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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79369 ***
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_.
+
+SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL, FROM THE WEST.]
+
+
+
+
+                         THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF
+                                SOUTHWELL
+
+                       A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC
+                       AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
+                              EPISCOPAL SEE
+
+                     BY THE REV. ARTHUR DIMOCK, M.A.
+
+                    WITH THIRTY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+                     LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1898
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL PREFACE
+
+
+This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors to the
+great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated guide-books
+at a popular price. The aim of each writer has been to produce a work
+compiled with sufficient knowledge and scholarship to be of value to
+the student of Archæology and History, and yet not too technical in
+language for the use of an ordinary visitor or tourist.
+
+To specify all the authorities which have been made use of in each case
+would be difficult and tedious in this place. But amongst the general
+sources of information which have been almost invariably found useful
+are:--(1) the great county histories, the value of which, especially
+in questions of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised;
+(2) the numerous papers by experts which appear from time to time in
+the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological Societies; (3)
+the important documents made accessible in the series issued by the
+Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known works of Britton and Willis on
+the English Cathedrals; and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks
+to the Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which the
+reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, especially in
+reference to the histories of the respective sees.
+
+                                        Gleeson White,
+
+                                        E. F. Strange,
+
+                                            _Editors of the Series_.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR’S PREFACE
+
+
+The MSS. at Southwell include the following:-- The “White Book,” of
+which the earlier part is in a fourteenth-century handwriting. It
+contains bulls, charters, etc., the earliest of the date of 1106. The
+“Register of Thurgarton Priory” is almost a duplicate of this.
+
+The “Chapter Register” contains the Acts of the Chapter from 1467-1542,
+and includes the Visitations by the Chapter, and probate matters,
+entered without regard to order.
+
+The “Register of Leases” is chiefly concerned with a date still
+later. Extracts from one or other of these appeared in Dugdale’s
+“_Monasticon_” and other works. A century ago William Dickinson
+(afterwards Rastall) of Muskham Grange used the MSS. in compiling his
+“Antiquities.” He was a laborious but inaccurate scholar, resembling
+Jonathan Oldbuck, and his Ad Pontem theory, together with similar
+inferences, has met the fate of the Prætorium of the Laird of
+Monkbarns. His book contains a certain amount of useful information;
+and I am indebted to Mr G.T. Knowles of Southwell for the loan of his
+copy of this scarce work. A late edition of Le Neve’s “_Fasti”_ (1854)
+contains a list, necessarily incomplete, of the canons by the Rev.
+J.F. Dimock, a former minor canon; and in various papers read before
+learned societies my father quoted from the records. The report of the
+Historical MSS. Commission for 1891 has a short notice.
+
+In 1891 Mr Arthur Francis Leach, Assistant Charity Commissioner, and
+formerly fellow of All Souls, Oxford, published for the Camden Society
+his “Visitations and Memorials.” The documents are chiefly from the
+Chapter Register: “the book was intended to exhibit the church in
+its inner relations.” This volume is the most valuable that has been
+published; and the introduction and the lists enhance its importance.
+Mr Leach has kindly written to me about the mysterious criminal court
+alluded to in the corrections by the chapter.
+
+Outside sources of information are scanty. An occasional reference in
+an old chronicle or in the York records includes almost everything of
+value.
+
+A folio on the architecture was published by Mr Dimock in 1853. He
+was familiar with the records in the library, and, in the conclusions
+he drew, had the assistance of many of the leading architects and
+antiquaries. So far as I know his inferences have not been superseded
+in any important particulars; and the only drawback to this folio (of
+which a popular edition appeared in 1875) is, that it is rather an
+explanation of the plates than a complete treatise.
+
+I am indebted to Mr A.H. Lyell, the honorary secretary of the Royal
+Archæological Institute, for a copy of the Rev. J.L. Petit’s paper, and
+to Messrs S. B. Bolas & Co., and Mr A.J. Loughton of the Market Place,
+Southwell, for the use of the photographs--duly attributed to each.
+
+                                                               A. D.
+
+
+
+
+  CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I.--History of the Building--
+
+  Part I. The Town and Church                                    3
+
+  Part II. Constitution of the Chapter                          18
+
+
+  CHAPTER II.--The Exterior--Nave and Transept--
+
+  Part I. Norman                                                24
+
+  Part II. Early English                                        46
+
+  Part III. Early Decorated or Geometrical                      52
+
+
+  CHAPTER III.--The Interior--
+
+  Part I. Norman                                                57
+
+  Part II. Early English                                        73
+
+  Part III. Decorated                                           87
+
+
+  CHAPTER IV.--The Palace and Wolsey                           110
+
+  CHAPTER V.--The Dissolution of the Chapter                   124
+
+  APPENDICES
+
+            A. The Culdees                                     128
+
+            B. A story of the supernatural                     128
+
+            C. Chantries, chapels, and altars                  128
+
+            D. A story of Charles I.                           129
+
+            E. Patronage of the chapter                        129
+
+            F. The last of the clergy                          130
+
+
+
+
+  LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  Southwell Cathedral from the West             _Frontispiece_
+
+  Arms of the See                                      _Title_
+
+  Southwell, and Palace Ruins, from the Parks                3
+
+  Detail of Transept                                        26
+
+  Pinnacle--Central Tower                                   27
+
+  North Porch                                               31
+
+  North Porch, Chimney of                                   32
+
+  North Porch, Interior                                     33
+
+  West Door                                                 36
+
+  West Front (in 1850)                                      39
+
+  Doorway facing the Palace                                 43
+
+  Flying Buttress and Pinnacle of Choir                     48
+
+  Clerestory Window                                         56
+
+  Bay of Nave                                               58
+
+  Nave--looking East                                        59
+
+  Nave, Pillar in                                           61
+
+  Nave, North side of Arcade                                63
+
+  Nave, South Aisle                                         65
+
+  Norman Arch of Central Tower                              69
+
+  Sculpture on Norman Capitals                              71
+
+  Choir, looking East                                       75
+
+  Choir, Sectional drawing of one Bay                       77
+
+  Choir from South Aisle                                    79
+
+  Choir, looking East                                       81
+
+  The Sedilia                                               83
+
+  Arcading of the Vestibule                                 89
+
+  Doorway to Chapter-House                                  93
+
+  Canopies of Stalls                                        96
+
+  Details of Doorway                                        97
+
+  Capital--Chapter-House                                    99
+
+  Capital--Chapter-House                                   100
+
+  Capital--Chapter-House                                   101
+
+  Carving of Stall Canopy                                  102
+
+  Rood Screen from the Nave                                103
+
+  Rood Screen--Under the Screen, looking South             106
+
+  Choir, looking West                                      107
+
+  Southwell, West Tower before Restoration                 125
+
+  PLAN                                                     131
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_.
+
+SOUTHWELL FROM THE PARKS--THE PALACE RUINS IN FRONT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+HISTORY OF THE BUILDING
+
+
+PART I.--THE TOWN AND CHURCH
+
+The compilers of Domesday found Southwell with “clerks” holding
+prebends: before the close of the thirteenth century these canons
+or prebendaries had been gradually raised by successive endowments
+to their final complement of sixteen. The chapter thus constituted
+successfully survived the storm and stress of the Tudor Reformation,
+only to experience dissolution from the zeal for change following in
+the train of the first Reform Bill. Limitations of space permit only
+of a bird’s-eye sketch of the rise and progress of this remarkable
+college, the history of which is identical with the history of the
+town, and to a certain extent of the county; and which has left as its
+enduring monument that stately minster, since 1884 the cathedral church
+of the new diocese for Notts and Derbyshire.
+
+Existing remains demonstrate that in the time of the Roman occupation,
+the four wells with their abundant supply of fresh spring water
+attracted a few Britons. Of these wells, one is at the south-east of
+the town, and, from its situation on the property of the Lord of the
+Manor, was subsequently called the Lord’s Well; two more are within
+the minster precincts--the Holy Well in the open court, and the Lady’s
+Well in the churchyard; and a fourth, St. Catherine’s, to the west,
+where the chapel of that name was built. Six or seven miles to the
+north-east, a neighbouring village received the name of Norwell; and
+for a parallel reason came the name of _the place by the south wells_,
+and thence =Southwell=, the first syllable pronounced as in Southwark.
+The researches of Gibbon led him to conclude that the Britons had some
+thirty to forty bishops and a widespread organisation; but of Southwell
+and the surrounding district there is really nothing known for certain
+during this time beyond that it was christianised.
+
+After the withdrawal of the Romans there is a blank of more than two
+hundred years until, under date A.D. 627, Baeda records that Paulinus
+of York, one of the missionaries of Augustine, who had the active
+support of his convert, King Eadwine of Northumbria, baptised in the
+river Trent; and to these two--Paulinus and Eadwine--the invading
+Angles of the Trent Valley owed their conversion.[1]
+
+During the troubled times that followed, the northern part of the Trent
+Valley--parts of Lindsey and Southumbria--was now in one kingdom, now
+in another; now in one diocese, now in another. It will come as a
+surprise to most people to learn that what was afterwards called Notts,
+or, at least, that part which included Southwell, was for a short time
+not only in the diocese of Leicester, but in the province of Lichfield.
+
+The diocese of Leicester came to an end--the chroniclers tell us
+they know not how--and after the disappearance of the short-lived
+archbishopric of Lichfield, at the beginning of the eighth century,
+Southwell went back to the province and diocese of York.
+
+It was after this that Southwell became an important religious centre.
+At Ripon and Beverley the early missionary priests had given way to
+a more settled ministry; and at Southwell secular canons, who were
+also parish priests, were by degrees appointed. Whether at Beverley or
+Ripon they were ever regulars had better be left an open question; at
+Southwell, when we first come across them, they had been already for
+some time in existence as seculars. They were in effect before they
+were supported by separate prebendal endowments _Colidei_ or _Culdees_,
+as at York--that is to say, bound by no especial vows, and belonging
+to no particular order.[2] A mapping-out of the country into parishes
+had begun in the days of Theodore of Tarsus: it took centuries to
+complete. Many villages around Southwell were quite out of the reach
+of any parish priest, and the resident clergy, besides serving their
+own church, supplied the deficiencies of the district. Why was it that
+so small and obscure a place was chosen in preference to Nottingham?
+The answer must be that its very quietness and remoteness was in its
+favour, since at the same time it was both central and accessible.
+Nottingham was the scene of constant strife, and became one of those
+“five burghs,” such a source of contention between English and Dane:
+Southwell was comparatively exempt. It was not liable to siege and
+capture first by one and then by another; if any place was peaceful,
+that place was Southwell. The archbishops wished for a capital for
+the southern part of their diocese with a cathedral church and staff
+of clergy, to be what Beverley was for the east and Ripon for the
+west, and Southwell, with its long traditions, was ready at hand.
+And afterwards, while the Danes were ravaging Northumbria, it was
+impossible for the archbishop to obtain anything from his property
+there: and in order that he might have a livelihood, the see of
+Worcester went with York. During this time (972-1016) Southwell became
+a convenient half-way house between the two dioceses.
+
+The earliest recorded endowment, though not of necessity the first
+granted, is a royal donation to Oskytel the Danish Archbishop of York
+(_circa_ A.D. 956) of a demesne of twenty _mansas_ at Southwell; and
+power was especially retained to the archbishop to dispose of it at
+his death as he deemed best. Archbishop Alfred Putta (1023-51) was a
+great supporter of secular foundations. Beverley and Southwell both
+benefited from his liberality. Most likely during his reign that rude
+Anglo-Saxon church was built, which supplanted some other of which we
+have no information. Putta lived a great deal at Southwell, and died
+there, so that a manor house or palace was then in existence. He was
+buried at Peterborough Abbey. Kinsius, his successor, gave to the old
+minster two bells.
+
+We have now come to a time when we may speak of the county of Notts,
+and of canons and their prebends, and we can well understand why any
+archbishop, monk though he might be, as Kinsius was, would encourage
+establishments like Southwell. Of what practical use to a diocese
+was a body of Benedictines? Their interests were confined to the
+boundaries of their own monasteries; but secular clergy appointed
+by the archbishop himself were of great assistance. As the parishes
+increased in number, and the outside duties were by degrees confined
+to their own particular churches, they could still help in many ways
+in general diocesan matters; and in this way York, Beverley, and Ripon
+grew up, not to mention smaller colleges like Howden. The system was
+abused afterwards; but originally it was of great practical utility.
+In the eleventh century, if not in the tenth, certain of the clergy
+had separate endowments or _prebends_, and their outside duties were
+confined to one particular church, situated in the township or parish
+of the endowment, while one residence in Southwell and a second in the
+prebendal village were allotted to them, and afterwards their stalls
+and benefices came to be called by the names of these particular
+prebends. In this way the Culdee system developed into the prebendal;
+and what with the archbishop’s occasional residence, and the staff of
+clergy, we can understand the statement of Leland: “Ther was a Se at
+Southwel of the Merches which now longeth to the Archbishop of York.”
+Before the Conquest Southwell was the southern capital of the diocese.
+
+Aldred, to whom befell the strange fortune of consecrating both Harold
+and William, enlarged York and Beverley; and Hugh the Chanter of York
+tells us that he made prebends at Southwell.[3]
+
+By the time of his death (1070 or 1075) the following at least were in
+existence, although it might be later on they were called by their
+local names:--Normanton, Norwell Overhall, Norwell Palace Hall (or
+Palishall), Oxton and Cropwell, Woodborough, North Muskham.
+
+Aldred attempted, without success, to enforce celibacy amongst the
+clergy.
+
+=The First Norman Archbishops=.--With Aldred, that judicious benefactor
+of Southwell, passed away for a long period the archbishops who spoke
+and taught in the common tongue of the people. His successors looked
+down on the English as the English had previously looked down on the
+Britons, and appointed other Normans to the stalls, with whom they
+could take counsel; and the strange sight began to be witnessed of
+prebendaries using a kind of “pigeon” English to make themselves
+understood. The first Norman, Thomas I. of Bayeux, “a prelate of great
+genius, and a friend of the Muses,” had to part with Lindsey (and for
+a time with Newark) when the capital of the huge neighbouring diocese
+was removed from the Oxfordshire Dorchester to Lincoln. Lincoln is now
+reckoned as of a venerable antiquity, yet her chapter is appreciably
+the junior of Southwell. Archbishop Gerard (21 May 1108) died at
+Southwell while asleep in his garden, and with a MS. on astrology
+under his pillow, and was buried at York. His successor Thomas II.
+(1108-1114), a son of the first Norman bishop of Worcester, addressed
+a pastoral letter to the people of Nottinghamshire, begging for their
+contributions for the building of the church of S. Mary of Southwell
+_(de Suwellae)_ “and that ye may the more willingly do this, we release
+you, so that you need not visit every year the church of York, as all
+our other people (or parishioners) do, but the church of S. Mary of
+Southwell instead, and there have the same pardon as at York.”
+
+This letter helps to explain the _raison d’être_ of Southwell. York
+was too far away for the Notts people, 70 to 80 miles from Nottingham
+by road, and Southwell was central for the whole county. The favourite
+Norman system of choosing the leading town was not adopted because
+a chapter and a residence were both in existence at Southwell, and
+because of the situation of the town. Driven like a wedge into
+the southern province, if Nottinghamshire was to make procession
+anywhere, Southwell was easier of access than Nottingham. Already for
+administrative purposes the archbishop’s capital for the county, the
+minster now became the mother church in every respect.
+
+But if this was to be the case, the small and roughly-built minster
+then standing was quite inadequate according to the more magnificent
+Norman ideas. _Every one_ of the old Saxon cathedrals either had or
+then was undergoing the process of pulling down, only to be rebuilt on
+a larger scale and in a better manner. Southwell’s turn came rather
+late in the day; and the proportions and the masonry both benefited
+in consequence. As at York, the work was done piecemeal, the old
+coming down as the new progressed. Thomas could hardly have lived long
+enough to see the whole completed, with its chancel square at the
+east and four eastern apses now no more; but he would at least have
+the gratification of knowing that everything was advancing towards
+completion.[4]
+
+The late Mr J.R. Green has made clear one obscure point in this
+universal system of rebuilding on a more magnificent scale. Where, we
+ask, did the money come from? Neither the contributions of the liberal,
+nor forced labour, would suffice. The Jews found the money required.
+They had come over with or after the Conqueror, and settled in the
+towns in their different Jewries under the king’s immediate protection.
+“Castle and cathedral alike owed their existence to the loans of the
+Jews.” The Jewish money-lenders of York and Lincoln assisted in the
+building of Southwell.
+
+By this time, if not earlier, the number of stalls was ten, Norwell
+Tertia Pars, Oxton Altera Pars, and St. Muskham having been created,
+and the office of sacrist or sexton raised to the dignity of a canonry.
+Henry I. and Stephen both granted rights and immunities, civil,
+criminal, and forest. Archbishop Thurstan (1119-1135) founded the
+stalls of Beckingham and Dunham, prebends in the north of the county,
+with the village tithes and some glebe, and Halloughton or Halton, near
+to Southwell. Pope Honorius (_circa_ 1125) wrote to the archbishop
+against the marriage of the cathedral clergy. “In your churches [York,
+Beverley, Ripon, Southwell] be earnest to reform discipline, and
+restore the refectory at Southwell to the good condition in which it
+existed in times past.” The pope objected to the canons being married
+and living with their families; he wanted them to be celibate, and take
+their meals together; but he was mistaken in supposing that they ever
+had done so at Southwell.
+
+Alexander III. promulgated two bulls, one to the minster clergy
+(1171), and the other to his “well beloved the archdeacon, dean[5]
+and the other clergy of the county.” After confirming the Whitsuntide
+procession and directing that the chrism or consecrated oil should be
+distributed at that synod by the rural deans throughout the county, he
+exempted the chapter from the control of the archbishop, and almost
+annihilated the authority of the latter.[6]
+
+Archbishop Roger had obtained the pope’s support to disallow the
+over-lordship of Canterbury, and this was the payment demanded. It was
+a cruel blow, for the church and its staff owed nearly everything to
+the archbishop, and the prebendaries were his advisers and assistant
+curates. Now they were quite independent. An _imperium in imperio_ was
+established, and what York lost Rome was expected to gain. The chapter
+naturally preferred being placed on an equality with York; for in spite
+of Whitsuntide processions and synods, York, as in the matter of the
+confirmation of the Halloughton prebend, had exercised some sort of
+authority. Now they could do so no longer, and the two chapters became
+in every sense equal. The canons were also permitted to appoint vicars
+both to their stalls and to their parishes.
+
+After the death of Roger the see was vacant for a number of years,
+and, in the absence of King Richard, William, Bishop of Ely and papal
+legate, as chancellor, acted as regent. He controlled the northern
+province, and punished those who had violated the king’s peculiar
+by massacring Jews. Richard, however, despatched to England Hugh,
+Bishop of Durham, with full power as justiciary north of the Humber.
+At Ely the two prelates met; and on Hugh presenting his credentials
+superseding William in the north, William said that he would cheerfully
+resign his power there. William then inveigled his rival to the quiet
+and seclusion of Southwell, and here, having Bishop Hugh completely in
+his power, put him under arrest. He kept him in custody in the palace
+until Hugh had promised to resign Windsor and all the other places
+entrusted to him; and even then would not release him until he had
+his son (so Roger de Hoveden calls him) as his hostage. William was
+eventually deposed by John and the council.
+
+When Richard returned he chose Southwell for the place at which to meet
+William the Lion of Scotland in order to settle differences. After
+reducing Nottingham by the help of some engines which threw large
+stones, Palm Sunday 1194 saw Cœur de Lion at his palace or hunting-box
+of Clipstone in Sherwood Forest, and William at Worksop. Each rested
+“on account of the solemnity of the day,” and on the morrow (4th April)
+met at Southwell. Roger de Hoveden says that they repaired the next day
+to Melton, but Florence of Worcester that they continued at Southwell
+over the Tuesday, and that during their stay, William demanded of
+Richard “all the dignities and honours which his predecessors held
+in England,” and that Richard answered, that “he would give him
+satisfaction after he had consulted his barons.” The council was held
+at Northampton on Easter Eve, and Richard declined to concede the
+demands of the Scotch King.
+
+=Archbishop Walter de Gray= (1216-56).--Beyond that Pavia, daughter
+of Nigel de Rampton, and widow of Robert de Maluvel, founded the
+fourteenth prebend, that of Rampton, some twenty miles north of
+Southwell, there is nothing to record before Gray’s episcopate. The
+diocese was in a constant state of turmoil and disorder from political
+affairs, and this had its effect upon the architecture of the minster.
+From the late Norman of Thomas II. there is nothing until we arrive at
+the maturity of the Lancet Gothic or Early English of the thirteenth
+century. The transition between the two is entirely wanting. Gray was a
+great and many-sided prelate; in spite of his political duties, he both
+governed his diocese and built extensively. At Southwell he considered
+the Norman choir too small, and issued (1233) an indulgence for thirty
+days for the completion of that Early English building, which to this
+day, although externally shorn of its high roof, is internally almost
+exactly as he left it, and a fitting commemoration of his reign. He
+also endeavoured to mitigate some of the harmful results of the Bull
+of Independence. As the canons were allowed to appoint vicars, it was
+equivalent to granting them leave of non-residence. Gray tried to
+enforce that they really should appoint deputies, both vicars-choral
+for their stalls, and perpetual vicars for their prebendal parishes.
+Other ranks of the minster clergy date from his time. At first
+the vicars-choral said or chanted the masses for the dead; but in
+1241 Robert de Lexington, canon of one of the Norwells, and Chief
+Justiciary, founded two chantries in the church, and made provision
+for a third to be removed there from a chapel in the town. He gave to
+the chapter the presentation of Barnburgh in South Yorkshire, and, by
+some power difficult now to understand, provided that the rector was
+to pay 23 merks yearly for the support of two priests, two deacons and
+two sub-deacons, “who for ever at the altar of the blessed Thomas the
+Martyr in the church of Southwell” were to celebrate the divine offices
+for the repose of his own soul and those of his relatives and others.
+As a distinct body ranking below the vicars-choral, the chantry priests
+now became a regular part of the minster staff, and eventually numbered
+thirteen.
+
+As the prebendaries might now be non-resident without his licence,
+Gray tried to establish a dean as head of the chapter in permanent
+residence. He was only visitor and patron, and in having no regular
+president, other than the senior canon in residence, Southwell differed
+from all other churches. York had its dean, Beverley its provost, Ripon
+its permanent president in the prebendary of Stanwick; and during
+Gray’s time a dean named Hugh appears for a short time. But it was not
+to be; and we soon hear no more of him.[7]
+
+Gray’s reforming zeal urged the chapter to consent to various statutes
+and regulations. Those who were ordained to serve in the church had
+to pass an examination before the canons in residence, and to be of a
+good character. A canon, accompanied by a vicar and the registrar, was
+to visit yearly the churches within the jurisdiction, and put an end
+to abuses. The canons-resident were likewise given complete authority
+over all the other clergy, and these were to be fined for absence
+from worship. The readers of the lessons _(lectiones)_, whether in
+the choir or pulpit, were to look the passages over beforehand, and
+to read audibly and distinctly. Those who failed in this, and more
+particularly those who upset the gravity of the others, were to be
+flogged in the chapter-house. The inferior clergy of the choir were
+to look over their music before service, were not to use their books
+during service, but to look at the music or order board (_tabulam_).
+Bad and violent language outside the church was punishable by one
+flogging or a shilling fine, or, as a second alternative, by the
+wearing of the _bulgewarium_ round the culprit’s neck “according to the
+ancient use of the church.” The same offence committed inside was to be
+punished by two floggings or a two shillings fine, and for the third
+expulsion ensued.
+
+By the Portsmouth charter of Henry III., dated July 1253, in
+confirmation of previous ones, the chapter in civil and criminal
+matters over its officials and property became, if anything, more
+independent than ever of the ordinary law of the land. “The canons of
+S. Mary of Southwell shall enjoy the same privileges and immunities
+as those of S. Peter of York, particularly they shall receive the
+amercements of their tenants, and fines for all such offences as they
+have been guilty of ... exemptions from tolls and duties, from suits
+of counties, hundreds, and wapentakes, and from all gelds such as
+Danegeld, Horngeld, etc. etc., and that they shall have their courts of
+justice with soc and sac.” There is also mention made at this period of
+rights of some kind over parts of Sherwood Forest.
+
+=Archbishop John Romanus= (1286-96).--Romanus had a somewhat troubled
+reign. He had quarrels with the Pope, who wanted to appoint foreigners,
+and with the York chapter about his right of visitation. This latter
+was settled by arbitration, and is of interest as the Southwell
+statutes were always based on York. The archbishop was to visit once in
+five years, and was to enter the chapter-house unattended by chaplains
+or clerks, two canons sworn to secrecy being the only persons allowed
+to act with him; and canonical obedience was to be rendered by the
+dean.[8] The visitation held at Southwell on the Tuesday after the
+Epiphany 1294 has been preserved, and from this we gather that the old
+provisions, which enacted that non-resident canons were to provide
+vicars, had not been carried out, for it was decreed that they were
+to provide perpetual vicars (_vicarii perpetui_) to their parish
+churches before the next visitation. Vicars-choral and clerks were
+forbidden to laugh and talk in the choir, particularly during service,
+under pain of expulsion, and no women, other than relatives of good
+repute, were to live in the houses of the vicars-choral and perpetual
+vicars. The number of stalls was brought up to sixteen by the addition
+of Eaton, and by carving N. Leverton out of Beckingham. In this way
+the archbishop endeavoured to provide for the residence of at least
+some canons; and the non-resident were to provide proctors or proxies
+(generally their vicars-choral) to answer for them in chapter.
+
+But his abiding work is architectural. At York he laid with great
+ceremony the foundation-stone of a new nave, and at the same time a
+new chapter-house was commenced there, and both have survived the
+storm and stress of six centuries. At Southwell he determined that the
+canons should likewise have a fitting house. The masons had now become
+a highly-organised body with supervisors, surveyors, overseers and a
+host of other officials. The master masons were first-rate architects,
+and the men below them--the freemasons--were not merely workmen but
+sculptors and artists.[9] Alike in elegance of proportion and elaborate
+beauty of detail, architecture was rapidly approaching the full glory
+of the Decorated epoch, and during his time was commenced at least, if
+not finished, that miracle of mediæval inspiration, the chapter-house.
+
+At York, to help in meeting the cost of the new buildings, offenders
+of various kinds were punished by the infliction of fines, the amount
+of which was determined by the penancers. At Southwell, the archbishop
+resorted to a method which no doubt increased his popularity. At this
+same visitation of 1294 it was decreed that the houses (_i.e._ both in
+Southwell and on the prebends) of the alien canons, which had fallen
+into a ruinous condition, were to be repaired within a year under
+penalty of a heavy fine to go to the fabric of the new chapter-house.
+As the revenues of these _alienigenae_ were collected by local
+officials, the penalties could be easily deducted, and by one and the
+same decree this prelate showed his objection to these foreigners,
+mulcted them in part of their benefices, prevented money from crossing
+the Alps, and aided the addition of the finest member to the minster.
+“The Sainte Chapelle at Paris, the Angel Choir at Lincoln, fall into
+a second rank compared with this Southwell chapter-house.” Nothing is
+known of the older one.
+
+=Archbishop Thomas de Corbridge= (1300-4).--Corbridge endeavoured to
+check the abuse of illiterate clerks, by decreeing that no candidate
+was to be ordained by title of the chapter and no vicar was to be
+appointed until a satisfactory examination had been passed before the
+chapter. The canons were to pay the stipends of both their vicars
+punctually, so that the latter need not wander about the country
+to the scandal of all good people. The services were to be better
+rendered; and the precentor was to examine the music books and see
+that they agreed, to prevent discord in the singing, while the decani
+and cantoris sides were to be equal. As visitor he insisted that the
+statutes of Romanus were to be carried out, and that in the prebendal
+churches perpetual vicars were to be appointed within a year; his
+predecessor had granted five years in vain. Whilst he ruled that there
+must always be in residence three, or at least two, canons; he saw how,
+in spite of the recently added stalls, neither he nor his successors
+could enforce even so much as that, and it was settled that when none
+were resident “from any cause inevitable and legitimate, leave having
+been asked of us,” some discreet person under oath was to govern, while
+only canons who had duly qualified as residents were to share in the
+common fund. The reign of Corbridge was short; he left no mark in the
+diocese, but his efforts to purify the chapter were praiseworthy. He
+died at the palace, and was buried in the choir near the pulpit; but
+the exact spot is now lost.
+
+The Bull of Independence did its work; and non-residence became the
+rule. The popes further made use of their claim to appoint foreigners
+to vacant stalls; and amongst others Stephen de Ferentino, cardinal
+priest, held Norwell Overhall, and Stephen of St. Mary beyond Tiber,
+also cardinal priest, held Normanton, both during the thirteenth
+century. The kings, like the popes, wanted the stalls as a cheap way
+of paying those priests who served them as lawyers and secretaries. In
+this way John Clavell, the king’s clerk, received Norwell Overhall; and
+in the fourteenth century, William de Melton (who succeeded Dominus
+Lambertus, a foreigner appointed by Letters Apostolic) obtained a
+stall, holding, at the same time, another in Lincoln, the provostship
+of Beverley, and the archdeaconry of Barnstaple. He gave these up on
+his accession to the throne of York in 1317. His active life was mainly
+spent as secretary to Edward II., and lord keeper and then treasurer to
+Edward III. It is unnecessary to multiply instances. Mr Gairdner has
+pointed out how monarchs found their shrewdest administrators in the
+ranks of the clergy; and this was a cheap and easy way of paying them.
+It was not expected that a candidate for the priesthood should have
+what an age with a higher standard would call vocation. A promising
+young man applied for orders as he would now try for the Civil Service
+or be called to the Bar. Nobody expected him to be a winning preacher,
+or to have an ardent zeal for souls. For years it was well that he
+employed himself usefully somehow, and did not, on the plea of dulness
+and boredom, live a life of complete idleness or worse away from
+Southwell.
+
+In the first half of the fourteenth century the beautiful rood screen
+was carved: the last work worthy of praise, for it was followed by
+the insertion of the huge west window with the idea of lighting up
+the gloom of the nave, and the lowering of the roofs throughout. In
+numerous cases brought before the courts of law, the chapter proved
+their rights to their property and privileges; and benefactors
+multiplied. Amongst others, Canon Richard de Chesterfield (1379) built
+a new home for the sixteen vicars-choral on the site of the present
+one. Canon Thomas Haxey (1415) built another for the chantry priests on
+the site of the present Grammar School, and Archbishop Cardinal John
+Kempe (1439) purchased for three hundred merks, from the Crown, the
+confiscated alien priory of Ravensdale in Lindsey, and presented it to
+the vicars-choral.
+
+Later on the triennial visitations (1469 to 1540) by the chapter show
+that the inferior clergy had deteriorated in religion and morals, more
+than one-half being frequently accused of offences more or less serious.
+
+There is an inventory of the goods of Richard de Normanton, parish
+vicar in 1369.[10] This functionary performed the duties of parish
+priest for the residuary parish, and was appointed by the prebendary
+of Normanton; and for certain purposes the parishioners had part of the
+minster allotted to them as their “parish church within the collegiate
+church.” The parish altar was dedicated to St. Vincent, and had one
+frontal of silk, and a second of coarser material, decorated with the
+royal arms; and there were four towels (_tobalia_), two ferials and a
+corporal. For mass were five sets of vestments, each with chasuble,
+stole, fanon (or maniple), alb, amice, and girdle. Two were reckoned
+as “principals,” one with and the other without the tunic; the others
+were for ordinary Sundays and week days. Two cushions covered with
+red syndon and a lectern belonged to the altar, as did nine napkins,
+besides a carpet for “double” feasts. At Easter the parishioners made
+their communion at a long table (_mensa domini_) covered with two long
+cloths.
+
+The choral robes (for the parish vicar assisted the choir) were cope,
+almuce (_almicium_, not the _amicium_ or amice for celebrations),
+rochet and surplice (_super-pellicium_). The parish plate included
+two silver-gilt chalices, of which the more valuable was for Easter,
+a portable silver-gilt cross, and a plated staff; and there were
+candlesticks of iron or wood and a gilt copper cup for the host. A
+breviary or portiforium with music was estimated at five pounds--a
+chantry priest’s stipend; and Richard was provided with surplice or
+lantern for visiting the sick, as well as with a set of sermons on the
+epistles and gospels throughout the year. Undoubtedly the parishioners
+were accustomed to hear somebody’s sermons read; and the parish priests
+performed the duty instead of a prebendary.
+
+=The Brothers Booth.=--There is a ready explanation of Archbishop
+William Booth (1452-65) making Southwell his favourite residence. Like
+a wise man, he did not care to have anything to do with the Wars of
+the Roses; and during the whole of this time Southwell, true to its
+traditions, was remote from armies and battlefields. He improved the
+stipends of the chantry priests, and enlarged the chapel of Henry le
+Vavasour outside the south-west angle of the nave, the home of the
+Grammar School, and there he elected to be buried.[11] His successor,
+George Neville, brother to the king-maker, was unwise enough to
+interfere in matters of State, and was rewarded by the seizure of his
+vast private property and exile and imprisonment at Calais and at
+Guisnes. At Neville’s death William’s brother Laurence was translated
+from Durham, and during his reign (1476-80) showed his brother’s
+preference for Southwell. He added two chantries to the Vavasour or
+Grammar School chapel, and was buried by his brother’s side. This
+adjunct, needlessly pulled down in the last century, came to be called
+the Booth chapel. While Laurence was at Southwell, in July 1479, the
+two resident canons gave themselves leave of absence, pleading the
+ravages of the plague.
+
+=Canon Christopher Urswick, LL.D.=--Amongst the non-resident
+dignitaries immersed in affairs of State was Christopher Urswick,
+instituted to Norwell Palishall by proxy (6th April 1509). He was taken
+into the service of the Lady Margaret, wife of Richmond and mother of
+Henry VII., whose third husband was Stanley the first Earl of Derby
+of the present creation. Engaged in plots and suffering exile for his
+mistress and her son, after Bosworth he became Henry’s chaplain and
+almoner, and obtained the deanery of York, which he exchanged for a
+canonry on receiving the more coveted deanery of Windsor. He was also
+at some time or other rector of Hackney and archdeacon of Richmond, of
+Wells, and of Surrey. Before he was a prebendary he would accompany
+Henry on the royal progress through the north, when the king, avoiding
+Newark on account of the plague, passed through Southwell on his way
+from Lincoln to Nottingham. He was employed as special plenipotentiary
+to settle with the Emperor Maximilian I. the terms on which Henry
+was to be admitted into the Holy League. He died in 1522, and Wolsey
+appointed to the vacant stall his own illegitimate son, Thomas Wynter.
+
+Urswick is chiefly mentioned here, because to him belongs the
+distinguished honour of figuring in Shakespeare (_Richard III_. Act iv.
+scene 5). To him, on the eve of Bosworth, Stanley laments that his own
+hands are tied, as his son is a hostage in Richard’s power--
+
+    My son George Stanley is franked up in hold.
+    If I revolt, off goes young George’s head.
+
+It is unnecessary to remind the reader that “Sir” does not there mean
+a knight, but is the equivalent for the modern “Reverend.”
+
+
+PART II.--CONSTITUTION OF THE CHAPTER
+
+The constitution by which the minster was governed was unique, and so
+remarkable as to require a special summary, excepting in so far as has
+been already anticipated.
+
+Southwell was the cathedral city and mother church of the county from
+the time that Nottinghamshire first became a county at all--let us say,
+from a hundred years before the Conquest. The Whitsuntide procession
+merely emphasised and ratified this fact. At this festival a synod was
+held, which would seem to have been more for the purpose of festivity
+than of legislation, and the chrism or holy oil was distributed through
+the rural deans to the various parishes of the county. Each parish had
+to pay a specified tax, called the Pentecostal offering, varying from
+the humble sixpence of Staunton to the merk of Nottingham and Newark.
+Of this offering ten per cent. went to the sacrist, and forty per
+cent. each to the prebendary of Normanton and the residents’ common
+fund; altogether some fifteen or sixteen pounds. In the palmy days of
+pilgrimages and processions Southwell must have looked very gay at
+Whitsuntide. After gradually dying out, Archbishop Drummond, in the
+last century, on his own authority, put a stop to the little that was
+left of this time-honoured pageant. It is strange that no one has ever
+been able to fix the exact day of the week on which it was held.
+
+=The Liberty= of Southwell and Scrooby was a civil jurisdiction of
+the archbishop as a great landowner, and extended over some twenty
+parishes. Besides his Southwell manor house or palace, he had another
+at Scrooby, on the famous north road near the Yorkshire border[12];
+and his property was for the most part contiguous to these two seats.
+Within his Liberty he appears up to quite recent times to have been
+very much his own Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, with sessions
+independent of the county, and justices of the peace of his own
+nomination.
+
+=The Peculiar= of Southwell was an ecclesiastical jurisdiction of
+the chapter over the ancient manor or lordship of Southwell and the
+prebendal villages. With the exception of ordination and confirmation,
+the canons were their own archbishop, as they were their own archdeacon
+and rural dean. They had full authority over their subordinates,
+including the perpetual vicars of the prebendaries, and over all,
+clergy and laity alike, for certain matters then seemingly reckoned as
+ecclesiastical offences, such as slander, perjury, and immorality. They
+could punish by fine, suspension, penance, and ex-communication, but in
+later years dropped the punishment of flogging.
+
+The court of the chapter (or rather Dr William Worseley, the one
+resident canon) sentenced Cristina Saynton to walk three Sunday
+mornings before the Cross in the processions, carrying a wax candle,
+and clad in a loose unfastened “tunic,” with bare feet and legs,
+and towel over her head. Agnes Nothorne was sentenced to walk round
+Edingley Churchyard on Palm Sunday, barefooted, and with a net over
+her head; and on Good Friday to approach the Cross with bended knees,
+and then crawl with bare feet and head covered as before, and kneeling
+before two altars in the church, say before each five times the Lord’s
+Prayer, the Ave Maria, and the Creed.
+
+This ecclesiastical jurisdiction included the proving of wills of all
+persons; and the records contain many instances of probate. To this was
+added the civil jurisdiction of “assizes of bread and ale,” with power
+to punish fraud, and authority over weights and measures. In respect
+of their own property, the chapter had their court “views of Frank
+pledge,” etc., and the individual prebendaries likewise had theirs in
+respect of their endowments in land; and there were appeals from the
+prebendal courts to those of the chapter. In short, they had a complete
+feudal jurisdiction, both over their own lands and over those they held
+in trust for the service of the minster and for their subordinates.
+But there were in addition certain marked privileges. The lands of the
+prebends were free from the authority of the sheriff and all other
+officers of the king, unless the canon consented. The canons had “in
+their houses and lands Soc and Sac, Tol and Theam, and infanganthef
+(the right of executing a thief) and intol and utol, and all those same
+customs of the honour and liberty which the king has in his own lands.”
+Their tenants were almost, if not entirely, exempt from military
+service, and their taxes, when any were required, were levied by the
+York Convocation, to which they sent a proctor, and not, it would seem,
+by king and parliament; and the fines did not go to the Crown.
+
+Although a large part of the manor had been mapped out into
+daughter parishes, such as Edingley and Upton, a residuary parish
+of considerable area always remained[13]; and from the beginning of
+non-residence the chapter delegated their pastoral duties to the
+parish vicar. There were five chapels in the town, besides chapels
+of ease in the more remote parts of the parish. The actual town was
+divided into the Burgage, between the Greet and the market-place, and
+the Prebendage; and the latter was chiefly ecclesiastical property
+of various kinds. To the church itself appertained the old tradition
+of sanctuary. A man charged with murder even, or an outlaw, could
+take sanctuary for thirty days; and if by that time he had not made
+his peace, some of the clergy were to escort him for thirty leagues
+(_leugae_), “with some sign of the Church’s peace,” and also relics,
+wherever the accused wanted to go, and bring him back three times.
+Interference involved the crime of “breaking the Church’s peace.” It is
+difficult to say when sanctuary was abolished or died out.
+
+Another peculiar privilege was, that the clergy were not tried by
+the usual courts for the most serious crimes. There is only one such
+recorded, a bad case of felony[14]; and this came before “judges (or
+justiciaries) of our Lord the King, nominated (? deputatis) to preserve
+the peace,” and was tried at the south door of the church or in one of
+the canons’ houses. Whether these judges were the ordinary itinerant
+justices, or those of the Court of Eyre north of the Trent, or the
+archbishop’s in right of his liberty of Southwell and Scrooby, or a
+special commission--this is a puzzle.
+
+=The Clergy and Staff.=--The archbishops were at first head of the
+chapter, and the canons their curates. They must have begun to lose
+touch when, in the twelfth century, the chapter became independent.
+Henceforth they were visitors, and at their visitations held what were
+in reality courts. Subsequently the statute of Premunire, by putting a
+stop, or at least a check, to papal bulls, and that of Provisors, by
+forbidding the appointment of foreigners to vacant stalls, increased
+somewhat their authority. They were always patrons of the sixteen
+stalls by right of their having endowed them (with one exception); and
+it is clear from what happened in Wolsey’s time, that they could by use
+celebrate when they pleased, and appoint the preachers. Sometimes, but
+not always, the statutes or decrees of the chapter read _de consensu &
+voluntate _ of the archbishop.
+
+The prebendaries, addressed in chapter as “venerable,” were sixteen
+in number, and their prebends were:--Beckingham, Dunham, Eton,
+Halloughton, N. Leverton, N. Muskham, S. Muskham, Normanton (with the
+chancellorship), Norwell Overhall, Norwell Palishall (or Palace Hall),
+Norwell Tertia Pars, Oxton cum Cropwell, Oxton Secunda Pars, Rampton,
+Sacristaria, Woodborough.
+
+By the valuation of 1547, Norwell Overhall was worth £50 a year, and
+Eton only £2. These valuations were, however, below the real profits,
+as the tenants paid part of their rents in a lump sum (technically
+called a “fine”) at the commencement of the lease. The chapter, in
+conjunction with the church-wardens appointed by them, controlled their
+common fund for the residents as well as the fabric fund or “ladie
+land,” and they were trustees of the endowments of the inferior clergy,
+and the several miscellaneous bequests for tapers, lamps, etc.
+
+Next we may place the perpetual vicars, of whom there were twelve,
+Normanton (within the residuary parish) and the Sacrist prebend (the
+duties of which were limited to the church) not requiring them.[15]
+Their stipends from land, the lesser tithes, rent charges on the
+prebends, and other sources were small. They had no duties in the
+minster itself, but were subject to the chapter. Each canon appointed
+the vicar of his prebend. The daughter churches of the parish were also
+under the chapter.
+
+Passing over the parish vicar, there were vicars-choral for all
+the prebends; and these performed, as deputies of the canons, the
+long round of daily services. They were paid £3 a year by their
+prebendaries, and shared in their own common fund, and lived in common
+in their own college. They had a common seal for their property, but
+were never a separate corporation, being appointed by their canons and
+under the control of the chapter, who made the bye-laws that governed
+them. In chapter meetings they often acted as proctors or proxies for
+their absent chiefs. One of them was appointed “hebdomodary” each week,
+and took the priest’s part. They had a precentor for each side of the
+choir; and there seems to have been as well a precentor in chief. They
+were always in priests’ orders, and the chapter strictly prohibited
+their holding any care of souls. Their use was that of York. In ancient
+times they were not called minor canons.
+
+Next ranked those peculiar officers against whom Sir Walter Besant
+waxes so eloquent. The chantry priests or chaplains were an offshoot
+of the vicars-choral, who previously said or sang the appointed masses
+for the departed. The earliest donation was that of Prebendary and
+Justiciary Robert de Lexington, 9th October 1241; and the latest that
+of Laurence Booth (1479), who endowed two in the Vavasour Chapel:
+altogether thirteen priests, and nine or ten altars. They “followed
+the choir,” or, in addition to their specific duties, assisted in the
+singing; and the priest of St. Nicholas also served the parochial
+chapel of ease of Halam, while others performed similar outside duties,
+and one was usher of the Grammar School and a second “player at the
+organs.”
+
+The chantry priests, besides their endowments, which averaged four
+or five pounds a year each, shared a small common fund, and, thanks
+to Canon Thomas Haxey, from the year 1415 lived together in their
+own house on the site of the present Grammar School, and could lodge
+outsiders. The chantry of St. John the Evangelist was in the gift
+of the vicars-choral, and to the rest the chapter appointed. The
+vicars-choral were generally promoted from this body. Next ranked
+two deacons, who, besides other duties, marshalled the processions,
+and two sub-deacons: the pay of the former being £3, 10s. and of the
+latter £2, 13s. Clerks were ordained as sub-deacons, and advanced
+to priests’ orders; and all four offices were sometimes combined
+with vicar-choralships. The six choristers were laymen, as was the
+incense-bearer or thuribuler. Then there were the registrar (an
+important official), the master of Our Lady’s works, the vergers, or
+wand-bearers, and others: altogether some sixty or more, not counting
+the wardens who were generally vicars-choral. But the list of offices
+is not yet exhausted; for the prebendary of Normanton, in his capacity
+of chancellor, was the secretary for education for the county, and
+appointed to such grammar schools as Nottingham, Newark, and Wollaton,
+as well as to Southwell.
+
+Southwell Grammar School must be one of the very oldest educational
+establishments in the country, and the present headmaster (appointed
+by the bishop of the diocese) has a long unbroken line of predecessors
+going back to Norman times. The master was a vicar-choral or chantry
+priest, and received £2 a year out of the Normanton prebend, and his
+assistant half that sum. Complaints were made latterly that the master
+shirked his duties, was too fond of giving “remedies” or holidays, so
+that the boys paid their parents’ substance for nothing, and allowed
+English to be talked in school instead of Latin. The “Song School” was
+a separate establishment, of which the master was paid £1 a year, and
+taught other subjects besides singing. Possibly his pupils were choir
+boys, and the school held in the north transept chapel of the nave.
+
+The sacrist, besides his vicar-choral, had “clerks” under him; and
+complaints were made that these, as well as other clerks and ministers
+of the church, did not attend the Grammar School. At Wollaton school,
+adults (_viri_) were likewise taught; and at Southwell, it would
+seem that these “clerks” received, or were supposed to receive, some
+smattering of Latin with a view to ordination, for in spite of their
+name they do not appear to have been already in orders.
+
+The archbishop presented to the Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene; and
+there was a nunnery. No trace is left of either of these institutions.
+
+In value and importance, Southwell ranked below London and York, but
+quite on a level with many cathedrals.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+EXTERIOR--THE NAVE AND TRANSEPT
+
+
+PART I.--NORMAN
+
+Very happy in their choice of situation, the first builders selected
+an extensive tract of meadow land with a gentle slope from west to
+east; and consecrated the meadow itself for a burial-ground. Later
+builders never changed this site; and the church of Edwy and Edgar,
+and that of the eleventh century, as well as the present one, occupy
+the ground on which first stood a rude and hastily-constructed edifice
+of wood. Every one must at once be struck with the ample and unbroken
+space on all sides, allowing, as it does, full justice to be done to
+the fair proportions. In mediæval, as in modern, buildings the site
+is often too limited or too insignificant to do full justice to the
+architecture. It is otherwise here, and to this charm is added a second
+which, again, modern architects are apt to ignore. The building follows
+the natural slope of the ground it occupies; it is not constructed
+upon an artificial dead level. And the advantage of this in adding to
+the picturesque appearance becomes evident as we look at the building
+as a whole from different points of view: it grows upon one. And this
+effect of the spacious churchyard is still further enhanced by the
+position of the surrounding houses. There is not an unsuitable building
+in sight. The beautiful avenue of elms, called the Prebends’ Walk,
+at the northern side, half-conceals, half-reveals a row of detached
+houses environed by gardens, some of them in the prosperous days of
+the collegiate chapter prebendaries’ residences. The buildings of the
+Grammar School are at the north-west angle. Along the west side are
+other houses, and the churchyard surroundings are completed by the
+gardens and partially restored ruins of the palace of Wolsey and of
+Sandys, and by the open gateway and railing which leave to view the
+lawn-covered Vicars’ Court with its five houses. The old Whitsuntide
+ceremonials, in times when Whitsuntide fell ten days later than now,
+were rendered more impressive by the surrounding bloom; and at no
+time of the year does the general aspect now present a more charming
+appearance than at the County Choral Festival in June, when the foliage
+of the trees, arrived at its first maturity, has not yet lost its early
+freshness.
+
+The principal gateway is on the west: a simple Norman structure with
+a niche overhead, in which, before the destructive days of Puritan
+iconoclasts, was placed a statue. The work on either side dates from
+the beginning of the nineteenth century. A second and plainer gives
+entrance on the north by the Prebends’ Walk; and a third by the Vicars’
+Court.
+
+There is no eminence from which to get a bird’s-eye view. The western
+front and towers are commanded from the west gateway, the ground
+sloping gently. Standing by the corner of the palace and vicars’
+gardens we get the south-east view of choir, south transept, and
+central tower. Going round to the north-east, and standing by the small
+entrance from the street by the corner house of the Vicars’ Court,
+the solid Early English choir on the left, the late Norman central
+tower in the middle, and the elegant Decorated chapter-house with the
+restored high-pitched roof are grouped together. And the due north view
+from the north gateway comprises the beautifully broken front from the
+west tower and north porch to the late Early English of the transept
+chapel, the whole being flanked on the left by the chapter-house. But
+the grouping of the three towers can only be properly appreciated from
+a greater distance: from the meadows on the south-east, where they
+combine with the palace ruins, or from the more distant view when
+approaching by rail from Rolleston.
+
+The external dimensions in feet are as follow:--Extreme length, 318,
+of which the Norman nave and tower comprise 185; extreme length of
+transepts, 137; breadth of nave, 72; breadth of south transept, about
+40; of north, a trifle less; breadth of choir, same as nave, and
+including the two chapels, 108.
+
+Thus it will be seen that Southwell occupies a place amongst the
+smaller cathedrals. Not only is it less than Durham, York, and Lincoln,
+but also than Norwich and Exeter. It is, in fact, a little larger than
+Rochester. The original Norman choir was of course different. The
+dedication is to the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Southwell.
+
+The stone chiefly came from quarries in the neighbourhood of Mansfield,
+twelve or fourteen miles away through Sherwood Forest. That used by the
+Norman builders is of a dark yellowish hue, while their Early English
+and Decorated successors found some of a lighter hue with blue-tinted
+veins. Fortunate in other matters, Southwell was fortunate in the
+choice of material. That eminent geologist Sir Roderick Murchison
+once expressed his regret that, when the Houses of Parliament were
+rebuilt, these quarries were not used. “If the Mansfield stone had
+been selected, not one pinnacle in that otherwise grand building would
+have been subjected, as it now was, to perish.” There is no fear of
+the minster perishing. Nave and transepts have already withstood the
+storms and rains of seven hundred and fifty years of the climate of
+the midlands, and choir and chapter-house almost as long. And this
+stone was chiselled by competent masons, after the fine pointed masonry
+of the later Norman had taken the place of the ruder work of earlier
+churches.
+
+=The Central Tower= is a massive building of rather less than 40 feet
+square, and rises 105 feet from the ground. The decoration of the upper
+part is divided into two stages, separated by string courses; and the
+four faces of the same stage are alike. The lower consists of an arcade
+or series of arches; and, as is so often the case in Norman buildings
+of the twelfth century, these arches intersect. This same intersecting
+work is repeated in the corresponding stage of the north-west tower, as
+well as on either side of the interior of the north porch. The arcade
+of the upper stage is different in design, inasmuch as the arches are
+separate and do not intersect. They are seven in number. The space on
+either side of the central arch is rather more than the others; and
+the three central arches are pierced for windows, and, like the windows
+in the other towers, were once divided by a shaft into two lights.
+Above the upper stage the usual Norman corbel table is carried round
+the four sides. Originally the tower may have ended with a simple
+parapet; but if there were any spire, it would probably be of stone,
+of no great height, and rising from the outer surface of the walls--in
+fact, little more than a roof of pyramidal shape. The present roof
+dates from after the fire of 1711. The parapet is an addition, but
+contains stones with the Norman zigzag and circular hollow work. As
+the transept gables are similarly ornamented, it is assumed that these
+stones were removed from there and placed in their present position
+when the transept roofs were lowered; and accordingly the parapet of
+the tower is of the same date as the debasing of the transept roof.
+This--Mr Dimock’s theory--has been generally adopted by experts, and is
+interesting as an example of how archæologists are enabled to mark even
+the minor changes in detail. The somewhat elaborately carved pinnacles
+are, like the parapet, out of place on a Norman tower, although of
+Norman masonry. Originally placed at the ends of the transept gables,
+they corresponded with others in the north porch. Seen from below, they
+look too dwarfed and insignificant for their present altitude.
+
+[Illustration: WALL OF TRANSEPT]
+
+[Illustration: PINNACLE--CENTRAL TOWER]
+
+=The Bells=, eight in number, are in this tower. If the first pair, the
+gift of Archbishop Kinsius before the Conquest, were ever placed here,
+they have long since been either destroyed or recast.
+
+An inscription on the wall of the interior, near the north door of the
+choir, tells us that “Thomas Wymondesold, of Lambeth in the county of
+Surry, Esquire, gave unto this church a set of chimes and 20 shillings
+per annum for ever toward the keeping of them. 1693.” Wymondesold’s
+gift was reduced to a shapeless mass by the above-mentioned fire of
+1711, and Ruddall of Gloucester cast a new peal with the following
+inscriptions:--
+
+    1st. Abraham Ruddall of Gloucester cast us all 1721.
+
+    2nd. Peace and good neighbourhood.
+
+    3rd. Prosperity to this Town.
+
+    4th. Prosperity to our Benefactors.
+
+    5th. From Lightning and Tempest, Good Lord, deliver us.
+
+    6th. Prosperity to the Chapter.
+
+    7th. Prosperity to the Church of England.
+
+    8th. I to the Church the Living call, and to the Grave do
+          summon all.
+
+Since then some have been recast and the inscriptions altered--
+
+    2nd. G. Mears, founders, London, 1849. 4th. T. Mears of
+          London, fecit 1819. 5th. T. Mears of London, fecit 1819.
+
+The wish expressed on the sixth bell has unhappily not been fulfilled.
+The chimes are set to the National Anthem.
+
+=The Nave and Aisles.=--The length, including the west towers, of
+the external wall is 135 feet, the breadth 73. The division is into
+seven bays (broken on the north side by the famous porch) separated by
+buttresses. The effect is massive, stern, and bare to a degree. The
+buttresses are flat: of the same breadth and thickness throughout, and
+terminate in the parapet wall, which overhangs sufficiently to receive
+them. They would seem to have been constructed as much for ornament as
+for support. The only other relief of the Norman builders was those
+slightly projecting horizontal bands, the string courses. Two of these
+go round the whole of the Norman building, including the buttresses,
+excepting where by later alterations or other causes the continuity is
+broken. The lower of these, with heavy zigzag or chevron moulding--a
+peculiarity of late Norman--passes underneath such of the original
+windows as are left. But, as is so commonly the case, after-ages found
+that these windows did not give sufficient light, and enlarged several
+of them. The string course had to be removed to its corresponding
+position underneath the new windows, and was connected with the old by
+upright and vertical bands, the material being found in the somewhat
+similar zigzag mouldings of the sides of the destroyed Norman windows.
+This ready and economical use of the displaced stonework gives a
+peculiar appearance to the exterior of the early Perpendicular windows,
+which architecturally are quite out of place. The higher continuous
+string course above the aisle windows was not broken from this cause,
+and remained unaltered until the great west window was inserted.
+Exceedingly interesting are the small and plain square windows in the
+aisles above the second string course, intended to give light to the
+triforium. In the nave and both aisles the projecting eaves have given
+place to parapets, supported by the old simple yet bold nebule corbel
+table beneath.
+
+As has been just stated incidentally, the windows of the two nave
+aisles represent various ages and different styles. Fortunately, from
+some unexplained reason, one of the original lights has been left
+intact, that in the north aisle nearest to the north-west tower, and is
+similar in detail to the lower tier of the transepts. In this we again
+meet with the zigzag ornament round both the sides and the arch, with
+outer side shafts supporting a semicircular edge-roll above; while the
+hood-moulding or dripstone is of the double billet, like the zigzag, a
+favourite Norman moulding. In the south aisle the three windows nearest
+to the tower at the west are imitations of the one just mentioned.
+They were put in about 1847, when the last remains of Booth’s (or
+Le Vavasour’s) Chapel were removed, and the old foundation near the
+north-west tower disturbed.
+
+The four windows in either aisle to the east are early Perpendicular
+of the end of the fourteenth century. They are of three lights, and
+the arches are four-centred. They have transoms, while the tracery
+of the upper part is in flowing lines. The outer hood-moulding or
+dripstone arch terminates with the head-dress of the latter part of the
+fourteenth century. These windows are poor and meagre, and unworthy
+of their position; but are historically interesting as specimens of
+the work of a time when the land had been stricken down and everything
+upset by the great pestilence. The remaining window--that immediately
+to the west of the north porch--is modern. A pleasing detail is the
+central broken string course of either aisle. This is simply a
+continuation of the plain square abacus or top ornament of the side
+shafts of the first Norman windows. Broken by both buttresses and
+windows, it supplements the continuous upper and lower string courses,
+and assists them in relieving the bareness of the walls.
+
+=The Clerestory of the Nave.=--Rising above the aisles the clerestories
+constitute one of those features which makes Southwell quite unique
+amongst English churches. The circular windows lighting up the interior
+of the nave are so peculiar, as to make the architect, when he first
+sees them, imagine himself for the moment in Normandy or the German
+Palatinate; and, in common with other details presently to be noticed,
+mark off the Norman exterior as belonging to that particular late style
+and period sometimes called Romanesque. “More singular perhaps than
+beautiful” is an authoritative criticism passed upon them. In these
+windows the only ornament is the plain round-patterned mouldings,
+suggestive of gigantic wedding rings, which encircle them. The parapet
+and corbel are of the same style as those of the aisle beneath; and
+there are no buttresses, the round windows alone separating the
+different bays. Generally when the high-pitched Norman roof has been
+(as at Southwell) replaced by one of lower elevation, we find that
+the clerestory windows are inserted at the same time; but here these
+plain circular windows, lighting up the interior, form part of the
+original building, and no other church in England possesses the same
+characteristic.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_.
+
+NORTH PORCH.]
+
+[Illustration: CHIMNEY--NORTH PORCH.]
+
+=The North Porch.=--The north side of the nave differs from the south
+in its possession of this charming feature which occupies the third bay
+from the west. It is universally cited, with such examples as Sherborne
+and Malmesbury, as one of the finest specimens left. Perhaps it excels
+both of these, and certainly adds materially to the general beauty and
+interest of the north view, while the details are full of interest.
+Externally it is some 19 ft. broad, the massive walls leaving an
+internal breadth of about 14 ft., and it projects from the nave about
+22 ft. In the outer portal two semi-cylindrical shafts worked into and
+engaged with the front terminate in capitals with cushion and scalloped
+mouldings. From these capitals (or, more accurately, from the string
+course above) spring the arches of two orders, with square, round, and
+hollow mouldings. That lower continuous zigzag string course, already
+described, is here utilised in an ingenious manner. Continued from
+beneath the aisle windows, it passes along the outside walls of the
+porch. Next it forms the abacus (or top of the capitals) of the pillars
+of the outer portals, and then doubles round along the interior walls
+above the arcading, finally losing itself in the outermost capital
+of the inner portal. Above the outer portal is the gable formed by
+an angle of about thirty degrees. Three windows, the centre by a
+frequent arrangement larger than the others, give light to the quaint
+_paradise_ or upper room. These windows, glazed with diamond panes,
+have, as elsewhere, their inner arches unbroken by capitals or abaci,
+and ornamented with the zigzag; but the outer arch has the shafts and
+capitals, and is less ornamented; and above these the dripstone with
+the triple nebule and finished off with grotesquely carved heads. The
+two gable ends are crowned with round turrets pointed at the summit;
+and the western serves the purpose of a chimney flue to the upper room,
+being pierced with air holes. When this arrangement was first made it
+is impossible to say. The interior walls to the height of the continued
+string course are richly adorned with arcades. These are formed of the
+beautiful intersecting arches, and rest upon plain stone benches. The
+inner portal is formed by six receding arches. In the innermost the
+unbroken and rich zigzag is repeated; in the rest the arches stand upon
+shafts and capitals, and exhibit great variety of moulding, that next
+to the innermost having the unusual beakhead. This inner doorway almost
+comes up to the west door of Rochester in showing what the Norman
+craftsmen were capable of; and it is a pity that the waggon-vaulted
+roof of unfinished stone is too plain to harmonise. The oaken doors
+of the fourteenth century have flowing tracery carved on the wood.
+Access to the upper room or paradise is obtained from the triforium.
+The fireplace, chimney, and cupboards, made out of the thickness of
+the walls, show the dwelling-place of the sacrist, whose duty it was
+to sleep in the church that he might be at hand to ring the bells and
+perform other offices. This paradise over a Norman porch has set
+archæologists to work in order to find others; and they have succeeded
+in discovering one only, that of Bredon, in Worcestershire. But the
+peculiarities of this member of the north front of the cathedral are
+its least charm.
+
+The outer archway and gable, the intersecting arcades of the inside
+walls, and the glorious inner portal, are matched by the way in which
+the whole combines with the varied architecture of the north front. In
+the floor is the slab of the grave of some unknown person who died in
+1536. The inscription is illegible, but the “tau” =T= cross and heart
+have been deciphered. Is it by any chance that the last sacristan’s
+clerk of the old order of things elected that his lifeless remains
+should sleep their long last sleep underneath the time-honoured chamber
+where he had been wont to take his nightly rest?
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_. NORTH PORCH, INTERIOR.]
+
+=Booth’s Chapel.=--The curious, by scanning closely the south wall
+of the nave near the south-west tower and the adjoining ground, may
+discern some recent alterations. It is the site of a chantry chapel
+dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and erected about 1280 by one of
+the prebendaries Henry le Vavasour. This means that Le Vavasour gave
+or bequeathed some small endowment to support a priest whose duty it
+was to celebrate a specified number of masses for the repose of the
+soul of some particular person, probably of Le Vavasour himself. At
+first it was always called after the patron saint. Archbishop William
+Booth (1452-65), who enlarged it, was buried here; and his brother,
+Archbishop Laurence Booth (1476-80) endowed two more chantries to Our
+Lady and St. Cuthbert. He had previously (1457-76) been Bishop of
+Durham, and hence St. Cuthbert’s name. At the time of his death he was
+busy in improving the chapel, and directed in his will that his body
+was to be interred in the south side. It is now impossible to trace
+the exact spot where the remains of these two prelates, who were so
+attached to Southwell, and who died there, were laid, nor of those
+others whom we know by the wills proved before the chapter to have been
+buried inside. The second chantry and altar thus founded in 1480 are
+the only dedication to the Blessed Virgin within the minster, although
+the church itself was named in her honour; for there never has been any
+Lady Chapel properly so called. Yet this name is given to the chapel by
+William Enkersol, chantry priest of St. John the Baptist. In his will
+he directed “my bodie to be buryed in the churche yerde of our ladie
+of Suthwell beforesaide of the est side _of our ladie is chapel_.”
+From the death of Archbishop Laurence the building was called Booth’s
+Chapel; and the only chantries we are able to localise are the three
+here. Dickinson tells us that the windows formerly contained the
+coats of arms of the Booth family and their connections. While still
+a chantry, it was also the Grammar School under the direction of the
+prebendary of Normanton, _ex officio_ chancellor. As the Grammar School
+it continued until in the year 1784 it was demolished on the ground
+that it marred the symmetry of the buildings; and on the site of the
+old chantry house the present school was built, after the chapel had
+been its home for nearly four hundred years. During some alterations
+in 1847 the wall of the aisle fell in, and was then restored to its
+present state. In its later days the chapel was also used as the
+library; and when pulled down, the books and manuscripts were deposited
+in the north transept chapel of the nave.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_.
+
+WEST DOOR.]
+
+=The West Front.=--The western door has a striking resemblance to
+the still more beautiful inner one of the north porch, and likewise
+illustrates the care bestowed by Norman artificers upon this part of
+their edifices. It is of five arches; and here again the innermost
+arch is unbroken and profusely adorned with the familiar zigzag.
+The outer four rest upon shafts with scalloped capitals, and are
+alternately ornamented with the edge-roll and zigzag, two with each
+kind of moulding; and the hood-moulding above is of the double billet.
+The oaken doors, of the same date as those of the north porch, are
+covered with elaborate iron scroll work. Very beautiful is the effect
+of doorway and door; and we wish the same could be said of the window,
+but we have unhappily come to the great eyesore and disfigurement of
+the building. For this great west window takes up almost the whole
+space between the towers from doorway to summit. The style is late
+Perpendicular--probably not earlier than 1450. It is of seven lights,
+with many mullions and transoms and much tracery. In itself this does
+not harmonise or blend with Norman architecture, and the straight
+perpendicular lines of the tracery are inelegant; but the chief fault
+is the enormous size, occupying the entire centre of the front and,
+without exaggeration, suggestive rather of a railway station or the
+Crystal Palace than of a Norman nave. The string courses of the two
+towers tell us the probable size and position of the original windows,
+even though not connected from tower to tower; so do the transepts,
+and suggest three lights one above the other, either arched as in the
+nave aisles, or circular as in the clerestory, with perhaps at the top
+a small square window like those beneath the clerestory. What windows
+the Normans put in they put in after some such fashion as this. Then
+came the Early English architects, and they may have inserted larger
+lancet-headed lights, which would match well enough with the rest, and
+display no such incongruity as we now see. Rochester Cathedral and the
+little-known priory church of Cartmel are two other typical examples
+of this fifteenth-century want of taste. Can we then assign any reason
+for this? I think we can, as has been already foreshadowed in the
+description of the four eastern windows of the nave aisles. Norman
+windows were small for two reasons: light was not valued, and glass was
+scarce, if used at all, for we cannot trace glass prior to the closing
+years of the twelfth century. Early English builders made their windows
+larger than the Norman, and the Decorated still further increased the
+size. But both performed their work in such due proportion as to take
+away the idea of gloom and add to the beauty. So things went on until
+in the middle of the fourteenth century came that terrible pestilence
+which, among other and more important things, in some buildings
+seems to have broken the orderly and systematic evolution of our
+architecture. The old school appears to have died out, and the new were
+not always mere copyists or followers who made gradual alterations of
+merely minor importance, but alas! sometimes parodists.
+
+Certainly we owe much to men like William of Wykeham; but let us in
+our ecclesiastical architecture fix upon the exact year of 1350. Let
+us compare in the same building what was finished before this with
+what was finished after, and we arrive at this result--evolutionary
+development of beauty before, evolutionary development of ugliness
+after. Undoubtedly this theory works out at Southwell. The north
+porch and west doorway are more beautiful than any earlier Norman;
+the Early English choir is more beautiful than these; but the great
+glory of Southwell is neither nave nor choir, but the chapter-house
+of 1290, while the least beautiful parts are the eastern windows of
+the nave aisles of a century later, and worst of all this great west
+window of the fifteenth century. Let those whose recollections go
+back twenty years add the flattened and debased roofs that everywhere
+obtained, and the minster surely points the moral and adorns the tale.
+The improvements of men are often more destructive than the hand of
+time.[16]
+
+The height of the western towers is 99 feet, and with the modern spires
+149 feet; the external base a square of 23 feet. They are divided into
+seven stages.
+
+The buttresses, flat and broad, are placed near the angles, and extend
+to the height of the parapet--that is to say, to the summit of the
+fifth stage, while the different stages are separated by plain string
+courses. In the second stage from the ground the west windows are
+imitation Norman of quite recent introduction, copied from the original
+in the nave aisle and transepts, for the Normans themselves left these
+lower stages blank. Formerly Decorated windows of three lights of the
+time of Edward III., with double foliated tracery, were inserted, and
+that of the southern tower, after various vicissitudes, has found a
+home in one of the gardens of the Vicars’ Court. The slits piercing the
+wall at different heights near the outer angle are staircase windows.
+The fifth stage has an arcade of three round arches on each face; the
+centre, which has zigzag mouldings, pierced for lights. It is when we
+come to the sixth stage, the first above the base of the roof, that
+we notice an interesting difference in the work of the two towers.
+Here the Normans artistically began their more elaborate decoration,
+so as to finish off their work gracefully. In the northern tower is
+an arcading of intersecting round-headed arches, similar to those of
+the central tower, and in the interior of the north porch; but in the
+southern tower the design differs, for the workmen caused the arches to
+stop at the point of intersection, the upper stones being omitted. The
+result is, that these arches are not round-headed, but lancet-shaped.
+Intentionally or unintentionally, the round Norman dies away into the
+pointed Gothic of Early English. Was the pointed arch invented in this
+way? This used to be maintained, and there is something to be said in
+favour of a theory so ingenious; but the general consensus of opinion
+amongst experts is not to extend inferences from this interesting
+peculiarity too far. The pointed arch, in its use upon a large scale
+for doorways, aisles, windows, and the like, it is now held, was of
+independent origin. The ornamentation is continued in the top stage,
+where the arcades are similar to those of the fifth, excepting that
+the central light is larger and double. The Normans, when they crowned
+their towers with spires at all, generally made them correspond in
+plan. Thus to the square towers of Southwell they would have added, if
+they added anything, pyramidal or square spires, and these would be of
+no great height; but we do not know how they finished off here, and are
+equally ignorant of any early alterations. Engravings up to the fire
+of 1711 (which has to be so frequently mentioned) show spires which
+seem too lofty and tapering for Norman work; but no one is satisfied as
+to their date. After the fire, similar ones of wood and sheeted lead
+took their place. At the beginning of this century the lower part of
+the northern tower threatened danger, and the spires, being ignorantly
+thought too heavy for safety, were removed, and parapets and corner
+pinnacles to match the central tower substituted.
+
+The restoration under the auspices of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners
+included the addition of spires 50 feet high, after the pattern of
+those removed, and this was accomplished by 1880. There will always be
+a difference of opinion as to whether there was any gain, for these
+spires do not match the flat summit of the central tower. It is not
+only that while all three still possessed the same pattern of summit
+that they were cited as amongst the finest specimens of their kind;
+but so great an authority as Mr E.A. Freeman, whose knowledge of
+architecture extended over Western Europe, was always wont to declare
+that the grouping of the three, as he saw them before 1880, was as
+nearly as possible perfect. And it is extremely doubtful whether the
+new spires resemble the original Norman at all. The straight lines of
+the string courses, and the flat buttresses of the towers added to the
+clerestory windows, give the peculiar tone and character to the nave,
+and assist in marking it off as belonging to that Norman style, more
+Continental than English, called Romanesque.[17]
+
+[Illustration: WEST FRONT: (AS IN 1850) THE TOWERS WITHOUT THE SPIRES,
+THE SOUTH TOWER SHOWING THE EARLIEST POINTED ARCHES IN THE TOP STAGE
+BUT ONE.]
+
+=The Transepts=, or the transept (for the term is sometimes used in
+the singular), were intended to carry out the idea of a cross. In such
+early buildings as the basilican churches of Rome they are represented
+by a space at the east end, and the head of the cross is only an apse.
+In course of time arms were extended, especially towards the east, as
+in the original Norman choir of Southwell, and the Early English choir
+is almost as long as the nave. Still later, the Decorated nave of York
+was made of the same length as the choir. At Southwell the dimensions
+are 128 feet by about 40, but owing to the chapel on its eastern side,
+the north front is not quite equal to the south. With exceptions
+comparatively slight, to be mentioned presently, the Norman work has
+not been tampered with.
+
+Of the three string courses mentioned in the description of the nave,
+the highest and the lowest are here continued, and above them a third,
+level with the base of the clerestory; the three together dividing
+the different fronts into four stages, which are further relieved by
+buttresses reaching up to the corbel tables. The windows of the second
+stage are of the usual pattern of the original aisle windows of the
+nave. In the third stage they are larger, and the inner arches have
+the edge-roll, while the outer have large, rude cable moulding of a
+peculiar pattern--“a series of what is called the double cone, arranged
+spirally after the fashion of the ordinary cable moulding.” The hood
+is of three overhanging rows of a small square-footed nebules. The
+transoms and mullions are later and questionable additions. The topmost
+stage has the circular windows like those of the clerestory; but in
+the north transept there is the cable moulding of the usual pattern,
+alternating with a special row of beads instead of the plain rounds or
+“large wedding rings.” The gables of the north and south fronts, low
+pitched and without windows, are exceedingly singular and striking, the
+whole surface being filled in with zigzag and small circles, incised in
+the north front and embossed in the south. Altogether these details
+display many peculiarities, and one writer describes the general effect
+as “almost barbaric.” The bear on the north gable was formerly in the
+workshop of one of the builders employed, and from thence found its
+way to Upton Hall, two miles away, and elsewhere. It was placed in its
+present place on the supposition that it originally occupied the same;
+and a modern lion to match now adorns the south gable.
+
+In the south front facing the palace is a doorway of moderate size,
+which was restored in 1847. It is original Norman of three orders,
+profusely enriched with zigzags, and of the usual pattern, the inner
+order continuous, and the two outer arches resting upon detached jamb
+shafts, with the zigzag string course running over all as a hood-mould.
+There was no corresponding door in the north transept, for that shown
+in old engravings, an after-addition, has been filled up. A residence
+stood on the site of the palace from the earliest times, and this south
+door was intended for the use of the inhabitants. In the east wall of
+the south transept two short buttresses, which stop in the third stage,
+and the pattern and arrangement of the stones show that a chapel with
+an apse has been pulled down; and the former existence of this explains
+the absence of windows excepting in the top stage.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo_.
+
+DOORWAY FACING THE PALACE.]
+
+With the transepts we have come to the end of the existing Norman
+exterior; and the present is a suitable place to add a few remarks
+on the roofs, and on the Norman choir which has been pulled down and
+superseded.
+
+In both late Norman and Early English work the roof was generally high
+pitched; and the marks on each face of the central tower proved that
+the entire roof was elevated to an angle of about forty-five degrees.
+In course of time the ends of the beams became decayed, and then in a
+degenerate age ensued an unhappy change. In order that the work might
+be cheaply done, the rotten ends were sawn off, and the old beams still
+used; but, so as to make their now shortened dimensions of sufficient
+length, the high pitch had to give way to one much lower. A general
+rule may be laid down that whenever a twelfth-century roof has been
+lowered the cause and the method were of this nature.
+
+When this was done at Southwell we do not know, but shall probably be
+not far out of our reckoning in assuming that the low roof and the
+west window, both out of place, were the work of the same designer and
+the same time. Thoroton’s “History of Notts” and Hollar’s engravings
+in Dugdale’s _Monasticon_ both show the low roof. After the great
+fire the restoration was carried out by the ignorant and indifferent
+chapter on the same lines; and the material itself was poor and covered
+with slate. “The poor church has become,” complained Mr Dimock, “in
+comparison with what it once was, mutilated, debased, and earth
+clinging; a wretched lifeless monument.” And in endorsing this his
+friend Mr E.A. Freeman, in his characteristic _Saturday Review_ style,
+added--“A poor parody of its former self,” “the mutilated wreck of
+storm and fire, the victim of a base economy which executed essential
+repairs at the smallest possible cost, and brutally pulled down what
+it was inconvenient to restore.”[18] But these two and others of a
+like mind and a like authority were fortunately able to influence that
+slowly-moving corporation, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners; and at
+length that body resolved to devote part of the corporate revenues
+of the dissolved and extinct chapter to a thorough restoration after
+the designs of Mr Ewan Christian. In 1879-80 the roofs, excepting the
+choir, were restored to their original pitch, and the old material
+was cast aside for massive English oak covered with cast-lead. In
+this not only was the external roof made after the original pattern,
+but, in thus going back to archæological correctness the dignity and
+stateliness of Archbishop Thomas the Second’s minster were greatly
+enhanced. Looked at, then, from either point of view--that of antiquity
+or that of beauty--it is difficult to see how exception can be taken
+for leaving out of our estimate the western towers the two combine.
+Yet, at the time, the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
+was up in arms, and Mr Christian’s noble conceptions vigorously
+opposed. A wordy war of the roofs followed, and it was gravely
+contended, although the four faces of the central tower told their own
+tale of the pitch of the original roofs, that the taking away of the
+flattened floor of 1711 was an act of vandalism. Had this low covering
+been constructed on Norman lines, it would have been another matter; Mr
+Christian would then have been in a dilemma as to whether archæology or
+beauty ought to be satisfied. As things really were, both were on his
+side. Fortunately the controversy was useless, and Mr Christian and his
+skilled workmen had their way. It is amazing that any highly-cultivated
+body of men, students of art in art’s highest phases, should ever have
+raised such a storm in a tea-cup; but when we come to the interior of
+the choir they will appear in a light even worse.
+
+The foundations show that before the present Early English choir a
+Norman choir extended eastwards from the base of the central tower to a
+length of 59 feet--that is to say, to less than half of its beautiful
+successor. It had north and south aisles of about 40 feet in length,
+terminating in apses. In all probability it was of the same date as
+the nave and transepts, and not part of the earlier church existing
+in the eleventh century, for there are sufficient marks upon the east
+side of the central tower to suggest that the triforium and clerestory
+corresponded to the nave, in which case they would naturally be of the
+same date. The external breadth was the same as now, but the extra
+thickness of Norman walls made the internal breadth about a foot
+less.[19]
+
+It becomes, then, comparatively easy to picture to ourselves in rough
+outline the Norman church of the twelfth century as a whole. Substitute
+for the present choir one reaching only some 60 ft. eastwards of the
+central tower, with aisles and clerestory similar to the nave, and
+terminating with a rectangular eastern wall. Make the aisles terminate
+with apses, and add to the east face of either transept a short and
+broad apsidal chapel. Next add windows after the patterns of the
+transepts and put a high-pitched roof everywhere with overhanging eaves
+and no parapets; and we have a general idea. The one difficulty is
+how to crown the tower summits. Mr J.H. Parker seemed to think that,
+judging by such stone specimens as are still left, wherever in late
+Norman there is anything to be called a spire at all, it is of low
+proportions, “little more than a pyramidal roof, but becoming gradually
+elongated as time advanced, and so leading the way to the gracefully
+elevated spire proper of the Early English.” We may then finish off the
+three towers with pyramids of four sides and overhanging eaves.
+
+The date of the Norman work can be disposed of in a few words.
+Archbishop Thomas the Second wrote his letter to the people of Notts,
+asking for contributions for the building of their mother church,
+during his episcopate, which began in 1109 and lasted only six years.
+This evidence is corroborated by the building itself. The general good
+workmanship, the fine pointed masonry, and the Romanesque details
+of the exterior synchronise with the archbishop’s letter, as do the
+edge-roll flanked by hollows, the more elaborate zigzag and other
+mouldings, which could only have been made with a skilfully-used
+chisel. From 1110 to 1115 is then the date of commencement, while it is
+well not to attempt to decide the duration of the building operations.
+Amongst others, the naves of Durham, Norwich, and Rochester are
+contemporary.
+
+
+PART II.--EARLY ENGLISH
+
+=The Choir=.-One of the few good services rendered by King John was
+the influence he brought to bear upon the York chapter to elect Walter
+de Gray to the long-vacant see. A wave of enthusiasm for the new style
+was passing over the land, and Gray encouraged fresh works at York,
+Ripon, Southwell, and elsewhere. When the new building was commenced
+at Southwell, first of all an Early English addition was made to the
+existing Norman choir, and the high altar was removed nearly 70 feet
+eastwards. After this had been finished, the Norman choir and choir
+aisles were pulled down, and on their site the Early English choir
+completed, and, with the exception of the roof, almost exactly as we
+now see. The foundations of the eastern part are entirely of local
+stone, but on the site of the older choir a quantity of Mansfield
+stone is used, which came from the fabric pulled down. This method of
+enlargement by degrees was not uncommon. The plan is of eight bays,
+not counting a small blank bay at the junction with the transepts. The
+choir aisles extend along six of these, and from the fifth a small
+transeptal chapel projects on either aisle. The dimensions in feet
+are--Length, 128; of aisles, 98; breadth, including aisles, 73; and
+including the two transept chapels, 108; breadth of east end, 40.
+
+The material is sandstone. The northern front was afterwards in a
+great measure hidden away by the erection of the chapter-house and
+vestibule. The walls are less thick than in the Norman work, and
+generally this part is less massive, and the roof was loftier. There
+used to be a doorway on the south side, apparently for the convenience
+of the palace, but this has long since been closed.
+
+=The South Front=.--The base mouldings show the first point of
+difference from the Norman work. These mouldings and the continuous
+string course below the second or window stage run all round the
+eastern part of the building--the early Decorated additions on the
+north side equally with the Early English, and are distinguished for
+their bold and effective outline, and more particularly for their
+deep undercutting. A second point of difference from the Norman, and
+more striking, is seen in the buttresses. They have a much greater
+projection, and less breadth, although unusually broad for Early
+English work, and are square in the lower stage, but chamfered--_i.e._
+the edges are shaved off--above. They are finished off with lofty
+acute-angled heads or pediments, which have their faces sunken. These
+heads rise up above the parapet wall, and are ornamented with that
+typical Early English moulding, the so-called _dog-tooth_. Some idea
+of it may be gained in the following way:--Take four (or in certain
+instances only three) leaves of the common beech, place their stems
+together so as to overlap a little, and cause this central point to be
+raised somewhat after the fashion of a dwarfed pyramid. The simpler
+term of “leaf” moulding would be more suggestive than “dog-tooth.”
+
+The buttresses at the angles, both of the transept chapel and of the
+east end of the aisle, are grouped in pairs, one on either front.
+These are without the lofty pediment, but terminate in a slope beneath
+the cornice. The windows in the bays formed by the buttresses are
+single-light lancets and without tracery. Between the two south
+transepts--those of the nave and choir--are four bays; the two
+central have the windows in pairs, the others singly. The circular
+turret-shaped projection at the south-west angle of the choir transept
+is a staircase leading to the triforium, which causes the adjacent
+window to be smaller. On the other hand, the single window to the west
+is larger. These windows are the typical lancets of their period, the
+pointed arch appearing as though formed on an acute-angled triangle.
+So are those in the transept chapel, and the smaller one in the gable
+of the east end of the aisle and the pair beneath it. These are all
+deeply set and with chamfered jambs. The outer arches spring from
+single shafts, engaged and with the fillet moulding--a small flat
+band placed between the rounds, which first came into vogue at this
+time--and have bold hood-moulds. The cornice moulding of the aisle is
+original, but the parapet above a later substitute for the eave roof.
+The displacement of the roof of the transept chapel by lowering to
+the flat level of the second stage has caused this to resemble a mere
+projection from the adjacent aisle; but the marks on the clerestory
+wall show clearly that originally it possessed a high-pitched roof and
+lofty gable, and formed a transept to the choir proper, as did the
+other on the north side. In consequence, above the aisle the bay of the
+clerestory is here blank, while the others have a pair of small lancets
+placed a little apart. Here, again, the jamb shafts are engaged, while
+the hood-moulds are beautifully enriched with the dog-tooth. Above the
+clerestory the parapet is original and extremely fine. It is carried
+on a corbel table of grotesque heads, with cornice mouldings enriched
+with dog-tooth, as also above the plain face in a deep hollow below the
+ridge. The two flying buttresses were added later, as the pinnacles
+adorned with crockets show. The licence of 1337 probably points to
+their age. There must have been alarm for the stability of the wall and
+roof, and these were placed as supports. Formerly the western one had a
+water drain emerging from the heavy stonework at the base.
+
+[Illustration: FLYING BUTTRESS AND PINNACLE OF CHOIR.]
+
+=The Chancel=.--By this is meant that part of the choir east of the
+aisles. In a minster dedicated to St. Mary we expect to find a Lady
+Chapel eastward of the high altar; but there is none here, neither has
+there ever been: her altar was elsewhere.[20] This east end extends
+two bays beyond the aisles, and is square-fronted like York. It has
+been remarked--“The architecture here is in the purest and most refined
+Early English style; very reticent of ornament, but with an almost
+Greek refinement and delicacy in the design of the buttresses, and the
+general composition of the lines; and in general effect, and in the
+detail of the buttress-heads, the base course, and other points, is so
+similar to the work of the nave and south transept of Lincoln that one
+cannot but think some of the same hands were employed on both.”[21]
+This may well have been the case, as these parts of Lincoln were
+erected between 1203-1253, during the episcopate of William of Blois
+and his two successors. All the buttresses, both those which separate
+the two easternmost bays and those which stand in the usual pairs at
+the angles are of larger dimensions in width and projection than the
+others farther west. Otherwise they are similar in character, and have
+four string courses between the base and parapet. The pairs at the
+corners have massive octagonal pinnacles, shafted at the angles, have
+each side finished with a sharp gabled head enriched with dog-tooth,
+and at the summit conical cappings with ribs rising to the apex from
+the capitals of the angle shafts. The arrangement of the windows is
+as follows:--The bays adjoining the aisle have them in pairs, and
+the easternmost bays singly; the east front has four--both stages
+everywhere the same. The windows on the north and south sides are
+similar to those previously described; but the east front calls for
+remark. The arrangement of four in each stage is singular; and when in
+the same stage all four are of equal height, peculiarly so. In those
+rare instances of a series of four the rule is for the central pair
+to be higher than the outside ones. In the upper stage are also blank
+arches adjoining the buttresses; as is the case with the adjacent
+bays. The abaci of these lancets are continued round the buttresses
+and walls as string courses, dividing the two stages into upper and
+lower parts. The windows, deeply set, have the sides chamfered; and
+the finely-moulded triple clustered shafts are filleted. The arches
+are enriched with the dog-tooth, and the outer one constitutes a
+continuous arcade. In the lower stage, almost the entire width of the
+front is occupied: in the upper the windows are less deeply set and in
+consequence narrower, but the blank arches completely fill up the whole
+available space between the buttresses, and here the lights are of a
+greater height; and this heightening and narrowing, so as to add to
+the effect, must be pronounced most successful. The windows of the end
+bays are similar in pattern; and the chancel, flanked as it is by the
+aisles and chapels, in spite of being “very reticent of ornament”--for
+there is no tracery--has been commended and admired by every expert and
+architect who has seen it.
+
+But as with the west front, so here again with the east we have
+to lament that later men have marred what their predecessors have
+bequeathed to them. Early English roofs were almost, if not quite,
+universally of a steep slope, more so than the Norman; and at Southwell
+the marks still left, and particularly on the east front of the central
+tower, demonstrate that this was the case. The old lofty roof is gone
+and the old lofty gable with it; and above the third stage a dwarfed
+window in a dwarfed gable, and a late battlement surmounted by a late
+cross is what we now see. What used to be seen at first was this
+lofty gable pierced either with yet another tier of lancets or with
+a circular light after the manner of the circular windows of York,
+Lincoln, and Beverley, the whole surmounted by a lofty cross rising
+above the lofty buttress-heads, conspicuous from far and near. We have
+only to go to Lincoln (or indeed judge by the restored roof of the
+nave) to see what a difference this makes. When was this, “as complete
+a mutilation as the headless trunk of some fine ancient statue,”
+perpetrated? Some time after the completion of the chapter-house, and
+by the same people, or at least in the same spirit, as that which
+lowered the roof and pierced the west wall of the nave.
+
+=The North Front=. From the exterior the only parts visible are the end
+bay of the aisle and the transept chapel; and this latter is partly
+overlapped by the chapter-house. The details are similar to the rest;
+but the flying buttress has no pinnacles, and the small window in
+the gable of the aisle has a peculiar flattened hood-mould, almost
+semicircular. There seems to be no reason for this difference from the
+corresponding window on the other side. When standing against the north
+front of the chapel, one is almost shut in by the buttresses of the
+chapter-house.
+
+The choir illustrates that the striking difference between the Norman
+and Early English styles lies not only in the greater massiveness of
+the former, and in the pointed lancet arches of the latter, but also
+in the greater window space, the chancel alone possessing twenty ample
+lights. It has been proved that glass came into use in Early English
+times, and this circumstance may explain the development.
+
+The indulgence of Archbishop Walter Gray fixes the date of the
+commencement of building at about 1230.
+
+=The North Transept Chapel=.--Before leaving the Early English part
+of the exterior, and still taking the building in its chronological
+order, this addition to the Norman transept next demands attention.
+The only part visible from the exterior is the north front, which
+projects slightly from the transept, the east front being hidden by
+the vestibule. A peculiarity is that the buttresses, which project in
+the first stage as far as those at the east end, have their angles
+chamfered in the second stage only. In the third stage the projection
+is diminished; and the chamfering of the stage below ends in a point
+against the square face. The buttresses to the west originally
+terminated, like those of the choir, with a triangular head, ornamented
+with the dog-tooth, but when the gable parapet was added a crocketed
+gable head was placed above this head and behind it. The eastern
+buttress, adjoining the vestibule, ends in a slope beneath the parapet.
+The large window in the second stage is a later development, enlarged
+to give more light to the chapel within. The shafts are not purely
+circular, but what Professor Willis called _keeled--i.e._ with bands or
+fillets in the front resembling the keel of a boat; and they support
+an arch with a hood-mould over all. The general appearance is somewhat
+heavy and inelegant, as the arch seems too large. Mullions divide the
+lower part into three lights, and the tracery above is double foliated,
+and what is styled _reticulated--i.e._ diamond-shaped or with squares
+placed diagonally. This window, with its peculiarities, affords a
+hastily-made example of indifferent and late Decorated; but in the
+stage above we go back to pure Early English. This is an arcading
+of five lancets, of which two are pierced for lights, supported by
+circular shafts detached from the wall. The window in the fourth stage
+has an arch resembling the segmental pointed; and the filleted shafts
+are engaged. The mouldings of the arch are peculiar; they are not
+of the same pattern as the adjoining buttress, but more nearly than
+anything else resemble a transition from the Norman nail-head to the
+Early English dog-tooth. And the tracery and mullions are very late
+work, suggesting that alterations were made long after.
+
+This chapel is partly built upon the site of a smaller apse-shaped
+Norman one. A buttress of the north aisle of the choir, partly worked
+into the south-east angle of the chapel, shows by the cornice moulding
+that the choir wall once joined on to the transept; remains of a Norman
+arch are still visible in the transept wall. The work as a whole, and
+emphatically the central arcading of lancets, are of the date of the
+middle of the thirteenth century. There is documentary evidence that in
+1249 and 1260 additions were made to the fabric; and to one of these
+dates we may safely assign it.
+
+
+PART III.--EARLY DECORATED OR GEOMETRICAL
+
+The chapter-house and its vestibule are the last additions to the
+fabric, and were added after the chapter had been endowed with the
+three additional prebends of Eaton, North Leverton, and Beckingham
+at the end of the thirteenth century, and increased to its final
+complement of sixteen. The thirteen prebendaries (or such of them
+as lived in England and were resident) met before in a smaller and
+earlier chapter-house on the same site as the existing one. In view of
+the increased number and importance of the college, a more spacious
+assembly room was felt to be necessary; and, like their brethren of
+York, Lichfield, Wells, and elsewhere, they built the present fine
+council chamber for the transaction of business.
+
+This part of the minster belongs to that beautiful style of
+architecture which some call Early Decorated and others Geometrical.
+It is a legitimate development of the Early English, and prevailed,
+roughly speaking, during the last thirty years of the thirteenth and
+the first fifteen of the succeeding century, gradually verging into the
+Decorated proper.[22]
+
+=The Vestibule.=--The only parts of this seen from the exterior are the
+north front and so much of the western as extends beyond the chapel:
+this projection is of about twenty feet. It is built outwards from the
+second bay of the choir aisle. At the north-west corner are a pair of
+buttresses the height of the wall, set at right angles to each other,
+with square edges and shallow niches at the top, and terminated with
+acute gable heads with crockets and finials. They are surmounted at the
+back by other gables standing out from the roof. In the western front
+is an ogee-shaped window arch, formed of two contrasted curves and
+sharp-pointed. Owing to the difficulty of construction, this form is
+not usual for large openings, though common enough over tombs, niches,
+and small doorways. The solitary window of the north front has the arch
+more equilateral and sharp-pointed than those of the chapter-house.
+It is much plainer, and is not sufficiently broad to fill up the
+entire space. The arch is of two orders, and springs from attached
+keeled jamb shafts: the lights trefoiled at the head, and above two
+trefoiled circles with one quatrefoiled under the apex. Generally the
+greater plainness, as well as the comparative narrowness, of the north
+window, suggest that the vestibule is slightly prior in date to the
+chapter-house.
+
+=The Chapter-House.=--On the east side of the vestibule, and at its
+northern end, this unique adornment was added to the fabric. It is
+in front of the third and fourth bays and the transept chapel of the
+choir aisle, completing the enclosure of the open court, and is of such
+large dimensions as to overlap the projecting chapel, one of the great
+buttresses actually touching. At Wells, where the chapter-house is in
+a similar position and on a larger scale, this overlapping does not
+occur, as the choir is on a relatively larger scale; and it seems a
+pity that at Southwell the example of Lincoln was not followed, and the
+chapter-house built on to the end of the vestibule as distinct from the
+side. There is nothing in the lie of the ground to prevent this; and
+the beautiful northern front of the choir would not have been so much
+shut out from view. The only reason that can be assigned is that there
+was a wish for an enclosed courtyard; and undoubtedly, whether or not
+we accept the tradition that it was anciently used as a baptistery, it
+was, as we shall see, used for some purpose of importance.
+
+The building is an exact octagon, each side of 17 feet; and five sides
+are visible from the exterior. The basement mouldings correspond with
+those of the vestibule; but the continued string course immediately
+under the windows is higher, as is the blank stage below. The four
+corner buttresses which are visible (the fifth is partly hidden)
+show distinctly a point of difference between the two styles of
+architecture--the Early English and the Early Decorated. They are
+divided into stages, as are the Early English, by a string course
+from the spring of the window arches; but are at once narrower and of
+greater projection than the corner ones at the east end. The edges are
+unchamfered; and the buttresses continue with undiminished projection
+until they terminate at a point some feet below the parapet. As with
+the vestibule, they have shallow niches at the summit, which are
+trefoiled at the top under acute-headed gablets. Above the buttresses
+proper and at the back, rising through the parapet, are square
+pedestals with rounded edges, with faces sunk concavely to make shallow
+niches. Like the niches below, these terminate in a trefoil; and the
+pedestals are crowned with pinnacles, with most elaborate crockets and
+finials. Some of these really resemble bishop’s _crooks_, from which
+the name may have been derived, while others show signs of repair not
+always in the best taste. At the base of the pinnacles are grotesque
+gargoyle-shaped figures projecting from their feet. As these are not
+images of saints, they have been spared by iconoclasts; but we have
+to lament that destructive and ill-regulated zeal which pulled down
+the statues from their niches, for if the same hands that worked
+the carving of the interior worked these, the effect must have been
+glorious to a degree. The buttresses more than any other part suggest
+York: though it still remains unsettled which of the two chapter-houses
+is the older. The original parapet has fortunately been spared. Below
+is a corbel table of trefoil arches springing from heads with the
+triangular spaces between also trefoiled: next, the hollow cornice
+moulding with a late variety of the dog-tooth: next, a broad plain
+face, and over all a series of open quatrefoils. Six of the octagon
+sides have windows, of which five are visible from the exterior. These
+occupy the entire breadth from buttress to buttress; and it is doubtful
+whether anything is gained by this. The arrangement at the east end,
+where a small blank space is allowed on either side, certainly produces
+a better effect; and this enlargement of the Decorated style does not
+cause it to compare favourably with its predecessor, so far as this
+particular point is concerned. The arches are of three orders; the
+shafts attached and keeled with mouldings of rounds and hollows.
+
+The windows are of three lights, trefoiled in the heads, with two
+trefoiled circles above, and a quatrefoil above these under the apex of
+the arch, very much the same as with the north window of the vestibule.
+The cusping is largely pierced and springs from the soffit only, not
+from the sloping sides of the tracery as in later work of the kind;
+and the mullions have a small shaft in front with base and capital,
+and with chamfered sides. By comparing these windows with those of the
+choir the difference of style is brought out still more prominently
+than by the buttresses or parapets. The roof has been restored to its
+old lofty pitch; and all whose memories go back to the old flattened
+one, prior to 1881, will unanimously concur in approval. When the
+statues were in their places the effect must have been considerably
+enhanced; as it is, the exterior scarcely prepares us for the
+culminating glories within.
+
+The document of the date 1294 speaks somewhat vaguely of “the new
+chapter-house” as either contemplated or building or completed; and
+this date agrees with the architecture.
+
+=The Open Court.=--The boundaries are the chapter-house, the small
+transept chapel of the choir, the third and fourth bays of the choir
+aisle, and the vestibule. The peculiar way in which one of the
+buttresses of the chapter-house abuts against the chapel so as to
+complete the enclosure is again noticeable, while those parts of the
+choir visible from here and from nowhere else suggest regrets that so
+fine a specimen of pure Early English was ever hidden away. A doorway,
+now blocked up, with a low segmental arch of wedge-shaped stones or
+_voussoirs_, at first formed part of the choir aisle. The holy well
+was closed up in 1764, after a member of the Fowler family had lost
+his life by falling in. It was this well that probably suggested the
+tradition of a baptistery standing here.
+
+The north front as seen standing by the Prebends’ Walk or in the
+adjoining street affords the most picturesque view of the minster,
+broken, as it is, by the north porch, the Norman transept, and the
+chapter-house. We have here every kind of architecture from the stern
+and comparatively rude late Norman to the elaborate and finished
+Early Decorated--one hundred and eighty years of steady progress and
+evolution--and this seeming want of unity constitutes an artistic
+harmony. But, looking at the south-east front from the more distant
+point of view of the parks, it becomes evident that the restoration
+is not yet complete, and that the heightening of the nave roof has
+rendered the corresponding heightening of the choir roof urgent and
+indispensable.
+
+[Illustration: CLERESTORY WINDOW IN NAVE TRANSEPT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE INTERIOR
+
+
+PART I.--NORMAN
+
+=The Nave.=--“Internally the nave at Southwell is a grand specimen of
+Norman architecture.” Such is an authoritative criticism passed upon
+it; and the massiveness and solidity of the structure is immediately
+impressed upon the mind, while the thickness and shortness of the
+pillars and the width of the arches further convey the idea of lowness.
+And yet this general sternness, not to say gloom, is not what it was
+before the windows, and notably the west one, were enlarged. We have
+to imagine Norman windows throughout, and without glazing, in order
+to picture to ourselves the nave in the days of our rude forefathers.
+And as we look round upon the vast quantities of material required in
+the construction of the interior, we cannot but wonder at the toil and
+industry required to convey all these great blocks of limestone along
+the rough paths of Sherwood Forest, and place them in position.
+
+The dimensions already given have, of course, been those of the
+exterior; but owing to the thickness of the walls, and notably of the
+west front, a sensible diminution has to be made to arrive at the
+internal measurements. The length to the inside of the lower arch is
+136 feet, and looking through the arch and across the transept to the
+rood screen 168 feet. The breadth is 63 feet, and, to give an idea
+of the massiveness of the pillars at the base, the width between two
+opposite pillars is only some 28 feet, and that of each aisle inside
+the pillars is but 12 feet. The aisles extend the entire length, and
+are separated from the body by seven pillars on either side, forming
+eight bays: the width between two adjacent pillars being about 13 feet
+2 inches.[23] The elevation of the walls presents the usual three
+stages of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory in large buildings of
+the periods, differing from the later choir. The whitewash on the walls
+and the plaster work which formerly filled up the triforium arches were
+both removed some years before the more recent restoration was taken
+in hand. With the exception of the windows already mentioned and of
+the roof and flooring the interior is pure Norman, unchanged since the
+first completion; and the Romanesque details noticeable in the exterior
+are wanting. There is a small quantity of ornament, particularly in the
+different mouldings, to relieve the heaviness of the structure; but
+simplicity and massive grandeur, as distinct from grace and elegance,
+are what the Normans aimed at; and it is so here.
+
+Formerly the west window, in some of its seven lights, and other
+windows of the nave contained coats of arms, of which the church
+throughout possessed so many Specimens. Unfortunately these heraldic
+emblems fell under the ban of the Roundheads during the Civil War
+and the Commonwealth; a few, however, are still preserved in the
+chapter-house.
+
+[Illustration: NAVE, SHOWING THREE STAGES IN THE INTERIOR.]
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+INTERIOR OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+=The Nave Arcade.=--The round pillars are about sixteen feet
+in circumference, and only nine in height between base and
+capital--_i.e._ the height of the actual circular part is less than
+twice the diameter. They have plain square bases; and the round
+capitals, of no great projection, have mouldings different in the
+different pillars, in their way as interesting a piece of detail as
+any in the minster. The first on the south side, reckoning from the
+west, and the last on the north have the cable, and others the lozenge,
+nebule, and hatchet. But most remarkable is the fifth on the south side
+with a series of four--the beaded cable, lotus leaf, triple nebule, and
+lozenge. This last seems almost too elaborate for the date, and rather
+suggests a decoration of later times. The arches are of two orders of
+voussoir-shaped stones: the moulding of the inferior is a square keel
+set diamond-wise between two edge-rolls, and of the superior a plain
+soffit with a smaller edge-roll flanked with a filleted hollow. Above
+the two orders the hood is of a double round billet. Immediately above
+the arches the string course separating the two lower stages has the
+hatch both on the sides and beneath.
+
+[Illustration: PILLAR IN NAVE.]
+
+=The Triforium.=--The series of arches in the second stage open on
+to galleries the complete width of the aisles beneath, and resting
+upon their vaulting. Above the round pillars of the nave arcade, and
+supported by them, are other pillars, massive and rectangular, and
+attached to these two semi-cylindrical shafts with scalloped cushion
+capitals. From these shafts spring the two orders of the arch, of the
+same span as those of the nave arcade beneath, but of less height and
+with similar mouldings. The moulding of the hood above is composed of
+three overhanging rows of the square-footed nebule. There is here a
+curious circumstance, the meaning of which everyone asks, and which
+is deserving of mention. Both from the crown of the arches, and from
+the abaci of the capitals of the inferior shafts large stones project.
+It would seem that the Norman builders thought these arches too large
+to remain without further ornament, and began to place two smaller
+arches within each, with an upright continued from the supporting shaft
+to the crown of the arch above. This is the case in the triforium of
+Romsey Abbey; but either a change of builders or a change of mind took
+place at Southwell to prevent the carrying out of this intention. Mr
+Christian took the trouble to fill in one of the arches after the
+Romsey pattern to judge of the effect.
+
+=The Clerestory=.--The walls of the topmost stage are blank
+and uninteresting. The arches of one order only spring from
+semi-cylindrical shafts; and shafts and arches are quite plain. They
+were considered too remote to be worthy of the ornamentation bestowed
+on the lower stages. The circular windows, not seen from below, are so
+small and in such deep recesses, as partially to defeat their object of
+giving additional light to the body of the building. Between the arches
+and the windows a passage constructed in the thickness of the wall runs
+round the whole Norman building, nave and transepts alike.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+NAVE, NORTH SIDE OF ARCADE, SHOWING PART OF THE TRIFORIUM.]
+
+=The Nave Aisles=.--These, the full length of the nave, are plain and
+without the arcading often to be found in Norman churches of this size:
+a bench table runs along the foot. Beneath the windows is a string
+course chamfered underneath. The solitary window of the whole thirteen
+left in its original state--that nearest to the north-west tower--has
+the side shafts extensively splayed; the nave arch has a continuous
+edge-roll flanked by a filleted hollow, and the sill is worked in
+steps ascending to the actual opening. To restore the building to its
+original state we have to imagine the remaining twelve windows similar
+to this.
+
+The Perpendicular windows are as poor inside as out; but when, as at
+the first, the side shafts were ornamented with colouring, they may
+have presented a more favourable appearance. All the glass is modern.
+Very different in character to the windows are the roof or ceiling
+of both aisles underneath the triforium galleries; for here we have
+quadripartite vaulting with groined ribs, as fine as any in England.
+The ribs spring in the outside from corbels beneath the windows,
+and in the inside from the abaci of the capitals of the nave pillars.
+Generally they intersect at the keystone without ornament; but here and
+there a simple and by no means prominent boss is formed; and underneath
+the north-west tower the keystone, by a further development, has a
+grotesque double head. The mouldings are a double diamond-shaped
+keel between edge-rolls. During the earlier period of the Norman
+style the groins were left perfectly plain; and it was not until some
+considerable advance had been made that they were constructed with
+ribs; and, again, these ribs at first were mere flat bands without
+mouldings, so that the aisle roofs show late and complete work.
+
+In the wall of the bay immediately west of the north porch is a
+sepulchral recess with Norman arch and late Early English shafts and
+mouldings. It contains a slab of Purbeck marble with a raised cross,
+which in Rastall Dickinson’s work is placed under the north-west tower;
+but is now doubtless in its proper place. When the whitewash was
+removed, it was ascertained that the vaulting of this bay alone had
+been ornamented with painting. Here lie the remains of some unknown
+and unrecorded dignitary of the church, probably a prebendary; and the
+painting would seem to show that the bay was fitted up as a chantry
+chapel, for masses to be said for the repose of his departed soul.
+It is likely that the second bay from the east on the south side was
+also used for a similar purpose, as some remains of a sculpture of the
+Virgin and lily are still to be traced. The bays of the north aisle
+west of the north porch contain no less than seven sepulchral slabs
+with incised crosses of the patterns of the twelfth and two succeeding
+centuries. These, more or less mutilated, have been gathered from
+various parts of the building, and worked into the pavement. One of
+these, besides the cross with arms ending in trefoils, has a chalice
+tipped as the celebrant would tip in order to partake--the sign of a
+priest’s monument. The others do not call for comment, nor does that of
+a choir boy in the opposite aisle near the font. The stone font, which
+possesses no features of interest, was presented after the restoration
+by a resident of Easthorpe named Ballard. By standing at the west end
+of either aisle and looking due east a fine view is obtained across the
+transepts the full length of the choir aisles, and a second from the
+south aisle of the transept chapel.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTH AISLE OF NAVE.]
+
+=The Roof.=--In former days it was justly written: “Grand and striking
+as the interior of the nave is, still it is sadly disfigured by the
+present flat ceiling.” This charge can no longer be brought; but it
+still remains an open question what the original roof of the interior
+really was. Professor Freeman remarked of the former ceiling, and
+he was as likely to be accurate as any one: “That these ceilings,
+however ‘broad and simple in design,’ dwarf the church, and have no
+intrinsic beauty to recommend them is certain; and it is equally
+beyond a doubt that the interior will gain greatly in dignity by their
+removal. But a ceiling either perfectly, as at S. Albans, and the
+transepts of Peterborough, or slightly coved, as in the nave of that
+cathedral, was the normal covering of the wider spaces of our great
+Norman churches; and, if the desire of the architect is to reproduce
+the church in its original form, _a ceiling on the old lines_, but of
+better workmanship would have been more in accordance with the design
+of the first builders.” These remarks apply, it must be remembered,
+to the interior ceiling as distinct from the exterior roof; and
+whether they are correct or no, the restoration, of which so much was
+written, has resulted in a compromise or _via media_: something more
+than a ceiling on the old lines, something less than an open roof. Mr
+Christian’s work of good oak is barrel-shaped, and somewhat higher than
+any Norman ceiling is likely to have been. Whatever fault may be found
+with its historical appropriateness as a true and faithful copy of the
+original Norman work, there is no doubt that it is a great improvement
+artistically on anything we know of before. And it is this in spite of
+the disfiguring tie or cross beams found necessary for support.[24]
+
+=The Central Tower=.--Slightly altering the order, this is placed
+after the nave, and not before, as in treating of the exterior. By
+the removal of the flat ceiling the ringers no longer have a floor to
+themselves; and the interior is thrown open as a lantern, excepting
+the stages containing the bells and the clock. The base is about 20
+feet square. The tower is supported by four massive square pillars,
+the most massive in the whole of the interior, with responds attached
+for the support of the arches. Owing to their greater size, those of
+the western or nave arch project considerably beyond the nave pillars.
+For the same reason the eastern pillars do not project so far into
+the transepts as those of the western arch; and in consequence the
+centres of the north and south arches are not quite in line with the
+transepts, and at the same time the transept arches have the greater
+span. The arches are of three orders: the east and west spring from the
+attached semi-cylindrical shafts; but those to the north and south are
+different. Instead of the three more slender shafts, one only, and of
+the diameter of the pillars of the nave arcade, like the rest attached
+and semi-cylindrical, carries the three orders. One of the mouldings of
+the central order of the arches is worthy of mention: it is a cable of
+that peculiar form where each fold bulges out from almost a point until
+at the centre it becomes a large keeled round, somewhat like, but more
+elaborate than, the cable mouldings of the exterior of the transepts.
+This is used on both sides of the western arch, and on the transept
+side of the eastern; but not on the choir side, for, according to a
+common practice, here the ornamentation is less elaborate, and not, as
+we should have expected, more so.
+
+In each of the two stages above these great arches, and on all the
+four sides of the interior of the tower, are two other arches. These
+upper stages, which, looked at from outside the building, are more
+richly ornamented than the lowest stage, are simpler in the interior.
+In most Norman central towers belonging to the larger churches, we may
+remark that the richer work externally corresponds with the plainer
+internally, and _vice versa_. These pairs of arches open into galleries
+which run all round the tower; and on their outer side are other arches
+which in the lower stage correspond and open into the four arms of the
+church. In the upper stage are windows opening into the open air, and,
+since the removal of the ceiling, giving light to the interior. The two
+arcades surmounting the great arches, rising one above the other, with
+the light streaming down from the small windows, seen from the outside,
+produce a really fine effect, and if only the bells could be removed
+to one of the western towers, and the ringers’ gallery removed, this
+effect would be enhanced.
+
+The absence of ornamentation in the capitals of the Norman pillars is
+continued throughout, with the exception of the eastern arch opening
+into the choir. Here, however, are rude attempts at sculpture, wholly
+or partially hidden by the organ. Of these some still defy all efforts
+to explain what they were intended to represent; and this is not to
+be wondered at, seeing that Mr A.J. Loughton of Southwell, who took
+photographs when the organ was taken down, describes them as “mere
+scratches, if anything, looking better in the photographs than in
+the original.” On the northern pillar are, amongst others, the Last
+Supper, the Adoration of the Magi, and what is perhaps intended as the
+procession to Calvary; while those on the southern pillar include the
+Washing of the Disciples’ Feet, the Triumphal Entry, and a varied
+group of ornamentation.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+NORMAN ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, WITH CABLE MOULDING.]
+
+[Illustration: _Loughton, Southwell, Photo._
+
+CAPITALS OF NORMAN PILLARS TO EASTERN ARCH OF TOWER.]
+
+=The Transepts=.--The north and south transepts are with few exceptions
+similar to one another, and are best taken together. They retain their
+Norman features intact still more than the nave. From the tower arches
+either transept extends 43 feet, and is 28 feet broad, and is three
+bays in length, two in breadth, and of a height of three stages. The
+windows in the lowest stage looking west are more enriched than the
+one remaining Norman window in the nave aisles, although externally
+similar, as they have an additional order with the edge-roll, springing
+from detached shafts. The extra thickness of the walls accounts for
+this. Above these in the next stage the window arches spring from
+attached semi-cylindrical shafts, and have a cable moulding underneath
+a hood of the triple nebule. The windows at the north and south ends
+are similar in the lowest stage, with this exception, that in the
+south transept the more western one is dwarfed to allow room for the
+door leading to the palace. In the second stage they have a rere arch
+with the edge-roll, a second order with the cable, resting on detached
+shafts, and the hood with the triple nebule. Here, as elsewhere, the
+bold cable moulding is exceedingly fine. The plain shafts and arches
+of the windows of the third stage nowhere call for comment. Over the
+two windows of the first stage at the ends a pair of arches span the
+whole breadth, and project two feet. These spring from corbels at the
+sides, and from a cylindrical shaft which passes between the windows to
+the pavement. The cable moulding of the arches is twisted in opposite
+directions. The object of these projections is to support a gallery;
+and this gallery, like that in the third stage, is continued in the
+thickness of the wall along the sides. The four archways opening into
+the nave and choir aisles are without moulding or ornament, save a
+plain string, and hood of the double billet; and above these are other
+arches in the second stage, less lofty and without the hood, opening
+into the triforium galleries. This stage in the two outward bays of the
+east side has an arcading of three arches.
+
+Formerly Norman chapels opened from either transept on the east side.
+On the north side the larger Early English chapel, to be noticed in due
+course, has superseded its Norman predecessor; on the south the east
+wall still shows signs of the arch of communication, now blocked up.
+It was of two orders--the inner of a double row of cable, and the outer
+of the zigzag. There are also signs of a window on a smaller scale but
+similar to those in the first stage adjacent, but this has been blocked
+up; and this side now presents the peculiar appearance of a large wall
+space unrelieved by windows. In the north transept a doorway with a
+semicircular arch ornamented with the double billet, judging from
+the masonry an after insertion, is situated between the choir aisle
+and chapel, and leads to a long narrow room, of which the use is not
+apparent.
+
+Over the door in the north transept leading to the belfry is a curious
+piece of sculpture about three feet in length, and half as much in
+width, forming a tympanum. When Bishop Warburton and his friend Allen
+visited Southwell, it particularly attracted their attention, and
+they bestowed great pains, but without success, to interpret it. In
+the centre an angel is subduing a figure on the right resembling an
+impossible bird. On the left a man, but with the head wanting, is also
+engaged in subduing what appears to be a lion or a leopard with a
+smaller animal represented above, its forefeet resting on the larger
+one’s head. Dickinson, taking the smaller figure as a lamb, ingeniously
+deciphered it, “Under the protection of the lamb, Daniel was able to
+overcome the lion, and Michael the devil.” A second interpretation
+substitutes David rescuing the lamb from the lion; and a third renders
+it, “Thou shall go upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the
+dragon shalt thou tread under thy feet.” Whether or not any of these
+was intended, we have the oldest piece of sculpture in the building,
+almost as old as anything in the Midlands. Not only does the character
+of the workmanship show this, and the way in which it is fitted into
+the wall; but when the transept was built and the doorway inserted,
+the man’s head was evidently cut away to adapt it to its new position.
+Before this it must have served as a tympanum in the earlier building
+of the time of the Confessor.
+
+Archbishop Sandys himself will be mentioned in his proper place, but
+his tomb at the north-east angle requires notice as the only fine one
+in the church. Originally placed, as was right, inside the sacrarium
+on the north side, and afterwards removed to the transept chapel of
+the north choir aisle, at length it has found another resting-place
+in its present position. It is a large alabaster monument, with the
+recumbent figure of the prelate above, his robes of long chasuble
+with rochet, chimere, and tippet, his hands folded in prayer. A Latin
+inscription runs round the top, setting forth the three sees of
+Worcester, London, and York, over which he had ruled, and the length of
+his successive episcopates. In the front are kneeling figures of his
+wife and children, together with his coat of arms, and an inscription
+enumerating his virtues.
+
+In the south transept are two tablets on the eastern wall which call
+for notice. The first, dated 1750, is an interesting specimen of its
+time of marble and painted. The subject of this effigy, a son of Sir
+William Cook of Wheatley, near Doncaster, had been chaplain to one of
+the archbishops (probably to Launcelot Blackburne), and died prebendary
+of York, of Ripon, of Southwell, as well as rector of Stokesley, all
+these preferments having been received from the archbishop of the
+day, an instance of how recklessly, until checked by the Pluralities
+Act, a number of posts were lavished upon the same individual in the
+eighteenth century, as well as in the fifteenth. There was no need for
+Cook, so long as he found a substitute to take his term of residence,
+or made other arrangements with the easy-going chapter, ever to have
+been at Southwell in his life. The second is that of John Thomas
+Becher, vicar-general and senior prebendary, the friend and counsellor
+of Byron’s earlier and happier days.
+
+At the south end of the transepts by the door leading to the palace
+the judges presided over those civil cases in which the ministers or
+tenants of property of the church were concerned. When a criminal
+charge was preferred against any of the clergy, here too the court was
+held; when against a layman, in one of the prebendaries’ houses. In
+this way, at the summer assizes of 1475, four of the vicars-choral and
+three of the chantry priests were indicted for felony.[25]
+
+
+PART II.--EARLY ENGLISH
+
+=The Choir.=--Although considerably larger than the Norman building it
+supplanted, we still somehow, on entering underneath the rood screen
+from the nave, receive the impression of a certain want of size. The
+length is 114 feet, the breadth 52, and at the east end, and also
+across between pillar and pillar, 27 feet. It is possible likewise to
+take objection to the height; and perhaps in combining the triforium
+and clerestory into one stage and making it so low, the extent of the
+elevation was suggested to the builders by the already existing nave.
+Beyond this there is nothing but admiration to express at so perfect
+a piece of Early English architecture. The window most to the west on
+the north side has been replaced by an early Decorated one of inferior
+workmanship, so as to make way for the door leading to the vestibule
+of the chapter-house, and some images have disappeared; everything
+else of the masonry is as it was six hundred and fifty years ago;
+everywhere we see how carefully the stone was selected, and how well
+put together. The completely detached pillars on each side number five,
+and on a level with the eye are about eleven feet apart, at the base
+less. A line drawn between the third and fourth from the west will show
+the dimensions of the old Norman choir, and all east of this line was
+first built. Three of the four eastern and earlier pillars above their
+broad and plain plinth, with its irregular sides, have a moulding of
+two rounds with a filleted hollow between capable of holding water.
+Of the six western and somewhat later pillars only one has the same
+ornamentation; the remainder have one or two rounds above a larger one.
+Where the base mouldings are capable of holding water it is a sign that
+they belong to the earlier examples of the style. These ten pillars are
+octofoil, with the shafts engaged and filleted. But the half pillars
+at the east end and those at the two entrances of the chapels show a
+difference: the engaged shafts are smaller, though of the same number;
+and between them are detached shafts banded mid-way. There is then no
+trace of the most primitive form of Early English, for this consists of
+detached and isolated shafts. In the intermediate stage of development
+the detached and engaged are combined as in these last-mentioned
+instances; and the late, or completely developed, Early English shows
+pillars with the shafts fully engaged. The capitals have mouldings of
+the inverted bell shape.
+
+On the choir side the arches are of three orders besides the hood; on
+the side of the aisles of two only, the roof being lower. The dog-tooth
+moulding is as conspicuous in the arches as is the cable in the
+transepts, excepting in the three to the east on the south side, and is
+placed in a peculiar way; between two rounds a broad fillet is raised
+on to which it is worked. The rounds and hollows are also lavishly
+used; and the hood is finished off with foliage.
+
+For some reason which no one has been able to solve, one of the arches
+on the south side is lower than the rest; and the apex does not quite
+reach up to the string course which separates the higher double stage.
+In this space is a curious piece of sculpture which tradition asserted
+to be the Prince of Wales’ feathers. The historian of the minster, in
+following this tradition, added that the heads of Edward III., his
+queen, and the Black Prince “support the ribs or springs of several
+arches in the choir.” The beautiful foliage bears no resemblance
+to these heads, neither is there anything resembling the feathers.
+Assisted by the misreading of two fourteenth-century documents, those
+of 1337 and 1352, he hence drew the following inference, which was
+widely credited before the more accurate study of archæology and
+architecture dissipated it:--“By these numerous compliments to the
+Prince we may presume this part was erected just at that point of time,
+when by his conquest of France he [the Black Prince] was in the zenith
+of his popularity.” In spite of Archbishop Grey’s indulgence of 1233,
+which gives the real date, in spite of the arches, windows, pillars,
+and the dog-tooth and round and hollow mouldings, where everything
+points to the first half of the thirteenth century, Dickinson
+introduced an interior as purely Early English as anything in the
+country into the midst of Decorated times.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+=Triforium and Clerestory=.--These two stages are combined: an
+effective arrangement considering the dimensions and altitude of the
+choir. Perhaps the best explanation is to say that the clerestory is
+not above the triforium and separated by a string course on a bare wall
+space, but that the clerestory windows are behind the upper part of the
+lofty lancet arches of the triforium, through which they shed their
+light. This combination, although in the Norman church at Steyning, and
+in the Early English one of Pershore, both of which, however, are on a
+smaller scale, marks off a choir of the date and the size of Southwell
+as quite unique. The intimate connection, always maintained between
+York and Southwell, is shown in the like arrangement in the early
+Decorated nave of the former. The architect had seen the beautiful
+effect, and determined to adopt it. A bold, deep undercut string course
+continued round the upright vaulting shafts separates this double stage
+from that below. These triple shafts rest on corbels or brackets,
+placed as low down as possible between the great arches of the choir
+arcade, and rising some three feet above the string course, terminate
+in foliaged capitals from which springs the vaulting of the roof. It is
+these shafts running up the wall, and the vaulting springing from them,
+that divide the second stage into bays like the first. In each bay are
+a pair of lofty lancet arches reaching from the string course right up
+to the cross vault of the roof above. In the centre of each bay triple
+clustered shafts are between the two lancets, and two engaged shafts
+at the sides with capitals of foliage or plain moulded; and above
+are the well moulded acute lancet arches; and dog-tooth everywhere
+in the shafts and arches. Behind these arches runs the triforium
+passage or gallery; and, again, behind the passage is the following
+arrangement:--First, plain blank arches opening into the space between
+the vaulting and roof of the aisles; next, a blank wall space, and then
+above the level of the aisle roofs the clerestory lancets throwing
+their light from the outside through the upper part of the lofty lancet
+arches of the triforium, and then underneath the lower part of the
+choir vaulting. The combination of this stage can only be appreciated
+by the study of an illustration.
+
+[Illustration: SECTIONAL DRAWING, SHOWING TRIFORIUM AND CLERESTORY OF
+CHOIR IN ONE STAGE.]
+
+=The Roof.=--Internally the vaulting has not suffered from the lowering
+of the external roof, but remains intact. At the apex, a longitudinal
+rib runs the whole length; and the vaulting is quadripartite,
+consisting of diagonals with the addition of cross springers. At the
+points of intersection are fine bosses of foliage; but figures are
+not introduced as in the chapter-house at Oxford of the same date.
+All the ribs are deeply moulded, and the longitudinal rib as well
+as the cross springers of the eastern bay have the dog-tooth. Mr
+Petit remarked “from the narrowness of the cells compared with the
+principal vault, the elliptical curve in the clerestory arches is
+very evident; this is the case with most Early English vaulting.” The
+western compartment of vaulting nearest the tower is very narrow, and
+has no arch corresponding, the whole bay being filled up by the wall.
+To the neglect of this precaution in rebuilding choirs is attributed
+the collapse of several Norman central towers. At the east end is a
+striking peculiarity. The great longitudinal rib is continued below the
+vaulting, and brought down right into the shaft between the two centre
+windows of the upper stage. This bisection of the east front, which
+prevents the introduction of a central window, occurs at Romsey and in
+Glasgow Cathedral.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHOIR FROM SOUTH AISLE.]
+
+=The Aisles and Chapels.=--Beyond what has been already said of the
+windows in treating of the exterior, it should be added that in the
+inside the edges of the chamfered arches are moulded with a keeled
+roll. Beneath the windows is an undercut string course, which is
+continued all round the east end. As in the main part of the choir, the
+vaulting is quadripartite, but with more elaboration, for additional
+ribs are introduced besides the cross springers, and the vaulting
+shafts of these rest on corbels plainly moulded on a level with the
+window sills. This is because there is no external buttress; but
+where there is such a buttress, no shaft is used, the strength of the
+buttress being considered sufficient, and the ribs merely terminate in
+corbels. The mouldings of the ribs and shafts are similar to those of
+the main vaulting.
+
+Formerly there were altars in the two transepts, and in the end bays,
+four in all, and the piscinas and aumbries remain, while in the end
+bay of the south aisle and in both transepts are sedilia. It is to be
+regretted that no one has been able to settle to which chantries these
+belonged. In the north aisle two of the windows look into the court;
+and underneath the western one a blocked-up doorway, and adjacent to it
+the doorway of the vestibule--a Decorated insertion for the use of the
+chapter-house. It is double, with a central shaft of Purbeck marble,
+and an open trefoil above, and under this a head supporting a bracket;
+but the statue, unfortunately, has shared the common fate. Up this
+central shaft crawls a grotesque serpent; and into its folds the bolts
+of the door slide. The Purbeck marble is again used for the detached
+outer shafts; and the hood terminates in two heads, one with a crown
+and the other with a mitre. Altogether this is very fine, but the same
+cannot be said of the window above. When the doorway was made, the pair
+of lancets came too low; and a shorter and broader triple light with
+the old shafts and arches replaced it. It can be seen at once that the
+proportions are not so elegant as the original lancets to the east.
+
+There is reason to believe that Thomas de Corbridge, Archbishop of
+York at the commencement of the fourteenth century for a few years,
+was buried in the choir. Dickinson asserts that his remains lay near
+the pulpit, and that the inscription “lately remained legible.” In a
+statement of this kind, he is likely to be correct. This prelate is
+quite unknown to fame; and in the uncertainty regarding his burial, he
+resembles more distinguished occupants of the throne of York. In the
+south transept chapel is a sepulchral recess with a semicircular arch
+of earlier date. It shares with other monuments in the general neglect;
+and owing to its mutilated condition, it is impossible to say who lies
+buried under it. According to Mr Bloxam, the robes on the effigy are
+those of a priest; and the remains must be those of a prebendary, or
+of the founder of the chantry. Dickinson (p. 60) has a plate of a fine
+fifteenth-century canopy reaching from arch to arch on the north side
+over a tomb; and his plate and description correspond with the effigy.
+If this be so, when the canopy was removed or fell down the monument
+was placed where it now is.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.]
+
+=The Chancel=.--The longitudinal rib of the vaulting, as already
+explained, bisects the upper stage, and explains the unusual number
+of four windows. The lower stage has a continuous arcade with richly
+foliated capitals. The bosses of the outer arches, excepting the
+centre, which is foliated, are faces, and have a peculiar effect.
+
+The four lower windows are filled with Cinque Cento[26] glass paintings
+of the French school. An inscription states that they were given by
+Mr Henry Gully, Knight, in 1818. The donor, a member of Parliament,
+visited Paris after the peace, and found the glass in a neglected heap,
+in a corner of some shop; and the shopkeeper told him it came from the
+chapel of the Temple prison. The subjects represented are the Baptism
+of Christ, the Raising of Lazarus, the Triumphal Entry, and the Mocking
+in the Pretorium. Below the knees of Christ the glass of the first
+figure is modern, and the remainder poor both in colour and shadow;
+but the others are fine effective specimens, particularly the second,
+and the perspective of buildings in the background excellent. The glass
+in the upper tier, representing the four evangelists, is modern, like
+the rest of the painted work in the choir.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+THE SEDILIA.]
+
+To the south wall of the chancel the =Sedilia= was added in the
+fourteenth century; and of the same style is the arch or canopy of the
+adjoining piscina. This addition was intended for the use of the clergy
+during the singing or chanting of part of the office. The usual number
+of these seats is three--for the celebrant, deacon and sub-deacon. At
+Furness there were four, at others two or only one. In the possession
+of five, as in other things, Southwell is always quoted as unique; and
+the probable explanation is to be found in the constitution of the
+chapter. Since all prebendaries in residence were equal, all would
+expect during the celebration to occupy a position of equal dignity.
+The ogee-shaped arches have double foliations, with crockets and
+finials; and in the spandrels between are figures. These, mutilated
+like so much of the carved work supposed to represent “graven images,”
+have been restored in composition. Above the stalls are a row of
+detached ornaments of foliage work. A miniature battlement with merlons
+and embrasures--very frequent as an ornament in tabernacle work and
+the like--here surmounts the sedilia. It is difficult to fix the date
+of this beautiful addition to the chancel. The double foliation of the
+arches suggests a later date than the rood screen (1237); and we must
+put it at some short time after this.
+
+There yet remain some features of interest.
+
+=The Lectern=, a finely-worked brazen eagle with wings expanded to
+receive the book, was presented in 1805 by Sir Richard Kaye, prebendary
+of Dunham, and subsequently of North Muskham and Dean of Lincoln. It
+bears the inscription “Orate pro ana Radulphi Savage, et pro anabus Omn
+Fidelium Defunctorum.” It was formerly the property of the neighbouring
+abbey of Newstead; and at the dissolution the monks hid some documents
+inside, and threw it into the lake. During the last century it was
+discovered and passed into the hands of a Nottingham dealer. Readers of
+Washington Irving’s visit to Newstead will remember that he says that
+in one of these documents a plenary “pardon is assured in advance for
+all kinds of crimes.” As a matter of fact, the pardon was one granted
+by Henry V. to the abbey on the payment of a round sum of money,
+because the monks had acquired property without the royal licence. This
+was merely a way of raising money to meet the expense of the French war
+without the consent of Parliament; and the document reflects in no way
+on the morals of Newstead.
+
+The restorations of the late Mr Christian have so improved the choir
+by allowing the original beauties to be exposed, that only those who
+remember the days of the sixties can fully appreciate the services
+rendered by him. To one part, however, exception has been taken in
+high quarters. The plaster work and screens of Bernasconi at the west
+end between the arches, said Professor Freeman, “may legitimately be
+regretted by the most orthodox ecclesiologist as really remarkable
+works, full of ancient feeling, and well-deserving the place they have
+found in the Art Museum of Nottingham.” The screens have been replaced
+by new ones of oak on the model of those which formerly existed; but
+it seems a pity the arches were not left exposed. Beyond this it is
+only possible to commend. A new flooring of stone and marble has been
+laid down, and the old deal pews with their thin oak-panelled fronts
+of the last years of George III. (for which the money was procured by
+selling the very lead of the roofs) have been replaced by chairs, while
+at the west end oaken stalls for the clergy and choir have been placed
+in position. But most needed of all the galleries, which formerly
+hid the arches and aisles, while underneath in the darkness were
+passages and coal cellars, through which the preacher wended his way
+ere he reappeared in the pulpit--these have gone. The Society for the
+Protection of Ancient Buildings, in their protest to the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners, included the removal of these galleries, only put in
+during the present century. This protest declared that they imparted “a
+fitted look,” and that the choir was “never intended to be nakedly seen
+from the base to the apex.”
+
+The Rood Screen with its stalls belongs to the Geometrical period. In
+the olden days, besides the six stalls facing east, which still remain,
+were seven on either side. The one immediately to the right on entering
+was the archbishop’s throne; and by courtesy the Prior of Thurgarton
+was allowed the outside one on the south side, that on the other side
+facing not being appropriated. The stall to the left on entering
+belonged to the senior prebendary who happened to be in residence, and
+the remaining sixteen were assigned to the particular prebends. After
+the reorganisation of the sixteenth century, the archbishop’s stall was
+appropriated for the new official, the vicar-general. The visitor may
+take time to reflect that in the summer of 1530 this stall was usually
+occupied by the disgraced and fallen Wolsey; and looking towards the
+east end may picture to himself the great cardinal singing high mass on
+Corpus Christi Day, as at other times, assisted by his chaplains and
+the minster staff.
+
+Almost exactly, then, as it left the builder’s hand, the choir yet
+remains; and we see in its structure how much depends upon the
+measurement by eye alone. That stiffness characteristic of modern
+buildings is entirely absent. Archbishop Benson learnt the secret when
+Chancellor of Lincoln, and in his new cathedral at Truro is said to
+have urged the builders to discard measuring instruments so far as
+possible.
+
+=The North Transept Chapel of the Nave.=--When the choir had been
+completed, there still remained the small Norman apsidal chapels
+projecting eastward from the nave transepts. That to the south in
+course of time was simply pulled down after falling into decay; but a
+different fate awaited its fellow to the north. Projecting only some
+fifteen feet, and of so slight a width as to stand quite clear of the
+choir aisle, it was found to be too small, and a larger one took its
+place. This projects some seven feet more than its predecessor, and
+is of such a width as to abut against the choir aisle to the south,
+and extend slightly beyond the line of the transept to the north. Like
+its predecessor, it has two storeys; and the lower in addition to the
+actual chapel includes the passage next the staircase, part of which is
+taken up by the staircase leading to the upper room.
+
+The date of erection is readily found by a combination of evidence.
+It has been already said, while treating of the exterior, that where
+this addition abuts upon the choir aisle, the marks still left show
+that it was added after the choir was completed; and it has further
+been said that documentary evidence shows the workmen to have been
+busy in the middle of the thirteenth century. While the interior is
+plainly of the same date, and other records show that several chantries
+were then being founded, the general arrangement of the interior of
+the lower storey, and more particularly two piscinas and aumbries,
+demonstrate its purpose. We may then assign it as built for two of
+these newly-founded chantries, and of the date of the middle of the
+thirteenth century.
+
+The lower storey, of which the floor is now on a lower level than the
+transept, is of two bays, each with its east window, the division
+being made by two triple clustered vaulting shafts. The east shaft is
+attached to the wall between the windows, the west to the pillar in
+the centre at the west side. Owing to the chapel projecting some feet
+beyond the transept, this is not the centre as seen from the transept
+itself outside the chapel; and the consequence is that the two fine
+acute arches between the chapel and the transept were made unequal
+in height and span, that to the south being considerably the larger.
+While the general character of the interior agrees with that of the
+choir, the difference in size and shape and other reasons cause certain
+peculiarities. In the four corners are single vaulting shafts; and by
+altering the curve of the ribs springing from them these latter unite
+with the mouldings of the window arches on the east side, and with
+those of the arches opening into the transept on the west; and, again,
+the filleted mouldings of the choir are replaced by that peculiar kind
+of keel which consists of ogee-shaped curves with a sharp edge. The
+upper storey is reached by the staircase which opens from the choir
+aisle; and the only feature of interest is a blocked-up Norman doorway,
+formerly opening into the triforium gallery of the transept. Even in
+the days of the chantries, it would seem that the lower storey served
+also as the “song” schoolroom, where the choir boys were taught. Since
+then it has served for the music-school for the choir, for the vicars’
+vestry, and for the library. It is now utilised as a robing-room and
+vestry. The room above, once used as the treasury, now contains the
+library.
+
+
+PART III.--DECORATED
+
+=The Vestibule=.[27]--Passing through the beautiful doorway in the
+north aisle of the choir we enter the long passage, fifty-four feet
+by ten, leading to the chapter-house. This passage, although built in
+Decorated times, presents certain features in common with the Early
+English of the choir; and represents a transitional stage between the
+two styles. This is particularly marked in the southern part adjoining
+the choir. The roof clearly points out where the two parts join. At
+the choir end opposite the court, this is of wood and modern, but
+facing the chapter-house at the far end, it is a plain quadripartite
+vaulting, and low as this first part is, it would seem to have been
+raised; for the wall above the double arcading looking into the
+court, with its uninteresting square-headed windows, is evidently an
+after-addition. The point of junction of the two pieces of work on the
+west side is the second buttress of the north transept chapel, and on
+the east side the middle of one of the arches a little nearer the door.
+By some the earlier part is called the cloister, and the northern
+and after-part the vestibule; but as they both form part of the same
+passage, it is simpler to give one name to the whole. The unfoliated
+arcading overlooking the court is double, forming an inner and outer
+with a distance between of rather less than a foot. The arches are
+lancet-shaped, and joined by transoms or cross lintels at the capitals,
+both transoms and capitals being ornamented with natural foliage. The
+hood-moulding above is continuous, and at each base we come across the
+first of the carved figures.
+
+[Illustration: _A. J. Loughton, Photo._
+
+ARCADING OF THE VESTIBULE.]
+
+The archway nearest to the choir has been converted into a door leading
+into the court; and the shaft to the left is partly cut away. On the
+under side of the doorway arch, between the inner and outer arches, is
+diaper work, but with the remainder this is quite plain. Unfortunately,
+to keep out the cold and wet, the lower part of the space between the
+double arches has been built up with stone; and in consequence the
+effect of the double pillars and arches is in a great measure lost. It
+is also to be regretted that, owing to the dampness of the hemmed-in
+and almost sunless courtyard, the outer arcading, which faces due east,
+has suffered from the action of the climate, and been repaired. The
+upper part of the spaces has been filled with glass on the outside. The
+usual cloister bench supports the interior arcading, and the mouldings
+of the bases are hollow of the Early English style. On the opposite
+or west side, adjoining the north transept chapel, the blank arcading
+is single, and broken by the buttresses of the chapel, and the arches
+trefoiled. Coming to the northern part opposite to the entrance of the
+chapter-house the arcading is still lancet-shaped: the window arches
+of three lancets moulded with a filleted kidney-shaped round, less
+elaborate altogether than in the chapter-house. The small doorway on
+the right opens on a circular staircase leading to a small room above
+the vestibule. Anywhere else the end of this passage would attract the
+notice its intrinsic merits call for. The graceful lines and curves of
+the roof vaulting; the two windows, each with its tracery of trefoiled
+circles with pierced cuspings above the three lights; the arcading
+with the simple cusped trefoiling of the arches; the foliage and the
+figure carving: all this forms a combination which for tasteful variety
+leaves little to be desired. As it is, it is passed over for the
+chapter-house doorway.
+
+At the point of junction on the east side is a curious figure of a man
+astride some nameless animal. The mouldings of a half-arch, constructed
+or altered in order to join the new work to the older, terminate partly
+on the man, partly on the beast. The string course from the choir
+terminates in a bunch of foliage and fruit, which the beast appears to
+be gnawing, and that from the far end on the man’s head. The shafts
+of the arch between the wooden roof and quadripartite vaulting both
+terminate in the mouth of a head which forms the lower part of the
+capital.
+
+In this cloister-vestibule the idea of the architect would seem to have
+been to form a gradual connection between the pure Early English of the
+choir and the pure Geometrical and Decorated of the chapter-house. Not
+only does his work partake of both styles; but that nearer to the choir
+has more of the Early English, and that nearer to the chapter-house
+more of the Decorated. It is best to look at the two parts as the
+work of one man, the second erected slightly after the completion of
+the first, and both as forming one conception with the chapter-house
+itself. “In some cases,” wrote Mr Louis Petit, “the architect’s
+intention seems to have been to make the transition as gradual, in
+others as startling as possible.” Here from the commencement of the
+cloister part of the vestibule, with its lancet arches of one style
+finished off with the carving of another, the idea was to prepare us by
+degrees for the more elaborate and artistic workmanship of a date and
+style later than that of the chapter-house.
+
+=The Chapter-House=.--“In design and execution alike, in its general
+proportions and in its minutest details, it is impossible to conceive
+anything more beautiful. It is the most perfect work of the most
+perfect style of Gothic architecture.”--A. F. LEACH.
+
+“What either Cologne Cathedral or Ratisbon or Weisen Kirche are to
+Germany, Amiens Cathedral or the Sainte Chapelle are to France, the
+Scalegere in Verona to Italy, are the choir of Westminster and the
+chapter-house at Southwell to England.”--G. E. STREET, R.A.
+
+[Illustration: _A. J. Loughton, Photo._
+
+DOORWAY TO CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+=The Doorway=.--The archway is of five orders, and is divided by
+a clustered shaft in the centre into two smaller arches with a
+quatrefoiled circle above. There are no doors. The outside member
+of the main arch, which carries the hood, stands apart against the
+wall; the others are against the main jamb, of which the mouldings
+are visible underneath. The four outer shafts of Purbeck marble are
+detached, a somewhat unusual arrangement in Decorated work, though
+usual in Early English. The innermost shafts are not detached, and have
+neither base nor capital; and from them spring both the corresponding
+order of the arch as well as the outer limb of the two subordinate
+archways. Above the plinth the bases of the detached shafts are
+octagonal, with round mouldings. On the north side, between the two
+outer shafts, a band of foliage is worked upon the edge of the wall.
+An additional is made by two small arches on the face of the wall
+resting on the outside capitals. All the capitals are foliaged. Of
+the five orders, the outer or hood has foliage upon a deep hollow;
+the third or central, two strings of leaves worked upon hollows which
+are separated by a round; the second and fourth are moulded with
+rounds and hollows, and so is the fifth or innermost, with which is
+combined the two subordinate arches and the tracery above. In the third
+order more especially, so painstaking and elaborate is the tool work
+that it is difficult to see how the artist could make the mouldings
+underneath the foliage. But for the evidence of the stone itself, the
+presumption would be that the foliage was worked on separate material
+and afterwards placed in position. The slender clustered shaft in
+the centre of the doorway has base and capitals similar; and the two
+subordinate arches have filleted round mouldings with foliage. They are
+trefoiled, and the circle above quatrefoiled; and in arches and circle
+the cusping is moulded with the fillet and pierced.
+
+Such is a plain account of the main features; but it is impossible
+to give any accurate idea of the impression it makes. The mingled
+grandeur and delicacy of the workmanship is enhanced by the background
+of the chapter-house, and by the particular effect caused by the light
+streaming down from the windows within. “One of the most beautiful
+specimens,” wrote Mr Louis Petit, “within the range of Gothic art.”
+“Faerial” is the particular word suggested looking through the
+archway; but “faerial” does not adequately represent the scale of
+workmanship. Amongst the numerous artists and architects the minster
+has attracted is Mr Ruskin; and Mr Ruskin alone could have worthily
+depicted the effect produced.
+
+=The Interior=.--It has been said that there is a difference of opinion
+as to whether York or Southwell is the older; but, according to
+Professor Willis, York must be the copy of Southwell. The two certainly
+have a great deal in common; for not only are both octagonal and placed
+in the same position, but both lack the central pillar, which in all
+the remaining chapter-houses in the country supports the vaulting of
+the roof. While York is by far the larger, there is universal agreement
+that Southwell excels it, as all others, in beauty.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHAPTER-HOUSE--CANOPIES OF STALLS.]
+
+The diameter is somewhat less than 30 feet, and each side of the
+octagon is about 12 feet. The side due west is occupied by the archway,
+and that immediately to the south of it by a wall, behind which is the
+circular newel staircase. This--the south-west wall--as well as the
+west, has a blank arch, resembling but not quite so lofty as the window
+arches, and the space above is ornamented with the universal foliage.
+The remaining six sides are pierced with the broad Decorated windows;
+and of these, that in the south wall overlooks the courtyard. Round all
+the seven sides not occupied by the doorway runs a low stone bench, and
+above the bench the stalls, five for each side: each series separated
+by a vaulting shaft reaching down to the bench and engaged. The shafts
+of the stalls are circular and detached, their bases variously moulded
+and their capitals of foliage. The arches are simple trefoils--not
+merely trefoiled underneath, as in the vestibule--and moulded with
+filleted rounds and hollows. Above there are acute-shaped canopies with
+corbels carved with both foliage and figures, the sides relieved by
+crockets which bear no resemblance to crooks, and finials which pass
+through the string course and terminate below the windows. The woodwork
+and nomenclature of the stalls are a recent addition, added for the use
+of the modern canons.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+DETAILS OF DOORWAY, CHAPTER-HOUSE.]
+
+The spandrels between the canopies are similarly ornamented, making
+the whole wall space below the windows a mass of sculpture in endless
+variety. The window arches are of two orders only, one less than
+the exterior, and the capitals are of foliage instead of the plain
+mouldings of the exterior. The lower parts of the engaged vaulting
+shafts from the bench to the corbels of the canopies are combined with
+the stall shafts in either side. Rising through the string course they
+then pass upwards in the angles of the wall between the window shafts,
+and the group of three shafts terminate together in united capitals
+of foliage at the spring of the arch. From the capital a groin rib
+reaches to the boss of foliage in the centre of the roof; two wall ribs
+form an arch over each window, and from the apex of the windows project
+horizontal ribs to the large central boss. The moulding of the ribs is
+the deep hollow; and at every point of intersection occasion is taken
+to introduce a subordinate boss.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHAPTER-HOUSE--CAPITAL.]
+
+The glass has suffered by time and neglect, and probably from wanton
+damage; before this the interior must have presented an appearance
+even more striking. A few scattered fragments, however, still remain,
+some of it collected from other windows. In the border of one of the
+northern lights are depicted the yellow castles of Castile. They
+are the arms of Eleanor of Castile, the first wife of Edward I. and
+mother of the unhappy Edward II. As she died in 1290, and as her arms
+would not have been inserted any length of time after her death, we
+have an interesting corroboration of the date of the building. In the
+same border is a white lion rampant on a red field: according to Mr
+Winston, of the same date; but according to Mr Planché, the arms of
+John Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, and somewhat later. In one of the
+trefoiled tracery lights of the south window is a small medallion of
+white glass, on which is a knight, with spear under arm, tilting. He
+wears a long surcoat with hauberk and chausses of mail, and helmet
+with crest resembling a bird’s wing. There are also imitations of the
+crockets and finials of the stalls, and of the brass represented in the
+carving of one of the capitals.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHAPTER-HOUSE--CAPITAL.]
+
+It is interesting to observe how this earlier Decorated workmanship
+availed itself of some of the Early English ideas, and how readily the
+two combined. The deeply-cut hollow moulding, for instance, is adhered
+to in the arches and groin ribs; and in spite of the great variety
+of more elaborate carving, room is still found for the conventional
+triple-lobed leaf in a few of the capitals. In this respect Southwell
+conforms with the general rule, as the rounds and hollows continued to
+prevail until long after the chapter-house was completed. On the other
+hand, the scroll or roll moulding--a round with one half smaller than
+the other, and with a sharp edge--extensively used in the arches, is
+characteristic of the Decorated, and must have been used at Southwell
+almost as soon as anywhere.
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+CHAPTER-HOUSE--CAPITAL.]
+
+Other chapter-houses may have proportions and symmetry of a like
+elegance; none have the wealth and luxuriance of carving to be found
+here. The artist’s tool is used everywhere possible, right up to the
+roof; and the quantity is too great to admit of the accepted tradition
+that all is the work of one and the same hand. There is, it is true,
+every mark of one general conception; but more than one sculptor must
+have been employed, each a man of such taste and skill that, had he
+lived in our day, he would have earned both name and competence. As
+it is, we know not to whom we are indebted. Discarding all accepted
+conventionalities, the foliage is natural to a degree, largely undercut
+and standing boldly forward. Bryony and ivy; the vine leaf, the fig
+leaf, and the hop; the white thorn and the rose, the oak and the
+maple are among the plants faithfully portrayed, and this part has
+been compared to the delicate lace pattern of Chinese work. There are
+also human heads, as above the stall now marked “Alto Pecco,” with
+two stems issuing from the mouth, and others from the head-dress, or
+the bare-headed one to the left of the doorway, both with a life-like
+expression. Again, there are animals, birds of various kinds, lizards,
+boars, and the rest. “No two capitals or bosses or spandrels can be
+found alike, no wearisome repetition of beautiful parts tires the eye,
+but everywhere we meet, in ever-changing and ever-charming variety,
+with some fresh object of interest and admiration.... A man reclines
+beneath a tree, puffing lustily away at a horn, or a goat is gnawing
+the leaves, or a bird pecking the berries, or a pair of pigs are
+grubbing up the acorns, or a brace of hounds just grabbing a hare....
+Of very much of it, it is not too much to say, that it is the work of
+no mere chiseller of stone, but of a consummate artist; than whom it
+may well be doubted whether any sculptor, of any age or country, ever
+produced anything more life-like and exquisitely graceful.”
+
+[Illustration: _A. J. Loughton, Photo._
+
+CARVING ABOVE STALL, NOW CALLED “ALTO PECCO”]
+
+Unhappily there is a certain amount of injury for which, without
+authority, the Roundheads have been blamed. They may have broken
+the stained glass; but there is no authenticated instance of their
+interference with work of this kind. Images of saints, inscriptions
+implying the doctrine of purgatory or prayers for the dead, are the
+kinds of carving that excited their abhorrence. Here the sculpture
+is so secular that Bishop Christopher Wordsworth said of it upon
+the spot: “Perhaps even the beautiful sculptured foliage in some of
+the ornamental work of this fair chapter-house might be referred to
+as showing that reverence for holy things and holy places was not a
+characteristic of some who had chief authority.” As indeed there was
+not; for while a regular and a secular priest are both represented,
+they are engaged, not at prayer, but as tussling with one another, the
+secular of course having the best of it. The dilapidations have been
+caused by broken windows and a neglected roof, and by the allowing of
+unskilful hands to take casts.[28]
+
+[Illustration: _S. B. Bolas & Co., Photo._
+
+ROOD SCREEN FROM THE NAVE.]
+
+=The Rood Screen=.--This, the latest piece of the work, dating some
+forty years after the chapter-house, is under the eastern arch of the
+central tower, and on the western side presents a picturesque insertion
+of Decorated architecture in the midst of Norman surroundings. Marks
+in the stonework show that it replaced an earlier one, coeval with the
+choir. The great cross or holy rood itself must have been a striking
+feature, looking from the west door or the chancel: the organ merely
+blocks up the way. It was probably removed in the reign of Edward VI.,
+and the like fate awaited the statues which adorned the western face.
+
+The screen opens into the nave with three canopied arches. The base
+mouldings overlap the plinth, and the pillars are of four graceful
+clustered shafts. The inner arches are cinque-foil, with pierced cusps,
+and those above ornamented with crockets. The foliage of the capitals
+clings closely, more so than in the chapter-house, and shows the
+advance in the style.
+
+[Illustration: UNDER THE SCREEN, LOOKING SOUTH.]
+
+The parapet also is typical of the style: the leading line of the
+stonework is pierced so as to form a continuous undulation; and the
+openings are foliated. The flat stone roof is supported by flying
+ribs, and in the spandrels between these and the corresponding ribs of
+the roof above are trefoiled circles, and the points of intersection
+are worked with bosses. On either side is a staircase leading to the
+organ gallery above. The side walls are richly ornamented with flowing
+tracery. On the eastern face besides the ogee shape of the arches,
+the main feature of interest is the profuse introduction of carved
+heads, at the outer angles of the cusps, in the spandrels, and on
+the capitals. Some are angels, others ecclesiastics, and others like
+those in the chapter-house, have a life-like expression. Above the
+central arch is a figure of the Virgin and Child. Edward Cludd, when
+the minster was threatened, used his influence with the Protector in
+time to save the screen, which, possessing so many religious emblems,
+would otherwise have been speedily demolished. The ball flower is used
+above the canopies of the stalls. There are three stalls on either
+side, and the back of the first to the south, in olden times the
+archbishop’s throne, is decorated with diaper work, each square with
+a different flower pattern. The seats are fixed with hinges, and make
+regular misereres, so that when turned up the prebendaries would be
+able to rest against them while standing or kneeling. The wood carving
+is chiefly of foliage.
+
+The rood screen, with its profuse elaboration of ornament forming
+an integral part of the structure, and with its characteristic base
+mouldings, capitals, and parapet, is as fine a specimen of the full
+maturity of the Decorated style, as is the chapter-house of the earlier
+or Geometrical stage.
+
+[Illustration: _A. J. Loughton, Photo._
+
+CHOIR, LOOKING WEST, AND SHOWING ROOD SCREEN.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PALACE AND WOLSEY
+
+
+Very effective must the grouping of minster and palace have been before
+the latter was suffered to sink into decay; and even now its dismantled
+walls and gables, clad in ivy and moss and lichen, add considerably to
+the picturesqueness of the scene. The only building near the church--it
+lies on the south side--a walk of some twenty to five-and-twenty yards
+would take the archbishops from their postern or garden gate to the
+south transept door. Its plan is best described as a quadrangle with
+battlemented walls and round turrets at intervals for defence. In
+the valuation made in the sixteenth century it is called “a goodelie
+Mansion House of the Bishoppe builded of timber and stone, and the most
+of stone, adjoynenge to the Collegiat Churche there wiche House is
+well and sufficientlie repayred.” On the side remote from the church
+was a small park, now fields, and traces of the fish pond are clearly
+visible; and three larger parks belonging to the archbishops were in
+the neighbourhood.
+
+The State apartments were to the east, the living rooms to the south,
+the offices to the north, and the chapel and great hall were on the
+north side adjoining the churchyard. It is difficult to fix the exact
+spot where the different rooms were situated, but on the east side the
+great window near the church belonged to the chapel, and that at the
+other end to the library. The remains belong to two distinct periods,
+for some roll mouldings and other work show that part of the walls, the
+buttresses, and the lower part of the chimneys are of the fourteenth
+century; and Dugdale is probably correct in telling us that Archbishop
+Thoresby, a prelate of taste and munificence, built a new palace about
+1360. The great windows and the upper part of the chimneys belong
+to a later time, and are perhaps due to that magnificent prelate,
+Cardinal John Kempe, whose arms of three corn sheaves (in allusion
+to his father, a husbandman of Rye in Sussex), supported by an angel,
+are still preserved in the walls. The great hall is usually ascribed
+to Kempe, but experts date the chimney earlier. Some very interesting
+carved stonework has been inserted in the wall opposite the church.
+
+Its decay dates from the Civil War. Archbishop Williams fled into Wales
+and died there. The royal garrison inflicted grave injury, and no later
+archbishop repaired it. A private dwelling-house was built inside the
+walls; the hall became the local session-house, and the site of the
+offices first a bowling-green, and then a garden. Dr Trollope, bishop
+suffragan of Nottingham, purchased the freehold from the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners, and commenced a partial restoration with the intention
+that it should once again become the residence of the bishop of the
+diocese, but in this he failed. It now belongs to the bishopric of
+Southwell; and Dr Ridding has made additional restorations.
+
+It has been seen that Alfric Puttoc, Gerard, Corbridge and the two
+Booths died here, as did Sandys afterwards; and the more doubtful
+Aldred (1069) and Godfrey de Ludham (1266) are also cited. Where some
+of the archbishops died and were buried is so uncertain that it is not
+surprising to find York and Southwell both mentioned. And even Robert
+Holgate, who died in 1556, is assigned to Southwell, though, as he had
+been deprived and was in disgrace, this is not likely.[29] The one
+archbishop who has made the greatest mark in the history of the whole
+roll is also the one whose movements at Southwell are the best known.
+
+With Wolsey as “perhaps the greatest political genius whom England has
+ever produced,” Southwell has nothing to do. He was Archbishop of York
+as he was Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of St. Albans, and held other
+preferments, in order to support his great state out of the multiplied
+revenues. He never set foot in his diocese until after his fall, and
+the manner of his coming was in this wise:
+
+As the king’s Prime Minister, his arrogance had angered the nobles, his
+taxes the people, his mode of life, setting “the clergy ill example,”
+had weakened his prestige, and the affair of Anne Boleyn was his ruin.
+On the adjournment of the special court, he repaired with Campeggio
+to Grafton in Northamptonshire (19th Sept. 1529). Henry received him
+graciously; but Wolsey knew how the king had been prejudiced against
+him, for no preparations had been made for him, and was resolved on
+retiring from politics. Supping that night with the Lords of the
+Council, the following conversation was held:--
+
+_Wolsey_--It were well done if the king would send his chaplains and
+bishops to their cures and benefices.
+
+_Norfolk_--Yea, marry, and so it were for you, too.
+
+_Wolsey_--I would be contented therewith very well, if it were the
+king’s pleasure to grant me licence, with his favour, to go to my
+benefice of Winchester.
+
+_Norfolk_--Nay, to your benefice of York, where consisteth your
+greatest honour and charge.
+
+_Wolsey_--Even as it shall please the king.
+
+Farnham would have been too near Windsor to suit his enemies: and he
+was not even allowed to retire quietly to York, while his son, Thomas
+Wynter, was compelled to resign his stall of Norwell Overhall and his
+other preferments.
+
+Almost persecuted to death, and stripped of everything but his
+archbishopric, Wolsey was at length suffered to go north, and reached
+Southwell on the Thursday after Low Sunday 1530. As the palace required
+repairs, he occupied the house of a non-resident prebendary for five
+weeks until Whitsuntide. He was then sixty years old.
+
+A pamphlet published six years later, quoted by Bishop Creighton, gives
+an interesting account of the way he discharged his duties.
+
+“Who was less beloved in the north than my lord cardinal before he
+was amongst them? Who better beloved after he had been there awhile?
+He gave bishops a right good example how they might win men’s hearts.
+There were few holy days but he would ride five or six miles from his
+house, now to this parish, now to that, and there cause one or other
+of his doctors to make a sermon unto the people. He sat amongst them,
+and said mass before all the parish; he saw why churches were made;
+he began to restore them to their right and proper use; he brought
+his dinner with him, and bade divers of the parish to it. He inquired
+whether there were any debate or grudge between any of them. If there
+were, after dinner he sent for the parties to the church and made them
+all one.” George Cavendish, his gentleman usher, speaks to a similar
+effect of his kindness to rich and poor, and his endeavours to patch
+up quarrels. “He made many agreements and concords between gentleman
+and gentleman, and between some gentlemen and their wives that had
+been long asunder and in great trouble, and divers other agreements
+between other persons; making great assemblies for the same purpose,
+and feasting of them, not sparing for any costs, where he might make a
+peace and amity; which purchased him much love and friendship in the
+country.” The Whitsuntide of 1530 must have offered an exceedingly
+brilliant spectacle; for people would come from far and near, not only
+to attend the procession and synod, but to get a glimpse of the once
+all-powerful cardinal in his fallen estate.
+
+Cavendish relates that on the night of the Wednesday after Whitweek
+he had just fallen asleep when he was disturbed by a message that two
+travellers were at the gate demanding an instant interview with the
+archbishop from the king. He went down, and found Brereton, a gentleman
+of the privy chamber, and Wrotherly, and directed the porter to admit
+them into his lodge.
+
+When Cavendish had aroused Wolsey, the king’s emissaries had their
+interview in the latter’s private dining-room. “After long talk they
+took out of a male a certain coffer covered with green velvet, and
+bound with bars of silver and gilt, with a lock of the same, having
+a key which was gilt, with the which they opened the same chest; out
+of the which they took a certain instrument or writing, containing
+more than one skin or parchment, having many great seals hanging at
+it, whereunto they put more wax for my lord’s seal; the which my lord
+sealed with his own seal, and subscribed his name to the same.” This
+document was either a transfer to the king of some property that had
+escaped forfeiture, or of the French king’s pension, which Henry was
+determined to have. The messengers were refreshed with wine and cold
+meat, and went away directly afterwards, refusing Wolsey’s offer of
+a bed, and grumbling to themselves because he only gave them four
+sovereigns each, which, says Cavendish, was more than he could then
+afford. The next day, Corpus Christi, in spite of his night’s rest
+having been disturbed, Wolsey sang high mass in the minster. He left
+Southwell at the end of the summer for Scrooby and Cawood. He had
+intended to be enthroned in York minster, but was arrested before the
+day fixed for the ceremonial. He died at Leicester Abbey on November
+30th the same year.
+
+=The Beginning of the Reformation.=--In 1540 the chapter, wisely
+advised, surrendered their estates to the king. Things went on just
+as before, until by a special Act (Private Acts, 33 Henry VIII. c.
+10) it was provided that the church and chapter shall stand in the
+same perfect state “as it was or stood the first day of June in the
+32nd yere of the reigne of our sovereign lord the king, or at anie
+time before, and shall remaine, continue and be for ever, a perfecte
+bodie corporate.” It was declared to be the head and mother church of
+the town and county of Notts, and everything was returned. Henry had
+no political objection to establishments like Southwell: they did not
+support the authority of the Pope in the way the abbeys did. In sparing
+the chapter, some say the king was influenced by Cranmer, a native of
+the county; others that the leading men of the county pleaded, while
+an inscription in the nave gives the credit to Archbishop Lee. The
+changes made were the abolition of the papal authority, the omission of
+the Pope’s name in the service books, and the reciting of the Litany
+in English, with one chapter in English from the Old Testament, and
+another from the New; and in these changes everyone acquiesced.
+
+A bishopric of Southwell, with jurisdiction over Notts and Derby,
+was actually projected at this time, with Dr Richard Cox (afterwards
+Bishop of Ely) as the _private first_ prelate of the new see. The old
+endowments, with some fresh additions, altogether valued at £1003 per
+annum, were set aside for this purpose. But it was not to be; either
+the extravagance of Henry or the rapacity of his courtiers prevented
+the allocation of any of the confiscated church lands; and Southwell
+was destined to wait and become one of the Victorian bishoprics.
+
+=The First Interregnum.=--In the autumn of 1545 the first Chantries Act
+was passed (37 Henry VIII. c. 4), by the provisions of which not only
+chantries but colleges were conferred upon the king in order to pay the
+debts his extravagance had contracted. The Court of Augmentations,
+to which was entrusted the alienation of the different estates, left
+Southwell alone, as the list of 1547 shows that the prebendaries and
+other clergy were in the full enjoyment of their benefices. But a
+similar Act passed at the beginning of Edward VI.’s reign involved the
+whole of the Southwell properties; and the chapter became moribund.
+Some of the clergy were pensioned; but vested interests were not
+generally recognised. On the petition of the parishioners, the minster
+was continued as the parish church; and the sacrist prebendary, John
+Adams, was made vicar of Southwell at a stipend of £20 a year, with his
+vicar-choral, Matthew Fort, and the old parish vicar, Robert Salwyne,
+as “assistants to the cure,” with £5 a year each.
+
+=The Restoration of the Chapter=.--The greater part of the property
+had been obtained by Northumberland, Lady Jane Grey’s father-in-law,
+and afterwards went to John Beaumont, Master of the Rolls. By an Act
+of 1557 this property reverted to the Crown in payment of Beaumont’s
+debts. What follows is very much of a mystery, but some of the
+prebendaries went back: and an action was brought against them in the
+Court of Exchequer for trespass. The judgment delivered was remarkable;
+it was decided that the Private Act exempted the chapter from the
+later Chantry Acts of Henry and Edward. The simplest explanation is
+that suggested by Mr Leach: Mary wished to restore the chapter and the
+church lands, and the action at law was collusive.
+
+Shortly after Mary died, and during the reign of Elizabeth this
+decision of the Court of Exchequer was upheld in the numerous suits
+brought by the chapter to recover different fragments of their estates.
+Eventually almost the whole were recovered. The vicars-choral were
+reduced to six, of whom one was to be parish vicar and a second the
+master of the Grammar School. The chantry priests were abolished, their
+property being retained by the chapter, and their house let on lease in
+various tenements; but provision was made for the priests, and a lease
+of 1574 stipulates for the life interest in their respective lodgings
+of the two who still remained. Being illiterate, they had been unable
+to find other preferment, and with a pension of £4 and the use of their
+old rooms they were mercifully allowed to spend the rest of their
+lives where they had formerly served.
+
+Archbishop Sandys (1577-1589) was held in high esteem by the queen, and
+was constantly consulted by her. As he had to organise both diocese
+and province, as well as attend the council, Southwell was his most
+central palace, and there he made his home. Through his instrumentality
+a fresh body of statutes was drawn up. Provisions were made for divine
+worship three times a day, for study and preaching, and one of the
+canons was to deliver at least two theological lectures in English
+during the week. The prebendaries were to preside in turn, and were to
+elect a vicar-general from amongst themselves. This officer exercised
+all jurisdiction over the peculiar not specifically reserved for the
+chapter or the residentiary. But as the chapter had no permanent chief,
+and no means were provided for enforcing residence, the statute became
+a dead letter, and the vicars-choral, or minor canons as they came to
+be called, were promoted by the chapter to benefices in their gift, and
+also became pluralists.
+
+King James passed through Southwell on his accession, travelling from
+Scotland to London, and was greatly astonished at finding so large
+a church in so small a town. When a member of his suite pointed out
+that he had just seen two larger ones in Durham and York, the king
+answered peevishly in his Scotch accent, “Vary weel, vary weel, but by
+my blude this kirk shall justle with York or Durham, or any kirk in
+Christendom.” It may have been the impression derived from his visit,
+when the chapter greeted him with a loyal address, which caused him
+to issue letters-patent, confirming the chapter in their disputed
+estates, and so putting an end to the incessant, if always successful,
+legislation.
+
+=The Saracen’s Head and Charles I=.--Situated at the junction of the
+roads from Mansfield, Newark, and Nottingham, this famous inn was
+conveyed by Archbishop Arundel to John Fysher in 1396. It is so covered
+with plaster that it is impossible to assign any date to the building;
+but it appears never to have been rebuilt, only repaired from time
+to time. The east side faces the street, and with the outbuildings
+surrounds a courtyard, entered under an archway with oaken doors.
+Internally it contains long rambling passages; but the great point of
+attraction is the coffee-room in which Charles I. is traditionally
+said to have given himself up to the Scotch army. It is two rooms
+thrown into one; the ceiling is papered, but the wainscotting remains
+on the walls; and although the windows have been altered, the old
+settles beneath are left. The long passage over the archway leads to
+the King’s Room, also two thrown into one, in which Bishop Selwyn
+passed a night, and composed some halting rhymes. The inn is associated
+with the Whitsuntide feasts, and with supposed royal visits from Edward
+I. and Edward III., who were more likely to have rested at the palace.
+
+It is a typical old posting-house; and there is no reason whatever to
+doubt the story that Charles here, as distinct from the palace, met the
+Scotch commissioners, as it has been handed down uninterruptedly.
+
+In the spring of 1646 the affairs of the king were desperate; and on
+23rd March he sent a message through Montreuil, the French “resident
+in Scotland,” for the leaders of the Scotch army. Montreuil was at
+Southwell, and the army was besieging the royalist castle of Newark.
+Charles hoped that as the Scotch feared the length to which matters
+were tending, he could more easily make terms with them than with the
+Parliamentary party. On the evening of 26th April he misled his council
+by telling them that he was going to London to treat; and at three in
+the morning, accompanied by Ashburnham and his chaplain, Dr Hudson,
+and disguised as Ashburnham’s servant, with hair and beard trimmed,
+secretly left Oxford.
+
+The forlorn monarch at one time entertained the idea of escaping by
+sea from Lynn; but this was abandoned; and Hudson went to Montreuil
+at Southwell to urge him to get conditions from the Scotch that would
+satisfy the king. Turning westward the king reached Stamford on the
+evening of 3rd May; and staying there, still in disguise, he set out on
+the night of the 4th, and reached the Saracen’s Head at Southwell at
+7 A.M. on the morning of 5th May, where he was received by Montreuil.
+At Southwell, says Mr S.R. Gardiner, “he fancied himself a guest; but
+the days of his captivity had in fact begun.” The negotiations which
+followed may best be described as a game at bluff, Lothian (on the part
+of the Scotch) and the king each trying to overreach the other; and
+when Charles finally gave himself up, Montreuil and the Scotch alike
+believed him pledged to Presbyterianism, while Charles fully trusted
+that his life and person were safe. The same day he was removed to
+Kelham Hall, where David Leslie, the commander of the army, had his
+headquarters. The action of the king in giving himself up was a
+complete surprise for the Scotch leaders, who wrote to the Parliament
+from Southwell that it made them feel like men in a dream.
+
+Bishop Selwyn is wrong in supposing that Charles slept in the king’s
+room: unless he there took such necessary rest as he was able after his
+arrival; but just as likely he made use of Montreuil’s bedroom, which
+appears to have been the back part of the present coffee-room. Neither
+is there anything to show that he slept there the previous year after
+Naseby, when “he wandered helplessly in search of fresh forces.” That
+he did stay at the Saracen’s Head, however, seems certain. The palace
+was already in a state of dilapidation, and Charles still in disguise
+as Ashburnham’s servant. No house was in itself more likely; and the
+account dates from the time. As he passed under the archway of the
+hostelry with Lothian and his Scotch escort to the Kelham road, he was
+but beginning the initial stage of that sad journey which was to end
+only on the scaffold at Whitehall, and convert the life-story of this
+able but untrustworthy sovereign into the most pathetic of any king in
+English history.
+
+=The Second Interregnum=.--During the Civil War and the Commonwealth
+the prebendaries were compelled to vacate their stalls and seek
+refuge where they could: the usual services were prohibited, and a
+great deal of injury inflicted on the statues both outside and in. A
+warrant was issued to pull down the nave and all parts not actually
+required for worship. Edward Cludd, who had purchased Normanton Park,
+a man of influence in the Parliamentary party, saved the building from
+demolition. He was a justice of the peace, and celebrated marriages
+under an oak in his park, that was called after him. He lived to see
+the restoration, and was buried in the church. When the chapter was
+restored in 1660, nearly all the stalls were found to be vacant, and
+the king filled most of them up by royal mandate without waiting for
+the new archbishop.
+
+On the fifth of November 1711, a storm, with thunder and lightning,
+passed over the town, accompanied by a high west wind. The conical roof
+of the south-west tower took fire, and the flames spread, injuring
+the roof of the nave. It spread along the nave to the central tower,
+melting the bells, and destroying the organ. Beyond this the annals of
+the church and town possess little or nothing further of interest.
+
+In 1780 the buildings in the Vicars’ Court were pulled down, and the
+present houses erected in their place. The large one at the end was for
+the prebendary in residence; and the two on either side for four of the
+minor canons; the parish vicar and Grammar School master being provided
+for elsewhere. Four years later Booth’s chapel was pulled down, and the
+Grammar School removed to the old house of the chantry priests, where
+the red brick building now stands.
+
+One prebendary (in residence for three months every four years), and
+even that frequently by proxy, was considered sufficient, and so
+continued to the end.
+
+=Some distinguished Prebendaries=.--Some members of the chapter, after
+the Reformation, became distinguished, and are deserving of notice.
+=Lancelot Andrewes= (North Muskham, 1589-99) is still remembered for
+his Sermons, Devotions, and Manual for the Sick. At the same time
+that he held his Southwell stall, he held another at Westminster,
+and was master of Pembroke College, Cambridge. He afterwards became
+Dean of Westminster, and in succession Bishop of Chichester, Ely, and
+Winchester. On the death of Bancroft, the bishops met and agreed to
+recommend Andrewes for the primacy; but he was passed over in favour
+of a far inferior man, George Abbot, owing to the Scotch favourites
+that had the ear of King James. Andrewes was the first preacher of
+his day, though the puns in his sermons would excite the laughter of
+a modern congregation. He was looked up to for his high character;
+and in learning and administrative ability ranked higher than any of
+his brother prelates, and was renowned as a controversialist against
+Bellarmine. He found time to keep his residence at Southwell, and
+became attached to it. Some of his family settled there, but died out
+in the eighteenth century.
+
+The other prebendary who calls for notice owes his name and fame to
+different circumstances altogether.
+
+=William Mompesson= (Normanton, 1671-1709) was a son of the rector of
+Eakring, and was living at Southwell at the time Monk passed through on
+his way from Scotland. The year after the plague he was vicar of the
+lonely parish of Eyam, to the north of Bakewell, in the Derbyshire
+Peak. In the April of 1666 the contagion was conveyed to Eyam in some
+patterns of tailors’ cloth, and rapidly spread. His wife urged him to
+leave, but he declined; and she remained, their infant son and daughter
+being sent to Barnburgh Rectory, in Yorkshire, a Southwell benefice
+held by a relative. Mompesson proposed to the Earl of Devonshire to be
+responsible for no parishioner crossing the parish boundary, provided
+that food was left at stated places. This arrangement was faithfully
+carried out, and the contagion did not spread to any other village.
+Mompesson, wisely abandoning the church, held the services on Sundays,
+Wednesdays, and Fridays, underneath a curiously-formed rock hard by,
+that is still pointed out. His wife died--there is a monument to her
+in the churchyard,--and no less than four-fifths of the people. A new
+burying-ground had to be marked out in the heath above the village
+before the cold weather of late autumn finally stopped the ravages
+of the pest. There can be no doubt that the influence and devotion
+of this one man isolated the plague, and kept it strictly confined
+to the one small village. Archbishop Sterne gave him the well-earned
+stall of Normanton; and the chapter elected him their vicar-general.
+He succeeded his father at Eakring, and was buried there, refusing the
+deanery of Lincoln.
+
+The virulence of the pest at Eyam may be gathered from the fact that,
+ninety-one years later, five labourers, digging on the extemporised
+burial-ground, contracted a putrid fever, of whom three died, as well
+as other parishioners. The infant son, who was removed from Eyam,
+became prebendary of Oxton and Cropwell, and succeeded his father as
+vicar-general. It is to be regretted that this name is now extinct in
+the county.
+
+A number of other prebendaries rose to high preferment. =Matthew
+Hutton=, like Andrewes, a master of Pembroke college, became Archbishop
+of York in the reign of Elizabeth. In the next century =Robert Snowden=
+became in succession bishop of Carlisle, Bristol, and Chichester;
+=John Jegon= obtained Norwich, and made his brother Thomas (also a
+prebendary) archdeacon and canon residentiary in his diocese; =Robert
+Sanderson=, a noted casuist, and one of the few prebendaries who
+survived the Civil War, was appointed to the throne of Lincoln at
+the Restoration; and =William Jackson=, after holding Dunham for
+thirty-two years, was Bishop of Oxford in 1812. We now come to a more
+distinguished inhabitant.
+
+=The Burgage Manor House and Byron=.--Byron is always interesting,
+and an account of his connection with Southwell may be useful. On her
+son’s accession to the title and estates, Mrs Byron was too poor to
+afford to live at Newstead, which was let; and after staying for a time
+at Nottingham and other places, in 1804 she took the Burgage Manor
+House at Southwell--the white house on the green coming up from the
+station. Here Byron came first from Harrow for the summer holidays of
+this year, at the age of sixteen. In 1805 he went to Trinity College,
+Cambridge, and was generally at Southwell during the vacations up to
+June 1807, after which we have no more traces of him. Lord Stratford
+de Redcliffe saw him in the Eton and Harrow match of 1805, on the old
+Dorset Square Lord’s Ground, and afterwards described him to Tennyson
+as big for his years and moody-looking, and remembered to have seen
+him, “bat in hand, limp back to the Pavilion, having just lost his
+wicket, and evidently not over-pleased.” At Southwell, the future poet
+played cricket and bathed in the Greet, and, accompanied by John Pigot,
+made a visit to Harrogate with his two dogs “Nelson” and “Boatswain.”
+He would have been happy enough but for the usual quarrels with his
+mother, in one of which, to escape the poker, he took refuge in flight,
+keeping his address secret from Mrs Byron. While in hiding from her, he
+wrote to young Pigot: “Without doubt the dames of Southwell reprobate
+the pernicious example I have shown, and tremble lest their _babes_
+should disobey their mandates, and quit their mammas on any grievance.”
+But so far from blaming him, Southwell took his side, and in spite of
+constitutional shyness he was a decided favourite.
+
+Not only the young medical student, John Pigot, but his sister
+Elizabeth, attracted Byron; and although the affection never ripened
+into a passion, Miss Chaworth was too recent--the young lady had the
+rare knack of overcoming his shyness, and in the Pigots’ house he felt
+at home, and went in and out as he pleased. One day Miss Pigot happened
+to read something of Burns to him, and in the talk that followed was
+surprised to find that Byron also composed verse. He recited to her
+the two short pieces to be found at the beginning of the “Hours of
+Idleness,” “In thee I fondly hoped to clasp,” and “When to this airy
+hall”; and shortly afterwards, urged partly by his friend and partly
+by his own budding ambition, commissioned Ridge of Newark to print a
+hundred copies of his juvenile efforts, which was duly done in November
+1806. Miss Pigot lived some forty years after her friend’s death, and
+is still well remembered. His letters to her (including the earliest
+published) are in Moore’s life; and she is the Eliza of his youthful
+verse.
+
+Another friend, nearly twenty years his senior, was the Rev. John
+Thomas Becher, already incidentally referred to in treating of the nave
+transepts. He was a son of the vicar-general, and afterwards succeeded
+his father. Byron presented Becher first with a copy of his little
+volume; and the result was remarkable. His friend, after reading the
+verses, initiated a discussion carried on in verse; and so unfavourable
+was Becher’s criticism, that the whole, with the exception of one or
+two copies which could not be recalled, were that same night committed
+to the flames. Many of them reappeared in “Hours of Idleness” the next
+year; and all, or nearly all, eventually in the complete editions of
+his works published by Murray. Mr Becher advised his friend to study
+the Bible, Shakespeare, and Milton, and not to waste his time in
+devouring the current light literature. He also urged him, but without
+success, to cultivate the county magnates, and to mix more in general
+society. Byron’s answer may be found in the “Hours of Idleness.” In
+reality, the lord of Newstead was too proud and too shy to mix freely
+with the county world without making what he thought a sufficient
+display. Thomas Moore regretted that the young genius was so soon
+removed from Mr Becher’s influence; and expressed the opinion that, had
+he remained longer at Southwell, his after-life might have been free
+from vice.
+
+In writing the “Hours of Idleness” he kept late hours. His first visit
+in the morning was to Miss Pigot, to whom he read the production of the
+previous night. He then went on to the Bechers’ and other houses. His
+evenings were given by preference to the Pigots, and he and Miss Pigot
+were accustomed to play and sing together such songs as the “Maid of
+Lodi.” Among his verses with a local tinge are some lines addressed to
+Miss Houson, who was alarmed one day at the sound of a bullet he had
+fired in his mother’s garden; the prologue to some private theatricals,
+a “Reply” to his friend, John Pigot; and the often-quoted punning
+epitaph on the drunken carrier. When he was seriously ill, and wrote
+his “Adieu,” he referred to the Greet--
+
+      Streamlet! along whose rippling surge
+    My youthful limbs were wont to urge,
+    At noontide heat, their pliant course;
+    Plunging with ardour from the shore,
+    Thy springs will lave these limbs no more,
+      Deprived of active force.
+
+But the associations of the minster failed to make any impression on
+him; and the subject is ignored alike in his verse and letters. The
+silly affectation with which he bemoaned the quietness and dulness
+of the town has been constantly quoted; what he really thought was
+something quite different, and is conveyed in a letter to a friend
+named Dallas, written in 1811, whom he advised to settle there.
+
+“Now, I know a large village, or small town, about twelve miles off
+[Newstead Abbey] where your family would have the advantage of very
+genteel society, without the hazard of being annoyed by mercantile
+affluence; where _you_ would meet with men of information and
+independence; and where I have friends to whom I should be proud to
+introduce you. There are, besides, a coffee-room, assemblies, etc.
+etc., which bring people together. My mother had a house there for some
+years, and I am well acquainted with the economy of Southwell, the name
+of this little commonwealth.”[30]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE DISSOLUTION OF THE CHAPTER
+
+
+The difference between the Southwell depicted by Byron and the
+Southwell of to-day is due to organic changes. In 1837 Notts, less the
+ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the chapter, was transferred from York
+to Lincoln; and four years later Southwell shared the same fate.
+
+Thus was broken the long connection, not only with the diocese, but
+also with the province of York. In 1840 a clause or two in a Bill (3
+and 4 Vict. c. 113), supplemented the next year by a special Act (4
+and 5 Vict. c. 39), destroyed the chapter, after making allowance for
+vested interests, as a useless waste of ecclesiastical revenues. The
+canonries, as vacancies occurred, were not to be filled up, the minor
+canons were to be reduced to two (eventually to none at all); and the
+property was to go to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, to help in
+founding Ripon and Manchester, although these two dioceses were quite
+wealthy enough to endow their own bishoprics. What the total revenues
+were at the time of the dissolution, it is impossible to say. A great
+part of the incomes, both of the common and trust funds and of the
+various prebends, was paid in lump sums, technically called “fines,” at
+the renewal of leases. It has been estimated as high as £30,000 a year:
+the real nett income of the whole of the properties may, perhaps, have
+reached a third of this high figure. It must, however, be remembered,
+in computing the real loss, that the Commissioners have borne the
+whole expense of restoring the edifice. In succession to the sixteen
+prebendaries and the six minor canons, a brand new benefice, a rectory,
+was created and endowed not over-liberally, and the minster reduced to
+the status of an ordinary parish church.
+
+During a great part of the period of transition the two minor canons
+allowed temporarily to remain filled the duty usually assigned to
+canons in residence, and preached in the afternoon. The Act of 1840
+for curtailing, or, as at Southwell, for abolishing, cathedral and
+collegiate chapters was passed during the heat wave of change which
+followed in the footsteps of the first Reform Bill. No one opposed it
+more vigorously than did the young Tory and High Church member for
+Newark, Mr W.E. Gladstone, who added to his rising fame by his great
+speech against its provisions. But, in spite of the numerous petitions
+that came pouring in, the general middle and upper class opinion of
+the day was against such colleges as Southwell, and in favour of
+devoting their revenues to other purposes. It has changed since; and
+if the present Bishop of Southwell were asked his opinion, he would
+probably answer that a chapter of sixteen prebendaries appointed by
+himself would have been of inestimable service in carrying on the
+administration of the diocese. So ended a clerical republic which had
+safely survived the storms of Henry VIII. and Edward VI.
+
+[Illustration: SOUTHWELL, SHOWING WEST TOWERS BEFORE RESTORATION--
+RUINS OF THE PALACE TO THE LEFT.]
+
+=The Grammar School=.--By yet another blow the Grammar School was
+crippled. Two fellowships and two scholarships at St. John’s,
+Cambridge, founded by Dr Keton in the reign of Henry VIII., with a
+preference for choristers, were confiscated. Under Dr William Fletcher
+(a first classman and Fellow of Brasenose) the school was the most
+flourishing in the county: thanks to the craze for meddling reform,
+it was afterwards reduced to _three boys_. It has been left for the
+present headmaster, who was appointed by Bishop Wordsworth when the
+fortunes of the school were at a low ebb, assisted by his son, to
+restore this time-honoured seat of education to a favourable and
+prominent position, although allowed by the Commissioners only the old
+sixteenth-century endowment of twenty-three pounds a year. At the next
+voidance of the one remaining minor canonry, the headmaster of the
+Grammar School will be the sole remaining officer allowed to continue;
+and a more generous policy might well be pursued with regard to the
+oldest educational establishment of the county. When it is added that
+the “very genteel society” of Byron successfully opposed the Nottingham
+and Lincoln Railway, it need not now be a cause for wonder that the
+town does not occupy that position the author of “Childe Harold”
+described.
+
+=The Foundation of the See=.--The county of Nottingham had not time
+to settle into its new position before it was discovered that the
+reconstructed diocese of Lincoln, with over eight hundred benefices,
+was too large for one bishop to supervise. In Bishop Jackson’s time
+the need of a new diocese was mooted; with Bishop Wordsworth this idea
+took active shape; and during the administration of Lord Beaconsfield
+the necessary legislative sanction was obtained, although, as the
+main part of the endowment had to be collected by subscription, the
+see was not constituted until 1884. Bishop Wordsworth not only parted
+with a portion of his episcopal income, but was the most munificent
+subscriber; and to him it is due that Southwell had the preference as
+the see town over the large and growing city of Nottingham. It was
+also part of the scheme of this distinguished prelate that the diocese
+should be limited to the one county, and that the old palace should be
+restored for the bishop’s residence, but neither of these was carried
+into effect. The plan of Henry VIII. was adopted, and Derbyshire added,
+while the restoration of the palace was abandoned. The minster was
+thus chosen as the cathedral church out of sentiment; and it is to be
+regretted that it did not at the same time revert to its old province
+of York.
+
+The new honorary canons of the diocese, with the bishop at their
+head as dean, took the names of the old prebends. The work they have
+done in the diocese has justified their appointment; but historical
+association, while respected in one sense, was here also strangely
+disregarded, since between the old prebendaries and the new canons
+there is no kind of connection. The first bishop, Dr George Ridding,
+headmaster of Winchester, has continued the untiring munificence of
+Dr Wordsworth; and his organising powers have found full scope in the
+working of the two counties.
+
+Thus the outline of the story of this little town from the days of the
+Britons and Romans onwards comes to an end. Southwell may well take for
+her motto--
+
+    The old order changeth, yielding place to new,
+    And God fulfils Himself in many ways.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+
+APPENDIX A
+
+THE CULDEES
+
+The derivation is given from _Cultor_ (or perhaps _cola) Dei_. The
+Culdees are generally supposed to have been a religious order founded
+by St. Columba in the middle of the sixth century; but this would seem
+to be a mistake, for, says Canon Ornsby, the name was unknown to Baeda,
+Eddi, and Andamnan, _Deicola (= Gode-frihte_, or God-fearing) was
+the appellation given first to anchorites, and afterwards to certain
+secular clergy.
+
+The clergy of Canterbury were called _Cultores [Dei] Clerici_ in 1006;
+those of York Colidei or Culdees so late as Henry I. Mr Leach says (p.
+xx.) that the clergy of Lichfield were likewise of Culdee origin under
+St. Chad. Perhaps the least unlikely inference is that at Southwell,
+as elsewhere, the Culdees represent an intermediate stage between the
+primitive missionaries and the prebendaries of a later time with their
+separate churches and endowments. They were allowed to marry, and
+shared in a common fund.
+
+
+APPENDIX B
+
+A STORY OF THE SUPERNATURAL
+
+
+Florence of Worcester says (under date 1137): “At Southwell, a ‘vill’
+of the archbishop’s, while a grave was being made for a funeral, there
+were found some relics of saints, and a glass phial with raised sides
+to prevent its being broken, and full of very clear water; which being
+given to the sick, they were on tasting it restored to their former
+health.” Florence says that this story was told him by Henry, Bishop of
+Winchester.
+
+
+APPENDIX C
+
+CHANTRIES, CHAPELS, AND ALTARS
+
+The eight chantry foundations of the thirteenth century were St. Thomas
+the Martyr (three), St. Peter, St. Nicholas (with Halam annexed), St.
+Stephen, St. John Baptist, and St. John the Evangelist. After a lull
+of more than a century come St. Mary at the altar of St. Michael (with
+Wheatley annexed), a second St. John the Baptist, otherwise the Morrow
+Mass, St. Mary Magdalene, and Our Lady, and St. Cuthbert (two, founded
+in 1479).
+
+The Lady Chapel is a puzzle: it was outside the choir, on the north
+side, and with the churchyard adjoining the east; and no site seems
+to satisfy these three conditions. Perhaps more than one chapel is so
+named in wills. The chapel of St. John the Baptist had two altars, one
+to that saint, and another to St. Cuthbert, each with two chantries:
+it was the Vavasour or Booth Chapel at the south-west of the nave, the
+place of the Grammar School. The chapel of St. John the Evangelist was
+in the north aisle (whether of nave or choir not stated).
+
+The locality of St. Thomas’ Chapel with its three chantries is
+uncertain; and there is a mention of the chapels of St. Lawrence and of
+St. Margaret near one another, but their altars are not mentioned. The
+altar of St. Peter was within the choir, but the sites of the remaining
+chantry altars cannot be settled. Besides the parish altar of St.
+Vincent, that of Our Lady of Grace is twice mentioned in the wills. The
+high altar is in one place called “the greater altar of St. Mary.”
+
+There were, besides, the chapels of St. Thomas the Martyr in the
+Burgage, St. Catherine at the end of Westhorpe near the holy well, two
+in Easthorpe half-a-mile apart, and one in Normanton. The names of the
+three last are unknown; and the five seem to have been chantries. I am
+chiefly indebted to Mr Leach for the above information.
+
+
+APPENDIX D
+
+A STORY OF CHARLES I.
+
+Robert Thoroton, who published his “Nottinghamshire” in 1677, says that
+a Mr Savage told him the following story:--The time of this visit of
+the king was between Naseby and the subsequent residence at Oxford.
+The king, with a few faithful followers, took refuge at Southwell.
+“The day after his arrival he walked about the town not known, and
+entered the shop of a shoemaker, whose name was Lee, who was a fanatic
+of the day. His majesty, after some conversation with this man, bid
+him take measure for a pair of shoes. Lee, in taking the king’s foot
+in his hand and looking at him attentively, refused to proceed. The
+king, astonished at the man’s behaviour, desired him to do what he had
+requested; but the shoemaker actually refused, giving a reason that
+the king was the customer he had been warned against in a dream the
+night before, in which he [the customer] was doomed to destruction, and
+those who worked for him would never thrive. The forlorn monarch, whose
+misfortunes had opened his mind to the impressions of superstitions,
+uttered an ejaculation expressive of his resignation to the will of
+providence, and returned to the palace, which was the place of his
+abode.”
+
+Thoroton says that Charles was many times at Southwell, and once with
+the queen.
+
+
+APPENDIX E
+
+PATRONAGE OF THE CHAPTER
+
+The chapter were patrons of the daughter parishes of
+Bleasby-cum-Morton, Edingley, Farnsfield, Halam, Kirklington and Upton,
+and of Boughton, Kneesal, Rolleston, S. Wheatley and Woodborough in
+Notts; of Barnburgh in Yorkshire; and of Barnoldby, Beelsby, Brigsley,
+Hatcliffe, Howerby, Ravensdale, and Waltham in North Lincolnshire.
+
+All the prebendaries but those of Normanton, Woodborough, Palishall,
+and the sacrist presented to their several vicarages, excepting that
+the two prebendaries presented alternately to both Oxton and Cropwell.
+The prebendary of Normanton presented to the Southwell parish vicarage,
+and North Muskham to Caunton. At the dissolution, after allowing for
+vested interests, the whole of this patronage was divided between the
+two new bishoprics of Ripon and Manchester, but until Mr Shepherd’s
+death, in 1873, the surviving prebendaries reserved their patronage.
+Barnburgh was at one time worth £550 a year nett, and Beelsby a hundred
+less; but most of the others were of small value. There were also some
+half-dozen chapelries.
+
+
+APPENDIX F
+
+THE LAST OF THE CLERGY
+
+=Prebendaries=.
+
+  Beckingham           =Thomas Henry Shepherd=, the
+                        last of the prebendaries, died Feb.
+                        1873, on whose death the patronage
+                        of the chapter went to the bishops
+                        of Ripon and Manchester. He was rector
+                        of Clayton and S. Wheatley.
+
+  Dunham               =Thomas Cozens Percival.=
+
+  Eton                 =William Barrow.=
+
+  Halloughton          =Robert Lowe.=
+
+  North Leverton       =Henry Smith.=
+
+  North Muskham        =Charles Boothby.=
+
+  South Muskham        =John Thomas Becher.=
+
+  Normanton            =George Wilkins=, vicar-general and
+                        Archdeacon of Nottingham. After
+                        the Act of Dissolution he lived at
+                        the Residence House, and died
+                        there 1865.
+
+  Norwell Overhall     =Chas. Geo. Venables Vernon.=
+
+  Norwell Palishall    =Robert Chaplin.=
+
+  Norwell Tertia Pars  =Edward Denison= (B. of Salisbury).
+
+  Oxton and Cropwell   = James Jarvis Cleaver.=
+
+  Oxton Altera Pars    =Frederick Anson= (D. of Chester).
+
+  Rampton              =Fitzgerald Wintour.=
+
+  Sacrist              =Charles Nixon.=
+
+  Woodborough          =Edward Garrard Marsh.=
+
+  Parish Vicar         =Morgan Watkins.=
+
+=Minor Canons or Vicars-Choral=.
+
+=Alfred Tatham= (1841-76). =Robert Frederick Smith, M.A.=, vicar of
+Edingley-cum-Halam. Late scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford. Succeeded
+Mr Dimock (preferred to Barnburgh in 1863), and still remains. The
+last clergyman associated with the defunct chapter. He was ordained as
+curate to the Rector of Southwell in 1856.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL.
+
+DIMENSIONS--EXTERIOR.
+
+  Length--318 feet. Length of Nave--185 feet. Width of Nave--72 feet.
+  Choir--Length, 128 feet. Choir Aisles--Length, 98 ft.
+  Choir, with Aisles--Breadth, 73 feet.
+  Choir, with both Transept Chapels--Breadth, 108 feet.
+  Height of Central Tower, 105 feet.
+  Height of Western Tower, 99 feet.
+  Do., including Modern Spires, 149 feet.]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+[1] The repeated attempts to connect Southwell with the
+Tiovulfingacestre of Baeda must be dismissed as unsupported. To make
+matters more puzzling still, Henry of Huntingdon, who says he relied
+upon Baeda, writing in the twelfth century, calls the place of the
+baptising the town “now called Fingecestre.”
+
+There was no such town; there was the little riverside hamlet of
+Fiscartune, now called Fiskerton, the nearest spot on the Trent to
+Southwell; and Henry was perhaps thinking of this when he wrote. Baeda
+says that a convert told a monk named Daeda, and Daeda told him, that
+he, the convert, had been baptised in the Trent near the “civitas”
+called in the language of the Angles Tiovulfingacestre. This name
+has been hopelessly lost. In itself, no place so well satisfies this
+second-hand account, as where the river, after passing under Clifton
+Grove, sweeps by Wilford Church. Here the bed is so formed that the
+priest could stand in comfort, and have plenty of water for immersion;
+while Nottingham, close at hand, might then have been a settlement
+sufficiently large to be called a “civitas.” Southwell was not large
+enough. Or, perhaps, Torksey or Littleborough is meant.
+
+[2] Appendix A. The Culdees.
+
+[3] Prebendas apud Suthwell fecit.
+
+[4] So far as the letter of Archbishop Thomas goes, being without date,
+it might have been written by either Thomas; but the finely pointed
+masonry and the later Norman in the architecture suggest the second
+Thomas.
+
+[5] _Decano_; but there was no dean, though one appears afterwards.
+
+[6] Ab omni jure & consuetudine episcopali ... penitus & immunes.
+
+[7] Leach, p. xxxv. Dugdale also states that once there was a dean.
+
+[8] Ornsby’s “York,” p. 161.
+
+[9] On this subject see Gwilt’s “Architecture,” p. 126.
+
+[10] Leach, p. 197.
+
+[11] In the will of Robert Batemanson there is a reference to “my Lord
+William Bothe’s quer,” which implies that William, and not Laurence,
+restored it.
+
+[12] There was a third at Laneham, on the Trent.
+
+[13] The present area, including that of the modern daughter parish of
+Holy Trinity, is put down at over 5000 acres.
+
+[14] In which, however, the accused was acquitted.
+
+[15] There were two for the three prebends of Normanton, and one for
+Oxton.
+
+[16] Mais si belle qu’elle se soit conservée en vieillissant, il
+est difficile de ne pas soupirer, de ne pas s’indigner devant les
+dégradations, les mutilations sans nombre que simultanément le temps
+et les hommes ont fait subir au vénérable monument ... Si nous avions
+le laisir d’examiner une à une avec le lecteur les diverses traces
+de destruction imprimées à l’antique église, la part du temps serait
+la moindre, _la pira celle des hommes_ ... et ce que nous disons de
+l’église cathédrale de Paris, il faut le dire de toutes les églises de
+la chrétienté au moyen âge. (“Notre Dame,” livre troisième, c. 1.). I
+have discussed the effect of the Great Pestilence upon architecture in
+the _Gentleman’s Magazine_ Aug. 1897.
+
+[17] _Builder_, July 2, 1892, p. 12. This term “Romanesque” has become
+a ready source of confusion. It is used in at least two distinct senses.
+
+(a) The architecture prevalent in Western Europe contemporary with our
+Anglo-Norman. In this sense it appears to be used by the writer in the
+_Builder_; and I should say that the intersection of the arcading ought
+to be added to the “Romanesque” peculiarities.
+
+(b) As a general term for the architecture prevalent in Western Europe
+prior to the introduction of the Gothic. In this latter and more
+accepted use of the term English Saxon and Norman architecture would
+both be included. The term was intended to imply of Roman or Italian
+origin.
+
+[18] _Saturday Review_, Nov. 29, 1879, p. 662.
+
+[19] The dimensions of the Norman choir were discussed by Mr Dimock
+in a paper read before the British Archæological Association, and
+published in their _Journal_ of January 1853. Mr C. Hodgson Fowler,
+who has been long intimately acquainted with his subject, in the
+_Architect_ of June 23rd, 1877, takes a somewhat different view. The
+evidence appears to be too slight for the most careful and correct of
+experts to agree altogether.
+
+[20] See the remarks on Booth’s Chapel and Appendix C.
+
+[21] _Builder_, July 2nd, 1892.
+
+[22] The Early Decorated tracery is arranged principally in circles,
+quatrefoils, and other regular figures, with the featherings for the
+most part confined to the larger piercings: this is usually called
+_Geometrical_ tracery. (Parker’s “Glossary.”)
+
+[23] These measurements, which have been carefully made from a ground
+plan, differ slightly from those of Mr Louis Petit in the _Memoirs of
+the Archæological Institute_ of 1850, p. 208.
+
+[24] Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the reports that it is not
+watertight against storms are not correct.
+
+[25] _Vide_ p. 20.
+
+[26] The Cinque Cento style prevailed from the “commencement of the
+fifteenth century until the general introduction of enamel colours
+about the middle of that century.”--CHARLES WINSTON.
+
+[27] Called Passage on plan.
+
+[28] It is to be regretted that the vestibule and chapter-house are
+so difficult of access. The authorities that be appear to treat them
+as a species of holy of holies. The only possible objection to a more
+liberal policy--a regard for vested interests--the Commissioners would
+surely make good.
+
+[29] Canon Ornsby buries Aldred at York, and Mr Livett at Southwell.
+Holgate retired to Hemsworth; but his burial is not in that parish
+register. An old metrical chronicle makes Corbridge die at Laneham.
+
+[30] Perhaps the last survivor of those who remembered Byron was Mrs
+Alfred Tatham, a daughter of Mr Becher. She told me she distinctly
+remembered, as a very little girl (it was about her earliest
+recollection), sitting on the poet’s knee, who was fond of children.
+Mr Becher’s grandson still lives in the house with which Byron was
+familiar.
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes.
+
+Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=.
+Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
+
+Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
+silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation has been normalised.
+
+A reiteration of the title has been discarded.
+
+End of page footnotes have been sequentially numbered and gathered at
+the end of the text.
+
+To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated between
+paragraphs.
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79369 ***
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+    <title>
+      The cathedral church of Southwell | Project Gutenberg
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79369 ***</div>
+
+<main>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image01">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image01.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+
+    SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL, FROM THE WEST.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p>
+
+
+<h1>
+<span class="sm">THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF</span><br>
+<span class="big">SOUTHWELL</span>
+</h1>
+
+
+<p class="center">A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC<br>
+AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE<br>
+EPISCOPAL SEE</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">BY THE REV. ARTHUR DIMOCK, M.A.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center"><span class="xsm">WITH THIRTY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS.</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe10" id="image02">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image02.png" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="p2 center">LONDON GEORGE BELL &amp; SONS 1898</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a><a id="Page_v"></a>v</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="GENERAL_PREFACE">
+    GENERAL PREFACE
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors
+to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illustrated
+guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each writer
+has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge
+and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archæology
+and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use
+of an ordinary visitor or tourist.</p>
+
+<p>To specify all the authorities which have been made use of
+in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place. But
+amongst the general sources of information which have been
+almost invariably found useful are:—(1) the great county
+histories, the value of which, especially in questions of genealogy
+and local records, is generally recognised; (2) the
+numerous papers by experts which appear from time to
+time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archæological
+Societies; (3) the important documents made accessible in
+the series issued by the Master of the Rolls; (4) the well-known
+works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals;
+and (5) the very excellent series of Handbooks to the
+Cathedrals originated by the late Mr John Murray; to which
+the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail,
+especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  <span style="margin-right: 9.5em;">Gleeson White,</span><br>
+  <span style="margin-right: 9.5em;">E. F. Strange,</span><br>
+  <i>Editors of the Series</i>.
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="AUTHORS_PREFACE">
+    AUTHOR’S PREFACE
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The MSS. at Southwell include the following:—
+The “White Book,” of which the earlier part is in a fourteenth-century
+handwriting. It contains bulls, charters, etc.,
+the earliest of the date of 1106. The “Register of Thurgarton
+Priory” is almost a duplicate of this.</p>
+
+<p>The “Chapter Register” contains the Acts of the Chapter
+from 1467-1542, and includes the Visitations by the Chapter,
+and probate matters, entered without regard to order.</p>
+
+<p>The “Register of Leases” is chiefly concerned with a date
+still later.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span>Extracts from one or other of these appeared in Dugdale’s
+“<i>Monasticon</i>” and other works. A century ago William Dickinson
+(afterwards Rastall) of Muskham Grange used the MSS. in
+compiling his “Antiquities.” He was a laborious but inaccurate
+scholar, resembling Jonathan Oldbuck, and his Ad Pontem
+theory, together with similar inferences, has met the fate of the
+Prætorium of the Laird of Monkbarns. His book contains a
+certain amount of useful information; and I am indebted to
+Mr G.T. Knowles of Southwell for the loan of his copy of
+this scarce work. A late edition of Le Neve’s “<i>Fasti”</i> (1854)
+contains a list, necessarily incomplete, of the canons by the
+Rev. J.F. Dimock, a former minor canon; and in various
+papers read before learned societies my father quoted from the
+records. The report of the Historical MSS. Commission for
+1891 has a short notice.</p>
+
+<p>In 1891 Mr Arthur Francis Leach, Assistant Charity Commissioner,
+and formerly fellow of All Souls, Oxford, published
+for the Camden Society his “Visitations and Memorials.” The
+documents are chiefly from the Chapter Register: “the book
+was intended to exhibit the church in its inner relations.”
+This volume is the most valuable that has been published;
+and the introduction and the lists enhance its importance.
+Mr Leach has kindly written to me about the mysterious
+criminal court alluded to in the corrections by the chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Outside sources of information are scanty. An occasional
+reference in an old chronicle or in the York records includes
+almost everything of value.</p>
+
+<p>A folio on the architecture was published by Mr Dimock in
+1853. He was familiar with the records in the library, and, in
+the conclusions he drew, had the assistance of many of the
+leading architects and antiquaries. So far as I know his
+inferences have not been superseded in any important particulars;
+and the only drawback to this folio (of which a popular
+edition appeared in 1875) is, that it is rather an explanation of
+the plates than a complete treatise.</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted to Mr A.H. Lyell, the honorary secretary
+of the Royal Archæological Institute, for a copy of the Rev.
+J.L. Petit’s paper, and to Messrs S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., and Mr
+A.J. Loughton of the Market Place, Southwell, for the use of
+the photographs—duly attributed to each.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+  A. D.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">
+    CONTENTS
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="autotable3">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Chapter I.</span>—History of the Building—
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part I. The Town and Church
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PARTI.TOWNANDCHURCH">3</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part II. Constitution of the Chapter
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PART_II-CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_CHAPTER">18</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Chapter II.</span>—The Exterior—Nave and Transept—
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part I. Norman
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PARTI.NORMAN">24</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part II. Early English
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PART_II-EARLY_ENGLISH">46</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part III. Early Decorated or Geometrical
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PART_III-EARLY_DECORATED_OR_GEOMETRICAL">52</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Chapter III.</span>—The Interior—
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part I. Norman
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PARTI.NORMAN_CH3">57</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part II. Early English
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PART_II-EARLY_ENGLISH_1">73</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+Part III. Decorated
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#PART_III-DECORATED">87</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Chapter IV.</span>—The Palace and Wolsey
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">110</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Chapter V.</span>—The Dissolution of the Chapter
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#CHAPTER_V">124</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+<span class="smcap">Appendices</span>
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+A. The Culdees
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIXA">128</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+B. A story of the supernatural
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIX_B_A_STORY_OF_THE_SUPERNATURAL">128</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+C. Chantries, chapels, and altars
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIX_C_CHANTRIES_CHAPELS_AND_ALTARS">128</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+D. A story of Charles I.
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIX_D_A_STORY_OF_CHARLES_I">129</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+E. Patronage of the chapter
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIX_E_PATRONAGE_OF_THE_CHAPTER">129</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl padleft">
+F. The last of the clergy
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#APPENDIX_F_THE_LAST_OF_THE_CLERGY">130</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">
+    LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<table class="autotable3">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Southwell Cathedral from the West
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<i><a href="#image01">Frontispiece</a></i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Arms of the See
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<i><a href="#image02">Title</a></i>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Southwell, and Palace Ruins, from the Parks
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image03">3</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Detail of Transept
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image04">26</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Pinnacle—Central Tower
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image05">27</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Porch
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image06">31</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Porch, Chimney of
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image07">32</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Porch, Interior
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image08">33</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+West Door
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image09">36</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+West Front (in 1850)
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image10">39</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Doorway facing the Palace
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image11">43</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Flying Buttress and Pinnacle of Choir
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image12">48</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Clerestory Window
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image13">56</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Bay of Nave
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image14">58</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nave—looking East
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image15">59</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nave, Pillar in
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image16">61</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nave, North side of Arcade
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image17">63</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Nave, South Aisle
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image18">65</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Norman Arch of Central Tower
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image19">69</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sculpture on Norman Capitals
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image20">71</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Choir, looking East
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image21">75</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Choir, Sectional drawing of one Bay
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image22">77</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Choir from South Aisle
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image23">79</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Choir, looking East
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image24">81</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+The Sedilia
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image25">83</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Arcading of the Vestibule
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image26">89</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Doorway to Chapter-House
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image27">93</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Canopies of Stalls
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image28">96</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Details of Doorway
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image29">97</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Capital—Chapter-House
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image30">99</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Capital—Chapter-House
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image31">100</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Capital—Chapter-House
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image32">101</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Carving of Stall Canopy
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image33">102</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rood Screen from the Nave
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image34">103</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rood Screen—Under the Screen, looking South
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image35">106</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Choir, looking West
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image36">107</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Southwell, West Tower before Restoration
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image37">125</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+PLAN
+</td>
+<td class="tdr">
+<a href="#image38">131</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a><a id="Page_2"></a>2</span></p>
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image03">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image03.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+
+    SOUTHWELL FROM THE PARKS—THE PALACE RUINS IN FRONT.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">
+    CHAPTER I
+    <br>
+    HISTORY OF THE BUILDING
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="PARTI.TOWNANDCHURCH">PART I.—THE TOWN AND CHURCH</h3>
+
+<p>The compilers of Domesday found Southwell with “clerks”
+holding prebends: before the close of the thirteenth century
+these canons or prebendaries had been gradually raised by
+successive endowments to their final complement of sixteen.
+The chapter thus constituted successfully survived the storm
+and stress of the Tudor Reformation, only to experience
+dissolution from the zeal for change following in the train of
+the first Reform Bill. Limitations of space permit only of a
+bird’s-eye sketch of the rise and progress of this remarkable
+college, the history of which is identical with the history of the
+town, and to a certain extent of the county; and which has
+left as its enduring monument that stately minster, since
+1884 the cathedral church of the new diocese for Notts and
+Derbyshire.</p>
+
+<p>Existing remains demonstrate that in the time of the Roman
+occupation, the four wells with their abundant supply of fresh
+spring water attracted a few Britons. Of these wells, one is
+at the south-east of the town, and, from its situation on the
+property of the Lord of the Manor, was subsequently called
+the Lord’s Well; two more are within the minster precincts—the
+Holy Well in the open court, and the Lady’s Well in the
+churchyard; and a fourth, St. Catherine’s, to the west, where
+the chapel of that name was built. Six or seven miles to
+the north-east, a neighbouring village received the name of
+Norwell; and for a parallel reason came the name of <i>the place
+by the south wells</i>, and thence <b>Southwell</b>, the first syllable
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span>pronounced as in Southwark. The researches of Gibbon led
+him to conclude that the Britons had some thirty to forty
+bishops and a widespread organisation; but of Southwell and
+the surrounding district there is really nothing known for
+certain during this time beyond that it was christianised.</p>
+
+<p>After the withdrawal of the Romans there is a blank of
+more than two hundred years until, under date <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 627, Baeda
+records that Paulinus of York, one of the missionaries of
+Augustine, who had the active support of his convert, King
+Eadwine of Northumbria, baptised in the river Trent; and to
+these two—Paulinus and Eadwine—the invading Angles of the
+Trent Valley owed their conversion.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>During the troubled times that followed, the northern part of
+the Trent Valley—parts of Lindsey and Southumbria—was
+now in one kingdom, now in another; now in one diocese,
+now in another. It will come as a surprise to most people to
+learn that what was afterwards called Notts, or, at least, that
+part which included Southwell, was for a short time not only in
+the diocese of Leicester, but in the province of Lichfield.</p>
+
+<p>The diocese of Leicester came to an end—the chroniclers
+tell us they know not how—and after the disappearance of the
+short-lived archbishopric of Lichfield, at the beginning of the
+eighth century, Southwell went back to the province and diocese
+of York.</p>
+
+<p>It was after this that Southwell became an important religious
+centre. At Ripon and Beverley the early missionary priests
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>had given way to a more settled ministry; and at Southwell
+secular canons, who were also parish priests, were by degrees
+appointed. Whether at Beverley or Ripon they were ever
+regulars had better be left an open question; at Southwell,
+when we first come across them, they had been already for
+some time in existence as seculars. They were in effect before
+they were supported by separate prebendal endowments <i>Colidei</i>
+or <i>Culdees</i>, as at York—that is to say, bound by no especial
+vows, and belonging to no particular order.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> A mapping-out
+of the country into parishes had begun in the days of
+Theodore of Tarsus: it took centuries to complete. Many
+villages around Southwell were quite out of the reach of
+any parish priest, and the resident clergy, besides serving
+their own church, supplied the deficiencies of the district.
+Why was it that so small and obscure a place was chosen
+in preference to Nottingham? The answer must be that
+its very quietness and remoteness was in its favour, since
+at the same time it was both central and accessible.
+Nottingham was the scene of constant strife, and became one
+of those “five burghs,” such a source of contention between
+English and Dane: Southwell was comparatively exempt.
+It was not liable to siege and capture first by one and then
+by another; if any place was peaceful, that place was
+Southwell. The archbishops wished for a capital for the
+southern part of their diocese with a cathedral church and
+staff of clergy, to be what Beverley was for the east and
+Ripon for the west, and Southwell, with its long traditions,
+was ready at hand. And afterwards, while the Danes were
+ravaging Northumbria, it was impossible for the archbishop
+to obtain anything from his property there: and in order
+that he might have a livelihood, the see of Worcester went
+with York. During this time (972-1016) Southwell became
+a convenient half-way house between the two dioceses.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest recorded endowment, though not of necessity
+the first granted, is a royal donation to Oskytel the Danish
+Archbishop of York (<i>circa</i> <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 956) of a demesne of twenty
+<i>mansas</i> at Southwell; and power was especially retained to
+the archbishop to dispose of it at his death as he deemed
+best. Archbishop Alfred Putta (1023-51) was a great
+supporter of secular foundations. Beverley and Southwell
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span>both benefited from his liberality. Most likely during his
+reign that rude Anglo-Saxon church was built, which supplanted
+some other of which we have no information. Putta
+lived a great deal at Southwell, and died there, so that a
+manor house or palace was then in existence. He was
+buried at Peterborough Abbey. Kinsius, his successor, gave
+to the old minster two bells.</p>
+
+<p>We have now come to a time when we may speak of the
+county of Notts, and of canons and their prebends, and we can
+well understand why any archbishop, monk though he might
+be, as Kinsius was, would encourage establishments like
+Southwell. Of what practical use to a diocese was a body of
+Benedictines? Their interests were confined to the boundaries
+of their own monasteries; but secular clergy appointed by the
+archbishop himself were of great assistance. As the parishes
+increased in number, and the outside duties were by degrees
+confined to their own particular churches, they could still help
+in many ways in general diocesan matters; and in this way
+York, Beverley, and Ripon grew up, not to mention smaller
+colleges like Howden. The system was abused afterwards;
+but originally it was of great practical utility. In the eleventh
+century, if not in the tenth, certain of the clergy had separate
+endowments or <i>prebends</i>, and their outside duties were confined
+to one particular church, situated in the township or parish of
+the endowment, while one residence in Southwell and a second
+in the prebendal village were allotted to them, and afterwards
+their stalls and benefices came to be called by the names of
+these particular prebends. In this way the Culdee system
+developed into the prebendal; and what with the archbishop’s
+occasional residence, and the staff of clergy, we can understand
+the statement of Leland: “Ther was a Se at Southwel of the
+Merches which now longeth to the Archbishop of York.”
+Before the Conquest Southwell was the southern capital of the
+diocese.</p>
+
+<p>Aldred, to whom befell the strange fortune of consecrating
+both Harold and William, enlarged York and Beverley; and
+Hugh the Chanter of York tells us that he made prebends at
+Southwell.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>By the time of his death (1070 or 1075) the following at least
+were in existence, although it might be later on they were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span>called by their local names:—Normanton, Norwell Overhall,
+Norwell Palace Hall (or Palishall), Oxton and Cropwell,
+Woodborough, North Muskham.</p>
+
+<p>Aldred attempted, without success, to enforce celibacy
+amongst the clergy.</p>
+
+<p><b>The First Norman Archbishops</b>.—With Aldred, that
+judicious benefactor of Southwell, passed away for a long period
+the archbishops who spoke and taught in the common tongue
+of the people. His successors looked down on the English
+as the English had previously looked down on the Britons,
+and appointed other Normans to the stalls, with whom they
+could take counsel; and the strange sight began to be witnessed
+of prebendaries using a kind of “pigeon” English to make
+themselves understood. The first Norman, Thomas I. of
+Bayeux, “a prelate of great genius, and a friend of the Muses,”
+had to part with Lindsey (and for a time with Newark) when
+the capital of the huge neighbouring diocese was removed from
+the Oxfordshire Dorchester to Lincoln. Lincoln is now reckoned
+as of a venerable antiquity, yet her chapter is appreciably the
+junior of Southwell. Archbishop Gerard (21 May 1108)
+died at Southwell while asleep in his garden, and with a MS.
+on astrology under his pillow, and was buried at York. His
+successor Thomas II. (1108-1114), a son of the first Norman
+bishop of Worcester, addressed a pastoral letter to the people
+of Nottinghamshire, begging for their contributions for the
+building of the church of S. Mary of Southwell <i>(de Suwellae)</i>
+“and that ye may the more willingly do this, we release you,
+so that you need not visit every year the church of York, as
+all our other people (or parishioners) do, but the church of
+S. Mary of Southwell instead, and there have the same
+pardon as at York.”</p>
+
+<p>This letter helps to explain the <i>raison d’être</i> of Southwell.
+York was too far away for the Notts people, 70 to 80 miles from
+Nottingham by road, and Southwell was central for the whole
+county. The favourite Norman system of choosing the leading
+town was not adopted because a chapter and a residence were
+both in existence at Southwell, and because of the situation of
+the town. Driven like a wedge into the southern province, if
+Nottinghamshire was to make procession anywhere, Southwell
+was easier of access than Nottingham. Already for administrative
+purposes the archbishop’s capital for the county,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span>the minster now became the mother church in every
+respect.</p>
+
+<p>But if this was to be the case, the small and roughly-built
+minster then standing was quite inadequate according to the
+more magnificent Norman ideas. <i>Every one</i> of the old Saxon
+cathedrals either had or then was undergoing the process of
+pulling down, only to be rebuilt on a larger scale and in a
+better manner. Southwell’s turn came rather late in the
+day; and the proportions and the masonry both benefited
+in consequence. As at York, the work was done piecemeal,
+the old coming down as the new progressed. Thomas
+could hardly have lived long enough to see the whole completed,
+with its chancel square at the east and four eastern
+apses now no more; but he would at least have the gratification
+of knowing that everything was advancing towards completion.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>The late Mr J.R. Green has made clear one obscure point
+in this universal system of rebuilding on a more magnificent
+scale. Where, we ask, did the money come from? Neither
+the contributions of the liberal, nor forced labour, would
+suffice. The Jews found the money required. They had
+come over with or after the Conqueror, and settled in the
+towns in their different Jewries under the king’s immediate
+protection. “Castle and cathedral alike owed their existence
+to the loans of the Jews.” The Jewish money-lenders of
+York and Lincoln assisted in the building of Southwell.</p>
+
+<p>By this time, if not earlier, the number of stalls was ten,
+Norwell Tertia Pars, Oxton Altera Pars, and St. Muskham
+having been created, and the office of sacrist or sexton raised
+to the dignity of a canonry. Henry I. and Stephen both
+granted rights and immunities, civil, criminal, and forest.
+Archbishop Thurstan (1119-1135) founded the stalls of
+Beckingham and Dunham, prebends in the north of the
+county, with the village tithes and some glebe, and Halloughton
+or Halton, near to Southwell. Pope Honorius (<i>circa</i> 1125)
+wrote to the archbishop against the marriage of the cathedral
+clergy. “In your churches [York, Beverley, Ripon, Southwell]
+be earnest to reform discipline, and restore the refectory at
+Southwell to the good condition in which it existed in times
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span>past.” The pope objected to the canons being married and
+living with their families; he wanted them to be celibate, and
+take their meals together; but he was mistaken in supposing
+that they ever had done so at Southwell.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander III. promulgated two bulls, one to the minster
+clergy (1171), and the other to his “well beloved the archdeacon, dean&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
+and the other clergy of the county.” After
+confirming the Whitsuntide procession and directing that the
+chrism or consecrated oil should be distributed at that synod
+by the rural deans throughout the county, he exempted the
+chapter from the control of the archbishop, and almost
+annihilated the authority of the latter.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop Roger had obtained the pope’s support to disallow
+the over-lordship of Canterbury, and this was the payment
+demanded. It was a cruel blow, for the church and its
+staff owed nearly everything to the archbishop, and the prebendaries
+were his advisers and assistant curates. Now they
+were quite independent. An <i>imperium in imperio</i> was
+established, and what York lost Rome was expected to gain.
+The chapter naturally preferred being placed on an equality
+with York; for in spite of Whitsuntide processions and synods,
+York, as in the matter of the confirmation of the Halloughton
+prebend, had exercised some sort of authority. Now they
+could do so no longer, and the two chapters became in every
+sense equal. The canons were also permitted to appoint
+vicars both to their stalls and to their parishes.</p>
+
+<p>After the death of Roger the see was vacant for a number of
+years, and, in the absence of King Richard, William, Bishop of
+Ely and papal legate, as chancellor, acted as regent. He controlled
+the northern province, and punished those who had
+violated the king’s peculiar by massacring Jews. Richard,
+however, despatched to England Hugh, Bishop of Durham, with
+full power as justiciary north of the Humber. At Ely the two
+prelates met; and on Hugh presenting his credentials superseding
+William in the north, William said that he would cheerfully
+resign his power there. William then inveigled his rival
+to the quiet and seclusion of Southwell, and here, having Bishop
+Hugh completely in his power, put him under arrest. He
+kept him in custody in the palace until Hugh had promised
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span>to resign Windsor and all the other places entrusted to him;
+and even then would not release him until he had his son
+(so Roger de Hoveden calls him) as his hostage. William
+was eventually deposed by John and the council.</p>
+
+<p>When Richard returned he chose Southwell for the place at
+which to meet William the Lion of Scotland in order to settle
+differences. After reducing Nottingham by the help of some
+engines which threw large stones, Palm Sunday 1194 saw
+Cœur de Lion at his palace or hunting-box of Clipstone in
+Sherwood Forest, and William at Worksop. Each rested “on
+account of the solemnity of the day,” and on the morrow
+(4th April) met at Southwell. Roger de Hoveden says that
+they repaired the next day to Melton, but Florence of Worcester
+that they continued at Southwell over the Tuesday, and that
+during their stay, William demanded of Richard “all the
+dignities and honours which his predecessors held in
+England,” and that Richard answered, that “he would give
+him satisfaction after he had consulted his barons.” The
+council was held at Northampton on Easter Eve, and
+Richard declined to concede the demands of the Scotch
+King.</p>
+
+<p><b>Archbishop Walter de Gray</b> (1216-56).—Beyond
+that Pavia, daughter of Nigel de Rampton, and widow of
+Robert de Maluvel, founded the fourteenth prebend, that
+of Rampton, some twenty miles north of Southwell, there
+is nothing to record before Gray’s episcopate. The diocese
+was in a constant state of turmoil and disorder from political
+affairs, and this had its effect upon the architecture of the
+minster. From the late Norman of Thomas II. there is
+nothing until we arrive at the maturity of the Lancet Gothic
+or Early English of the thirteenth century. The transition
+between the two is entirely wanting. Gray was a great and
+many-sided prelate; in spite of his political duties, he both
+governed his diocese and built extensively. At Southwell he
+considered the Norman choir too small, and issued (1233)
+an indulgence for thirty days for the completion of that Early
+English building, which to this day, although externally shorn
+of its high roof, is internally almost exactly as he left it, and
+a fitting commemoration of his reign. He also endeavoured
+to mitigate some of the harmful results of the Bull of Independence.
+As the canons were allowed to appoint vicars, it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span>was equivalent to granting them leave of non-residence. Gray
+tried to enforce that they really should appoint deputies,
+both vicars-choral for their stalls, and perpetual vicars for
+their prebendal parishes. Other ranks of the minster clergy
+date from his time. At first the vicars-choral said or
+chanted the masses for the dead; but in 1241 Robert de
+Lexington, canon of one of the Norwells, and Chief Justiciary,
+founded two chantries in the church, and made provision
+for a third to be removed there from a chapel in the town.
+He gave to the chapter the presentation of Barnburgh in
+South Yorkshire, and, by some power difficult now to understand,
+provided that the rector was to pay 23 merks yearly
+for the support of two priests, two deacons and two sub-deacons,
+“who for ever at the altar of the blessed Thomas
+the Martyr in the church of Southwell” were to celebrate the
+divine offices for the repose of his own soul and those of
+his relatives and others. As a distinct body ranking below
+the vicars-choral, the chantry priests now became a regular
+part of the minster staff, and eventually numbered thirteen.</p>
+
+<p>As the prebendaries might now be non-resident without
+his licence, Gray tried to establish a dean as head of the
+chapter in permanent residence. He was only visitor and
+patron, and in having no regular president, other than the
+senior canon in residence, Southwell differed from all
+other churches. York had its dean, Beverley its provost,
+Ripon its permanent president in the prebendary of Stanwick;
+and during Gray’s time a dean named Hugh appears for
+a short time. But it was not to be; and we soon hear
+no more of him.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>Gray’s reforming zeal urged the chapter to consent to
+various statutes and regulations. Those who were ordained
+to serve in the church had to pass an examination before
+the canons in residence, and to be of a good character. A
+canon, accompanied by a vicar and the registrar, was to
+visit yearly the churches within the jurisdiction, and put
+an end to abuses. The canons-resident were likewise given
+complete authority over all the other clergy, and these
+were to be fined for absence from worship. The readers
+of the lessons <i>(lectiones)</i>, whether in the choir or pulpit,
+were to look the passages over beforehand, and to read
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span>audibly and distinctly. Those who failed in this, and more
+particularly those who upset the gravity of the others, were
+to be flogged in the chapter-house. The inferior clergy of
+the choir were to look over their music before service, were
+not to use their books during service, but to look at the
+music or order board (<i>tabulam</i>). Bad and violent language
+outside the church was punishable by one flogging or a
+shilling fine, or, as a second alternative, by the wearing
+of the <i>bulgewarium</i> round the culprit’s neck “according
+to the ancient use of the church.” The same offence committed
+inside was to be punished by two floggings or a two
+shillings fine, and for the third expulsion ensued.</p>
+
+<p>By the Portsmouth charter of Henry III., dated July 1253,
+in confirmation of previous ones, the chapter in civil and
+criminal matters over its officials and property became, if anything,
+more independent than ever of the ordinary law of the
+land. “The canons of S. Mary of Southwell shall enjoy the
+same privileges and immunities as those of S. Peter of York,
+particularly they shall receive the amercements of their
+tenants, and fines for all such offences as they have been
+guilty of ... exemptions from tolls and duties, from suits
+of counties, hundreds, and wapentakes, and from all gelds
+such as Danegeld, Horngeld, etc. etc., and that they shall
+have their courts of justice with soc and sac.” There is also
+mention made at this period of rights of some kind over parts
+of Sherwood Forest.</p>
+
+<p><b>Archbishop John Romanus</b> (1286-96).—Romanus had
+a somewhat troubled reign. He had quarrels with the
+Pope, who wanted to appoint foreigners, and with the York
+chapter about his right of visitation. This latter was settled
+by arbitration, and is of interest as the Southwell statutes were
+always based on York. The archbishop was to visit once in
+five years, and was to enter the chapter-house unattended by
+chaplains or clerks, two canons sworn to secrecy being the only
+persons allowed to act with him; and canonical obedience was
+to be rendered by the dean.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The visitation held at Southwell
+on the Tuesday after the Epiphany 1294 has been preserved,
+and from this we gather that the old provisions, which enacted
+that non-resident canons were to provide vicars, had not
+been carried out, for it was decreed that they were to provide
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span>perpetual vicars (<i>vicarii perpetui</i>) to their parish churches before
+the next visitation. Vicars-choral and clerks were forbidden
+to laugh and talk in the choir, particularly during service,
+under pain of expulsion, and no women, other than relatives
+of good repute, were to live in the houses of the vicars-choral
+and perpetual vicars. The number of stalls was
+brought up to sixteen by the addition of Eaton, and by
+carving N. Leverton out of Beckingham. In this way the
+archbishop endeavoured to provide for the residence of at least
+some canons; and the non-resident were to provide proctors
+or proxies (generally their vicars-choral) to answer for them in
+chapter.</p>
+
+<p>But his abiding work is architectural. At York he laid
+with great ceremony the foundation-stone of a new nave,
+and at the same time a new chapter-house was commenced
+there, and both have survived the storm and stress of six
+centuries. At Southwell he determined that the canons should
+likewise have a fitting house. The masons had now become a
+highly-organised body with supervisors, surveyors, overseers and
+a host of other officials. The master masons were first-rate
+architects, and the men below them—the freemasons—were
+not merely workmen but sculptors and artists.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Alike in
+elegance of proportion and elaborate beauty of detail, architecture
+was rapidly approaching the full glory of the Decorated
+epoch, and during his time was commenced at least, if not
+finished, that miracle of mediæval inspiration, the chapter-house.</p>
+
+<p>At York, to help in meeting the cost of the new buildings,
+offenders of various kinds were punished by the infliction of
+fines, the amount of which was determined by the penancers.
+At Southwell, the archbishop resorted to a method which no
+doubt increased his popularity. At this same visitation of 1294
+it was decreed that the houses (<i>i.e.</i> both in Southwell and on
+the prebends) of the alien canons, which had fallen into a
+ruinous condition, were to be repaired within a year under
+penalty of a heavy fine to go to the fabric of the new chapter-house.
+As the revenues of these <i>alienigenae</i> were collected by
+local officials, the penalties could be easily deducted, and by
+one and the same decree this prelate showed his objection
+to these foreigners, mulcted them in part of their benefices,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>prevented money from crossing the Alps, and aided the addition
+of the finest member to the minster. “The Sainte Chapelle
+at Paris, the Angel Choir at Lincoln, fall into a second rank
+compared with this Southwell chapter-house.” Nothing is
+known of the older one.</p>
+
+<p><b>Archbishop Thomas de Corbridge</b> (1300-4).—Corbridge
+endeavoured to check the abuse of illiterate clerks, by
+decreeing that no candidate was to be ordained by title of the
+chapter and no vicar was to be appointed until a satisfactory
+examination had been passed before the chapter. The canons
+were to pay the stipends of both their vicars punctually, so
+that the latter need not wander about the country to the scandal
+of all good people. The services were to be better rendered;
+and the precentor was to examine the music books and see
+that they agreed, to prevent discord in the singing, while the
+decani and cantoris sides were to be equal. As visitor he
+insisted that the statutes of Romanus were to be carried out,
+and that in the prebendal churches perpetual vicars were
+to be appointed within a year; his predecessor had granted
+five years in vain. Whilst he ruled that there must always
+be in residence three, or at least two, canons; he saw how,
+in spite of the recently added stalls, neither he nor his
+successors could enforce even so much as that, and it was
+settled that when none were resident “from any cause inevitable
+and legitimate, leave having been asked of us,” some discreet
+person under oath was to govern, while only canons who had
+duly qualified as residents were to share in the common
+fund. The reign of Corbridge was short; he left no mark in
+the diocese, but his efforts to purify the chapter were praiseworthy.
+He died at the palace, and was buried in the choir
+near the pulpit; but the exact spot is now lost.</p>
+
+<p>The Bull of Independence did its work; and non-residence
+became the rule. The popes further made use of their claim
+to appoint foreigners to vacant stalls; and amongst others
+Stephen de Ferentino, cardinal priest, held Norwell Overhall,
+and Stephen of St. Mary beyond Tiber, also cardinal priest,
+held Normanton, both during the thirteenth century. The
+kings, like the popes, wanted the stalls as a cheap way of
+paying those priests who served them as lawyers and
+secretaries. In this way John Clavell, the king’s clerk,
+received Norwell Overhall; and in the fourteenth century,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span>William de Melton (who succeeded Dominus Lambertus,
+a foreigner appointed by Letters Apostolic) obtained a stall,
+holding, at the same time, another in Lincoln, the provostship
+of Beverley, and the archdeaconry of Barnstaple. He
+gave these up on his accession to the throne of York in
+1317. His active life was mainly spent as secretary to Edward
+II., and lord keeper and then treasurer to Edward III. It is
+unnecessary to multiply instances. Mr Gairdner has pointed
+out how monarchs found their shrewdest administrators in the
+ranks of the clergy; and this was a cheap and easy way of
+paying them. It was not expected that a candidate for the
+priesthood should have what an age with a higher standard
+would call vocation. A promising young man applied for
+orders as he would now try for the Civil Service or be called
+to the Bar. Nobody expected him to be a winning preacher,
+or to have an ardent zeal for souls. For years it was well
+that he employed himself usefully somehow, and did not, on
+the plea of dulness and boredom, live a life of complete idleness
+or worse away from Southwell.</p>
+
+<p>In the first half of the fourteenth century the beautiful
+rood screen was carved: the last work worthy of praise, for it
+was followed by the insertion of the huge west window with the
+idea of lighting up the gloom of the nave, and the lowering
+of the roofs throughout. In numerous cases brought before
+the courts of law, the chapter proved their rights to their
+property and privileges; and benefactors multiplied. Amongst
+others, Canon Richard de Chesterfield (1379) built a new
+home for the sixteen vicars-choral on the site of the present one.
+Canon Thomas Haxey (1415) built another for the chantry
+priests on the site of the present Grammar School, and Archbishop
+Cardinal John Kempe (1439) purchased for three hundred
+merks, from the Crown, the confiscated alien priory of Ravensdale
+in Lindsey, and presented it to the vicars-choral.</p>
+
+<p>Later on the triennial visitations (1469 to 1540) by the
+chapter show that the inferior clergy had deteriorated in religion
+and morals, more than one-half being frequently accused of
+offences more or less serious.</p>
+
+<p>There is an inventory of the goods of Richard de
+Normanton, parish vicar in 1369.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> This functionary
+performed the duties of parish priest for the residuary
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>parish, and was appointed by the prebendary of Normanton;
+and for certain purposes the parishioners had part of the
+minster allotted to them as their “parish church within the
+collegiate church.” The parish altar was dedicated to St.
+Vincent, and had one frontal of silk, and a second of coarser
+material, decorated with the royal arms; and there were four
+towels (<i>tobalia</i>), two ferials and a corporal. For mass were
+five sets of vestments, each with chasuble, stole, fanon (or
+maniple), alb, amice, and girdle. Two were reckoned as
+“principals,” one with and the other without the tunic; the
+others were for ordinary Sundays and week days. Two
+cushions covered with red syndon and a lectern belonged to
+the altar, as did nine napkins, besides a carpet for “double”
+feasts. At Easter the parishioners made their communion at
+a long table (<i>mensa domini</i>) covered with two long cloths.</p>
+
+<p>The choral robes (for the parish vicar assisted the choir)
+were cope, almuce (<i>almicium</i>, not the <i>amicium</i> or amice for
+celebrations), rochet and surplice (<i>super-pellicium</i>). The parish
+plate included two silver-gilt chalices, of which the more
+valuable was for Easter, a portable silver-gilt cross, and a plated
+staff; and there were candlesticks of iron or wood and a gilt
+copper cup for the host. A breviary or portiforium with music
+was estimated at five pounds—a chantry priest’s stipend; and
+Richard was provided with surplice or lantern for visiting the
+sick, as well as with a set of sermons on the epistles and gospels
+throughout the year. Undoubtedly the parishioners were
+accustomed to hear somebody’s sermons read; and the parish
+priests performed the duty instead of a prebendary.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Brothers Booth.</b>—There is a ready explanation of Archbishop
+William Booth (1452-65) making Southwell his favourite
+residence. Like a wise man, he did not care to have anything
+to do with the Wars of the Roses; and during the whole of this
+time Southwell, true to its traditions, was remote from armies
+and battlefields. He improved the stipends of the chantry
+priests, and enlarged the chapel of Henry le Vavasour outside
+the south-west angle of the nave, the home of the Grammar
+School, and there he elected to be buried.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> His successor,
+George Neville, brother to the king-maker, was unwise enough
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span>to interfere in matters of State, and was rewarded by the seizure
+of his vast private property and exile and imprisonment at
+Calais and at Guisnes. At Neville’s death William’s brother
+Laurence was translated from Durham, and during his reign
+(1476-80) showed his brother’s preference for Southwell. He
+added two chantries to the Vavasour or Grammar School chapel,
+and was buried by his brother’s side. This adjunct, needlessly
+pulled down in the last century, came to be called the Booth
+chapel. While Laurence was at Southwell, in July 1479, the
+two resident canons gave themselves leave of absence, pleading
+the ravages of the plague.</p>
+
+<p><b>Canon Christopher Urswick, LL.D.</b>—Amongst the
+non-resident dignitaries immersed in affairs of State was
+Christopher Urswick, instituted to Norwell Palishall by proxy
+(6th April 1509). He was taken into the service of the Lady
+Margaret, wife of Richmond and mother of Henry VII.,
+whose third husband was Stanley the first Earl of Derby of the
+present creation. Engaged in plots and suffering exile for his
+mistress and her son, after Bosworth he became Henry’s
+chaplain and almoner, and obtained the deanery of York,
+which he exchanged for a canonry on receiving the more
+coveted deanery of Windsor. He was also at some time or
+other rector of Hackney and archdeacon of Richmond, of
+Wells, and of Surrey. Before he was a prebendary he would
+accompany Henry on the royal progress through the north,
+when the king, avoiding Newark on account of the plague,
+passed through Southwell on his way from Lincoln to Nottingham.
+He was employed as special plenipotentiary to
+settle with the Emperor Maximilian I. the terms on which
+Henry was to be admitted into the Holy League. He died
+in 1522, and Wolsey appointed to the vacant stall his own
+illegitimate son, Thomas Wynter.</p>
+
+<p>Urswick is chiefly mentioned here, because to him belongs
+the distinguished honour of figuring in Shakespeare (<i>Richard
+III</i>. Act iv. scene 5). To him, on the eve of Bosworth, Stanley
+laments that his own hands are tied, as his son is a hostage in
+Richard’s power—</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">My son George Stanley is franked up in hold.</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">If I revolt, off goes young George’s head.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to remind the reader that “Sir” does not
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span>there mean a knight, but is the equivalent for the modern
+“Reverend.”</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="PART_II-CONSTITUTION_OF_THE_CHAPTER">
+  PART II.—CONSTITUTION OF THE CHAPTER
+</h3>
+
+<p>The constitution by which the minster was governed was
+unique, and so remarkable as to require a special summary,
+excepting in so far as has been already anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>Southwell was the cathedral city and mother church of the
+county from the time that Nottinghamshire first became a
+county at all—let us say, from a hundred years before the
+Conquest. The Whitsuntide procession merely emphasised
+and ratified this fact. At this festival a synod was held, which
+would seem to have been more for the purpose of festivity than
+of legislation, and the chrism or holy oil was distributed through
+the rural deans to the various parishes of the county. Each
+parish had to pay a specified tax, called the Pentecostal offering,
+varying from the humble sixpence of Staunton to the merk of
+Nottingham and Newark. Of this offering ten per cent. went
+to the sacrist, and forty per cent. each to the prebendary
+of Normanton and the residents’ common fund; altogether
+some fifteen or sixteen pounds. In the palmy days
+of pilgrimages and processions Southwell must have looked
+very gay at Whitsuntide. After gradually dying out, Archbishop
+Drummond, in the last century, on his own authority,
+put a stop to the little that was left of this time-honoured
+pageant. It is strange that no one has ever been able to fix
+the exact day of the week on which it was held.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Liberty</b> of Southwell and Scrooby was a civil jurisdiction
+of the archbishop as a great landowner, and extended
+over some twenty parishes. Besides his Southwell manor house
+or palace, he had another at Scrooby, on the famous north
+road near the Yorkshire border&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>&#x2060;; and his property was for the
+most part contiguous to these two seats. Within his Liberty
+he appears up to quite recent times to have been very much
+his own Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff, with sessions independent
+of the county, and justices of the peace of his own
+nomination.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Peculiar</b> of Southwell was an ecclesiastical jurisdiction
+of the chapter over the ancient manor or lordship of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span>Southwell and the prebendal villages. With the exception of
+ordination and confirmation, the canons were their own archbishop,
+as they were their own archdeacon and rural dean.
+They had full authority over their subordinates, including the
+perpetual vicars of the prebendaries, and over all, clergy and
+laity alike, for certain matters then seemingly reckoned as
+ecclesiastical offences, such as slander, perjury, and immorality.
+They could punish by fine, suspension, penance, and ex-communication,
+but in later years dropped the punishment of
+flogging.</p>
+
+<p>The court of the chapter (or rather Dr William Worseley, the
+one resident canon) sentenced Cristina Saynton to walk three
+Sunday mornings before the Cross in the processions, carrying
+a wax candle, and clad in a loose unfastened “tunic,” with bare
+feet and legs, and towel over her head. Agnes Nothorne
+was sentenced to walk round Edingley Churchyard on Palm
+Sunday, barefooted, and with a net over her head; and on
+Good Friday to approach the Cross with bended knees, and
+then crawl with bare feet and head covered as before, and
+kneeling before two altars in the church, say before each five
+times the Lord’s Prayer, the Ave Maria, and the Creed.</p>
+
+<p>This ecclesiastical jurisdiction included the proving of wills
+of all persons; and the records contain many instances of
+probate. To this was added the civil jurisdiction of “assizes
+of bread and ale,” with power to punish fraud, and authority
+over weights and measures. In respect of their own property,
+the chapter had their court “views of Frank pledge,” etc., and
+the individual prebendaries likewise had theirs in respect of
+their endowments in land; and there were appeals from the
+prebendal courts to those of the chapter. In short, they had a
+complete feudal jurisdiction, both over their own lands and over
+those they held in trust for the service of the minster and for
+their subordinates. But there were in addition certain marked
+privileges. The lands of the prebends were free from the
+authority of the sheriff and all other officers of the king, unless
+the canon consented. The canons had “in their houses and
+lands Soc and Sac, Tol and Theam, and infanganthef (the
+right of executing a thief) and intol and utol, and all those
+same customs of the honour and liberty which the king has
+in his own lands.” Their tenants were almost, if not entirely,
+exempt from military service, and their taxes, when any were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>required, were levied by the York Convocation, to which they
+sent a proctor, and not, it would seem, by king and parliament;
+and the fines did not go to the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>Although a large part of the manor had been mapped out
+into daughter parishes, such as Edingley and Upton, a
+residuary parish of considerable area always remained&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>&#x2060;; and
+from the beginning of non-residence the chapter delegated
+their pastoral duties to the parish vicar. There were five
+chapels in the town, besides chapels of ease in the more
+remote parts of the parish. The actual town was divided
+into the Burgage, between the Greet and the market-place,
+and the Prebendage; and the latter was chiefly ecclesiastical
+property of various kinds. To the church itself appertained
+the old tradition of sanctuary. A man charged with murder
+even, or an outlaw, could take sanctuary for thirty days; and
+if by that time he had not made his peace, some of the clergy
+were to escort him for thirty leagues (<i>leugae</i>), “with some sign
+of the Church’s peace,” and also relics, wherever the accused
+wanted to go, and bring him back three times. Interference
+involved the crime of “breaking the Church’s peace.” It
+is difficult to say when sanctuary was abolished or died out.</p>
+
+<p>Another peculiar privilege was, that the clergy were not
+tried by the usual courts for the most serious crimes. There
+is only one such recorded, a bad case of felony&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>&#x2060;; and this
+came before “judges (or justiciaries) of our Lord the King,
+nominated (? deputatis) to preserve the peace,” and was tried
+at the south door of the church or in one of the canons’
+houses. Whether these judges were the ordinary itinerant
+justices, or those of the Court of Eyre north of the Trent, or
+the archbishop’s in right of his liberty of Southwell and
+Scrooby, or a special commission—this is a puzzle.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Clergy and Staff.</b>—The archbishops were at first
+head of the chapter, and the canons their curates. They must
+have begun to lose touch when, in the twelfth century, the
+chapter became independent. Henceforth they were visitors,
+and at their visitations held what were in reality courts. Subsequently
+the statute of Premunire, by putting a stop, or at
+least a check, to papal bulls, and that of Provisors, by forbidding
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span>the appointment of foreigners to vacant stalls, increased somewhat
+their authority. They were always patrons of the sixteen
+stalls by right of their having endowed them (with one exception); and it is clear from what happened in Wolsey’s time,
+that they could by use celebrate when they pleased, and
+appoint the preachers. Sometimes, but not always, the
+statutes or decrees of the chapter read <i>de consensu &amp; voluntate </i> of the archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>The prebendaries, addressed in chapter as “venerable,” were
+sixteen in number, and their prebends were:—Beckingham,
+Dunham, Eton, Halloughton, N. Leverton, N. Muskham,
+S. Muskham, Normanton (with the chancellorship), Norwell
+Overhall, Norwell Palishall (or Palace Hall), Norwell Tertia
+Pars, Oxton cum Cropwell, Oxton Secunda Pars, Rampton,
+Sacristaria, Woodborough.</p>
+
+<p>By the valuation of 1547, Norwell Overhall was worth £50
+a year, and Eton only £2. These valuations were, however,
+below the real profits, as the tenants paid part of their rents in
+a lump sum (technically called a “fine”) at the commencement
+of the lease. The chapter, in conjunction with the church-wardens
+appointed by them, controlled their common fund for
+the residents as well as the fabric fund or “ladie land,” and
+they were trustees of the endowments of the inferior clergy,
+and the several miscellaneous bequests for tapers, lamps, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Next we may place the perpetual vicars, of whom there were
+twelve, Normanton (within the residuary parish) and the
+Sacrist prebend (the duties of which were limited to the
+church) not requiring them.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Their stipends from land,
+the lesser tithes, rent charges on the prebends, and other
+sources were small. They had no duties in the minster itself,
+but were subject to the chapter. Each canon appointed the
+vicar of his prebend. The daughter churches of the parish
+were also under the chapter.</p>
+
+<p>Passing over the parish vicar, there were vicars-choral for all
+the prebends; and these performed, as deputies of the canons,
+the long round of daily services. They were paid £3 a year
+by their prebendaries, and shared in their own common fund,
+and lived in common in their own college. They had a
+common seal for their property, but were never a separate
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span>corporation, being appointed by their canons and under the
+control of the chapter, who made the bye-laws that governed
+them. In chapter meetings they often acted as proctors or
+proxies for their absent chiefs. One of them was appointed
+“hebdomodary” each week, and took the priest’s part.
+They had a precentor for each side of the choir; and there
+seems to have been as well a precentor in chief. They were
+always in priests’ orders, and the chapter strictly prohibited
+their holding any care of souls. Their use was that of York.
+In ancient times they were not called minor canons.</p>
+
+<p>Next ranked those peculiar officers against whom Sir
+Walter Besant waxes so eloquent. The chantry priests or
+chaplains were an offshoot of the vicars-choral, who previously
+said or sang the appointed masses for the departed. The
+earliest donation was that of Prebendary and Justiciary
+Robert de Lexington, 9th October 1241; and the latest that of
+Laurence Booth (1479), who endowed two in the Vavasour
+Chapel: altogether thirteen priests, and nine or ten altars.
+They “followed the choir,” or, in addition to their specific
+duties, assisted in the singing; and the priest of St. Nicholas
+also served the parochial chapel of ease of Halam, while others
+performed similar outside duties, and one was usher of the
+Grammar School and a second “player at the organs.”</p>
+
+<p>The chantry priests, besides their endowments, which averaged
+four or five pounds a year each, shared a small common fund,
+and, thanks to Canon Thomas Haxey, from the year 1415 lived
+together in their own house on the site of the present Grammar
+School, and could lodge outsiders. The chantry of St. John
+the Evangelist was in the gift of the vicars-choral, and to
+the rest the chapter appointed. The vicars-choral were
+generally promoted from this body. Next ranked two deacons,
+who, besides other duties, marshalled the processions, and two
+sub-deacons: the pay of the former being £3, 10s. and of the
+latter £2, 13s. Clerks were ordained as sub-deacons, and
+advanced to priests’ orders; and all four offices were sometimes
+combined with vicar-choralships. The six choristers
+were laymen, as was the incense-bearer or thuribuler. Then
+there were the registrar (an important official), the master of
+Our Lady’s works, the vergers, or wand-bearers, and others:
+altogether some sixty or more, not counting the wardens who
+were generally vicars-choral.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span>But the list of offices is not yet exhausted; for the prebendary
+of Normanton, in his capacity of chancellor, was the secretary
+for education for the county, and appointed to such grammar
+schools as Nottingham, Newark, and Wollaton, as well as to
+Southwell.</p>
+
+<p>Southwell Grammar School must be one of the very oldest
+educational establishments in the country, and the present
+headmaster (appointed by the bishop of the diocese) has a
+long unbroken line of predecessors going back to Norman times.
+The master was a vicar-choral or chantry priest, and received
+£2 a year out of the Normanton prebend, and his assistant
+half that sum. Complaints were made latterly that the master
+shirked his duties, was too fond of giving “remedies” or
+holidays, so that the boys paid their parents’ substance for
+nothing, and allowed English to be talked in school instead
+of Latin. The “Song School” was a separate establishment,
+of which the master was paid £1 a year, and taught other
+subjects besides singing. Possibly his pupils were choir boys,
+and the school held in the north transept chapel of the nave.</p>
+
+<p>The sacrist, besides his vicar-choral, had “clerks” under him;
+and complaints were made that these, as well as other clerks
+and ministers of the church, did not attend the Grammar School.
+At Wollaton school, adults (<i>viri</i>) were likewise taught; and at
+Southwell, it would seem that these “clerks” received, or were
+supposed to receive, some smattering of Latin with a view to
+ordination, for in spite of their name they do not appear to
+have been already in orders.</p>
+
+<p>The archbishop presented to the Hospital of St. Mary
+Magdalene; and there was a nunnery. No trace is left of
+either of these institutions.</p>
+
+<p>In value and importance, Southwell ranked below London
+and York, but quite on a level with many cathedrals.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">
+    CHAPTER II
+    <br>
+    EXTERIOR—THE NAVE AND TRANSEPT
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="PARTI.NORMAN">PART I.—NORMAN</h3>
+
+<p>Very happy in their choice of situation, the first builders
+selected an extensive tract of meadow land with a gentle slope
+from west to east; and consecrated the meadow itself for a
+burial-ground. Later builders never changed this site; and
+the church of Edwy and Edgar, and that of the eleventh
+century, as well as the present one, occupy the ground on
+which first stood a rude and hastily-constructed edifice of wood.
+Every one must at once be struck with the ample and unbroken
+space on all sides, allowing, as it does, full justice to be done to
+the fair proportions. In mediæval, as in modern, buildings the
+site is often too limited or too insignificant to do full justice to
+the architecture. It is otherwise here, and to this charm is
+added a second which, again, modern architects are apt to
+ignore. The building follows the natural slope of the ground
+it occupies; it is not constructed upon an artificial dead level.
+And the advantage of this in adding to the picturesque appearance
+becomes evident as we look at the building as a whole
+from different points of view: it grows upon one. And this
+effect of the spacious churchyard is still further enhanced by
+the position of the surrounding houses. There is not an
+unsuitable building in sight. The beautiful avenue of elms,
+called the Prebends’ Walk, at the northern side, half-conceals,
+half-reveals a row of detached houses environed by gardens,
+some of them in the prosperous days of the collegiate chapter
+prebendaries’ residences. The buildings of the Grammar
+School are at the north-west angle. Along the west side are
+other houses, and the churchyard surroundings are completed
+by the gardens and partially restored ruins of the palace of
+Wolsey and of Sandys, and by the open gateway and railing
+which leave to view the lawn-covered Vicars’ Court with its
+five houses.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span>The old Whitsuntide ceremonials, in times when Whitsuntide
+fell ten days later than now, were rendered more impressive
+by the surrounding bloom; and at no time of the year does
+the general aspect now present a more charming appearance
+than at the County Choral Festival in June, when the
+foliage of the trees, arrived at its first maturity, has not yet
+lost its early freshness.</p>
+
+<p>The principal gateway is on the west: a simple Norman
+structure with a niche overhead, in which, before the destructive days of Puritan iconoclasts, was placed a statue. The
+work on either side dates from the beginning of the nineteenth
+century. A second and plainer gives entrance on the north by
+the Prebends’ Walk; and a third by the Vicars’ Court.</p>
+
+<p>There is no eminence from which to get a bird’s-eye view.
+The western front and towers are commanded from the west
+gateway, the ground sloping gently. Standing by the corner of
+the palace and vicars’ gardens we get the south-east view of
+choir, south transept, and central tower. Going round to the
+north-east, and standing by the small entrance from the street
+by the corner house of the Vicars’ Court, the solid Early
+English choir on the left, the late Norman central tower in the
+middle, and the elegant Decorated chapter-house with the
+restored high-pitched roof are grouped together. And the due
+north view from the north gateway comprises the beautifully
+broken front from the west tower and north porch to the late
+Early English of the transept chapel, the whole being flanked
+on the left by the chapter-house. But the grouping of the
+three towers can only be properly appreciated from a greater
+distance: from the meadows on the south-east, where they
+combine with the palace ruins, or from the more distant view
+when approaching by rail from Rolleston.</p>
+
+<p>The external dimensions in feet are as follow:—Extreme
+length, 318, of which the Norman nave and tower comprise
+185; extreme length of transepts, 137; breadth of nave,
+72; breadth of south transept, about 40; of north, a trifle
+less; breadth of choir, same as nave, and including the two
+chapels, 108.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it will be seen that Southwell occupies a place amongst
+the smaller cathedrals. Not only is it less than Durham, York,
+and Lincoln, but also than Norwich and Exeter. It is, in fact,
+a little larger than Rochester. The original Norman choir was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span>of course different. The dedication is to the Blessed Mary the
+Virgin of Southwell.</p>
+
+<p>The stone chiefly came from quarries in the neighbourhood
+of Mansfield, twelve or fourteen miles away through Sherwood
+Forest. That used by the Norman builders is of a dark
+yellowish hue, while their Early English and Decorated
+successors found some of a lighter hue with blue-tinted veins.
+Fortunate in other matters, Southwell was fortunate in the
+choice of material. That eminent geologist Sir Roderick
+Murchison once expressed his regret that, when the Houses
+of Parliament were rebuilt, these quarries were not used. “If
+the Mansfield stone had been selected, not one pinnacle in
+that otherwise grand building would have been subjected, as
+it now was, to perish.” There is no fear of the minster
+perishing. Nave and transepts have already withstood the
+storms and rains of seven hundred and fifty years of the
+climate of the midlands, and choir and chapter-house almost
+as long. And this stone was chiselled by competent masons,
+after the fine pointed masonry of the later Norman had taken
+the place of the ruder work of earlier churches.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Central Tower</b> is a
+massive building of rather less
+than 40 feet square, and rises 105
+feet from the ground. The decoration
+of the upper part is divided
+into two stages, separated by string
+courses; and the four faces of the
+same stage are alike. The lower
+consists of an arcade or series of
+arches; and, as is so often the
+case in Norman buildings of the
+twelfth century, these arches intersect.
+This same intersecting work
+is repeated in the corresponding
+stage of the north-west tower, as
+well as on either side of the interior
+of the north porch. The
+arcade of the upper stage is
+different in design, inasmuch as
+the arches are separate and do
+not intersect. They are seven in number. The space on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span>either side of the central arch is rather more than the others;
+and the three central arches are pierced for windows, and,
+like the windows in the other towers, were once divided
+by a shaft into two lights. Above the upper stage the usual
+Norman corbel table is carried round the four sides. Originally
+the tower may have ended with a simple parapet; but if there
+were any spire, it would probably
+be of stone, of no great height, and
+rising from the outer surface of the
+walls—in fact, little more than a roof
+of pyramidal shape. The present
+roof dates from after the fire of 1711.
+The parapet is an addition, but contains
+stones with the Norman zigzag
+and circular hollow work. As the
+transept gables are similarly ornamented,
+it is assumed that these
+stones were removed from there and
+placed in their present position when
+the transept roofs were lowered; and
+accordingly the parapet of the tower
+is of the same date as the debasing
+of the transept roof. This—Mr
+Dimock’s theory—has been generally
+adopted by experts, and is interesting
+as an example of how archæologists
+are enabled to mark even
+the minor changes in detail. The
+somewhat elaborately carved pinnacles
+are, like the parapet, out of place on a Norman tower,
+although of Norman masonry. Originally placed at the ends of
+the transept gables, they corresponded with others in the north
+porch. Seen from below, they look too dwarfed and insignificant
+for their present altitude.</p>
+
+<div class="coldiv"><div class="col2"><figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image04">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image04.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    WALL OF TRANSEPT
+  </figcaption>
+</figure></div>
+
+<div class="col2"><figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image05">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image05.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    PINNACLE—CENTRAL TOWER
+  </figcaption>
+</figure></div></div>
+
+<p class="clear"><b>The Bells</b>, eight in number, are in this tower. If the
+first pair, the gift of Archbishop Kinsius before the Conquest,
+were ever placed here, they have long since been either
+destroyed or recast.</p>
+
+<p>An inscription on the wall of the interior, near the north
+door of the choir, tells us that “Thomas Wymondesold, of
+Lambeth in the county of Surry, Esquire, gave unto this
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>church a set of chimes and 20 shillings per annum for
+ever toward the keeping of them. 1693.” Wymondesold’s
+gift was reduced to a shapeless mass by the above-mentioned
+fire of 1711, and Ruddall of Gloucester cast a new peal
+with the following inscriptions:—</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>1st. Abraham Ruddall of Gloucester cast us all 1721.</p>
+
+<p>2nd. Peace and good neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>3rd. Prosperity to this Town.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Prosperity to our Benefactors.</p>
+
+<p>5th. From Lightning and Tempest, Good Lord, deliver us.</p>
+
+<p>6th. Prosperity to the Chapter.</p>
+
+<p>7th. Prosperity to the Church of England.</p>
+
+<p>8th. I to the Church the Living call, and to the Grave do
+summon all.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Since then some have been recast and the inscriptions
+altered—</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>2nd. G. Mears, founders, London, 1849.</p>
+
+<p>4th. T. Mears of London, fecit 1819.</p>
+
+<p>5th. T. Mears of London, fecit 1819.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>The wish expressed on the sixth bell has unhappily not
+been fulfilled. The chimes are set to the National Anthem.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Nave and Aisles.</b>—The length, including the
+west towers, of the external wall is 135 feet, the breadth 73.
+The division is into seven bays (broken on the north side
+by the famous porch) separated by buttresses. The effect
+is massive, stern, and bare to a degree. The buttresses
+are flat: of the same breadth and thickness throughout,
+and terminate in the parapet wall, which overhangs sufficiently
+to receive them. They would seem to have been constructed
+as much for ornament as for support. The only other relief
+of the Norman builders was those slightly projecting
+horizontal bands, the string courses. Two of these go
+round the whole of the Norman building, including the
+buttresses, excepting where by later alterations or other
+causes the continuity is broken. The lower of these, with
+heavy zigzag or chevron moulding—a peculiarity of late
+Norman—passes underneath such of the original windows as
+are left. But, as is so commonly the case, after-ages found
+that these windows did not give sufficient light, and enlarged
+several of them. The string course had to be removed
+to its corresponding position underneath the new windows,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span>and was connected with the old by upright and vertical
+bands, the material being found in the somewhat similar
+zigzag mouldings of the sides of the destroyed Norman
+windows. This ready and economical use of the displaced
+stonework gives a peculiar appearance to the exterior of the
+early Perpendicular windows, which architecturally are quite
+out of place. The higher continuous string course above the
+aisle windows was not broken from this cause, and remained
+unaltered until the great west window was inserted. Exceedingly
+interesting are the small and plain square windows
+in the aisles above the second string course, intended to
+give light to the triforium. In the nave and both aisles
+the projecting eaves have given place to parapets, supported
+by the old simple yet bold nebule corbel table beneath.</p>
+
+<p>As has been just stated incidentally, the windows of the two
+nave aisles represent various ages and different styles. Fortunately,
+from some unexplained reason, one of the original lights
+has been left intact, that in the north aisle nearest to the north-west
+tower, and is similar in detail to the lower tier of the
+transepts. In this we again meet with the zigzag ornament
+round both the sides and the arch, with outer side shafts
+supporting a semicircular edge-roll above; while the hood-moulding
+or dripstone is of the double billet, like the zigzag,
+a favourite Norman moulding. In the south aisle the three
+windows nearest to the tower at the west are imitations of
+the one just mentioned. They were put in about 1847, when
+the last remains of Booth’s (or Le Vavasour’s) Chapel were
+removed, and the old foundation near the north-west tower
+disturbed.</p>
+
+<p>The four windows in either aisle to the east are early Perpendicular
+of the end of the fourteenth century. They are of three
+lights, and the arches are four-centred. They have transoms,
+while the tracery of the upper part is in flowing lines. The
+outer hood-moulding or dripstone arch terminates with the
+head-dress of the latter part of the fourteenth century. These
+windows are poor and meagre, and unworthy of their position;
+but are historically interesting as specimens of the work
+of a time when the land had been stricken down and everything
+upset by the great pestilence. The remaining window—that
+immediately to the west of the north porch—is modern.
+A pleasing detail is the central broken string course of either
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span>aisle. This is simply a continuation of the plain square abacus
+or top ornament of the side shafts of the first Norman windows.
+Broken by both buttresses and windows, it supplements the
+continuous upper and lower string courses, and assists them
+in relieving the bareness of the walls.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Clerestory of the Nave.</b>—Rising above the aisles
+the clerestories constitute one of those features which makes
+Southwell quite unique amongst English churches. The circular
+windows lighting up the interior of the nave are so
+peculiar, as to make the architect, when he first sees them,
+imagine himself for the moment in Normandy or the German
+Palatinate; and, in common with other details presently to
+be noticed, mark off the Norman exterior as belonging to that
+particular late style and period sometimes called Romanesque.
+“More singular perhaps than beautiful” is an authoritative
+criticism passed upon them. In these windows the only
+ornament is the plain round-patterned mouldings, suggestive
+of gigantic wedding rings, which encircle them. The parapet
+and corbel are of the same style as those of the aisle beneath;
+and there are no buttresses, the round windows alone separating
+the different bays. Generally when the high-pitched Norman
+roof has been (as at Southwell) replaced by one of lower
+elevation, we find that the clerestory windows are inserted at
+the same time; but here these plain circular windows, lighting
+up the interior, form part of the original building, and no other
+church in England possesses the same characteristic.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image06">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image06.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+
+    NORTH PORCH.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<div class="leftdiv"><figure class="figleft illowe15" id="image07">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image07.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    CHIMNEY—NORTH PORCH.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure></div>
+
+<p><b>The North Porch.</b>—The north side of the nave differs
+from the south in its possession of this charming feature which
+occupies the third bay from the west. It is universally cited,
+with such examples as Sherborne and Malmesbury, as one of
+the finest specimens left. Perhaps it excels both of these, and
+certainly adds materially to the general beauty and interest of
+the north view, while the details are full of interest. Externally
+it is some 19 ft. broad, the massive walls leaving an internal
+breadth of about 14 ft., and it projects from the nave about
+22 ft. In the outer portal two semi-cylindrical shafts worked
+into and engaged with the front terminate in capitals with
+cushion and scalloped mouldings. From these capitals (or,
+more accurately, from the string course above) spring the
+arches of two orders, with square, round, and hollow mouldings.
+That lower continuous zigzag string course, already described,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span>is here utilised in an ingenious manner. Continued from
+beneath the aisle windows, it passes along the outside walls
+of the porch. Next it forms the abacus (or top of the capitals)
+of the pillars of the outer portals, and then doubles round along
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span>the interior walls above the arcading, finally losing itself in the
+outermost capital of the inner portal. Above the outer portal
+is the gable formed by an angle of about thirty degrees. Three
+windows, the centre by a frequent arrangement larger than the
+others, give light to the quaint <i>paradise</i> or upper room. These
+windows, glazed with diamond panes, have, as elsewhere, their
+inner arches unbroken by capitals or abaci, and ornamented
+with the zigzag; but the outer arch has the shafts and capitals,
+and is less ornamented; and above these the dripstone with
+the triple nebule and finished off with grotesquely carved
+heads. The two gable ends are
+crowned with round turrets pointed
+at the summit; and the western
+serves the purpose of a chimney flue
+to the upper room, being pierced
+with air holes. When this arrangement
+was first made it is impossible
+to say. The interior walls to the
+height of the continued string course
+are richly adorned with arcades.
+These are formed of the beautiful
+intersecting arches, and rest upon
+plain stone benches. The inner
+portal is formed by six receding
+arches. In the innermost the unbroken
+and rich zigzag is repeated;
+in the rest the arches stand upon
+shafts and capitals, and exhibit great
+variety of moulding, that next to the
+innermost having the unusual beakhead.
+This inner doorway almost comes up to the west
+door of Rochester in showing what the Norman craftsmen
+were capable of; and it is a pity that the waggon-vaulted
+roof of unfinished stone is too plain to harmonise.
+The oaken doors of the fourteenth century have flowing
+tracery carved on the wood. Access to the upper room or
+paradise is obtained from the triforium. The fireplace,
+chimney, and cupboards, made out of the thickness of the walls,
+show the dwelling-place of the sacrist, whose duty it was to
+sleep in the church that he might be at hand to ring the bells
+and perform other offices. This paradise over a Norman
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span>porch has set archæologists to work in order to find others;
+and they have succeeded in discovering one only, that of
+Bredon, in Worcestershire. But the peculiarities of this
+member of the north front of the cathedral are its least charm.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p>
+<p>The outer archway and gable, the intersecting arcades of the
+inside walls, and the glorious inner portal, are matched by the
+way in which the whole combines with the varied architecture
+of the north front. In the floor is the slab of the grave of
+some unknown person who died in 1536. The inscription is
+illegible, but the “tau” <span class="symb">T</span> cross and heart have been deciphered.
+Is it by any chance that the last sacristan’s clerk of the old
+order of things elected that his lifeless remains should sleep
+their long last sleep underneath the time-honoured chamber
+where he had been wont to take his nightly rest?</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image08">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image08.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+    NORTH PORCH, INTERIOR.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>Booth’s Chapel.</b>—The curious, by scanning closely the
+south wall of the nave near the south-west tower and the
+adjoining ground, may discern some recent alterations. It is
+the site of a chantry chapel dedicated to St. John the Baptist,
+and erected about 1280 by one of the prebendaries Henry le
+Vavasour. This means that Le Vavasour gave or bequeathed
+some small endowment to support a priest whose duty it was
+to celebrate a specified number of masses for the repose of the
+soul of some particular person, probably of Le Vavasour himself.
+At first it was always called after the patron saint. Archbishop
+William Booth (1452-65), who enlarged it, was buried here; and
+his brother, Archbishop Laurence Booth (1476-80) endowed
+two more chantries to Our Lady and St. Cuthbert. He had
+previously (1457-76) been Bishop of Durham, and hence St.
+Cuthbert’s name. At the time of his death he was busy
+in improving the chapel, and directed in his will that his body
+was to be interred in the south side. It is now impossible to
+trace the exact spot where the remains of these two prelates,
+who were so attached to Southwell, and who died there, were
+laid, nor of those others whom we know by the wills proved
+before the chapter to have been buried inside. The second
+chantry and altar thus founded in 1480 are the only dedication
+to the Blessed Virgin within the minster, although the church
+itself was named in her honour; for there never has been any
+Lady Chapel properly so called. Yet this name is given to the
+chapel by William Enkersol, chantry priest of St. John the
+Baptist. In his will he directed “my bodie to be buryed in
+the churche yerde of our ladie of Suthwell beforesaide of
+the est side <i>of our ladie is chapel</i>.” From the death of
+Archbishop Laurence the building was called Booth’s Chapel;
+and the only chantries we are able to localise are the three here.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>Dickinson tells us that the windows formerly contained the
+coats of arms of the Booth family and their connections.
+While still a chantry, it was also the Grammar School under
+the direction of the prebendary of Normanton, <i>ex officio</i>
+chancellor. As the Grammar School it continued until in the
+year 1784 it was demolished on the ground that it marred the
+symmetry of the buildings; and on the site of the old chantry
+house the present school was built, after the chapel had been
+its home for nearly four hundred years. During some alterations
+in 1847 the wall of the aisle fell in, and was then restored
+to its present state. In its later days the chapel was also used
+as the library; and when pulled down, the books and manuscripts
+were deposited in the north transept chapel of the
+nave.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image09">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image09.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+
+    WEST DOOR.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The West Front.</b>—The western door has a striking
+resemblance to the still more beautiful inner one of the north
+porch, and likewise illustrates the care bestowed by Norman
+artificers upon this part of their edifices. It is of five arches;
+and here again the innermost arch is unbroken and profusely
+adorned with the familiar zigzag. The outer four rest upon
+shafts with scalloped capitals, and are alternately ornamented
+with the edge-roll and zigzag, two with each kind of
+moulding; and the hood-moulding above is of the double
+billet. The oaken doors, of the same date as those of the
+north porch, are covered with elaborate iron scroll work. Very
+beautiful is the effect of doorway and door; and we wish
+the same could be said of the window, but we have unhappily
+come to the great eyesore and disfigurement of the building.
+For this great west window takes up almost the whole space
+between the towers from doorway to summit. The style
+is late Perpendicular—probably not earlier than 1450. It
+is of seven lights, with many mullions and transoms and
+much tracery. In itself this does not harmonise or blend with
+Norman architecture, and the straight perpendicular lines of
+the tracery are inelegant; but the chief fault is the enormous
+size, occupying the entire centre of the front and, without
+exaggeration, suggestive rather of a railway station or the
+Crystal Palace than of a Norman nave. The string courses
+of the two towers tell us the probable size and position of
+the original windows, even though not connected from tower
+to tower; so do the transepts, and suggest three lights one
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>above the other, either arched as in the nave aisles, or circular
+as in the clerestory, with perhaps at the top a small square
+window like those beneath the clerestory. What windows
+the Normans put in they put in after some such fashion as
+this. Then came the Early English architects, and they may
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span>have inserted larger lancet-headed lights, which would match
+well enough with the rest, and display no such incongruity
+as we now see. Rochester Cathedral and the little-known
+priory church of Cartmel are two other typical examples of
+this fifteenth-century want of taste. Can we then assign any
+reason for this? I think we can, as has been already foreshadowed
+in the description of the four eastern windows of the
+nave aisles. Norman windows were small for two reasons:
+light was not valued, and glass was scarce, if used at all, for we
+cannot trace glass prior to the closing years of the twelfth
+century. Early English builders made their windows larger
+than the Norman, and the Decorated still further increased
+the size. But both performed their work in such due proportion
+as to take away the idea of gloom and add to the
+beauty. So things went on until in the middle of the fourteenth
+century came that terrible pestilence which, among
+other and more important things, in some buildings seems to
+have broken the orderly and systematic evolution of our
+architecture. The old school appears to have died out, and
+the new were not always mere copyists or followers who
+made gradual alterations of merely minor importance, but alas!
+sometimes parodists.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly we owe much to men like William of Wykeham;
+but let us in our ecclesiastical architecture fix upon the exact
+year of 1350. Let us compare in the same building what was
+finished before this with what was finished after, and we arrive
+at this result—evolutionary development of beauty before,
+evolutionary development of ugliness after. Undoubtedly this
+theory works out at Southwell. The north porch and west
+doorway are more beautiful than any earlier Norman; the Early
+English choir is more beautiful than these; but the great glory
+of Southwell is neither nave nor choir, but the chapter-house of
+1290, while the least beautiful parts are the eastern windows of
+the nave aisles of a century later, and worst of all this great
+west window of the fifteenth century. Let those whose recollections
+go back twenty years add the flattened and debased
+roofs that everywhere obtained, and the minster surely points
+the moral and adorns the tale. The improvements of men are
+often more destructive than the hand of time.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p>
+
+<p>The height of the western towers is 99 feet, and with the
+modern spires 149 feet; the external base a square of 23 feet.
+They are divided into seven stages.</p>
+
+<p>The buttresses, flat and broad, are placed near the angles,
+and extend to the height of the parapet—that is to say, to the
+summit of the fifth stage, while the different stages are separated
+by plain string courses. In the second stage from the ground
+the west windows are imitation Norman of quite recent introduction,
+copied from the original in the nave aisle and
+transepts, for the Normans themselves left these lower stages
+blank. Formerly Decorated windows of three lights of the
+time of Edward III., with double foliated tracery, were inserted,
+and that of the southern tower, after various vicissitudes, has
+found a home in one of the gardens of the Vicars’ Court. The
+slits piercing the wall at different heights near the outer angle
+are staircase windows. The fifth stage has an arcade of three
+round arches on each face; the centre, which has zigzag
+mouldings, pierced for lights. It is when we come to the sixth
+stage, the first above the base of the roof, that we notice an
+interesting difference in the work of the two towers. Here the
+Normans artistically began their more elaborate decoration, so
+as to finish off their work gracefully. In the northern tower is
+an arcading of intersecting round-headed arches, similar to those
+of the central tower, and in the interior of the north porch;
+but in the southern tower the design differs, for the workmen
+caused the arches to stop at the point of intersection, the upper
+stones being omitted. The result is, that these arches are
+not round-headed, but lancet-shaped. Intentionally or unintentionally,
+the round Norman dies away into the pointed
+Gothic of Early English. Was the pointed arch invented in
+this way? This used to be maintained, and there is something
+to be said in favour of a theory so ingenious; but the
+general consensus of opinion amongst experts is not to
+extend inferences from this interesting peculiarity too far.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a><a id="Page_40"></a>40</span>The pointed arch, in its use upon a large scale for doorways,
+aisles, windows, and the like, it is now held, was of independent
+origin. The ornamentation is continued in the top stage,
+where the arcades are similar to those of the fifth, excepting
+that the central light is larger and double. The Normans,
+when they crowned their towers with spires at all, generally
+made them correspond in plan. Thus to the square towers
+of Southwell they would have added, if they added anything,
+pyramidal or square spires, and these would be of no great
+height; but we do not know how they finished off here, and
+are equally ignorant of any early alterations. Engravings up
+to the fire of 1711 (which has to be so frequently mentioned)
+show spires which seem too lofty and tapering for Norman
+work; but no one is satisfied as to their date. After the fire,
+similar ones of wood and sheeted lead took their place. At the
+beginning of this century the lower part of the northern tower
+threatened danger, and the spires, being ignorantly thought
+too heavy for safety, were removed, and parapets and corner
+pinnacles to match the central tower substituted.</p>
+
+<p>The restoration under the auspices of the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners included the addition of spires 50 feet high,
+after the pattern of those removed, and this was accomplished
+by 1880. There will always be a difference of opinion as to
+whether there was any gain, for these spires do not match the flat
+summit of the central tower. It is not only that while all three
+still possessed the same pattern of summit that they were cited
+as amongst the finest specimens of their kind; but so great an
+authority as Mr E.A. Freeman, whose knowledge of architecture
+extended over Western Europe, was always wont to
+declare that the grouping of the three, as he saw them before
+1880, was as nearly as possible perfect. And it is extremely
+doubtful whether the new spires resemble the original Norman
+at all. The straight lines of the string courses, and the flat
+buttresses of the towers added to the clerestory windows, give
+the peculiar tone and character to the nave, and assist in
+marking it off as belonging to that Norman style, more Continental
+than English, called Romanesque.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image10">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image10.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    WEST FRONT: (AS IN 1850) THE TOWERS WITHOUT THE SPIRES, THE SOUTH TOWER SHOWING THE
+    EARLIEST POINTED ARCHES IN THE TOP STAGE BUT ONE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Transepts</b>, or the transept (for the term is sometimes
+used in the singular), were intended to carry out the idea of a
+cross. In such early buildings as the basilican churches of
+Rome they are represented by a space at the east end, and the
+head of the cross is only an apse. In course of time arms
+were extended, especially towards the east, as in the original
+Norman choir of Southwell, and the Early English choir is
+almost as long as the nave. Still later, the Decorated nave
+of York was made of the same length as the choir. At Southwell
+the dimensions are 128 feet by about 40, but owing to
+the chapel on its eastern side, the north front is not quite equal
+to the south. With exceptions comparatively slight, to be
+mentioned presently, the Norman work has not been tampered
+with.</p>
+
+<p>Of the three string courses mentioned in the description of
+the nave, the highest and the lowest are here continued, and
+above them a third, level with the base of the clerestory; the
+three together dividing the different fronts into four stages,
+which are further relieved by buttresses reaching up to the
+corbel tables. The windows of the second stage are of the usual
+pattern of the original aisle windows of the nave. In the third
+stage they are larger, and the inner arches have the edge-roll,
+while the outer have large, rude cable moulding of a peculiar
+pattern—“a series of what is called the double cone, arranged
+spirally after the fashion of the ordinary cable moulding.”
+The hood is of three overhanging rows of a small
+square-footed nebules. The transoms and mullions are
+later and questionable additions. The topmost stage has
+the circular windows like those of the clerestory; but in
+the north transept there is the cable moulding of the usual
+pattern, alternating with a special row of beads instead of
+the plain rounds or “large wedding rings.” The gables of
+the north and south fronts, low pitched and without windows,
+are exceedingly singular and striking, the whole surface
+being filled in with zigzag and small circles, incised in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span>north front and embossed in the south. Altogether these
+details display many peculiarities, and one writer describes
+the general effect as “almost barbaric.” The bear on the
+north gable was formerly in the workshop of one of the
+builders employed, and from thence found its way to Upton
+Hall, two miles away, and elsewhere. It was placed in its
+present place on the supposition that it originally occupied
+the same; and a modern lion to match now adorns the
+south gable.</p>
+
+<p>In the south front facing the palace is a doorway of
+moderate size, which was restored in 1847. It is original
+Norman of three orders, profusely enriched with zigzags,
+and of the usual pattern, the inner order continuous, and
+the two outer arches resting upon detached jamb shafts,
+with the zigzag string course running over all as a hood-mould.
+There was no corresponding door in the north
+transept, for that shown in old engravings, an after-addition,
+has been filled up. A residence stood on the site of
+the palace from the earliest times, and this south door was
+intended for the use of the inhabitants. In the east wall of the
+south transept two short buttresses, which stop in the third
+stage, and the pattern and arrangement of the stones show
+that a chapel with an apse has been pulled down; and the
+former existence of this explains the absence of windows
+excepting in the top stage.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image11">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image11.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo</i>.</div>
+
+    DOORWAY FACING THE PALACE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>With the transepts we have come to the end of the existing
+Norman exterior; and the present is a suitable place to add
+a few remarks on the roofs, and on the Norman choir which
+has been pulled down and superseded.</p>
+
+<p>In both late Norman and Early English work the roof
+was generally high pitched; and the marks on each face
+of the central tower proved that the entire roof was elevated
+to an angle of about forty-five degrees. In course of time
+the ends of the beams became decayed, and then in a
+degenerate age ensued an unhappy change. In order that
+the work might be cheaply done, the rotten ends were sawn
+off, and the old beams still used; but, so as to make their
+now shortened dimensions of sufficient length, the high
+pitch had to give way to one much lower. A general rule
+may be laid down that whenever a twelfth-century roof has
+been lowered the cause and the method were of this nature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span></p>
+
+<p>When this was done at Southwell we do not know, but shall
+probably be not far out of our reckoning in assuming that
+the low roof and the west window, both out of place, were
+the work of the same designer and the same time. Thoroton’s
+“History of Notts” and Hollar’s engravings in Dugdale’s
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span><i>Monasticon</i> both show the low roof. After the great fire the
+restoration was carried out by the ignorant and indifferent
+chapter on the same lines; and the material itself was poor
+and covered with slate. “The poor church has become,”
+complained Mr Dimock, “in comparison with what it once
+was, mutilated, debased, and earth clinging; a wretched lifeless monument.” And in endorsing this his friend Mr E.A.
+Freeman, in his characteristic <i>Saturday Review</i> style, added—“A
+poor parody of its former self,” “the mutilated wreck of
+storm and fire, the victim of a base economy which executed
+essential repairs at the smallest possible cost, and brutally
+pulled down what it was inconvenient to restore.”&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> But
+these two and others of a like mind and a like authority were
+fortunately able to influence that slowly-moving corporation, the
+Ecclesiastical Commissioners; and at length that body resolved
+to devote part of the corporate revenues of the dissolved and
+extinct chapter to a thorough restoration after the designs of
+Mr Ewan Christian. In 1879-80 the roofs, excepting the choir,
+were restored to their original pitch, and the old material was
+cast aside for massive English oak covered with cast-lead. In
+this not only was the external roof made after the original
+pattern, but, in thus going back to archæological correctness
+the dignity and stateliness of Archbishop Thomas the Second’s
+minster were greatly enhanced. Looked at, then, from either
+point of view—that of antiquity or that of beauty—it is difficult
+to see how exception can be taken for leaving out of our
+estimate the western towers the two combine. Yet, at the time,
+the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings was up in
+arms, and Mr Christian’s noble conceptions vigorously opposed.
+A wordy war of the roofs followed, and it was gravely contended,
+although the four faces of the central tower told their own tale
+of the pitch of the original roofs, that the taking away of the
+flattened floor of 1711 was an act of vandalism. Had this
+low covering been constructed on Norman lines, it would have
+been another matter; Mr Christian would then have been in
+a dilemma as to whether archæology or beauty ought to be
+satisfied. As things really were, both were on his side. Fortunately
+the controversy was useless, and Mr Christian and his
+skilled workmen had their way. It is amazing that any highly-cultivated
+body of men, students of art in art’s highest phases,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span>should ever have raised such a storm in a tea-cup; but when we
+come to the interior of the choir they will appear in a light
+even worse.</p>
+
+<p>The foundations show that before the present Early English
+choir a Norman choir extended eastwards from the base of the
+central tower to a length of 59 feet—that is to say, to less than
+half of its beautiful successor. It had north and south aisles
+of about 40 feet in length, terminating in apses. In all
+probability it was of the same date as the nave and transepts,
+and not part of the earlier church existing in the eleventh
+century, for there are sufficient marks upon the east side of the
+central tower to suggest that the triforium and clerestory
+corresponded to the nave, in which case they would naturally
+be of the same date. The external breadth was the same as
+now, but the extra thickness of Norman walls made the internal
+breadth about a foot less.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p>It becomes, then, comparatively easy to picture to ourselves
+in rough outline the Norman church of the twelfth century as
+a whole. Substitute for the present choir one reaching only
+some 60 ft. eastwards of the central tower, with aisles and
+clerestory similar to the nave, and terminating with a
+rectangular eastern wall. Make the aisles terminate with
+apses, and add to the east face of either transept a short and
+broad apsidal chapel. Next add windows after the patterns of
+the transepts and put a high-pitched roof everywhere with
+overhanging eaves and no parapets; and we have a general
+idea. The one difficulty is how to crown the tower summits.
+Mr J.H. Parker seemed to think that, judging by such stone
+specimens as are still left, wherever in late Norman there is
+anything to be called a spire at all, it is of low proportions,
+“little more than a pyramidal roof, but becoming gradually
+elongated as time advanced, and so leading the way to the
+gracefully elevated spire proper of the Early English.” We
+may then finish off the three towers with pyramids of four sides
+and overhanging eaves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p>
+
+<p>The date of the Norman work can be disposed of in a few
+words. Archbishop Thomas the Second wrote his letter to the
+people of Notts, asking for contributions for the building of
+their mother church, during his episcopate, which began in
+1109 and lasted only six years. This evidence is corroborated
+by the building itself. The general good workmanship, the fine
+pointed masonry, and the Romanesque details of the exterior
+synchronise with the archbishop’s letter, as do the edge-roll
+flanked by hollows, the more elaborate zigzag and other
+mouldings, which could only have been made with a skilfully-used
+chisel. From 1110 to 1115 is then the date of commencement,
+while it is well not to attempt to decide the
+duration of the building operations. Amongst others, the
+naves of Durham, Norwich, and Rochester are contemporary.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="PART_II-EARLY_ENGLISH">
+  PART II.—EARLY ENGLISH
+</h3>
+
+<p><b>The Choir</b>.-One of the few good services rendered by
+King John was the influence he brought to bear upon the
+York chapter to elect Walter de Gray to the long-vacant see.
+A wave of enthusiasm for the new style was passing over the
+land, and Gray encouraged fresh works at York, Ripon, Southwell,
+and elsewhere. When the new building was commenced
+at Southwell, first of all an Early English addition was made to
+the existing Norman choir, and the high altar was removed
+nearly 70 feet eastwards. After this had been finished, the
+Norman choir and choir aisles were pulled down, and on their
+site the Early English choir completed, and, with the exception
+of the roof, almost exactly as we now see. The foundations of
+the eastern part are entirely of local stone, but on the site of the
+older choir a quantity of Mansfield stone is used, which came
+from the fabric pulled down. This method of enlargement by
+degrees was not uncommon. The plan is of eight bays, not
+counting a small blank bay at the junction with the transepts.
+The choir aisles extend along six of these, and from the fifth a
+small transeptal chapel projects on either aisle. The dimensions
+in feet are—Length, 128; of aisles, 98; breadth, including
+aisles, 73; and including the two transept chapels, 108; breadth
+of east end, 40.</p>
+
+<p>The material is sandstone. The northern front was afterwards
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span>in a great measure hidden away by the erection of the
+chapter-house and vestibule. The walls are less thick than in
+the Norman work, and generally this part is less massive, and
+the roof was loftier. There used to be a doorway on the south
+side, apparently for the convenience of the palace, but this has
+long since been closed.</p>
+
+<p><b>The South Front</b>.—The base mouldings show the first
+point of difference from the Norman work. These mouldings
+and the continuous string course below the second or window
+stage run all round the eastern part of the building—the early
+Decorated additions on the north side equally with the Early
+English, and are distinguished for their bold and effective
+outline, and more particularly for their deep undercutting. A
+second point of difference from the Norman, and more striking,
+is seen in the buttresses. They have a much greater projection,
+and less breadth, although unusually broad for Early
+English work, and are square in the lower stage, but chamfered—<i>i.e.</i>
+the edges are shaved off—above. They are finished off
+with lofty acute-angled heads or pediments, which have their
+faces sunken. These heads rise up above the parapet wall,
+and are ornamented with that typical Early English moulding,
+the so-called <i>dog-tooth</i>. Some idea of it may be gained in the
+following way:—Take four (or in certain instances only three)
+leaves of the common beech, place their stems together so as
+to overlap a little, and cause this central point to be raised
+somewhat after the fashion of a dwarfed pyramid. The simpler
+term of “leaf” moulding would be more suggestive than
+“dog-tooth.”</p>
+
+<p>The buttresses at the angles, both of the transept chapel and
+of the east end of the aisle, are grouped in pairs, one on either
+front. These are without the lofty pediment, but terminate in
+a slope beneath the cornice. The windows in the bays formed
+by the buttresses are single-light lancets and without tracery.
+Between the two south transepts—those of the nave and choir—are
+four bays; the two central have the windows in pairs, the
+others singly. The circular turret-shaped projection at the
+south-west angle of the choir transept is a staircase leading to
+the triforium, which causes the adjacent window to be smaller.
+On the other hand, the single window to the west is larger.
+These windows are the typical lancets of their period, the
+pointed arch appearing as though formed on an acute-angled
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span>triangle. So are those in the transept chapel, and the smaller
+one in the gable of the east end of the aisle and the pair
+beneath it. These are all deeply set and with chamfered
+jambs. The outer arches spring from single shafts, engaged
+and with the fillet moulding—a small flat band placed between
+the rounds, which first came into vogue at this time—and have
+bold hood-moulds. The cornice moulding of the aisle is
+original, but the parapet above a later substitute for the eave
+roof. The displacement of the roof of the transept chapel by
+lowering to the flat level of the second stage has caused this
+to resemble a mere projection from the adjacent aisle; but
+the marks on the clerestory wall show clearly that originally
+it possessed a high-pitched roof and lofty gable, and formed
+a transept to the choir proper, as did the other on the north
+side. In consequence, above
+the aisle the bay of the
+clerestory is here blank,
+while the others have a pair
+of small lancets placed a
+little apart. Here, again, the
+jamb shafts are engaged,
+while the hood-moulds are
+beautifully enriched with the
+dog-tooth. Above the clerestory
+the parapet is original
+and extremely fine. It is
+carried on a corbel table of
+grotesque heads, with cornice
+mouldings enriched with dog-tooth,
+as also above the plain
+face in a deep hollow below
+the ridge. The two flying
+buttresses were added later,
+as the pinnacles adorned
+with crockets show. The
+licence of 1337 probably points to their age. There must
+have been alarm for the stability of the wall and roof, and
+these were placed as supports. Formerly the western one had
+a water drain emerging from the heavy stonework at the base.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image12">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image12.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    FLYING BUTTRESS AND PINNACLE OF CHOIR.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Chancel</b>.—By this is meant that part of the choir
+east of the aisles. In a minster dedicated to St. Mary we
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span>expect to find a Lady Chapel eastward of the high altar;
+but there is none here, neither has there ever been: her altar
+was elsewhere.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> This east end extends two bays beyond
+the aisles, and is square-fronted like York. It has been
+remarked—“The architecture here is in the purest and most
+refined Early English style; very reticent of ornament, but
+with an almost Greek refinement and delicacy in the design
+of the buttresses, and the general composition of the lines;
+and in general effect, and in the detail of the buttress-heads,
+the base course, and other points, is so similar to the work
+of the nave and south transept of Lincoln that one cannot
+but think some of the same hands were employed on both.”&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_21_21" href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+This may well have been the case, as these parts of Lincoln
+were erected between 1203-1253, during the episcopate of
+William of Blois and his two successors. All the buttresses,
+both those which separate the two easternmost bays and
+those which stand in the usual pairs at the angles are of
+larger dimensions in width and projection than the others
+farther west. Otherwise they are similar in character, and
+have four string courses between the base and parapet.
+The pairs at the corners have massive octagonal pinnacles,
+shafted at the angles, have each side finished with a sharp
+gabled head enriched with dog-tooth, and at the summit
+conical cappings with ribs rising to the apex from the
+capitals of the angle shafts. The arrangement of the
+windows is as follows:—The bays adjoining the aisle have
+them in pairs, and the easternmost bays singly; the east
+front has four—both stages everywhere the same. The
+windows on the north and south sides are similar to
+those previously described; but the east front calls for
+remark. The arrangement of four in each stage is singular;
+and when in the same stage all four are of equal height,
+peculiarly so. In those rare instances of a series of four
+the rule is for the central pair to be higher than the outside
+ones. In the upper stage are also blank arches adjoining
+the buttresses; as is the case with the adjacent bays. The
+abaci of these lancets are continued round the buttresses and
+walls as string courses, dividing the two stages into upper
+and lower parts. The windows, deeply set, have the sides
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>chamfered; and the finely-moulded triple clustered shafts
+are filleted. The arches are enriched with the dog-tooth, and
+the outer one constitutes a continuous arcade. In the lower
+stage, almost the entire width of the front is occupied: in the
+upper the windows are less deeply set and in consequence
+narrower, but the blank arches completely fill up the whole
+available space between the buttresses, and here the lights are
+of a greater height; and this heightening and narrowing,
+so as to add to the effect, must be pronounced most
+successful. The windows of the end bays are similar in
+pattern; and the chancel, flanked as it is by the aisles and
+chapels, in spite of being “very reticent of ornament”—for
+there is no tracery—has been commended and admired by
+every expert and architect who has seen it.</p>
+
+<p>But as with the west front, so here again with the east we
+have to lament that later men have marred what their predecessors
+have bequeathed to them. Early English roofs were
+almost, if not quite, universally of a steep slope, more so than
+the Norman; and at Southwell the marks still left, and particularly
+on the east front of the central tower, demonstrate that
+this was the case. The old lofty roof is gone and the old lofty
+gable with it; and above the third stage a dwarfed window in
+a dwarfed gable, and a late battlement surmounted by a late
+cross is what we now see. What used to be seen at first was
+this lofty gable pierced either with yet another tier of lancets
+or with a circular light after the manner of the circular windows
+of York, Lincoln, and Beverley, the whole surmounted by a
+lofty cross rising above the lofty buttress-heads, conspicuous
+from far and near. We have only to go to Lincoln
+(or indeed judge by the restored roof of the nave) to see
+what a difference this makes. When was this, “as complete
+a mutilation as the headless trunk of some fine ancient
+statue,” perpetrated? Some time after the completion of the
+chapter-house, and by the same people, or at least in the
+same spirit, as that which lowered the roof and pierced the
+west wall of the nave.</p>
+
+<p><b>The North Front</b>. From the exterior the only parts
+visible are the end bay of the aisle and the transept chapel;
+and this latter is partly overlapped by the chapter-house. The
+details are similar to the rest; but the flying buttress has no
+pinnacles, and the small window in the gable of the aisle has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>a peculiar flattened hood-mould, almost semicircular. There
+seems to be no reason for this difference from the corresponding
+window on the other side. When standing against the north
+front of the chapel, one is almost shut in by the buttresses of
+the chapter-house.</p>
+
+<p>The choir illustrates that the striking difference between the
+Norman and Early English styles lies not only in the greater
+massiveness of the former, and in the pointed lancet arches of
+the latter, but also in the greater window space, the chancel
+alone possessing twenty ample lights. It has been proved that
+glass came into use in Early English times, and this circumstance
+may explain the development.</p>
+
+<p>The indulgence of Archbishop Walter Gray fixes the date of
+the commencement of building at about 1230.</p>
+
+<p><b>The North Transept Chapel</b>.—Before leaving the Early
+English part of the exterior, and still taking the building in its
+chronological order, this addition to the Norman transept next
+demands attention. The only part visible from the exterior is
+the north front, which projects slightly from the transept, the
+east front being hidden by the vestibule. A peculiarity is that
+the buttresses, which project in the first stage as far as those
+at the east end, have their angles chamfered in the second
+stage only. In the third stage the projection is diminished;
+and the chamfering of the stage below ends in a point against
+the square face. The buttresses to the west originally terminated,
+like those of the choir, with a triangular head,
+ornamented with the dog-tooth, but when the gable parapet
+was added a crocketed gable head was placed above this head
+and behind it. The eastern buttress, adjoining the vestibule,
+ends in a slope beneath the parapet. The large window in the
+second stage is a later development, enlarged to give more
+light to the chapel within. The shafts are not purely circular,
+but what Professor Willis called <i>keeled—i.e.</i> with bands or
+fillets in the front resembling the keel of a boat; and they
+support an arch with a hood-mould over all. The general
+appearance is somewhat heavy and inelegant, as the arch seems
+too large. Mullions divide the lower part into three lights, and
+the tracery above is double foliated, and what is styled <i>reticulated—i.e.</i>
+diamond-shaped or with squares placed diagonally.
+This window, with its peculiarities, affords a hastily-made
+example of indifferent and late Decorated; but in the stage
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>above we go back to pure Early English. This is an arcading
+of five lancets, of which two are pierced for lights, supported by
+circular shafts detached from the wall. The window in the
+fourth stage has an arch resembling the segmental pointed;
+and the filleted shafts are engaged. The mouldings of the
+arch are peculiar; they are not of the same pattern as the
+adjoining buttress, but more nearly than anything else resemble
+a transition from the Norman nail-head to the Early English
+dog-tooth. And the tracery and mullions are very late work,
+suggesting that alterations were made long after.</p>
+
+<p>This chapel is partly built upon the site of a smaller apse-shaped
+Norman one. A buttress of the north aisle of the
+choir, partly worked into the south-east angle of the chapel,
+shows by the cornice moulding that the choir wall once joined
+on to the transept; remains of a Norman arch are still visible
+in the transept wall. The work as a whole, and emphatically
+the central arcading of lancets, are of the date of the middle of
+the thirteenth century. There is documentary evidence that in
+1249 and 1260 additions were made to the fabric; and to one
+of these dates we may safely assign it.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="PART_III-EARLY_DECORATED_OR_GEOMETRICAL">
+  PART III.—EARLY DECORATED OR GEOMETRICAL
+</h3>
+
+<p>The chapter-house and its vestibule are the last additions
+to the fabric, and were added after the chapter had been
+endowed with the three additional prebends of Eaton, North
+Leverton, and Beckingham at the end of the thirteenth century,
+and increased to its final complement of sixteen. The
+thirteen prebendaries (or such of them as lived in England and
+were resident) met before in a smaller and earlier chapter-house
+on the same site as the existing one. In view of the
+increased number and importance of the college, a more
+spacious assembly room was felt to be necessary; and, like
+their brethren of York, Lichfield, Wells, and elsewhere, they
+built the present fine council chamber for the transaction of
+business.</p>
+
+<p>This part of the minster belongs to that beautiful style
+of architecture which some call Early Decorated and others
+Geometrical. It is a legitimate development of the Early
+English, and prevailed, roughly speaking, during the last thirty
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span>years of the thirteenth and the first fifteen of the succeeding
+century, gradually verging into the Decorated proper.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_22_22" href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p><b>The Vestibule.</b>—The only parts of this seen from the
+exterior are the north front and so much of the western as
+extends beyond the chapel: this projection is of about twenty
+feet. It is built outwards from the second bay of the choir
+aisle. At the north-west corner are a pair of buttresses the
+height of the wall, set at right angles to each other, with square
+edges and shallow niches at the top, and terminated with
+acute gable heads with crockets and finials. They are
+surmounted at the back by other gables standing out from
+the roof. In the western front is an ogee-shaped window arch,
+formed of two contrasted curves and sharp-pointed. Owing
+to the difficulty of construction, this form is not usual for large
+openings, though common enough over tombs, niches, and small
+doorways. The solitary window of the north front has the arch
+more equilateral and sharp-pointed than those of the chapter-house.
+It is much plainer, and is not sufficiently broad to fill
+up the entire space. The arch is of two orders, and springs from
+attached keeled jamb shafts: the lights trefoiled at the head,
+and above two trefoiled circles with one quatrefoiled under the
+apex. Generally the greater plainness, as well as the comparative
+narrowness, of the north window, suggest that the vestibule is
+slightly prior in date to the chapter-house.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Chapter-House.</b>—On the east side of the vestibule,
+and at its northern end, this unique adornment was added to the
+fabric. It is in front of the third and fourth bays and the transept
+chapel of the choir aisle, completing the enclosure of the open
+court, and is of such large dimensions as to overlap the projecting
+chapel, one of the great buttresses actually touching. At
+Wells, where the chapter-house is in a similar position and on a
+larger scale, this overlapping does not occur, as the choir is on
+a relatively larger scale; and it seems a pity that at Southwell
+the example of Lincoln was not followed, and the chapter-house
+built on to the end of the vestibule as distinct from the
+side. There is nothing in the lie of the ground to prevent this;
+and the beautiful northern front of the choir would not have
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span>been so much shut out from view. The only reason that can
+be assigned is that there was a wish for an enclosed courtyard;
+and undoubtedly, whether or not we accept the tradition that it
+was anciently used as a baptistery, it was, as we shall see, used
+for some purpose of importance.</p>
+
+<p>The building is an exact octagon, each side of 17 feet; and
+five sides are visible from the exterior. The basement mouldings
+correspond with those of the vestibule; but the continued
+string course immediately under the windows is higher, as is
+the blank stage below. The four corner buttresses which are
+visible (the fifth is partly hidden) show distinctly a point of
+difference between the two styles of architecture—the Early
+English and the Early Decorated. They are divided into
+stages, as are the Early English, by a string course from the
+spring of the window arches; but are at once narrower and of
+greater projection than the corner ones at the east end. The
+edges are unchamfered; and the buttresses continue with undiminished
+projection until they terminate at a point some feet
+below the parapet. As with the vestibule, they have shallow
+niches at the summit, which are trefoiled at the top under acute-headed
+gablets. Above the buttresses proper and at the back,
+rising through the parapet, are square pedestals with rounded
+edges, with faces sunk concavely to make shallow niches. Like
+the niches below, these terminate in a trefoil; and the pedestals
+are crowned with pinnacles, with most elaborate crockets and
+finials. Some of these really resemble bishop’s <i>crooks</i>, from
+which the name may have been derived, while others show
+signs of repair not always in the best taste. At the base of
+the pinnacles are grotesque gargoyle-shaped figures projecting
+from their feet. As these are not images of saints, they have
+been spared by iconoclasts; but we have to lament that
+destructive and ill-regulated zeal which pulled down the statues
+from their niches, for if the same hands that worked the carving
+of the interior worked these, the effect must have been
+glorious to a degree. The buttresses more than any other part
+suggest York: though it still remains unsettled which of the
+two chapter-houses is the older. The original parapet has
+fortunately been spared. Below is a corbel table of trefoil
+arches springing from heads with the triangular spaces between
+also trefoiled: next, the hollow cornice moulding with a late
+variety of the dog-tooth: next, a broad plain face, and over
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span>all a series of open quatrefoils. Six of the octagon sides
+have windows, of which five are visible from the exterior.
+These occupy the entire breadth from buttress to buttress;
+and it is doubtful whether anything is gained by this. The
+arrangement at the east end, where a small blank space is
+allowed on either side, certainly produces a better effect; and
+this enlargement of the Decorated style does not cause it to
+compare favourably with its predecessor, so far as this particular
+point is concerned. The arches are of three orders; the shafts
+attached and keeled with mouldings of rounds and hollows.</p>
+
+<p>The windows are of three lights, trefoiled in the heads, with
+two trefoiled circles above, and a quatrefoil above these under
+the apex of the arch, very much the same as with the north
+window of the vestibule. The cusping is largely pierced and
+springs from the soffit only, not from the sloping sides of the
+tracery as in later work of the kind; and the mullions
+have a small shaft in front with base and capital, and with
+chamfered sides. By comparing these windows with those of
+the choir the difference of style is brought out still more
+prominently than by the buttresses or parapets. The roof
+has been restored to its old lofty pitch; and all whose
+memories go back to the old flattened one, prior to 1881, will
+unanimously concur in approval. When the statues were in
+their places the effect must have been considerably enhanced;
+as it is, the exterior scarcely prepares us for the culminating
+glories within.</p>
+
+<p>The document of the date 1294 speaks somewhat vaguely
+of “the new chapter-house” as either contemplated or
+building or completed; and this date agrees with the
+architecture.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Open Court.</b>—The boundaries are the chapter-house,
+the small transept chapel of the choir, the third and fourth
+bays of the choir aisle, and the vestibule. The peculiar way in
+which one of the buttresses of the chapter-house abuts against the
+chapel so as to complete the enclosure is again noticeable, while
+those parts of the choir visible from here and from nowhere
+else suggest regrets that so fine a specimen of pure Early
+English was ever hidden away. A doorway, now blocked up,
+with a low segmental arch of wedge-shaped stones or <i>voussoirs</i>,
+at first formed part of the choir aisle. The holy well was
+closed up in 1764, after a member of the Fowler family had
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>lost his life by falling in. It was this well that probably
+suggested the tradition of a baptistery standing here.</p>
+
+<p>The north front as seen standing by the Prebends’ Walk or
+in the adjoining street affords the most picturesque view of the
+minster, broken, as it is, by the north porch, the Norman
+transept, and the chapter-house. We have here every kind of
+architecture from the stern and comparatively rude late Norman
+to the elaborate and finished Early Decorated—one hundred
+and eighty years of steady progress and evolution—and this
+seeming want of unity constitutes an artistic harmony. But,
+looking at the south-east front from the more distant point
+of view of the parks, it becomes evident that the restoration is
+not yet complete, and that the heightening of the nave roof
+has rendered the corresponding heightening of the choir roof
+urgent and indispensable.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image13">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image13.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    CLERESTORY WINDOW IN NAVE TRANSEPT.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">
+    CHAPTER III
+    <br>
+    THE INTERIOR
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="PARTI.NORMAN_CH3">PART I.—NORMAN</h3>
+
+<p><b>The Nave.</b>—“Internally the nave at Southwell is a grand
+specimen of Norman architecture.” Such is an authoritative
+criticism passed upon it; and the massiveness and solidity of
+the structure is immediately impressed upon the mind, while
+the thickness and shortness of the pillars and the width of the
+arches further convey the idea of lowness. And yet this general
+sternness, not to say gloom, is not what it was before the
+windows, and notably the west one, were enlarged. We have
+to imagine Norman windows throughout, and without glazing,
+in order to picture to ourselves the nave in the days of our
+rude forefathers. And as we look round upon the vast quantities
+of material required in the construction of the interior, we
+cannot but wonder at the toil and industry required to convey
+all these great blocks of limestone along the rough paths of
+Sherwood Forest, and place them in position.</p>
+
+<p>The dimensions already given have, of course, been those
+of the exterior; but owing to the thickness of the walls, and
+notably of the west front, a sensible diminution has to be
+made to arrive at the internal measurements. The length to
+the inside of the lower arch is 136 feet, and looking through
+the arch and across the transept to the rood screen 168 feet.
+The breadth is 63 feet, and, to give an idea of the massiveness
+of the pillars at the base, the width between two opposite
+pillars is only some 28 feet, and that of each aisle inside the
+pillars is but 12 feet. The aisles extend the entire length, and are
+separated from the body by seven pillars on either side, forming
+eight bays: the width between two adjacent pillars being about
+13 feet 2 inches.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_23_23" href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The elevation of the walls presents the usual
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span>three stages of nave arcade, triforium, and clerestory in large
+buildings of the periods, differing from the later choir. The
+whitewash on the walls and the plaster work which formerly
+filled up the triforium arches were both removed some years
+before the more recent
+restoration was taken in
+hand. With the exception
+of the windows
+already mentioned and
+of the roof and flooring
+the interior is pure Norman,
+unchanged since
+the first completion; and
+the Romanesque details
+noticeable in the exterior
+are wanting. There is a
+small quantity of ornament,
+particularly in the
+different mouldings, to
+relieve the heaviness of
+the structure; but simplicity
+and massive
+grandeur, as distinct
+from grace and elegance,
+are what the Normans
+aimed at; and it is so
+here.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly the west
+window, in some of its
+seven lights, and other
+windows of the nave
+contained coats of arms,
+of which the church
+throughout possessed so
+many Specimens. Unfortunately
+these heraldic
+emblems fell under the ban of the Roundheads during
+the Civil War and the Commonwealth; a few, however, are
+still preserved in the chapter-house.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe20" id="image14">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image14.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    NAVE, SHOWING THREE STAGES IN THE INTERIOR.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe24" id="image15">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image15.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    INTERIOR OF NAVE, LOOKING EAST.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Nave Arcade.</b>—The round pillars are about sixteen
+feet in circumference, and only nine in height between base
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a><a id="Page_60"></a><a id="Page_61"></a>61</span>and capital—<i>i.e.</i> the height of the actual circular part is less
+than twice the diameter. They have plain square bases; and
+the round capitals, of no great projection, have mouldings
+different in the different pillars, in their way as interesting a
+piece of detail as any in the minster. The first on the south
+side, reckoning from the west, and the last on the north have
+the cable, and others the
+lozenge, nebule, and hatchet.
+But most remarkable is the
+fifth on the south side with
+a series of four—the beaded
+cable, lotus leaf, triple nebule,
+and lozenge. This last seems
+almost too elaborate for the
+date, and rather suggests a
+decoration of later times.
+The arches are of two orders
+of voussoir-shaped stones:
+the moulding of the inferior
+is a square keel set diamond-wise
+between two edge-rolls,
+and of the superior a plain
+soffit with a smaller edge-roll
+flanked with a filleted hollow.
+Above the two orders the
+hood is of a double round
+billet. Immediately above
+the arches the string course separating the two lower stages
+has the hatch both on the sides and beneath.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image16">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image16.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    PILLAR IN NAVE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Triforium.</b>—The series of arches in the second stage
+open on to galleries the complete width of the aisles beneath,
+and resting upon their vaulting. Above the round pillars of
+the nave arcade, and supported by them, are other pillars,
+massive and rectangular, and attached to these two semi-cylindrical
+shafts with scalloped cushion capitals. From these
+shafts spring the two orders of the arch, of the same span as
+those of the nave arcade beneath, but of less height and with
+similar mouldings. The moulding of the hood above is composed
+of three overhanging rows of the square-footed nebule.
+There is here a curious circumstance, the meaning of which
+everyone asks, and which is deserving of mention. Both from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>the crown of the arches, and from the abaci of the capitals of
+the inferior shafts large stones project. It would seem that the
+Norman builders thought these arches too large to remain
+without further ornament, and began to place two smaller
+arches within each, with an upright continued from the
+supporting shaft to the crown of the arch above. This is the
+case in the triforium of Romsey Abbey; but either a change
+of builders or a change of mind took place at Southwell to
+prevent the carrying out of this intention. Mr Christian took
+the trouble to fill in one of the arches after the Romsey pattern
+to judge of the effect.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Clerestory</b>.—The walls of the topmost stage are
+blank and uninteresting. The arches of one order only spring
+from semi-cylindrical shafts; and shafts and arches are quite
+plain. They were considered too remote to be worthy of the
+ornamentation bestowed on the lower stages. The circular
+windows, not seen from below, are so small and in such deep
+recesses, as partially to defeat their object of giving additional
+light to the body of the building. Between the arches and the
+windows a passage constructed in the thickness of the wall
+runs round the whole Norman building, nave and transepts
+alike.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe24" id="image17">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image17.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    NAVE, NORTH SIDE OF ARCADE, SHOWING PART OF
+    THE TRIFORIUM.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Nave Aisles</b>.—These, the full length of the nave, are
+plain and without the arcading often to be found in Norman
+churches of this size: a bench table runs along the foot.
+Beneath the windows is a string course chamfered underneath.
+The solitary window of the whole thirteen left in its original
+state—that nearest to the north-west tower—has the side shafts
+extensively splayed; the nave arch has a continuous edge-roll
+flanked by a filleted hollow, and the sill is worked in steps
+ascending to the actual opening. To restore the building to
+its original state we have to imagine the remaining twelve
+windows similar to this.</p>
+
+<p>The Perpendicular windows are as poor inside as out; but
+when, as at the first, the side shafts were ornamented with
+colouring, they may have presented a more favourable
+appearance. All the glass is modern. Very different in
+character to the windows are the roof or ceiling of both aisles
+underneath the triforium galleries; for here we have quadripartite
+vaulting with groined ribs, as fine as any in England.
+The ribs spring in the outside from corbels beneath the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a><a id="Page_64"></a><a id="Page_65"></a>65</span>windows, and in the inside from the abaci of the capitals of the
+nave pillars. Generally they intersect at the keystone without
+ornament; but here and there a simple and by no means
+prominent boss is formed; and underneath the north-west
+tower the keystone, by a further development, has a grotesque
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span>double head. The mouldings are a double diamond-shaped
+keel between edge-rolls. During the earlier period of the
+Norman style the groins were left perfectly plain; and it was
+not until some considerable advance had been made that they
+were constructed with ribs; and, again, these ribs at first were
+mere flat bands without mouldings, so that the aisle roofs show
+late and complete work.</p>
+
+<p>In the wall of the bay immediately west of the north porch is
+a sepulchral recess with Norman arch and late Early English
+shafts and mouldings. It contains a slab of Purbeck marble
+with a raised cross, which in Rastall Dickinson’s work is placed
+under the north-west tower; but is now doubtless in its proper
+place. When the whitewash was removed, it was ascertained
+that the vaulting of this bay alone had been ornamented with
+painting. Here lie the remains of some unknown and unrecorded
+dignitary of the church, probably a prebendary; and
+the painting would seem to show that the bay was fitted up as
+a chantry chapel, for masses to be said for the repose of his
+departed soul. It is likely that the second bay from the east
+on the south side was also used for a similar purpose, as some
+remains of a sculpture of the Virgin and lily are still to be
+traced. The bays of the north aisle west of the north porch
+contain no less than seven sepulchral slabs with incised crosses
+of the patterns of the twelfth and two succeeding centuries.
+These, more or less mutilated, have been gathered from
+various parts of the building, and worked into the pavement.
+One of these, besides the cross with arms ending in trefoils,
+has a chalice tipped as the celebrant would tip in order to
+partake—the sign of a priest’s monument. The others do not
+call for comment, nor does that of a choir boy in the opposite
+aisle near the font. The stone font, which possesses no features
+of interest, was presented after the restoration by a resident of
+Easthorpe named Ballard. By standing at the west end of
+either aisle and looking due east a fine view is obtained across
+the transepts the full length of the choir aisles, and a second
+from the south aisle of the transept chapel.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image18">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image18.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    SOUTH AISLE OF NAVE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Roof.</b>—In former days it was justly written: “Grand
+and striking as the interior of the nave is, still it is sadly
+disfigured by the present flat ceiling.” This charge can
+no longer be brought; but it still remains an open question
+what the original roof of the interior really was. Professor
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span>Freeman remarked of the former ceiling, and he was as likely
+to be accurate as any one: “That these ceilings, however
+‘broad and simple in design,’ dwarf the church, and have
+no intrinsic beauty to recommend them is certain; and it
+is equally beyond a doubt that the interior will gain greatly
+in dignity by their removal. But a ceiling either perfectly,
+as at S. Albans, and the transepts of Peterborough, or slightly
+coved, as in the nave of that cathedral, was the normal covering
+of the wider spaces of our great Norman churches;
+and, if the desire of the architect is to reproduce the church
+in its original form, <i>a ceiling on the old lines</i>, but of better
+workmanship would have been more in accordance with the
+design of the first builders.” These remarks apply, it must be
+remembered, to the interior ceiling as distinct from the exterior
+roof; and whether they are correct or no, the restoration, of
+which so much was written, has resulted in a compromise or
+<i>via media</i>: something more than a ceiling on the old lines,
+something less than an open roof. Mr Christian’s work of
+good oak is barrel-shaped, and somewhat higher than any
+Norman ceiling is likely to have been. Whatever fault may
+be found with its historical appropriateness as a true and
+faithful copy of the original Norman work, there is no doubt
+that it is a great improvement artistically on anything we know
+of before. And it is this in spite of the disfiguring tie or cross
+beams found necessary for support.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_24_24" href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<p><b>The Central Tower</b>.—Slightly altering the order, this is
+placed after the nave, and not before, as in treating of the
+exterior. By the removal of the flat ceiling the ringers no
+longer have a floor to themselves; and the interior is thrown
+open as a lantern, excepting the stages containing the bells and
+the clock. The base is about 20 feet square. The tower is
+supported by four massive square pillars, the most massive
+in the whole of the interior, with responds attached for the
+support of the arches. Owing to their greater size, those of
+the western or nave arch project considerably beyond the nave
+pillars. For the same reason the eastern pillars do not project
+so far into the transepts as those of the western arch; and in
+consequence the centres of the north and south arches are
+not quite in line with the transepts, and at the same time the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span>transept arches have the greater span. The arches are of
+three orders: the east and west spring from the attached
+semi-cylindrical shafts; but those to the north and south are
+different. Instead of the three more slender shafts, one only,
+and of the diameter of the pillars of the nave arcade, like the
+rest attached and semi-cylindrical, carries the three orders. One
+of the mouldings of the central order of the arches is worthy of
+mention: it is a cable of that peculiar form where each fold
+bulges out from almost a point until at the centre it becomes
+a large keeled round, somewhat like, but more elaborate than,
+the cable mouldings of the exterior of the transepts. This is
+used on both sides of the western arch, and on the transept
+side of the eastern; but not on the choir side, for, according to
+a common practice, here the ornamentation is less elaborate,
+and not, as we should have expected, more so.</p>
+
+<p>In each of the two stages above these great arches, and on
+all the four sides of the interior of the tower, are two other
+arches. These upper stages, which, looked at from outside
+the building, are more richly ornamented than the lowest
+stage, are simpler in the interior. In most Norman central
+towers belonging to the larger churches, we may remark that
+the richer work externally corresponds with the plainer internally,
+and <i>vice versa</i>. These pairs of arches open into galleries
+which run all round the tower; and on their outer side are
+other arches which in the lower stage correspond and open
+into the four arms of the church. In the upper stage are
+windows opening into the open air, and, since the removal of
+the ceiling, giving light to the interior. The two arcades
+surmounting the great arches, rising one above the other, with
+the light streaming down from the small windows, seen from
+the outside, produce a really fine effect, and if only the bells
+could be removed to one of the western towers, and the
+ringers’ gallery removed, this effect would be enhanced.</p>
+
+<p>The absence of ornamentation in the capitals of the Norman
+pillars is continued throughout, with the exception of the
+eastern arch opening into the choir. Here, however, are rude
+attempts at sculpture, wholly or partially hidden by the organ.
+Of these some still defy all efforts to explain what they were
+intended to represent; and this is not to be wondered at, seeing
+that Mr A.J. Loughton of Southwell, who took photographs
+when the organ was taken down, describes them as “mere
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>scratches, if anything, looking better in the photographs than
+in the original.” On the northern pillar are, amongst others,
+the Last Supper, the Adoration of the Magi, and what is
+perhaps intended as the procession to Calvary; while those
+on the southern pillar include the Washing of the Disciples’
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>Feet, the Triumphal Entry, and a varied group of ornamentation.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image19">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image19.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    NORMAN ARCH OF CENTRAL TOWER, WITH CABLE MOULDING.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image20">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image20.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>Loughton, Southwell, Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CAPITALS OF NORMAN PILLARS TO EASTERN ARCH OF TOWER.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Transepts</b>.—The north and south transepts are with
+few exceptions similar to one another, and are best taken
+together. They retain their Norman features intact still more
+than the nave. From the tower arches either transept extends
+43 feet, and is 28 feet broad, and is three bays in length, two in
+breadth, and of a height of three stages. The windows in the
+lowest stage looking west are more enriched than the one
+remaining Norman window in the nave aisles, although externally
+similar, as they have an additional order with the
+edge-roll, springing from detached shafts. The extra thickness
+of the walls accounts for this. Above these in the next stage
+the window arches spring from attached semi-cylindrical shafts,
+and have a cable moulding underneath a hood of the triple
+nebule. The windows at the north and south ends are similar
+in the lowest stage, with this exception, that in the south
+transept the more western one is dwarfed to allow room for
+the door leading to the palace. In the second stage they have
+a rere arch with the edge-roll, a second order with the cable,
+resting on detached shafts, and the hood with the triple nebule.
+Here, as elsewhere, the bold cable moulding is exceedingly
+fine. The plain shafts and arches of the windows of the
+third stage nowhere call for comment. Over the two windows
+of the first stage at the ends a pair of arches span the whole
+breadth, and project two feet. These spring from corbels at
+the sides, and from a cylindrical shaft which passes between
+the windows to the pavement. The cable moulding of the
+arches is twisted in opposite directions. The object of these
+projections is to support a gallery; and this gallery, like that
+in the third stage, is continued in the thickness of the wall
+along the sides. The four archways opening into the nave
+and choir aisles are without moulding or ornament, save a plain
+string, and hood of the double billet; and above these are
+other arches in the second stage, less lofty and without the
+hood, opening into the triforium galleries. This stage in the two
+outward bays of the east side has an arcading of three arches.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly Norman chapels opened from either transept on
+the east side. On the north side the larger Early English
+chapel, to be noticed in due course, has superseded its
+Norman predecessor; on the south the east wall still shows
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a><a id="Page_72"></a>72</span>signs of the arch of communication, now blocked up. It was of
+two orders—the inner of a double row of cable, and the outer of
+the zigzag. There are also signs of a window on a smaller scale
+but similar to those in the first stage adjacent, but this has been
+blocked up; and this side now presents the peculiar appearance
+of a large wall space unrelieved by windows. In the north
+transept a doorway with a semicircular arch ornamented with
+the double billet, judging from the masonry an after insertion,
+is situated between the choir aisle and chapel, and leads to
+a long narrow room, of which the use is not apparent.</p>
+
+<p>Over the door in the north transept leading to the belfry
+is a curious piece of sculpture about three feet in length, and
+half as much in width, forming a tympanum. When Bishop
+Warburton and his friend Allen visited Southwell, it particularly
+attracted their attention, and they bestowed great pains,
+but without success, to interpret it. In the centre an angel is
+subduing a figure on the right resembling an impossible bird.
+On the left a man, but with the head wanting, is also engaged
+in subduing what appears to be a lion or a leopard with a
+smaller animal represented above, its forefeet resting on the
+larger one’s head. Dickinson, taking the smaller figure as a
+lamb, ingeniously deciphered it, “Under the protection of the
+lamb, Daniel was able to overcome the lion, and Michael
+the devil.” A second interpretation substitutes David rescuing
+the lamb from the lion; and a third renders it, “Thou shall
+go upon the lion and adder; the young lion and the dragon
+shalt thou tread under thy feet.” Whether or not any of these
+was intended, we have the oldest piece of sculpture in the
+building, almost as old as anything in the Midlands. Not
+only does the character of the workmanship show this, and the
+way in which it is fitted into the wall; but when the transept
+was built and the doorway inserted, the man’s head was evidently
+cut away to adapt it to its new position. Before this it
+must have served as a tympanum in the earlier building of the
+time of the Confessor.</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop Sandys himself will be mentioned in his proper
+place, but his tomb at the north-east angle requires notice as
+the only fine one in the church. Originally placed, as was
+right, inside the sacrarium on the north side, and afterwards
+removed to the transept chapel of the north choir aisle, at
+length it has found another resting-place in its present position.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span>It is a large alabaster monument, with the recumbent figure of
+the prelate above, his robes of long chasuble with rochet,
+chimere, and tippet, his hands folded in prayer. A Latin
+inscription runs round the top, setting forth the three sees
+of Worcester, London, and York, over which he had ruled,
+and the length of his successive episcopates. In the front
+are kneeling figures of his wife and children, together with
+his coat of arms, and an inscription enumerating his virtues.</p>
+
+<p>In the south transept are two tablets on the eastern wall
+which call for notice. The first, dated 1750, is an interesting
+specimen of its time of marble and painted. The subject of
+this effigy, a son of Sir William Cook of Wheatley, near
+Doncaster, had been chaplain to one of the archbishops
+(probably to Launcelot Blackburne), and died prebendary of
+York, of Ripon, of Southwell, as well as rector of Stokesley,
+all these preferments having been received from the archbishop
+of the day, an instance of how recklessly, until checked by the
+Pluralities Act, a number of posts were lavished upon the
+same individual in the eighteenth century, as well as in the
+fifteenth. There was no need for Cook, so long as he found
+a substitute to take his term of residence, or made other
+arrangements with the easy-going chapter, ever to have been
+at Southwell in his life. The second is that of John Thomas
+Becher, vicar-general and senior prebendary, the friend and
+counsellor of Byron’s earlier and happier days.</p>
+
+<p>At the south end of the transepts by the door leading to the
+palace the judges presided over those civil cases in which the
+ministers or tenants of property of the church were concerned.
+When a criminal charge was preferred against any of the
+clergy, here too the court was held; when against a layman,
+in one of the prebendaries’ houses. In this way, at the
+summer assizes of 1475, four of the vicars-choral and three
+of the chantry priests were indicted for felony.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_25_25" href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="PART_II-EARLY_ENGLISH_1">
+  PART II.—EARLY ENGLISH
+</h3>
+
+<p><b>The Choir.</b>—Although considerably larger than the
+Norman building it supplanted, we still somehow, on entering
+underneath the rood screen from the nave, receive the impression
+of a certain want of size. The length is 114 feet, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>breadth 52, and at the east end, and also across between
+pillar and pillar, 27 feet. It is possible likewise to take objection
+to the height; and perhaps in combining the triforium
+and clerestory into one stage and making it so low, the extent
+of the elevation was suggested to the builders by the already
+existing nave. Beyond this there is nothing but admiration to
+express at so perfect a piece of Early English architecture.
+The window most to the west on the north side has been
+replaced by an early Decorated one of inferior workmanship,
+so as to make way for the door leading to the vestibule of
+the chapter-house, and some images have disappeared;
+everything else of the masonry is as it was six hundred and
+fifty years ago; everywhere we see how carefully the stone was
+selected, and how well put together. The completely detached
+pillars on each side number five, and on a level with the eye
+are about eleven feet apart, at the base less. A line drawn
+between the third and fourth from the west will show the
+dimensions of the old Norman choir, and all east of this line
+was first built. Three of the four eastern and earlier pillars
+above their broad and plain plinth, with its irregular sides, have
+a moulding of two rounds with a filleted hollow between
+capable of holding water. Of the six western and somewhat
+later pillars only one has the same ornamentation; the
+remainder have one or two rounds above a larger one.
+Where the base mouldings are capable of holding water it is
+a sign that they belong to the earlier examples of the style.
+These ten pillars are octofoil, with the shafts engaged and
+filleted. But the half pillars at the east end and those at
+the two entrances of the chapels show a difference: the
+engaged shafts are smaller, though of the same number; and
+between them are detached shafts banded mid-way. There is
+then no trace of the most primitive form of Early English, for
+this consists of detached and isolated shafts. In the intermediate
+stage of development the detached and engaged are
+combined as in these last-mentioned instances; and the late,
+or completely developed, Early English shows pillars with the
+shafts fully engaged. The capitals have mouldings of the
+inverted bell shape.</p>
+
+<p>On the choir side the arches are of three orders besides the
+hood; on the side of the aisles of two only, the roof being
+lower. The dog-tooth moulding is as conspicuous in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>arches as is the cable in the transepts, excepting in the three
+to the east on the south side, and is placed in a peculiar way;
+between two rounds a broad fillet is raised on to which it is
+worked. The rounds and hollows are also lavishly used; and
+the hood is finished off with foliage.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p>
+<p>For some reason which no one has been able to solve, one
+of the arches on the south side is lower than the rest; and the
+apex does not quite reach up to the string course which
+separates the higher double stage. In this space is a curious
+piece of sculpture which tradition asserted to be the Prince of
+Wales’ feathers. The historian of the minster, in following this
+tradition, added that the heads of Edward III., his queen, and
+the Black Prince “support the ribs or springs of several arches
+in the choir.” The beautiful foliage bears no resemblance to
+these heads, neither is there anything resembling the feathers.
+Assisted by the misreading of two fourteenth-century documents,
+those of 1337 and 1352, he hence drew the following
+inference, which was widely credited before the more accurate
+study of archæology and architecture dissipated it:—“By these
+numerous compliments to the Prince we may presume this
+part was erected just at that point of time, when by his
+conquest of France he [the Black Prince] was in the zenith
+of his popularity.” In spite of Archbishop Grey’s indulgence
+of 1233, which gives the real date, in spite of the arches,
+windows, pillars, and the dog-tooth and round and hollow
+mouldings, where everything points to the first half of the
+thirteenth century, Dickinson introduced an interior as
+purely Early English as anything in the country into the midst
+of Decorated times.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image21">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image21.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>Triforium and Clerestory</b>.—These two stages are
+combined: an effective arrangement considering the dimensions
+and altitude of the choir. Perhaps the best explanation
+is to say that the clerestory is not above the triforium and
+separated by a string course on a bare wall space, but that the
+clerestory windows are behind the upper part of the lofty
+lancet arches of the triforium, through which they shed their
+light. This combination, although in the Norman church at
+Steyning, and in the Early English one of Pershore, both of
+which, however, are on a smaller scale, marks off a choir
+of the date and the size of Southwell as quite unique. The
+intimate connection, always maintained between York and
+Southwell, is shown in the like arrangement in the early
+Decorated nave of the former. The architect had seen the
+beautiful effect, and determined to adopt it. A bold, deep
+undercut string course continued round the upright vaulting
+shafts separates this double stage from that below. These
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span>triple shafts rest on corbels or brackets, placed as low down
+as possible between the great arches of the choir arcade, and
+rising some three feet above the string course, terminate in
+foliaged capitals from which springs the vaulting of the roof. It
+is these shafts running up the
+wall, and the vaulting springing
+from them, that divide the
+second stage into bays like the
+first. In each bay are a pair
+of lofty lancet arches reaching
+from the string course right up
+to the cross vault of the roof
+above. In the centre of each
+bay triple clustered shafts are
+between the two lancets, and
+two engaged shafts at the sides
+with capitals of foliage or plain
+moulded; and above are the
+well moulded acute lancet
+arches; and dog-tooth everywhere
+in the shafts and arches.
+Behind these arches runs the
+triforium passage or gallery;
+and, again, behind the passage
+is the following arrangement:—First,
+plain blank arches opening
+into the space between the
+vaulting and roof of the aisles;
+next, a blank wall space, and
+then above the level of the
+aisle roofs the clerestory lancets
+throwing their light from the
+outside through the upper part
+of the lofty lancet arches of the
+triforium, and then underneath the lower part of the choir
+vaulting. The combination of this stage can only be appreciated
+by the study of an illustration.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image22">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image22.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    SECTIONAL DRAWING, SHOWING TRIFORIUM AND CLERESTORY
+    OF CHOIR IN ONE STAGE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Roof.</b>—Internally the vaulting has not suffered from
+the lowering of the external roof, but remains intact. At the
+apex, a longitudinal rib runs the whole length; and the vaulting
+is quadripartite, consisting of diagonals with the addition of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span>cross springers. At the points of intersection are fine bosses
+of foliage; but figures are not introduced as in the chapter-house
+at Oxford of the same date. All the ribs are deeply
+moulded, and the longitudinal rib as well as the cross springers
+of the eastern bay have the dog-tooth. Mr Petit remarked
+“from the narrowness of the cells compared with the principal
+vault, the elliptical curve in the clerestory arches is very
+evident; this is the case with most Early English vaulting.”
+The western compartment of vaulting nearest the tower is
+very narrow, and has no arch corresponding, the whole bay
+being filled up by the wall. To the neglect of this precaution
+in rebuilding choirs is attributed the collapse of several
+Norman central towers. At the east end is a striking
+peculiarity. The great longitudinal rib is continued below
+the vaulting, and brought down right into the shaft between
+the two centre windows of the upper stage. This bisection
+of the east front, which prevents the introduction of a central
+window, occurs at Romsey and in Glasgow Cathedral.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image23">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image23.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHOIR FROM SOUTH AISLE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Aisles and Chapels.</b>—Beyond what has been already
+said of the windows in treating of the exterior, it should be
+added that in the inside the edges of the chamfered arches
+are moulded with a keeled roll. Beneath the windows is an
+undercut string course, which is continued all round the east
+end. As in the main part of the choir, the vaulting is quadripartite,
+but with more elaboration, for additional ribs are
+introduced besides the cross springers, and the vaulting shafts
+of these rest on corbels plainly moulded on a level with the
+window sills. This is because there is no external buttress;
+but where there is such a buttress, no shaft is used, the strength
+of the buttress being considered sufficient, and the ribs merely
+terminate in corbels. The mouldings of the ribs and shafts are
+similar to those of the main vaulting.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly there were altars in the two transepts, and in the
+end bays, four in all, and the piscinas and aumbries remain,
+while in the end bay of the south aisle and in both transepts
+are sedilia. It is to be regretted that no one has been able to
+settle to which chantries these belonged. In the north aisle
+two of the windows look into the court; and underneath the
+western one a blocked-up doorway, and adjacent to it the doorway
+of the vestibule—a Decorated insertion for the use of the
+chapter-house. It is double, with a central shaft of Purbeck
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>marble, and an open trefoil above, and under this a head
+supporting a bracket; but the statue, unfortunately, has shared
+the common fate. Up this central shaft crawls a grotesque
+serpent; and into its folds the bolts of the door slide. The
+Purbeck marble is again used for the detached outer shafts;
+and the hood terminates in two heads, one with a crown and
+the other with a mitre. Altogether this is very fine, but the
+same cannot be said of the window above. When the doorway
+was made, the pair of lancets came too low; and a shorter and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span>broader triple light with the old shafts and arches replaced it.
+It can be seen at once that the proportions are not so elegant
+as the original lancets to the east.</p>
+
+<p>There is reason to believe that Thomas de Corbridge, Archbishop
+of York at the commencement of the fourteenth century
+for a few years, was buried in the choir. Dickinson asserts that
+his remains lay near the pulpit, and that the inscription “lately
+remained legible.” In a statement of this kind, he is likely to
+be correct. This prelate is quite unknown to fame; and in
+the uncertainty regarding his burial, he resembles more distinguished
+occupants of the throne of York. In the south
+transept chapel is a sepulchral recess with a semicircular arch
+of earlier date. It shares with other monuments in the general
+neglect; and owing to its mutilated condition, it is impossible
+to say who lies buried under it. According to Mr Bloxam,
+the robes on the effigy are those of a priest; and the remains
+must be those of a prebendary, or of the founder of the chantry.
+Dickinson (p. 60) has a plate of a fine fifteenth-century canopy
+reaching from arch to arch on the north side over a tomb;
+and his plate and description correspond with the effigy. If
+this be so, when the canopy was removed or fell down the
+monument was placed where it now is.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image24">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image24.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    THE CHOIR, LOOKING EAST.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Chancel</b>.—The longitudinal rib of the vaulting, as
+already explained, bisects the upper stage, and explains the
+unusual number of four windows. The lower stage has a
+continuous arcade with richly foliated capitals. The bosses
+of the outer arches, excepting the centre, which is foliated, are
+faces, and have a peculiar effect.</p>
+
+<p>The four lower windows are filled with Cinque Cento&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_26_26" href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> glass
+paintings of the French school. An inscription states that they
+were given by Mr Henry Gully, Knight, in 1818. The donor,
+a member of Parliament, visited Paris after the peace,
+and found the glass in a neglected heap, in a corner of
+some shop; and the shopkeeper told him it came from the
+chapel of the Temple prison. The subjects represented
+are the Baptism of Christ, the Raising of Lazarus, the
+Triumphal Entry, and the Mocking in the Pretorium. Below
+the knees of Christ the glass of the first figure is modern, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a><a id="Page_82"></a><a id="Page_83"></a>83</span>the remainder poor both in colour and shadow; but the others
+are fine effective specimens, particularly the second, and the
+perspective of buildings in the background excellent. The
+glass in the upper tier, representing the four evangelists, is
+modern, like the rest of the painted work in the choir.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image25">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image25.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    THE SEDILIA.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>To the south wall of the chancel the <b>Sedilia</b> was added in the
+fourteenth century; and of the same style is the arch or canopy
+of the adjoining piscina. This addition was intended for the
+use of the clergy during the singing or chanting of part of the
+office. The usual number of these seats is three—for the
+celebrant, deacon and sub-deacon. At Furness there were four,
+at others two or only one. In the possession of five, as in
+other things, Southwell is always quoted as unique; and the
+probable explanation is to be found in the constitution of the
+chapter. Since all prebendaries in residence were equal, all
+would expect during the celebration to occupy a position of
+equal dignity. The ogee-shaped arches have double foliations,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span>with crockets and finials; and in the spandrels between are
+figures. These, mutilated like so much of the carved work
+supposed to represent “graven images,” have been restored in
+composition. Above the stalls are a row of detached ornaments
+of foliage work. A miniature battlement with merlons
+and embrasures—very frequent as an ornament in tabernacle
+work and the like—here surmounts the sedilia. It is difficult
+to fix the date of this beautiful addition to the chancel. The
+double foliation of the arches suggests a later date than the
+rood screen (1237); and we must put it at some short time
+after this.</p>
+
+<p>There yet remain some features of interest.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Lectern</b>, a finely-worked brazen eagle with wings
+expanded to receive the book, was presented in 1805 by Sir
+Richard Kaye, prebendary of Dunham, and subsequently of
+North Muskham and Dean of Lincoln. It bears the inscription
+“Orate pro ana Radulphi Savage, et pro anabus
+Omn Fidelium Defunctorum.” It was formerly the property
+of the neighbouring abbey of Newstead; and at the dissolution
+the monks hid some documents inside, and threw it into
+the lake. During the last century it was discovered and
+passed into the hands of a Nottingham dealer. Readers of
+Washington Irving’s visit to Newstead will remember that he
+says that in one of these documents a plenary “pardon is
+assured in advance for all kinds of crimes.” As a matter of
+fact, the pardon was one granted by Henry V. to the abbey
+on the payment of a round sum of money, because the
+monks had acquired property without the royal licence. This
+was merely a way of raising money to meet the expense of
+the French war without the consent of Parliament; and the
+document reflects in no way on the morals of Newstead.</p>
+
+<p>The restorations of the late Mr Christian have so improved
+the choir by allowing the original beauties to be exposed, that
+only those who remember the days of the sixties can fully
+appreciate the services rendered by him. To one part, however,
+exception has been taken in high quarters. The plaster
+work and screens of Bernasconi at the west end between the
+arches, said Professor Freeman, “may legitimately be regretted
+by the most orthodox ecclesiologist as really remarkable
+works, full of ancient feeling, and well-deserving the place
+they have found in the Art Museum of Nottingham.” The
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span>screens have been replaced by new ones of oak on the model
+of those which formerly existed; but it seems a pity the
+arches were not left exposed. Beyond this it is only possible
+to commend. A new flooring of stone and marble has been
+laid down, and the old deal pews with their thin oak-panelled
+fronts of the last years of George III. (for which the money
+was procured by selling the very lead of the roofs) have been
+replaced by chairs, while at the west end oaken stalls for the
+clergy and choir have been placed in position. But most
+needed of all the galleries, which formerly hid the arches
+and aisles, while underneath in the darkness were passages
+and coal cellars, through which the preacher wended his
+way ere he reappeared in the pulpit—these have gone. The
+Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, in their protest
+to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, included the removal
+of these galleries, only put in during the present century.
+This protest declared that they imparted “a fitted look,” and
+that the choir was “never intended to be nakedly seen from
+the base to the apex.”</p>
+
+<p>The Rood Screen with its stalls belongs to the Geometrical
+period. In the olden days, besides the six stalls facing east,
+which still remain, were seven on either side. The one immediately
+to the right on entering was the archbishop’s throne;
+and by courtesy the Prior of Thurgarton was allowed the outside
+one on the south side, that on the other side facing not
+being appropriated. The stall to the left on entering belonged
+to the senior prebendary who happened to be in residence, and
+the remaining sixteen were assigned to the particular prebends.
+After the reorganisation of the sixteenth century, the archbishop’s
+stall was appropriated for the new official, the vicar-general.
+The visitor may take time to reflect that in the summer
+of 1530 this stall was usually occupied by the disgraced and
+fallen Wolsey; and looking towards the east end may picture
+to himself the great cardinal singing high mass on Corpus
+Christi Day, as at other times, assisted by his chaplains and
+the minster staff.</p>
+
+<p>Almost exactly, then, as it left the builder’s hand, the choir
+yet remains; and we see in its structure how much depends upon
+the measurement by eye alone. That stiffness characteristic
+of modern buildings is entirely absent. Archbishop Benson
+learnt the secret when Chancellor of Lincoln, and in his new
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>cathedral at Truro is said to have urged the builders to
+discard measuring instruments so far as possible.</p>
+
+<p><b>The North Transept Chapel of the Nave.</b>—When
+the choir had been completed, there still remained the small
+Norman apsidal chapels projecting eastward from the nave
+transepts. That to the south in course of time was simply
+pulled down after falling into decay; but a different fate awaited
+its fellow to the north. Projecting only some fifteen feet, and
+of so slight a width as to stand quite clear of the choir aisle, it
+was found to be too small, and a larger one took its place.
+This projects some seven feet more than its predecessor, and is
+of such a width as to abut against the choir aisle to the south,
+and extend slightly beyond the line of the transept to the north.
+Like its predecessor, it has two storeys; and the lower in addition
+to the actual chapel includes the passage next the staircase,
+part of which is taken up by the staircase leading to the upper
+room.</p>
+
+<p>The date of erection is readily found by a combination of
+evidence. It has been already said, while treating of the exterior,
+that where this addition abuts upon the choir aisle, the marks
+still left show that it was added after the choir was completed;
+and it has further been said that documentary evidence shows
+the workmen to have been busy in the middle of the thirteenth
+century. While the interior is plainly of the same date, and
+other records show that several chantries were then being
+founded, the general arrangement of the interior of the lower
+storey, and more particularly two piscinas and aumbries, demonstrate
+its purpose. We may then assign it as built for two of
+these newly-founded chantries, and of the date of the middle
+of the thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The lower storey, of which the floor is now on a lower level
+than the transept, is of two bays, each with its east window, the
+division being made by two triple clustered vaulting shafts.
+The east shaft is attached to the wall between the windows,
+the west to the pillar in the centre at the west side. Owing to
+the chapel projecting some feet beyond the transept, this is not
+the centre as seen from the transept itself outside the chapel;
+and the consequence is that the two fine acute arches between
+the chapel and the transept were made unequal in height
+and span, that to the south being considerably the larger.
+While the general character of the interior agrees with that of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span>the choir, the difference in size and shape and other reasons cause
+certain peculiarities. In the four corners are single vaulting
+shafts; and by altering the curve of the ribs springing from
+them these latter unite with the mouldings of the window arches
+on the east side, and with those of the arches opening into the
+transept on the west; and, again, the filleted mouldings of the
+choir are replaced by that peculiar kind of keel which consists
+of ogee-shaped curves with a sharp edge. The upper storey is
+reached by the staircase which opens from the choir aisle; and
+the only feature of interest is a blocked-up Norman doorway,
+formerly opening into the triforium gallery of the transept.
+Even in the days of the chantries, it would seem that the
+lower storey served also as the “song” schoolroom, where
+the choir boys were taught. Since then it has served for
+the music-school for the choir, for the vicars’ vestry, and for
+the library. It is now utilised as a robing-room and vestry.
+The room above, once used as the treasury, now contains the
+library.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="PART_III-DECORATED">
+  PART III.—DECORATED
+</h3>
+
+<p><b>The Vestibule</b>.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_27_27" href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>&#x2060;—Passing through the beautiful doorway
+in the north aisle of the choir we enter the long passage,
+fifty-four feet by ten, leading to the chapter-house. This
+passage, although built in Decorated times, presents
+certain features in common with the Early English of the
+choir; and represents a transitional stage between the two
+styles. This is particularly marked in the southern part
+adjoining the choir. The roof clearly points out where the
+two parts join. At the choir end opposite the court, this
+is of wood and modern, but facing the chapter-house at
+the far end, it is a plain quadripartite vaulting, and low
+as this first part is, it would seem to have been raised;
+for the wall above the double arcading looking into the
+court, with its uninteresting square-headed windows, is
+evidently an after-addition. The point of junction of the
+two pieces of work on the west side is the second buttress
+of the north transept chapel, and on the east side the
+middle of one of the arches a little nearer the door. By
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>some the earlier part is called the cloister, and the northern
+and after-part the vestibule; but as they both form part
+of the same passage, it is simpler to give one name to the
+whole. The unfoliated arcading overlooking the court is
+double, forming an inner and outer with a distance between
+of rather less than a foot. The arches are lancet-shaped,
+and joined by transoms or cross lintels at the capitals, both
+transoms and capitals being ornamented with natural foliage.
+The hood-moulding above is continuous, and at each base
+we come across the first of the carved figures.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image26">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image26.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>A. J. Loughton, Photo.</i></div>
+
+    ARCADING OF THE VESTIBULE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The archway nearest to the choir has been converted into
+a door leading into the court; and the shaft to the left is
+partly cut away. On the under side of the doorway arch,
+between the inner and outer arches, is diaper work, but with
+the remainder this is quite plain. Unfortunately, to keep
+out the cold and wet, the lower part of the space between
+the double arches has been built up with stone; and in
+consequence the effect of the double pillars and arches is in
+a great measure lost. It is also to be regretted that, owing
+to the dampness of the hemmed-in and almost sunless
+courtyard, the outer arcading, which faces due east, has
+suffered from the action of the climate, and been repaired.
+The upper part of the spaces has been filled with glass on
+the outside. The usual cloister bench supports the interior
+arcading, and the mouldings of the bases are hollow of the
+Early English style. On the opposite or west side, adjoining
+the north transept chapel, the blank arcading is single, and
+broken by the buttresses of the chapel, and the arches
+trefoiled. Coming to the northern part opposite to the
+entrance of the chapter-house the arcading is still lancet-shaped:
+the window arches of three lancets moulded with
+a filleted kidney-shaped round, less elaborate altogether
+than in the chapter-house. The small doorway on the
+right opens on a circular staircase leading to a small room
+above the vestibule. Anywhere else the end of this passage
+would attract the notice its intrinsic merits call for. The
+graceful lines and curves of the roof vaulting; the two windows,
+each with its tracery of trefoiled circles with pierced cuspings
+above the three lights; the arcading with the simple cusped
+trefoiling of the arches; the foliage and the figure carving:
+all this forms a combination which for tasteful variety leaves
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a><a id="Page_90"></a><a id="Page_91"></a>91</span>little to be desired. As it is, it is passed over for the
+chapter-house doorway.</p>
+
+<p>At the point of junction on the east side is a curious figure
+of a man astride some nameless animal. The mouldings of a
+half-arch, constructed or altered in order to join the new work
+to the older, terminate partly on the man, partly on the beast.
+The string course from the choir terminates in a bunch of
+foliage and fruit, which the beast appears to be gnawing, and
+that from the far end on the man’s head. The shafts of the
+arch between the wooden roof and quadripartite vaulting both
+terminate in the mouth of a head which forms the lower part of
+the capital.</p>
+
+<p>In this cloister-vestibule the idea of the architect would seem
+to have been to form a gradual connection between the pure
+Early English of the choir and the pure Geometrical and
+Decorated of the chapter-house. Not only does his work
+partake of both styles; but that nearer to the choir has more
+of the Early English, and that nearer to the chapter-house
+more of the Decorated. It is best to look at the two parts
+as the work of one man, the second erected slightly after the
+completion of the first, and both as forming one conception
+with the chapter-house itself. “In some cases,” wrote Mr
+Louis Petit, “the architect’s intention seems to have been to
+make the transition as gradual, in others as startling as
+possible.” Here from the commencement of the cloister
+part of the vestibule, with its lancet arches of one style
+finished off with the carving of another, the idea was to
+prepare us by degrees for the more elaborate and artistic
+workmanship of a date and style later than that of the
+chapter-house.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Chapter-House</b>.—“In design and execution alike,
+in its general proportions and in its minutest details, it is
+impossible to conceive anything more beautiful. It is the
+most perfect work of the most perfect style of Gothic
+architecture.”—<span class="smcap">A. F. Leach.</span></p>
+
+<p>“What either Cologne Cathedral or Ratisbon or Weisen
+Kirche are to Germany, Amiens Cathedral or the Sainte
+Chapelle are to France, the Scalegere in Verona to Italy,
+are the choir of Westminster and the chapter-house at Southwell
+to England.”—<span class="smcap">G. E. Street</span>, R.A.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe26" id="image27">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image27.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>A. J. Loughton, Photo.</i></div>
+
+    DOORWAY TO CHAPTER-HOUSE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Doorway</b>.—The archway is of five orders, and is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>divided by a clustered shaft in the centre into two smaller
+arches with a quatrefoiled circle above. There are no doors.
+The outside member of the main arch, which carries the hood,
+stands apart against the wall; the others are against the main
+jamb, of which the mouldings are visible underneath. The
+four outer shafts of Purbeck marble are detached, a somewhat
+unusual arrangement in Decorated work, though usual in Early
+English. The innermost shafts are not detached, and have
+neither base nor capital; and from them spring both the
+corresponding order of the arch as well as the outer limb of
+the two subordinate archways. Above the plinth the bases
+of the detached shafts are octagonal, with round mouldings.
+On the north side, between the two outer shafts, a band of
+foliage is worked upon the edge of the wall. An additional
+is made by two small arches on the face of the wall resting on
+the outside capitals. All the capitals are foliaged. Of the
+five orders, the outer or hood has foliage upon a deep hollow;
+the third or central, two strings of leaves worked upon hollows
+which are separated by a round; the second and fourth are
+moulded with rounds and hollows, and so is the fifth or
+innermost, with which is combined the two subordinate arches
+and the tracery above. In the third order more especially,
+so painstaking and elaborate is the tool work that it is difficult
+to see how the artist could make the mouldings underneath
+the foliage. But for the evidence of the stone itself, the
+presumption would be that the foliage was worked on separate
+material and afterwards placed in position. The slender
+clustered shaft in the centre of the doorway has base and
+capitals similar; and the two subordinate arches have filleted
+round mouldings with foliage. They are trefoiled, and the
+circle above quatrefoiled; and in arches and circle the
+cusping is moulded with the fillet and pierced.</p>
+
+<p>Such is a plain account of the main features; but it is
+impossible to give any accurate idea of the impression it
+makes. The mingled grandeur and delicacy of the workmanship
+is enhanced by the background of the chapter-house,
+and by the particular effect caused by the light streaming
+down from the windows within. “One of the most beautiful
+specimens,” wrote Mr Louis Petit, “within the range of Gothic
+art.” “Faerial” is the particular word suggested looking
+through the archway; but “faerial” does not adequately
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a><a id="Page_94"></a><a id="Page_95"></a>95</span>represent the scale of workmanship. Amongst the numerous
+artists and architects the minster has attracted is Mr Ruskin;
+and Mr Ruskin alone could have worthily depicted the effect
+produced.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Interior</b>.—It has been said that there is a difference
+of opinion as to whether York or Southwell is the older; but,
+according to Professor Willis, York must be the copy of
+Southwell. The two certainly have a great deal in common;
+for not only are both octagonal and placed in the same
+position, but both lack the central pillar, which in all the
+remaining chapter-houses in the country supports the vaulting
+of the roof. While York is by far the larger, there is universal
+agreement that Southwell excels it, as all others, in beauty.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe30" id="image28">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image28.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHAPTER-HOUSE—CANOPIES OF STALLS.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The diameter is somewhat less than 30 feet, and each side of
+the octagon is about 12 feet. The side due west is occupied by
+the archway, and that immediately to the south of it by a wall,
+behind which is the circular newel staircase. This—the south-west
+wall—as well as the west, has a blank arch, resembling
+but not quite so lofty as the window arches, and the space
+above is ornamented with the universal foliage. The remaining
+six sides are pierced with the broad Decorated windows; and
+of these, that in the south wall overlooks the courtyard. Round
+all the seven sides not occupied by the doorway runs a low
+stone bench, and above the bench the stalls, five for each
+side: each series separated by a vaulting shaft reaching down
+to the bench and engaged. The shafts of the stalls are
+circular and detached, their bases variously moulded and their
+capitals of foliage. The arches are simple trefoils—not merely
+trefoiled underneath, as in the vestibule—and moulded with
+filleted rounds and hollows. Above there are acute-shaped
+canopies with corbels carved with both foliage and figures,
+the sides relieved by crockets which bear no resemblance to
+crooks, and finials which pass through the string course and
+terminate below the windows. The woodwork and nomenclature
+of the stalls are a recent addition, added for the use of
+the modern canons.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image29">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image29.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    DETAILS OF DOORWAY, CHAPTER-HOUSE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The spandrels between the canopies are similarly ornamented,
+making the whole wall space below the windows a mass of
+sculpture in endless variety. The window arches are of two
+orders only, one less than the exterior, and the capitals are of
+foliage instead of the plain mouldings of the exterior. The
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span>lower parts of the engaged vaulting shafts from the bench to
+the corbels of the canopies are combined with the stall shafts
+in either side. Rising through the string course they then pass
+upwards in the angles of the wall between the window shafts,
+and the group of three shafts terminate together in united
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a><a id="Page_98"></a><a id="Page_99"></a>99</span>capitals of foliage at the spring of the arch. From the capital
+a groin rib reaches to the boss of foliage in the centre of the roof;
+two wall ribs form an arch over each window, and from the
+apex of the windows project horizontal ribs to the large central
+boss. The moulding of the ribs is the deep hollow; and at
+every point of intersection
+occasion is
+taken to introduce
+a subordinate boss.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image30">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image30.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHAPTER-HOUSE—CAPITAL.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The glass has
+suffered by time
+and neglect, and
+probably from wanton
+damage; before
+this the interior
+must have presented
+an appearance
+even more
+striking. A few
+scattered fragments,
+however, still remain,
+some of it
+collected from other
+windows. In the
+border of one of
+the northern lights
+are depicted the
+yellow castles of
+Castile. They are
+the arms of Eleanor
+of Castile, the first
+wife of Edward I.
+and mother of the unhappy Edward II. As she died in 1290, and
+as her arms would not have been inserted any length of time after
+her death, we have an interesting corroboration of the date
+of the building. In the same border is a white lion rampant
+on a red field: according to Mr Winston, of the same
+date; but according to Mr Planché, the arms of John
+Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham, and somewhat later. In one
+of the trefoiled tracery lights of the south window is a small
+medallion of white glass, on which is a knight, with spear
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>under arm, tilting. He wears a long surcoat with hauberk
+and chausses of mail, and helmet with crest resembling a
+bird’s wing. There are also imitations of the crockets and
+finials of the stalls, and of the brass represented in the
+carving of one of the capitals.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image31">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image31.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHAPTER-HOUSE—CAPITAL.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>It is interesting to observe how this earlier Decorated workmanship
+availed itself
+of some of the
+Early English ideas,
+and how readily the
+two combined. The
+deeply-cut hollow
+moulding, for instance,
+is adhered
+to in the arches and
+groin ribs; and in
+spite of the great
+variety of more
+elaborate carving,
+room is still found
+for the conventional
+triple-lobed leaf in
+a few of the capitals.
+In this respect
+Southwell conforms
+with the general
+rule, as the rounds
+and hollows continued
+to prevail
+until long after the
+chapter-house was
+completed. On the
+other hand, the
+scroll or roll moulding—a round with one half smaller than
+the other, and with a sharp edge—extensively used in the
+arches, is characteristic of the Decorated, and must have been
+used at Southwell almost as soon as anywhere.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image32">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image32.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHAPTER-HOUSE—CAPITAL.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Other chapter-houses may have proportions and symmetry
+of a like elegance; none have the wealth and luxuriance of
+carving to be found here. The artist’s tool is used everywhere
+possible, right up to the roof; and the quantity is too great to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span>admit of the accepted tradition that all is the work of one
+and the same hand. There is, it is true, every mark of one
+general conception; but more than one sculptor must have
+been employed, each a man of such taste and skill that, had
+he lived in our day, he would have earned both name and
+competence. As it is, we know not to whom we are indebted.
+Discarding all accepted
+conventionalities,
+the foliage
+is natural to a degree,
+largely undercut
+and standing
+boldly forward.
+Bryony and ivy; the
+vine leaf, the fig
+leaf, and the hop;
+the white thorn and
+the rose, the oak
+and the maple are
+among the plants
+faithfully portrayed,
+and this part has
+been compared to
+the delicate lace
+pattern of Chinese
+work. There are
+also human heads,
+as above the stall
+now marked “Alto
+Pecco,” with two
+stems issuing from
+the mouth, and
+others from the
+head-dress, or the bare-headed one to the left of the doorway,
+both with a life-like expression. Again, there are
+animals, birds of various kinds, lizards, boars, and the
+rest. “No two capitals or bosses or spandrels can be found
+alike, no wearisome repetition of beautiful parts tires the eye,
+but everywhere we meet, in ever-changing and ever-charming
+variety, with some fresh object of interest and admiration....
+A man reclines beneath a tree, puffing lustily away
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>at a horn, or a goat is gnawing the leaves, or a bird pecking
+the berries, or a pair of pigs are grubbing up the acorns, or a
+brace of hounds just grabbing a hare.... Of very much of
+it, it is not too much to say, that it is the work of no mere
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a><a id="Page_104"></a><a id="Page_105"></a>105</span>chiseller of stone, but of a consummate artist; than whom
+it may well be doubted whether any sculptor, of any age or
+country, ever produced anything more life-like and exquisitely graceful.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe28" id="image33">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image33.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>A. J. Loughton, Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CARVING ABOVE STALL, NOW CALLED “ALTO PECCO”
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>Unhappily there is a certain amount of injury for which,
+without authority, the Roundheads have been blamed. They
+may have broken the stained glass; but there is no authenticated
+instance of their interference with work of this kind.
+Images of saints, inscriptions implying the doctrine of
+purgatory or prayers for the dead, are the kinds of carving
+that excited their abhorrence. Here the sculpture is so secular
+that Bishop Christopher Wordsworth said of it upon the spot:
+“Perhaps even the beautiful sculptured foliage in some of the
+ornamental work of this fair chapter-house might be referred
+to as showing that reverence for holy things and holy places
+was not a characteristic of some who had chief authority.”
+As indeed there was not; for while a regular and a secular
+priest are both represented, they are engaged, not at prayer,
+but as tussling with one another, the secular of course having
+the best of it. The dilapidations have been caused by broken
+windows and a neglected roof, and by the allowing of unskilful
+hands to take casts.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_28_28" href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe24" id="image34">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image34.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>S. B. Bolas &amp; Co., Photo.</i></div>
+
+    ROOD SCREEN FROM THE NAVE.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Rood Screen</b>.—This, the latest piece of the work,
+dating some forty years after the chapter-house, is under the
+eastern arch of the central tower, and on the western side
+presents a picturesque insertion of Decorated architecture in
+the midst of Norman surroundings. Marks in the stonework
+show that it replaced an earlier one, coeval with the choir.
+The great cross or holy rood itself must have been a striking
+feature, looking from the west door or the chancel: the organ
+merely blocks up the way. It was probably removed in the
+reign of Edward VI., and the like fate awaited the statues
+which adorned the western face.</p>
+
+<p>The screen opens into the nave with three canopied arches.
+The base mouldings overlap the plinth, and the pillars are of
+four graceful clustered shafts. The inner arches are cinque-foil,
+with pierced cusps, and those above ornamented with
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>crockets. The foliage of the capitals clings closely, more so
+than in the chapter-house, and shows the advance in the
+style.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe15" id="image35">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image35.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    UNDER THE SCREEN, LOOKING SOUTH.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The parapet also is typical of the style: the leading line of
+the stonework is pierced so as to form a continuous undulation;
+and the openings
+are foliated. The flat
+stone roof is supported
+by flying ribs, and in
+the spandrels between
+these and the corresponding
+ribs of the
+roof above are trefoiled
+circles, and the points
+of intersection are
+worked with bosses. On
+either side is a staircase
+leading to the organ
+gallery above. The side
+walls are richly ornamented
+with flowing
+tracery. On the eastern
+face besides the ogee
+shape of the arches, the
+main feature of interest
+is the profuse introduction
+of carved heads, at
+the outer angles of the
+cusps, in the spandrels,
+and on the capitals.
+Some are angels, others
+ecclesiastics, and others
+like those in the chapter-house, have a life-like expression. Above
+the central arch is a figure of the Virgin and Child. Edward
+Cludd, when the minster was threatened, used his influence with
+the Protector in time to save the screen, which, possessing so
+many religious emblems, would otherwise have been speedily
+demolished. The ball flower is used above the canopies of the
+stalls. There are three stalls on either side, and the back of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a><a id="Page_108"></a><a id="Page_109"></a>109</span>the first to the south, in olden times the archbishop’s throne, is
+decorated with diaper work, each square with a different flower
+pattern. The seats are fixed with hinges, and make regular
+misereres, so that when turned up the prebendaries would be
+able to rest against them while standing or kneeling. The
+wood carving is chiefly of foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The rood screen, with its profuse elaboration of ornament
+forming an integral part of the structure, and with its characteristic
+base mouldings, capitals, and parapet, is as fine a specimen
+of the full maturity of the Decorated style, as is the chapter-house
+of the earlier or Geometrical stage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image36">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image36.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    <div class="right"><i>A. J. Loughton, Photo.</i></div>
+
+    CHOIR, LOOKING WEST, AND SHOWING ROOD SCREEN.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">
+    CHAPTER IV
+    <br>
+    THE PALACE AND WOLSEY
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Very effective must the grouping of minster and palace have
+been before the latter was suffered to sink into decay; and
+even now its dismantled walls and gables, clad in ivy and
+moss and lichen, add considerably to the picturesqueness of
+the scene. The only building near the church—it lies on the
+south side—a walk of some twenty to five-and-twenty yards would
+take the archbishops from their postern or garden gate to the
+south transept door. Its plan is best described as a quadrangle
+with battlemented walls and round turrets at intervals for
+defence. In the valuation made in the sixteenth century it
+is called “a goodelie Mansion House of the Bishoppe builded
+of timber and stone, and the most of stone, adjoynenge to the
+Collegiat Churche there wiche House is well and sufficientlie
+repayred.” On the side remote from the church was a small
+park, now fields, and traces of the fish pond are clearly visible;
+and three larger parks belonging to the archbishops were in
+the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p>The State apartments were to the east, the living rooms to
+the south, the offices to the north, and the chapel and great
+hall were on the north side adjoining the churchyard. It is
+difficult to fix the exact spot where the different rooms were
+situated, but on the east side the great window near the church
+belonged to the chapel, and that at the other end to the library.
+The remains belong to two distinct periods, for some roll
+mouldings and other work show that part of the walls, the
+buttresses, and the lower part of the chimneys are of the
+fourteenth century; and Dugdale is probably correct in telling
+us that Archbishop Thoresby, a prelate of taste and munificence,
+built a new palace about 1360. The great windows
+and the upper part of the chimneys belong to a later time,
+and are perhaps due to that magnificent prelate, Cardinal John
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span>Kempe, whose arms of three corn sheaves (in allusion to his
+father, a husbandman of Rye in Sussex), supported by an angel,
+are still preserved in the walls. The great hall is usually
+ascribed to Kempe, but experts date the chimney earlier.
+Some very interesting carved stonework has been inserted in
+the wall opposite the church.</p>
+
+<p>Its decay dates from the Civil War. Archbishop Williams
+fled into Wales and died there. The royal garrison inflicted
+grave injury, and no later archbishop repaired it. A private
+dwelling-house was built inside the walls; the hall became the
+local session-house, and the site of the offices first a bowling-green,
+and then a garden. Dr Trollope, bishop suffragan of
+Nottingham, purchased the freehold from the Ecclesiastical
+Commissioners, and commenced a partial restoration with the
+intention that it should once again become the residence of the
+bishop of the diocese, but in this he failed. It now belongs
+to the bishopric of Southwell; and Dr Ridding has made
+additional restorations.</p>
+
+<p>It has been seen that Alfric Puttoc, Gerard, Corbridge and
+the two Booths died here, as did Sandys afterwards; and the
+more doubtful Aldred (1069) and Godfrey de Ludham (1266)
+are also cited. Where some of the archbishops died and were
+buried is so uncertain that it is not surprising to find York
+and Southwell both mentioned. And even Robert Holgate,
+who died in 1556, is assigned to Southwell, though, as he had
+been deprived and was in disgrace, this is not likely.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_29_29" href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The
+one archbishop who has made the greatest mark in the history
+of the whole roll is also the one whose movements at Southwell
+are the best known.</p>
+
+<p>With Wolsey as “perhaps the greatest political genius whom
+England has ever produced,” Southwell has nothing to do.
+He was Archbishop of York as he was Bishop of Winchester
+and Abbot of St. Albans, and held other preferments, in order
+to support his great state out of the multiplied revenues. He
+never set foot in his diocese until after his fall, and the manner
+of his coming was in this wise:</p>
+
+<p>As the king’s Prime Minister, his arrogance had angered
+the nobles, his taxes the people, his mode of life, setting “the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span>clergy ill example,” had weakened his prestige, and the affair
+of Anne Boleyn was his ruin. On the adjournment of the
+special court, he repaired with Campeggio to Grafton in Northamptonshire
+(19th Sept. 1529). Henry received him graciously;
+but Wolsey knew how the king had been prejudiced against
+him, for no preparations had been made for him, and was
+resolved on retiring from politics. Supping that night with the
+Lords of the Council, the following conversation was held:—</p>
+
+<p><i>Wolsey</i>—It were well done if the king would send his
+chaplains and bishops to their cures and benefices.</p>
+
+<p><i>Norfolk</i>—Yea, marry, and so it were for you, too.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wolsey</i>—I would be contented therewith very well, if it
+were the king’s pleasure to grant me licence, with his favour, to
+go to my benefice of Winchester.</p>
+
+<p><i>Norfolk</i>—Nay, to your benefice of York, where consisteth
+your greatest honour and charge.</p>
+
+<p><i>Wolsey</i>—Even as it shall please the king.</p>
+
+<p>Farnham would have been too near Windsor to suit his
+enemies: and he was not even allowed to retire quietly to
+York, while his son, Thomas Wynter, was compelled to resign
+his stall of Norwell Overhall and his other preferments.</p>
+
+<p>Almost persecuted to death, and stripped of everything but
+his archbishopric, Wolsey was at length suffered to go north, and
+reached Southwell on the Thursday after Low Sunday 1530.
+As the palace required repairs, he occupied the house of a
+non-resident prebendary for five weeks until Whitsuntide. He
+was then sixty years old.</p>
+
+<p>A pamphlet published six years later, quoted by Bishop
+Creighton, gives an interesting account of the way he discharged
+his duties.</p>
+
+<p>“Who was less beloved in the north than my lord cardinal
+before he was amongst them? Who better beloved after he
+had been there awhile? He gave bishops a right good example
+how they might win men’s hearts. There were few
+holy days but he would ride five or six miles from his house,
+now to this parish, now to that, and there cause one or other
+of his doctors to make a sermon unto the people. He sat
+amongst them, and said mass before all the parish; he
+saw why churches were made; he began to restore them to
+their right and proper use; he brought his dinner with him,
+and bade divers of the parish to it. He inquired whether
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span>there were any debate or grudge between any of them. If
+there were, after dinner he sent for the parties to the church
+and made them all one.” George Cavendish, his gentleman
+usher, speaks to a similar effect of his kindness to rich and
+poor, and his endeavours to patch up quarrels. “He made
+many agreements and concords between gentleman and
+gentleman, and between some gentlemen and their wives that
+had been long asunder and in great trouble, and divers other
+agreements between other persons; making great assemblies
+for the same purpose, and feasting of them, not sparing for
+any costs, where he might make a peace and amity; which
+purchased him much love and friendship in the country.”
+The Whitsuntide of 1530 must have offered an exceedingly
+brilliant spectacle; for people would come from far and near,
+not only to attend the procession and synod, but to get a
+glimpse of the once all-powerful cardinal in his fallen estate.</p>
+
+<p>Cavendish relates that on the night of the Wednesday after
+Whitweek he had just fallen asleep when he was disturbed
+by a message that two travellers were at the gate demanding an
+instant interview with the archbishop from the king. He went
+down, and found Brereton, a gentleman of the privy chamber,
+and Wrotherly, and directed the porter to admit them into his
+lodge.</p>
+
+<p>When Cavendish had aroused Wolsey, the king’s emissaries
+had their interview in the latter’s private dining-room. “After
+long talk they took out of a male a certain coffer covered with
+green velvet, and bound with bars of silver and gilt, with a
+lock of the same, having a key which was gilt, with the which
+they opened the same chest; out of the which they took a
+certain instrument or writing, containing more than one skin
+or parchment, having many great seals hanging at it, whereunto
+they put more wax for my lord’s seal; the which my
+lord sealed with his own seal, and subscribed his name to the
+same.” This document was either a transfer to the king of
+some property that had escaped forfeiture, or of the French
+king’s pension, which Henry was determined to have. The
+messengers were refreshed with wine and cold meat, and went
+away directly afterwards, refusing Wolsey’s offer of a bed, and
+grumbling to themselves because he only gave them four
+sovereigns each, which, says Cavendish, was more than he
+could then afford. The next day, Corpus Christi, in spite of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span>his night’s rest having been disturbed, Wolsey sang high mass
+in the minster. He left Southwell at the end of the summer
+for Scrooby and Cawood. He had intended to be enthroned
+in York minster, but was arrested before the day fixed for the
+ceremonial. He died at Leicester Abbey on November 30th
+the same year.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Beginning of the Reformation.</b>—In 1540 the
+chapter, wisely advised, surrendered their estates to the king.
+Things went on just as before, until by a special Act (Private
+Acts, 33 Henry VIII. c. 10) it was provided that the church and
+chapter shall stand in the same perfect state “as it was or stood
+the first day of June in the 32nd yere of the reigne of our
+sovereign lord the king, or at anie time before, and shall
+remaine, continue and be for ever, a perfecte bodie corporate.”
+It was declared to be the head and mother church of the town
+and county of Notts, and everything was returned. Henry had
+no political objection to establishments like Southwell: they
+did not support the authority of the Pope in the way the abbeys
+did. In sparing the chapter, some say the king was influenced
+by Cranmer, a native of the county; others that the leading
+men of the county pleaded, while an inscription in the nave
+gives the credit to Archbishop Lee. The changes made were
+the abolition of the papal authority, the omission of the
+Pope’s name in the service books, and the reciting of the
+Litany in English, with one chapter in English from the Old
+Testament, and another from the New; and in these changes
+everyone acquiesced.</p>
+
+<p>A bishopric of Southwell, with jurisdiction over Notts and
+Derby, was actually projected at this time, with Dr Richard
+Cox (afterwards Bishop of Ely) as the <i>private first</i> prelate of the
+new see. The old endowments, with some fresh additions,
+altogether valued at £1003 per annum, were set aside for
+this purpose. But it was not to be; either the extravagance
+of Henry or the rapacity of his courtiers prevented the
+allocation of any of the confiscated church lands; and Southwell
+was destined to wait and become one of the Victorian
+bishoprics.</p>
+
+<p><b>The First Interregnum.</b>—In the autumn of 1545 the
+first Chantries Act was passed (37 Henry VIII. c. 4),
+by the provisions of which not only chantries but colleges
+were conferred upon the king in order to pay the debts his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span>extravagance had contracted. The Court of Augmentations,
+to which was entrusted the alienation of the different estates,
+left Southwell alone, as the list of 1547 shows that the
+prebendaries and other clergy were in the full enjoyment of
+their benefices. But a similar Act passed at the beginning
+of Edward VI.’s reign involved the whole of the Southwell
+properties; and the chapter became moribund. Some of
+the clergy were pensioned; but vested interests were not
+generally recognised. On the petition of the parishioners, the
+minster was continued as the parish church; and the sacrist
+prebendary, John Adams, was made vicar of Southwell at a
+stipend of £20 a year, with his vicar-choral, Matthew Fort,
+and the old parish vicar, Robert Salwyne, as “assistants to the
+cure,” with £5 a year each.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Restoration of the Chapter</b>.—The greater part of
+the property had been obtained by Northumberland, Lady Jane
+Grey’s father-in-law, and afterwards went to John Beaumont,
+Master of the Rolls. By an Act of 1557 this property reverted
+to the Crown in payment of Beaumont’s debts. What
+follows is very much of a mystery, but some of the prebendaries
+went back: and an action was brought against
+them in the Court of Exchequer for trespass. The judgment
+delivered was remarkable; it was decided that the Private
+Act exempted the chapter from the later Chantry Acts of
+Henry and Edward. The simplest explanation is that
+suggested by Mr Leach: Mary wished to restore the
+chapter and the church lands, and the action at law was
+collusive.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after Mary died, and during the reign of Elizabeth
+this decision of the Court of Exchequer was upheld in the
+numerous suits brought by the chapter to recover different
+fragments of their estates. Eventually almost the whole were
+recovered. The vicars-choral were reduced to six, of whom
+one was to be parish vicar and a second the master of the
+Grammar School. The chantry priests were abolished, their
+property being retained by the chapter, and their house let
+on lease in various tenements; but provision was made for
+the priests, and a lease of 1574 stipulates for the life interest
+in their respective lodgings of the two who still remained.
+Being illiterate, they had been unable to find other preferment,
+and with a pension of £4 and the use of their old rooms
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span>they were mercifully allowed to spend the rest of their lives
+where they had formerly served.</p>
+
+<p>Archbishop Sandys (1577-1589) was held in high esteem
+by the queen, and was constantly consulted by her. As he
+had to organise both diocese and province, as well as attend
+the council, Southwell was his most central palace, and there
+he made his home. Through his instrumentality a fresh body
+of statutes was drawn up. Provisions were made for divine
+worship three times a day, for study and preaching, and one
+of the canons was to deliver at least two theological lectures
+in English during the week. The prebendaries were to preside
+in turn, and were to elect a vicar-general from amongst themselves.
+This officer exercised all jurisdiction over the peculiar
+not specifically reserved for the chapter or the residentiary.
+But as the chapter had no permanent chief, and no means
+were provided for enforcing residence, the statute became a
+dead letter, and the vicars-choral, or minor canons as they
+came to be called, were promoted by the chapter to benefices
+in their gift, and also became pluralists.</p>
+
+<p>King James passed through Southwell on his accession,
+travelling from Scotland to London, and was greatly astonished
+at finding so large a church in so small a town. When a
+member of his suite pointed out that he had just seen two
+larger ones in Durham and York, the king answered peevishly
+in his Scotch accent, “Vary weel, vary weel, but by my blude
+this kirk shall justle with York or Durham, or any kirk in
+Christendom.” It may have been the impression derived
+from his visit, when the chapter greeted him with a loyal
+address, which caused him to issue letters-patent, confirming
+the chapter in their disputed estates, and so putting an end to
+the incessant, if always successful, legislation.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Saracen’s Head and Charles I</b>.—Situated at the
+junction of the roads from Mansfield, Newark, and Nottingham,
+this famous inn was conveyed by Archbishop Arundel
+to John Fysher in 1396. It is so covered with plaster that
+it is impossible to assign any date to the building; but it
+appears never to have been rebuilt, only repaired from time to
+time. The east side faces the street, and with the outbuildings
+surrounds a courtyard, entered under an archway with oaken
+doors. Internally it contains long rambling passages; but the
+great point of attraction is the coffee-room in which Charles I.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span>is traditionally said to have given himself up to the Scotch
+army. It is two rooms thrown into one; the ceiling is papered,
+but the wainscotting remains on the walls; and although the
+windows have been altered, the old settles beneath are left.
+The long passage over the archway leads to the King’s Room,
+also two thrown into one, in which Bishop Selwyn passed a
+night, and composed some halting rhymes. The inn is
+associated with the Whitsuntide feasts, and with supposed royal
+visits from Edward I. and Edward III., who were more likely
+to have rested at the palace.</p>
+
+<p>It is a typical old posting-house; and there is no reason
+whatever to doubt the story that Charles here, as distinct from
+the palace, met the Scotch commissioners, as it has been
+handed down uninterruptedly.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1646 the affairs of the king were desperate;
+and on 23rd March he sent a message through Montreuil, the
+French “resident in Scotland,” for the leaders of the Scotch
+army. Montreuil was at Southwell, and the army was besieging
+the royalist castle of Newark. Charles hoped that as the Scotch
+feared the length to which matters were tending, he could
+more easily make terms with them than with the Parliamentary
+party. On the evening of 26th April he misled his council by
+telling them that he was going to London to treat; and at three
+in the morning, accompanied by Ashburnham and his chaplain,
+Dr Hudson, and disguised as Ashburnham’s servant, with hair
+and beard trimmed, secretly left Oxford.</p>
+
+<p>The forlorn monarch at one time entertained the idea of
+escaping by sea from Lynn; but this was abandoned; and
+Hudson went to Montreuil at Southwell to urge him to get
+conditions from the Scotch that would satisfy the king. Turning
+westward the king reached Stamford on the evening of
+3rd May; and staying there, still in disguise, he set out on the
+night of the 4th, and reached the Saracen’s Head at Southwell
+at 7 A.M. on the morning of 5th May, where he was received by
+Montreuil. At Southwell, says Mr S.R. Gardiner, “he fancied
+himself a guest; but the days of his captivity had in fact
+begun.” The negotiations which followed may best be described
+as a game at bluff, Lothian (on the part of the Scotch)
+and the king each trying to overreach the other; and when
+Charles finally gave himself up, Montreuil and the Scotch alike
+believed him pledged to Presbyterianism, while Charles fully
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>trusted that his life and person were safe. The same day he
+was removed to Kelham Hall, where David Leslie, the commander
+of the army, had his headquarters. The action of the
+king in giving himself up was a complete surprise for the
+Scotch leaders, who wrote to the Parliament from Southwell
+that it made them feel like men in a dream.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop Selwyn is wrong in supposing that Charles slept in
+the king’s room: unless he there took such necessary rest as he
+was able after his arrival; but just as likely he made use of
+Montreuil’s bedroom, which appears to have been the back
+part of the present coffee-room. Neither is there anything to
+show that he slept there the previous year after Naseby, when
+“he wandered helplessly in search of fresh forces.” That he
+did stay at the Saracen’s Head, however, seems certain. The
+palace was already in a state of dilapidation, and Charles still
+in disguise as Ashburnham’s servant. No house was in itself
+more likely; and the account dates from the time. As he
+passed under the archway of the hostelry with Lothian and his
+Scotch escort to the Kelham road, he was but beginning the
+initial stage of that sad journey which was to end only on the
+scaffold at Whitehall, and convert the life-story of this able but
+untrustworthy sovereign into the most pathetic of any king in
+English history.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Second Interregnum</b>.—During the Civil War and
+the Commonwealth the prebendaries were compelled to vacate
+their stalls and seek refuge where they could: the usual services
+were prohibited, and a great deal of injury inflicted on the
+statues both outside and in. A warrant was issued to pull
+down the nave and all parts not actually required for worship.
+Edward Cludd, who had purchased Normanton Park, a man
+of influence in the Parliamentary party, saved the building from
+demolition. He was a justice of the peace, and celebrated
+marriages under an oak in his park, that was called after him.
+He lived to see the restoration, and was buried in the church.
+When the chapter was restored in 1660, nearly all the stalls
+were found to be vacant, and the king filled most of them up
+by royal mandate without waiting for the new archbishop.</p>
+
+<p>On the fifth of November 1711, a storm, with thunder and
+lightning, passed over the town, accompanied by a high west
+wind. The conical roof of the south-west tower took fire, and
+the flames spread, injuring the roof of the nave. It spread
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span>along the nave to the central tower, melting the bells, and
+destroying the organ. Beyond this the annals of the church
+and town possess little or nothing further of interest.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780 the buildings in the Vicars’ Court were pulled down,
+and the present houses erected in their place. The large one
+at the end was for the prebendary in residence; and the two
+on either side for four of the minor canons; the parish vicar
+and Grammar School master being provided for elsewhere.
+Four years later Booth’s chapel was pulled down, and the
+Grammar School removed to the old house of the chantry
+priests, where the red brick building now stands.</p>
+
+<p>One prebendary (in residence for three months every four
+years), and even that frequently by proxy, was considered
+sufficient, and so continued to the end.</p>
+
+<p><b>Some distinguished Prebendaries</b>.—Some members of
+the chapter, after the Reformation, became distinguished, and
+are deserving of notice. <b>Lancelot Andrewes</b> (North Muskham,
+1589-99) is still remembered for his Sermons, Devotions,
+and Manual for the Sick. At the same time that he held his
+Southwell stall, he held another at Westminster, and was master
+of Pembroke College, Cambridge. He afterwards became
+Dean of Westminster, and in succession Bishop of Chichester,
+Ely, and Winchester. On the death of Bancroft, the bishops
+met and agreed to recommend Andrewes for the primacy; but
+he was passed over in favour of a far inferior man, George
+Abbot, owing to the Scotch favourites that had the ear of
+King James. Andrewes was the first preacher of his day,
+though the puns in his sermons would excite the laughter of
+a modern congregation. He was looked up to for his high
+character; and in learning and administrative ability ranked
+higher than any of his brother prelates, and was renowned as a
+controversialist against Bellarmine. He found time to keep
+his residence at Southwell, and became attached to it. Some
+of his family settled there, but died out in the eighteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>The other prebendary who calls for notice owes his name
+and fame to different circumstances altogether.</p>
+
+<p><b>William Mompesson</b> (Normanton, 1671-1709) was a
+son of the rector of Eakring, and was living at Southwell at
+the time Monk passed through on his way from Scotland.
+The year after the plague he was vicar of the lonely parish
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span>of Eyam, to the north of Bakewell, in the Derbyshire Peak.
+In the April of 1666 the contagion was conveyed to
+Eyam in some patterns of tailors’ cloth, and rapidly spread.
+His wife urged him to leave, but he declined; and she
+remained, their infant son and daughter being sent to
+Barnburgh Rectory, in Yorkshire, a Southwell benefice held
+by a relative. Mompesson proposed to the Earl of Devonshire
+to be responsible for no parishioner crossing the parish
+boundary, provided that food was left at stated places. This
+arrangement was faithfully carried out, and the contagion did
+not spread to any other village. Mompesson, wisely
+abandoning the church, held the services on Sundays,
+Wednesdays, and Fridays, underneath a curiously-formed
+rock hard by, that is still pointed out. His wife died—there
+is a monument to her in the churchyard,—and no
+less than four-fifths of the people. A new burying-ground
+had to be marked out in the heath above the village before
+the cold weather of late autumn finally stopped the ravages
+of the pest. There can be no doubt that the influence and
+devotion of this one man isolated the plague, and kept it
+strictly confined to the one small village. Archbishop Sterne
+gave him the well-earned stall of Normanton; and the
+chapter elected him their vicar-general. He succeeded his
+father at Eakring, and was buried there, refusing the deanery
+of Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>The virulence of the pest at Eyam may be gathered from
+the fact that, ninety-one years later, five labourers, digging
+on the extemporised burial-ground, contracted a putrid fever,
+of whom three died, as well as other parishioners. The
+infant son, who was removed from Eyam, became prebendary
+of Oxton and Cropwell, and succeeded his father as vicar-general.
+It is to be regretted that this name is now extinct
+in the county.</p>
+
+<p>A number of other prebendaries rose to high preferment.
+<b>Matthew Hutton</b>, like Andrewes, a master of Pembroke
+college, became Archbishop of York in the reign of Elizabeth.
+In the next century <b>Robert Snowden</b> became in succession
+bishop of Carlisle, Bristol, and Chichester; <b>John Jegon</b>
+obtained Norwich, and made his brother Thomas (also a
+prebendary) archdeacon and canon residentiary in his diocese;
+<b>Robert Sanderson</b>, a noted casuist, and one of the few
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span>prebendaries who survived the Civil War, was appointed to
+the throne of Lincoln at the Restoration; and <b>William
+Jackson</b>, after holding Dunham for thirty-two years, was
+Bishop of Oxford in 1812. We now come to a more distinguished
+inhabitant.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Burgage Manor House and Byron</b>.—Byron is
+always interesting, and an account of his connection with
+Southwell may be useful. On her son’s accession to the title
+and estates, Mrs Byron was too poor to afford to live at Newstead,
+which was let; and after staying for a time at Nottingham
+and other places, in 1804 she took the Burgage Manor House
+at Southwell—the white house on the green coming up from
+the station. Here Byron came first from Harrow for the
+summer holidays of this year, at the age of sixteen. In 1805
+he went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and was generally at
+Southwell during the vacations up to June 1807, after which we
+have no more traces of him. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe saw
+him in the Eton and Harrow match of 1805, on the old Dorset
+Square Lord’s Ground, and afterwards described him to Tennyson
+as big for his years and moody-looking, and remembered to
+have seen him, “bat in hand, limp back to the Pavilion, having
+just lost his wicket, and evidently not over-pleased.” At
+Southwell, the future poet played cricket and bathed in the
+Greet, and, accompanied by John Pigot, made a visit to Harrogate
+with his two dogs “Nelson” and “Boatswain.” He would
+have been happy enough but for the usual quarrels with his
+mother, in one of which, to escape the poker, he took refuge
+in flight, keeping his address secret from Mrs Byron. While in
+hiding from her, he wrote to young Pigot: “Without doubt the
+dames of Southwell reprobate the pernicious example I have
+shown, and tremble lest their <i>babes</i> should disobey their mandates,
+and quit their mammas on any grievance.” But so far
+from blaming him, Southwell took his side, and in spite of
+constitutional shyness he was a decided favourite.</p>
+
+<p>Not only the young medical student, John Pigot, but his
+sister Elizabeth, attracted Byron; and although the affection
+never ripened into a passion, Miss Chaworth was too recent—the
+young lady had the rare knack of overcoming his shyness,
+and in the Pigots’ house he felt at home, and went in and out
+as he pleased. One day Miss Pigot happened to read something
+of Burns to him, and in the talk that followed was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span>surprised to find that Byron also composed verse. He recited
+to her the two short pieces to be found at the beginning of
+the “Hours of Idleness,” “In thee I fondly hoped to clasp,”
+and “When to this airy hall”; and shortly afterwards, urged
+partly by his friend and partly by his own budding ambition,
+commissioned Ridge of Newark to print a hundred copies of
+his juvenile efforts, which was duly done in November 1806.
+Miss Pigot lived some forty years after her friend’s death, and
+is still well remembered. His letters to her (including the
+earliest published) are in Moore’s life; and she is the Eliza of
+his youthful verse.</p>
+
+<p>Another friend, nearly twenty years his senior, was the
+Rev. John Thomas Becher, already incidentally referred to
+in treating of the nave transepts. He was a son of the vicar-general,
+and afterwards succeeded his father. Byron presented
+Becher first with a copy of his little volume; and the result was
+remarkable. His friend, after reading the verses, initiated a
+discussion carried on in verse; and so unfavourable was
+Becher’s criticism, that the whole, with the exception of one
+or two copies which could not be recalled, were that same
+night committed to the flames. Many of them reappeared in
+“Hours of Idleness” the next year; and all, or nearly all,
+eventually in the complete editions of his works published
+by Murray. Mr Becher advised his friend to study the Bible,
+Shakespeare, and Milton, and not to waste his time in devouring
+the current light literature. He also urged him, but without
+success, to cultivate the county magnates, and to mix
+more in general society. Byron’s answer may be found in the
+“Hours of Idleness.” In reality, the lord of Newstead was
+too proud and too shy to mix freely with the county world
+without making what he thought a sufficient display. Thomas
+Moore regretted that the young genius was so soon removed
+from Mr Becher’s influence; and expressed the opinion that,
+had he remained longer at Southwell, his after-life might have
+been free from vice.</p>
+
+<p>In writing the “Hours of Idleness” he kept late hours.
+His first visit in the morning was to Miss Pigot, to whom he
+read the production of the previous night. He then went on
+to the Bechers’ and other houses. His evenings were given
+by preference to the Pigots, and he and Miss Pigot were
+accustomed to play and sing together such songs as the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span>“Maid of Lodi.” Among his verses with a local tinge are
+some lines addressed to Miss Houson, who was alarmed one
+day at the sound of a bullet he had fired in his mother’s
+garden; the prologue to some private theatricals, a “Reply”
+to his friend, John Pigot; and the often-quoted punning
+epitaph on the drunken carrier. When he was seriously ill,
+and wrote his “Adieu,” he referred to the Greet—</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent2">Streamlet! along whose rippling surge</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">My youthful limbs were wont to urge,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">At noontide heat, their pliant course;</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">Plunging with ardour from the shore,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">Thy springs will lave these limbs no more,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent2">Deprived of active force.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the associations of the minster failed to make any
+impression on him; and the subject is ignored alike in his
+verse and letters. The silly affectation with which he bemoaned
+the quietness and dulness of the town has been constantly
+quoted; what he really thought was something quite different,
+and is conveyed in a letter to a friend named Dallas, written
+in 1811, whom he advised to settle there.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, I know a large village, or small town, about twelve
+miles off [Newstead Abbey] where your family would have the
+advantage of very genteel society, without the hazard of
+being annoyed by mercantile affluence; where <i>you</i> would
+meet with men of information and independence; and where
+I have friends to whom I should be proud to introduce you.
+There are, besides, a coffee-room, assemblies, etc. etc.,
+which bring people together. My mother had a house there
+for some years, and I am well acquainted with the economy
+of Southwell, the name of this little commonwealth.”&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_30_30" href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>&#x2060;</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p>
+
+
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">
+    CHAPTER V
+    <br>
+    THE DISSOLUTION OF THE CHAPTER
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The difference between the Southwell depicted by Byron and
+the Southwell of to-day is due to organic changes. In 1837
+Notts, less the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the chapter, was
+transferred from York to Lincoln; and four years later Southwell
+shared the same fate.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was broken the long connection, not only with the
+diocese, but also with the province of York. In 1840 a clause
+or two in a Bill (3 and 4 Vict. c. 113), supplemented the next
+year by a special Act (4 and 5 Vict. c. 39), destroyed the
+chapter, after making allowance for vested interests, as a useless
+waste of ecclesiastical revenues. The canonries, as vacancies
+occurred, were not to be filled up, the minor canons were to
+be reduced to two (eventually to none at all); and the property
+was to go to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, to help in founding
+Ripon and Manchester, although these two dioceses were
+quite wealthy enough to endow their own bishoprics. What
+the total revenues were at the time of the dissolution, it is
+impossible to say. A great part of the incomes, both of
+the common and trust funds and of the various prebends, was
+paid in lump sums, technically called “fines,” at the renewal of
+leases. It has been estimated as high as £30,000 a year: the
+real nett income of the whole of the properties may, perhaps,
+have reached a third of this high figure. It must, however,
+be remembered, in computing the real loss, that the Commissioners
+have borne the whole expense of restoring the edifice.
+In succession to the sixteen prebendaries and the six minor
+canons, a brand new benefice, a rectory, was created and
+endowed not over-liberally, and the minster reduced to the
+status of an ordinary parish church.</p>
+
+<p>During a great part of the period of transition the two minor
+canons allowed temporarily to remain filled the duty usually
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a><a id="Page_126"></a>126</span>assigned to canons in residence, and preached in the afternoon.
+The Act of 1840 for curtailing, or, as at Southwell, for abolishing,
+cathedral and collegiate chapters was passed during the heat
+wave of change which followed in the footsteps of the first
+Reform Bill. No one opposed it more vigorously than did
+the young Tory and High Church member for Newark, Mr
+W.E. Gladstone, who added to his rising fame by his great
+speech against its provisions. But, in spite of the numerous
+petitions that came pouring in, the general middle and upper
+class opinion of the day was against such colleges as Southwell,
+and in favour of devoting their revenues to other purposes. It
+has changed since; and if the present Bishop of Southwell
+were asked his opinion, he would probably answer that a
+chapter of sixteen prebendaries appointed by himself would
+have been of inestimable service in carrying on the administration
+of the diocese. So ended a clerical republic which had
+safely survived the storms of Henry VIII. and Edward VI.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image37">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image37.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    SOUTHWELL, SHOWING WEST TOWERS BEFORE RESTORATION—
+    RUINS OF THE PALACE TO THE LEFT.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><b>The Grammar School</b>.—By yet another blow the
+Grammar School was crippled. Two fellowships and two
+scholarships at St. John’s, Cambridge, founded by Dr Keton in
+the reign of Henry VIII., with a preference for choristers, were
+confiscated. Under Dr William Fletcher (a first classman and
+Fellow of Brasenose) the school was the most flourishing in the
+county: thanks to the craze for meddling reform, it was afterwards
+reduced to <i>three boys</i>. It has been left for the present
+headmaster, who was appointed by Bishop Wordsworth when
+the fortunes of the school were at a low ebb, assisted by his
+son, to restore this time-honoured seat of education to a
+favourable and prominent position, although allowed by the
+Commissioners only the old sixteenth-century endowment of
+twenty-three pounds a year. At the next voidance of the one
+remaining minor canonry, the headmaster of the Grammar
+School will be the sole remaining officer allowed to continue;
+and a more generous policy might well be pursued with regard
+to the oldest educational establishment of the county. When
+it is added that the “very genteel society” of Byron successfully
+opposed the Nottingham and Lincoln Railway, it need
+not now be a cause for wonder that the town does not occupy
+that position the author of “Childe Harold” described.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Foundation of the See</b>.—The county of Nottingham
+had not time to settle into its new position before it was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span>discovered that the reconstructed diocese of Lincoln, with over
+eight hundred benefices, was too large for one bishop to supervise.
+In Bishop Jackson’s time the need of a new diocese was
+mooted; with Bishop Wordsworth this idea took active shape;
+and during the administration of Lord Beaconsfield the necessary
+legislative sanction was obtained, although, as the main
+part of the endowment had to be collected by subscription, the
+see was not constituted until 1884. Bishop Wordsworth not
+only parted with a portion of his episcopal income, but was the
+most munificent subscriber; and to him it is due that Southwell
+had the preference as the see town over the large and growing
+city of Nottingham. It was also part of the scheme of this
+distinguished prelate that the diocese should be limited to the
+one county, and that the old palace should be restored for the
+bishop’s residence, but neither of these was carried into effect.
+The plan of Henry VIII. was adopted, and Derbyshire added,
+while the restoration of the palace was abandoned. The
+minster was thus chosen as the cathedral church out of
+sentiment; and it is to be regretted that it did not at the
+same time revert to its old province of York.</p>
+
+<p>The new honorary canons of the diocese, with the bishop at
+their head as dean, took the names of the old prebends. The
+work they have done in the diocese has justified their appointment;
+but historical association, while respected in one sense,
+was here also strangely disregarded, since between the old
+prebendaries and the new canons there is no kind of connection.
+The first bishop, Dr George Ridding, headmaster
+of Winchester, has continued the untiring munificence of Dr
+Wordsworth; and his organising powers have found full scope
+in the working of the two counties.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the outline of the story of this little town from the
+days of the Britons and Romans onwards comes to an end.
+Southwell may well take for her motto—</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+  <div class="poetry">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <div class="verse indent0">The old order changeth, yielding place to new,</div>
+      <div class="verse indent0">And God fulfils Himself in many ways.</div>
+    </div>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span>  </div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDICES">
+    APPENDICES
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIXA">APPENDIX A<br>THE CULDEES</h3>
+
+<p>The derivation is given from <i>Cultor</i> (or perhaps <i>cola) Dei</i>. The Culdees
+are generally supposed to have been a religious order founded by St.
+Columba in the middle of the sixth century; but this would seem to be
+a mistake, for, says Canon Ornsby, the name was unknown to Baeda, Eddi,
+and Andamnan, <i>Deicola (= Gode-frihte</i>, or God-fearing) was the appellation
+given first to anchorites, and afterwards to certain secular clergy.</p>
+
+<p>The clergy of Canterbury were called <i>Cultores [Dei] Clerici</i> in 1006;
+those of York Colidei or Culdees so late as Henry I. Mr Leach says
+(p. xx.) that the clergy of Lichfield were likewise of Culdee origin under
+St. Chad. Perhaps the least unlikely inference is that at Southwell, as
+elsewhere, the Culdees represent an intermediate stage between the primitive
+missionaries and the prebendaries of a later time with their separate
+churches and endowments. They were allowed to marry, and shared in
+a common fund.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIX_B_A_STORY_OF_THE_SUPERNATURAL">
+  APPENDIX B<br>A STORY OF THE SUPERNATURAL
+</h3>
+
+<p>Florence of Worcester says (under date 1137): “At Southwell, a ‘vill’
+of the archbishop’s, while a grave was being made for a funeral, there
+were found some relics of saints, and a glass phial with raised sides to
+prevent its being broken, and full of very clear water; which being given
+to the sick, they were on tasting it restored to their former health.”
+Florence says that this story was told him by Henry, Bishop of Winchester.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIX_C_CHANTRIES_CHAPELS_AND_ALTARS">
+  APPENDIX C<br>CHANTRIES, CHAPELS, AND ALTARS
+</h3>
+
+<p>The eight chantry foundations of the thirteenth century were St. Thomas
+the Martyr (three), St. Peter, St. Nicholas (with Halam annexed), St.
+Stephen, St. John Baptist, and St. John the Evangelist. After a lull of
+more than a century come St. Mary at the altar of St. Michael (with
+Wheatley annexed), a second St. John the Baptist, otherwise the Morrow
+Mass, St. Mary Magdalene, and Our Lady, and St. Cuthbert (two, founded
+in 1479).</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Chapel is a puzzle: it was outside the choir, on the north side,
+and with the churchyard adjoining the east; and no site seems to satisfy
+these three conditions. Perhaps more than one chapel is so named in wills.
+The chapel of St. John the Baptist had two altars, one to that saint, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span>another to St. Cuthbert, each with two chantries: it was the Vavasour or
+Booth Chapel at the south-west of the nave, the place of the Grammar
+School. The chapel of St. John the Evangelist was in the north aisle
+(whether of nave or choir not stated).</p>
+
+<p>The locality of St. Thomas’ Chapel with its three chantries is uncertain;
+and there is a mention of the chapels of St. Lawrence and of St. Margaret
+near one another, but their altars are not mentioned. The altar of St. Peter
+was within the choir, but the sites of the remaining chantry altars cannot
+be settled. Besides the parish altar of St. Vincent, that of Our Lady of
+Grace is twice mentioned in the wills. The high altar is in one place
+called “the greater altar of St. Mary.”</p>
+
+<p>There were, besides, the chapels of St. Thomas the Martyr in the
+Burgage, St. Catherine at the end of Westhorpe near the holy well,
+two in Easthorpe half-a-mile apart, and one in Normanton. The names
+of the three last are unknown; and the five seem to have been chantries. I
+am chiefly indebted to Mr Leach for the above information.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIX_D_A_STORY_OF_CHARLES_I">
+  APPENDIX D<br>A STORY OF CHARLES I.
+</h3>
+
+<p>Robert Thoroton, who published his “Nottinghamshire” in 1677, says
+that a Mr Savage told him the following story:—The time of this visit of
+the king was between Naseby and the subsequent residence at Oxford.
+The king, with a few faithful followers, took refuge at Southwell. “The day
+after his arrival he walked about the town not known, and entered the
+shop of a shoemaker, whose name was Lee, who was a fanatic of the day.
+His majesty, after some conversation with this man, bid him take measure
+for a pair of shoes. Lee, in taking the king’s foot in his hand and looking
+at him attentively, refused to proceed. The king, astonished at the man’s
+behaviour, desired him to do what he had requested; but the shoemaker
+actually refused, giving a reason that the king was the customer he had
+been warned against in a dream the night before, in which he [the customer]
+was doomed to destruction, and those who worked for him would never
+thrive. The forlorn monarch, whose misfortunes had opened his mind to
+the impressions of superstitions, uttered an ejaculation expressive of his
+resignation to the will of providence, and returned to the palace, which
+was the place of his abode.”</p>
+
+<p>Thoroton says that Charles was many times at Southwell, and once with
+the queen.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIX_E_PATRONAGE_OF_THE_CHAPTER">
+  APPENDIX E<br>PATRONAGE OF THE CHAPTER
+</h3>
+
+<p>The chapter were patrons of the daughter parishes of Bleasby-cum-Morton,
+Edingley, Farnsfield, Halam, Kirklington and Upton, and of Boughton,
+Kneesal, Rolleston, S. Wheatley and Woodborough in Notts; of Barnburgh
+in Yorkshire; and of Barnoldby, Beelsby, Brigsley, Hatcliffe,
+Howerby, Ravensdale, and Waltham in North Lincolnshire.</p>
+
+<p>All the prebendaries but those of Normanton, Woodborough, Palishall,
+and the sacrist presented to their several vicarages, excepting that the two
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>prebendaries presented alternately to both Oxton and Cropwell. The
+prebendary of Normanton presented to the Southwell parish vicarage, and
+North Muskham to Caunton. At the dissolution, after allowing for vested
+interests, the whole of this patronage was divided between the two new
+bishoprics of Ripon and Manchester, but until Mr Shepherd’s death, in
+1873, the surviving prebendaries reserved their patronage. Barnburgh was
+at one time worth £550 a year nett, and Beelsby a hundred less; but most
+of the others were of small value. There were also some half-dozen
+chapelries.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="APPENDIX_F_THE_LAST_OF_THE_CLERGY">
+  APPENDIX F<br>THE LAST OF THE CLERGY
+</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Prebendaries</b>.</p>
+
+
+<table class="autotable3">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Beckingham
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Thomas Henry Shepherd</b>, the
+last of the prebendaries, died Feb. 1873, on whose death the patronage
+of the chapter went to the bishops of Ripon and Manchester. He
+was rector of Clayton and S. Wheatley.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Dunham
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Thomas Cozens Percival.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Eton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>William Barrow.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Halloughton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Robert Lowe.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Leverton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Henry Smith.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+North Muskham
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Charles Boothby.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+South Muskham
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>John Thomas Becher.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Normanton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>George Wilkins</b>, vicar-general and
+Archdeacon of Nottingham. After
+the Act of Dissolution he lived at
+the Residence House, and died
+there 1865.
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Norwell Overhall
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Chas. Geo. Venables Vernon.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl nw">
+Norwell Palishall
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Robert Chaplin.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Norwell Tertia Pars
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Edward Denison</b> (B. of Salisbury).
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oxton and Cropwell
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b> James Jarvis Cleaver.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Oxton Altera Pars
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Frederick Anson</b> (D. of Chester).
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Rampton
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Fitzgerald Wintour.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Sacrist
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Charles Nixon.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Woodborough
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Edward Garrard Marsh.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">
+Parish Vicar
+</td>
+<td class="tdl">
+<b>Morgan Watkins.</b>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>Minor Canons or Vicars-Choral</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Alfred Tatham</b> (1841-76).</p>
+
+<p><b>Robert Frederick Smith, M.A.</b>, vicar of Edingley-cum-Halam. Late
+scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford. Succeeded Mr Dimock (preferred to
+Barnburgh in 1863), and still remains. The last clergyman associated with
+the defunct chapter. He was ordained as curate to the Rector of Southwell
+in 1856.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowe37_5000" id="image38">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/image38.png" alt="">
+  <figcaption>
+    PLAN OF SOUTHWELL CATHEDRAL.<br>
+
+    <span class="sm">DIMENSIONS—EXTERIOR.</span>
+
+
+<div class="listdiv illowe30">    Length—318 feet. Length of Nave—185 feet. Width of Nave—72 feet.<br>
+    Choir—Length, 128 feet. Choir Aisles—Length, 98 ft.<br>
+    Choir, with Aisles—Breadth, 73 feet.<br>
+    Choir, with both Transept Chapels—Breadth, 108 feet.<br>
+    Height of Central Tower, 105 feet.<br>
+    Height of Western Tower, 99 feet.<br>
+    Do., including Modern Spires, 149 feet.</div>
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" aria-hidden="true">
+<div class="chapter">
+  <h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">
+    FOOTNOTES
+  </h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> The repeated attempts to connect Southwell with the Tiovulfingacestre
+of Baeda must be dismissed as unsupported. To make matters more
+puzzling still, Henry of Huntingdon, who says he relied upon Baeda,
+writing in the twelfth century, calls the place of the baptising the town
+“now called Fingecestre.”</p>
+
+<p>There was no such town; there was the little riverside hamlet of
+Fiscartune, now called Fiskerton, the nearest spot on the Trent to Southwell;
+and Henry was perhaps thinking of this when he wrote. Baeda
+says that a convert told a monk named Daeda, and Daeda told him, that
+he, the convert, had been baptised in the Trent near the “civitas” called
+in the language of the Angles Tiovulfingacestre. This name has been
+hopelessly lost. In itself, no place so well satisfies this second-hand
+account, as where the river, after passing under Clifton Grove, sweeps by
+Wilford Church. Here the bed is so formed that the priest could stand in
+comfort, and have plenty of water for immersion; while Nottingham, close
+at hand, might then have been a settlement sufficiently large to be called
+a “civitas.” Southwell was not large enough. Or, perhaps, Torksey or
+Littleborough is meant.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> Appendix A. The Culdees.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a> Prebendas apud Suthwell fecit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a> So far as the letter of Archbishop Thomas goes, being without date, it
+might have been written by either Thomas; but the finely pointed masonry
+and the later Norman in the architecture suggest the second Thomas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a> <i>Decano</i>; but there was no dean, though one appears afterwards.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">[6]</a> Ab omni jure &amp; consuetudine episcopali ... penitus &amp; immunes.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">[7]</a> Leach, p. xxxv. Dugdale also states that once there was a dean.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">[8]</a> Ornsby’s “York,” p. 161.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">[9]</a> On this subject see Gwilt’s “Architecture,” p. 126.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">[10]</a> Leach, p. 197.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">[11]</a> In the will of Robert Batemanson there is a reference to “my Lord
+William Bothe’s quer,” which implies that William, and not Laurence,
+restored it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">[12]</a> There was a third at Laneham, on the Trent.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">[13]</a> The present area, including that of the modern daughter parish of Holy
+Trinity, is put down at over 5000 acres.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">[14]</a> In which, however, the accused was acquitted.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">[15]</a> There were two for the three prebends of Normanton, and one for
+Oxton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">[16]</a> Mais si belle qu’elle se soit conservée en vieillissant, il est difficile de
+ne pas soupirer, de ne pas s’indigner devant les dégradations, les mutilations
+sans nombre que simultanément le temps et les hommes ont fait
+subir au vénérable monument ... Si nous avions le laisir d’examiner une
+à une avec le lecteur les diverses traces de destruction imprimées à
+l’antique
+église, la part du temps serait la moindre, <i>la pira celle des
+hommes</i> ...
+et ce que nous disons de l’église cathédrale de Paris, il faut le dire de
+toutes les églises de la chrétienté au moyen âge. (“Notre Dame,” livre
+troisième, c. 1.). I have discussed the effect of the Great Pestilence
+upon
+architecture in the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> Aug. 1897.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">[17]</a> <i>Builder</i>, July 2, 1892, p. 12. This term “Romanesque” has become a
+ready source of confusion. It is used in at least two distinct senses.</p>
+
+<p>(a) The architecture prevalent in Western Europe contemporary with our
+Anglo-Norman. In this sense it appears to be used by the writer in the
+<i>Builder</i>; and I should say that the intersection of the arcading ought to be
+added to the “Romanesque” peculiarities.</p>
+
+<p>(b) As a general term for the architecture prevalent in Western Europe
+prior to the introduction of the Gothic. In this latter and more accepted
+use of the term English Saxon and Norman architecture would both be
+included. The term was intended to imply of Roman or Italian origin.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">[18]</a> <i>Saturday Review</i>, Nov. 29, 1879, p. 662.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">[19]</a> The dimensions of the Norman choir were discussed by Mr Dimock in
+a paper read before the British Archæological Association, and published in
+their <i>Journal</i> of January 1853. Mr C. Hodgson Fowler, who has been
+long intimately acquainted with his subject, in the <i>Architect</i> of June 23rd,
+1877, takes a somewhat different view. The evidence appears to be too
+slight for the most careful and correct of experts to agree altogether.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">[20]</a> See the remarks on Booth’s Chapel and Appendix C.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_21_21" href="#FNanchor_21_21" class="label">[21]</a> <i>Builder</i>, July 2nd, 1892.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_22_22" href="#FNanchor_22_22" class="label">[22]</a> The Early Decorated tracery is arranged principally in circles,
+quatrefoils, and other regular figures, with the featherings for the most part
+confined to the larger piercings: this is usually called <i>Geometrical</i> tracery.
+(Parker’s “Glossary.”)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_23_23" href="#FNanchor_23_23" class="label">[23]</a> These measurements, which have been carefully made from a ground
+plan, differ slightly from those of Mr Louis Petit in the <i>Memoirs of the
+Archæological Institute</i> of 1850, p. 208.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_24_24" href="#FNanchor_24_24" class="label">[24]</a> Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the reports that it is not watertight
+against storms are not correct.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_25_25" href="#FNanchor_25_25" class="label">[25]</a> <i>Vide</i> <a href="#Page_20">p. 20.</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_26_26" href="#FNanchor_26_26" class="label">[26]</a> The Cinque Cento style prevailed from the “commencement of the
+fifteenth century until the general introduction of enamel colours about
+the middle of that century.”—<span class="smcap">Charles Winston.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_27_27" href="#FNanchor_27_27" class="label">[27]</a> Called Passage on plan.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_28_28" href="#FNanchor_28_28" class="label">[28]</a> It is to be regretted that the vestibule and chapter-house are so difficult
+of access. The authorities that be appear to treat them as a species of
+holy of holies. The only possible objection to a more liberal policy—a
+regard for vested interests—the Commissioners would surely make good.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_29_29" href="#FNanchor_29_29" class="label">[29]</a> Canon Ornsby buries Aldred at York, and Mr Livett at Southwell.
+Holgate retired to Hemsworth; but his burial is not in that parish register.
+An old metrical chronicle makes Corbridge die at Laneham.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_30_30" href="#FNanchor_30_30" class="label">[30]</a> Perhaps the last survivor of those who remembered Byron was Mrs
+Alfred Tatham, a daughter of Mr Becher. She told me she distinctly
+remembered, as a very little girl (it was about her earliest recollection),
+sitting on the poet’s knee, who was fond of children. Mr Becher’s grandson
+still lives in the house with which Byron was familiar.</p></div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter transnote">
+<p class="center"> Transcriber’s Notes.</p>
+
+<p> Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
+silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation has been normalised. </p>
+
+<p> A reiteration of the title has been discarded. </p>
+
+<p> End of page footnotes have been sequentially numbered and gathered
+at the end of the text. </p>
+
+<p> To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated between
+paragraphs. Page numbers in the List of Illustrations may no longer be
+relevant, but will link to the image. </p>
+
+</div>
+
+</main>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79369 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#79369](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79369)