formal
+surrender of them from the president of the province. A messenger was
+despatched before hand, to acquaint him that Mary had assumed her right
+of sovereignty over the whole territories of the upper and lower Creeks,
+and to demand that all lands belonging to them be instantly relinquished;
+for as she was the hereditary and rightful queen of both nations, and
+could command every man of them to follow her, in case of refusal, she
+had determined to extirpate the settlement.
+
+The president and council, alarmed at her high pretensions and bold
+threats, and sensible of her great power and influence with the savages,
+were not a little embarrassed what steps to take for the public safety.
+They determined to use soft and healing measures until an opportunity
+might offer of privately laying hold of her, and shipping her off to
+England. But, in the mean time, orders were sent to all the captains of
+the militia, to hold themselves in readiness to march to Savanna at an
+hour's warning. The town was put in the best posture of defence, but the
+whole militia in it amounted to no more than one hundred and seventy men,
+able to bear arms. A messenger was sent to Mary at the head of the
+Creeks, while several miles distant from town, to know whether she was
+serious in such wild pretensions, and to try to persuade her to dismiss
+her followers, and drop her audacious design. But finding her inflexible
+and resolute, the president resolved to put on a bold countenance, and
+receive the savages with firmness and resolution. The militia was ordered
+under arms, to overawe them as much as possible, and as the Indians
+entered the town, Captain Jones, at the head of his company of horse,
+stopped them, and demanded whether they came with hostile or friendly
+intentions? But receiving no satisfactory answer, he told them they must
+there ground their arms, for he had orders not to suffer a man of them
+armed to set his foot within the town. The savages with great reluctance
+submitted, and accordingly Thomas Bosomworth, in his canonical robes,
+with his queen by his side, followed by the various chiefs according to
+their rank, marched into town, making a formidable appearance. All the
+inhabitants were struck with terror at the sight of the fierce and mighty
+host. When they advanced to the parade, they found the militia drawn up
+under arms to receive them, who saluted them with fifteen cannon, and
+conducted them to the president's house. There Thomas and Adam Bosomworth
+being ordered to withdraw, the Indian chiefs, in a friendly manner, were
+called upon to declare their intention of visiting the town in so large a
+body, without being sent for by any person in lawful authority. The
+warriors, as they had been previously instructed, answered, that Mary was
+to speak for them, and that they would abide by her words. They had
+heard, they said, that she was to be sent like a captive over the great
+waters, and they were come to know on what account they were to lose
+their queen. They assured the president they intended no harm, and begged
+their arms might be restored; and, after consulting with Bosomworth and
+his wife, they would return and settle all public affairs. To please them
+their muskets were accordingly given back, but strict orders were issued
+to allow them no ammunition, until the council should see more clearly
+into their dark designs.
+
+On the day following, the Indians having had some private conferences
+with their queen, began to be very surly, and to run in a mad and
+tumultuous manner up and down the streets, seemingly bent on some
+mischief. All the men being obliged to mount guard, the women were
+terrified to remain by themselves in their houses, expecting every moment
+to be murdered or scalped. During this confusion, a false rumour was
+spread, that they had cut off the president's head with a tomahawk, which
+so exasperated the inhabitants, that it was with difficulty the officers
+could prevent them from firing on the savages. To save a town from
+destruction, never was greater prudence requisite. Orders were given to
+the militia to lay hold of Bosomworth, and carry him out of the way into
+close confinement. Upon which Mary became outrageous and frantic, and
+insolently threatened vengeance against the magistrates and whole colony.
+She ordered every man of them to depart from her territories, and at
+their peril to refuse. She cursed General Oglethorpe and his fraudulent
+treaties, and, furiously stamping with her feet upon the ground, swore by
+her Maker that the whole earth on which she trode was her own. To prevent
+bribery, which she knew to have great weight with her warriors, she kept
+the leading men constantly in her eye, and would not suffer them to speak
+a word respecting public affairs but in her presence.
+
+The president finding that no peaceable agreement could be made with the
+Indians while under the baleful eye and influence of their pretended
+queen privately laid hold of her, and put her under confinement with her
+husband. This step was necessary, before any terms of negotiation could
+be proposed. Having secured the chief promoters of the conspiracy, he
+then employed men acquainted with the Indian tongue to entertain the
+warriors in the most friendly and hospitable manner, and explain to them
+the wicked designs of Bosomworth and his wife. Accordingly a feast was
+prepared for all the chief leaders; at which they were informed, that Mr.
+Bosomworth had involved himself in debt, and wanted not only their lands,
+but also a large share of the royal bounty, to satisfy his creditors in
+Carolina: that the King's presents were only intended for Indians, on
+account of their useful services and firm attachment to him during the
+former wars: that the lands adjoining the town were reserved for them to
+encamp upon, when they should come to visit their beloved friends at
+Savanna, and the three maritime islands to hunt upon, when they should
+come to bathe in the salt waters: that neither Mary nor her husband had
+any right to those lands, which were the common property of the Creek
+nations: that the great King had ordered the president to defend their
+right to them, and expected that all his subjects, both white and red,
+would live together like brethren; in short that he would suffer no man
+or woman to molest or injure them, and had ordered these words to be left
+on record, that their children might know them when they were dead and
+gone.
+
+Such policy produced the desired effect, and many of the chieftains being
+convinced that Bosomworth had deceived them, declared they would trust
+him no more. Even Malatchee, the leader of the Lower Creeks, and a
+relation to their pretended empress, seemed satisfied, and was not a
+little pleased to hear, that the great King had sent them some valuable
+present. Being asked why he acknowledged Mary as the Empress of the great
+nation of Creeks, and resigned his power and possessions to a despicable
+old woman, while all Georgia owned him as a chief of the nation, and the
+president and council were now to give him many rich clothes and medals
+for his services? He replied, that the whole nation acknowledged her as
+their Queen, and none could distribute the royal presents but one of her
+family. The president by this answer perceiving more clearly the design
+of the family of Bosomworth, to lessen their influence, and shew the
+Indians that he had power to divide the royal bounty among the chiefs,
+determined to do it immediately, and dismiss them, and the hardships the
+inhabitants underwent, in keeping guard night and day for the defence of
+the town.
+
+In the mean time Malatchee, whom the Indians compared to the wind,
+because of his fickle and variable temper, having, at his own request,
+obtained access to Bosomworth and his wife, was again seduced and drawn
+over to support their chimerical claim. While the Indians were gathered
+together to receive their respective shares of the royal bounty; he stood
+up in the midst of them, and with a frowning countenance, and in violent
+agitation of spirit, delivered a speech fraught with the most dangerous
+insinuations. He protested, that Mary possessed that country before
+General Oglethorpe; and that all the lands belonged to her as Queen, and
+head of the Creeks; that it was by her permission Englishmen were at
+first allowed to set their foot on them; that they still held them of her
+as the original proprietor; that her words were the voice of the whole
+nation, consisting of above three thousand warriors, and at her command
+every one of them would take up the hatchet in defence of her right; and
+then pulling out a paper out of his pocket, he delivered it to the
+president in confirmation of what he had said. This was evidently the
+production of Bosomworth, and served to discover in the plainest manner,
+his ambitious views and wicked intrigues. The preamble was filled with
+the names of Indians, called kings, of all the towns of the Upper and
+Lower Creeks, none of whom, however, were present, excepting two. The
+substance of it corresponded with Malatchee's speech; styling Mary the
+rightful princess and chief of their nation, descended in a maternal line
+from the emperor, and invested with full power and authority from them to
+settle and finally determine all public affairs and causes, relating to
+lands and other things, with King George and his beloved men on both
+sides of the sea, and whatever should be said or done by her, they would
+abide by, as if said or done by themselves.
+
+After reading this paper in council, the whole board were struck with
+astonishment; and Malatchee, perceiving their uneasiness, begged to have
+it again, declaring he did not know it to be a bad talk, and promising he
+would return it immediately to the person from whom he had received it.
+To remove all impression made on the minds of the Indians by Malatchee's
+speech, and convince them of the deceitful and dangerous tendency of this
+confederacy into which Bosomworth and his wife had betrayed them, had now
+become a matter of the highest consequence; happy was it for the province
+this was a thing neither difficult nor impracticable; for as ignorant
+savages are easily misled on the one hand, so, on the other, it was
+equally easy to convince them of their error. Accordingly, having
+gathered the Indians together for this purpose, the president addressed
+them to the following effect. "Friends and brothers, when Mr. Oglethorpe
+and his people first arrived in Georgia, they found Mary, then the wife
+of John Musgrove, living in a small hut at Yamacraw, having a licence
+from the Governor of South Carolina to trade with Indians. She then
+appeared to be in a poor ragged condition, and was neglected and despised
+by the Creeks. But Mr. Oglethorpe finding that she could speak both the
+English and Creek languages, employed her as an interpreter, richly
+clothed her, and made her the woman of the consequence she now appears.
+The people of Georgia always respected her until she married Thomas
+Bosomworth, but from that time she has proved a liar and a deceiver. In
+fact, she was no relation of Malatchee, but the daughter of an Indian
+woman of no note, by a white man. General Oglethorpe did not treat with
+her for the lands of Georgia, she having none of her own, but with the
+old and wise leaders of the Creek nation, who voluntarily surrendered
+their territories to the King. The Indians at that time having much waste
+land, that was useless to themselves, parted with a share of it to their
+friends, and were glad that white people had settled among them to supply
+their wants. He told them that the present bad humour of the Creeks had
+been artfully infused into them by Mary, at the instigation of her
+husband, who owed four hundred pounds sterling in Carolina for cattle;
+that he demanded a third part of the royal bounty, in order to rob the
+naked Indians of their right; that he had quarrelled with the president
+and council of Georgia for refusing to answer his exorbitant demands, and
+therefore had filled the heads of Indians with wild fancies and
+groundless jealousies, in order to breed mischief, and induce them to
+break their alliances with their best friends, who alone were able to
+supply their wants, and defend them against all their enemies." Here the
+Indians desired him to stop, and put an end to the contest, declaring
+that their eyes were now opened, and they saw through his insidious
+design. But though he intended to break the chain of friendship, they
+were determined to hold it fast, and therefore begged that all might
+immediatly smoke the pipe of peace. Accordingly pipes and rum were
+brought, and the whole congress, joining hand in hand, drank and smoked
+together in friendship, every one wishing that their hearts might be
+united in like manner as their hands. Then all the royal presents, except
+ammunition, with which is was judged imprudent to trust them until they
+were at some distance from town, were brought and distributed among them.
+The most disaffected were purchased with the largest presents. Even
+Malatchee himself seemed fully contented with his share, and the savages
+in general perceiving the poverty and insignificance of the family of
+Bosomworth, and their total inability to supply their wants, determined
+to break off all connection with them for ever.
+
+While the president and council flattered themselves that all differences
+were amicably compromised, and were rejoicing in the re-establishment of
+their former friendly intercourse with the Creeks, Mary, drunk with
+liquor, and disappointed in her views, came rushing in among them like a
+fury, and told the president that these were her people, that he had no
+business with them, and he should soon be convinced of it to his cost.
+The president calmly advised her to keep to her lodgings, and forbear to
+poison the minds of Indians, otherwise he would order her again into
+close confinement. Upon which turning about to Malatchee in great rage,
+she told him what the president had said, who instantly started from his
+seat, laid hold of his arms, and then calling upon the rest to follow his
+example, dared any man to touch his queen. The whole house was filled in
+a moment with tumult and uproar. Every Indian having his tomahawk in his
+hand, the president and council expected nothing but instant death.
+During this confusion Captain Jones, who commanded the guard, very
+seasonably interposed, and ordered the Indians immediately to deliver up
+their arms. Such courage was not only necessary to overawe them, but at
+the same time great prudence was also requisite, to avoid coming to
+extremities with them. With reluctance the Indians submitted, and Mary
+was conveyed to a private room, where a guard was set over her, and all
+further intercourse with savages denied her during their stay in Savanna.
+Then her husband was sent for, in order to reason with him and convince
+him of the folly of his chimerical pretensions, and of the dangerous
+consequences that might result from persisting in them. But no sooner did
+he appear before the president and council, than he began to abuse them
+to their face. In spite of every argument used to persuade him to
+submission, he remained obstinate and contumacious, and protested he
+would stand forth in vindication of his wife's right to the last
+extremity, and that the province of Georgia should soon feel the weight
+of her vengeance. Finding that fair means were fruitless and ineffectual,
+the council then determined to remove him also out of the way of the
+savages, and to humble him by force. After having secured the two
+leaders, it only then remained to persuade the Indians peaceably to leave
+the town, and return to their settlements. Captain Ellick, a young
+warrior, who had distinguished himself in discovering to his tribe the
+base intrigues of Bosomworth, being afraid to accompany Malatchee and his
+followers, thought fit to set out among the first: the rest followed him
+in different parties, and the inhabitants, wearied out with constant
+watching, and harassed with frequent alarms, were at length happily
+relieved.
+
+    [Sidenote] With difficulty settled.
+
+By this time Adam Bosomworth, another brother of the family, who was
+agent for Indian affairs in Carolina, had arrived from that province, and
+being made acquainted with what had passed in Georgia, was filled with
+shame and indignation. He found his ambitious brother, not contented with
+the common allowance of land granted by the crown, aspiring after
+sovereignty, and attempting to obtain by force one of the largest landed
+estates in the world. His plot was artfully contrived, and had it been
+executed with equal courage, fatal must the consequence have been. Had he
+taken possession of the provincial magazine on his arrival at Savanna,
+and supplied the Creeks with ammunition, the militia must soon have been
+overpowered, and every family must of course have fallen a sacrifice to
+the indiscriminate vengeance of savages. Happily, by the interposition of
+his brother, all differences were peaceably compromised. Thomas
+Bosomworth at length having returned to sober reflection, began to repent
+of his folly, and to ask pardon of the magistrates and people. He wrote
+to the president, acquainting him that he was now deeply sensible of his
+duty as a subject, and of the respect he owed to civil authority, and
+could no longer justify the conduct of his wife; but hoped that her
+present remorse, and past services to the province, would entirely blot
+out the remembrance of her unguarded expressions and rash design. He
+appealed to the letters of General Oglethorpe for her former
+irreproachable conduct, and steady friendship to the settlement, and
+hoped her good behaviour for the future would atone for her past
+offences, and reinstate her in the public favour. For his own part, he
+acknowledged her title to be groundless, and for ever relinquished all
+claim to the lands of the province. The colonists generously forgave and
+forgot all that had past; and public tranquillity being re-established,
+new settlers applied for lands as usual, without meeting any more
+obstacles from the idle claims of Indian queens and chieftains.
+
+    [Sidenote] The  charter surrendered to the King.
+
+The Trustees of Georgia finding that the province languished under their
+care, and weary of the complaints of the people, in the year 1752
+surrendered their charter to the King, and it was made a royal
+government. In consequence of which his Majesty appointed John Reynolds,
+an officer of the navy, Governor of the province, and a legislature
+similar to that of the other royal governments in America was established
+in it. Great had been the expence which the mother country had already
+incurred, besides private benefactions, for supporting this colony; and
+small had been the returns yet made by it. The vestiges of cultivation
+were scarcely perceptible in the forest, and in England all commerce with
+it was neglected and despised. At this time the whole annual exports of
+Georgia did not amount to ten thousand pounds sterling. Though the people
+were now favoured with the same liberties and privileges enjoyed by their
+neighbours under the royal care, yet several years more elapsed before
+the value of the lands in Georgia was known, and that spirit of industry
+broke out in it which afterwards diffused its happy influence over the
+country.
+
+    [Sidenote] George Whitfield's settlement.
+
+In the annals of Georgia the famous George Whitfield may not be unworthy
+of some notice, especially as the world through which he wandered has
+heard so much of his Orphan-house built in that province. Actuated by
+religious motives, this wanderer several times passed the Atlantic to
+convert the Americans, whom he addressed in such a manner as if they had
+been all equal strangers to the privileges and benefits of religion with
+the original inhabitants of the forest. However, his zeal never led him
+beyond the maritime parts of America, through which he travelled,
+spreading what he called the true evangelical faith among the most
+populous towns and villages. One would have imagined that the heathens,
+or at least those who were most destitute of the means of instruction,
+would have been the primary and most proper objects of his zeal and
+compassion; but this was far from being the case. However, wherever he
+went in America, as in Britain, he had multitudes of followers. When he
+first visited Charlestown, Alexander Garden, a man of some sense and
+erudition, who was the episcopal clergyman of that place, to put the
+people upon their guard, took occasion to point out to them the
+pernicious tendency of Whitfield's wild doctrines and irregular manner of
+life. He represented him as a religious impostor or quack, who had an
+excellent knack of setting off to advantage his poisonous tenets. On the
+other hand, Whitfield, who had been accustomed to bear reproach and face
+opposition, recriminated with double acrimony and greater success. While
+Alexander Garden, to keep his flock from straying after this strange
+pastor, expatiated on the words of Scripture, "Those that have turned the
+world upside down are come hither also." Whitfield, with all the force of
+comic humour and wit for which he was so much distinguished, by way of
+reply, enlarged on these words, "Alexander the coppersmith hath done me
+much evil, the Lord reward him according to his works." In short, the
+pulpit was perverted by both into the mean purposes of spite and
+malevolence, and every one catching a share of the infection, spoke of
+the clergymen as they were differently affected.
+
+    [Sidenote] Whitfield's Orphan-house.
+
+In Georgia Whitfield having obtained a track of land from the Trustees,
+erected a wooden house two stories high, the dimensions of which were
+seventy feet by forty, upon a sandy beach nigh the sea-shore. This house,
+which he called the Orphan-House, he began to build about the year 1740,
+and afterwards finished it at a great expense. It was intended to be a
+lodging for poor children, where they were to be clothed and fed by
+charitable contributions, and and trained up in the knowledge and
+practice of the Christian religion. The design, beyond doubt, was humane
+and laudable; but, perhaps, had he travelled over the whole earth, he
+could scarcely have found out a spot of ground upon it more improper for
+the purpose. The whole province of Georgia could not furnish him with a
+track of land of the same extent more barren and unprofitable. To this
+house poor children were to be sent from at least a healthy country, to
+be supported partly by charity, and partly by the produce of this land
+cultivated by negroes. Nor was the climate better suited to the purpose
+than the soil, for it is certain, before the unwholesome marshes around
+the house were fertilized, the influences of both air and water must have
+conspired to the children's destruction.
+
+However, Whitfield having formed his chimerical project, determined to
+accomplish it, and, instead of bring discouraged by obstacles and
+difficulties, gloried in despising them. He wandered through the British
+empire, persuaded the ignorant and credulous part of the world of the
+excellence of his design, and obtained from them money, clothes, and
+books, to forward his undertaking, and supply his poor orphans in
+Georgia. About thirty years after this wooden house was finished it was
+burned to the ground; during which time, if I am well informed, few or
+none of the children educated in it have proved either useful members of
+society, or exemplary in respect to religion. Some say the fire was
+occasioned by a foul chimney, and others by a flash of lightning; but
+whatever was the cause, it burnt with such violence that little of either
+the furniture or library escaped the flames. When I saw the ruins of this
+fabric, I could not help reflecting on that great abuse of the fruits of
+charity too prevalent in the world. That money which was sunk here had
+been collected chiefly from the poorest class of mankind. Most of those
+bibles which were here burnt had been extorted from indigent and
+credulous persons, who perhaps had not money to purchase more for
+themselves. Happy was it for the zealous founder of this institution,
+that he did not live to see the ruin of his works. After his death he was
+brought from New-England, above eight hundred miles, and buried at this
+Orphan-house. In his last will he left Lady Huntingdon sole executrix,
+who has now converted the lands and negroes belonging to the poor
+benefactors of Great Britain and her dominions, to the support of
+clergymen of the same irregular stamp with the deceased, but void of his
+shining talents, and it is become a seminary of dissension and sedition.
+
+    [Sidenote] Sketch of his character.
+
+As George Whitfield appeared in such different lights in the successive
+stages of life, it is no easy matter to delineate his character without
+an uncommon mixture and vast variety of colours. He was in the British
+empire not unlike one of those strange and erratic meteors which appear
+now and then in the system of nature. In his youth, as he often confessed
+and lamented, he was gay, giddy and profligate; so fondly attached to the
+stage, that he joined a company of strolling actors and vagabonds, and
+spent a part of his life in that capacity. At this period it is probable
+he learned that grimace, buffoonery and gesticulation which he afterwards
+displayed from the pulpit. From an abandoned and licentious course of
+life he was converted; and, what is no uncommon thing, from one extreme
+he run into the other, and became a most zealous and indefatigable
+teacher of religion. Having studied some time at Oxford, he received
+ordination in the church of England; yet he submitted to none of the
+regulations of that or any other church, but became a preacher in
+churches, meeting-houses, halls, fields, in all places, and to all
+denominations, without exception. Though little distinguished for genius
+or learning, yet he possessed a lively imagination, much humour, and had
+acquired considerable knowledge of human nature and the manners of the
+world. His pretensions to humanity and benevolence were great, yet he
+would swell with venom, like a snake, against opposition and
+contradiction. His reading was inconsiderable, and mankind being the
+object of his study, he could, when he pleased, raise the passions, and
+touch the tone of the human heart to great perfection. By this affecting
+eloquence and address he impressed on the minds of many, especially of
+the more soft and delicate sex, such a strong sense of sin and guilt as
+often plunged them into dejection and despair. As his custom was to
+frequent those larger cities and towns, that are commonly best supplied
+with the means of instruction, it would appear that the love of fame and
+popular applause was his leading passion; yet in candour it must be
+acknowledged, that he always discovered a warm zeal for the honour of God
+and the happiness of men. While he was almost worshipped by the vulgar,
+men of superior rank and erudition found him the polite gentleman, and
+the facetious and jocular companion. Though he loved good cheer, and
+frequented the houses of the rich or more hospitable people of America,
+yet he was an enemy to all manner of excess and intemperance. While his
+vagrant temper led him from place to place, his natural discernment
+enabled him to form no bad judgment of the characters and manners of men
+wherever he went. Though he appeared a friend to no established church,
+yet good policy winked at all his irregularities, as he every where
+proved a steady friend to monarchy and the civil constitution. He knew
+well how to keep up the curiosity of the multitude, and his roving manner
+stamped a kind of novelty on his instructions. When exposed to the taunts
+of the scoffer, and the ridicule of the flagitious, he remained firm to
+his purpose, and could even retort these weapons with astonishing ease
+and dexterity, and render vice abashed under the lash of his satire and
+wit. Sometimes, indeed, he made little scruple of consigning over to
+damnation such as differed from him or despised him; yet he was not
+entirely devoid of liberality of sentiment. To habitual sinners his
+address was for the most part applicable and powerful, and with equal
+ease could alarm the secure, and confirm the unsteady. Though, in prayer,
+he commonly addressed the second person of the Trinity in a familiar and
+fulsome style, and in his sermons used many ridiculous forms of speech,
+and told many of his own wonderful works, yet these seemed only shades to
+set off to greater advantage the lustre of his good qualities. In short,
+though it is acknowledged he had many oddities and failings, and was too
+much the slave of party and vain-glory, yet in justice it cannot be
+denied, that religion in America owed not a little to the zeal,
+diligence, and oratory, of this extraordinary man.
+
+Having said so much with respect to the character which Mr. Whitfield
+bore in America, if we view the effects of his example and manner of life
+in that country, he will appear to us in a less favourable light. His
+great ambition was to be the founder of a new sect, regulated entirely by
+popular fancy and caprice, depending on the gifts of nature, regardless
+of the improvements of education and all ecclesiastical laws and
+institutions. Accordingly, after him a servile race of ignorant and
+despicable imitators sprung up, and wandered from place to place,
+spreading doctrines subversive of all public order and peace. We
+acknowledge the propriety and justice of allowing every reasonable
+indulgence to men in matters of religion. The laws of toleration being
+part of our happy constitution, it lies with men to learn their duty from
+them, and claim protection under them. But after a church has been
+erected and established by the most skilful architects, and for ages
+received the approbation of the wisest and best men, it serves only to
+create endless confusion to be making alterations and additions to
+gratify the fancy of every Gothic pretender to that art. Though Whitfield
+was in fact a friend to civil government, yet his followers on that
+continent have been distinguished for the contrary character, and have
+for the most part discovered an aversion to our constitution both of
+church and state. Toleration to men who remain peaceable subjects to the
+state is reasonable; but dissention, when it grows lawless and
+headstrong, is dangerous, and summons men in general to take shelter
+under the constitution, that the salutary laws of our country may be
+executed by its united strength. No man ought to claim any lordship over
+the conscience; but when the consciences of obstinate sectaries become
+civil nuisances, and destructive of public tranquillity, they ought to be
+restrained by legal authority. For certainly human laws, if they have not
+the primary, have, or ought to have, a secondary power to restrain the
+irregular and wild excesses of men in religious as well as in civil
+matters.
+
+    [Sidenote] A congress with Creeks.
+
+About the year 1752 the flames of war broke out among some Indian
+nations, which threatened to involve the province of Carolina in the
+calamity. The Creeks having quarrelled with their neighbours for
+permitting some Indians to pass through their country to wage war against
+them, by way of revenge had killed some Cherokees nigh the gates of
+Charlestown. A British trader to the Chickesaw nation had likewise been
+scalped by a party of warriors belonging to the same nation. Governor
+Glen, in order to demand satisfaction for these outrages, sent a
+messenger to the Creeks, requesting a conference at Charlestown with
+their leading men. The Creeks returned for answer, that they were willing
+to meet him, but as the path had not been open and safe for some time,
+they could not enter the settlement without a guard to escort them. Upon
+which the Governor sent fifty horsemen, who met them at the confines of
+their territories, and convoyed Malatchee, with above an hundred of his
+warriors, to Charlestown.
+
+    [Sidenote] The governor's speech to them.
+
+As they arrived on Sunday the Governor did not summon his council until
+the day following, to hold a congress with them. At this meeting a number
+of gentlemen were present, whom curiosity had drawn together to see the
+warriors and hear their speeches. When they entered the council-chamber
+the Governor arose and took them by the hand, signifying that he was glad
+to see them, and then addressed them to the following effect: "Being tied
+together by the most solemn treaties, I call you by the beloved names of
+friends and brothers. In the name of the great King George I have sent
+for you, on business of the greatest consequence to your nation. I would
+have received you yesterday on your arrival, but it was a beloved day,
+dedicated to repose and the concerns of a future life. I am sorry to hear
+that you have taken up the hatchet, which I flattered myself had been for
+ever buried. It is my desire to have the chain brightened and renewed,
+not only between you and the English, but also between you and other
+Indian nations. You are all our friends, and I could wish that all
+Indians in friendship with us were also friends one with another. You
+have complained to me of the Cherokees permitting the northern Indians to
+come through their country to war against you, and supplying them with
+provisions and ammunition for that purpose. The Cherokees, on the other
+hand, alledge, that it is not in their power to prevent them, and
+declare, that while their people happen to be out hunting those northern
+Indians come in to their towns well armed, and in such numbers that they
+are not able to resist them.
+
+"I propose that a treaty of friendship and peace be concluded first with
+the English, and then with the Cherokees, in such a manner as may render
+it durable. Some of your people have from smaller crimes proceeded to
+greater. First, they waylaid the Cherokees, and killed one of them in the
+midst of our settlements; then they came to Charlestown, where some
+Cherokees at the same time happened to be, and though I cautioned them,
+and they promised to do no mischief, yet the next day they assaulted and
+murdered several of them nigh the gates of this town. For these outrages
+I have sent for you, to demand satisfaction; and also for the murder
+committed in one of your towns, for which satisfaction was made by the
+death of another person, and not of the murderer. For the future, I
+acquaint you, that nothing will be deemed as satisfaction for the lives
+of our people, but the lives of these persons themselves who shall be
+guilty of the murder. The English never make treaties of friendship but
+with the greatest deliberation, and when made observe them with the
+strictest punctuality. They are, at the same time vigilant, and will not
+suffer other nations to infringe the smallest article of such treaties.
+It would tend to the happiness of your people were you equally careful to
+watch against the beginnings of evil; for sometimes a small spark, if not
+attended to, may kindle a great fire; and a slight sore, if suffered to
+spread, may endanger the whole body. Therefore, I have sent for you to
+prevent farther mischief, and I hope you come disposed to give
+satisfaction for the outrages already committed, and to promise and agree
+to maintain peace and friendship with your neighbours for the future."
+
+[Sidenote: Malatchee's answer.] This speech delivered to the Indians was
+interpreted by Lachlan McGilvray, an Indian trader, who understood their
+language. After which Malatchee, the king of the Lower Creek nation,
+stood forth, and with a solemnity and dignity of manner that astonished
+all present, in answer, addressed the Governor to the following effect:
+"I never had the honour to see the great King George, nor to hear his
+talk--But you are in his place--I have heard yours, and I like it
+well--Your sentiments are agreeable to my own--The great King wisely
+judged, that the best way of maintaining friendship between white and red
+people was by trade and commerce: --He knew we are poor, and want many
+things, and that skins are all we have to give in exchange for what we
+want--I have ordered my people to bring you some as a present, and, in
+the name of our nation, I lay them at your Excellency's feet--You have
+sent for us--we are come to hear what you have to say--But I did not
+expect to hear our whole nation accused for the faults of a few private
+men--Our head-men neither knew nor approved of the mischief done--We
+imagined our young men had gone a-hunting as usual--When we heard what
+had happened at Charlestown, I knew you would send and demand
+satisfaction--When your agent came and told me what satisfaction you
+required, I owned the justice of it--But it was not adviseable for me
+alone to grant it--It was prudent to consult with our beloved men, and
+have their advice in a matter of such importance--We met--we found that
+the behaviour of some of our people had been bad--We found that blood had
+been spilt at your gates--We thought it just that satisfaction should he
+made--We turned our thoughts to find out the chief persons concerned;
+(for a man will sometimes employ another to commit a crime he does not
+chuse to be guilty of himself) --We found the Acorn Whistler was the
+chief contriver and promoter of the mischief--We agreed that he was the
+man that ought to suffer--Some of his relations, who are here present,
+then said he deserved death, and voted for it--Accordingly he was put to
+death--He was a very great warrior, and had many friends and relations in
+different parts of the country--We thought it prudent to conceal for some
+time the true reason of his death, which was known only to the head men
+that concerted it--We did this for fear some of his friends in the heat
+of fury would take revenge on some of your traders--At a general meeting
+all matters were explained--The reasons of his death were made known--His
+relations approved of all that was done.--Satisfaction being made, I say
+no more about that matter--I hope our friendship with the English will
+continue as heretofore.
+
+"As to the injuries done to the Cherokees, which you spoke of, we are
+sorry for them--We acknowledge our young men do many things they ought
+not to do, and very often act like madmen--But it is well known I and the
+other head warriors did all we could to oblige them to make
+restitution--I rode from town to town with Mr. Bosomworth and his wife to
+assist them in this matter--Most of the things taken have been
+restored--When this was over, another accident happened which created
+fresh troubles--A Chickesaw who lived in our nation; in a drunken fit
+shot a white man--I knew you would demand satisfaction--I thought it best
+to give it before it was asked--The murder was committed at a great
+distance from me--I mounted my horse and rode through the towns with your
+agent--I took the head men of every town along with me--We went to the
+place and demanded satisfaction--It was given--The blood of the Indian
+was spilt for the blood of a white man--The uncle of the murderer
+purchased his life, and voluntarily killed himself in his stead--Now I
+have done--I am glad to see you face to face to settle those matters--it
+is good to renew treaties of friendship--I shall always be glad to call
+you friends and brothers."
+
+This speech throws no small light on the judicial proceedings of
+barbarous nations, and shews that human nature in its rudest state
+possesses a strong sense of right and wrong. Although Indians have little
+property, yet here we behold their chief magistrate protecting what they
+have, and, in cases of robbery, acknowledging the necessity of making
+restitution. They indeed chiefly injure one another in their persons or
+reputations, and in all cases of murder the guilty are brought to trial
+and condemned to death by the general consent of the nation. Even the
+friends and relations of the murderer here voted for his death. But what
+is more remarkable, they give us an instance of an atonement made, and
+justice satisfied, by the substitution of an innocent man in place of the
+guilty. An uncle voluntarily and generously offers to die in the place of
+his nephew, the savages accept of the offer, and in consequence of his
+death declare that satisfaction is made. Next to personal defence, the
+Indian guards his character and reputation; for as it is only from the
+general opinion his nation entertains of his wisdom, justice and valour,
+that he can expect to arrive at rank and distinction, he is exceedingly
+watchful against doing any thing for which he may incur public blame or
+disgrace. In this answer to Governor Glen, Malatchee discovers
+considerable talents as a public speaker, and appears to be insensible
+neither to his own dignity and freedom, not to the honour and
+independence of his nation. Genius and liberty are the gifts of heaven;
+the former is universal as that space over which it has scope to range,
+the latter inspires confidence, and gives a natural confidence to our
+words and actions.
+
+During the months of June, July, and August, 1752, the weather in
+Carolina was warmer than any of the inhabitants then alive had ever felt
+it, and the mercury in the shade often arose above the nintieth, and at
+one time was observed at the hundred and first degree of the thermometer;
+and, at the same time, when exposed to the sun, and suspended at the
+distance of five feet from the ground, it arose above the hundred and
+twentieth division. By this excessive heat the air becomes greatly
+rarified, and a violent hurricane commonly comes and restores the balance
+in the atmosphere. In such a case the wind usually proceeds from the
+north-east, directly opposite to the point from which it had long blown
+before. Those storms indeed seldom happen except in seasons when there
+has been little thunder, when the weather has been long exceeding dry and
+intolerably hot, and though they occasion damages to some individuals,
+there is reason to believe that they are wisely ordered, and productive
+upon the whole of good and salutary effects. Among the close and dark
+recesses of the woods the air stagnates, and requires some violent storm
+to clear it of putrid effluvia, and render it fit for respiration. At the
+same time the earth emits vapours which in a few days causes the finest
+polished metals to rust. To penetrate through the thick forest, and
+restore the air to a salubrious state, hurricanes may be useful and
+necessary. And as such storms have been observed to be productive of good
+effects, the want of them for many years together may be deemed a great
+misfortune by the inhabitants, especially such as are exposed to the
+noon-day heat, to the heavy fogs that fall every morning and evening, and
+all the severities of the climate.
+
+It is not improbable that the maritime parts of Carolina have been
+forsaken by the sea. Though you dig ever so deep in those places you find
+no stones or rocks, but every where sand or beds of shells. As a small
+decrease of water will leave so flat a country entirely bare, so a small
+increase will again cover it. The coast is not only very level, but the
+dangerous hurricanes commonly proceed from the north-east; and as the
+stream of the Gulf of Florida flows rapidly towards the same point, this
+large body of water, when obstructed by the tempest, recurs upon the
+shore, and overflows the country.
+
+    [Sidenote] A hurricane at Charlestown.
+
+In the month of September, 1752, a dreadful hurricane happened at
+Charlestown. In the night before, it was observed by the inhabitants that
+the wind at north-east began to blow hard, and continued increasing in
+violence till next morning. Then the sky appeared wild and cloudy, and it
+began to drizzle and rain. About nine o'clock the flood came rolling in
+with great impetuosity, and in a little time rose ten feet above high
+water mark at the highest tides. As usual in such cases, the town was
+overflown, and the streets were covered with boats, boards, and wrecks of
+houses and ships. Before eleven all the ships in the harbour were driven
+ashore, and sloops and schooners were dashing against the houses of
+Bay-Street, in which great quantities of goods were damaged and
+destroyed. Except the Hornet man of war, which by cutting away her masts,
+rode out the storm, no vessel escaped being damaged or wrecked. The
+tremor and consternation which seized the inhabitants may be more easily
+conceived than expressed. Finding themselves in the midst of a
+tempestuous sea, and expecting the tide to flow till one o'clock, its
+usual hour, at eleven they retired to the upper stories of their houses,
+and there remained despairing of life. At this critical time Providence
+however mercifully interposed, and surprised them with a sudden and
+unexpected deliverance. Soon after eleven the wind shifted, in
+consequence of which the waters fell five feet in the space of ten
+minutes. By this happy change the Gulf stream, stemmed by the violent
+blast, had freedom to run in its usual course, and the town was saved
+from imminent danger and destruction. Had the water continued to rise,
+and the tide to flow until its usual hour, every inhabitant of
+Charlestown must have perished. Almost all the tiled and slated houses
+were uncovered, several persons were hurt, and some were drowned. The
+fortifications and wharfs were almost entirely demolished: the provisions
+in the field, in the maritime parts, were destroyed, and numbers of
+cattle and hogs perished in the waters. The pest-house in Sullivan's
+island, built of wood, with fifteen persons in it, was carried several
+miles up Cooper river, and nine out of the fifteen were drowned. In
+short, such is the low situation of Charlestown, that it is subject to be
+destroyed at any time by such an inundation, and the frequent warnings
+the people have had may justly fill them with a deep sense of their
+dependent condition, and with constant gratitude to Providence for their
+preservation.
+
+    [Sidenote] The advantages of poor settlers in the province.
+
+We have seen the hardships under which the Carolineans laboured from the
+hot climate and low situation of the province, it may not be improper to
+take a view of those advantages afforded them which served to animate
+them amidst such difficulties to industry and perseverance. In that
+growing colony, where there are vast quantities of land unoccupied, the
+poorest class of people have many opportunities and advantages, from
+which they are entirely excluded in countries fully peopled and highly
+improved. During the first years of occupancy they are indeed exposed to
+many dangers in providing for themselves and families an habitation for a
+shelter against the rigours of the climate, and in clearing fields for
+raising the necessaries of life. But when they have the good fortune to
+surmount the hardships of the first years of cultivation, the
+inconveniencies gradually decrease in proportion to their improvements.
+The merchants being favoured with credit from Britain, are enabled to
+extend it to the swarm of labourers in the country. The planters having
+established their characters for honesty and industry, obtain hands to
+assist them in the harder tasks of clearing and cultivation. Their wealth
+consists in the increase of their slaves, stock and improvements. Having
+abundance of waste land, they can extend their culture in proportion to
+their capital. They live almost entirely on the produce of their estates,
+and consequently spend but a small part of their annual income. The
+surplus is yearly added to the capital, and they enlarge their prospects
+in proportion to their wealth and strength. At market if there be a great
+demand for the commodities they raise, this is an additional advantage,
+and renders their progress rapid beyond their most sanguine expectations;
+they labour, and they receive more and more encouragement to persevere,
+until they advance to an easy and comfortable state. It has been
+observed, on the other hand, that few or none of those emigrants that
+brought much property along with them have ever succeeded in that
+country.
+
+    [Sidenote] The advantages of money lenders.
+
+Or, if the poor emigrant be an artificer, and chuses to follow his trade,
+the high price of labour is no less encouraging. By the indulgence of the
+merchants, or by the security of a friend, he obtains credit for a few
+negroes. He learns them his trade, and a few good tradesmen, well
+employed, are equal to a small estate. Having got some hands, instead of
+a labourer he becomes an undertaker, and enters into contract with his
+employer, to erect his house; to build his ship; to furnish his
+plantations with shoes, or the capital with bricks. In a little time he
+acquires some money, and, like several others in the city whose yearly
+gain exceeds what is requisite for the support of themselves and
+families, lays it out on interest. Ten and eight _per cent._ being given
+for money, proved a great temptation, and induced many, who were averse
+from the trouble of settling plantations, or were unable to bestow that
+attention to them which they demanded, to take this method of increasing
+their fortune. If the moneylender followed his employment in the capital,
+or reserved in his hands a sufficiency for family use, and allowed the
+interest to be added yearly to the capital stock, his fortune increased
+fast, and soon became considerable. Several persons preferred this method
+of accumulating riches to that of cultivation, especially those whom age
+or infirmity had rendered unfit for action and fatigue.
+
+Notwithstanding the extensive credit commonly allowed the planting
+interest by the merchants, the number of borrowers always exceeded that
+of the lenders of money. Having vast extent of territory, the planters
+were eager to obtain numbers of labourers, which raised the demand for
+money, and kept up the high rate of interest. The interest of money in
+every country is for the most part according to the demand, and the
+demand according to the profits made by the use of it. The profits must
+always be great where men can afford to take money at the rate of eight
+and ten _per cent._ and allow it to remain in their hands upon compound
+interest. In Carolina labourers on good lands cleared their first cost
+and charges in a few years, and therefore great was the demand for money
+in order to procure them.
+
+    [Sidenote] And of the borrowers.
+
+Let us next take a view of those advantages in favour of the borrower of
+money. His landed estate he obtained from the Crown. The quit-rents and
+taxes were trifling and inconsiderable. Being both landlord and farmer he
+had perfect liberty to manage and improve his plantation as he pleased,
+and was accountable to none but himself for any of the fruits of his
+industry. His estate furnished him with game and fish, which he had
+freedom to kill and use at pleasure. In the woods his cattle, hogs and
+horses grazed at their ease, attended perhaps only by a negro boy. If his
+sheep did not thrive well, he had calves, hogs and poultry in abundance
+for the use of his family. All his able labourers he could turn to the
+field, and exert his strength in railing his staple commodity. The low
+country being every where interspersed with navigable rivers and creeks,
+the expence of conveying his rice to the market, which otherwise would
+have been intolerable, was thereby rendered easy. Having provisions from
+his estate to support his family and labourers, he applies his whole
+staple commodities for the purposes of answering the demands of the
+merchant and moneylender. He expects that his annual produce will not
+only answer those demands against him, but also bring an addition to his
+capital, and enable him to extend his hand still farther in the way of
+improvement. Hence it happened, that in proportion as the merchants
+extended credit to the planters, and supplied them with labourers for
+their lands, the profits returned to the capital yearly according to the
+increased number of hands employed in cultivation.
+
+It is no easy thing to enumerate all the advantages of water carriage to
+a fruitful and commercial province. The lands are rendered more valuable
+by being situated on navigable creeks and rivers. The planters who live
+fifty miles from the capital, are at little more expence in sending their
+provisions and produce to its market, than those who live within five
+miles of it. The town is supplied with plenty of provisions, and its
+neighbourhood prevented from enjoying a monopoly of its market. By this
+general and unlimited competition the price of provisions is kept low,
+and while the money arising from them circulates equally and universally
+through the country, it contributes, in return, to its improvement. The
+planters have not only water carriage to the market far their staple
+commodities, but on their arrival the merchant again commits them to the
+general tide of commerce, and receives in return what the world affords
+profitable to himself, and useful to the country in which he lives. Hence
+it happened, that no town was better supplied than Charlestown with all
+the necessaries, conveniencies, and luxuries of life.
+
+    [Sidenote] Great benefits enjoyed by colonists.
+
+Besides these advantages arising from good lands given them by the Crown,
+the Carolineans received protection to trade, a ready market, drawbacks
+and bounties, by their political and commercial connection with the
+mother country. The duties laid on many articles of foreign manufacture
+on their importation into Britain were drawn back, sometimes the whole,
+almost always a great part, on their exportation to the colonies. These
+drawbacks were always in favour of the consumers, and supplied the
+provincial markets with foreign goods at a rate equally cheap as if they
+had been immediately imported from the place where they were
+manufactured. Hence the colonists were exempted from those heavy duties
+which their fellow-subjects in Britain were obliged to pay, on most
+articles of foreign manufacture which they consumed. Besides, upon the
+arrival of such goods in the country, the planters commonly had twelve
+months credit from the provincial merchant, who was satisfied with
+payment once in the year from all his customers. So that to the consumers
+in Carolina, East-India goods, German manufactures, Spanish, Portugal,
+Madeira and Fyal wines came cheaper than to those in Great Britain. We
+have known coals, salt, and other articles brought by way of ballast,
+sold cheaper in Charlestown than in London.
+
+But the colonists had not only those drawbacks on foreign goods imported,
+but they were also allowed bounties on several articles of produce
+exported. For the encouragement of her colonies Great Britain laid high
+duties on several articles imported from foreign countries, and gave the
+colonists premiums and bounties on the same commodities. The planting
+tobacco was prohibited in England, in order to encourage it in America.
+The bounties on naval stores, indigo, hemp, and raw silk, while they
+proved an encouragement to industry, all terminated in favour of the
+plantations. Nor ought the Carolineans to forget the perfect freedom they
+enjoyed with respect to their trade with the West Indies, where they
+found a convenient and most excellent market for their Indian corn, rice,
+lumber, and salt provisions, and in return had rum, unclayed sugar,
+coffee and molasses much cheaper than their fellow-subjects in Britain. I
+mention these things because many of the colonists are ignorant of the
+privileges and advantages they enjoy; for, upon a general view of their
+circumstances, and a comparison of their case with that of their
+fellow-subjects in Britain and Ireland, they must find they had much
+ground for contentment, and none for complaint.
+
+Another circumstance we may mention to which few have paid sufficient
+attention. It is true, Great Britain had laid the colonists under some
+restraints with respect to their domestic manufactures and their trade to
+foreign ports, but however much such a system of policy might affect the
+more northern colonies, it was at this time rather serviceable than
+prejudicial to Carolina. It served to direct the views of the people to
+the culture of lands, which was both more profitable to themselves and
+beneficial to the mother country. Though they had plenty of beaver skins,
+and a few hats were manufactured from them, yet the price of labour was
+so high, that the merchant could send the skins to England, import hats
+made of them, and undersell the manufacturers of Carolina. The province
+also furnished some wool and cotton, but before they could be made into
+cloth, they cost the consumer more money than the merchant demanded for
+the same goods imported. The province afforded leather, but before it
+could be prepared and made into shoes, the price was equally high, and
+often higher, than that of shoes imported from Britain. In like manner,
+with respect to many other articles, it would be for the advantage of the
+province as well as mother country to export the raw materials and import
+the goods manufactured. For while the inhabitants of Carolina can employ
+their hands to more advantage in cultivating waste land, it will be their
+interest never to wear a woollen or linen rag of their own manufacture,
+to drive a nail of their own forging, nor use any sort of plate, iron,
+brass or stationary wares of their own making. Until the province shall
+grow more populous, cultivation is the most profitable employment, and
+the labourer injures himself and family by preferring the less to the
+more profitable branch of industry.
+
+Few also are the restrictions upon trade, which, in effect, could be
+deemed hurtful; for, excepting the vessels which traded to the southward
+of Cape Finisterre, and were obliged to return to England to cancel their
+bond before they sailed for Carolina, every other restraint may be said
+to be ultimately in favour of the province. It was the interest of such a
+flourishing colony to be always in debt to Great Britain, for the more
+labourers that were sent to it, the more rapidly it advanced in riches.
+Suppose the planters this year stand much indebted to the merchants, and,
+by reason of an unfavourable season, are rendered unable to answer the
+demands against them; the merchants, instead of ruining them, indulged
+them for another year, and perhaps intrusted them with double the sum for
+which they stood indebted. This has frequently been found the most
+certain method of obtaining payment. In like manner the merchants must
+have indulgence from England, the primary source of credit. If the
+province could not obtain such indulgence from any part of the world as
+from the mother country, it must be for its interest to support its
+credit with those generous friends who were both able and disposed to
+give it. To lodge the yearly produce of the province in the hands of
+those English creditors as soon as possible, is the surest means of
+supporting this credit. Besides, the London merchants being the best
+judges of the markets of Europe, can of course sell the staple
+commodities to the best advantage. The centrical situation of that city
+was favourable for intelligence; her merchants are famous over the world
+for their extensive knowledge in trade; they well knew the ports where
+there was the greatest demand for the commodity; all which were
+manifestly in favour of the province in which it was raised. Were the
+planters to have the choice of their market, it is very doubtful whether
+such liberty would be for their interest. Were they to export their
+produce on their own bottom, they would certainly be great losers. Some
+who have made the attempt have honestly confessed the truth: While it
+divided their attention, it engaged them in affairs to which they were in
+general very great strangers. Even the provincial merchants themselves
+are not always perfect judges of the markets in Europe, nor could they
+have obtained such unlimited credit in any other channel than that
+circumscribed by the laws of their country. Here is a co-operation of a
+number of persons united for promoting the interest and advantage of one
+another, and placed in circumstances and situations well adapted for that
+purpose. So that, in fact, it is not for the interest of Carolina, in its
+present advancing state, to be free from debt, far less of its planters
+to engage in trade, or its inhabitants in manufactures.
+
+    [Sidenote] Progress of the province.
+
+To form a right judgment of the progress of the province, and the mutual
+advantages resulting from its political and commercial connection with
+Britain, we need only attend to its annual imports and exports. We cannot
+exactly say what its imports amounted to at this time; but if they
+amounted to above one hundred and fifty thousand pounds sterling in the
+year 1740, as we have already seen, they must have arisen at least to two
+hundred thousand pounds sterling in 1754. The quantities of rice exported
+this year were 104,682 barrels; of indigo, 216,924 pounds weight, which,
+together with naval stores, provisions, skins, lumber, _&c._ amounted in
+value to two hundred and forty-two thousand, five hundred and twenty-nine
+pounds sterling. This shews the great value and importance of the
+province to Britain. And while she depends on the mother country for all
+the manufactures she uses, and applies her attention to such branches of
+business as are most profitable to herself and most beneficial to
+Britain, Carolina must in the nature of things prosper. Without this
+dependence, and mutual exchange of good offices, the colony might have
+subsisted, but could never have thrived and flourished in so rapid a
+manner.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. X.
+
+
+    [Sidenote] A dispute about the limits of British and French
+    territories.
+
+Although the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle extended to the subjects of both
+Britain and France residing in America, yet the boundaries of the
+respective territories claimed by those rival states were by no means
+fixed in so clear and precise a manner as to preclude all grounds of
+future dispute. The limits of Nova Scotia in particular, and those of the
+extensive back settlements of Virginia and Pennsylvania, were neither
+clearly understood nor accurately marked. In consequence of which, as the
+colonists extended their culture backwards encroachments were made, or
+supposed to be made, which created jealousies and differences between the
+British and French subjects on that continent. Some merchants trading to
+Virginia and Pennsylvania having formed a project for a settlement on the
+Ohio, obtained a grant of six hundred thousand acres of land from the
+King, together with an exclusive privilege of trafficking with Indian
+nations nigh that river. To these territories the French claimed a right;
+and, to keep possession, as well as to engross the Indian trade, built a
+fort on the banks of the Ohio river, which they called Fort Duquesne.
+This situation was very convenient for preserving the friendship of
+Indian nations, an object of the utmost importance to the French, as the
+subjects of Britain in America were at that time vastly more numerous and
+powerful than those of France.
+
+Tobacco being a plant which quickly exhausts the richest lands, the
+planters of Virginia were accustomed gradually to stretch backward, and
+occupy such fresh spots of ground as promised them the greatest returns.
+Some had even crossed the Allegany mountains, where they found rich
+vallies lying waste, upon which they settled plantations; and though the
+land-carriage of such a heavy and bulky commodity was expensive, yet they
+found that the superiority of their crops made them some compensation. To
+this territory beyond the mountains, as well as the other marked and
+measured out for the Ohio Company, the French laid claim, and sent a
+considerable garrison from Montreal to Fort Duquesne, to defend their
+pretended right. The commander in chief of Canada wrote a letter to the
+Governor of Virginia, complaining of encroachments made on his most
+Christian Majesty's territories, and demanding that such British planters
+and traders as had settled on those lands should withdraw, otherwise he
+would be obliged to seize both their properties and persons. No regard
+being paid to his complaints, the commandant of Fort Duquesne seized by
+force three British traders, and goods to a large amount, and carried
+them to Montreal. Upon which the Governor of Virginia determined to
+resent the injury, and immediately began to concert measures for the
+protection of the frontiers. He raised a body of militia, and sent them
+met the mountains to watch the motions of their troublesome neighbours,
+and obtained reinforcements from North and South Carolina to assist them
+against the French garrison. This detachment, under the command of Major
+Washington, encamped near Fort Duquesne, between whom and the French
+garrison hostilities commenced in America; and the flame of war
+afterwards spreading, involved Europe in the quarrel.
+
+    [Sidenote] A chain of forts raised by the French.
+
+From this period the great object which the French kept in view was to
+strengthen their frontiers, and make all possible preparations for
+defending themselves against the storm which they foresaw gathering in
+America. Though they seemed averse from an open declaration of war, yet
+they continued pouring troops into the continent, and raising a line of
+forts to secure a communication between their colony at the mouth of the
+Mississippi and their great settlement in Canada. They amused the British
+administration with fruitless negotiations about the limits of Nova
+Scotia, while they were busily employed in the execution of this great
+plan. Their design, however, was no secret to the more discerning part of
+the Americans, who plainly perceived from such preparations that
+hostilities were approaching. In Acadia they erected a fort at Chinecto,
+to confine the British subjects of Nova Scotia within the peninsula. At
+Crown Point another was raised, on lands claimed by the King of Great
+Britain, well situated for harassing the back settlements of New York and
+Connecticut. Another was built at Niagara, on land belonging to the Six
+Nations in alliance with Britain. While the Canadians were falling down
+the Ohio river, and raising strong-holds, the forces at Pensacola and New
+Orleans were also forcing their way up the Mississippi, and establishing
+garrisons on the most advantageous posts, on purpose to meet their
+friends from Canada, and confine the British settlements to the space
+between the mountains and the Atlantic sea. The more easily to accomplish
+this great design, it was necessary to secure by all possible means the
+interest of the savage nations. For this purpose missionaries were sent
+among the different tribes, who conformed to the dress, manners and
+customs of the savages, and represented the British heretics in the most
+odious light, making the Indians believe that their safety and happiness
+depended on the total extirpation of such men from America. Though some
+tribes rejected their friendship, yet it is certain that many were won
+over by their insinuating arts and intrigues, and entered into alliances
+with them. When a general congress was held at Albany fewer Indians than
+usual at such meetings attended, which afforded grounds of suspicion, and
+obliged the governors of the British colonies to double their diligence
+for watching the motions of their enterprising neighbours.
+
+    [Sidenote] The distracted state of the British colonies.
+
+At the same time the situation of some of the British colonies proved
+favourable to the hostile preparations and attempts of their enemies.
+Their clashing interests had bred jealousies and animosities among them,
+insomuch that it was no easy matter to bring them firmly to unite, in
+order to oppose a common enemy with vigour and spirit. They believed
+themselves unable to withstand the militia of Canada supported by some
+regiments of regular troops from France, and therefore in the most humble
+manner implored the protection of Britain. They were filled with terrible
+apprehensions of the French power, declaring that their vanity and
+ambition had nothing less in view at this period than to divide the
+western world with Spain, and make all its riches center in the house of
+Bourbon. But whether they had such a view or not, one thing is plain,
+that the reduction of the British empire in America would facilitate the
+accomplishment of such a design, as the Portuguese dominions must
+afterwards fall an easy prey to those two powerful potentates.
+
+Though Great Britain was sensible of the danger which threatened her
+colonies, yet as the number of British settlers on the continent exceeded
+that of the French, being not less than twenty to one, she expected that
+they would unite among themselves, and raise a fund for the common
+defence. Hitherto she had nursed and protected them, and many of the
+colonies had arrived at a considerable degree of opulence and strength.
+They had the easiest taxes of any civilized people upon earth. They had
+enjoyed many civil privileges, and commercial advantages, from their
+connection with the mother country. As their resources were considerable,
+it was hoped their zeal would not be wanting for their own defence. To
+give a check to any encroachments of the French in that quarter, Great
+Britain was more remotely, America herself more immediately, concerned.
+Instructions were therefore sent to the governors of the different
+provinces, to recommend unanimity to the people, and the necessity of an
+association for their mutual defence. But when the raising of men and
+money was proposed to the assemblies they fell into disputes among
+themselves, which became more violent in proportion as the enemy
+approached their habitations. Some pleaded extraordinary privileges from
+their charters; others started frivolous and absurd objections, insisting
+on punctilios as pretences for delay. In short, so different were their
+constitutions and forms of government, so divided were they in their
+views and interests, that it was found impossible to unite them together,
+in order to give their force its due weight. The frontiers were naked and
+extensive, the inhabitants upon them were thin and scattered, and utterly
+unequal to the service requisite without the assistance of their
+neighbours. The flames of war had broke out on some of them, and the
+neighbouring provinces could no otherwise be safe than by stretching
+forth their hands in helping to extinguish them. Thus, while the French
+were acting in concert under one commander and chief, the British
+colonists were spending that time in barren deliberations and private
+disputes which they ought to have employed in fortifying their borders
+and checking the progress of their enemy. What was in fact the business
+of every man seemed to engage the attention of none, and all kept their
+eyes fixed on the mother country for protection, regarding themselves as
+disinterested in the general safety of the empire, and very unequal to
+their own defence.
+
+    [Sidenote] General Braddock's defeat in Virginia.
+
+While thus one province refused help to another, Great Britain,
+notwithstanding the extensive dominions she had to guard in different
+quarters of the globe, generously undertook the protection of America. As
+the greatest dangers seemed to hang over the province of Virginia,
+General Braddock was sent out with a considerable body of men to assist
+the Virginians in driving the French from their frontiers. This haughty
+and rash leader, being possessed of considerable skill in the European
+arts of war, entertained a sovereign contempt for an American enemy, and
+advanced against Fort Duquesne without even the smallest doubt of
+success. However, the French had intelligence of his approach, and were
+prepared to receive him. Having collected a large body of Indians, they
+had taken possession of an advantageous ground, and placed the regulars
+on a rising hill in front, and the savages in the dark woods on each
+side. General Braddock, instead of keeping small parties before the main
+body, to scour the woods as he advanced, and explore every dangerous
+pass, marched his men, according to the custom in Europe, in a close
+compacted body, and unfortunately fell into the snare which his enemies
+had laid for him. The French regulars in the front began the attack from
+behind a breast-work, while the Indians kept up an irregular and
+scattered fire from the dark thickets on each side, which surprized and
+confounded the British soldiers, who were utter strangers to such methods
+of attack. Almost every shot took effect, and the brave men observing
+their neighbours falling by their side, were put into confusion and fled,
+refusing to return to the charge against invisible assailants,
+notwithstanding every effort used by the officers for that purpose.
+Braddock with many brave officers and men fell in this field, and the
+remainder retreated with precipitation to Philadelphia, leaving these
+frontiers in a worse condition than they were in before.
+
+    [Sidenote] Colonel Johnston's success at Lake George.
+
+Colonel Johnston, who marched with about three thousand men against Crown
+Point, was indeed more successful than this rash commander in Virginia.
+Being better acquainted with the woods, and the various methods of
+attack, he could both avail himself of the advantages, and guard against
+the dangers arising from the nature of the country. With cautious steps
+he advanced against the enemy, until he reached Lake George, where a
+party of his advanced guard being attacked retreated to the main body.
+The French pursued them, and a bloody battle ensued between the two
+armies, equally skilled in bush-fighting, which terminated much to the
+honour of the British officer. The enemy was repulsed with considerable
+loss, leaving Baron de Diescau wounded in the field, who, with many
+others, fell into Johnston's hands, and were made prisoners of war. This
+finall advantage gained over the French served in some measure to revive
+the drooping spirits of the colonists; yet still they entertained the
+most discouraging apprehensions of the French power in the woods, and
+seemed ardently to long for the relief and assistance of the mother
+country.
+
+While these hostilities were openly carrying on in the northern parts of
+America, it was judged prudent to consult the safety of the provinces to
+the south, and put them in the best posture of defence. To prevent the
+fatal influence of French emissaries among the Indian tribes, it was
+thought necessary to build some small forts in the heart of their
+country. The Indians on the Ohio river, from the success which attended
+their arms at Fort Duquesne, entertained the highest ideas of French
+courage and conduct, and were trying to seduce the Cherokees, who were at
+this time the firmest allies of Britain. A message was sent to Governor
+Glen from the chief warrior of the over-hill settlements, acquainting him
+that some Frenchmen and their allies were among their people,
+endeavouring to poison their minds, and that it would be necessary to
+hold a general congress with the nation, and renew their former treaties
+of friendship. He assured the Governor, that though he had been wounded
+in his younger years, and was now old, yet he would meet him half way for
+this purpose, if he should even be carried on the backs of his people.
+Accordingly, Governor Glen appointed a place for holding a congress, and
+agreed to meet the warrior; for as the clouds were gathering every where
+on the American horizon, the friendship of the Cherokees at such a time
+was an object of too much importance to Carolina to be overlooked or
+neglected.
+
+It may be remarked, that the Cherokees differ in some respects from other
+Indian nations that have wandered often from place to place, and fixed
+their habitations on separate districts. From time immemorial they have
+had possession of the same territory which at present they occupy. They
+affirm, that their forefathers sprung from that ground, or descended from
+the clouds upon those hills. These lands of their ancestors they value
+above all things in the world. They venerate the places where their bones
+lie interred, and esteem it disgraceful in the highest degree to
+relinquish these sacred repositories. The man that would refuse to take
+the field in defence of these hereditary possessions, is regarded by them
+as a coward, and treated as an outcast from their nation. To the
+over-hill villages the French had an easy access by means of rivers that
+emptied themselves into the Ohio and Mississippi. Their middle
+settlements and towns in the valley lay more convenient for trading with
+the Carolineans. Hitherto they despised the French, whom they called
+light as a feather, fickle as the wind, and deceitful as serpents; and,
+being naturally of a very grave cast, they considered the levity of that
+people as an unpardonable insult. They looked upon themselves as a great
+and powerful nation, and though their number was much diminished, yet
+they could bring from their different towns about three thousand men to
+the field. At this time they had neither arms nor ammunition to defend
+themselves against their enemy, and the Governor of Carolina wanted
+liberty to build two forts on their lands, in order to secure their
+friendship and trade. As the French were tampering with them, and had
+shewn a keenness more than common to gain some footing with them, it
+behoved the province to exert itself, in order to prevent if possible any
+alliance with its enemies.
+
+    [Sidenote] Governor Glen holds a congress with the Cherokees.
+
+Accordingly, in 1755, Governor Glen met the Cherokee warriors in their
+own country, with a view to purchase some lands from them; and, after the
+usual ceremonies previous to such solemn treaties were over, the Governor
+sat down under a spreading tree, and Chulochcullah being chosen speaker
+for the Cherokee nation, came and took his seat beside him. The other
+warriors, about five hundred in number, stood around them in solemn
+silence and deep attention. Then the Governor arose, and made a speech in
+name of his king, representing his great power, wealth and goodness, and
+his particular regard for his children the Cherokees. He reminded them of
+the happiness they had long enjoyed by living under his protection; and
+added, that he had many presents to make them, and expected they would
+surrender a share of their territories in return for them. He acquainted
+them of the great poverty and wicked designs of the French, and hoped
+they would permit none of them to enter their towns. He demanded lands to
+build two forts in their country, to protect them against their enemies,
+and to be a retreat to their friends and allies, who furnished them with
+arms, ammunition, hatchets, clothes, and every thing that they wanted.
+
+When the Governor had finished his speech, Chulochcullah arose, and
+holding his bow in one hand, his shaft of arrows and other symbols used
+by them on such occasions in the other, in answer spoke to the following
+effect. "What I now speak our father the great king should hear--We are
+brothers to the people of Carolina--one house covers us all." Then taking
+a boy by the hand he presented him to the Governor, saying, "We, our
+wives and our children, are all children of the great King George--I have
+brought this child, that when he grows up he may remember our agreement
+on this day, and tell it to the next generation, that it may be known for
+ever." Then opening his bag of earth, and laying the same at the
+Governor's feet, he said, "We freely surrender a part of our lands to the
+great King--The French want our possessions, but we will defend them
+while one of our nation shall remain alive." Then shewing his bows and
+arrow, he added, "These are all the arms we can make for our defence--We
+hope the King will pity his children the Cherokees, and send us guns and
+ammunition--We fear not the French--Give us arms and we will go to war
+against the enemies of the great King." Then delivering the Governor a
+string of wampum in confirmation of what he had said, he added, "My
+speech is at an end--It is the voice of the Cherokee nation--I hope the
+Governor will send it to the King, that it may be kept for ever."
+
+    [Sidenote] And purchases a large tract of land from them.
+
+At this congress a territory of prodigious extent was ceded and
+surrendered to the King. Deeds of conveyance were drawn up, and formally
+executed by their head men in name of the whole people. It contained not
+only much rich land, but there the air was more serene, and the climate
+more healthy, than in the maritime parts. It exhibited many pleasant and
+romantic scenes, formed by an intermixture of beautiful hills, fruitful
+vallies, rugged rocks, clear streams, and gentle water-falls. The hills
+were of a stiff and tenacious clay, but the vallies of a deep, fat mould,
+and were covered with perpetual verdure. The acquisition at that time was
+so far of importance to Carolina, as it removed the savages at a greater
+distance from the settlements, and allowed the inhabitants liberty to
+extend backwards, in proportion as their number increased.
+
+    [Sidenote] Forts built in defence of Carolina.
+
+Soon after the cession of these lands, Governor Glen built a fort about
+three hundred miles from Charlestown, afterwards called Fort Prince
+George, which was situated on the banks of the river Savanna, and within
+gun-shot of an Indian town called Keowee. This fort was made in the form
+of a square, and had an earthen rampart about six feet high, on which
+stockades were fixed, with a ditch, a natural glacis on two sides, and
+bastions at the angles, on each of which four small cannon were mounted.
+It contained barracks for an hundred men, and was designed for a defence
+to the western frontiers of the province. About an hundred and seventy
+miles further down there was another strong-hold, called Fort Moore, in a
+beautiful commanding situation on the banks of the same river. In the
+year following another fort was erected, called Fort Loudon, among the
+Upper Cherokees, situated on Tenassee river upwards of five hundred miles
+distant from Charlestown; to which place it was very difficult at all
+times, but, in case of a war with the Cherokees, utterly impracticable to
+convey necessary supplies. These strong-holds, together with those of
+Frederica and Augusta in Georgia, were garrisoned by his Majesty's
+independent companies of foot, stationed there for the protection of the
+two provinces.
+
+After having fortified these frontiers, the settlers of Carolina began to
+stretch backward, and occupied lands above an hundred and fifty miles
+from the shore. New emigrants from Ireland, Germany and the northern
+colonies obtained grants in these interior parts, and introduced the
+cultivation of wheat, hemp, flax and tobacco, for which the soil answered
+better there than in the low lands nearer the sea. The cattle, sheep,
+hogs and horses multiplied fast, and having a country of vast extent to
+range over, they found plenty of provisions in it through the whole year.
+From different parts new settlers were invited to those hilly and more
+healthy parts of Carolina, where they laboured with greater safety than
+among the swamps, and success crowned their industry. By degrees public
+roads were made, and they conveyed their produce in waggons to the
+capital, where they found an excellent market for all their productions,
+but especially the provisions which they raised.
+
+    [Sidenote] Its excellent fruits and plants.
+
+Although the soil and climate of the province suited the finest fruits
+and vegetable productions, yet the garden had long been neglected, and
+the orchard had engaged the attention only of a few. The people of
+Bermuda, not many years ago, carried to the market in Charlestown
+cabbages raised on that island, and the northern colonies their apples
+and Irish potatoes. But now the Carolineans found, by chusing a spot of
+land with judgment for the garden, that it would furnish them with all
+necessaries of this kind. Every spring and autumn brought them a crop of
+European peas and beans. Musk and water melons thrive exceedingly well
+even on the sandy maritime islands, and arrive at a degree of perfection
+unknown in many parts of Europe. All kinds of sallad, such as lettuce,
+endive, cresses, parsley, radishes, onions, will grow there in all
+seasons of the year, excepting one, and as nature has denied the people
+this kind of nourishment during the summer months, it is probable it must
+on that account be unwholesome. The garden also yielded abundance of
+cabbages, brocoli, cauliflower, turnips, spinage, cucumbers, squashes,
+artichokes, pompions, asparagus, _&c._ in great perfection. The climate
+indeed refuses the people of Carolina currants and gooseberries, as every
+attempt to raise them has failed; but they have oranges, figs, peaches,
+apricots, nectarines and strawberries in plenty, which are exceedingly
+agreeable and refreshing in the summer season. Olives, grapes, cherries,
+citrons and plumbs will grow, though not cultivated in common; but
+apples, pears, pomegranates, chesnuts and walnuts are, or at least may
+be, raised in abundance. Many physical roots and herbs, such as
+China-root, snake-root, sassafras, are the spontaneous growth of the
+woods; and sage, balm and rosemary thrive well in the gardens. The
+planters distil brandy of an inferior quality from peaches; and gather
+berries from the myrtle bushes of which they make excellent candles. The
+woods will also supply them with a variety of cherries, mulberries, wild
+grapes and nuts. In short, nature hath denied the diligent and skilful
+planter few of the most useful vegetables, and many delicious fruits grow
+to a degree of perfection exceeded by no country in Europe.
+
+Ar the same time it must be acknowledged, that some disadvantages attend
+the climate with respect to the vegetable kingdom. European grapes have
+been transplanted, and several attempts made to raise wine in Carolina;
+but so overshaded are the vines planted in the woods, and so foggy is the
+season of the year when they begin to ripen, that they seldom come to
+maturity. But as excellent grapes have been raised in gardens where they
+are exposed to the sun, we are apt to believe that proper methods have
+not been taken for encouraging that branch of agriculture, considering
+its great importance in a national view. Some tolerable wine has been
+made from the native vines, which do not ripen so early in the season as
+those transplanted from Europe; and perhaps in some future day, when the
+planters have acquired greater skill, and made trials of different soils
+and situations, the vineyard culture may succeed better than it has yet
+done, and turn to some national account, like other profitable articles
+of American husbandry.
+
+In some seasons the cold blast from the north-west proves very
+destructive to the orange, the olive and peach trees. In mild winters the
+trees blossom early, sometimes by the beginning of February, often before
+the middle of it. After the juices begin to rise, should the north west
+wind bring a cold frosty night, it commonly kills every tender shoot.
+Governor Glen makes mention of a frost which happened on the 7th of
+February, 1747, which killed almost all the orange trees in the country.
+The trees being ready to blossom about the time the frost came, it burst
+all their vessels, insomuch that not only the bark, but even the bodies
+of many of them were split, and all on the side next the sun. Such blasts
+are incredibly sharp and piercing. The Governor says he found several
+birds frozen to death near his house. We cannot vouch for the truth of
+this assertion, but we know no climate where the cold is more severely
+felt by the human body.
+
+    [Sidenote] Its minerals undiscovered.
+
+With respect to the mineral kingdom we may say, who can tell what rich
+mines lie hid in Carolina, when no person has sought for them? If it be
+true that mountainous countries are favorable to mines, it may be
+presumed that this province, in which there are many extensive and high
+mountains, is not without its hidden treasures, no more than the other
+parts of the continent. Pennsylvania hath already exhibited to the world
+some useful minerals, and Carolina in time will probably do the same. But
+while the surface of the earth yields abundance of vegetable productions
+for the use of the inhabitants, and a plentiful livelihood can be
+obtained by easier means than that of digging into its bowels, it can
+scarcely be expected that they will apply themselves to deep and
+uncertain researches. It remains for a more populous and improved state,
+when ingenious men will probably attempt to explore those subterranean
+riches, which as yet lie neglected. Mineral water has been found in
+several parts, and such springs will help both to lead men to the
+important discovery, and animate them with the hopes of success.
+
+The province of Georgia, with respect to improvement, still remained
+little better than a wilderness, and the vast expence it had cost the
+mother country might perhaps have been laid out to greater advantage in
+other parts of the continent. In the government of that colony John
+Ellis, a Fellow of the Royal Society, succeeded Captain John Reynolds.
+The rich swamps on the sides of the rivers lay uncultivated; and the
+planters had not yet found their way into the interior parts of the
+country, where the lands not only exceeded those in the maritime parts in
+fertility, but where the climate was also more healthy and pleasant.
+Excepting vagabonds and fraudulent debtors, who fled to them from
+Carolina, few of the Georgians had any negroes to assist them in
+cultivation; so that, in 1756, the whole exports of the country were 2997
+barrels of rice, 9335 lb. of indigo, 268 lib. of raw silk, which,
+together with skins, furs, lumber and provisions amounted only to 16,776
+pounds sterling.
+
+Although the hostilities which had commenced between Great Britain and
+France still continued, yet both potentates remained averse from an open
+declaration of war. William Lyttleton, now Lord Westcot, being appointed
+governor of South Carolina, in his way through the Bay of Biscay, was
+intercepted by a French squadron under the command of Count de Guay, and
+carried into France; but an order from the French court came to release
+the ship, and permit the Governor to return to England. The British
+commanders at sea indeed had orders to seize all French ships and bring
+them into port, yet as some hopes of an accommodation still remained, the
+crews were only confined, and the cargoes remained entire. But so soon as
+the news of the bare-faced invasions of our dominions in the
+Mediterranean, joined with the many encroachments in America, had reached
+the British court, all prospects of an accommodation vanished at once,
+and war was publicly declared against France on the 17th of May, 1756.
+
+Before the end of that year William Pitt, who had long been distinguished
+in the House of Commons for a bold and powerful orator, was called to the
+helm, and to his uncommon popularity added the whole influence of
+administration. After his preferment such bold plans of operation were
+introduced to the council, as were calculated at once to rouze the
+British nation and to alarm her enemies. The city of London, having the
+greatest confidence in the spirit and abilities of the minister, poured
+in its treasures to his assistance, and so great were his resources, that
+his schemes, however vast, never failed for want of money. From this
+period vigour and decision attended almost every warlike enterprize; a
+martial spirit pervaded the navy and army, and every officer seemed
+emulous of distinction and glory in the service of his country. This new
+minister gave the enemy so much employment, that for the future they had
+scarce time to breathe, and extended the powerful arm of Britain from the
+centre to the extremities of the empire.
+
+In America John Earl of London had been appointed commander in chief; but
+such was the state of affairs on that continent, that all he could do was
+not sufficient to prevent the encroachments of the enemy. So disunited
+were the provincials, and so different were their principles, views and
+interests, that each colony seemed concerned only for its own defence,
+and determined to act independent of its neighbour; while the French were
+firmly united under one commander in chief, the Governor of Canada. Lord
+Loudon plainly saw that nothing remained for him to achieve, and
+therefore pitched his camp at Albany, and there determined to continue
+with his little army on the defensive, until a reinforcement should
+arrive from Britain. The French still wore the laurel, and triumphed in
+the forest, having every possible advantage their heart could desire from
+the divided state of British America.
+
+But although the campaign under Lord Loudon was opened under many
+disadvantages, this gallant officer was not idle during the year. Having
+made himself master of the state of affairs on the continent, he
+perceived that the French, though united and strong, were nevertheless
+vulnerable, and drew up a plan of operations for the ensuing campaign,
+which he transmitted to the minister in Britain. Immediately preparations
+were made for carrying it into execution. It had been proposed to raise
+some regiments in America, but the levies went on slowly. As many of the
+colonists fit for service were foreigners, and only understood their
+native language, it was thought proper to allow them foreign officers to
+command them upon their taking the oaths to government, which contributed
+not a little to the more speedy completion of the Royal American
+regiments.
+
+[Sidenote: The British forces augmented.]
+
+Early in the year following a considerable reinforcement from Britain
+arrived at New York. The Indians in alliance with us were furnished with
+arms, and encouraged to join the army. Among the British forces sent out
+there was a regiment of Highlanders, who were in many respects well
+qualified for the service. It is impossible to describe how much the
+savages were delighted with the dress, manners and music of this
+regiment. Their sprightly manner of dancing, their dexterity in the use
+of arms, and natural vivacity and intrepidity, the savages greatly
+admired, and expressed a strong inclination for attending the Scotch
+warriors to the field. To prevent them from joining the enemy it was not
+only necessity to employ those warriors, but it was thought they might be
+rendered useful for scouring the dark thickets before the regular army.
+Lieutenant Kennedy, to encourage them, entered into their humour, and, in
+order to head them, dressed and painted himself like an Indian. They gave
+him a squaw, and the nation to which she belonged having made him a king,
+no small service was expected from the new alliance.
+
+    [Sidenote] Their first success in America.
+
+When General Abercrombie succeded Lord Loudon as commander in chief in
+America, the British force being considerably augmented, bolder
+enterprises were undertaken. It was agreed to attack the French
+settlements in different places. Though this commander met with a sharp
+repulse at Ticonderago, the French paid dear for this advantage by the
+loss of Cape Breton, which opened the way into Canada. Fort Frontenac
+next surrendered to Colonel Bradstreet, in which were found vast
+quantities of provision and ammunition, that had been designed for the
+French forces on the Ohio. The great loss sustained by the enemy at this
+place facilitated the reduction of Fort Duquesne, against which General
+Forbes was advancing with great vigilance and considerable force. This
+fortress the enemy, after a few skirmishes, determined to abandon; and
+having burnt their houses, and destroyed their works, fell down the Ohio
+river in boats to their strong-holds erected beyond the Cherokee
+mountains. No sooner was the British flag erected on Fort Duquesne, than
+the numerous tribes of Indians came in and made their submission; and,
+from a conviction of the superior valour and strength of the British
+army, joined the conquerors. Although the enemy lost few men at this
+place, yet their power in America received a heavy stroke by the division
+of their force which the loss of it occasioned. All communication between
+their settlements on the south parts and those of Canada being cut off,
+they could no longer act in concert, and their future exertions were
+rendered more feeble and ineffectual.
+
+    [Sidenote] The cause of the Cherokee war.
+
+However, the flight of this French garrison to the south promised little
+good to Carolina. The scene of action was changed only from one place to
+another, and the baleful influence of those active and enterprising
+enemies soon appeared among the upper tribes of Cherokees. An unfortunate
+quarrel with the Virginians helped to forward their designs, by opening
+to them an easier access into the towns of the savages. In the different
+expeditions against Fort Duquesne, the Cherokees, agreeable to treaty,
+had sent considerable parties of warriors to the assistance of the
+British army. As the horses in those parts run wild in the woods, it was
+customary, both among Indians and white people on the frontiers, to lay
+hold on them and appropriate them to their own purposes. While the
+savages were returning home through the back parts of Virginia, many of
+them having lost their horses, laid hold of such as came in their way,
+never imagining that they belonged to any individual in the province. The
+Virginians however, instead of asserting their right in a legal way,
+resented the injury by force of arms, and killed twelve or fourteen of
+the unsuspicious warriors, and took several more prisoners. The
+Cherokees, with reason, were highly provoked at such ungrateful usage
+from allies, whose frontiers they had helped to change from a field of
+blood into peaceful habitations, and when they came home told what had
+happened to their nation. The flame soon spread through the upper towns,
+and those who had lost their friends and relations were implacable, and
+breathed nothing but fury and vengeance against such perfidious friends.
+In vain did the chieftains interpose their authority, nothing could
+restrain the furious spirits of the young men, who were determined to
+take satisfaction for the loss of their relations. The emissaries of
+France among them added fuel to the flame, by telling them that the
+English intended to kill every man of them, and make slaves of their
+wives and children. They instigated them to bloodshed, and for that
+purpose furnished them with arms and ammunition. The scattered families
+on the frontiers of Carolina lay much exposed to scalping parties of
+these savages, who commonly make no distinction of age or sex, but pour
+their vengeance indiscriminately on the innocent and guilty.
+
+The garrison of Fort Loudon, consisting of about two hundred men, under
+the command of Captains Demere and Stuart, first discovered the ill
+humour in which the Cherokee warriors returned from the northern
+expedition. The soldiers, as usual, making excursions into the woods, to
+hunt for fresh provisions, were attacked by them, and some of them were
+killed. From this time such dangers threatened the garrison, that every
+one was confined within the small boundaries of the fort. All
+communication with the distant settlement from which they received
+supplies being cut off, and the soldiers being but poorly provided, had
+no other prospects left but those of famine or death. Parties of young
+Indians took the field, and, rushing down among the settlements, murdered
+and scalped a number of people on the frontiers.
+
+    [Sidenote] Governor Lyttleton prepares to march against them.
+
+The commanding officer at Fort Prince George having received intelligence
+of those acts of hostility, dispatched a messenger to Charlestown to
+inform Governor Lyttleton that the Cherokees were gone to war, and that
+it would be necessary speedily to warn the people of their danger. In
+consequence of which orders were given to the commanders of the militia
+immediately to collect their men, and stand in a posture of defence,
+while the Governor was making preparations in Charlestown for marching
+against them, in order to give a speedy check to their progress. Parties
+of the independent companies were brought to Charlestown for this
+purpoise. The militia of the country had orders to rendezvous at
+Congarees, where the Governor, with such a force as he could procure from
+the lower parts, resolved to join them, and march to the relief of the
+frontier settlements.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Cherokees sue for peace.
+
+No sooner had the Cherokees heard of these warlike preparations at
+Charlestown, than thirty-two of their chiefs set out for that place; in
+order to settle all differences, and prevent if possible a war with the
+Carolineans. For although they could not restrain some of their young men
+from acts of violence, yet the nation in general was still inclined to
+friendship and peace. As they arrived at Charlestown before the Governor
+had set out on the intended expedition, a council was called, and the
+chiefs being sent for, Mr. Lyttleton, among other things, told them,
+"That he was well acquainted with all the acts of hostility of which
+their people had been guilty, and likewise those they intended against
+the English, and enumerated some of them; then he added, That he would
+soon be in their country, where he would let them know his demands, and
+the satisfaction he required, which he would certainly take if they
+refused it. As they had come to Charlestown to treat with him as friends,
+they should go home in safety, and not a hair of their head should be
+touched; but as he had many warriors in arms in different parts of the
+province, he could not be answerable for what might happen to them unless
+they marched along with his army." After this speech Occonostota, who was
+distinguished by the name of the Great Warrior of the Cherokee nation,
+began to speak by way of reply; but the Governor being determined that
+nothing should prevent his military expedition, declared, he would hear
+no talk he had to make, neither in vindication of his nation, nor any
+proposals with regard to peace. Lieutenant-Governor Bull, who was better
+acquainted with the manners of Indians, and the dangers to which the
+province would be exposed from a war with them, urged the necessity of
+hearing the Great Warrior, and the happy consequences of an agreement
+before more blood was spilt. But Mr. Lyttleton remained inflexible, and
+put an end to the conference; with which behaviour the chiefs, however,
+were not a little displeased. For as they had travelled so far to obtain
+peace, and, after all, to be not only denied liberty to speak, but also
+to be disappointed with respect to the chief end of their journey,
+chagrined them much, and created many uneasy fears and suspicions.
+
+    [Sidenote] Governor Lyttleton marches against the Cherokees.
+
+A few days after holding this conference with the chieftains the governor
+set out for Congarees, the place of general rendezvous for the militia,
+and about one hundred and forty miles distant from Charlestown, where he
+mustered in all about one thousand four hundred men. To this place the
+Cherokees marched along with the army, and were to appearance contented,
+but in reality burning with fury and resentment. When the army moved from
+the Congarees, the chieftains, very unexpectedly, were all made
+prisoners, and, to prevent their escape to the nation, a captain's guard
+was mounted over them, and in this manner they were obliged to march to
+Fort Prince George. Being not only deprived of their liberty, which an
+Indian values above all things, but also compelled to accompany an enemy
+going against their families and friends, they could now no longer
+conceal their resentment. They turned exceedingly sullen, and shewed that
+they were stung to the heart by such base treatment. The breach of
+promise an Indian holds an atrocious crime. To requite good intended with
+real evil, they with reason deemed an unpardonable injury. But what
+compleated the ill usage, the thirty-two Indians, upon the arrival of the
+army at Fort Prince George, were all shut up in a hut scarcely sufficient
+for the accommodation of six soldiers, where they spent their time in
+concerting plots for obtaining their liberty, and satisfaction for the
+injuries done them.
+
+    [Sidenote] Holds a congress a Fort Prince George.
+
+Governor Lyttleton's little army being not only ill armed and
+disciplined, but also discontented and mutinous, he therefore judged it
+dangerous to proceed farther into the enemy's country. Having beforehand
+sent for Attakullakulla, who was esteemed both the wisest man of the
+nation and the most steady friend of the English, to meet him at Fort
+Prince George, this warrior hastened to his camp from an excursion
+against the French, in which he had taken some prisoners, one of whom he
+presented to the Governor. Mr Lyttleton knew, that, for obtaining a
+re-establishment of peace, there was not a man in the whole nation better
+disposed to assist him than this old warrior, though it was observed that
+he cautiously avoided making any offer of satisfaction. But so small was
+his influence among the Cherokees at this time, that they considered him
+as no better than an old woman on account of his attachment to their
+English enemies, and his aversion from going to war against them.
+
+    [Sidenote] His speech to Attakullakulla.
+
+About the 18th of December, 1759, the Governor held a congress with this
+warrior, and by an interpreter spoke to him to the following effect: "You
+told me yesterday that you had a good talk to make, and expected the same
+from me. You know it is the will of the great King that his subjects and
+your people should live together in friendship, and you have said you
+desire not to break the chain thereof. It is a chain which our most
+gracious sovereign holds at one end, and you hold at the other. You know
+that, in order to keep this chain from contracting rust, and hinder it
+from being broken, it was necessary certain conditions should be made;
+and as all acts of the great king are kept till time shall be no more, so
+I now have in my hand those very conditions made with you and your
+people. It was agreed, that if an Indian should kill an Englishman, he
+shall be delivered up to be punished as the law requires. This was the
+ancient talk of our fathers and your fathers, and when King George took
+your nation under his protection he so ordered it for the future. This
+treaty has been since renewed by several of our King's governors of this
+province from time to time. It was the mercy of the great King that this
+way of restitution should be established, to prevent a war which might
+destroy your nation; whereas, at any time, by delivering up of the guilty
+person, the innocent might escape, and your people be suffered to live in
+friendship with ours.
+
+"In the month of November, 1758, six deputies from your nation came to
+Charlestown, to make up all differences between our people and yours.
+They did then engage to observe the words of the treaty I have here, and
+which you know are the same with those formerly made by the great King.
+They received a large quantity of goods as a full compensation for the
+injuries done them by white people, and did solemnly promise to continue
+in strict friendship with all the King's subjects. Notwithstanding which
+they went to Statiquo under Moytoy and killed many white men, though no
+provocation had been given them. Thereupon I demanded satisfaction,
+according to the words of the great King, but they have given me none. As
+King Gorge loves mercy better than war, I was willing to wait; and while
+our people lay quietly in their houses, the Indians came, killed and
+scalped them. Last of all they put to death three men in the Upper
+nation, and drove our people, who lived in their towns to furnish them
+with goods, into the forts. As you know that your people have been guilty
+of all these crimes, and many more, I expected you would not only come
+down with a good talk, but also would have offered satisfaction for them.
+I am now come here with a great number of warriors, to take that
+satisfaction I have more than once demanded. Perhaps some of you thought,
+that, as our people put up with such injuries, they were apprehensive of
+your power; but you shall now see that this was owing to their patience,
+and not to their want of resolution. You know well the strength of our
+province, and that one third part of it is sufficient to destroy your
+nation. Besides, the white people in all the provinces are brothers, and
+linked together: we come not alone against you because we have suffered,
+for the Virginians and North Carolineans are prepared to march against
+you, unless satisfaction be given me. My brother the Governor of Georgia
+will also prevent any ammunition from coming to you. Some time ago you
+sent to Virginia, offering to trade with that province, and goods were on
+their way to you which I have stopt and they shall not proceed hither
+until I send directions for them. It is not necessary for me to say more
+to you, until you make satisfaction for killing the white people.
+
+"Attakullakulla, you have been in England, and seen the power of the
+great King, and the number of his warriors. You also know, that, during
+these five years and more, we have been at war with the French, who were
+once numerous over all parts of America. You know I disdain to tell you a
+falsehood, and I will now inform you what success our army has had. Some
+of the last ships that arrived at Charlestown brought me a good deal of
+news. Our fleet has taken many ships of war belonging to the French. A
+messenger has arrived with an account that the great city of Quebec is
+reduced, as also, that the warriors of the great king have taken all the
+forts on the lakes and upon the Ohio, and beat down all things in their
+way, as a hurricane would have done in its passage. The Indians in those
+parts, fearing his power, have made their peace with the great King. The
+Delawares, Shawanese, and all of them that live near Fort Duquesne, have
+desired to be in friendship with us. The Choctaws also beg to be received
+under the King's protection by his beloved man Mr. Aitken, upon which a
+great number of traders are gone into their country with all sorts of
+goods. If you will not believe what I say, and imagine that the French
+are able to supply you with the necessaries which you want, you will be
+deceived, for they themselves are starving, and so much undone that they
+cannot furnish a blanket or a gun to the Choctaws, much less to you, who
+are removed at so great a distance from them.
+
+"These things I have mentioned to show you that the great King will not
+suffer his people to be destroyed without satisfaction, and to let you
+know the people of this province are determined to have it. What I say is
+with a merciful intention. If I make war with you, you will suffer for
+your rashness; your men will be destroyed, and your women and children
+carried into captivity. What few necessaries you now have will soon be
+done, and you will get no more. But if you give the satisfaction I shall
+ask, the trade will be again opened with you, and all things go right. I
+have twice given you a list of the murderers; I will now tell you there
+are twenty-four men of your nation whom I demand to be delivered up to
+me, to be put to death, or otherwise disposed of as I shall think fit.
+Your people have killed that number of ours and more, therefore it is the
+least I will accept of. I shall give you till to-morrow morning to
+consider of it, and then I shall expect your answer. You know best the
+Indians concerned; several gangs at different times have been out, and I
+expect the twenty-four you shall deliver up will be those who have
+committed the murders."
+
+    [Sidenote] Attakullakulla's answer.
+
+To this long speech Attakullakulla replied in words to the following
+effect: "That he remembered the treaties mentioned, as he had a share in
+making them: He owned the kindness of the province of South Carolina, but
+complained much of the bad treatment his countrymen had received in
+Virginia, which, he said, was the immediate cause of our present
+misunderstanding: That he had always been the firm friend of the English,
+of which he hoped his late fatiguing march against their enemies the
+French was a sufficient proof: That he would ever continue such, and
+would use all the influence he had to persuade his countrymen to give the
+Governor the satisfaction he demanded, though he believed it neither
+would nor could be complied with, as they had no coercive authority one
+over another: He desired the Governor to release some of the head men
+then confined in the fort to assist him; and added, that he was pleased
+to hear of the successes of his brothers the English, but could not help
+mentioning, that they shewed more resentment against the Cherokees than
+they had used to other nations that had disobliged them; that he
+remembered some years ago several white people belonging to Carolina were
+killed by the Choctaws, for whom no satisfaction had either been given or
+demanded."
+
+    [Sidenote] A treaty concluded with six chiefs.
+
+Agreeable to the request of Attakullakulla, the Governor released
+Occonostota, Fiftoe the chief man of Keowee town, and the head warrior of
+Estaloe, who next day delivered up two Indians, whom Mr. Lyttleton
+ordered to be put in irons. After which all the Cherokees present, who
+knew their connections to be weak, being alarmed, fled out of the way, so
+that it was impossible to complete the number demanded. Attakullakulla,
+being then convinced that peace could not be obtained on such terms as
+the Governor required, resolved to go home and patiently wait the event;
+but no sooner was Mr. Lyttleton made acquainted with his departure, than
+he dispatched a messenger after him to bring him back to his camp; and
+being desirous of finishing the campaign with as much credit as possible,
+immediately on his return began to treat of peace. Accordingly a treaty
+was drawn up and signed by the Governor and six of the head men; in which
+it was agreed, that those twenty-two chieftains of the Cherokees should
+be kept as hostages confined in the fort, until the same number of
+Indians guilty of murder be delivered up to the commander in chief of the
+province; that trade should be opened and carried on as usual; that the
+Cherokees should kill, or take every Frenchman prisoner, who should
+presume to come into their nation during the continuance of the war; and
+that they should hold no intercourse with the enemies of Great Britain,
+but should apprehend every person, white or red, found among them, that
+may be endeavouring to set the English and Cherokees at variance, and
+interrupt the friendship and peace established between them.
+
+After having concluded this treaty with the Cherokees, the Governor
+resolved to return to Charlestown. But whether the Indians who put their
+mark to it understood the articles of agreement or not, we cannot pretend
+to affirm; one thing is certain, that few or none of the nation afterward
+paid the smallest regard to it. The treacherous act of confining their
+chiefs, against whom no charge could be brought, and who had travelled
+several hundred miles in order to obtain peace for their nation, had made
+a strong impression on their minds, but particularly on that of
+Occonostota, who breathed nothing but fury and vengeance against such
+false friends. Instead of permitting them to return home without hurting
+a hair of their head, as the Governor promised in Charlestown, they were
+close confined in a miserable hut, having permission neither to see their
+friends nor even the light of day. It was said they were kept only as
+hostages, until the number of criminals he demanded was completed by
+their nation; but if they were robbed of their liberty, it was of little
+consequence to them under what denomination they were confined. It was
+said to be done by the consent of the nation, as six of its chiefs had
+signed the articles of peace; but in whatever light we view the act, it
+appears to be one of those base and unjustifiable advantages which policy
+and craft commonly take of the weakness and simplicity of more
+unfortunate neighbours; and nothing less could have been expected, than
+that these wild and independent warriors would resent such base and
+unmerited usage on the first opportunity that offered.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Governor returns to Charlestown.
+
+Scarcely had Governor Lyttleton concluded the treaty of Fort Prince
+George when the small-pox, which was raging in an adjacent Indian town,
+broke out in his camp. As few of his little army had ever gone through
+that distemper, and as the surgeons were totally unprovided for such an
+accident, his men were struck with terror, and in great haste returned to
+the settlements, cautiously avoiding all intercourse one with another,
+and suffering much from hunger and fatigue by the way. The Governor
+followed them, and arrived in Charlestown about the beginning of the year
+1760. Though not a drop of blood had been spilt during the expedition, he
+was received like a conqueror, with the greatest demonstrations of joy.
+Addresses the most flattering were presented to him by the different
+societies and professions, and bonefires and illuminations testified the
+high sense the inhabitants entertained of his merit and services, and the
+happy consequences which they believed would result from his expedition.
+
+    [Sidenote] The treaty of peace broken
+
+However, those rejoicings on account of the peace were scarcely over,
+when the news arrived that fresh hostilities hod been committed, and the
+Governor was informed that the Cherokees had killed fourteen men within a
+mile of Fort Prince George. The Indians had contracted an invincible
+antipathy to Captain Coytmore, the officer whom Mr. Lyttleton had left
+commander of that fort. The treatment they had received at Charlestown,
+but especially the imprisonment of their chiefs, had now converted their
+former desire of peace into the bitterest rage for war. Occonostota, a
+chieftain of great influence, had become a most implacable and vindictive
+enemy to Carolina, and determined to repay treachery with treachery.
+Having gathered a strong party of Cherokees, he surrounded Fort Prince
+George, and compelled the garrison to keep within their works; but
+finding that he could make no impression on the fort, nor oblige the
+commander to surrender, he contrived the following stratagem for the
+relief of his countrymen confined in it.
+
+    [Sidenote] Occonostota's stratagem for killing the officer of the
+    fort.
+
+As that country was every where covered with woods, he placed a party of
+savages in a dark thicket by the river side, and then sent an Indian
+woman, whom he knew to be always welcome at the fort, to inform the
+commander that he had something of consequence to communicate to him, and
+would be glad to speak with him at the river side. Captain Coytmore
+imprudently consented, and without any suspicions of danger walked down
+towards the river, accompanied by Lieutenants Bell and Foster.
+Occonostota appearing on the opposite side, told him he was going to
+Charlestown to procure a release of the prisoners, and would he glad of a
+white man to accompany him as a safeguard; and, the better to cover his
+dark design, had a bridle in his hand, and added, he would go and hunt
+for a horse to him. The captain replied, that he should have a guard, and
+wished he might find a horse, as the journey was very long. Upon which
+the Indian, turning quickly about, swung the bridle thrice round his
+head, as a signal to the savages placed in ambush, who instantly fired on
+the officers, shot the captain dead on the spot, and wounded the other
+two. In consequence of which orders were given to put the hostages in
+irons, to prevent any farther danger from them. But while the soldiers
+were attempting to execute their orders, the Indians stabbed the first
+man who had hold of them with a knife, and wounded two more; upon which
+the garrison, exasperated to the highest degree, fell on the unfortunate
+hostages, and butchered them in a manner too shocking to relate.
+
+    [Sidenote] The war becomes general.
+
+There were few men in the Cherokee nation that did not lose a friend or a
+relation by this massacre, and therefore with one voice all immediately
+declared for war. The leaders in every town seized the hatchet, telling
+their followers that the spirits of murdered brothers were flying around
+them, and calling out for vengeance on their enemies. From the different
+towns large parties of warriors took the field, painted in the most
+formidable manner, and arrayed with all their instruments of death. All
+sang the song of war, and burning with impatience to imbrue their hands
+in the blood of their enemies, rushed down among innocent and defenceless
+families on the frontiers of Carolina, where men, women and children,
+without distinction, fell a sacrifice to their merciless fury. Such as
+fled to the woods, and escaped the scalping-knife, perished with hunger;
+and those whom they made prisoners were carried into the wilderness,
+where they suffered inexpressible hardships. Every day brought fresh
+accounts to the capital of their ravages, murders and desolations. But
+while the back settlers impatiently looked to their Governor for relief,
+the small-pox raged to such a degree in town, that few of the militia
+could be prevailed on to leave their distressed families to serve the
+public. In this extremity an express was sent to General Amherst, the
+commander in chief in America, acquainting him with the deplorable
+situation of the province, and imploring his assistance in the most
+pressing terms. Accordingly a battalion of Highlanders, and four
+companies of the Royal Scots, under the command of Colonel Montgomery,
+now Earl of Eglinton, were ordered immediately to embark, and sail for
+the relief of Carolina.
+
+In the mean time William Lyttleton being appointed Governor of Jamaica,
+the charge of the province devolved on William Bull, a man of great
+integrity and erudition. Application was made to the neighbouring
+provinces of North Carolina and Virginia for relief, and seven troops of
+rangers were raised to patrole the frontiers, and prevent the savages
+from penetrating farther down among the settlements. A considerable sum
+was voted for presents to such of the Creeks, Chickesaws and Catabaws as
+should join the province and go to war against the Cherokees. Provisions
+were sent to the families that had escaped to Augusta and Fort Moore, and
+the best preparations possible made for chastising their enemy, so soon
+as the regulars coming from New York should arrive in the province.
+
+    [Sidenote] Colonel Montgomery arrives.
+
+Before the end of April, 1760, Colonel Montgomery landed in Carolina, and
+encamped at Monk's Corner. Great was the joy of the province upon the
+arrival of this gallant officer; but as the conquest of Canada was the
+grand object of this year's campaign in America, he had orders to strike
+a sudden blow for the relief of Carolina, and return to head quarters at
+Albany without loss of time. Nothing was therefore omitted that was
+judged necessary to forward the expedition. Several gentlemen of fortune,
+excited by a laudable zeal for the safety of their country, formed
+themselves into a company of volunteers, and joined the army. The whole
+force of the province was collected, and ordered to rendezvous at
+Congarees. Waggons, carts and horses were impressed for the service of
+his Majesty, and the colonists flattered themselves with the hopes that
+they would now be able to punish the insolence of their barbarous
+enemies.
+
+    [Sidenote] And marches against the Cherokees.
+
+A few weeks after his arrival Colonel Montgomery marched to the
+Congarees, where he was joined by the internal strength of the province,
+and immediately set out for the Cherokee country. For a guide he was
+provided with an half-blooded Indian, who was well acquainted with the
+roads though the woods, and the passages through the rivers. Having
+little time allowed him, his march was uncommonly spirited and
+expeditious. After reaching a place called Twelve-mile River, he encamped
+on an advantageous ground, and marched with a party of his men in the
+night to surprize Estatoe, an Indian town about twenty miles from his
+camp. The first noise he heard by the way was the barking of a dog before
+his men, where he was informed there was an Indian town called Little
+Keowee, which he ordered the light infantry to surround, and, except
+women and children, to put every Indian in it to the sword. Having done
+this piece of service, he proceeded to Estatoe, which he found abandoned
+by all the savages, excepting a few who had not had time to make their
+escape. This town, which consisted of at least two hundred houses, and
+was well provided with corn, hogs, poultry, and ammunition, he reduced to
+ashes. Sugar Town, and every other settlement in the lower nation,
+afterwards shared the same fate. The surprize to every one of them was
+nearly equal; for as the army darted upon them like lightning, the
+savages could scarcely save themselves, far less any little property that
+they had. In these lower towns about sixty Indians were killed and forty
+made prisoners, and the rest driven to seek for shelter among the
+mountains. Having finished his business among these lower settlements
+with the small loss of three or four men, he then marched to the relief
+of Fort Prince George, which had been for some time invested by savages,
+insomuch that no soldier durst venture beyond the bounds of the fort, and
+where the garrison was in distress, not for the want of provisions, but
+of wood to prepare them.
+
+    [Sidenote] Chastises them near Etchoe.
+
+While the army rested at Fort Prince George, Edmund Atkin, agent for
+Indian affairs, dispatched two Indian chiefs to the middle settlements,
+to inform the Cherokees that by suing for peace they might obtain it, as
+the former friends and allies of Britain. At the same time he sent a
+messenger to Fort Loudon, requesting Captains Demere and Stuart, the
+commanding officers at that place, to use their best endeavours for
+obtaining peace with the Cherokees in the upper towns. Colonel Montgomery
+finding that the savages were as yet disposed to listen to no terms of
+accommodation, determined to carry the chastisement a little farther.
+Dismal was the wilderness into which he entered, and many were the
+hardships and dangers he had to encounter, from dark thickets, rugged
+paths, and narrow passes; in which a small body of men, properly posted,
+might harass and tire out the bravest army that ever took the field.
+Having on all hands suspicious grounds, he found occasion for constant
+vigilance and circumspection. While he was piercing through the thick
+forest he had numberless difficulties to surmount, particularly from
+rivers fordable only at one place, and overlooked by high banks on each
+side, where an enemy might attack him with advantage, and retreat with
+safety. When he had advanced within five miles of Etchoe, the nearest
+town in the middle settlements, he found there a low valley, covered so
+thick with bushes that the soldiers could scarcely see three yards before
+them, and in the middle of which there was a muddy river, with steep clay
+banks. Through this dark place, where it was impossible for any number of
+men to act together, the army must necessarily march; and therefore
+Captain Morison, who commanded a company of rangers, well acquainted with
+the woods, had orders to advance and scour the thicket. He had scarcely
+entered it, when a number of savages sprung from their lurking den, and
+firing on them, killed the captain and wounded several of his party. Upon
+which the light infantry and grenadiers were ordered to advance and
+charge the invisible enemy, which they did with great courage and
+alacrity. A heavy fire then began on both sides, and during some time the
+soldiers could only discover the places where the savages were hid by the
+report of their guns. Colonel Montgomery finding that the number of
+Indians that guarded this place was great, and that they were determined
+obstinately to dispute it, ordered the Royal Scots, who were in the rear,
+to advance between the savages and a rising ground on the right, while
+the Highlanders marched towards the left to sustain the light infantry
+and grenadiers. The woods now resounded with horrible shouts and yells,
+but these, instead of intimidating the troops, seemed rather to inspire
+them with double firmness and resolution. At length the savages gave way,
+and in their retreat falling in with the Royal Scots, suffered
+considerably before they got out of their reach. By this time the Royals
+being in the front and the Highlanders in the rear, the enemy stretched
+away and took possession of a hill, seemingly disposed to keep at a
+distance, and always retreating as the army advanced. Colonel Montgomery
+perceiving that they kept aloof, gave orders to the line to face about,
+and march directly for the town of Etchoe. The enemy no sooner observed
+this movement, than they got behind the hill, and ran to alarm their
+wives and children. During the action, which lasted above an hour,
+Colonel Montgomery, who made several narrow escapes, had twenty men
+killed, and seventy-six wounded. What number the enemy lost is uncertain,
+but some places were discovered into which they had thrown several of
+their slain, from which it was conjectured that they must have lost a
+great number, as it is a custom among them to carry their dead off the
+field. Upon viewing the ground, all were astonished to see with what
+judgment and skill they had chosen it. Scarcely could the most
+experienced officer have fixed upon a spot more advantageous for
+way-laying and attacking an enemy, according to the method of fighting
+practised among the Indian nations.
+
+    [Sidenote] And returns to Fort Prince George.
+
+This action, though it terminated much in favour of the British army, had
+nevertheless reduced it to such a situation as made it very imprudent, if
+not altogether impracticable, to penetrate farther into those woods. The
+repulse was far from being decisive, for the enemy had only retired from
+one to another advantageous situation, in order to renew their attack
+when the army should again advance. Humanity would not suffer the
+commander to leave so many wounded men exposed to the vengeance of
+savages, without any strong-hold in which he might lodge them, or some
+detachment, which he could not spare, to protect them. Should he proceed
+farther, he saw plainly that he must expect frequent skirmishes, which
+would increase the number, and the burning of so many Indian towns would
+be a poor compensation for the great risque and perhaps wanton sacrifice
+of so many valuable lives. To furnish horses for the men already wounded
+obliged him to throw so many bags of flour into the river, and what
+remained was no more than sufficient for his army during their return to
+Fort Prince George. Orders were therefore given for a retreat, which was
+made with great regularity, although the enemy continued hovering around
+them, and annoying them to the utmost of their power. A large train of
+wounded men was brought above sixty miles through a hazardous country in
+safety, for which no small share of honour and praise was due to the
+officer that conducted the retreat. Never did men endure greater
+hardships and fatigues with fewer complaints than this little army during
+the expedition. Such confidence did they repose in their leader, that
+they seemed to despise all difficulties and dangers which he shared along
+with them in the service of their King and country.
+
+    [Sidenote] The consternation of the inhabitants from Indians.
+
+After Colonel Montgomery had returned to the settlements, and was
+preparing to embark for New York, agreeable to his orders from General
+Amherst, the Carolineans were again thrown under the most dreadful
+apprehensions from the dangers which hung over the province. This appears
+from the following address of the General Assembly, presented to
+Lieutenant-Governor Bull on the 11th of July, 1760. "We, his Majesty's
+most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons House of Assembly of this
+province, return your Honour our sincere thanks for the advices you have
+been pleased to communicate to us in the morning; and being deeply
+affected with the contents of Colonel Grant's letter, which imports, that
+Colonel Montgomery will soon embark with his Majesty's troops under his
+command to join General Amherst; humbly beg leave to represent to your
+Honour, that we apprehend the province to be in a much more dangerous
+situation at this juncture, than it was at the time when the said troops
+arrived here; as the Upper Creek Indians have since murdered several
+English traders in their towns, and made no offer to give up the
+murderers, or make any other satisfaction whatever; whence we have the
+greatest reason to believe they will soon break out into open war. And by
+what is mentioned in Colonel Grant's letter, we fear that our implacable
+enemies the French have already spirited up and prevailed with the
+Choctaws to assist the Cherokees against us. And notwithstanding the
+present rupture with the Cherokees has cost the province, in less than
+nine months, near 50,000 pounds sterling, yet all our endeavours to raise
+a number of forces capable of preventing the Cherokees from ravaging the
+back settlements have proved ineffectual. This being the situation of the
+province when we had only the Cherokees to contend with, how deplorable
+then must our case be, should Colonel Montgomery depart with the King's
+troops under his command, and we have the united attacks of the
+Cherokees, Creeks and Choctaws, (the three most powerful nations of
+Indians on the continent), to repel, can be better imagined than
+described. Being truely sensible of your Honour's good inclinations to
+render every service in your power to this province, we unanimously
+intreat your Honour to use the most pressing instances with Colonel
+Montgomery not to depart with the King's troops, as it may be attended
+with the most pernicious consequences." Accordingly the
+Lieutenant-Governor having given the Colonel the fullest view of those
+extensive dangers to which the province after his departure would be
+exposed, prevailed with him to leave four companies of the royal
+regiment, under the command of Major Frederick Hamilton, for covering the
+frontiers, while he embarked with the battalion of Highlanders, and
+sailed for New York.
+
+    [Sidenote] Great distress of the garrison at Fort Loudon.
+    [Sidenote] The terms obtained for the garrison.
+
+In the mean time the distant garrison of Fort Loudon, consisting of two
+hundred men, was reduced to the dreadful alternative of perishing by
+hunger or submitting to the mercy of the enraged Cherokees. The Governor
+having information that the Virginians had undertaken to relieve it, for
+a while seemed satisfied, and anxiously waited to hear the news of that
+happy event. But the Virginians were equally ill qualified with their
+neighbours of Carolina to send them any assistance. So remote was the
+fort from every settlement, and so difficult was it to march an army
+through the barren wilderness, where the various thickets were lined with
+enemies, and to carry at the same time sufficient supplies along with
+them, that the Virginians had dropped all thoughts of the attempt.
+Provisions being entirely exhausted at Fort Loudon, the garrison was
+reduced to the most deplorable situation. For a whole month they had no
+other subsistence but the flesh of lean horses and dogs, and a small
+supply of Indian beans, which some friendly Cherokee women procured for
+them by stealth. Long had the officers endeavoured to animate and
+encourage the men with the hopes of relief; but now being blockaded night
+and day by the enemy, and having no resource left, they threatened to
+leave the fort, and die at once by the hands of savages, rather than
+perish slowly by famine. In this extremity the commander was obliged to
+call a council of war, to consider what was proper to be done; when the
+officers were all of opinion that it was impossible to hold out any
+longer, and therefore agreed to surrender the fort to the Cherokees on
+the best terms that could be obtained from them. For this purpose Captain
+Stuart, an officer of great sagacity and address, and much beloved by all
+the Indians that remained in the British interest, procured leave to go
+to Chote, one of the principal towns in the neighbourhood, where he
+obtained the following terms of capitulation, which were signed by the
+commanding officer and two of the Cherokee chiefs. "That the garrison of
+Fort Loudon march out with their arms and drums, each soldier having as
+much powder and ball as their officer shall think necessary for their
+march, and all the baggage they may chuse to carry: That the garrison be
+permitted to march to Virginia, or Fort Prince George, as the commanding
+officer shall think proper, unmolested; and that a number of Indians be
+appointed to escort them, and hunt for provisions during their march:
+That such soldiers as are lame, or by sickness disabled from marching, be
+received into the Indian towns, and kindly used until they recover, and
+then be allowed to return to Fort Prince George: That the Indians do
+provide for the garrison as many horses as they conveniently can for
+their march, agreeing with the officers and soldiers for payment: That
+the fort great guns, powder, ball, and spare arms, be delivered to the
+Indians without fraud or further delay, on the day appointed for the
+march of the troops."
+
+    [Sidenote] Treacherously broken by the savages.
+
+Agreeable to those terms stipulated, the garrison delivered up the fort,
+and marched out with their arms, accompanied by Occonostota, Judd's
+friend, the prince of Chote, and several other Indians, and that day went
+fifteen miles on their way to Fort Prince George. At night they encamped
+on a plain about two miles from Taliquo, an Indian town, when all their
+attendants, upon one pretence or another, left them; which the officers
+considered as no good sign, and therefore placed a strict guard round
+their camp. During the night they remained unmolested, but next morning
+about break of day a soldier from an out-post came running in, and
+informed them that he saw a vast number of Indians, armed, and painted in
+the most dreadful manner, creeping among the bushes, and advancing in
+order to surround them. Scarcely had the officer time to order his men to
+stand to their arms, when the savages poured in upon them a heavy fire
+from different quarters, accompanied with the most hideous yells, which
+struck a panic into the soldiers, who were so much enfeebled and
+dispirited that they were incapable of making any effectual resistance.
+Captain Demere, with three other officers, and about twenty-five private
+men, fell at the first onset. Some fled into the woods, and were
+afterwards taken prisoners and confined among the towns in the valley.
+Captain Stuart, and those that remained, were seized, pinioned, and
+brought back to Fort Loudon. No sooner had Attakullakulla heard that his
+friend Mr. Stuart had escaped, than he hastened to the fort, and
+purchased him from the Indian that took him, giving him his rifle,
+clothes, and all he could command, by way of ransom. He then took
+possession of Captain Demere's house, where he kept his prisoner as one
+of his family, and freely shared with him the little provisions his table
+afforded, until a fair opportunity should offer for rescuing him from
+their hands; but the poor soldiers were kept in a miserable state of
+captivity for some time, and then redeemed by the province at a great
+expence.
+
+    [Sidenote] A proposal for attacking Fort Prince George.
+
+During the time these prisoners were confined at Fort Loudon, Occonostota
+formed a design of attacking Fort Prince George, and for this purpose
+dispatched a messenger to the settlements in the valley, requesting all
+the warriors there to join him at Stickoey old town. By accident a
+discovery was made of ten bags of powder, and ball in proportion, which
+the officers had secretly buried in the fort, to prevent their falling
+into the enemy's hands. This discovery had nearly proved fatal to Captain
+Stuart, and would certainly have cost him his life, had not the
+interpreter had so much presence of mind as to assure the enemy that
+these warlike stores had been concealed without his knowledge or consent.
+The Indians having now abundance of ammunition for the siege, a council
+was called at Chote, to which the captain was brought, and put in mind of
+the obligations he lay under to them for sparing his life; and as they
+had resolved to carry six cannon and two cohorns with them against Fort
+Prince George, to be managed by men under his command, they told him he
+must go and write such letters to the commandant as they should dictate
+to him. They informed him at the same time, that if that officer should
+refuse to surrender, they were determined to burn the prisoners one after
+another before his face, and try if he could be so obstinate as to hold
+out while he saw his friends expiring in the flames. Captain Stuart was
+much alarmed at his situation, and from that moment resolved to make his
+escape or perish in the attempt. His design he privately communicated to
+Attakullakulla, and told him how uneasy he was at the thoughts of being
+compelled to bear arms against his countrymen. He acknowledged that he
+had always been a brother, and hoped he would assist him to get out of
+his present perilous circumstances. The old warrior, taking him by the
+hand, told him he was his friend, he had already given one proof of his
+regard, and intended to give another so soon as his brother should return
+and help him to concert the measure. He said he was well apprized of the
+ill designs of his countrymen, and should he go and persuade the garrison
+of Fort Prince George to do as he had done, what could he expect but that
+they should share the same dismal fate. Strong and uncultivated minds
+carry their friendship, as well as their enmity, to an astonishing pitch.
+Among savages family friendship is a national virtue, and civilized
+mortals may blush when they consider how much barbarians have often
+surpassed them in the practice of it. The instance I am going to relate
+is as singular and memorable as many that have been recorded in the
+annals of past ages.
+
+    [Sidenote] Captain Stuart escapes to Virginia.
+
+Attakullakulla claimed Captain Stuart as his prisoner, and had resolved
+to deliver him from danger and for this purpose there was no time to be
+lost. Accordingly he gave out among his countrymen that he intended to go
+a-hunting for a few days, and carry his prisoner along with him to eat
+venison, of which he declared he was exceedingly fond. At the same time
+the Captain went through among his soldiers, telling them that they could
+never expect to be ransomed by the province, if they gave the smallest
+assistance to the Indians against Fort Prince George. Having settled all
+matters, they set out on their journey, accompanied by the warrior's
+wife, his brother, and two soldiers, who were the only persons in the
+garrison that knew how to convey great guns through the woods. For
+provisions they depended on what they might kill by the way. The distance
+to the frontier settlements was great, and the utmost expedition
+necessary to prevent any surprize from Indians pursuing them. Nine days
+and nights did they travel through a dreary wilderness, shaping their
+course by the light of the sun and moon for Virginia, and traversing many
+hills, valleys and paths that had never been crossed before but by
+savages and wild beasts. On the tenth they arrived at the banks of
+Holston's river, where they fortunately fell in with a party of three
+hundred men, sent out by Colonel Bird for the relief of such soldiers as
+might make their escape that way from Fort Loudon. On the fourteenth day
+the Captain reached Colonel Bird's camp on the frontiers of Virginia,
+where having loaded his faithful friend with presents and provisions, he
+sent him back to protect the unhappy prisoners till they should be
+ransomed, and to exert his influence among the Cherokees for the
+restoration of peace.
+
+No sooner had Captain Stuart made his escape from the hands of the
+savages, than he immediately began to concert ways and means for the
+relief of his garrison. An express was dispatched to Lieutenant-Governor
+Bull, informing him of the sad disaster that had happened to the garrison
+of Fort Loudon, and of the designs of the enemy against Fort Prince
+George. In consequence of which orders were given to Major Thomson, who
+commanded the militia on the frontiers, to throw in provisions for ten
+weeks into that fort, and warn the commanding officer of his danger. At
+the same time a messenger was sent to Attakullakulla desiring him to
+inform the Cherokees that Fort George was impregnable, having vast
+quantities of powder buried under ground every where around it, to blow
+up all enemies that should attempt to come near it. Presents of
+considerable value were sent to redeem the prisoners at Fort Loudon, a
+few of whom had by this time made their escape; and afterwards not only
+those that were confined among the towns in the valley, but also all that
+had survived the hardships of hunger, disease and captivity in the upper
+towns were released, and delivered up to the commanding officer at Fort
+Prince George.
+
+    [Sidenote] The war continues.
+
+It might now have been expected that the vindictive spirit of the savages
+would be satisfied, and that they would he disposed to listen to some
+terms of accommodation. This treacherous conduct to the soldiers at Fort
+Loudon, they intended as a satisfaction for the harsh treatment their
+relations had met with at Fort Prince George; and dearly had the province
+paid for the base imprisonment and horrid massacre of the chiefs at that
+place. Still, however, a great majority of the nation spurned at every
+offer of peace. The lower towns had all been destroyed by Colonel
+Montgomery; the warriors in the middle settlements had lost many friends
+and relations; and several Frenchmen had crept in among the uppertowns,
+and helped to foment their ill humour against Carolina. Lewis Latinac, a
+French officer, was among them, and proved an indefatigable instigator to
+mischief. He persuaded the Indians that the English had nothing less in
+view than to exterminate them from the face of the earth; and, furnishing
+them with arms and ammunition, urged them on to war. At a great meeting
+of the nation he pulled out his hatchet, and, striking it into a log of
+wood, called out, Who is the man that will take this up for the King of
+France? Saloue, the young warrior of Estatoe, instantly laid hold of it,
+and cried out, "I am for war. The spirits of our brothers who have been
+slain still call upon us to avenge their death. He is no better than a
+woman that refuses to follow me." Many others seized the tomahawk, yet
+dyed in British blood, and burnt with impatience for the field.
+
+    [Sidenote] The Highlanders return to Carolina.
+
+Under the flattering appearance of a calm were those clouds again
+gathering; however, Lieutenant-Governor Bull, who knew well how little
+Indians were to be trusted on any occasion, kept the Royal Scots and
+militia on the frontiers in a posture of defence. But finding the
+province still under the most dreadful apprehensions from their savage
+neighbours, who continued insolent and vindictive, and ready to renew
+their ravages and murders, he made application a second time to General
+Amherst for assistance. Canada being now reduced; the commander in chief
+could the more easily spare a force adequate to the purpose intended. The
+brave Colonel Montgomery, who conducted the former expedition, having by
+this time embarked for England, the command of the Highlanders devolved
+on Lieutenant-Colonel James Grant, who received orders to return to the
+relief of Carolina. Early in the year 1761 he landed at Charlestown,
+where he took up his winter quarters, until the proper season should
+approach for taking the field. Unfortunately during this time many of the
+soldiers, by drinking brackish water, were taken sick, which afforded the
+inhabitants an opportunity of showing their kindness and humanity. They
+considered themselves, and with reason, under the strongest obligations
+to treat men with tenderness, who came to protect them against their
+enemies, and therefore they brought the sick soldiers into their houses,
+and nursed them with the greatest care and attention.
+
+In this campaign the province determined to exert itself to the utmost,
+that, in conjunction with the regular forces, a severe correction might
+be given to those troublesome savages. For this purpose a provincial
+regiment was raised, and the command of it given to Colonel Middleton.
+Presents were provided for the Indian allies, and several of the
+Chickesaws and Catabaws engaged to assist them against the Cherokees. But
+the Creeks, whose help was also strongly solicited, played an artful game
+between the English and the French, and gave the one or the other
+encouragement, according to the advantages they reaped from them. All
+possible preparations were made for supplying the army with provisions at
+different stages, and with such carts and horses as were thought
+necessary to the expedition. Great had been the expence which this
+quarrel with the Cherokees had already occasioned; now they flattered
+themselves that by one resolute exertion more they would tire the savages
+of war, and oblige them to accept of such terms of peace as they thought
+proper to dictate.
+
+As all white men in the province, of the military age, were soldiers as
+well as citizens, and trained in some measure to the use of arms, it was
+no difficult matter to complete the provincial regiment. Their names
+being registered in the list of militia; on every emergency they were
+obliged to be ready for defence, not only against the incursions of
+Indians, but also against the insurrection of negroes; and although the
+same prompt obedience to orders could not be expected from them that is
+necessary in a regular army, yet the provincials had other advantages
+which compensated for that defect. They were better acquainted than
+strangers with the woods, and the nature of that country in which their
+military service was required. They were seasoned to the climate, and had
+learned from experience what clothes, meat and drink were most proper to
+enable them to do their duty. In common occasions, when the militia was
+called out, the men received no pay, but when employed, as in this
+Cherokee war, for the public defence, they were allowed the same pay with
+the King's forces.
+
+    [Sidenote] Colonel Grant marches against the Cherokees.
+
+So soon as the Highlanders had recovered from their sickness, and were in
+a condition to take the field, Colonel Grant began his march for the
+Cherokee territories. After being joined by the Provincial regiment and
+Indian allies, he mustered in all about two thousand six hundred men.
+Having served some years in America, and been in several engagements with
+Indians, he was now no stranger to their methods of making war. He was
+sensible how ready they were to take all advantages, by surprize,
+stratagem, or otherwise, that the nature of their country afforded them.
+Caution and vigilance were not only necessary on his part, but, to
+prepare an army for such services, the dress, the arms, and discipline,
+should all be adapted to the nature of the country, in order to give the
+men every advantage, according to the Indian manner of attack. The eye
+should be habituated to perpetual watchfulness, the body should be
+clothed in green, the prevailing colour of the woods, that it may be
+difficult to distinguish it, and equipped in such light armour as is
+easiest managed in a thicket. The feet and legs should be fortified
+against prickly briers and bushes, and those men who have been accustomed
+to hunt in the woods, being quick-sighted, are best qualified for
+scouring the dark thickets, and for guards to the main body. Europeans,
+who are strangers to such things, are ill prepared for military services
+in America. Many brave officers have suffered by inattention to them, and
+being ignorant of the peculiar circumstances of the country, have fallen
+a sacrifice to their own rashness, or the numberless snares to which they
+are exposed in it.
+
+On the 27th of May, 1761, Colonel Grant arrived at Fort Prince George,
+and Attakullakulla, having got information that he was advancing against
+his nation with a formidable army, hastened to his camp, to signify his
+earnest desire of peace. He told the Colonel that he always had been, and
+ever would continue to be, a firm friend to the English; that the
+outrages of his countrymen covered him with shame, and filled his heart
+with grief; yet nevertheless he would gladly interpose in their behalf,
+in order to bring about an accommodation. Often, he said, had he been
+called an old woman by the mad young men of his nation, who delighted in
+war and despised his counsels. Often had he endeavoured to get the
+hatchet buried, and the former good correspondence with the Carolineans
+established. Now he was determined to set out for the Cherokee towns, to
+persuade them to consult their safety, and speedily agree to terms of
+peace, and again and again begged the Colonel to proceed no farther until
+he returned.
+
+    [Sidenote] Engages and defeats them.
+    [Sidenote] Defeats them and destroys their towns.
+
+
+Colonel Grant, however, gave him no encouragement to expect that his
+request could be granted; but, on the 7th of June, began his march from
+Fort Prince George, carrying with him provisions to the army for thirty
+days. A party of ninety Indians, and thirty woodmen painted like Indians,
+under the command of Captain Quintine Kennedy, had orders to march in
+front and scour the woods. After them the light infantry and about fifty
+rangers, consisting in all of about two hundred men, followed, by whose
+vigilance and activity the commander imagined that the main body of the
+army might be kept tolerably quiet and secure. For three days he made
+forced marches, in order to get over two narrow and dangerous defiles,
+which he accomplished without a shot from the enemy, but which might have
+cost him dear, had they been properly guarded and warmly disputed. On the
+day following he found suspicious ground on all hands, and therefore
+orders were given for the first time to load and prepare for action, and
+the guards to march slowly forward, doubling their vigilance and
+circumspection. As they frequently spied Indians around them, all were
+convinced that they should that day have an engagement. At length, having
+advanced near to the place where Colonel Montgomery was attacked the year
+before, the Indian allies in the van-guard, about eight in the morning,
+observed a large body of Cherokees posted upon a hill on the right flank
+of the army, and gave the alarm. Immediately the savages, rushing down,
+began to fire on the advanced guard, which being supported, the enemy
+were repulsed, and recovered their heights. Under this hill the line was
+obliged to march a considerable way. On the left there was a river, from
+the opposite banks of which a large party of Indians fired briskly on the
+troops as they advanced. Colonel Grant ordered a party to march up the
+hill and drive the enemy from the heights, while the line faced about and
+gave their whole charge to the Indians that annoyed them from the side of
+the river. The engagement became general, and the savages seemed
+determined obstinately to dispute the lower grounds, while those on the
+hill were dislodged only to return with redoubled ardour to the charge.
+The situation of the troops was in several respects deplorable; fatigued
+by a tedious march, in rainy weather, surrounded with woods, so that they
+could not discern the enemy, galled by the scattered fire of savages, who
+when pressed always kept aloof, but rallied again and again, and returned
+to the ground. No sooner did the army gain an advantage over them in one
+quarter, than they appeared in another. While the attention of the
+commander was occupied in driving the enemy from their lurking-place on
+the river's side, the rear was attacked, and so vigorous an effort made
+for the flour and cattle, that he was obliged to order a party back to
+the relief of the rear-guard. From eight o'clock in the morning until
+eleven the savages continued to keep up an irregular and incessant fire,
+sometimes from one place and sometimes from another, while the woods
+resounded with hideous shouts and yells, to intimidate the troops. At
+length the Cherokees gave way, and, being pursued for some time, popping
+shots continued till two o'clock, when they disappeared. What loss the
+enemy sustained in this action we have not been able to learn, but of
+Colonel Grant's army there were between fifty and sixty men killed and
+wounded; and it is probable the loss of the savages could not be much
+greater, and perhaps not so great, owing to their manner of fighting.
+Orders were given not to bury the slain, but to sink them in the river,
+to prevent their being dug up from their graves and scalped. To provide
+horses for those that were wounded, several bags of flour were thrown
+into the river. After which the army proceeded to Etchoe, a pretty large
+Indian town, which they reached about midnight, and next day reduced to
+ashes. Every other town in the middle settlements, fourteen in number,
+shared the same fate. Their magazines and corn fields were likewise
+destroyed, and those miserable savages, with their families, were driven
+to seek for shelter and provisions among the barren mountains.
+
+It would be no easy matter to describe the various hardships which this
+little army endured in the wilderness, from heat, thirst, watching,
+danger and fatigue. Thirty days did Colonel Grant continue in the heart
+of the Cherokee territories, and, upon his return to Fort Prince George,
+the feet and legs of many of his army were so mangled, and their strength
+and spirits so much exhausted, that they were utterly unable to march
+farther. He resolved therefore to encamp at that place for a while, both
+to refresh his men and wait the resolutions of the Cherokees, in
+consequence of the heavy chastisement which they had received. Besides
+the numberless advantages their country afforded for defence, it was
+supposed that some French officers had been among them, and given them
+all the assistance in their power. It is true the savages supported their
+attack for some hours with considerable spirit; but being driven from
+their advantageous posts and thickets they were wholly disconcerted, and
+though the repulse was far from being decisive, yet after this engagement
+they returned no more to the charge, but remained the tame spectators of
+their towns in flames, and their country laid desolate.
+
+Such engagements in Europe would be considered as trifling skirmishes,
+scarcely worthy of relation, but in America a great deal is often
+determined by them. It is no easy matter to describe the distress to
+which the savages were reduced by this severe correction. Even in time of
+peace they are destitute of that foresight, in a great measure, which
+provides for future events; but in time of war, when their villages are
+destroyed and their fields laid desolate, they are reduced to extreme
+want. Being driven to the barren mountains, the hunters furnished with
+ammunition might indeed make some small provision for themselves, but
+women, children, and old men, must perish, being deprived of the means of
+subsistence.
+
+    [Sidenote] Peace with the Cherokees
+
+A few days after Colonel Grant's arrival at Fort Prince George,
+Attakullakulla, attended by several chieftains, came to his camp, and
+expressed a desire of peace. Severely had they suffered for breaking
+their alliance with Britain, and giving ear to the deceitful promises of
+France. Convinced at last of the weakness and perfidy of the French, who
+were neither able to assist them in time of war, nor supply their wants
+in time of peace, they resolved to renounce all connection with them for
+ever. Accordingly terms of peace were drawn up and proposed, which were
+no less honourable to Colonel Grant than advantageous to the province.
+The different articles being read and interpreted, Attakullakulla agreed
+to them all excepting one, by which it was demanded, That four Cherokee
+Indians be delivered up to Colonel Grant at Fort Prince George, to be put
+to death in the front of his camp; or four green scalps be brought to him
+in the space of twelve nights. The warrior having no authority from his
+nation, declared he could not agree to this article, and therefore the
+Colonel sent him to Charlestown, to see whether the Lieutenant-Governor
+would consent to mitigate the rigour of it.
+
+Accordingly Attakullakulla and the other chieftains, being furnished with
+a safeguard, set out for Charlestown to hold a conference with Mr. Bull,
+who, on their arrival, called a council to meet at Ashley Ferry, and then
+spoke to the following effect. "Attakullakulla, I am glad to see you, and
+as I have always heard of your good behaviour, that you have been a good
+friend to the English, I take you by the hand, and not only you but all
+those with you also, as a pledge for their security whilst under my
+protection. Colonel Grant acquaints me that you have applied for peace;
+now that you are come, I have met with my beloved men to hear what you
+have to say, and my ears are open for that purpose." Then a fire was
+kindled, the pipe of peace was lighted, and all smoked together for some
+time in great silence and solemnity.
+
+Then Attakullakulla arose, and addressed the Lieutenant-Governor and
+Council to the following effect. "It is a great while since I last saw
+your honour; now I am glad to see you, and all the beloved men present--I
+am come to you as a messenger from the whole nation--I have now seen you,
+smoked with you, and hope we shall live together as brothers.--When I
+came to Keowee, Colonel Grant sent me to you--You live at the water side,
+and are in light--We are in darkness, but hope all will be yet clear with
+us.--I have been constantly going about doing good, and though I am
+tired, yet I am come to see what can be done for my people, who are in
+great distress." Here he produced the strings of wampum he had received
+from the different towns, denoting their earnest desire of peace; and
+then added, "As to what has happened, I believe it has been ordered by
+our Father above.--We are of a different colour from the white
+people--They are superior to us--But one God is father of all, and we
+hope what is past will be forgotten.--God Almighty made all people--There
+is not a day but some are coming into, and others are going out of, the
+world.--The great King told me the path should never be crooked, but open
+for every one to pass and repass.--As we all live in one land, I hope we
+shall all live as one people." After which peace was formally ratified
+and confirmed by both parties, and their former friendship being renewed,
+all hoped that it would last as long as the sun shall shine and the
+rivers run.
+
+    [Sidenote] A quarrel between the commanding officers.
+
+Thus ended the Cherokee war, which was among the last humbling strokes
+given to the expiring power of France in North America, and Colonel Grant
+returned to Charlestown to wait further orders. But no sooner was peace
+concluded, and the province secured against external enemies, than an
+unhappy difference broke out between the two principal commanders of the
+regular and provincial forces. Colonel Grant, a native of Scotland, was
+naturally of an high spirit, to which he added that pride of rank which
+he held among those British soldiers who had carried their arms
+triumphant through the continent. During this expedition it is probable
+that he scorned to ask the advice of a provincial officer, whom he deemed
+an improper judge of military operations, and claimed the chief glory of
+having restored peace to the province. Colonel Middleton was equally warm
+and proud, and considering such neglect as an affront, resented it, and
+while some reflections were cast upon the provincial troops, being the
+chief in command, he thought himself bound to stand forth as a champion
+for the honour of the province. This ill-humour, which appeared between
+the officers on their return to Charlestown, was encouraged and fomented
+by persons delighting in broils, who, by malicious surmises and false
+reports, helped to widen the difference. The dispute became serious, and
+was carried on for some time in the public papers by mutual charges of
+misconduct, and at length terminated in a duel. Mr. Middleton called out
+Colonel Grant to the single combat, after they had both given the best
+proof of their courage against the common enemy. The duel, however,
+happily terminated without bloodshed, and not a little to the credit of
+the Scots officer, though his antagonist shewed no less spirit in the
+field of honour, falsely so called, than in defence of his country. The
+citizens of Charlestown seemed interested in the dispute, and each spoke
+of the conduct of the two officers as they were differently affected.
+Indeed, however much we may applaud the brave man who is first in the
+field in defence of his country, with justice we with-hold our praises
+from him that is first at the single combat with a private friend.
+Colonel Grant, with great reason, considered such treatment, after having
+brought the enemies of the colony to the most advantageous terms of
+peace, as a base recompence for his services. From this period a
+party-spirit appeared in Carolina. All the malicious aspersions and
+inflammatory accusations against the inhabitants of North Britain, which
+were at this time wantonly and wickedly published in England, were
+greedily swallowed by one party in the province, and industriously
+propagated. Prejudices were contracted, cherished, and unhappily gained
+ground among the people. Terms of reproach and abuse were collected from
+those factious publications in London, and poured indiscriminately upon
+all the natives of Scotland, who were by no means backward in retorting
+the abuse. In a growing province, where the utmost harmony and liberality
+of sentiment ought to have been cherished by all, as the most certain
+means of promoting the public strength and prosperity, such a
+party-spirit was attended, as might have been expected, with the most
+pernicious consequence.
+
+    [Sidenote] A whirlwind at Charlestown.
+
+I have already observed, that the province is subject to whirlwinds,
+especially among the hills in the back country; but this year one of
+those, which was indeed the most violent and dreadful that had ever been
+known, passed Charlestown in the month of May. It appeared at first to
+the west of the town, like a large column of smoke, approaching fast in
+an irregular direction. The vapour of which it was composed resembled
+clouds rolling one over another in violent tumult and agitation, assuming
+at one time a dark, at another a bright flaming colour. Its motion was
+exceedingly swift and crooked. As it approached the inhabitants were
+alarmed with an uncommon sound, like the continual roaring of distant
+thunder, or the noise made by a stormy sea beating upon the shore, which
+brought numbers of people to witness the dreadful phenomenon. While it
+passed down Ashley river, such was its incredible velocity and force,
+that it plowed the waters to the bottom, and laid the channel bare. The
+town narrowly and providentially escaped, but it threatened destruction
+to a fleet consisting of no less than forty sail of loaded ships, lying
+at anchor in Rebellion road, about four miles below the town, and waiting
+a fair wind to sail for England. When it reached the fleet, five vessels
+were sunk in an instant by it, and his Majesty's ship the Dolphin, with
+eleven others, were dismasted. Such was the situation of the fleet, and
+so rapid was the motion of the whirlwind, that though the seaman observed
+it approaching, it was impossible to provide against it. In its oblique
+course it struck only a part of the fleet, and the damage, though
+computed at L. 20,000 sterling, was by no means so great as might have
+been expected. Nor were many lives lost, for the channel of the river not
+being very deep, while the ships sat down in the mud and were covered by
+the waves, the sailors saved themselves by running up the shrouds. The
+whirlwind passed the town a little before three o'clock, and before four
+the sky was so clear and serene, that we could scarcely have believed
+such a dreadful scene had been exhibited, had it not left many striking
+proofs behind it. Its route was not only marked in the woods, having
+levelled the loftiest trees, or swept them away before it like chaff, but
+its effects were visible in the fleet, by the number of vessels sunk and
+dismasted.
+
+It has been also remarked, that the province is subject to violent storms
+of lightning and thunder throughout the year; but from the end of April
+until October they are very frequent and terrible. There are few nights
+during the summer in which lighting is not visible in some part of the
+horizon. Sometimes indeed those storms are of short duration,
+particularly when they come attended with brisk gales of wind; but when
+that is not the case, they will often last for four or five hours. While
+the clouds are gathering, it is surprising how quickly the atmosphere,
+which was formerly serene, will be covered with darkness. To the
+inhabitants, accustomed to view such appearances, the thunder-shower is
+rather welcome than alarming, as it cools the air and earth, and enables
+them to live comfortably during the remainder of the day; but to every
+stranger it is exceedingly grand and awful. As the flashes of lightning
+from the clouds commonly strike the highest objects, and the whole
+country is covered with woods, the fury of the storm for the most part
+falls upon them, and its amazing effects are visible from the vast number
+of blasted trees every where appearing throughout the forest. The country
+being as yet but thinly peopled, the inhabitants do not suffer so
+severely as might be expected, considering the violence of these storms;
+yet few years pass without some accidents from lightning. I never knew
+more than five houses in the town, but others have observed nine, two
+churches and five ships struck with lightning during one thunder-shower.
+Such storms often occasion considerable damage, particularly to the ships
+in the harbour, and sometimes they are attended with showers of hail, or
+rather solid pieces of ice, which fall with such force as to beat down
+the corn in the fields, to break glass windows, and occasion danger to
+children exposed to them. But since the inhabitants have found out the
+method of erecting iron rods on their houses, less damage has been done
+to them, and fewer lives have been lost by lightning in this province.
+
+    [Sidenote] Of the heat at Savanna.
+
+The climate of Georgia, like that of Carolina, is more mild and pleasant
+in the inland than maritime parts. Governor Ellis has left us the
+following account of the heat of the summer at Savanna. In the 7th of
+July, while he was writing in his piazza, which was open at each end, he
+says the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 102 in the shade.
+Twice had it risen to that height during the summer, several times to
+100, and for many days together to 98; and in the night did not sink
+below 89. He thought it highly probable, that the inhabitants of Savanna
+breathed a hotter air than any other people upon earth. The town being
+situated on a sandy eminence, the reflection from the dry sand, when
+there is little or no agitation in the air, greatly increases the heat;
+for by walking an hundred yards from his house upon the sand, under his
+umbrella, with the thermometer suspended by a thread to the height of his
+nostrils, the mercury rose to 105. The same thermometer he had with him
+in the equatorial parts of Africa, in Jamaica, and in the Leeward
+Islands; yet by his journals he found that it had never in any of these
+places risen so high. Its general station was between 79 and 86. He
+acknowledges, however, that he felt those degrees of heat in a moist air
+more disagreeable than at Savanna, when the thermometer stood at 81 in
+his cellar, at 102 in the storey above it, and in the upper storey of his
+house at 105. On the 10th of December the mercury was up at 86, on then
+11th down as low as 38, on the same instrument. Such sudden and violent
+changes, especially when they happen frequently, must make havock of the
+human constitution; yet he asserts that few people die at Savanna out of
+the ordinary course, though many were working in the open air, exposed to
+the sun during this extreme heat.--As this governor was a man of sense
+and erudition, and no doubt made his observations with great accuracy, we
+shall not presume to call in question the facts he relates; but we must
+say, we never saw the mercury rise so high in the shade at Charlestown,
+and believe it very seldom happens to do so in Georgia. We may add, that
+such is the situation of Savanna, surrounded with low and marshy lands,
+and so sudden and great are the changes in the weather there, as well as
+in Carolina, that the maritime parts of both provinces must be ranked
+among the most unhealthy climates in the world.
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XI.
+
+
+    [Sidenote] A peace, and its happy effects respecting America.
+
+The peace of Paris, though condemned by many in England as inadequate to
+the amazing success that attended the British arms during the bloody war,
+and below the expectation of the British nation, unquestionably placed
+America in the most advantageous situation. As the flames of war first
+kindled in that continent, by a contest about the limits of the British
+and French territories, to prevent all disputes of this kind for the
+future was made one of the first objects of attention in framing a treaty
+of peace. By the seventh article of this treaty it was agreed, "That, for
+the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannic Majesty
+and those of his most Christian Majesty in that part of the world should
+be fixed irrevocably, by a line drawn along the middle of the river
+Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence by a
+line drawn along the middle of the river and the lakes Maurepas and
+Pontchartrain to the sea." By the twentieth article, "His Catholic
+Majesty ceded and guarantied in full right to his Britannic Majesty,
+Florida, with Fort Augustine and the Bay of Pensacola, as well as all
+that Spain possessed on the continent of North America to the east or
+south-east of the river Mississippi, and in general every thing depending
+on the said countries and lands, with the sovereignty, property,
+possession, and all rights acquired by treaties or otherwise, which the
+Catholic King and the Crown of Spain have had till now over the said
+countries, lands, places, and other inhabitants." By these articles the
+southern provinces were rendered perfectly secure, and, considering the
+nature of the country, no frontiers could be more distinctly defined.
+
+But as the French colonies in the northern district had been the chief
+seat of war, the conquest of which had occasioned such an immense waste
+of blood and treasure to Britain, it was also judged proper to guard
+against the return of any danger on that side. Experience had shewn the
+nation, that while France possesses a single stronghold on that
+continent, the British subjects could never enjoy perfect repose, but
+must be in danger of being again plunged into those calamities from which
+they had been with so much difficulty delivered. Therefore it was
+determined to remove this ambitious and enterprising enemy entirely from
+the neighbourhood of these colonies, and secure them beyond a possibility
+of future molestation. Accordingly, by the fourth article of the treaty,
+"His most Christian Majesty renounced all pretensions which he had
+heretofore formed, or might form, to Nova Scotia, or Acadia, in all its
+parts, and guarantied the whole of it, with all its dependencies, to the
+King of Great Britain; as also Canada, with all its dependencies; Cape
+Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the Gulf of St. Laurence,
+and every thing that depends on these countries, islands, lands, places
+and coasts, and their inhabitants; so that the most Christian King ceded
+and made over the whole to the said King and Crown of Great Britain, and
+that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without
+any liberty to depart from said cession and guaranty under any pretence,
+or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned; reserving
+only the island of New Orleans, and liberty of fishing in the Gulf of St.
+Laurence, which was granted, upon condition that the subjects of France
+do not execute the said fishery but at the distance of three leagues from
+all the coasts belonging to Great Britain, as well those of the continent
+as those of the islands situated in the Gulf of St. Laurence."
+
+We do not pretend to pass any judgment on the value of these conquests in
+America, which were preferred to those of the West India islands at the
+peace. By giving up a little of the sugar trade, it was thought the
+nation lost only a luxury, and could be sufficiently supplied with all
+the sugar and rum she wanted from the islands which she possessed before
+the war; and therefore the precious conquests in the West Indies were
+sacrificed to the security of America. The vast territory to the east and
+south east of the great river Mississippi formed the British empire on
+the continent, which, for variety of climate as well as of soil was
+exceeded by no empire upon earth. As the trade of the mother country had
+uniformly increased with the population of her colonies, it was hoped
+that by freeing them from all molestation, they must increase in a still
+more rapid manner than they had hitherto done, to the great advantage of
+Britain; for while the colonists had liberty to extend their culture to
+the remotest desert, the trade of the mother country would be increased,
+her debt diminished, and at the same time the demand for manufactures
+would be so great, that all the hands she employed would scarcely be able
+to furnish the supply. These were thought to be the probable consequences
+which would flow from the security of our American colonies at the peace.
+
+    [Sidenote] Boundaries of East and West Florida.
+
+With respect to the new acquisitions, great pains were taken to acquire
+an exact knowledge of them, not only to establish proper regulations, but
+also to render them as useful and flourishing as possible. They were
+divided into three separate independent governments, which were given to
+officers who had distinguished themselves during the war. The government
+of East Florida was bounded to the westward by the Gulf of Mexico and the
+river Apalachicola; to the north by a line drawn from that part of the
+above-mentioned river where the Catabouchee and Flint rivers meet, to the
+source of St. Mary's river, and by the course of the same river to the
+Atlantic Ocean; and to the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean; and the
+Gulf of Florida, including all islands within six leagues of the sea
+coast. The government of West Florida was bounded to the southward by the
+Gulf of Mexico, including all islands within six leagues of the sea
+coast, from the river Apalachicola to Lake Pontchartrain; to the westward
+by the said lake, the lake Maurepas, and the river Mississippi; to the
+north by a line drawn due east from that part of the river Mississippi
+which lies in thirty-one degrees of north latitude, to the river
+Apalachicola, or Catabouchee; and to the east by the said river. All the
+lands lying between the rivers Alatamaha and St. Mary's were annexed to
+the province of Georgia.
+
+    [Sidenote] The southern provinces left secure.
+
+The possession of these two provinces of East and West Florida, though of
+themselves little better than an immense waste, was of great importance
+to the neighbouring provinces of Georgia and Carolina. It robbed the
+Spaniards of a strong-hold from which they could send out an armed force
+and harass these provinces, and of an easy avenue through which they had
+often invaded them. It removed troublesome neighbours out of their way,
+who had often instigated the savages against them, and made Augustine an
+asylum for fugitive slaves. It opened some convenient ports for trade
+with Britain and the West Indies, and for annoying French and Spanish
+ships coming through the Gulf of Florida, in case of any future rupture.
+It formed a strong frontier to the British dominions in that quarter, and
+furnished an immense track of improveable land for reduced officers,
+soldiers, and others, to settle and cultivate.
+
+    [Sidenote] Encouragement given to reduced officers and soldiers.
+
+To testify the high sense his Majesty had of the conduct and bravery of
+his officers and soldiers during the late war, and to encourage the
+settlement of the colonies, tracks of land were offered them as the
+rewards of their services. Orders were given to the governors on the
+continent, to grant, without fee or reward, five thousand acres to every
+field officer who had served in America, three thousand to every captain,
+two thousand to every subaltern, two hundred to every non-commissioned
+officer, and fifty to every private man; free of quit-rents for ten
+years, but subject, at the expiration of that term, to the same moderate
+quit-rents as the lands in the other provinces, and to the same
+conditions of cultivation and improvement. In the new colonies, for the
+encouragement of the people, they were to be allowed civil
+establishments, similar to those of the other royal governments on the
+continent, so soon as their circumstances would admit, and the same
+provision was made for the security of their lives, liberties and
+properties under the new as under the old governments.
+
+    [Sidenote] Georgia begins to flourish.
+
+No province on the continent felt the happy effects of this public
+security sooner than the province of Georgia, which had long struggled
+under many difficulties, arising from the want of credit from friends,
+and the frequent molestations of enemies. During the late war the
+government had been given to James Wright, who wanted neither wisdom to
+discern, nor resolution to pursue, the most effectual means for its
+improvement. While he proved a father to the people and governed the
+province with justice and equity, he discovered at the same time the
+excellence of its low lands and river swamps, by the proper management
+and diligent cultivation of which he acquired in a few years a plentiful
+fortune. His example and success gave vigour to industry, and promoted a
+spirit of emulation among the planters for improvement. The rich lands
+were sought for with that zeal, and cleared with that ardour, which the
+prospect of riches naturally inspired. The British merchants observing
+the province safe, and advancing to a hopeful and flourishing state, were
+no longer backward in extending credit to it, but supplied it with
+negroes, and goods of British manufacture, with equal freedom as the
+other provinces on that continent. The planters no sooner got the
+strength of Africa to assist them than they laboured with success, and
+the lands every year yielded greater and greater increase. The trade of
+the province kept pace with its progress in cultivation. The rich swamps
+attracted the attention not only of strangers, but even of the planters
+of Carolina, who had been accustomed to treat their poor neighbours with
+the utmost contempt, several of whom sold their estates in that colony,
+and moved with their families and effects to Georgia. Many settlements
+were made by Carolineans about Sunbury, and upon the great river
+Alatamaha. The price of produce at Savanna arose as the quantity
+increased, a circumstance which contributed much to the improvement of
+the country. The planters situated on the opposite side of Savanna river
+found in the capital of Georgia a convenient and excellent market for
+their staple commodities. In short, from this period the rice, indigo and
+naval stores of Georgia arrived at the markets in Europe in equal
+excellence and perfection, and, in proportion to its strength, in equal
+quantities with those of its more powerful and opulent neighbours in
+Carolina. To form a judgment of the progress of the colony, we need only
+attend to its exports. In the year 1763, the exports of Georgia consisted
+of 7500 barrels of rice, 9633 libs. of indigo, 1250 bushels of Indian
+corn, which, together with deer and beaver skins, naval stores,
+provisions, timber, _&c._ amounted to no more than L. 27,021 sterling;
+but afterwards the colony thrived and increased in a manner so rapid,
+that, in the year 1773, it exported staple commodities to the value of L.
+121,677 sterling.
+
+    [Sidenote] A plan adopted for encouraging emigrations to Carolina.
+
+No less favourable and happy were the blessings of peace and security to
+their neighbours of Carolina; for never did any country flourish and
+prosper in a more astonishing degree than this province has done since
+the conclusion of the late war. The government had been given to Thomas
+Boone, who was not only a native of the province, but had a considerable
+estate in it, which naturally rendered him deeply interested in its
+prosperity. The French and Spaniards being removed out of the way, its
+progress was no more retarded by any molestation from them. The assembly
+appropriated a large fund for bounties to foreign Protestants, and such
+industrious poor people of Britain and Ireland as should resort to the
+province within three years, and settle on the inland parts. Two
+townships, each containing 48,000 acres, were laid out; one on the river
+Savanna, called Mecklenburgh, and the other on the waters of Santee at
+Long Canes, called Londonderry; to be divided among emigrants, allowing
+one hundred acres for every man, and fifty for every woman and child,
+that should come and settle in the back woods. The face of the country in
+those interior parts is variable and beautiful, and being composed of
+hills and vallies, rocks and rivers, there is not that stagnation in the
+air, which is so exceedingly hurtful to the human constitution in the
+flat marshy parts of the province. The hills occasion an agitation in the
+atmosphere, and by collecting the air in streams, these run along the
+earth in pleasant breezes, and mitigate the rigour of the hot season. The
+climate in those inland parts is not only more mild and wholesome, but
+the soil, particularly in the vallies, which are covered with lofty trees
+and luxuriant bushes, is exceedingly fertile, and promised in the amplest
+manner to reward the industrious labourer. In consequence of this
+encouragement offered, it was hoped that multitudes would resort to
+Carolina, and settle those extensive and fruitful territories in the back
+woods, by which means the frontiers of the province would be
+strengthened, its produce increased, and its trade enlarged.
+
+    [Sidenote] A number of Palatines seduced into England.
+
+Not long after this a remarkable affair happened in Germany, by which
+Carolina received a great acquisition. One Stumpel, who had been an
+officer in the King of Prussia's service, being reduced at the peace,
+applied to the British ministry for a tract of land in America, and
+having got some encouragement returned to Germany, where, by deceitful
+promises, he seduced between five and six hundred ignorant people from
+their native country. When these poor Palatines arrived in England, the
+officer finding himself unable to perform his promises, fled, leaving
+them in a strange land, without money, without friends, exposed in the
+open fields, and ready to perish through want. While they were in this
+starving condition, and knew no person to whom they could apply for
+relief, a humane clergyman, who came from the same country, took
+compassion on them, and published their deplorable case in the
+news-papers. He pleaded for the mercy and protection of government to
+them, until an opportunity might offer of transporting them to some of
+the British colonies, where he hoped they would prove useful subjects,
+and in time give their benefactors ample proofs of their gratitude and
+affection. No sooner did their unhappy situation reach the ears of a
+great personage, than he immediately set an example to his subjects,
+which served both to warm their hearts and open their hands for the
+relief of their distressed fellow-creatures. A bounty of three hundred
+pounds was allowed them; tents were ordered from the Tower for the
+accommodation of such as had paid their passage and been permitted to
+come ashore; money was sent for the relief of those that were confined on
+board. The public-spirited citizens of London, famous for acts of
+beneficence and charity, associated, and chose a committee on purpose to
+raise money for the relief of these poor Palatines. A physician, a
+surgeon, and man-midwife, generously undertook to attend the sick gratis.
+From different quarters benefactions were sent to the committee, and in a
+few days those unfortunate strangers, from the depth of indigence and
+distress, were raised to comfortable circumstances. The committee finding
+the money received more than sufficient to relieve their present
+distress, applied to his Majesty to know his royal pleasure with respect
+to the future disposal of the German Protestants. His Majesty, sensible
+that his colony of South Carolina had not its proportion of white
+inhabitants, and having expressed a particular attachment to it,
+signified his desire of transporting them to that province. Another
+motive for sending them to Carolina was the bounty allowed to foreign
+Protestants by the provincial assembly, so that when their source of
+relief from England should be exhausted, another would open after their
+arrival in that province, which would help them to surmount the
+difficulties attending the first state of cultivation.
+
+    [Sidenote] Sent into Carolina.
+
+Accordingly preparations were made for sending the Germans to South
+Carolina. When the news was communicated to them they rejoiced, not only
+because they were to go to one of the most fertile and flourishing
+provinces on the continent, but also because many of them had friends and
+countrymen before them. Two ships, of two hundred tons each, were
+provided for their accommodation, and provisions of all kinds laid in for
+the voyage. An hundred and fifty stand of arms were ordered from the
+Tower, and given them by his Majesty for their defence after their
+arrival in America; all which deserve to be recorded for the honour of
+the British nation, which has at different times set before the world
+many noble examples of benevolence. Every thing being ready for their
+embarkation, the Palatines broke up their camp in the fields behind
+White-Chapel, and proceeded to the ships attended by several of their
+benefactors; of whom they took their leave with songs of praise to God in
+their mouths, and tears of gratitude in their eyes.
+
+    [Sidenote] And settled at Londonderry.
+
+In the month of April, 1764, they arrived at Charlestown, and presented a
+letter from the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations to Governor
+Boone, acquainting him that his Majesty had been pleased to take the poor
+Palatines under his royal care and protection, and as many of them were
+versed in the culture of silks and vines, had ordered that a settlement
+be provided for them in Carolina, in a situation most proper for these
+purposes. Though their settlement met with some obstructions from a
+dispute subsisting at that time between the Governor and Assembly about
+certain privileges of the house; yet the latter could not help
+considering themselves as laid under the strongest obligations to make
+provision for so many useful settlers. Accordingly, in imitation of the
+noble example set before them in London, they voted five hundred pounds
+sterling to be distributed among the Palatines, according to the
+directions of the Lieutenant-Governor, and their necessities. That they
+might be settled in a body, one of the two townships, called Londonderry,
+was allotted for them, and divided in the most equitable manner into
+small tracts, for the accommodation of each family. Captain Calhoun, with
+a detachment of the rangers, had orders to meet them by the way, and
+conduct them to the place where their town was to be built, and all
+possible assistance was given towards promoting their speedy and
+comfortable settlement.
+
+    [Sidenote] Some emigrate from Britain, and multitudes from Ireland.
+
+Besides foreign Protestants, several persons from England and Scotland
+resorted to Carolina after the peace. But of all other countries none has
+furnished the province with so many inhabitants as Ireland. In the
+northern counties of that kingdom the spirit of emigration seized the
+people to such a degree, that it threatened almost a total depopulation.
+Such multitudes of husbandmen, labourers and manufacturers flocked over
+the Atlantic, that the landlords began to be alarmed, and to concert ways
+and means for preventing the growing evil. Scarce a ship sailed for any
+of the plantations that was not crowded with men, women and children. But
+the bounty allowed new settlers in Carolina proved a great encouragement,
+and induced numbers of these people, notwithstanding the severity of the
+climate, to resort to that province. The merchants finding this bounty
+equivalent to the expenses of the passage, from avaricious motives
+persuaded the people to embark for Carolina, and often crammed such
+numbers of them into their ships that they were in danger of being
+stifled during the passage, and sometimes were landed in such a starved
+and sickly condition, that numbers of them died before they left
+Charlestown. Many causes may be assigned for this spirit of emigration
+that prevailed so much in Ireland: some, no doubt, emigrated from a
+natural restlessness of temper, and a desire of roving abroad, without
+any fixed object in view. Others were enticed over by flattering promises
+from their friends and relations, who had gone before them. But of all
+other causes of emigration oppression at home was the most powerful and
+prevalent. Most men have a natural fondness and partiality for their
+native country, and leave it with reluctance while they are able to earn
+a comfortable livelihood in it. That spot where they first drew the
+breath of life, that society in which they spent the gay season of youth,
+the religion, the manners and customs of those among whom they were
+educated, all conspire to affect the heart, and endear their native
+country to them. But poverty and oppression will break through every
+natural tie and endearment, and compel men to rove abroad in search of
+some asylum against domestic hardship. Hence it happened that many poor
+people forsook their native land, and preferred the burning sky and
+unwholesome climate of Carolina, to the temperate and mild air of their
+mother country. The success that attended some friends who had gone
+before them being also industriously published in Ireland, and with all
+the exaggerations of travellers, gave vigour to the spirit of adventure,
+and induced multitudes to follow their countrymen, and run all hazards
+abroad, rather than starve at home. Government winked at those
+emigrations, and every year brought fresh strength to Carolina, insomuch
+that the lands in Ireland were in danger of lying waste for want of
+labourers, and the manufacturers of dwindling into nothing.
+
+    [Sidenote] And from the northern colonies, resort to Carolina.
+
+Nor were these the only sources from which Carolina, at this time,
+derived strength and an increase of population. For, notwithstanding the
+vast extent of territory which the provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania
+contained, yet such was the nature of the country, that a scarcity of
+improveable lands began to be felt in these colonies, and poor people
+could not find spots in them unoccupied equal to their expectations. Most
+of the richest vallies in these more populous provinces lying to the east
+of the Alleganny mountains were either under patent or occupied, and, by
+the royal proclamation at the peace, no settlements were allowed to
+extend beyond the sources of the rivers which empty themselves into the
+Atlantic. In Carolina the case was different, for there large tracks of
+the best lands as yet lay waste, which proved a great temptation to the
+northern colonists to migrate to the south. Accordingly, about this time
+above a thousand families, with their effects, in the space of one year
+resorted to Carolina, driving their cattle, hogs and horses over land
+before them. Lands were allotted them on the frontiers, and most of them
+being only entitled to small tracks, such as one, two or three hundred
+acres, the back settlements by this means soon became the most populous
+parts of the province. The frontiers were not only strengthened and
+secured by new settlers, but the old ones on the maritime parts began
+also to stretch backward and spread their branches, in consequence of
+which the demand for lands in the interior parts every year increased.
+The Governor and Council met once a-month for the purpose of granting
+lands and signing patents, and it is incredible what numbers of people
+attended those meetings in order to obtain them; so that; from the time
+in which America was secured by the peace, Carolina made rapid progress
+in population, wealth and trade, which will farther appear when we come
+particularly to consider its advanced state and annual exports.
+
+    [Sidenote] Regulations for securing the provinces against Indians.
+
+In proportion as the province increased in the number of white
+inhabitants, its danger from the savage tribes grew less alarming. But to
+prevent any molestation from Indians, and establish the peace of the
+colonies on the most lasting foundation, his Majesty, by his royal
+proclamations after the peace, took care to fix the boundaries of their
+hunting lands, in as clear a manner as the nature of the country would
+admit. No settlements were allowed to extend any farther backward upon
+the Indian territories, than the sources of those great rivers which fall
+into the Atlantic Ocean, and all British subjects who had settled beyond
+these limits were ordered to remove. In this restriction his Majesty
+evidently made a distinction between the rights of sovereignty and those
+of property; having excluded his governors from all manner of
+jurisdiction over those lands which were not specified within the limits
+of their respective provinces. All private subjects were prohibited from
+purchasing lands from Indians; but if the latter should at any time be
+inclined to dispose of their property, it must for the future be done to
+the King, by the general consent of their nation, and at a public
+assembly held by British governors for that purpose. All traders were
+obliged to take out licences from their respective governors for carrying
+on commerce with Indian nations.
+
+    [Sidenote] John Stuart made superintendant for Indian affairs.
+
+Such regulations were in many respects useful and necessary; for the
+French and Spaniards being excluded, it only remained to guard the
+provinces against the danger arising from Indians. And as they were
+liable to much abuse and oppression from private traders, it was thought
+necessary that the office of a superintendant should be continued for the
+southern as well as the northern district of America. Accordingly this
+office was given to Captain John Stuart, who was in every respect well
+qualified for the trust. Attakullakulla had signified to the Governor and
+Council, after the Cherokee war, that the province would receive no
+molestation from Indians were this officer appointed to reside among
+them, and to advise and direct them. The Assembly had not only thanked
+him for his good conduct and great perseverance at Fort Loudon, and
+rewarded him with fifteen hundred pounds currency, but also recommended
+him to the Governor as a person worthy of preferment in the service of
+the province. After his commission arrived from the King, the Carolineans
+rejoiced, and promised themselves for the future great tranquillity and
+happiness. Plans of lenity were likewise adopted by government with
+respect to those Indian tribes, and every possible precaution was taken
+to guard them against oppression, and prevent any rupture with them.
+Experience had shewn that rigorous measures, such as humbling them by
+force of arms, were not only very expensive and bloody, but disagreeable
+to a humane and generous nation, and seldom accompanied with any good
+effects. Such ill treatment rendered the savages cruel, suspicious and
+distrustful, and prepared them for renewing hostilities, by keeping alive
+their ferocious and warlike spirit. Their extirpation, even though it
+could easily be compleated, would be a cruel act, and all the while the
+growth and prosperity of the settlements would be much retarded by the
+attempt. Whereas, by treating Indians with gentleness and humanity, it
+was thought they would by degrees lose their savage spirit, and become
+more harmless and civilized. It was hoped that by establishing a fair and
+free trade with them, their rude temper would in time be softened, their
+manners altered, and their wants increased; and instead of implacable
+enemies, ever bent on destruction, they might he rendered good allies,
+both useful and beneficial to the trade of the nation.
+
+    [Sidenote] Decrease of Indians, and the causes of it.
+
+It has been remarked, that those Indians on the continent of America, who
+were at the time of its discovery a numerous and formidable people, have
+since that period been constantly decreasing, and melting away like snow
+upon the mountains. For this rapid depopulation many reasons have been
+assigned. It is well known that population every where keeps pace with
+the means of subsistence. Even vegetables spring and grow in proportion
+to the richness of the soil in which they are planted, and to the
+supplies they receive from the nourishing rains and dews of heaven;
+animals flourish or decay according as the means of subsistence abound or
+fail; and as all mankind partake of the nature of both, they also
+multiply or decrease as they are fed, or have provision in plenty, luxury
+excluded. The Indians being driven from their possessions near the sea as
+the settlements multiplied, were robbed of many necessaries of life,
+particularly of oysters, crabs, and fish, with which the maritime parts
+furnished them in great abundance, and on which they must have
+considerably subsisted, as is apparent from a view of their camps, still
+remaining near the sea-shore. The women are not only much disregarded and
+despised, but also naturally less prolific among rude than polished
+nations. The men being often abroad, at hunting or war, agriculture,
+which is the chief means of subsistence among a civilized people, is
+entirely neglected by them, and looked upon as an occupation worthy only
+of women or slaves. That abstinence and fatigue which the men endure in
+their distant excursions, and that gluttony and voraciousness in which
+they indulge themselves in the times of plenty, are equally hurtful to
+the constitution, and productive of diseases of different kinds. Now that
+their territories are circumscribed by narrower bounds, the means of
+subsistence derived even from game is less plentiful. Indeed scanty and
+limited are the provisions they raise by planting, even in the best
+seasons; but in case of a failure of their crops, or of their fields
+being destroyed by enemies, they perish in numbers by famine. Their
+natural passion for war the first European settlers soon discovered; and
+therefore turned the fury of one tribe against another, with a view to
+save themselves. When engaged in hostilities, they always fought not so
+much to humble and conquer, as to exterminate and destroy. The British,
+the French and Spanish nations, having planted colonies in their
+neighbourhood, a rivalship for power over them took place, and each
+nation having its allies among the savages was zealous and indefatigable
+in instigating them against the allies of its neighbour. Hence a series
+of bloody and destructive wars has been carried on among these rude
+tribes, with all the rage and rancour of implacable enemies.
+
+But famine and war, however destructive, were not the only causes of
+their rapid decay. The smallpox having broke out among them, proved
+exceedingly fatal, both on account of the contageous nature of the
+distemper, and their harsh and injudicious attempts to cure it by
+plunging themselves into cold rivers during the most violent stages of
+the disorder. The pestilence broke out among some nations, particularly
+among the Pemblicos in North Carolina, and almost swept away the whole
+tribe. The practice of entrapping them, which was encouraged by the first
+settlers in Carolina, and selling them for slaves to the West India
+planters, helped greatly to thin their nations. But, of all other causes,
+the introduction of spirituous liquors among them, for which they
+discovered an amazing fondness, has proved the most destructive. Excess
+and intemperance not only undermined their constitution, but also created
+many quarrels, and subjected them to a numerous list of fatal diseases,
+to which in former times they were entire strangers. Besides those
+Europeans engaged in commercial business with them, generally speaking,
+have been so far from reforming them, by examples of virtue and purity of
+manners, that they rather served to corrupt their morals, and render them
+more treacherous, distrustful, base and debauched than they were before
+this intercourse commenced. In short, European avarice and ambition have
+not only debased the original nature and stern virtue of that savage
+race, so that these few Indians that now remain have lost in a great
+measure their primitive character; but European vice and European
+diseases, the consequences of vice, have exterminated this people,
+insomuch that many nations formerly populous are totally extinct, and
+their names entirely forgotten.
+
+    [Sidenote] Present state of Indian nations in the southern district.
+
+The principal tribes around Carolina that now remain are, the Cherokees,
+the Catabaws, the Creeks, the Chickesaws, and Choctaws, and a few others
+that scarcely deserve to be mentioned. In 1765 the Cherokees, who inhabit
+the mountains to the north of Charlestown, could scarcely bring two
+thousand men to the field. The Catabaws have fifteen miles square
+allotted them for hunting lands, about two hundred miles north of
+Charlestown, with British settlements all around them; but they are so
+much reduced by a long war with the Five Nations, that they could not
+muster one hundred and fifty warriors. The Creeks inhabit a fine country
+on the south-west, between four and five hundred miles distant from
+Charlestown, and the number of both the Upper and Lower nations does not
+exceed two thousand gun-men. The Chickesaw towns lie about six hundred
+miles due west from Charlestown, but the nation cannot send three hundred
+warriors to the field, owing to the incessant wars which they have
+carried on against the French, by which their number has been greatly
+diminished. The Choctaws are at least seven hundred miles west-south-west
+from Charlestown, and have between three and four thousand gun-men; and
+as their settlements border on West Florida, the greatest part of them
+till the late peace remained allies of France. But as these artful and
+insinuating rivals were removed out of the way, and the British
+government had adopted prudent plans of civilizing and managing those
+barbarous nations, the colonies for the future were in a great measure
+freed from all apprehensions of danger from them. I shall therefore
+conclude my observations respecting Indians with a speech of Mr. Stuart
+the superintendant, delivered at a general congress held in Mobile, at
+which Governor Johnstone and many British officers and soldiers attended.
+For as he was so well acquainted with the humours, tempers and characters
+of these tribes, this speech, in which is exhibited a good specimen of
+the language and manner proper for addressing barbarous nations, may not
+be unworthy of the reader's attention.
+
+    [Sidenote] Mr. Stuart's first speech to the Indians at Mobile.
+
+"Friends and brothers, the Supreme Being who made the world and all its
+inhabitants, has been pleased to permit many great warriors of the
+British and Indian nations to meet together in peace. The great King, who
+is the father of all white people in Great Britain and America, and
+defends them from danger, this day stretches out his arms to receive his
+red children into favour. He has been pleased to appoint me
+superintendent of the affairs of all Indian nations to the southward of
+Virginia. In his name I speak to you, and as the words you hear are his
+words, I hope you will listen to them with attention, and allow them to
+remain deeply impressed on your minds. They are calculated to promote not
+only your happiness, but that of your children and childrens children for
+ever.
+
+"When the great kings of Britain and France were at variance, the storms
+of war raged through this great forest, the Indian nations were divided,
+brothers against brothers, and your country was stained with blood.
+Malice and revenge went forth, all paths were made crooked, and your land
+was covered with darkness. Now that it has pleased the Author of life to
+restore the blessings of light and peace, it is our duty to make a proper
+use and improvement of them. As fogs gathered in the night are dispersed
+by the rising sun, so words dictated by the rage of war should be
+forgotten in the time of peace. The great King, full of wisdom and
+magnanimity, knows the frailty of his red children, and forgives their
+disobedience and rebellion. He extends his love to them all, even to
+those that lifted up the hatchet against him. To render them secure, he
+has resolved that the English and French shall be for ever separated by
+the great river Mississippi, and that all nations on this side of it
+shall have him for their common father. He commands all strife and enmity
+between his white and red children to cease, and expects that the allies
+of Britain will take those Indians, the former allies of France, by the
+hand, and live together like brethren of one family. That his white and
+red children may be near one other, and mutually supply each other's
+wants, he has ordered some of his good subjects to come over the great
+waters, and live on the fruits of this land, which the Supreme Being made
+for the use of mankind in general. To open this friendly intercourse, I
+have invited you all to meet me at this place, and I rejoice that so many
+brothers are come to accept of the royal favour and protection.
+
+"Ye Chickesaw warriors, I speak first to you, and I know your ears are
+open to my words. The great King regards you as children brought up in
+their father's house, who from their infancy have been dutiful and
+obedient, and by that means merited what you have always enjoyed, his
+particular care and affection. While darkness surrounded you on every
+side, he has defended you from all those snares and dangers to which you
+were exposed. Now the day is clear and unclouded. Your father continues
+to love you. The paths from your towns to all nations shall be made
+straight and plain, and nothing shall be permitted to hurt your feet.
+Your children shall rejoice and grow up in safety, and your houses shall
+be filled with abundance of corn and venison. I am come to tell you the
+good news, and to see that justice be done you in all commercial
+dealings.
+
+"In the next place I speak to you, ye warriors of the great party of the
+Choctaw notion. You were like sons separated from their father, and
+removed at a great distance from his protection; but by persisting in
+obedience you were entitled to his love. The great King always
+acknowledged you, but now he receives you into his family, and offers you
+all the favours and privileges of sons. While you continue dutiful and
+obedient, the eye of your father shall be upon you, and his hand shall be
+open to relieve your wants. Under his care you shall enjoy all the
+blessings of peace and safety. You shall receive no injuries from
+friends, nor be exposed to any dangers from enemies. Your arms shall be
+kept bright, your hunting lands no man shall be permitted to take from
+you, and there shall be abundance of corn about your village.
+
+"But as for you, ye Choctaw warriors of the Six Villages, you were like
+children early lost. While you were wandering out of the way, without
+knowing your brothers you blindly struck them. You found a father,
+indeed, who adopted you, and you have long served him with zeal, and
+shewn many proofs of your courage. You have received from your French
+father such poor rewards for your services as he could bestow; but all
+the while you remained under his care you were hungry, naked and
+miserable. He gave you many fair words and promises, and having long
+deceived you, at last is obliged to leave you in your present forlorn and
+wretched condition. Now your true father has found you, and this day
+stretches forth his arms to receive you under his protection. He has
+forgotten all your past offences. He knows your weakness, and forgives
+your errors. He knows your wants, and is disposed to relieve them. I have
+but one tongue, and always speak the truth; and as I bring you good news,
+I hope my words shall not be blown away by the wind. The great King is
+wise, generous and merciful, and I flatter myself with the hopes that you
+will never forget your obligations to his goodness.
+
+"It is my duty to watch over Indians, and protect them against all manner
+of danger and oppression. For this purpose my ears shall be always open
+to your complaints, and it shall be my study to redress your grievances.
+I must warn you to beware of all quarrels and outrages, by which you will
+certainly forfeit the royal favour, and plunge yourselves again into
+misery. I hope you will always observe my advice, and conduct yourselves
+accordingly, that I may be able to transmit good accounts of your
+behaviour to England. It is only by the permission of the great King that
+your wants can be supplied, and that traders can come into your villages
+with guns, powder, balls, knives, hatchets, flints, hoes, clothes and
+other necessaries. These things you cannot make for yourselves, and no
+other nation will be allowed to furnish you with them. Therefore the
+great King has a right to expect your gratitude and obedience, for all he
+requires is with a view to your own tranquillity and happiness.
+
+"As you are all received into the family of the great King, it is
+expected that Indians will not only live in friendship and peace with
+white men, but also with one another. In imitation of his Majesty's good
+example, you must forget all injuries and offences, and throw aside all
+national jealousies and antipathies. The King expects that the great
+chieftains, to whom he has given medals and gorgets, will consider them
+not merely as ornaments, but as emblems of the high offices they bear,
+and the great trust reposed in them. All presents made you are in
+consideration of the good services expected from you. Therefore, ye wise
+and great leaders, I expect you will use your authority like fathers, and
+restrain your young men from all acts of violence and injustice, and
+teach them that the only way to merit honour and preferment is to be
+just, honest and peaceable, and that disgrace and punishment will be the
+consequences of disorderly practices, such as robbing plantations, and
+beating or abusing white people.
+
+"Ye warriors who have no commissions, I speak to you also in name of the
+King, and I hope you will reverence his authority and love your brethren.
+Listen at all times to your wise rulers, and be careful to follow their
+advice and example. By their wisdom and justice they have arrived at an
+high pitch of preferment, and stand distinguished by great and small
+medals. If, like them, you wish to be great, like them, you must first be
+good. You must respect them as children do their father, yielding
+submission to their authority, and obedience to their commands. Without
+the favour of your chiefs, you will neither get your wants supplied nor
+reach the station of honour. An armourer will be sent into your nation to
+clean and repair your rifles, but he will have instructions to mend arms
+to none but such as shall be recommended by their chiefs, it being proper
+that such leaders should have it in their power to distinguish those that
+are peaceable and obedient from the obstinate and perverse.
+
+"I am to inform you all, that I will send a beloved man into your towns,
+who will be vested with authority to hear and determine all differences
+between you and the traders, to deliver all messages from me to you, and
+all talks from you to me. And as he will come to promote your welfare and
+tranquillity, I hope you will receive him kindly, protect him against all
+insults, and assist him in the execution of his office.
+
+"When the French governor took his leave of you, he advised you to look
+upon yourselves as the children of the King of Great Britain. The advice
+was good, I hope you will remember it for ever. The great King has
+warriors numerous as the trees of the forest, and stands in no need of
+your assistance; but he desires your friendship and alliance to render
+you happy. He loves peace and justice, but he will punish all murders and
+rebellion. Be careful, therefore, to keep your feet far from the crooked
+and bloody path. Shun all communication with Indian tribes who lift the
+hatchet against their white brethren. Their talks, their calamets, their
+belts of wampum, and their tobacco are all poisonous. If you receive them
+into your towns, be assured you will be infected with their madness, and
+be in danger of rushing into destruction.  Be cautious; above all things,
+of permitting great quantities of rum to be brought into your villages.
+It poisons your body, enervates your mind, and, from respectable
+warriors, turns you into furious madmen, who treat friends and enemies
+alike. Mark those persons, whether they be white or red, that bring rum
+among you, for bad men, who violate the laws, and have nothing else in
+view but to cheat, and render you despicable and wretched.
+
+"Lastly, I inform you that it is the King's order to all his governors
+and subjects, to treat Indians with justice and humanity, and to forbear
+all encroachments on the territories allotted for them. Accordingly, all
+individuals are prohibited from purchasing any of your lands; but as you
+know that your white brethren cannot feed you when you visit them unless
+you give them grounds to plant, it is expected that you will cede lands
+to the King for that purpose. But whenever you shall be pleased to
+surrender any of your territories to his majesty, it must be done for the
+future at a public meeting of your nation, when the governors of the
+provinces, or the superintendent shall be present, and obtain the consent
+of all your people. The boundaries of your hunting grounds will be
+accurately fixed, and no settlement permitted to be made upon them. As
+you may be assured that all treaties with you will be faithfully kept, so
+it is expected that you also will be careful strictly to observe them. I
+have now done, and I hope you will remember the words I have spoken. Time
+will soon discover to you the generosity, justice and goodness of the
+British nation. By the bounty of the King, and a well-ordered trade with
+his subjects, your houses shall be filled with plenty, and your hearts
+with joy. You will see your men and women well clothed and fed, and your
+children growing up to honour you, and add strength to your nation; your
+peace and prosperity shall be established, and continue from generation
+to generation."
+
+Having now endeavoured to give some account of the rise and progress of
+this colony for the first century after its settlement, or rather from
+the time the Proprietors received their second charter in 1665 to the
+year 1765, we shall add a general view of its present state and
+condition. I have purposely delayed speaking of several things,
+particularly of the temper, manners and character of the people, until
+this period, when they come more immediately under my own notice; and
+such observations as I have made shall now be submitted to the public
+view for the use of strangers, leaving all men acquainted with provincial
+affairs to judge for themselves, according to the different lights in
+which matters may have occurred to them.
+
+    [Sidenote] A description of Charlestown.
+
+With respect to the towns in Carolina, none of them, excepting one, merit
+the smallest notice. Beaufort, Purisburgh, Jacksonburgh, Dorchester,
+Camden, and George-town, are all inconsiderable villages, having in each
+no more than twenty, thirty, or, at most, forty dwelling houses.  But
+Charlestown, the capital of the province, may be ranked with the first
+cities of British America, and yearly advances in size, riches and
+population. It is situated upon a neck of land at the continence of
+Ashley and Cooper rivers, which are large and navigable, and wash at
+least two third parts of the town. These rivers mingle their streams
+immediately below the town, and, running six or seven miles farther,
+empty themselves at Sullivan's island into the Atlantic Ocean. By means
+of such broad rivers the sea is laid open from east to southeast, and the
+town fanned by gentle breezes from the ocean, which are very refreshing
+to the inhabitants during the summer months. The tide flows a great way
+above the town, and occasions an agitation in the air which is also
+productive of salutary effects. So low and level is the ground upon which
+Charlestown is built, that the inhabitants are obliged to raise banks of
+earth, as barriers, to defend themselves against the higher floods of the
+sea. The streets from east to west extend from river to river, and,
+running in a straight line, not only open a beautiful prospect, but also
+afford excellent opportunities, by means of subterranean drains, for
+removing all nuisances; and keeping the town clean and healthy. These
+streets are intersected by others, nearly at right angles, and throw the
+town into a number of squares, with dwelling houses on the front, and
+office-houses and little gardens behind them. Some of the streets are
+broad, which in such a climate is a necessary and wise regulation, for
+where narrow lanes and alleys have been tolerated, they prove by their
+confined situation a fruitful nursery for diseases of different kinds.
+The town, which was at first entirely built of wood, as might be
+expected, has often suffered from fire; but such calamities, though they
+fell heavy on individuals, have given the inhabitants frequent
+opportunities of making considerable improvements in it. Now most houses
+are built of brick, three storeys high, some of them elegant, and all
+neat habitations; within they are genteelly furnished, and without
+exposed as much as possible to the refreshing breezes from the sea. Many
+of them are indeed encumbered with balconies and piazzas, but these are
+found convenient and even necessary during the hot season, into which the
+inhabitants retreat for enjoying the benefit of fresh air, which is
+commonly occasioned, and always increased, by the flux and reflux of the
+sea. Almost every family have their pump-wells, but the water in them
+being at no great distance from the salt river, and filtered only through
+sand, is brackish, and commonly occasions severe griping and purging to
+every person not accustomed to it. The town consisted at this time of, at
+least, twelve hundred dwelling houses, and was in at advancing state. The
+public buildings are, an Exchange, a State-House, an Armoury, two
+churches for Episcopalians, one for Presbyterians, two for French and
+Dutch Protestants; to which may be added, meeting-houses for Anabaptists,
+Independents, Quakers and Jews. Upon the sides of the rivers wharfs are
+built, to which all ships that come over the bar may lie close; and
+having stores and ware-houses erected upon them, are exceedingly
+convenient for importing and exporting all kinds of merchandise.
+
+The harbour is also tolerably well fortified, the King having at
+different times presented the province with great guns for that purpose.
+Towards Cooper river the town is defended by a number of batteries,
+insomuch that no ships of an enemy can approach it without considerable
+hazard. Besides these, the passage up to it is secured by Fort Johnson,
+built on James's Island, about two miles below the town. This fort stands
+in a commanding situation, within point-blank shot of the channel,
+through which every ship, in their way to and from Charlestown, must
+pass. The commander of Fort Johnson is commissioned by the King, and has
+authority to stop every ship coming in until the master or mate shall
+make oath that there is no malignant distemper on board. It has barracks
+for fifty men; but, in case of emergency, it obtains assistance from the
+militia of the island. During the late Cherokee war a plan was also
+formed for fortifying the town towards the land, with a horn-work built
+of tappy, flanked with batteries and redoubts at proper distances, and
+extending from river to river; but, after having spent a great sum of
+money on this work, peace being restored, the design was dropt.
+
+    [Sidenote] The number of its inhabitants.
+
+In 1765 the number of white inhabitants in Charlestown amounted to
+between five and fix thousand, and the number of negroes to between seven
+and eight thousand. With respect to the number of white inhabitants in
+the province we cannot be certain, but we may form some conjecture from
+the militia roll; for as all male persons from sixteen to sixty are
+obliged by law to bear arms and muster in the regiments, and as the whole
+militia formed a body of between seven and eight thousand, reckoning the
+fifth person fit for military duty, the whole inhabitants in the province
+might amount to near forty thousand. But the number of negroes was not
+less than eighty or ninety thousand. As no exact register of the births
+and funerals has been kept at Charlestown for several years, we cannot
+ascertain the proportion between them. Formerly, when bills of mortality
+were annually printed, the common computation was, that, while no
+contagious disorder prevailed in town, one out of thirty-five died
+yearly, or one out of each family in the space of seven years. However,
+the list of deaths is often increased by the sailors and transient
+persons that die in the town, and by malignant distempers imported into
+it. It is generally believed, that the number of births among the settled
+inhabitants exceeds that of funerals; but we shall affirm nothing with
+respect to this matter without better authority than common observation
+and conjecture.
+
+    [Sidenote] A general view of the manners _&c._ of the people.
+
+With respect to temper and character, the inhabitants of Carolina differ
+little from those of Great Britain and Ireland; I mean, such as derived
+their origin from those islands, for the descendents of other nations
+still retain something of the complexion, manners and customs of those
+countries from whence they came. In stature, the natives of Carolina are
+about the middle size; for in Europe we meet with men both taller and
+shorter. They are, generally speaking, more forward and quick in growth
+than the natives of cold climates. Indeed we may say, there are no boys
+or girls in the province, for from childhood they are introduced into
+company, and assume the air and behaviour of men and women. Many of them
+have an happy and natural quickness of apprehension, especially in the
+common affairs of life, and manage business with ease and discretion; but
+want that steadiness, application and perseverance necessary to the
+highest improvements in the arts and sciences. Several natives who have
+had their education in Britain, have distinguished themselves by their
+knowledge in the laws and constitution of their country; but those who
+have been bred in the province, having their ideas confined to a narrower
+sphere, have as yet made little figure as men of genius or learning.
+Agriculture being more lucrative than any other employment, all who
+possess lands and negroes apply their chief attention to the improvement
+of their fortune, regardless of the higher walks of science. They
+commonly marry early in life, and of course are involved in domestic
+cares and concerns before their minds have had time to ripen in knowledge
+and judgment. In the progress of society they have not advanced beyond
+that period in which men are distinguished more by their external than
+internal accomplishments. Hence it happens, that beauty, figure, agility
+and strength form the principal distinctions among them, especially in
+the country. Among English people they are chiefly known by the number of
+their slaves, the value of their annual produce, or the extent of their
+landed estate. For the most part they are lively and gay, adapting their
+dress to the nature of the climate in which they live, and discover no
+small taste and neatness in their outward appearance. Their intercourse
+and communication with Britain being easy and frequent, all novelties in
+fashion, dress and ornament are quickly introduced; and even the spirit
+of luxury and extravagance, too common in England, was beginning to creep
+into Carolina. Almost every family kept their chaises for a single horse,
+and some of the principal planters of late years have imported fine
+horses and splendid carriages from Britain. They discover no bad taste
+for the polite arts, such as music, drawing, fencing and dancing; and it
+is acknowledged by all, but especially by strangers, that the ladies in
+the province considerably outshine the men. They are not only sensible,
+discreet and virtuous, but also adorned with most of those polite and
+elegant accomplishments becoming their sex. The Carolineans in general
+are affable and easy in their manners, and exceedingly kind and
+hospitable to all strangers. There are few old men or women to be found
+in the province, which is a sure sign of the unhealthiness of the
+climate. We cannot say that there are many in the country that arrive at
+their sixtieth year, and several at thirty bear the wrinkles, bald head
+and grey hairs of old age. As every person by diligence and application
+may earn a comfortable livelihood, there are few poor people in the
+province, except the idle or unfortunate. Nor is the number of rich
+people great; most of them being in what we call easy and independent
+circumstances. It has been remarked, that there are more persons
+possessed of between five and ten thousand pounds sterling in the
+province, than are to be found any where among the same number of people.
+In respect of rank, all men regarded their neighbour as their equal, and
+a noble spirit of benevolence pervaded the society. In point of industry
+the town was like a bee-hive, and there were none that reaped not
+advantages more or less from the flourishing state of trade and commerce.
+Pride and ambition had not as yet crept into this community; but the
+province was fast advancing to that state of power and opulence, when
+some distinctions among men necessarily take place.
+
+    [Sidenote] And of their way of living.
+
+With respect to the manner of living in Charlestown, it is nearly the
+same as in England; and many circumstances concur to render it neither
+very difficult nor expensive to furnish plentiful tables. They have tea
+from England, and coffee, chocolate and sugar from the West Indies, in
+plenty. Butter is good, especially at that season when the fields are
+cleared of rice, and the cows are admitted into them; and it is so
+plentiful that they export a good deal of it to the Leeward Islands. The
+province produces some flour for bread; but it being of an inferior
+quality, the inhabitants chiefly make use of that imported from New York
+and Philadelphia. In the market there is plenty of beef, pork, veal,
+poultry and venison, and a great variety of wild-fowls and salt-water
+fish. The mutton from the low lands is not so good as that from the hills
+in the interior parts, but as the back country is now well settled, it is
+hoped that the market in time will be likewise well supplied with mutton
+from it. They have also a variety of the finest fruits and vegetables in
+their season. Their principal drink is punch, or grog, which is composed
+of rum well diluted with water. With respect to wine, Madeira is not only
+best suited to the climate, in which it improves by heat and age, but
+also most commonly used by the people in general, though French, Spanish
+and Portuguese wines are likewise presented at the tables of the most
+opulent citizens. Besides these, they have porter and beer from England,
+and cyder and perry from the northern colonies. Where rum is cheap,
+excess in the use of it will not be uncommon, especially among the lower
+class of people; but the gentlemen in general are sober, industrious and
+temperate. In short, the people are not only blessed with plenty, but
+with a disposition to share it among friends and neighbours; and many
+will bear me witness, when I say, that travellers could scarcely go into
+any city where they could meet with a society of people more agreeable,
+intelligent and hospitable than that at Charlestown.
+
+    [Sidenote] The arts and sciences only of late encouraged.
+
+Though the arts and sciences had been long neglected, and have as yet
+made no great progress in the province, yet of late years they have met
+with great encouragement. The people in general stand not only much
+indebted to an ingenious bookseller, who introduced many of the most
+distinguished authors among them, but several of the most respectable
+citizens also united and formed a society for the promotion of
+literature, having obtained a charter of incorporation for that purpose.
+All the new publications in London, and many of the most valuable books,
+both ancient and modern, have been imported for the use of this society
+the members of which were ambitious of proving themselves the worthy
+descendants of British ancestors, by transporting not only their inferior
+arts of industry and agriculture, but also their higher improvements in
+philosophy and jurisprudence. Their design was not confined to the
+present generation, but extended to posterity, having the institution of
+a college in view, so soon as the funds of the society should admit of
+it. News-papers were also printed, for supplying the province with the
+freshest and most useful intelligence of all that passed in the political
+and commercial world. For amusement the inhabitants of Charlestown had
+not only books and public papers, but also assemblies, balls, concerts
+and plays, which were attended by companies almost equally brilliant as
+those of any town in Europe of the same size.
+
+    [Sidenote] The militia and internal strength of the province.
+
+Charlestown had its armoury, magazine, and militia, and every citizen,
+like those of ancient Sparta, joined the military to the civil character.
+The officers of the militia are appointed by the Governor, who commonly
+nominates such men from among the inhabitants to command the rest as are
+most distinguished for their courage and capacity. All men of the
+military age being registered in the militia roll, each person knows the
+company to which he belongs, the captain who commands it, and is
+obligated to keep his arms in order, and to appear properly equipped in
+case of any alarm or other emergency. We cannot say that the militia in
+general made a good appearance, or seemed expert at the use of arms; but
+the companies of grenadiers, light infantry, and artillery, were
+extravagantly gay, and tolerably well disciplined. As most of the men
+were equally independent as their officers, that prompt obedience to
+orders, necessary in a regular army, could not be expected from them; but
+being conscious that union of strength was necessary to the common
+safety, on all emergencies they appeared under arms with alacrity and
+expedition. By the militia law the merchants and tradesmen of the city
+were subjected to some temporary inconveniencies and interruptions of
+business; but as agriculture was chiefly carried on by slaves, and nature
+brought the fruits of the earth to maturity, the planters in the country
+had abundance of time to spare for military exercises. Their rural life,
+and the constant use of arms, promoted a kind of martial spirit among
+them, and the great dangers to which they were always exposed, habituated
+them to face an enemy with resolution. Fortunately a natural antipathy
+subsisted between Indians and negroes, and prevented the two from uniting
+and conspiring the destruction of the colony. Therefore, while Indians
+remained quiet and peaceable, it was not the interest of the province to
+have them removed at a great distance; for had they been driven over the
+Mississippi, or extirpated, their place would probably have been supplied
+by fugitive slaves, who, by taking shelter in the mountains, would have
+proved an enemy equally, if not more, cruel and formidable to Carolina
+than the Indians themselves; or had the savage nations given
+encouragement to slaves to fly to them for liberty and protection, fatal
+must the consequences have been to the settlement.
+
+    [Sidenote] Of its societies formed for mutual support and relief.
+
+Thus exposed to barbarians, the members of this little community knew
+that union of strength was not only requisite to the common safety, but
+both interest and duty naturally led them to establish societies with a
+particular view of raising funds for relieving each others wants. Though
+every person was obliged by law to contribute, in proportion to his
+estate, for the relief of the poor of the province, yet, besides this,
+there were several societies formed and incorporated for the particular
+purpose of assisting such families belonging to them as might happen to
+be unfortunate in trade, or in any other way reduced to an indigent
+state. Among these there is one called The South-Carolina Society, which
+merits particular notice. At first it consisted not of the most opulent
+citizens, though many of these afterwards joined it, but of persons in
+moderate stations, who held it an essential duty to relieve one another
+in such a manner as their circumstances would admit; accordingly they
+united, elected officers, and, by trifling weekly contributions,
+donations and legacies, together with good management, in process of time
+accumulated a considerable stock. A common seal was provided, with the
+device of a hand planting a vine, and the motto _Posteritati_. The
+Heavens smile on humane and generous designs. Many observing the great
+usefulness of this society, petitioned for admission into it; and as its
+numbers increased its stock enlarged. In 1738, their capital amounted to
+no more than L.213: 16 s.; but, in 1776, it had arisen to a sum not less
+than L. 68,787: 10: 3, current money. All the while their works of
+charity have likewise been conspicuous and extensive. Many unfortunate
+and sinking families have been supported by them in a decent and
+respectable manner. Many helpless orphans have been educated, and
+prepared for being useful members of society. Several other societies in
+Charlestown have been founded upon the same plan, and on many occasions
+the inhabitants in general, (it may be mentioned to their honour), have
+discovered a benevolent and charitable spirit, not only to poor people in
+the province, but also to unfortunate strangers.
+
+    [Sidenote] Of its merchants and trade.
+
+The merchants in Carolina are a respectable body of men, industrious and
+indefatigable in business, free, open and generous in their manner of
+conducting it. The whole warehouses in Charlestown were like one common
+store, to which every trader had access for supplying his customers with
+those kinds of goods and manufactures which they wanted. The merchants of
+England, especially since the late peace, observing the colonies
+perfectly secure, and depending on the strength of the British navy for
+the protection of trade, vied with each other for customers in America,
+and stretched their credit to its utmost extent for supplying the
+provinces. Hence every one of them were well furnished with all kinds of
+merchandise. But as the staples of Carolina were valuable, and in much
+demand, credit was extended to that province almost without limitation,
+and vast multitudes of negroes, and goods of all kinds, were yearly sent
+to it. In proportion as the merchants of Charlestown received credit from
+England, they were enabled to extend it to the planters in the country,
+who purchased slaves with great eagerness, and enlarged their culture.
+Though the number of planters had of late years much increased, yet they
+bore no proportion to the vast extent of territory, and lands were still
+easily procured, either by patent or by purchase. According to the number
+of hands employed in labour, agriculture prospered and trade was
+enlarged. An uncommon circumstance also attended this rapid progress,
+which was favourable to the planting interest, and proved an additional
+incentive to industry. The price of staple commodities arose as the
+quantity brought to market increased. In 1761 rice sold at forty
+shillings per barrel, and indigo at two shillings per lib.; but in 1771
+in so flourishing a state was the commerce of this country, that rice
+brought at market three pounds ten shillings per barrel, and indigo three
+shillings per lib. At the same time the quantity increased so much, that
+the exports of Carolina amounted, upon an average of three years after
+the peace, to L. 395,666: 13: 4; but, in 1771, the exports in that year
+alone arose to a sum not less than L. 756,000 sterling. How great then
+must the imports have been, when the province, notwithstanding this
+amazing increase, still remained in debt to the mother country.
+
+    [Sidenote] Of its planters and agriculture.
+
+To this advanced state had Carolina arrived in point of improvement.
+Agriculture, beyond doubt, is of such importance to every country, that,
+next to public security and the distribution of justice and equity, it is
+the interest of every government to encourage it. Nothing could more
+manifestly promote industry and agriculture, than that fair and equitable
+division of lands among the people which took place in this province.
+Immense tracts of ground in possession of one man, without hands to
+cultivate and improve them, are only unprofitable deserts: but when lands
+are judiciously parcelled out among the people, industry is thereby
+encouraged, population increased, and trade promoted. The lands first
+yield abundance for the inhabitants, and then more than they can consume.
+When this is the case, the overplus can be spared for procuring foreign
+articles of exchange, and the province is thereby furnished with the
+conveniencies and luxuries of another climate and country. Then the
+planter's views are turned to the advantages of trade, and the
+merchant's, in return, to the success of husbandry. From which time a
+mutual dependence subsists between them, and it is the interest of the
+one to encourage the other. For when the merchants receive nothing from
+the province, it is impossible they can afford to import anything into
+it. Without cultivation commerce must always languish, being deprived of
+its chief supplies, the fruits of the earth. Without credit from the
+merchant there would have been little encouragement to emigrate to
+Carolina. A single arm could make little impression on the forest. A poor
+family, depending for support on the labour of one man, would have long
+remained in a starving condition, and scarcely ten of an hundred
+emigrants, obliged to work in such a climate, would have survived the
+tenth year after their arrival. To what causes then shall we ascribe the
+prosperity of the province? The answer is plain. Under the royal care the
+people, being favoured with every advantage resulting from public
+security, an indulgent government, abundance of land, large credit,
+liberty to labour and to reap the whole fruits of it, protection to
+trade, and an excellent market for every staple, laboured with success.
+These were powerful motives to emigrate, strong incentives to industry,
+and the principal causes of its rapid advances towards maturity. No
+colony that ever was planted can boast of greater advantages. Few have,
+in the space of an hundred years, improved and flourished in an equal
+degree.
+
+Notwithstanding the favourable situation for agriculture in which the
+Carolineans stood, they remained slovenly husbandmen, and every stranger
+was astonished at the negligent manner in which all estates in the
+province were managed. Those planters who had arrived at easy or affluent
+circumstances employed overseers; and having little to do but to ride
+round their fields now and then, to see that their affairs were not
+neglected, or their slaves abused, indulge themselves in rural
+amusements, such as racing, mustering, hunting, fishing, or social
+entertainments. For the gun and dog the country affords some game, such
+as small partridges, woodcocks, rabbits, _&c._ but few of the planters
+are fond of that kind of diversion. To chace the fox or the deer is their
+favourite amusement, and they are forward and bold riders, and make their
+way through the woods and thickets with astonishing speed. The horses of
+the country, though hardy and serviceable animals, make little figure;
+and therefore, to improve the breed, many have been of late years
+imported from England. The planters being fond of fine horses, have been
+at great pains to raise them, so that they now have plenty of an
+excellent kind, both for the carriage and the turf.
+
+In every plantation great care is taken in making dams to preserve water,
+for overflowing the rice-fields in summer, without which they will yield
+no crops. In a few years after this pond is made, the planters find it
+stocked with a variety of fishes; but in what manner they breed, or
+whence they come, they cannot tell, and therefore leave that matter to
+philosophical inquirers to determine. Some think that the spawn of fishes
+is exhaled from the large lakes of fresh water in the continent, and
+being brought in thunder-clouds, falls with the drops of rain into these
+reservoirs of water. Others imagine that it must have remained every
+where among the sand since that time the sea left these maritime parts of
+the continent. Others are of opinion, that young fish are brought by
+water-fowls, which are very numerous, from one pond to another, and there
+dropt, by which means the new-made pools receive their supply. But be the
+cause what it will, the effect is visible and notorious all over the
+country. When the ponds are stocked with fishes, it becomes an agreeable
+amusement to catch them, by hawling a sene[*] through the pool. Parties
+of pleasure are formed for this purpose, so that the young planters, like
+gentlemen of fortune, being often abroad at these rural sports and social
+entertainments, their domestic affairs by such means are much neglected,
+and their plantations carelessly managed.
+
+[Transcriber's note: The word 'sene' appears thus in the original. Might
+be an uncommon misprint of 'sieve'.]
+
+But even among the most diligent and attentive planters we see not that
+nice arrangement and order in their fields observable in most places of
+Europe, probably owing to the plenty and cheapness of land. In every
+country where landed estates are easily procured, they engross not that
+care and attention requisite for making them yield the greatest returns.
+The freeholds in Carolina are not only easily obtained by patent or
+purchase, but also all alienable at pleasure; so that few of the present
+generation of planters regulate their system of husbandry upon any
+established principles or plans, much less with any views to posterity.
+In no country have the finest improvements been found in the first ages
+of cultivation. This remains for a future day, and when lands shall be
+more scarce and valuable, and the country better peopled; then, it is
+probable, Carolina will cover, like other countries, the effects of the
+nice art and careful management of the husbandman.
+
+At present the common method of cultivation is as follows. After the
+planter has obtained his tract of land, and built a house upon it, he
+then begins to clear his field of that load of wood with which the land
+is covered. Nature points out to him where to begin his labours; for the
+soil, however various, is every where easily distinguished, by the
+different kinds of trees which grow upon it. Having cleared his field, he
+next surrounds it with a wooden fence, to exclude all hogs, sheep and
+cattle from it. This field he plants with rice or indigo, year after
+year, until the lands are exhausted or yield not a crop sufficient to
+answer his expectations. Then it is forsaken, and a fresh spot of land is
+cleared and planted, which is also treated in like manner, and in
+succession forsaken and neglected. Although there are vast numbers of
+cattle bred in the province, yet no manure is provided for improving the
+soil. No trials of a different grain are made. No grass seeds are sown in
+the old fields for enriching the pastures, so that either shrubs and
+bushes again spring up in them, or they are overgrown with a kind of
+coarse grass, grateful or nourishing to no animal. Like farmers often
+moving from place to place, the principal study with the planters is the
+art of making the largest profit for the present time, and if this end is
+obtained, it gives them little concern how much the land may be
+exhausted. The emulation that takes place among the present generation,
+is not who shall put his estate in the most beautiful order, who shall
+manage it with most skill and judgment for posterity; but who shall bring
+the largest crop to the market. Let their children provide for
+themselves. They will endeavour to leave them plenty of labourers, and
+they know they can easily obtain abundance of lands; vain and absurd,
+therefore, would it be to bestow much pains and time in preparing this or
+that landed estate for them, and laying it out in fine order, which they
+are certain will be deserted so soon as the lands are exhausted.
+
+Such is the present method of carrying on agriculture in Carolina, and it
+may do for some time, but every one must clearly see that it will be
+productive of bad effects. The richness of the soil, and the vast
+quantity of lands, have deceived many, even those men who had been bred
+farmers in England, and made them turn out as careless husbandmen as the
+natives themselves. Wherever you go in this province, you may discover
+the ignorance of the people with respect to agriculture, and the small
+degree of perfection to which they have yet attained in this useful art.
+This will not be the case much longer, for lands will become scarce, and
+time and experience, by unfolding the nature of the soil, and discovering
+to the planters their errors, will teach them, as circumstances change,
+to alter also their present rules, and careless manner of cultivation. In
+every country improvements are gradual and progressive. In such a
+province as Carolina, where the lands are good, new staples will be
+introduced, new sources of wealth will open; and, if we may judge from
+what is past, we may conclude, that, if no misunderstandings or quarrels
+shall interrupt its future progress, it certainly promises to be one of
+the most flourishing settlements in the world. We have seen that its
+exports are already very great, even while the lands are negligently
+cultivated and ill managed; but how much greater will they be when the
+art of agriculture shall hare arrived at the same degree of perfection in
+that province as in England.
+
+    [Sidenote] An interruption of the harmony between Britain and her
+    colonies, and the causes of it.
+
+Such, at this period, was the happy situation of the people and province
+of South Carolina; safe under the royal care and protection, and
+advancing to an opulent state by the unlimited credit and great
+indulgence granted by Britain. However, if we proceed a little farther,
+we shall see the face of things gradually changing. We shall behold the
+mother country, as the wealth of her colonies increased, attempting some
+alteration in their political and commercial system: and the different
+provinces, infected with pride and ambition, aspiring after independence.
+Let us take a slight view of the causes of that unhappy quarrel which at
+this time began between them, and afterwards proceeded to such a degree
+of violence as to threaten a total dissolution of all political union and
+commercial intercourse.
+
+It might have been expected that those colonies would not soon forget
+their obligations to the mother country, by which they had been so long
+cherished and defended. As all the colonies were in themselves so many
+independent societies, and as in every state protection and allegiance
+are reciprocal and inseparable duties, one would have thought that
+subjects would yield obedience to the laws, and submission to the
+authority of that government under which they claimed protection. Such
+was the constitution of the provinces, that each, by its own legislature,
+could only regulate the internal police within the bounds of its
+territory. Thus far, and no farther, did its authority extend. Not one of
+them could either make or execute regulations binding upon another. They
+had no common council, empowered by the constitution, to act for and to
+bind all, though perhaps good policy now required the establishment of
+such a council, for the purpose of raising a revenue from them. Every
+member of the vast empire might perceive, that some common tax, regularly
+and impartially imposed, in proportion to the strength of each division,
+was necessary to the future defence and protection of the whole. In
+particular, the people of Great Britain, when they looked forward to the
+possible contingency of a new war, and considered the burdens under which
+they groaned, had a melancholy and dreadful prospect before them; and the
+parliament considered it as their indispensible duty to relieve them as
+much as possible, and provide for the safety of the state by a
+proportionable charge on all its subjects. For as the exemption of one
+part from this equal charge was unreasonable and unjust, so it might tend
+to alienate the hearts of these subjects residing in one corner of the
+empire from those in another, and destroy that union and harmony in which
+the strength of the whole consisted.
+
+Such were probably the views and designs of the parliament of Great
+Britain at this juncture, with respect to America. At the same time, if
+we consider the genius, temper and circumstances of the Americans, we
+will find them jealous of their liberties, proud of their strength, and
+sensible of their importance to Britain. They had hitherto obeyed the
+laws of the British parliament; but their great distance, their vast
+extent of territory, their numerous ports and conveniencies for trade,
+their increasing numbers, their various productions, and consequently
+their growing power, had now prepared and enabled them for resisting such
+laws as they deemed inconsistent with their interest, or dangerous to
+their liberty. Some of these colonists even inherited a natural aversion
+to monarchy from their forefathers, and on all occasions discovered a
+strong tendency towards a republican form Of government, both in church
+and state. So that, before the parliament began to exert its authority
+for raising a revenue from them, they were prepared to shew their
+importance, and well disposed for resisting that supreme power, and
+loosening by degrees their connection with the parent state.
+
+America was not only sensible of her growing strength and importance, but
+also of the weakness of the mother country, reduced by a tedious and
+expensive war, and groaning under an immense load of national debt. The
+colonies boasted of the assistance they had given during the war, and
+Great Britain, sensible of their services, was generous enough to
+reimburse them part of the expences which they had incurred. After this
+they began to over-rate their importance, to rise in their demands, and
+to think so highly of their trade and alliance, as to deem it impossible
+for Britain to support her credit without them. In vain did the mother
+country rely upon their gratitude for past favours, so as to expect
+relief with respect to her present burdens. We allow, that the first
+generation of emigrants retained some affection for Britain during their
+lives, and gloried in calling her their home and their mother country;
+but this natural impression wears away from the second, and is entirely
+obliterated in the third. Among the planters in all the colonies this was
+manifestly the case; the sons of Englishmen in America by degrees lost
+their affection for England, and it was remarkable, that the most violent
+enemies to Scotland were the descendants of Scotchmen.
+
+But among merchants, the attachment to any particular country is still
+sooner lost. Men whose great object is money, and whose business is to
+gather it as fast as possible, in fact retain a predilection for any
+country no longer than it affords them the greatest advantages. They are
+citizens of the world at large, and provided they gain money, it is a
+matter of indifference to them to what country they trade, and from what
+quarter of the globe it comes. England is the best country for them, so
+long as it allows them to reap the greatest profits in the way of
+traffic; and when that is not the case, a trade with France, Spain, or
+Holland will answer better. If the laws of Great Britain interfere with
+their favourite views and interests, merchants will endeavour to elude
+them, and smuggle in spite of legal authority. Of late years, although
+the trade of the colonies with the mother country had increased beyond
+the hopes of the most sanguine politicians, yet the American merchants
+could not be confined to it, but carried on a contraband trade with the
+colonies of France and Spain, in defiance of all the British laws of
+trade and navigation. This illicit trade the people had found very
+advantageous, having their returns in specie for their provisions and
+goods, and the vast number of creeks and rivers in America proved
+favourable to such smugglers. During the late war this trade had been
+made a treasonable practice, as it served to supply those islands which
+Britain wanted to reduce; but, after the conclusion of the war, it
+returned to its former channel, and increased beyond example in any past
+period.
+
+    [Sidenote] The new regulations made in the trade of the colonies give
+    great offence.
+
+To prevent this illicit commerce, it was found necessary, soon after the
+peace, to establish some new regulations in the trade of the colonies.
+For this purpose some armed sloops and cutters were stationed on the
+coasts of America, whose commanders had authority to act as revenue
+officers, and to seize all ships employed in that contraband trade,
+whether belonging to foreigners or fellow-subjects. And to render these
+commercial regulations the more effectual, courts of admiralty were
+erected, and invested with a jurisdiction more extensive than usual. In
+consequence of the restrictions laid on this trade, which the smugglers
+found so advantageous, it suffered much, and, notwithstanding the number
+of creeks and rivers, was almost annihilated. This occasioned some very
+spirited representations to be sent across the Atlantic by merchants, who
+declared that the Americans bought annually to the amount of three
+millions of British commodities: That their trade with the French and
+Spanish colonies took off such goods as remained an encumbrance on their
+hands, and made returns in specie, to the mutual advantage of both
+parties concerned in it. They complained, that the British ships of war
+were converted into Guarda Costas, and their commanders into custom-house
+officers; an employment utterly unworthy of the exalted character of the
+British navy: That naval officers were very unfit for this business in
+which they were employed, being naturally imperious in their tempers, and
+little acquainted with the various cases in which ships were liable to
+penalties, or in which they were exempted from detention: That that
+branch of trade was thereby ruined, by which alone they were furnished
+with gold and silver for making remittances to England; and that though
+the loss fell first upon them, it would ultimately fall on the commerce
+and revenue of Great Britain.
+
+    [Sidenote] A vote passed for charging stamp-duties on the Americans.
+
+Soon after this an act of parliament was passed, which, while it in some
+respects rendered this commercial intercourse with the foreign
+settlements legal, at the same time loaded a great part of the trade with
+duties, and ordered the money arising from them to be paid in specie to
+the British exchequer. Instead of giving the colonists any relief, this
+occasioned greater murmurs and complaints among them, as it manifestly
+tended to drain the provinces of their gold and silver. At the same time
+another act was passed, for preventing such paper bills of credit as
+might afterwards be issued for the conveniency of their internal
+commerce, from being made a legal tender in the payment of debts. This
+served to multiply their grievances, and aggravate their distress. But
+that the provinces might he supplied with money for their internal trade,
+all gold and silver arising from these duties were to be reserved, and
+applied to the particular purpose of paying troops stationed in the
+colonies for their defence. Several new regulations for encouraging their
+trade with Great Britain were also established. In consequence of a
+petition for opening more ports for the rice trade, leave was granted to
+the provinces of South Carolina and Georgia to carry their rice for a
+limited time into foreign parts, on its paying British duties at the
+place of exportation. A bounty was given on hemp and undressed flax
+imported into Britain from the American colonies; and a bill was passed
+for encouraging the whale-fishery on the coasts of America: which
+advantages, it was thought, would amply compensate for any loss the
+colonies might sustain by the duties laid on their foreign trade. But the
+colonists, especially those in New England, who had advanced to such a
+degree of strength as rendered troops unnecessary for their defence, were
+too much soured in their tempers, to allow that Great Britain had any
+other than self-interested views in her whole conduct towards them. They
+murmured and complained, and resolved on a plan of retrenchment with
+respect to the purchasing of British manufactures; but still they
+presumed not openly to call in question the authority of the British
+legislature over them. But the time was at hand when their affection to
+the mother country, which was already considerably weaned, should undergo
+a greater trial, and when their real dispositions with respect to the
+obedience due to the British parliament would no longer be concealed. A
+vote passed in the House of Commons, and very unanimously, "That, towards
+the farther defraying of the necessary expences of protecting the
+colonies, it may he proper to charge certain stamp-duties upon them."
+
+    [Sidenote] Upon which the people of New-England discover their
+    disaffection to government.
+
+When the news of this determination reached America, all the colonies
+were in some degree uneasy at the thoughts of paying taxes; but the
+colonists of New England, as if ripe for some commotion, were alarmed
+with the most terrible apprehensions and suspicions, openly affirming,
+that the King, Lords and Commons had formed a design for enslaving them,
+and had now begun deliberately to put it in execution. Immediately they
+entered into associations for distressing the mother country, from a
+principle of resentment, as some thought, agreeing to purchase as few
+clothes and goods from her as possible, and to encourage manufactures of
+all kinds within themselves. They pretended that they were driven to such
+measures by necessity; but in reality they had nothing less in view than
+their favourite plan of independence, for the accomplishment of which it
+required time to secure the union and help of the other colonies, without
+which they plainly perceived all attempts of their own would be vain and
+fruitless. Accordingly they established a correspondence with some
+leading men in each colony, representing the conduct of Great Britain in
+the most odious light, and declaring that nothing could prevent them and
+their posterity from being made slaves but the firmest union and most
+vigorous opposition of every colony, to all laws made in Great Britain on
+purpose to raise a revenue in the plantations. A few discontented
+persons, who are commonly to be found in every legislature, joined the
+disaffected colonists of New England; and though at this time the party
+was inconsiderable, yet being more firmly cemented together by the
+prospect of a stamp-act, which equally affected the interest of all, it
+by degrees gained strength, and at length became formidable.
+
+    [Sidenote] An opportunity given the colonies to offer a compensation
+    for the stamp-duty.
+
+Such measures, however, did not intimidate the British ministers, who
+imagined that an association entered into from a principle of resentment
+would be of short duration, and that the colonies in general would be
+averse from any serious quarrel with the mother country, upon which they
+depended for safety and protection. And although they were well apprised
+of this sullen and obstinate disposition of the colonists before the bill
+was introduced, yet they took no measures for preventing that opposition,
+which they had reason to believe would be made to the execution of their
+law. On the contrary, time was imprudently given to sound the temper of
+the colonies with respect to it, and to give them an opportunity of
+offering a compensation for it in their own way, in case they were
+dissatisfied with that method of raising a revenue for their defence. The
+minister even signified to the agents of the colonies his readiness to
+receive proposals from them for any other tax that might be equivalent to
+the stamp-duty. This he did although he thought that the parliament not
+only had a right to tax them, but also that it was expedient and proper
+to exercise that right. For as the colonies had no common council
+empowered by their constitution to bind all, their taxing themselves
+equally and impartially would be a matter of great difficulty, even
+although they should be disposed to agree to it. But the colonies,
+instead of making any proposal for raising a revenue by a stamp-duty or
+any other way, sent home petitions to be presented to King, Lords, and
+Commons, questioning, in the most direct and positive terms, the
+jurisdiction of Parliament over their properties.
+
+    [Sidenote] The stamp-act passes in parliament.
+
+In this situation of affairs, the Parliament, sensible of the heavy
+burden which already lay on the people of Great Britain, and of the
+addition to it which another war must occasion, thought it their
+indispensable duty to exert that authority, which before this time had
+never been called in question, for relieving this oppressed part of the
+nation, and providing for the common safety, by a charge impartially laid
+upon all subjects, in proportion to their abilities. The tender
+indulgence exercised by a parent over her children in their infant state,
+was now considered as both unreasonable and unnecessary in that state of
+maturity to which the colonies had advanced. All were obliged to confess,
+that the people of America were favoured with the same privileges and
+advantages with their fellow-subjects of Britain, and justice required
+that they should contribute to the necessary expences of that government
+under which they lived, and by which they were protected. A revenue was
+necessary to the future security of America; and on whom should it be
+raised, but those colonists who were to enjoy the benefit of such
+protection. Therefore the bill for laying a stamp-duty upon the colonies
+was brought into parliament; which, after much debate, and many strong
+arguments urged on both sides, passed through both houses, and received
+the royal assent by commission, on the 22d of March, 1765. At the same
+time, to compensate for the operations of the stamp-act, another was made
+to encourage the importation of all kinds of timber from the colonies
+into Britain: and as the estimated produce of the stamp-act amounted only
+to L. 60,000 _per annum_, and timber was so plentiful over all the
+plantations, it was thought that the great advantage which the colonies
+must reap from the latter act, would be an ample recompense for the loss
+they might sustain from the former.
+
+    [Sidenote]  Violent measures taken to prevent its execution.
+
+In the mean time the inhabitants of New England were industrious in
+spreading an alarm of danger over all the continent, and making all
+possible preparations for resistance. They had turned a jealous eye
+towards the mother country, where they had many friends employed to watch
+her conduct, who failed not to give them the earliest intelligence of
+what was doing in parliament. While they received the news that the
+stamp-act had passed, they at the same time had intelligence of that
+violent opposition it had met with from a strong faction in the House of
+Commons. And if their friends in Britain had the boldness to call in
+question both the right of the British legislature to impose taxes on the
+colonies, and the expediency of exercising that right, they thought that
+they had much better reason to do so; and that none deserved the blessing
+of liberty who had not courage to assert their right to it. Accordingly,
+no means were neglected that could inflame and exasperate the populace.
+Bold and seditious speeches were made to stir up the people to
+resistance; by representing the act in the most odious light, and
+affirming that it would be attended with consequences subversive of all
+their invaluable rights and privileges. They declared that silence was a
+crime at such a critical time, and that a tame submission to the
+stamp-act would leave their liberties and properties entirely at the
+disposal of a British parliament. Having obtained a copy of the act, they
+publicly burnt it. The ships in the harbours hung out their colours
+half-mast high, in token of the deepest mourning; the bells in the
+churches were muffled, and set a-ringing, to communicate the melancholy
+news from one parish to another. These flames, kindled in New England,
+soon spread through all the capital towns along the coast; so that there
+was scarcely a sea-port town in America in which combinations were not
+framed for opposing the introduction of stamp-paper.
+
+When the vessels arrived which carried those stamp-papers to America, the
+captains were obliged to take shelter under the stern of some ships of
+war, or to surrender their cargoes into the hands of the enraged
+populace. The gentlemen appointed to superintend the distribution of
+stamps, were met by the mob at their landing, and compelled to resign
+their office. All men suspected of having any desire of complying with
+the act, or of favouring the introduction of stamps into America, were
+insulted and abused. The governors of the provinces had no military force
+to support civil authority. The magistrates connived at these irregular
+and riotous proceedings of the people. The assemblies adopted the
+arguments of the minority in parliament, and took encouragement from them
+to resist the authority of the supreme legislature. Though each colony in
+respect of another was a separate and independent society, without any
+political connection, or any supreme head to call the representatives of
+the people together, to act in concert for the common good; yet in this
+case almost all, of their own authority, sent deputies to meet in
+congress at New York, who drew up and signed one general declaration of
+their rights, and of the grievances under which they laboured, and
+transmitted a petition to the King, Lords and Commons, imploring relief.
+
+    [Sidenote] The assembly of Carolina study ways and means of eluding
+    the act.
+
+Among the rest a party in South Carolina, which province at this time,
+from inclination, duty and interest, was very firmly attached to the
+mother country, entered warmly into the general opposition.
+Lieutenant-governor Bull, a native of the province, manifested a desire
+of complying with the act, and supporting the legal and constitutional
+dependency of the colony on the crown and parliament of Great Britain;
+but wanted power sufficient for maintaining the dignity and authority of
+his government, and carrying that act into execution. Several old and
+wise men joined him, and declared that they had formerly taken an active
+part in bringing the province under his majesty's care, but would now be
+very cautious of resisting the authority of parliament, and robbing it of
+that protection which it had so long and so happily enjoyed. The members
+of assembly, finding the Lieutenant-governor determined to transact no
+public business but in compliance with the act of parliament, began to
+deliberate how they might best elude it. For this purpose they addressed
+him, begging to be informed whether the stamp act, said to be passed in
+parliament, had been transmitted to him by the Secretary of State, the
+Lords of Trade; or any other authentic channel, since he considered
+himself as under obligations to enforce it. He replied, that he had
+received it from Thomas Boone, the Governor of the province. The assembly
+declared, that they could consider Mr. Boone, while out of the bounds of
+his government, in no other light than that of a private gentleman, and
+that his receiving it in such a channel was not authority sufficient to
+oblige him to execute so grievous an act. But Mr. Bull and his council
+were of opinion, that the channel in which he had received it was equally
+authentic with that in which he had formerly received many laws, to which
+they had quietly submitted. Upon which the assembly came to the following
+resolutions, which were signed by Peter Manigault their speaker, and
+ordered to be printed, that they might be transmitted to posterity, in
+order to shew the sense of that house with respect to the obedience due
+by America to the British parliament.
+
+    [Sidenote] Their resolutions respecting the obedience due to the
+    British parliament.
+
+"Resolved, That his Majesty's subjects in Carolina owe the same
+allegiance to the crown of Great Britain that is due from its subjects
+born there. That his Majesty's liege subjects of this province are
+entitled to all the inherent rights and liberties of his natural born
+subjects within the kingdom of Great Britain. That the inhabitants of
+this province appear also to be confirmed in all the rights
+aforementioned, not only by their character, but by an act of parliament,
+13th George II. That it is inseparably essential to the freedom of a
+people, and the undoubted right of Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed
+on them but with their own consent. That the people of this province are
+not, and from their local circumstances cannot be represented in the
+House of Commons in Great Britain; and farther, that, in the opinion of
+this house, the several powers of legislation in America were constituted
+in some measure upon the apprehension of this impracticability. That the
+only representatives of the people of this province are persons chosen
+therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been, or can be,
+constitutionally imposed on them but by the legislature of this province.
+That all supplies to the Crown being free gifts of the people, it is
+unreasonable and inconsistent with the principles and spirit of the
+British constitution for the people of Great Britain to grant to his
+Majesty the property of the people of this province. That trial by jury
+is the inherent and invaluable right of every British subject in this
+province. That the act of parliament, entitled, An act for granting and
+applying certain stamp-duties and other duties on the British colonies
+and plantations in America, _&c._ by imposing taxes on the inhabitants of
+this province; and the said act and several other acts, by extending the
+jurisdiction of the courts of admiralty beyond its ancient limits, have a
+manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of this province.
+That the duties imposed by several late acts of parliament on the people
+of this province will be extremely burdensome and grievous; and, from the
+scarcity of gold and silver, the payment of them absolutely
+impracticable. That as the profits of the trade of the people of this
+province ultimately center in Great Britain, to pay for the manufactures
+which they are obliged to take from thence, they eventually contribute
+very largely to all the supplies granted to the Crown; and besides, as
+every individual in this province is as advantageous at least to Great
+Britain as if he were in Great Britain, as they pay their full proportion
+of taxes for the support of his Majesty's government here, (which taxes
+are equal, or more, in proportion to our estates, than those paid by our
+fellow subjects in Great Britain upon theirs), it is unreasonable for
+them to be called upon to pay any further part of the charges of
+government there. That the assemblies of this province have from time to
+time, whenever requisitions have been made to them by his Majesty, for
+carrying on military operations, either for the defence of themselves or
+America in general, most cheerfully and liberally contributed their full
+proportion of men and money for these services. That though the
+representatives of the people of this province had equal assurances and
+reasons with those of the other provinces, to expect a proportional
+reimbursement of those immense charges they had been at for his Majesty's
+service in the late war, out of the several parliamentary grants for the
+use of America; yet they have obtained only their proportion of the first
+of those grants, and the small sum of L. 285 sterling received since.
+That, notwithstanding, whenever his Majesty's service shall for the
+future require the aids of the inhabitants of this province, and they
+shall be called upon for this purpose in a constitutional way, it shall
+be their indispensable duty most cheerfully and liberally to grant to his
+Majesty their proportion, according to their ability, of men and money,
+for the defence, security, and other public services of the British
+American colonies. That the restrictions on the trade of the people of
+this province, together with the late duties and taxes imposed on them by
+act of parliament, must necessarily greatly lessen the consumption of
+British manufactures amongst them. That the increase, prosperity and
+happiness of the people of this province, depend on the full and free
+enjoyment of their rights and liberties, and on an affectionate
+intercourse with Great Britain. That the readiness of the colonies to
+comply with his Majesty's requisitions, as well as their inability to
+bear any additional taxes beyond what is laid on them by their respective
+legislatures, is apparent from several grants of parliament, to reimburse
+them part of the heavy expences they were at in the late war in America.
+That it is the right of the British subjects of this province to petition
+the King, or either house of parliament. Ordered, That these votes be
+printed and made public, that a just sense of the liberty, and the firm
+sentiments of loyalty of the representatives of the people of this
+province, may be known to their constituents, and transmitted to
+posterity."
+
+    [Sidenote] The people become more violent in opposition to
+    government.
+
+Notwithstanding these resolutions, few of the inhabitants of Carolina,
+even the most sanguine, entertained the smallest hopes of a repeal; but
+expected, after all their struggles, that they would be obliged to
+submit.  Indeed a very small force in the province at that time would
+have been sufficient to quell the tumults and insurrections of the
+people, and enforce obedience to legal authority. But to the imprudence
+of ministers, the faction in parliament, and the weakness of the civil
+power in America, the resistance of the colonies may be ascribed. Had the
+stamp-duty been laid on them without any previous notice of the
+resolution of parliament, it is not improbable that they would have
+received it as they had done other acts of the British legislature. Or
+had the parliament been unanimous in passing the act, and taken proper
+measures for carrying it into execution, there is little doubt but the
+colonies would have submitted to it. For however generally the people
+might be indisposed for admitting of that or any other tax, yet a great
+majority of them at this time were averse from calling in question the
+supreme authority of the British parliament. But a small flame, which at
+first is easily extinguished, when permitted to spread, has often been
+productive of great conflagrations. The riotous and turbulent party,
+encouraged by the minority in England, set the feeble power of government
+in America at defiance. The better sort of people mingled with the
+rioters, and made use of the arguments of their friends in England to
+inflame and exasperate them. At length, they not only agreed to adhere to
+their former illegal combinations for distressing and starving the
+English manufactures, but also to with-hold from British merchants their
+just debts. This they imagined would raise such commotions in Britain as
+could not fail to overturn the ministry, or intimidate the parliament.
+
+    [Sidenote] The merchants and manufacturers in England join in
+    petitioning for relief.
+
+In consequence of these disturbances and combinations in America, great
+evils began to be felt in England, and still greater to be feared. The
+temporary interruption of commercial intercourse between the mother
+country and the colonies was very prejudicial to both. That large body of
+people engaged in preparing, purchasing and sending out goods to the
+continent were deprived of employment, and consequently of the means of
+subsistence; than which nothing could be conceived more likely to excite
+commotions in England. The revenue suffered by the want of the export and
+import duties. Petitions flowed into parliament from all quarters, not
+only from the colonies in America, but also from the trading and
+manufacturing towns in Great Britain, praying for such relief as to that
+house might seem expedient, at a juncture so alarming. The ministers
+having neglected to take the proper measures to enforce their law, while
+the matter was easy and practicable, were now obliged to yield to the
+rising current, and resign their places. By the interposition of the duke
+of Cumberland, such a change in the administration took place as promised
+an alteration of measures with respect to America. Mr. Pitt, who highly
+disapproved of the scheme for raising a revenue from the colonies, having
+long been detained by indisposition from parliament, had now so much
+recovered as to be able to attend the house.--The history of what follows
+is disgraceful to Great Britain, being entirely composed of lenient
+concessions in favour of a rising usurpation, and of such shameful
+weakness and timidity in the ministry, as afterwards rendered the
+authority of the British parliament in America feeble and contemptible.
+
+    [Sidenote]  The stamp-act repealed.
+
+No sooner had this change in administration taken place, than all papers
+and petitions relative to the stamp-act, both from Great Britain and
+America, were ordered to be laid before the House of Commons. The house
+resolved itself into a committee, to consider of those papers, about the
+beginning of the year 1766. Leave was given to bring in a bill for
+repealing an act of last session of parliament, entitled, An act for
+granting and applying certain stamp-duties and other duties, in the
+British colonies and plantations in America, towards defraying the
+expenses of protecting and securing the same. When this bill came into
+parliament a warm debate ensued, and Mr. Pitt with several more members
+strongly urged the necessity of a repeal. He made a distinction between
+external and internal taxes, and denied not only the right of parliament
+to impose the latter on the colonies, but also the justice, equity,
+policy and expediency of exercising that right. Accordingly, while it was
+declared that the King, by and with the consent of the Lords spiritual
+and temporal, and Commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, had,
+have, and of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws
+and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and
+people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in all cases
+whatsoever; the stamp-act was repealed, because it appeared that the
+continuance of it would be attended with many inconveniences, and might
+be productive of consequences detrimental to the commercial interest of
+these kingdoms.
+
+    [Sidenote] Which proves fatal to the jurisdiction of the British
+    parliament in America.
+
+This concession in favour of the rising usurpation, instead of proving
+favourable to the commercial interests of the nation, had rather the
+contrary effect, and served to set the colonies in some measure free from
+the legislative authority of Britain. It gave such importance to the
+licentious party in America, and such superiority over the good and loyal
+subjects as had a manifest tendency to throw the colonies into a state of
+anarchy and confusion. It served to promote a doctrine among them
+subversive of all good government, which plainly implied, that the
+obedience of subjects was no longer due to the laws of the supreme
+legislature, than they in their private judgments might think them
+agreeable to their interest, or the particular notions which they may
+have framed of a free constitution. While it gave countenance and
+encouragement to the riotous and turbulent subjects in America, who at
+that time were neither an opulent nor respectable party in the colonies,
+it exposed the real friends of government to popular prejudice, and
+rendered their affections more cool, and their future endeavours in
+support of government more feeble and ineffectual. For after repealing
+the stamp-act, without any previous submission on the part of the
+colonies, how could it be expected that any gentleman would risque his
+domestic peace, his fortune, or his life, in favour of a distant
+government ready to desert him, and leave him subjected to all the
+insults and outrages of future insurgents? How could it be imagined that
+these colonies, that had set the power of Great Britain at defiance, and
+obtained what they aimed at by tumults and insurrections, would
+afterwards remain quiet? As they had opposed the stamp-act, assigning for
+reason that they were not represented in parliament, was it not evident
+that the same reason would extend to all other laws which the parliament
+might enact to bind them in times to come, or had enacted to bind them in
+times past? The repeal of the stamp-act upon such a principle, and in
+such circumstances of tumult, unquestionably served to encourage the
+colonies in disobedience, and to prepare their minds for asserting their
+independence.
+
+    [Sidenote] And gives occasion of triumph to the colonies.
+
+When the news of the repeal of this act reached America, it afforded the
+colonists, as might have been expected, matter of great triumph. The most
+extravagant demonstrations of joy, by bonfires, illuminations and ringing
+of bells, were exhibited in every capital. The Carolineans sent to
+England for a marble statue of Mr. Pitt, and erected it in the middle of
+Charlestown, in grateful remembrance of the noble stand he had made in
+defence of their rights and liberties. Addresses were sent home to the
+King, acknowledging the wisdom and justice of his government in the
+repeal of the grievous act, and expressing their happiness that their
+former harmony and commercial intercourse, so beneficial to both
+countries, were restored. But soon after it appeared that the power of
+Great Britain in America had received a fatal blow, such as she would
+never be able to recover without the severest struggles and boldest
+exertions. For whatever fair professions of friendship some colonies
+might make, the strongest of them retained their natural aversion to
+monarchy, and were well disposed for undermining the civil
+establishments, and paving the way for their entire subversion. The
+British government, formerly so much revered, was now deemed oppressive
+and tyrannical. The little island, they said, had become jealous of their
+dawning power and splendour, and it behoved every one to watch her
+conduct with a sharp eye, and carefully guard their civil and religious
+liberties. Accordingly, for the future, we will find, that the more Great
+Britain seemed to avoid, the more the colonies seemed to seek for,
+grounds of quarrel; and the more the former studied to unite, by the ties
+of common interest, the more the latter strove to dissolve every
+political and commercial connection. Their minds and affections being
+alienated from the mother country, they next discovered an uneasiness
+under the restraints of legal authority. They quarrelled almost with
+every governor, found fault with all instructions from England which
+clashed with their leading passions and interests, and made use of every
+art for weakening the hands of civil government. Their friends in Britain
+had gloried that they had resisted; and now subjection of every kind was
+called slavery, and the spirit of disorder and disobedience which had
+broke out continued and prevailed. At length, even the navigation-act was
+deemed a yoke, which they wished to shake off, and throw their commerce
+open to the whole world. Several writers appeared in America in defence
+of what they were pleased to call their natural rights, who had a lucky
+talent of seasoning their compositions to the palate of the bulk of the
+people. Hence the seeds of disaffection which had sprung up in New
+England spread through the other colonies, insomuch that multitudes
+became infected with republican principles, and aspired after
+independence.--But here we shall stop for the present time, and leave the
+account of their farther struggles towards the accomplishment of this
+favourite plan to some future opportunity.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA, VOLUME 2 ***
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