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diff --git a/79050-h/79050-h.htm b/79050-h/79050-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c085537 --- /dev/null +++ b/79050-h/79050-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,6270 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + Slips of tongue and pen | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; +} + + h1,h2 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h1 {font-weight: normal; + font-size: 270%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + word-spacing: 0.3em; + } + +h2 {font-weight: normal; + font-size: 120%; + margin-top: 0em; + word-spacing: 0.3em; + } + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p6 {margin-top: 6em;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + + +hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} + +hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} + + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} +h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} + +ul.index { list-style-type: none; } +li.ifrst { + margin-top: 1em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} +li.indx { + margin-top: .5em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-left: 1em; +} + + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.tdl {text-align: left;} +.tdr {text-align: right;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + + + +.xlarge {font-size: 140%;} +.large {font-size: 120%;} +.less {font-size: 90%;} +.more {font-size: 80%;} + + +.c {text-align: center;} + +.sp {word-spacing: 0.3em;} + + + +.sans {font-family: sans-serif;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + +.figcenter1 { + padding-top: 2em; + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; +} + + + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + margin-top:3em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; + border: .3em double gray; + padding: 1em; +} + + </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79050 ***</div> + + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover"> +</div> + +<hr class="full"> + +<h1> +SLIPS OF<br> + +TONGUE AND PEN</h1> + + +<p class="c sp xlarge">BY<br> +J. H. LONG, M.A., LL.B.</p> + + +<p class="c sp p6">NEW YORK<br> +D. APPLETON AND COMPANY<br> +<span class="less">1888</span> +</p> + +<hr class="full"> + +<p class="c"><i>Authorized Edition.</i></p> + + + + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="c xlarge p2">CONTENTS:</p> +</div> + +<table> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl"></td> + <td class="tdr"><span class="smcap more">Page.</span></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">COMMON ERRORS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c1">1</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">GRAMMATICAL POINTS</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c2">32</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">GENERAL SUGGESTIONS UPON COMPOSITION</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c3">47</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED, SYNONYMS, OPPOSITES</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c4">55</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">PREFER</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c5">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND PHRASES</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c6">84</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">NOTES ON PUNCTUATION</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c7">88</a></td></tr> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">INDEX</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#c8">93</a></td></tr> + +</table> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c1">COMMON ERRORS</h2> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p>Do not say, “The truth of that is <i>apparent</i>.” [Use <i>obvious</i> +or <i>evident</i>. <i>Apparent</i> or <i>seeming</i> is opposed to <i>real</i>; +<i>obvious</i> or <i>evident</i>, to <i>obscure</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>anticipate</i> for <i>expect</i>. [<i>Anticipate</i> means to +reach before, to take before, to forestall, as: “I +anticipated all his wishes.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>all of them</i>, <i>both of them</i>, for <i>they</i> [or <i>them</i>] +<i>all</i>, <i>both</i>, respectively.</p> + +<p>Do not spell with <i>z</i> <i>analyse</i>, <i>paralyse</i>, and other words +derived from the Greek luo, lusis.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>ale</i>, <i>tea</i>, <i>sugar</i>, &c., in the plural. [Instead of +saying, “I have excellent teas, ales and sugars,” say, +“I have excellent tea, ale and sugar, of various +qualities] [or, at various prices, &c.]”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>accord</i> for <i>grant</i> or <i>give</i>. [<i>Accord</i>, intransitive, +means to agree or harmonize; transitive, it means +to give or grant; but it carries with it the idea of +great condescension, <i>e.g.</i>: “Pallas accords their +vow.” In ordinary prose it should be employed +but rarely.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>accident</i> for <i>wound</i> or <i>hurt</i>. [<i>Accident</i> means +misfortune or calamity, <i>e.g.</i>: “In the railway accident +the man was badly injured.”]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>aggravate</i> for <i>irritate</i> or <i>vex</i>. [<i>Aggravate</i> +means to render heavy or more difficult, <i>e.g.</i>: “The +guilt was aggravated by the circumstances of the +crime.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>alternation</i> for <i>series</i> or <i>succession</i>. [<i>Alternation</i> +is reciprocal succession, <i>e.g.</i>: “The alternation +of red and white balls on the string produced a +very pretty effect.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>alternative</i> [in the plural] as equivalent to +<i>things to be chosen from or among</i>. [<i>Alternative</i> is +the choice itself, and should, properly speaking, be +restricted to a choice between two things, <i>e.g.</i>: “My +alternative was escape or death.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>antiquarian</i> [as a noun] for <i>antiquary</i>. [<i>Antiquarian</i> +is an adjective.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>abortive</i> of acts. [It may be used of plans +or attempts; but it is, at the best, an inelegant word.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The measures <i>adopted</i> by Congress for the +quelling of the rebellion &c.” Say, “The measures +decided upon or taken &c.” [<i>Adopted</i> is correctly +employed in such a sentence as, “The report upon +ways and means was adopted.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “His <i>antecedents</i> are bad.” Say, “His past +history [or, his reputation] is bad.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>appreciate</i> for <i>value highly</i>. [<i>Appreciate</i> is to +value correctly or justly.] Say, therefore, “I prize +[or value] that horse highly;” not, “I appreciate +&c.”</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p> +<p>Do not say, <i>at auction</i> but <i>by auction</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The wind was <i>accompanied</i> [or attended] +<i>by</i> rain &c.” Use <i>with</i> of things [unless personified]; +<i>by</i>, of persons.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>anniversary</i> of celebrations that are not +yearly. Thus, not, <i>a centennial anniversary</i>; but, +<i>a centennial celebration</i>, <i>festival</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>affable</i> as an exact synonym for <i>kindly</i> or +<i>good-natured</i>. [<i>Affable</i> is properly applied to the +bearing of superiors towards inferiors, not to the +bearing of equals towards equals.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “Both are <i>alike</i>;” say, “They [or they two] +are alike.” <i>Both</i> denotes union; <i>alike</i>, separation.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I am <i>afraid</i> it will rain.” Say, “I <i>fear</i> it +will rain.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “That <i>admits of</i> no doubt.” [Leave out +the <i>of</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>alludes</i> [or refers] to Mr. Smith,” when +you mean that he merely names Mr. Smith. Say, +“He means Mr. Smith.” [The real meaning of +<i>allude or refer to</i> is to touch lightly upon, to call +attention to, delicately or indirectly.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He went <i>around</i> the world.” It should be, +“He went round &c.” [<i>Around</i> denotes rest—“The +shelves are around the room;” <i>round</i> denotes +motion.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “He remained there no longer than could be +<i>avoided</i>.” [Logically, it ought to be, <i>than could not +be avoided</i>; but, as this is a very inelegant expression, +use some other form, <i>e.g.</i>: “He remained there +no longer than was unavoidable,” or, “than was +necessary.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I went <i>all over</i> the town,” for “I went <i>over +all</i> the town.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>above</i> as an attributive adjective. Say, “the +<i>foregoing</i> [or <i>preceding</i>] paragraph,” not “the <i>above</i> +paragraph.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He is as rich, or richer, <i>than</i> my brother.” +[It should be, “He is <i>as</i> rich <i>as</i>, or &c.” If preferred, +the form of the sentence may be changed, “He is as +rich as my brother, or richer.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “John and James <i>both</i> are here.” It should +be, “Both John and James are here.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>balance</i> for remainder. [<i>Balance</i> is the excess +of one thing over another, <i>i.e.</i>, what will make them +balance.]</p> + +<p>Do not spell <i>benefited</i> with two <i>t’s</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>to beat</i> for <i>to defeat</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “The army was +beaten,” is incorrect. [<i>Beat</i> means to strike or hit.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>at best</i>, <i>at most</i>, <i>at least</i> [the last two in +reference to quantity.] Use the article—at <i>the</i> +best &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He is <i>bound</i> to go,” for, “He intends to go,” +or, “He is determined to go.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<p>Do not spell <i>bye</i> in <i>by-the-bye</i> without the <i>e</i>. [<i>Bye</i> is an +old word meaning place. So <i>by-the-bye</i> is by the +place, <i>i.e.</i>, passing by the place, or digressing from +the main subject. Still, it is customary to write +<i>by-law</i>, although <i>bye-law</i> is sometimes seen. In +<i>good-bye</i> bye is, of course, a contraction for <i>be with +ye</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, “God be with ye.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>banister</i> for <i>baluster</i> or <i>balustrade</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He was killed <i>by</i> a bullet.” Use <i>with</i>. +[<i>By</i> denotes conscious agency; <i>with</i>, unconscious +instrumentality. <i>By</i> expresses indirect; <i>with</i>, direct +agency.] So, a man is killed <i>with</i> an axe, <i>by</i> a man. +When the unconscious instrument is personified, <i>by</i> +may be used, <i>e.g.</i>, “The man was struck <i>by</i> lightning.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He has a <i>bad</i> cold, a <i>bad</i> wound, &c.” Use +some other adjective—<i>severe</i>, <i>dangerous</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I wish very <i>badly</i> to do so.” Use <i>very +much</i>, <i>greatly</i>, or some other adverbial expression.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>beg</i> to say &c.,” for “I beg <i>leave</i> to say +&c.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>between</i> of more than two objects. Use <i>among</i>. +“I live between Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown.” “I live +<i>among</i> friends.” [<i>Between</i> is often incorrectly employed +in such expressions as, “The distance between +each post was twenty feet.” There can be +no distance <i>between one</i> thing. A different turn +must be given to such a sentence; <i>e.g.</i>: “The distance +from each post to the next one was &c.;” or,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> +“The distance between any two consecutive posts +was &c.”]</p> + +<p>Do not speak of <i>collecting</i> a bill. The items or the +various moneys or amounts constituting a bill may +be collected. [It is impossible to collect one thing +only.]</p> + +<p>Do not use an infinitive as the object of <i>commence</i> or +<i>essay</i>. [There is no necessity for using commence +at all. <i>Begin</i> is a much better word.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>condone</i> for <i>atone for</i> or <i>palliate</i>. [<i>Condone</i> is +simply to forgive, as applied to things.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>climax</i> for <i>acme</i> or <i>highest point</i>. [<i>Climax</i> is a +ladder or gradual ascent, not the top of the ladder.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>constantly</i> for <i>often</i> or <i>continually</i>. [<i>Constantly</i> +means firmly or steadfastly; as, “He kept +his eyes fixed constantly on the goal.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>celebrity</i> for <i>celebrated person</i>. [<i>Celebrity</i> +means renown; <i>e.g.</i>: “A man of celebrity in +Science.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>consequence</i> for <i>importance</i> or <i>moment</i>. [<i>Consequence</i> +means result.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He is of a <i>capricious mind</i>.” Say simply, +“He is capricious.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>claim</i> for <i>assert</i> or <i>say</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>upon</i> for <i>on</i>, after <i>to call</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “He called +on [not upon] me.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I cannot <i>catch</i> the train,” for “I cannot +catch up to [or, with] the train.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>consider</i> for <i>deem</i> or <i>think</i>. [<i>Consider</i> means +to ponder.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>curious</i> for <i>strange</i> or <i>remarkable</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>caption</i> for <i>heading</i>. [<i>Caption</i> means taking, +or capture.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>citizen</i> for <i>person</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>circumstance</i> for <i>event</i> or <i>occurrence</i>. [A <i>Circumstance</i> +is “something pertaining to a fact, but +not essential thereto.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>may</i>, <i>can</i>, <i>must</i>, <i>shall</i>, <i>will</i>, and other auxiliary +verbs <i>alone</i>, unless the form of the preceding +principal verb may be repeated without change +after the auxiliary. <i>E.g.</i>: “He did as well as he +<i>could</i>,” is incorrect. “He will do as well as he <i>can</i>,” +is correct.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>couple</i> for <i>two</i>, unless the persons or things +spoken of are joined, either literally or figuratively. +Thus, speak of a <i>happy couple</i> [a man and wife], +or of a <i>couple of handcuffs</i>, but not of a <i>couple</i> of +dollars.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>calibre</i> [figuratively] of things. It is applicable +to persons only.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>contention</i> of an individual act: a <i>contest</i>, +<i>struggle</i>, <i>combat</i>. [<i>Contention</i> implies habit or custom; +<i>e.g.</i>: “He displayed a spirit of contention +through all the negotiations.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He was <i>on</i> the horns of a dilemma.” +[<i>Dilemma</i> means “two enclosing positions terminating<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> +in what may be called horns.” Say, therefore, +“He was <i>between</i> the horns of a dilemma;” or, “He +was in a dilemma.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “In distinction [or contradistinction] <i>to</i>.” +[Use <i>from</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “It <i>would be desirable</i> [or <i>advisable</i>] to go +away.” Say, “It <i>is</i> desirable [or advisable] to go +away.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>demean</i> for <i>bemean</i>. To <i>demean oneself</i> is to +behave oneself; <i>to bemean oneself</i> is to lower or disgrace +oneself.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “Goods of that <i>description</i>,” for “goods of +that kind or sort.” [Confine <i>description</i> to the +meaning of <i>explanation</i> or <i>recital</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>detect</i> for <i>distinguish</i>, <i>see</i>, <i>make out</i>. [<i>Detect</i> +means to bring to light, to reveal, to expose.] Thus, +“The criminals were detected in their crime,” is +correct. “The peasants could be detected at once,” +is incorrect.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>dangerous</i> for <i>very ill</i> or <i>in danger</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>denuded</i> as an exact equivalent of <i>bare</i>. [A +thing cannot be denuded of that which it has never +had.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>deprecate</i> for <i>condemn</i> or <i>censure</i>. [<i>Deprecate</i> +means to beg off or pray exemption from. <i>E.g.:</i> +“I deprecate the infliction of the death penalty upon +the prisoner.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He died <i>with</i> a disease.” [Use <i>of</i>.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>directly</i> for <i>as soon as</i>. [Say, “As soon as he +came in, he went out again;” not, “Directly he &c., +&c.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>donate</i> for <i>give</i>, unless the gift is princely in +amount or made with great ceremony.</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>a dirt road</i> for <i>a sand</i> [or <i>earth or gravel</i>, +&c.] road.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>divine</i> [as a noun] for <i>clergyman</i>, <i>minister</i>, +<i>preacher</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “That property has <i>depreciated in value</i>.” +<i>Depreciate</i> alone means to fall in value. <i>In value</i> +is therefore pleonastic. [<i>Depreciate</i> is either transitive +(to bring down the value of) or intransitive (to +fall in value). The former is said to be the preferable +use, but the latter is the more common use.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>differ with</i> you upon that point.” Say, +“I <i>differ from</i> you &c.” [<i>Differ with</i> is sometimes +used for quarrel with, or have a misunderstanding +with. This use is, however, rather rare.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He lives <i>some distance</i> from here.” Say, +“He lives <i>at some distance</i> &c.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>differentiate</i> for <i>distinguish</i>. [<i>Differentiate</i> +should be confined to mathematical and other +scientific expressions.]</p> + +<p>Do not employ <i>expect</i> for <i>think</i> or <i>believe</i>. [<i>Expect</i> means +to look forward to, and should be used only of the +future.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “He has lost ever so many horses.” If +used at all, the expression should be, “<i>never so +many</i>.”</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>equally as well as</i>. Say, <i>equally well</i>, or <i>as +well as</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>equanimity of mind</i>, <i>anxiety of mind</i>, <i>unanimity +of mind</i>. That is, do not use compounds +of <i>animus</i> or <i>anima</i> along with <i>mind</i>, <i>temper</i>, <i>spirit</i>, +<i>affection</i>, &c.; as such expressions are pleonastic. +[So, <i>unity</i> or <i>agreement of mind</i> is a better expression +than <i>equanimity of mind</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I have <i>every</i> confidence in him,” for, “I +have <i>the greatest</i> [or <i>entire</i>] confidence in him.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>executed</i> for <i>put to death</i>. [Laws or sentences +are <i>executed</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, carried out), and the criminal is +hanged or shot or otherwise killed.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>enact</i> for <i>act</i>. <i>To enact</i> is to establish by +law, to decree, to perform. [So say, “A law was +passed”—not enacted; but, “It was enacted by +law that all murderers should be put to death.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>endorse</i> for <i>approve of</i>, <i>applaud</i>, <i>sanction</i>. +Confine the employment of <i>endorse</i> to its ordinary +commercial meaning.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>embrace</i> for <i>comprise</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>empty</i> for <i>discharge</i> or <i>flow into</i> [of a +river].</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>tried an experiment</i>.” [This is tautological, +as an experiment is a trial. The expression +should be, “He made, or performed, an experiment.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>on every hand</i>, for <i>on each hand</i>, or <i>on both +hands</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>either</i>, <i>neither</i> and <i>whether</i> of more than two +persons or things.</p> + +<p>Do not follow <i>else</i> with <i>but</i>. <i>Than</i> is the proper word +to use after <i>else</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>exemplary</i> as an exact synonym for <i>excellent</i>. +[<i>Exemplary</i> means giving an example, as in: “He +inflicted exemplary punishment.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>experience</i> great pleasure [or pain”]. +Say, “I <i>feel</i> &c.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>excessively</i> for <i>exceedingly</i> or <i>very</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>effluviums</i> or <i>effluviae</i> for effluvia [the plural +of effluvium.]</p> + +<p>Do not confuse <i>few</i> and <i>a few</i>. There is a great distinction +in meaning between the two. <i>E.g.</i>: “<i>Few</i> +persons like Mr. Smith,” means that <i>but few</i> like +him, <i>i.e.</i>, that he is generally disliked. “<i>A few</i> +persons like Mr. Smith,” means that some persons +[perhaps all who know him] like him. Therefore, +<i>few</i> should be followed by <i>and</i>; <i>a few</i> by <i>but</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: +“Few persons like Mr. Smith, <i>and</i> these persons +would not like him did they know him well.” “<i>A</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> +<i>few</i> persons like Mr. Smith, <i>but</i> more persons like +Mr. Brown.”</p> + +<p>Do not confuse <i>at fault</i> with <i>in fault</i>. [<i>At fault</i> is a +hunting phrase meaning “off the scent” (equivalent +to at sea); <i>in fault</i> is in error.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>faithfully promised</i> to do it.” [One +may do a thing faithfully, or may promise to do it +faithfully; but one cannot faithfully promise to do it.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>future</i> for <i>next</i> or <i>subsequent</i> [of the past]. +Thus, “The future career of Milton was &c.,” should +be, “The after [or subsequent] career of Milton was +&c.” Again, “For the future the course of Columbus +was &c.,” should be, “Thenceforward [or <i>after +this</i>, or <i>thereafter</i>, or <i>subsequently</i>] the course of +Columbus was &c.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>Go and fetch</i> it.” [<i>Fetch</i> alone means <i>to go +and bring</i>. The expression is, therefore, pleonastic.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I forbid you <i>from</i> going.” Say, “I forbid +you to go,” or, “I forbid your going.” [With <i>prevent</i> +or <i>hinder</i>, however, use <i>from</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not compare adjectives ending in <i>ful</i>. Say, “He +showed more grace,” or use some other expression +in preference to “He was <i>more graceful</i>.” [Of course, +the adjective <i>full</i> ought never to be compared. Instead +of saying “That jug is fuller than the other,” +say, “That jug is <i>more nearly full</i> than &c.” A +similar remark will apply to many other adjectives +(<i>entire</i>, <i>perfect</i>, &c.), the meaning of which admits +of no degrees or gradations.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>female</i> for <i>woman</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>fall down</i>, <i>sink down</i>, <i>rise up</i>, <i>ascend up</i>, &c., +as the adverbs are implied in the verbs. Say <i>fall</i>, +<i>sink</i>, <i>rise</i>, <i>ascend</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>fix</i> for <i>repair</i>, <i>arrange</i>, <i>set up</i>. [<i>Fix</i> properly +means <i>to fasten firmly</i>, as, “He fixed a nail +into the wall.”]</p> + +<p>Do not spell the plural of <i>fly</i>, a carriage, <i>flies</i>. The correct +form is <i>flys</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use incorrect forms of <i>foreign adjectives</i>. Say, +<i>naïfs men</i>, <i>naïves women</i>, <i>naïfs features</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, make +the adjectives agree in gender and number with its +noun taken as a foreign word. [This rule applies +especially to French adjectives.]</p> + +<p>Do not use the word <i>graphic</i> of sound, or of anything +but written or pictured representation.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>going to</i> or <i>just going to</i>, for <i>about to</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>grow</i> as a transitive verb. Say, “He cultivates +[produces, raises crops of, &c.] corn.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>grows small</i>;” for this involves a contradiction. +Use <i>decrease</i>, <i>diminish</i>, <i>become smaller</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>get to</i> for <i>attend</i>, <i>be at</i>, <i>be present at</i>, <i>go to</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>gubernatorial</i> for <i>governmental</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>gratuitous</i> for <i>asserted without proof</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “The thing is <i>no good</i> [or <i>no use</i>].” Say, +“The thing is <i>of</i> no good [<i>of</i> no use].”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “That is <i>one of the great</i>, <i>if not the greatest</i> +man I have ever seen.” This construction involves +a grammatical contradiction, as will be seen by +supplying the ellipsis: “That is one of the greatest +[men], if not the greatest [man], I have ever seen.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He gives no more than <i>he can help</i>.” +[Logically, it ought to be, “He gives no more than +he cannot help;” but as this expression is very +awkward, use some other, <i>e.g.</i>: “He gives no more +than is absolutely necessary,” “He gives only what +he must give (or, is forced to give, or, cannot avoid +giving).”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>humanitarian</i> for <i>humane</i>. [The original +and correct meaning of <i>humanitarian</i> is denying +the divinity of Christ.]</p> + +<p>Do not use, as an adverb, <i>hardly</i> for <i>hard</i>. Say, “He +struck the man hard,” “He felt the blow hard” [not +hardly]. <i>Hardly</i> means scarcely.</p> + +<p>Do not use the word <i>help-meet</i> [one word]. Say, “He +has a help meet [fit] for him,” “He has a help-mate,” +but not, “He has a help-meet.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>high</i> with <i>calibre</i>, when the latter has a figurative +meaning. Say, “A man of <i>large</i> [or <i>great</i>] +calibre.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>have</i> pleonastically, <i>e.g.</i>: “I do not like to +have you go,” for, “I do not like your going,” or, +“I do not like you to go.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “He reached a <i>higher stage of perfection</i> than +most men.” [There can be no grades or stages in +perfection. The sentence should therefore be, “He +came nearer perfection &c.” A similar remark +applies to all these other words (<i>entirety</i>, <i>totality</i>, +<i>fulness</i>, &c.), the meaning of which, from their very +nature, admits of no gradations.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>if</i> for <i>whether</i>. Say, “I cannot tell whether +[not <i>if</i>] he will come or not.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>invest</i> for <i>buy</i>, without an object. Say, “He +bought,” <i>not</i>, “He invested in that.” <i>Invest</i> is correctly +used as follows: “He invested a large sum +of money in wheat.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>idea</i> for <i>opinion</i>. [<i>Idea</i> is an image in the +mind.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>incorrect</i>, or <i>wrong</i>, or <i>bad</i>, with orthography, +orthoepy, calligraphy, &c. [The reason is obvious: +<i>orthos</i> means correct, <i>kalos</i> means beautiful. So +say, <i>wrong spelling</i>, <i>incorrect pronunciation</i>, <i>bad writing</i>, +&c.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>individual</i> for <i>person</i>, unless you wish to emphasize +the idea of individuality, as is the case in the +following sentence: “We may condemn the association +as a whole, whilst honoring the <i>individuals</i> +that compose it.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>infallible</i> for <i>inevitable</i>. Say, “The inevitable +[not, the infallible] result was so and so.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>inaugurate</i> for <i>begin</i>. [To <i>inaugurate</i> is <i>to +install in office</i> with certain ceremonies. <i>Inaugurate</i> +should seldom be used of things, unless personified. +It is the proper word in the following phrase: “To +inaugurate a good and jovial year.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>implicit</i> for <i>unbounded</i> or <i>unlimited</i>, as it is +used in, “I have <i>implicit</i> confidence in him.” [<i>Implicit</i> +properly means woven into, expressed by implication, +as opposed to <i>explicit</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not employ <i>item</i> for <i>paragraph</i> or <i>piece of news</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I have not seen him <i>in</i> six months, <i>in</i> a +year, &c.” [Use <i>for</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>an illy equipped force</i>, for <i>an ill</i> [or <i>badly</i>] +<i>equipped force</i>. There is no such word as <i>illy</i>: <i>ill</i> +being both adverb and adjective. [In England, <i>ill</i> +(as adjective) is preferred to <i>sick</i>: <i>sick</i> having the +meaning of <i>nauseated</i>. In America <i>sick</i> and <i>ill</i> are +almost interchangeable. Authority shows that <i>sick</i>, +in the sense of <i>ill</i>, is perfectly correct.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>identified with</i> for <i>prominent in</i> or <i>closely connected +with</i>, as it is used in the following sentence: +“He was <i>identified with</i> that movement.” <i>Prominently +identified with</i>, is worse still. [<i>To identify</i> +is, to prove to be the same, or to ascertain or certify +to the identity of. <i>E.g.</i>: “The body was +identified as that of Mr. H.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>if</i> when there is no supposition or doubt. +Do not say, “<i>If</i>, in the main, I have so acted, my +reason is &c.” [Say, “My reason for having so +acted is &c.”]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p> + +<p>Do not employ <i>interested in</i> for <i>concerned in</i> or <i>taking +part in</i>. It is correct to say, “I am <i>interested in</i> +[<i>i.e.</i>, <i>I take an interest in</i>] works of art;” but it is +not correct to say, “I am <i>interested</i> in wheat” [for, +“I deal in wheat,” or, “I am engaged in wheat-buying”].</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>in so far as</i>, for <i>so far as</i>, or <i>as far as</i>. +[The <i>in</i> is clearly superfluous. Of the two expressions, +<i>so far as</i> and <i>as far as</i>, the first is greatly +preferable.]</p> + +<p>Do not speak of a <i>monthly</i> or a <i>quarterly magazine</i> as a +<i>journal</i>. [Etymologically, a <i>journal</i> is a <i>daily newspaper</i>. +The term <i>journal</i> may, however, be applied +to a weekly, a semi-weekly or a tri-weekly publication.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>jewelry</i> of individual gems or other ornaments. +Say, “His stock of <i>jewelry</i> was large;” but, +“She wore magnificent <i>jewels</i>.” [<i>Jewelry</i> is a collective +noun.]</p> + +<p>Do not spell the plural of <i>Knight Templar</i>, <i>Knights +Templar</i> or <i>Knight Templars</i>; it is <i>Knights Templars</i>. +[<i>Templar</i> is a noun in opposition to <i>Knight</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The <i>lowest</i> and the <i>highest</i> house on the +cliff,” when referring to the position of the houses. +Use <i>lowermost</i> and <i>uppermost</i>. <i>Lowest</i> and <i>highest</i> +should be applied to dimensions only.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>left</i> it alone,” for “He <i>let</i> it alone.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>lit</i> a fire.” Use <i>lighted</i>. [<i>Lit</i> is sometimes +vulgarly employed as the past tense of <i>light</i> +(alight), to come down upon, rest upon. Instead of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> +saying, “The bird <i>lit</i> upon the fence,” say, “The +bird <i>alighted</i> upon the fence.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>leave</i> (to quit) without an object, as it is used +in “When did you leave?” [Say, “When did you +go away?” “When did you leave home, town, &c.?”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The <i>lay</i> of the land is good,” for, “The +<i>lie</i> &c.” [The use of <i>lie</i> in this sense should be +avoided for the same reason that makes us avoid +the use of <i>certain</i>, <i>any</i>, &c., <i>viz.</i>, it is an ambiguous +word.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>limited</i> as exactly synonymous with <i>small</i> or +<i>short</i>, but confine it to its strictly literal and original +meaning of shortened, <i>abbreviated</i>, <i>compressed +within limits</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: “He was granted strictly +<i>limited</i> hours of recreation.”</p> + +<p>Do not employ <i>loan</i> as a verb. <i>Loan</i> is properly used as +a noun, the corresponding verb being <i>lend</i>. Say, +“He <i>lent</i> me money, and afterwards I effected [or +made] a <i>loan</i> for him.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I speak <i>loud</i>,” for, “I speak <i>loudly</i>.” [Shakespeare +uses <i>loud</i> for <i>loudly</i>, but <i>loudly</i> is the correct +prose form of the adverb.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>at length</i> for <i>at last</i>, <i>finally</i>. [<i>At length</i> means +fully, lengthily, as, “He reported the speech at +length.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>myself</i> and the other reflexive pronouns as +nominatives, except for emphasis. Do not say, +“When the soldiers and <i>myself</i> had gone.” [Use <i>I</i> +instead of <i>myself</i>.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>the masses</i> for <i>the people</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He is <i>more of a man</i> than I am.” Use some +other expression: <i>more manly</i>, <i>better</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>I am mistaken</i>,” for, “<i>I mistake</i>, <i>I make a +mistake</i>, <i>I am incorrect</i>, &c.” [“<i>I am mistaken</i>” +really means, “<i>I am misunderstood</i>,” or “<i>taken +wrongly</i>.”]</p> + +<p>Do not spell the plural of <i>miasma</i>, <i>miasmæ</i>. It is <i>miasmata</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>make</i> for <i>gain</i> or <i>earn</i>. [Say, “Does he earn +much?” “Will he gain much?” <i>not</i>, “Does he +make much?” “Will he make much?”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>novitiate</i> for <i>novice</i>. [The <i>novitiate</i> is the +period during which one is a <i>novice</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He merely <i>named</i> the incident or occurrence.” +[A person or place may be named, but not +an occurrence or event. The latter is <i>mentioned</i>, +<i>alluded to</i>, <i>described</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>No one</i> was there,” for, “<i>not one</i> was there.” +[The adjective <i>no</i> was originally <i>no one</i>. Therefore, +<i>no one</i> is pleonastic. The adverb <i>no</i> is etymologically +<i>not</i> or <i>never</i>. Therefore, such expressions as +<i>no sooner</i>, <i>no more</i> may be considered correct, although +<i>not sooner</i>, <i>not more</i> are preferable. <i>Nobody</i>, +<i>no person</i>, &c., may often be advantageously used in +place of <i>no one</i>. To the employment of these there +is no objection, as there is to that of <i>no one</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>No</i> gold <i>or</i> silver.” Say, “No gold <i>nor</i> +silver.” [“No gold or silver” would mean that gold<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> +and silver are the same thing. If this meaning were +intended, there ought to be a comma after gold, or +else “or silver” ought to be in parentheses; <i>e.g.</i>: +“No ancient Mexicans, or Aztecs, or (<i>or Aztecs</i>) +were to be seen.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>not as good</i>,” “<i>not as wise</i>.” [After <i>not</i> +use <i>so</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He <i>came near</i> dying,” for “He almost died,” +“He narrowly escaped death,” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “No gold and no silver <i>are</i> here.” Use the +singular verb. [The principle in this case is the +same as in the case of <i>each</i> and <i>every</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>nasty</i> for <i>disagreeable</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>never</i> remember to have seen,” for, “I +do not remember ever to have seen.” [“I never +remember to have seen,” really means, “I always +forget &c.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use “next Sunday,” “next Monday,” &c., for +<i>the Sunday, Monday</i>, &c., <i>after next</i>. [<i>Next Sunday</i> +is the nearest Sunday.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>never</i> committed the crime,” for, “I did +<i>not</i> commit the crime;” <i>i.e.</i>, do not use <i>never</i> for <i>not</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I do not think it is true,” for, “I think [or +better, <i>believe</i>] it is not true.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He was <i>nothing like so</i> good as his brother,” +“He wrote <i>nothing like so</i> well as his brother.” [Use +“<i>not nearly</i>.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>near</i> for <i>nearly</i>. [Say, “He is not <i>nearly</i> so +rich as &c.,” not, “He is not <i>near</i> &c.”]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use the expression <i>new beginners</i> for <i>beginners</i> +alone.</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>on the street</i> for <i>in the street</i>. [A street is +properly a passage or space, not a roadway.]</p> + +<p>Do not employ the self-contradictory expression <i>old news</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>he</i>, <i>him</i> and <i>his</i>, or <i>she</i>, <i>her</i> and <i>hers</i>, for <i>one</i> +and <i>one’s</i>. Say, “When one learns <i>one’s</i> lesson, <i>one</i> +&c.;” not, “When one learns <i>his</i> lesson, <i>he</i> &c.” +[Of course, <i>they</i>, <i>their</i> and <i>them</i> ought never to have +<i>one</i> as antecedent.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>over and above</i> for <i>more than</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>over his signature</i> for <i>under his signature</i>. +[The latter, which is the only correct form, means +under the sanction of his signature.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>observe</i> for <i>say</i>. [I <i>observe</i> means I see or +notice.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>ovation</i> as an exact synonym for <i>shouting</i> and +<i>cheering</i>. <i>Ovation</i> is applied correctly to great occasions, +festivals, triumphs.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I have no <i>other</i> purpose <i>than</i> this.” Say, +“I have no purpose <i>other than</i> this,” <i>i.e.</i>, keep <i>other</i> +and <i>than</i> together. [A similar rule applies to comparatives +in general and to many words (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>rather</i>) +like <i>other</i>, which have a comparative form and force. +Therefore say, “Your house is larger than your +cousin’s,” in preference to, “That is a larger house +of yours than your cousin’s.”]</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>old veterans</i>, as the word <i>veterans</i> implies +length of service. If “length of days,” as well as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> +length of service, is to be expressed, use <i>aged</i> or +some other word or phrase instead of <i>old</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not, unless unavoidable, pluralize the indefinite pronoun +<i>one</i>. Prefer, “You have three good horses +and I have two bad horses,” or, “You have three +good, and I have two bad horses,” to “You have +three good horses and I have two bad <i>ones</i>.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>among the others</i>, <i>among others</i>, <i>among the +rest</i>. [A person or thing cannot be <i>among</i> other +persons or things. Say, <i>along with the others</i>, or +<i>others</i>, or <i>the rest</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>proposition</i> for <i>proposal</i> or <i>offer</i>. Say: “I made +the <i>proposal</i> to him; and he, in return, demonstrated +the <i>proposition</i> for me.” [<i>Proposal</i>, in the sense of +<i>offer</i>, is preferable to <i>proposition</i>, because it is shorter +and unambiguous.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>pocket-hand-kerchief</i> and <i>neck-hand-kerchief</i> +for <i>hand-kerchief</i> or <i>neck-kerchief</i> respectively.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>pretend</i> for <i>claim</i> or <i>assert</i>. Say, “He +claimed [or asserted] that he was correct.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>preposterous</i> for <i>absurd</i>. [<i>Preposterous</i> properly +means, <i>putting the first last and the last first</i>. +Besides, it is a longer word than <i>absurd</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>previous</i> and <i>subsequent</i> as adverbs. Say: +“He came <i>previously</i> [or <i>subsequently</i>] to your +arrival.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>partially</i> for <i>partly</i>. [<i>Partially</i> should be +confined to its meaning of <i>with partiality</i>, but is seldom +employed.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>people</i> for <i>persons</i> individually. Say, “There +were three persons [not, <i>people</i>] present.” [<i>People</i> +means a race or nation, or else <i>persons</i> collectively—the +old word <i>folk</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use a plural verb or pronoun with <i>each</i> or <i>every</i>. +Say: “Each day and each hour [or, every day and +every hour] <i>brings its</i> cares.”</p> + +<p>Do not use the <i>plural</i> form of the noun in such cases as, +“Men’s <i>healths</i> have suffered;” “The children’s +<i>illnesses</i> have increased.” [The rule is, that a noun +governing the possessive plural, should not itself be +in the plural, unless the sense requires it. This rule +will apply chiefly to abstract nouns: <i>virtue</i>, <i>sin</i>, &c. +The sense will, of course, require the plural in such +an instance as, “The children’s <i>hands</i> were injured.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use the <i>plural</i> form in such compound adjectival +expressions as, calves’-<i>foot</i> jelly, ten-<i>foot</i> pole, +twenty-<i>dollar</i> watch.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “All have rights and <i>privileges</i>.” [<i>Privilege</i> +(literally, <i>private law</i>) is some favor or advantage +enjoyed by an <i>individual</i>. So, all have <i>rights</i>; but +all have not <i>privileges</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use the present participle for the past participle +or the perfect participle. So, instead of saying, +“After seeing him, I went away;” say, “After +having seen him,” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>plastic</i> of the person or hand that fashions, +but of the material fashioned. Say, “His plastic +mind was easily impressed;” not, “He moulded with +his plastic touch the mind of his brother.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>pell-mell</i> of one person or thing.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>Providing</i> he has the money, he will pay.” +Use <i>provided</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>presume</i> for <i>think</i> or <i>believe</i>. Do not say, “I +presume that is correct.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>period</i> for <i>point of time</i>. <i>Period</i> means series +of years or duration. <i>E.g.</i>: “The period between +1862 and 1882 was” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>persuaded</i> for <i>convinced</i>. One is <i>convinced</i> +by argument; one is <i>persuaded</i> by entreaty. One +is persuaded; one’s reason, convinced.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>quite</i> before a noun. Do not say, “That is +<i>quite</i> a house.” [<i>Quite</i> may properly be used before +an adjective (“He is quite ill”): it then means <i>entirely</i>, +<i>completely</i>; not <i>tolerably</i>, <i>pretty</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>partake</i> for <i>eat</i> or <i>drink</i>. Say, “He ate +some food and drank some water,” not, “He <i>partook</i> +of food and water.” [<i>Partake</i> means to share +or share with; <i>e.g.</i>: “Sit down, and partake of dinner +with me.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>per</i> before English nouns: use <i>a</i>. <i>Per</i> is +correct before Latin nouns. [Thus: “So much per-annum;” +“so much <i>a</i> year;” “<i>per</i> capita,” or “a +head.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use the past tense for the perfect tense. Say, +“He is the best man I <i>have</i> ever seen” [not, “I +ever saw”].</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>replace</i> for <i>displace</i>. To <i>replace</i> is to place +again, <i>i.e.</i>, to restore [the same thing] to its former +place. <i>Displace</i> is to put out of place, and therefore +[often], to put one thing into the place of another.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “You have no <i>right</i> to pay him so large a +price;” meaning, “You are not called upon [or, in +duty bound]” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “It is <i>rarely</i> that I see him.” [<i>Rarely</i>, adverb, +should be <i>rare</i>, adjective, after the verb to be.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>recommend</i> for <i>advise</i> or <i>counsel</i>. “I <i>recommend</i> +you to go away,” should be, “I advise you” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>rendition</i> for <i>performance</i> or <i>rendering</i> [of +a reading, piece of music, &c.]. <i>Rendition</i> means +<i>surrender</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>Rev.</i> Mr. H. is here.” Say, “<i>The</i> Rev. Mr. +H. is here.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “This <i>road takes</i> you to Paris.” Say, “This +road <i>leads</i> [or, <i>leads one</i>] to Paris.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>remit</i> for <i>send</i>. <i>Remit</i> means to send back, +to relax, to surrender, to forgive. “To send a +remittance,” is still worse than, “to remit money.”</p> + +<p>Do not use the adjective <i>scarce</i> for the adverb <i>scarcely</i>. +Say, “Scarcely a bushel” [not, <i>scarce</i>].</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>species</i> for <i>kind</i>, unless in a scientific sense.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>shall have</i> pleasure in accepting your invitation.” +Use the present tense [“I have—or take—pleasure” +&c.].</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>seldom or ever</i>, for <i>seldom or never</i>, or <i>seldom +if ever</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>spare</i> for <i>give</i>. <i>Spare</i> means to <i>save</i>. So: +“I cannot spare you any more”, should be, “I cannot +give you any more.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>sensation</i> for <i>exciting news</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>since</i> for <i>ago</i>. Say, “About a year <i>ago</i>;” not, +“About a year <i>since</i>.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The business was very large, <i>so much so</i> as +to require” &c. [Repeat the adjective: “<i>so large</i> as +to” &c.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>summons</i>, as a verb, for <i>summon</i>. Say, “He +was <i>summoned</i> [not <i>summonsed</i>] to court.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “He is <i>such another</i> man as his brother.” +[<i>Another</i> should precede <i>such</i>: “another such.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>superior</i> for <i>able</i>. Say, “He is an <i>able</i> [not +a <i>superior</i>] man.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>supposititious</i> for <i>supposed</i> or <i>hypothetical</i>. <i>Supposititious</i> +means <i>spurious</i>; and there is no necessity +for using it at all.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>settle</i> for <i>pay</i>. Say, “He paid the account;” +not, “He settled the account.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>such</i> for <i>so</i>. Say, “So good a man;” not: +“Such a good man.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>It storms</i>,” when it only rains or snows. [A +<i>storm</i> is a violent movement in the atmosphere, with +or without hail, snow, sleet or rain.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>splendid</i> for merely <i>great</i> or <i>good</i>. <i>Splendid</i> +should be used of that only which is literally or +metaphorically <i>brilliant</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “A <i>splendid</i> endurance +of hardships on the march,” is incorrect. “A +<i>splendid</i> charge upon the enemy, when the march +was over;” is correct.</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>a summer’s morning</i>, <i>a winter’s morning</i>; +for, <i>a summer morning</i>, <i>a winter morning</i>. [We +should never think of saying, <i>a spring’s morning</i>, <i>a +fall’s morning</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>strata</i> as a singular noun. <i>Stratum</i> is singular; +<i>strata</i> is plural.</p> + +<p>Do not speak of <i>a wider</i> [or <i>more extended</i>] <i>point of view</i> +[<i>or stand-point</i>]; as a point cannot be anything but +a point. [<i>Point of view</i> is preferable to <i>stand-point</i>; +as the latter expression is logically absurd: one +cannot stand on a point. If <i>stand-point</i> is used, do +not say, “He <i>approached</i> from the stand-point;” as +<i>approach</i> denotes motion, <i>stand-point</i> rest.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>sincere</i> without its completing words. <i>E.g.</i>: +“He is sincere <i>in his aims</i>, in his <i>means</i>;” is correct. +[This necessity arises from the two-fold or ambiguous +meaning of <i>sincere</i>. One may be sincere in one’s +aims, but not sincere in one’s means of reaching +those aims.] <i>Honest</i>, on the other hand, may be +used alone; as it means straight-forward and sincere +in every thing.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>scorn</i> and <i>disdain</i>, as verbs, with the name +of a person as object. Do not say, “He scorns [or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> +disdains] Mr. S.” Use <i>despise</i>, <i>look down upon</i>, or +some other expression.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>small</i> of quantity. [<i>Small</i> is applicable only +to dimensions. Thus, do not say, “The smallest +assistance will be thankfully received.” It should +be, “The <i>least</i> assistance” &c.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>statu quo</i> or <i>bona fide</i> for <i>status quo</i> or +<i>bona fides</i>. Say, “The <i>status quo</i> remained unchanged, +each party having preserved <i>bona fides</i>.” +A similar remark will apply to many other foreign +expressions. Of course, wherever there is a satisfactory +English equivalent, a foreign word or phrase +should not be used.</p> + +<p>Do not say, “Will you <i>take</i> some meat?” Say, “Will +you <i>have</i> veal [or beef, or whatever it is]?”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “It is a quarter <i>to</i> ten.” Say, “A quarter +<i>of</i> ten.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “The <i>taxes</i> are levied on persons, and collected +from land.” The reverse is the case: taxes +are levied on land and collected from persons.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>though</i> for <i>if</i>. Say: “I feel as <i>if</i> [not <i>though</i>] +I could die.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “We <i>take</i> dinner, tea,” &c. Use <i>have</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not employ <i>thereabouts</i>, <i>hereabouts</i>, <i>whereabouts</i> (with +final <i>s</i>) as adverbs. Say, “It was in 1859 or <i>thereabout</i>.” +As nouns these words take the <i>s</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: “Do +you know his <i>whereabouts</i>?”</p> + +<p>Do not say, <i>that far</i>, <i>that much</i>, <i>that many</i>, &c., for <i>so far</i>, +<i>so much</i>, <i>so many</i>, &c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use the word <i>tea</i> for <i>broth</i>, <i>medicine</i>, <i>solution</i>, +unless absolutely unavoidable. [<i>Tea</i> is the plant +itself or the beverage made from its leaves.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I prefer <i>to walk</i> <i>to ride</i>.” Say, “I prefer +<i>walking</i> to <i>riding</i>.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I have been <i>to</i> Paris.” [Use <i>at</i>. One can +<i>go to</i>, but <i>not be to</i>, a place].</p> + +<p>Do not say, “Which do you <i>the</i> more admire: him or +her?” [Omit <i>the</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>underhanded</i> for <i>underhand</i>. Say, “He made +money by <i>underhand</i> [not <i>underhanded</i>] dealings.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>utter</i> as an exact equivalent of <i>say</i> or <i>express</i>. +[<i>Utter</i> is to speak, give forth, or pronounce, generally +in a loud voice.] Say therefore, “He uttered a sharp +cry;” but, “He expressed a noble sentiment.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>ultimate</i> of the <i>past</i>. Confine it to the <i>future</i>. +Do not say: “The <i>ultimate</i> issue of the Thirty +Years’ war was” &c. Say, “The result [or, the +issue, the end, the conclusion, the subsequent course +of the Thirty Years’ War was” &c.]</p> + +<p>Do not use the adjective <i>utter</i> indiscriminately for <i>entire</i> +or <i>complete</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: One may say, <i>utter nonsense</i>; +but not, <i>utter sense</i>. [A similar remark will apply +to the adverb <i>utterly</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>valuable</i> for <i>valued</i>. Say: “One of our +most <i>valued</i> [or, <i>most highly valued</i>—not <i>valuable</i>] +contributors has sent us a most <i>valuable</i> [not <i>valued</i>] +article.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p> + +<p>Do not say, “I am <i>very</i> pleased,” “<i>too</i> pleased,” “<i>so</i> +pleased;” for, “I am <i>very much</i> pleased,” “<i>too much</i> +pleased,” “<i>so much</i> pleased.” That is, with past +participles used as adjectives or along with auxiliaries, +insert <i>much</i> after <i>very</i>, <i>too</i> and <i>so</i>. We say, +“He is very little [too little, so little] loved.” We +ought, therefore, to say, “He is very much [too +much, so much] loved.” Strictly speaking, <i>so hated</i> +means <i>hated</i>, not to a certain degree, but in a certain +manner.</p> + +<p>Do not say Toronto and <i>vicinity</i>; but, Toronto and <i>its +vicinity</i>. [<i>Neighbourhood</i> is generally a better word +to employ than <i>vicinity</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not repeat unnecessarily the word <i>whether</i>. Do not +say, “Whether he was rich, or <i>whether</i> he was +poor.” [Omit the second <i>whether</i>.] As has been said +before, <i>whether</i>, <i>either</i> and <i>neither</i> ought properly to +be employed only of two persons or things. Therefore, +where several are mentioned, they should be +grouped in couples: <i>e.g.</i>: “Whether he has gold +or silver, whether he has stocks or bonds;” [or: +“Whether he has gold or silver, stocks or bonds” +(the second <i>whether</i> being unexpressed).] This is +better than: “Whether he has gold, silver, stocks +or bonds.”</p> + +<p>Do not say: “Whether he <i>be</i> right or wrong.” [Use +with <i>whether</i> the indicative <i>is</i>, not the subjunctive +<i>be</i>, unless the rules given for the subjunctive apply +to the sentence.]</p> + +<p>Do not say: “Give it to <i>whomsoever</i> asks for it.” Say: +“Give it to <i>whosoever</i> [or <i>whoever</i>] asks for it.” [The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> +object of <i>to</i> is not <i>whomsoever</i>, but some noun or +pronoun unexpressed: <i>the person</i>, <i>him</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “Where have you gone <i>to</i>?” Say, “Where +have you gone?”</p> + +<p>Do not use the verb <i>witness</i> for <i>see</i> or <i>behold</i>. Say: +“That is the most beautiful scenery I have ever +beheld [or <i>seen</i>; not <i>witnessed</i>].” To <i>witness</i> means +to see or be present at the performance of some act +or at the occurrence of some event. So a man <i>witnesses</i> +a fight, but does not <i>witness</i> scenery. <i>Witness</i>, +moreover, generally carries with it the idea of +giving testimony. Where such idea is lacking, it is +better to use <i>see</i> or <i>behold</i>.</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>what for?</i> for <i>why?</i> Say: “Why do you +act so?” not: “What do you act so <i>for</i>?”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>A widow woman</i>.” [Omit <i>woman</i>, which is +superfluous.]</p> + +<p>Do not confuse the “editorial <i>we</i>” with the ordinary +<i>we</i>, as is done in the following: “As a public journalist, +<i>we</i> must say that when other men act in that +way, <i>we all</i> [<i>i.e.</i>, <i>all persons</i>] feel aggrieved.”</p> + +<p>Do not say <i>whether or no</i>, for, <i>whether or not</i>, unless <i>no</i> +is an adjective qualifying some noun unexpressed. +Thus: “Whether he comes or <i>not</i> [not <i>no</i>];” but, +“Whether he is a merchant or <i>no</i>.” In the latter +instance, however, <i>not</i> would be quite correct. +[“Whether he is a merchant or is <i>not</i> a merchant.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use “<i>the whole of</i>” [before a plural noun] for <i>all</i>. +Say: “All the deputies were present;” not, “The +whole of” &c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span></p> + +<p>Do not use <i>winsome</i> for <i>winning</i>. <i>Winsome</i> means +joyous, light-hearted. “His daughter was a winsome +lass; she had a winning smile.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>worse</i> for <i>more</i>. Say: “He disliked vinegar +<i>more</i> [not <i>worse</i>] than pepper.” [A similar remark +will apply to <i>better</i>.]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>want</i> for <i>need</i> [verb]. To avoid ambiguity, +<i>want</i> should be restricted to its meaning of <i>wish</i> or +<i>desire</i>; <i>need</i>, to that of <i>lack</i> or <i>be under the necessity +of</i>. Say, therefore, “I want to go for a drive;” but +not, “The man was so poor that he actually <i>wanted</i> +[lacked, needed] bread;” or worse, “You <i>want</i> [need +to, or must] go away.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “<i>Yesterday’s Times</i> has come.” Say, “The +<i>Times</i> of yesterday has come.”</p> + +<p>Do not end a letter with <i>Yours &c.</i>, for <i>Yours truly</i>, +<i>Respectfully yours</i>, or some other expression.</p> + + + +<hr class="r5"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c2">GRAMMATICAL POINTS.</h2> +</div> + + +<p>Avoid such constructions as, “The object of your brother’s +writing the letter was” &c. [Prefer, “The object +your brother had in writing the letter was” &c.; or, +“Your brother’s object in writing the letter was” &c.] +The gerundial infinite ought to be used—if at all—but +very sparingly with a possessive case, especially +when the possessive is preceded by <i>of</i>. A similar +remark applies still more strongly to the noun form +in <i>ing</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: “His killing of the man was” &c.</p> + +<p>Be careful about the position of <i>also</i>, <i>even</i>, <i>only</i>—in +fact, of all adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> +a general rule, adverbs precede the words they +modify. Thus: “He only writes,” is correct; but, +say, “He does nothing but write;” or use some +other expression.</p> + +<p>Prefer: “In the works <i>of even</i> great men;” to, “In the +works <i>even of</i> great men.” So: “<i>Of both</i> ancient +and modern times,” is better than, “<i>Both of</i> ancient +<i>and of</i> modern times.” [<i>Both</i> would properly come +before <i>of</i> in such a construction as: “Both of and +from him.”] “Both of ancient and modern times” +[without the second <i>of</i>] is entirely incorrect.</p> + +<p>“Nobody’s else book,” is said to be preferable to, “Nobody +else’s book.” Custom has, however, firmly +established the latter form. But it is better to employ +some other expression; <i>e.g.</i>: “The book of +no one else;” “No other person’s book.”</p> + +<p>“Thou canst not tell whence it cometh <i>or</i> whither it +goeth.” <i>Or</i> should be used here, as the <i>not</i> modifies +(in meaning) all the subsequent part of the sentence. +We should never think of saying: “Whence it +cometh <i>nor</i> whither it goeth, thou canst not tell.” +In, “We will not serve thy gods <i>nor</i> worship the +golden image which thou hast set up;” <i>nor</i> is correct; +as <i>serve</i> does not govern the rest of the sentence. +[Some grammarians, however, contend that +<i>or</i> would be equally good: the effect of the <i>not</i> extending +over both subsequent verbs. The soundness +of this contention is questionable.] The most +elegant form to give the sentence is; “We will not +serve thy gods, <i>nor will</i> we worship the golden +image” &c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p>In such an expression as, “I do not want butter or +honey;” the strict meaning is, “I do not want merely +one of the two.” “I want neither butter nor honey,” +means, “I do not want either.”</p> + +<p>When two nouns in the possessive case are in apposition, +the apostrophe and <i>s</i> may be added to either noun. +Thus: “This book is Virgil, the Roman <i>poet’s</i>;” or: +“This book is Virgil’s, the Roman poet.” [If, however, +the appositive enlargement is complex, or if it +consists of several terms, the apostrophe and <i>s</i> should +be added to the first noun. <i>E.g.</i>: “This book is +Virgil’s, the great and renowned Roman poet.”] +Again, if each appositive noun is very emphatic, the +apostrophe and <i>s</i> may be added to each. When any +doubt arises as to the proper form, employ another +expression; <i>e.g.</i>: “This book is one of the works of +Virgil, the great and renowned Roman poet.”</p> + +<p>Avoid the use of such forms as, “John, William and +James’s father.” Prefer, “The father of John, William +and James;” or, “The father of John, of William +and of James.”</p> + +<p><i>None</i> and <i>any</i>, although originally singular, may now be +used as plurals.</p> + +<p>Such expressions as, “While playing, the boy was killed,” +are quite correct. That is, the auxiliary may be left +out, although the phrase is introduced by a subordinate +conjunction.</p> + +<p>When the auxiliary verb used with a past participle consists +of two words (<i>i.e.</i>, is compound), the adverb +generally comes after the compound auxiliary, not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> +between its two parts. <i>E.g.</i>: “Why he should have +suddenly renounced his faith,” &c.; is better than, +“Why he should suddenly have renounced” &c. +The best form, perhaps, is, “Why he should have +renounced his faith suddenly” &c.</p> + +<p>It is correct to say, “<i>This</i> seven years has passed;” +“This hundred dollars is there:” the seven years +being taken as forming one period of time; and the +hundred dollars, one sum of money. To avoid the +seeming want of agreement between the singular +and the plural, use some collective noun after <i>this</i>; +<i>e.g.</i>: <i>space</i>, <i>period</i>, in the first case; <i>sum</i>, <i>amount</i>, in +the second. [The forms, <i>these seven years</i>, <i>these hundred +dollars</i>, would draw attention to the individual +years and the individual dollars.]</p> + +<p>As a general rule, collective nouns (that is, those nouns +as which have both the singular and the plural form, +<i>number</i>, <i>crowd</i>) require a singular verb with their +singular form, and a plural verb with their plural +form. [However, the plural verb may be used with +the singular form when the idea of plurality is to be +very prominent.] Nouns of multitude, on the other +hand, (that is, those which have no plural form, as +<i>clergy</i>, <i>nobility</i>) generally require a plural verb. <i>E.g.</i>: +“The clergy <i>were</i> assembled; there <i>was</i> a large number +present.”</p> + +<p>Do not use such words as <i>mathematics</i>, <i>statics</i>, <i>physics</i>, +<i>metaphysics</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, words originally plural, but now +used in the singular), as subjects. So, say: “The +study [or science, or practice] of mathematics is useful;” +rather than, “Mathematics is [or are] useful.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<p><i>Dare</i>, meaning <i>to venture</i>, and used with another verb, +requires no <i>to</i> before this latter verb, and has in +its past tense <i>durst</i> and in its third person singular +present indicative <i>dare</i> (not <i>dares</i>). [The form +<i>dared</i> may, however, be used for <i>durst</i>, in the past +tense. <i>Dared</i> will then take no <i>to</i> before the infinitive.] +<i>Durst</i> is often employed for the present <i>dare</i>, +although the latter is preferable; <i>e.g.</i>: “He durst +not do so.”</p> + +<p><i>Dare</i>, as a principal verb, meaning <i>to challenge</i>, has <i>dares</i> +in the third person singular present indicative, and +<i>dared</i> in the past. <i>E.g.:</i> “He <i>dares</i> me to-day, and +he <i>dared</i> me yesterday to fight.”</p> + +<p><i>Need</i> has, in the third person singular present indicative, +the same peculiarity as <i>dare</i>. Meaning <i>to lack</i> and +used as a principal verb, it takes <i>s</i>; meaning <i>to be +necessary</i>, and used as an auxiliary (without <i>to</i>), it +does not; <i>e.g.</i>: “He <i>needs</i> money; still he <i>need</i> not +beg.”</p> + +<p>The participle and the infinitive may be used absolutely, +as: “<i>Speaking</i> [or, <i>to speak</i>] generally, it is advisable +to go.” This absolute form should be but sparingly +employed.</p> + +<p><i>If</i>, <i>although</i>, and other conditional conjunctions do not +necessarily require the subjunctive mood. They do +require it, (1) When the conception is contrary +to facts; <i>e.g.</i>: “If the world were round.” (2) +When the supposition is a mere mental conception, +without reference to how the matter will really be +decided, or to what the result will be; <i>e.g.</i>: “If +he went away [or, were to go away], I should be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span> +happy.” [In such expressions as, “If it rains, I +shall not go out;” the indicative is to be preferred to +the subjunctive.]</p> + +<p>As a principal verb, <i>do</i> may be employed for active +transitive verbs only. For these verbs, moreover, <i>do</i> +ought not be used—except to avoid excessive repetition—when +they are of but one syllable, unless +they are followed by other words forming a phrase, +for which phrase <i>do</i> may stand. <i>E.g.</i>: “He carves +marble better I <i>do</i>;” but, “He writes better than I +write.” [In this last sentence it would, of course, +be incorrect to omit the verb after <i>I</i>; as the first +form of the verb (<i>writes</i>) can not be used with <i>I</i>.] +Many good writers employ <i>do</i> for active intransitive +verbs such as <i>fly</i>, <i>run</i>, <i>act</i>; but this use should be +avoided. As an auxiliary, <i>do</i> may not be used +without its principal verb unless the form of the +principal verb already employed permits such use; +<i>i.e.</i>, unless this preceding verb may be repeated +without change after the <i>do</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “He has not +looked well lately, nor <i>does</i> he to-day;” should be +“He * * * ; nor does he look well to-day.” [A +similar remark applies to other auxiliaries when +employed without their principal verbs.]</p> + +<p>“The verses are <i>as follows</i>;” [or, “<i>as follow</i>.”] Both expressions +are sanctioned by good usage.</p> + +<p><i>Some</i> may be correctly used in such expressions as, +“some fifty men,” “some ten miles;” <i>i.e.</i>, “<i>about</i> +fifty men,” &c. This employment of <i>some</i> is becoming +obsolete.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p><i>You</i> may properly occur in the same sentence with, and +as an equivalent of, <i>Your Majesty</i>, <i>Your Excellency</i>, +&c. <i>E.g.</i>: “Your Majesty says your Majesty has” +&c.; or: “Your Majesty says you have” &c. [The +first is, of course, much more formal than the second, +and should be preferred when addressing persons +of high station.]</p> + +<p>“It is I, your brother, who <i>begs</i> you.” “It is I, your +brother, who <i>beg</i> you.” In the first, the emphasis is +on the word <i>brother</i>; in the second, on the <i>I</i>. [In +the latter, it is better to enclose <i>your brother</i> in +parentheses, the comma being omitted.]</p> + +<p>In “<i>not only</i>—<i>but also</i>,” the <i>also</i> may be omitted. <i>E.g.</i>: +“He not only killed the man, <i>but</i> he mutilated the +corpse.” [It is generally better to use the complete +form, “not only—but also.”]</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>like</i> for <i>as</i>. Say: “As did Nero of old, so +Thebaw put countless numbers of victims to death;” +not, “<i>Like</i> Nero of old, Thebaw” &c. The use of +<i>like</i> for <i>as</i> is defended on the ground that the sentence +may be expanded into: “Being like Nero, +Thebaw” &c. Still, it is the actions of the men +that are compared, not the men themselves.</p> + +<p>Avoid such awkward collocations as, “This is <i>a far</i> +[or <i>much</i>] <i>richer</i> man than his brother.” Say, +“This man is far [much] richer [or, richer by far] +than” &c. A like remark applies to <i>such</i>, <i>similar</i>, +and many other words. Say, “A horse such as that +is worth one hundred dollars;” rather than, “Such +a horse as that is” &c.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p>The <i>or</i> in <i>whether</i>—<i>or</i> may be left out; but it is generally +better to express it. So: “I do not know +whether he will come <i>or</i> not,” is better than, “I do +not know whether he will come.”</p> + +<p>The adjective is often used for the adverb before a present +participle employed as an adjective to qualify a +noun. <i>E.g.</i>: “a plain-speaking man,” “a good-looking +man,” “a right-living man.” [In such expressions, +it is better to unite the adjective and the +participle with a hyphen.] With a past participle, +the adjective is very rarely used. <i>E.g.</i>: “a plainly +furnished house,” “a well dressed man.” Occasionally +the adjective occurs with the past participle; +<i>e.g.</i>: “a plain-spoken man.”</p> + +<p>When the construction is changed from the negative to +the affirmative, repeat the subject pronoun; or, if a +noun is the subject, insert the personal pronoun before +the second verb. Thus: “He does not walk, +but <i>he</i> rides.” With <i>whosoever</i>, <i>whoever</i>, &c., as +subjects, it is not necessary to use the pronoun before +the affirmative verb. <i>E.g.</i>: “That whosoever believeth +on Him might not perish, <i>but have</i> everlasting +life.” When a change of tense, mood or voice +occurs, it is generally advisable to insert the pronoun +before the second verb, although—as is elsewhere +explained—it is necessary to do so only when the +verbs are emphatically distinguished or contrasted. +[When the change is from the affirmative to the +negative, the repetition of the subject or the insertion +of the pronoun is not necessary. Indeed, the +the repetition of the subject depends largely on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> +emphasis desired or on the “sound” of the sentence.]</p> + +<p>Say, “Solomon, <i>son</i> of David,” rather than, “Solomon, +<i>the</i> son of David.” [The rule is that the article +ought not to be used before those appositive nouns +which are strictly limited by other definite words.] +The insertion of the article before <i>David</i> is not absolutely +incorrect; but the omission of it produces +a good effect and sometimes prevents ambiguity, as +in, “John, [the] son of Smith, and Jones, are here.” +Where a second addition occurs, the article must be +omitted even although it has been used before the +first addition. Thus: “The Apostle James, son +(or, the son) of Zebedee, and <i>brother</i> (not, <i>the</i> +brother) of St John”.</p> + +<p>Say, “The eldest son of a duke is called Marquis [not <i>a</i> +Marquis].” The article is not to be used before +titles as titles, or names as names. [<i>E.g.</i>: “Derive +Thames.”] With two or more nouns, the article +need not be repeated when there is no ambiguity. +When there is, it should be repeated. Thus: +“The Queen and King are here,” is correct. [The +repetition of the article would, of course, add emphasis +to the expression, <i>i.e.</i>, it would draw attention to +each individual person or thing. <i>E.g.</i>: “A cool +temper, a sound judgment, a kindly disposition.”]</p> + +<p>“The European and <i>the</i> African <i>race</i>;” or, “The European +<i>race</i> and <i>the</i> African <i>race</i>.” Here two races +are meant: the one European, and the other African. +“The European and African <i>races</i>,” has the same +meaning. “The European and <i>the</i> African races,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span> +means there are two or more European and two +or more African races. This latter meaning would be +more clearly expressed by inserting the word <i>races</i> +after the word <i>European</i>.</p> + +<p>“The conductor and <i>the</i> driver,” implies two men. “The +conductor and driver,” implies one man. Say, therefore: +“Solomon, the historian and builder;” not, +“Solomon, the historian and <i>the</i> builder.”</p> + +<p>“The bay or lame horse,” refers to one horse. “The +bay <i>or the</i> lame horse,” refers to two horses. [In +the former sentence, it would be better to put a +comma after <i>bay</i>.] The rule in all these cases is, +that the article must be repeated when there are two +or more persons or things. With but one person or +thing, the article <i>may</i> be repeated, as in poetry or +for the sake of emphasis. <i>E.g.</i>: “A sadder and <i>a</i> +wiser man.” It follows from the foregoing rule, +that there should be no repetition of the article in +such a phrase as, “He is a better poet than <i>musician</i>.” +“He is a better poet than <i>a</i> musician,” +would mean, “He is a better poet than a musician +<i>is</i>.”</p> + +<p>“The logical and grammatical analysis of a language is +[are]” &c. If but one analysis is meant—<i>i.e.</i>, if +there is but one subject—the verb should be in the +singular, <i>is</i>. If two analyses are meant—<i>i.e.</i>, if there +are two subjects—the verb may be in the plural, <i>are</i>. +In the latter case, however, it is better to supply the +article before <i>grammatical</i>. [“The logical and <i>the</i> +grammatical analysis are,” &c.] It is still better to +supply the first subject [“The logical <i>analysis</i> and”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> +&c.]: the verb being made plural. The supplying +of this ellipsis [<i>analysis</i>] avoids the clash between +a singular subject alone and a plural verb. Upon +the same principle, “The position of the materialist +and <i>that</i> of the idealist are reconcilable,” is to be +preferred to, “The position of the materialist and +of the idealist are reconcilable.” [The determining +principle in all these cases is not whether the adjectives +have the same meaning, but whether they +qualify the same subject.]</p> + +<p>Do not say, “No greater or wiser <i>a</i> man ever lived.” +Say, “No greater or wiser man” &c.</p> + +<p>The gerundial noun with <i>the</i> is generally to be preferred +to the simple gerund. <i>E.g.</i>: “The eating of meat +is forbidden,” is better than, “Eating meat” &c. [In +some instances the latter form would cause confusion +of meaning.]</p> + +<p>An excellent, but rather loosely worded, rule for the use of +<i>shall</i> and <i>will</i> is as follows: “If the speaker is nominative +to the verb, and also determines the accomplishment +of the idea expressed by the verb; or if the +speaker neither is nominative to the verb nor determines +the accomplishment of the idea expressed by +the verb, use <i>will</i>. In all other cases, use <i>shall</i>.”</p> + +<p>Say, “It <i>should</i> seem that he has done so.” [Not, “It +<i>would</i> seem” &c.]</p> + +<p>In impersonal assertions, such as: “It is hoped [desired, +&c.] that all should sit down,” <i>shall</i> and <i>should</i> ought +to be used. In direct and personal assertions, such +as: “I desired that my conductor would explain,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> +<i>will</i> and <i>would</i> are to be preferred. [<i>Shall</i> and +<i>should</i> are, in such constructions, not incorrect; but +<i>will</i> and <i>would</i> are preferable. Perhaps the best +rule, in sentences such as the foregoing, is, that when +a command is intended, <i>shall</i> and <i>should</i> <i>must</i> be +used; when a hope or wish is intended, <i>will</i> and +<i>would</i> <i>may</i> be used.]</p> + +<p>In a subordinate clause, to express simple futurity, use +<i>shall</i> and <i>should</i> when the subject of the subordinate +clause is the subject of the principal clause also; +<i>will</i> and <i>would</i> when it is not. Thus: “I believe I +shall live;” “I believe he will live;” “He believes +he shall live.”</p> + +<p>Again, in an independent clause use <i>shall</i> and <i>should</i> +when the event spoken of is under our control; <i>will</i> +and <i>would</i> when it is not. <i>E.g.</i>: “You said it <i>should</i> +be done;” “You said it <i>would</i> rain.”</p> + +<p>Do not say, “I <i>would</i> be happy to go, if” &c.; or, “I +<i>will</i> be happy to go.” Use <i>should</i> and <i>shall</i>. [The +idea of willingness, or volition, is sufficiently expressed +in the word <i>happy</i>. Hence, <i>would</i> and <i>will</i> +are tautological.]</p> + +<p>After nouns and adjectives following intransitive and +passive verbs the infinitive with <i>to</i> is generally +preferable to the gerund in <i>-ing</i>, to express purpose, +end, design. <i>E.g.</i>: “He has power <i>to</i> act;” “It is +fitted <i>to</i> produce that result.”</p> + +<p>“Solomon, son of David, who slew Goliath;” is correct. +“Solomon, son of David, who built the Temple;” is +incorrect. [The relative should refer to the nearest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> +antecedent. So, change the second phrase into, +“The son of David, Solomon, who” &c.; or, “Solomon, +who was the son of David, and who” &c.; or +employ some other form.]</p> + +<p>Say, “He who was, and who is, and who is to come;” +or, “He who was, who is and who is to come.” +That is, repeat the relative, especially when a conjunction +occurs. [If the sentence were to read, “He +who was, is and is to come;” <i>He</i> might seem to +be the subject of the first and the second <i>is</i>, and not +of some verb unexpressed.] The possessives also +should be repeated before nouns that are to be distinguished. +<i>E.g.</i>: “Their form and <i>their</i> use give +us great trouble.”</p> + +<p>Do not use <i>that</i> for <i>who</i> or <i>which</i>, when the antecedent +is explicit. Say: “My father, who [not, <i>that</i>] is +dead.”</p> + +<p><i>Who</i> or <i>which</i> is to be preferred to <i>that</i> when the +relative is separated from its verb or its antecedent, +and is emphasized by isolation. <i>E.g.</i>: “There are +many persons <i>who</i>, had they opportunities, would +succeed in life.”</p> + +<p><i>Who</i> or <i>which</i> is to be preferred to <i>that</i> when the relative +is governed in the objective by a preposition that +has the appearance of an adverb (<i>beyond</i>, <i>over</i>, <i>under</i>, +&c.). <i>E.g.</i>: “The limit beyond <i>which</i> no one has +gone,” is better than, “The limit <i>that</i> no one has +gone beyond.”</p> + +<p>Avoid the use of <i>than whom</i> when <i>whom</i> is not really in +the objective case. Instead of <i>than whom</i> [which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> +is grammatically incorrect] and <i>than who</i> [which, +although grammatically correct, has a very strange +sound] employ some other form. <i>E.g.</i>: In place of +“Nero, than whom no crueller man has ever lived, +was” &c.; say, “Nero—and no crueller man has ever +lived—was” &c.; or, “No crueller man than Nero has +ever lived. He was” &c. [Of course, when the +relative is in the objective case, <i>whom</i> is correct after +<i>than</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: “My brother, than whom I love no one +more dearly, is ill.”]</p> + +<p><i>Who</i> or <i>which</i> may sometimes [<i>e.g.</i>, to avoid undue repetition] +be used for <i>that</i>; but <i>that</i> ought never to +be used for <i>who</i> or <i>which</i>.</p> + +<p>After indefinite pronouns or indefinite pronominal adjectives +(<i>others</i>, <i>several</i>, <i>many</i>, <i>some</i>, <i>none</i>, <i>one</i>, &c.), <i>who</i> +or <i>which</i> is to be preferred to <i>that</i>.</p> + +<p>After personal pronouns prefer <i>who</i> or <i>which</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: +“He who is wise,” &c.</p> + +<p>After the conjunction <i>that</i>, prefer <i>who</i> or <i>which</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: +“He said <i>that</i> the man <i>who</i> saw him” &c.</p> + +<p>It is not improper to follow the demonstrative <i>this</i> by +the relative <i>that</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “It was <i>this that</i> caused +his death.”</p> + +<p>When <i>who</i> or <i>which</i> is used restrictively for <i>that</i>, it is +well to place <i>the</i> or <i>that</i> before the antecedent, <i>e.g.</i>: +“<i>The</i> States [or, <i>those</i> States] <i>which</i> border on +Canada,” &c.</p> + +<p>The objective relative may be omitted whenever the +antecedent and the subject of the relative sentence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> +come into juxtaposition; <i>e.g.</i>: “Give me the book +you have.”</p> + +<p>The personal pronoun <i>it</i> and the relative pronoun <i>which</i> +may have as antecedents a short, clear clause; but +this usage is not desirable. So, although, “He gave +me his word of honour: which I had not expected,” +is not incorrect; yet it is better to say, “He gave +me his word of honour: a thing I had” &c.; or, “He +gave me his word of honour. I had never expected +this.”</p> + +<p>Avoid such a relative construction as: “That was the +man <i>who</i>, the witness said, had broken into the +store.” Say: “That man, the witness said, had” +&c.; or: “That was the man, the witness said, who” +&c.; or: “That was the man whom the witness +accused of having broken” &c. [The fault of the +first construction is that, for an instant, the mind +is in doubt whether <i>who</i> or <i>whom</i> ought to be used.]</p> + +<p>Distinguish, according to the sense you wish to convey, between +the use of the adjective and that of the adverb, +after intransitive verbs expressing action [<i>go</i>, <i>come</i>, +<i>arrive</i>, <i>depart</i>, &c.] <i>E.g.</i>: “He arrived safe.” “He +arrived safely.” The former denotes his condition +upon arrival, without reference to his condition upon +the way. The latter denotes his condition upon the +way, without reference to his condition upon arrival. +So say: “He came safely through numberless perils, +but dropped dead upon the threshold of his own +home.”</p> + +<p><i>Lesser</i> may be used of dimensions, but not of quantity. +Thus: “He is lesser than his brother,” is not incorrect;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> +but, “He is smaller than [or, shorter than, or +not so large as],” &c., is better. “There is lesser +wheat than corn,” is incorrect.</p> + + +<hr class="r5"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c3">GENERAL SUGGESTIONS UPON COMPOSITION.</h2> +</div> + + +<p>To avoid ambiguity, report a speech in the <i>first</i>, not in +the <i>third</i> person.</p> + +<p>Try to avoid the use of words that have two or more +meanings: <i>any</i>, <i>certain</i>, <i>left</i>, <i>lie</i>, &c. [<i>Any</i> is sometimes +used incorrectly for <i>indefinitely large</i>; <i>e.g.</i>: +“He gave me <i>any</i> number of books.”]</p> + +<p>Avoid using a word that leaves us for a moment doubtful +what part of speech it is. <i>E.g.</i>: “The good +remains, he said,” &c. [Until something further is +given, we are in doubt whether <i>remains</i> is a noun, +the subject of some unexpressed verb; or a verb, +agreeing with its subject, <i>good</i>, used as a noun.]</p> + +<p><i>Avoid</i> the excessive use of such expressions as, <i>of this +sort</i>, <i>of this kind</i>, <i>in this way</i>, <i>in this manner</i>. It is +better to repeat the words to which the reference is +made.</p> + +<p>Avoid what is called the prospective use of <i>it</i>. Say, +“To give is good;” not, “It is good to give.”</p> + +<p>It is often said that a sentence ought not to end with a +preposition. There is no objection, however, to such +an ending, provided the preposition governs a relative +pronoun and is not likely to be mistaken for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span> +some other part of speech. Thus: “The rule that +I always adhere to,” is quite correct. [If preferred, +“The rule to which I always adhere,” may, of +course, be used.] It is hardly necessary to say that +the clause or sentence should not end with the <i>to</i> of +the infinitive; <i>i.e.</i>, <i>to</i>, the sign of the infinitive, ought +never to be used alone.</p> + +<p>Avoid the excessive use of <i>there is</i>, <i>there are</i>, <i>there will +be</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>To relieve the monotony and to give force to the expression, +change such constructions as, “He replied that +he deemed it best that his example should not be +followed;” into, “He deemed it best, he replied, that +his example should not be followed.”</p> + +<p>Force may often be gained by the use of particular, +in place of general, terms. <i>E.g.</i>: <i>gold</i> for <i>great +riches</i>, <i>a crust of bread</i> for <i>poverty</i>. On the same +principle, a particular proper name may be used +<i>effectively</i> for a common, or class, name. <i>E.g.</i>: +“Solomon,” is more forcible than “the wisest man;” +“Nero,” than “the most cruel man.”</p> + +<p>The great rule, however, for force, or effect, is that the +reader shall be kept <i>in suspense</i>; that is, that he +shall be made to feel the incompleteness of the +sentence, until the end is reached. To attain this +object the following directions have been given: +(1) Put a conditional clause first, not last. <i>E.g.</i>: +“If he wishes, I will go away.” [When the conditional +clause is very emphatic, it may be placed last.] +(2) Let participial phrases come before the words<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> +qualified by them. <i>E.g.</i>: “Wasted by disease, worn +out with toil, he was fast sinking into the grave.” +[This remark will often apply to adjectives and adverbs, +as well as to participles. <i>E.g.</i>: “Weary of life, +glad to depart, he quietly passed away.”] (3) Use +suspensive words: <i>not only</i>, <i>but also</i>; <i>either</i>, <i>or</i>; +<i>partly</i>, <i>partly</i>; <i>on the one hand</i>, <i>on the other</i>; <i>in +the first</i>, <i>second</i>, &c., <i>place</i>. Of course, this “principle +of suspense” is not to be too frequently +employed.</p> + +<p>Emphatic words must be in emphatic positions; <i>i.e.</i>, at +the <i>beginning</i> or at the <i>end</i> of the proposition. +“Coward though he was, he was forced to fight;” is +much more striking than, “He was forced to fight, +although he was a coward.”</p> + +<p>The most emphatic place for the subject is at the end, +its ordinary place being at the beginning of the +proposition.</p> + +<p>On a similar principle, the object is made emphatic by +putting it before its verb.</p> + +<p>Again, emphasis may be given by the use, before the emphatic +noun, of such an expression as, <i>as for the</i>, +<i>as to the</i>, <i>concerning</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>Avoid putting a minimizing expression, such as, <i>at least</i>, +<i>at all events</i>, <i>at any rate</i>, between two emphatic +expressions.</p> + +<p>Avoid the placing of an unemphatic word at the end +of the proposition. The following sentence is weak, +because this rule has not been observed. “The documents +proved how just in all his dealings he was.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> + +<p>What have been called “short, chippy endings” should +be avoided, as such endings spoil the rythm which +should exist even in prose. <i>E.g.</i>: “The man, +pierced with balls, died;” is bad.</p> + +<p>Prepositions and pronouns attached to emphatic words +need not, however, be removed from the end. So: +“Bear witness how he loved him,” is correct. [In +such instances the emphatic and the unemphatic +word form, as it were, a compound expression.]</p> + +<p>Avoid, on the other hand, a monotonous final emphasis.</p> + +<p>Frequently an idea may be expressed more forcibly in +the form of a question than in that of an assertion.</p> + +<p>Brevity may often be obtained by the use of a word for +a phrase. <i>E.g.</i>: <i>unintelligible</i>, <i>indelible</i>.</p> + +<p>Brevity may be obtained, also, by the use of metaphors, +in place of literal words or phrases.</p> + +<p>The omission of the present participle often gives brevity +and force to the sentence. <i>E.g.</i>: “The Indians +[being] on the war-path, what dared we do?”</p> + +<p>Brevity may be gained by using the imperative for +other moods. <i>E.g.</i>: “Do this, and you will suffer;” +for, “If you do this” &c. [This use of the +imperative should be indulged in but sparingly.]</p> + +<p>Repeat the nominative when the verbs of the various +clauses are of diverse moods, tenses or voices <i>and</i> +are emphatically distinguished. <i>E.g.</i>: “He is, and +<i>he</i> always has been, rich.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<p>Repeat the preposition after an intervening conjunction, +especially if a verb and a pronoun also intervene. +<i>E.g.</i>: “The man does not remember the respect +he ought to have for those persons who have helped +him, and <i>for</i> his old friend C. in particular.” [If +the preposition <i>for</i> were not repeated after <i>and</i>, the +sentence might mean that the man does not remember +his old friend C. in particular.]</p> + +<p>Do not repeat the sign <i>to</i> of the infinitive unless attention +is called to each individual verb.</p> + +<p>When otherwise there would be doubt as to whether an +infinitive expresses a purpose or not, and it is intended +that it shall express a purpose, use <i>in order +that</i>, <i>for the purpose of</i> [followed by the form in +<i>-ing</i>], or some such phrase. [Purpose may be clearly +shewn, of course, by the use of <i>that</i> with an auxiliary +verb. <i>E.g.</i>: “He died that we might live;” +which is equivalent to: “He died in order to give +us life.”]</p> + +<p>To avoid ambiguity, or to add emphasis, repeat the +subordinate conjunction. <i>E.g.</i>: “When the hunter +had returned to the far-off camp, and <i>when</i> he had +recounted his adventures” &c.</p> + +<p>Be careful in the use of participial constructions. <i>E.g.</i>: +“They will be shunned on their return, accompanied +by the oppressors of their country;” may +mean, “on account of their being accompanied” +&c.; or, “when they are accompanied” &c. So: +“Children, playing on the ice, often fall;” may +mean: “Children that play” &c.; or “Children,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> +when they play” &c. It is best to confine +the use of the participial phrase to the adverbial +meaning [“Children, <i>when</i> they play” &c.]; +and with other meanings to employ the relative pronoun +[“Children that play” &c.]. When the participial +phrase precedes the main proposition, the +former usually implies <i>cause</i>; when it follows, <i>time</i>. +<i>E.g.</i>: “Seeing this, he withdrew” [<i>i.e.</i> “He withdrew +<i>because</i> he saw this.”] “He withdrew, seeing +this” [<i>i.e.</i>, “He withdrew <i>when</i> he saw this.”] If +there is doubt as to which meaning is intended, +use an introductory phrase, such as, <i>while seeing</i>, +<i>upon seeing</i>.</p> + +<p>There are various constructions that may take the place +of the relative pronoun or of the relative clause. The +infinitive may often be used with effect. <i>E.g.</i>: “He +was the last that died,” may be expressed as: “He +was the last to die.” Again, <i>if</i> or some other conditional +word may be used to introduce a dependent +clause. <i>E.g.</i>: “If a man sins, he will be punished” +[<i>i.e.</i>, “The man that sins” &c.] Again, the conjunction +and the demonstrative pronoun may be +used. <i>E.g.</i>: “He wasted his time at X., which was +very foolish;” may be changed into: “He wasted +his time at X., and this was” &c. Again, pronominal +adverbs (<i>whereby</i>, <i>wherein</i>, &c.) may take +the place of the relative and a preposition.</p> + +<p>Very often, after a negative, the antecedent to the relative +should be repeated, or a summing-up noun +introduced. <i>E.g.</i>: “He said he would not hear me—a +refusal that I expected.” When otherwise there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> +would be ambiguity, the same construction should +be used with an affirmative.</p> + +<p>Prefer verbal clauses to verbal nouns. “That he had +betrayed his country was not so plainly shown,” +is better than: “His having betrayed” &c.</p> + +<p>Avoid what is called “mistake of subject.” <i>E.g.</i>: “The +late arrival of the train caused” &c., should be: +“The lateness of the arrival” &c. So: “Excuse a +letter to-day,” should be: “Excuse my not having +written a letter to-day.”</p> + +<p><i>In prose</i> be careful to avoid zeugma, <i>i.e.</i>, the application +of a word to two or more ideas, to only one of +which it is really suitable. <i>E.g.</i>: “The landscape +and the shoutings formed a strange <i>sight</i>.”</p> + +<p>The great rule for figures of speech, especially for metaphors +and similes, is to use strictly appropriate +language. Therefore, do not say, “<i>Convey an impression</i>.” +Say, “<i>Make</i> [or <i>leave</i>] an impression.” +Do not say, “The <i>car</i> of progress rolls onward, +<i>gnashing its teeth</i> in its course.”</p> + +<p>In metaphorical language the pronouns usually agree +with the noun used metaphorically, as if it were +taken in its literal sense. <i>E.g.</i>: “The stone <i>which</i> +the builders rejected,” &c. Afterwards, however, +the pronouns may agree with the noun in its figurative +sense. <i>E.g.</i>: “Behold I lay in Zion a chief +corner-stone; and he that believeth on <i>Him</i>,” &c.</p> + +<p>Do not employ different forms and expressions for the +same person or thing, unless there is a peculiar<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> +appropriateness in each term or expression. Only +confusion results from speaking, within narrow +limits, of Columbus as “the Genoese navigator,” +“the discoverer of America,” &c.</p> + +<p>It is a bad fault, therefore, to repeat the meaning in +terms but slightly differing one from another. Thus, +do not, in close connection, use such synonyms as +<i>all</i>, <i>universal</i>, <i>total</i>.</p> + +<p>A new construction ought not to be introduced without +sufficient cause. <i>E.g.</i>: “On horseback and on foot,” +is preferable to, “On horseback and walking;” +“The dead and the living,” to, “The dead and those +still on the earth.”</p> + +<p>Let each sentence have one, and only one, subject of +thought. That is, avoid mixed or confused sentences.</p> + +<p>It is often a good thing to introduce each sentence of a +paragraph by a short connecting expression: <i>accordingly</i>, +<i>therefore</i>, <i>so</i>, <i>then</i>. [Such words as <i>but</i>, <i>and</i>, +and other conjunctions generally used to join +clauses, may, for the sake of clearness, introduce a +new sentence.]</p> + +<p>Sometimes two important sentences may very effectively +be united by a short connective sentence, such as: +“This was as follows,” “The result was as expected.”</p> + +<p>Often a good effect is produced by making a statement +or by giving an explanation twice: first, briefly, and +then fully; or <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> + +<p>The guiding principle in descriptive writing is to imagine +we see, actually before us, the thing to be described.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<p>Except in scientific or other very precise writing, avoid +the frequent use of <i>technical</i> terms. It savors of +pedantry, as the meaning of these terms is often +unknown to the general reader. This “technical +slang” is commonly seen in newspaper accounts of +sporting and musical events. Why should <i>bowling</i> +be called “trundling the leather,” or a <i>lacrosse ball</i> +the “rubber”? Why should the report of a concert +fairly bristle with “technique” and “timbre” +and “genre” and “morceau”? Perhaps it is to display +the writer’s intimate knowledge of the subject.</p> + + +<hr class="r5"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c4">WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED, SYNONYMS,<br> +OPPOSITES.</h2> +</div> + +<p><i>Advantage, benefit.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Advantage</i> is “a state of forwardness or advance;” +and the word is applied rightly, therefore, to one +person or thing in relation to other persons or +things. <i>Benefit</i> is simply gain or profit, without +comparison of one person or thing with another. +[Thus: “He possesses an advantage over me,” is +correct. “All derived advantage from it,” is incorrect.]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Also, likewise.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Also</i> is applied to things and qualities, and denotes +mere addition. <i>Likewise</i> is applied to states of +being or of action; and denotes some agreement or +connection between the ideas expressed in the words +it joins. [Thus: “He is a prince and <i>also</i> a musician;” +but: “He is a poet and <i>likewise</i> a musician.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ability, capacity.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Ability</i> is the power of doing something. <i>Capacity</i> +is the faculty of receiving something [<i>e.g.</i>: new ideas, +great thoughts.] [So: “That statesman has great +ability;” “That pupil had wonderful capacity.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Answer, reply.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>An answer</i> is given to questions; <i>a reply</i>, to attacks +and accusations. [An answer to an answer may, +however, be called a reply.]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Amid [amidst], among.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Amid or amidst</i> is used generally when the surroundings +are of a different nature from the person +or thing surrounded. <i>Among</i>, when they are of the +same nature. Again, <i>amid or amidst</i> is generally +applied to quantity; <i>among</i>, to number. [So: +“among friends;” “amidst enemies;” “among thousands;” +“amid the snow.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Abandon, desert, forsake.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Abandon</i> and <i>desert</i> generally imply something +blame-worthy in the one who abandons or deserts; +<i>forsake</i> does not. Again: <i>abandon and forsake</i> are +used of persons and things, <i>desert</i> is used of causes +or of persons, but not of things. [Thus: “The soldier +deserted his post of duty.” “The man abandoned +his early friends.” “We forsook the dear +old homestead.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Assist, aid.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Assist</i> implies mutuality of help; <i>aid</i>, not necessarily +so. [“The sufferers assisted one another.” +“I aided him in his distress.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<p><i>Anger, wrath.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Anger</i> is inward feeling. <i>Wrath</i> is inward feeling +accompanied by outward manifestations. [“The +wrath of the elements.” “The anger of the inmost +soul.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Accurate, exact.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Accurate</i> is aiming at, and therefore attaining to, +correctness. <i>Exact</i> has not necessarily this implication +of intention, and may be used of accidental +correctness. [“He was very honest and accurate +in his accounts.” “He was exact in that financial +statement, but it was by chance.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Authentic, genuine</i> (applied to books, writing, &c.).</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Authentic</i> is that which gives a true account of the +matters in question. <i>Genuine</i> is that which has been +written or composed by the person whose signature +the book or paper bears. [“This is a genuine +letter of the great Captain’s; but it does not give +an authentic account of the voyage.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Admittance, admission.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Admittance</i> is the right of entry; <i>admission</i> is the +actual entry. [“The admittance fee was twenty-five +cents.” “The burglar gained admission to the +house by a window.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Allow and permit.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Allow</i> is the stronger of the two. [“I begged to +to be allowed to go; but I was refused.” “Permit +me to show you to a seat.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<p><i>Appear, seem.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Seem</i> is confined to the mind; <i>appear</i>, to the senses. +[“It seems to me that you have made a mistake.” +“That house appears white to me.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Bountiful and plentiful.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Bountiful</i> is used of persons; <i>plentiful</i>, of things. +[“The game was plentiful.” “A bountiful giver.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Bravery, courage, valor.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Bravery</i> is a natural quality; <i>courage</i> and <i>valor</i> are +acquired qualities; courage, in particular, being the +result of reason. <i>Bravery</i> and <i>valor</i> are confined to +contests with living beings; <i>courage</i> is not. Again, +<i>valor</i> is not used of single combat, but of war; +<i>bravery</i> and <i>courage</i> may be used of single combat. +[“The natives showed great bravery.” “He bore his +sufferings with undaunted courage.” “His military +career was one long record of valor.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Beneficent, beneficence; benevolent, benevolence.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Beneficent</i> is used chiefly—if not entirely—of actions. +<i>Benevolent</i> is used of both actions and feelings, +chiefly of feelings. The same thing may be said of +most adjectives and nouns having the endings <i>-ficent</i> +and <i>-ficence</i> [facio, I do] respectively, and <i>-volent</i> +and <i>-volence</i> [volo, I will] respectively; <i>e.g.</i>: <i>munificent</i>, +<i>malevolent</i>. [“He was naturally very benevolent; +but, owing to the circumstances of his life, he +could not shew any very great beneficence.” “He +was a very munificent man, continually giving away +his money to the poor.”] The use of these words +should be confined to persons or personified things. +It is incorrect, therefore, to speak of a <i>munificent</i> gift.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<p><i>Brevity, conciseness; brief, concise.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Brevity</i> is mere shortness. <i>Conciseness</i> is shortness +along with condensation. [“His speech was very +brief; for really there was nothing to be said.” +“Mr. H. is very concise in his speeches: they are +short, but full of matter.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Continuous, continual.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>Motion is <i>continuous</i> when there are no interruptions. +It is <i>continual</i> when there are interruptions. [“Life +itself is continuous.” “The demands upon ones +purse are imperative and continual.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Character, reputation.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Character</i> is our real inner worth; <i>reputation</i> is the +world’s opinion of our character. [“His reputation +is bad; but, could we see his real character, we +should find him not so bad, after all.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Conscious, aware.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Conscious</i> applies to the heart, the soul, the conscience: +<i>i.e.</i>, to the moral and spiritual part of man. +<i>Aware</i> applies to the mind. [“He was conscious +of his sin.” “He was not aware that you saw him.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Crime, sin, vice.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A <i>crime</i> is an infraction of the law of a particular +land or people. <i>Sin</i> is the violation of a religious +law. This law may be common to many lands or +peoples. <i>Vice</i> is a continual course of wrong-doing, +and is unaffected by country, religious belief, or +state of life: being a line of conduct harmful to the +vicious man or to others. [Smuggling is a crime; +idleness is a sin, and, if long-continued, it becomes +a vice.]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span></p> + +<p><i>Courteous, polite [polished].</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Courteous</i> has reference chiefly to others; <i>polite or +polished</i>, to ourselves. The former is “objective;” +the latter, “subjective.” [Thus: “We met an old +fisherman, who took us home and treated us with +great courtesy and kindness. Of course, he was not +polished: in fact, he had very little idea of politeness.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Catalogue, list.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A <i>catalogue</i> is a list accompanied by short explanations +or notes. “The list of the paintings was only +a page and a half long; but the complete catalogue—compiled +later—occupied four pages.”</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Casual, accidental, fortuitous.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>That is <i>casual</i> which is unpremeditated. That is +<i>fortuitous</i> which is “opposed to systematic design.” +[<i>Fortuitous</i> generally implies a combination of +events.] That is <i>accidental</i> which interrupts (generally +unpleasantly) the ordinary course of events. +[“Walking carelessly along, I took a casual look at +the prison window; and there I beheld my friend.” +“The accidental stopping of the coach saved him a +further explanation.” “The meeting was quite fortuitous: +it would not have taken place once in a +thousand times.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Compel, compulsion; coerce, coercion.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Compel and compulsion</i> generally imply the employment +of physical force. <i>Coerce and coercion</i> do not, +their meaning being almost always confined to +moral or mental pressure.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p> + +<p><i>Confess, acknowledge.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Confess</i>, <i>confession</i>, imply that what is told was before +unknown to the person to whom the confession +is made. <i>Acknowledge</i>, <i>acknowledgment</i>, have no +such implication. [“But what was their surprise +when the captain confessed that he himself was the +murderer!” “The monster, being accused of the +crime, acknowledged his guilt.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Conjecture, surmise.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>A surmise</i> is founded on evidence; <i>a conjecture</i>, not +necessarily so. A <i>conjecture</i>, therefore, is generally +of something visionary; a <i>surmise</i> of something +practical. [“His conjecture, that the moon is inhabited, +is now discredited.” “After taking observations, +he surmised that the Indians contemplated +an attack.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Con- and Co-</i> [in composite words].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Con-</i> is used before a consonant; <i>co-</i>, before a vowel. +When, however, the two parts are very distinct, <i>co-</i> +is preferred, before even a consonant. A hyphen +will, in such cases, generally be used. [<i>Contemporary</i>, +<i>coeval</i>, <i>co-partner</i>.]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Complete, finished.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Complete</i> means lacking nothing. <i>Finished</i> means +done as far as was intended. [“The house is +finished for the winter; but still, much more labor +will be required to make it complete.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Custom, habit, usage.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Custom and usage</i> apply to society; <i>habit</i> applies +to an individual. Again, <i>usage</i> implies long standing; +<i>custom</i>, not necessarily so. [“My <i>habit</i> in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> +Africa was to rise early. Early rising is a <i>custom</i> +of the country, sanctioned by immemorial <i>usage</i>.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Discriminate, distinguish.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Discriminate</i> is used of small differences; <i>distinguish</i>, +of great differences. Again: <i>discriminate</i> +applies to several objects; <i>distinguish</i>, to two. Further: +<i>discriminate</i> is generally used of the mind; +<i>distinguish</i>, of the senses. [“By the light of the +lantern he distinguished the bodies.” “He discriminated +among the specimens, which, to an unpractised +eye, appeared all the same.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Despotism, tyranny.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Despotism</i> exists by law or of right. <i>A tyranny</i> +exists in the face of law and right. A <i>despotism</i> +may, therefore, be mild, as has often been the case +in history.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Determine, resolve.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Resolve</i> is stronger than <i>determine</i>. [“I am resolved +to die rather than give up my Church.” “I am determined +to get the book, if possible.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Directed, guided.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>One is <i>directed</i> by a person at a greater or less distance. +One is <i>guided</i> by a person close at hand. +[“Taking our hand, he guided us through the forest.” +“Standing on an eminence, he directed the pilgrims +to their various quarters, by a movement of the +hand.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Deduction, induction.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>In reasoning, <i>deduction</i> is proceeding from generals +to particulars; <i>induction</i>, from particulars to generals.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<p><i>Direct, address.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A letter is <i>directed</i> to him who is to receive it; <i>addressed</i>, +to him who is to read it. A parcel, therefore, +is <i>directed</i>, not <i>addressed</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Drive, ride.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Drive</i> is to urge along; <i>ride</i>, to be borne along. +This is the distinction in America. [“Mr. Vanderbilt +drove a beautiful span of bays; his wife rode +beside him.”] In Great Britain and Ireland, <i>drive</i> +generally refers to vehicles (except busses, cabs, and +other public conveyances, with which its use is confined +to the driver); whilst <i>ride</i> means to be carried +upon the back of a horse, donkey, &c. Thus: “I +went out for a drive,” would not necessarily mean +that I myself held the reins. The American use of +<i>drive and ride</i> is, however, more agreeable to reason +and authority.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Evidence, testimony.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Evidence</i> is that which produces proof. <i>Testimony</i> +is that which is intended to produce proof, <i>i.e.</i>, the +giving of what may be <i>evidence</i>. [“Much testimony +was taken, but really there was little evidence of +even the commission of the crime.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Epidemic, endemic.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Epidemic</i> is a disease brought upon or into a community +from some outside quarter. It is therefore +unnatural to the locality. <i>Endemic</i> is a disease +natural to the community or locality. [“Yellow-fever, +which is epidemic at New York, is endemic +in Cuba.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + +<p><i>Expense, cost; expensive, costly.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Expense and expensive</i> refer to the purchaser; <i>cost +and costly</i>, to the thing purchased. [“That vase is +not too costly—for it is very valuable; but it is too +expensive for my limited means.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Effect, consequence, result.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>The <i>effect</i> is that which immediately follows the +cause. Then comes the <i>consequence</i>, and after that +the <i>result</i>. [“The effect of wearing clothes is +warmth; the consequence is the wearing out of the +clothes; the result is the purchase of new clothes.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Eternal, everlasting.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Eternal</i>: having neither beginning nor end; <i>everlasting</i>: +having beginning, but no end. [“Eternal +Father, strong to save.” “The everlasting hills.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Etc. [etcetera], and so forth.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Etc.</i> means, “and others of a different kind.” <i>And +so forth</i> means, “and others of the same kind,” “in +the same strain,” “and the like.” [“He has sold his +horses, cows, sheep, &c.” “The result is a train of +coughs, colds, consumption, and so forth.”] In dignified +composition the use of these expressions is +to be avoided as much as possible. It is incorrect +to use <i>etc.</i>, <i>&c.</i>, <i>and so forth</i>, in instances like the +following: “Employ some such word as mountain, +hill,” &c. [<i>Some such</i> renders &c. superfluous.]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Ferment, foment.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Ferment</i> is to produce alcohol by fermentation. +Hence <i>ferment</i> is sometimes used figuratively with +the intransitive force of “to be in an excited state.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span> +<i>Foment</i> is to apply lotions to; hence, figuratively, to +animate or stir up. [“The revolutionary ingredients +seemed to be fermenting; the leaven of socialism +seemed to be working.” “He fomented the +disturbance by appeals to the people.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Faultless, blameless.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Faultless</i> is, free from defects as well as from evil or +wickedness. <i>Blameless</i> is, free from evil or wickedness +alone. [“His course of life was blameless, +although he made many errors in business matters.” +“His playing was faultless.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Falsehood, falsity.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A <i>falsehood</i> is a false or incorrect proposition. <i>Falsity</i> +is the falseness or incorrectness of the proposition, +apart from the proposition itself. [“That +statement is a falsehood. The falsity of the assertions +contained therein is obvious.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Farther, further.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Farther</i> is used of rest; <i>further</i>, of motion. In a +secondary sense <i>further</i> is generally preferred. +[“Montreal is farther away than Toronto.” “I throw +the ball further than you.” “To speak further is +superfluous.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Goodness, virtue.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Goodness</i> is innate; <i>virtue</i>, acquired. [“His goodness +of heart prompted the savage to give us food.” +“His virtue was of slow growth: at first he was a +most degraded man.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>However, but, yet, still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, in +spite of.</i> These words are in their proper gradation +from weak to strong.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hidden, concealed, secret.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Hidden and concealed</i> imply intention; <i>secret</i> does +not. [“Hidden here, concealed there, the officers +found the stolen goods.” “Deep in the earth he +found the secret ore.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Haste, hurry.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Haste</i> is quickness. <i>Hurry</i> is quickness accompanied +with confusion or flurry. [“We are often in +haste; we ought never to be in a hurry.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Hindrance, obstacle, inpediment.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A <i>hindrance</i> stops us at the beginning; an <i>obstacle</i>, in +the middle; an <i>inpediment</i> retards us all the time. +[“Our journey was very unfortunate. The entrance +of a visitor was a hindrance to our departure; about +a mile from the house we found in the road an obstacle +in the shape of a fallen tree; whilst the mass +of baggage we carried was a serious inpediment to +our progress.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Informed, instructed, taught.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>One who is <i>informed</i> knows something new; one +who is <i>instructed</i> understands something new; one +who is <i>taught</i> can do something new. [“He was +informed of the death of his father.” “He was +instructed in matters of trade.” “He was taught +how to make sword-blades.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>To take issue, to join issue.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>To take issue</i> is to object to the right of denial. <i>To +join issue</i> is to admit the right of denial, but to disagree +as to facts. <i>Join issue</i> should, of course, never +be used for <i>agree</i>. [“He wanted to argue with me; +but I at once took issue with him, alleging that his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span> +position in the matter precluded any argument.” +“He said yes; I said no. Upon this we joined +issue.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Indecent, immodest.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Indecent</i> is used of the person; <i>immodest</i>, of the conduct +or disposition. [“The wearing of such clothes +was simply indecent.” “His general behaviour was +quite immodest.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Instant, moment.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>An <i>instant</i> is shorter than a <i>moment</i>. [“In a few +moments—nay, in a single instant—we may be +ushered into eternity.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Industrious, diligent; industry, diligence.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Diligent</i> and <i>diligence</i> express the idea of thoroughly +doing whatever is at hand. <i>Industrious</i> and <i>industry</i> +express the same idea, and, in addition, imply a +readiness or watchfulness for work. [“He performed +his task with diligence—just as a well-trained horse +does. He lacked, however, those habits of industry +and thrift which raised his brother to wealth.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Import, meaning, sense.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Import</i> is the idea most readily conveyed. <i>Meaning</i> +is the idea intended to be conveyed. <i>Sense</i> is the +way in which the expression may be taken, or its +general substance or spirit. [“He says the meaning +is so and so. His words may have that sense, +but it is not their obvious import.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Illusion, delusion.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Illusion</i> is the imagining to be existent of something +non-existent. <i>Delusion</i> is an incorrect idea about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> +something really existent. [“His chief illusion was +that there were wild beasts in the room.” “The +delusion under which he labored was that paper +currency is real money, instead of its representative.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>In-</i>, <i>un-</i> [prefixes].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>In-</i> is the ordinary negative prefix to be used with +nouns and adjectives of Latin origin. <i>Un-</i> is the +negative prefix to be used: (1) with words of +Anglo-Saxon origin; (2) with verbs of Latin origin. +[Thus: <i>inhospitable</i>, <i>ingratitude</i>; <i>unclean</i>, <i>unauthorize</i>.] +There are, however, many exceptions; <i>e.g.</i>: +<i>uncomfortable</i>, <i>incapacitate</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Inexorable, inflexible.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Inexorable</i> is, not to be prevailed upon by entreaty; +<i>inflexible</i>, not to be bent at all. <i>Inflexible</i> is therefore +the stronger of the two. [“We tried entreaties, +but he was inexorable. Afterwards, we tried money +and threats; but he was still inflexible.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Jar, pitcher, jug.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>A jar</i> is a wide-mouthed vessel without a handle +[“A jar of jam”]. <i>A pitcher</i> is a wide-mouthed +vessel with a protruding lip and a large ear or +handle. [“Please pass the milk-pitcher.”] <i>A jug</i> +is a small-mouthed vessel with a swelling body and +a small ear or handle near the mouth. [“He brought +a large jug of beer.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Low-priced, cheap.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Low-priced</i> is that for which little has been paid. +The thing may however, really be dear. <i>Cheap</i> +is that the price of which is low, its intrinsic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span> +worth being considered. [“The watch was by +no means low-priced; it cost, in fact, one hundred +pounds; still, it was cheap at that sum, for its action +was perfect.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Lazy, idle, slothful.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Lazy</i> describes the general disposition, and is the +opposite to <i>alert</i> or <i>industrious</i>. <i>Idle</i> refers to a +particular time, place or matter, and is the opposite +to <i>busy</i> or <i>occupied</i>. <i>Slothful</i> or <i>indolent</i> implies a +hatred of exertion and a general slowness or languor. +The opposite to <i>slothfulness</i> or <i>indolence</i> is <i>activity</i>. +[“The boy was thoroughly lazy: he would neither +work nor play.” “After a hard day’s work, he was +now enjoying a few minutes of idle repose.” “Be +not slothful in business.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Laudable, praiseworthy.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Laudable</i> is used of things; <i>praiseworthy</i>, of persons. +[“It is a most laudable endeavour.” “He is a praiseworthy +man.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Last, latest.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Last</i> is used of place or order; <i>latest</i>, of time. [“His +name was last on the list.” “He was the latest +to arrive.”] <i>Late</i> is often employed incorrectly for +<i>last</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “The <i>late</i> [<i>last</i>] speaker.” +</p></div> + +<p><i>Leave, quit.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Leave</i> generally implies a return. <i>Quit</i> generally +implies no return. [“He left me for a moment.” +“He quitted me for ever.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Malice, spite.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Malice</i> is used of conduct in general; <i>spite</i>, of individual +acts. [“He followed him for years with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span> +untiring malice.” “On this occasion he certainly +shewed spite towards his opponent.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Marital, matrimonial.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Marital</i> means, pertaining to a husband; <i>matrimonial</i>, +pertaining to marriage. [“His marital rights +were disregarded.” “Matrimonial alliances between +crowned heads are often matters of policy.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Mistake, error.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>A <i>mistake</i> is not necessarily blameworthy. An <i>error</i> +is blameworthy. [“That was a fortunate mistake.” +“It was a downright error on his part; for he had +been warned again and again.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Mute, dumb.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Mute</i> is used of one who <i>can</i> speak, but who, through +compulsion or otherwise, will not. <i>Dumb</i> is used +of one who <i>cannot</i> speak. So, the expression, <i>a +deaf-mute</i>, should be, <i>a deaf and dumb person</i>. [“He +was mute, in spite of all their threats: he would not +betray his friends.” “He was dumb, having uttered +no articulate sound in his whole life.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Merely, simply.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Merely</i> implies no addition; <i>simply</i>, no admixture. +[“They were there merely to prevent bloodshed.” +“It was simply incredible that he should have so +acted.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Nearly, entirely, scarcely; almost, completely, hardly.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Nearly</i>, <i>entirely</i>, <i>scarcely</i>, are applied to quantity, +time or space; <i>almost</i>, <i>completely</i>, <i>hardly</i>, generally +to degree. [“It is nearly a mile from here.” “The +apple is hardly ripe.” “He is almost dead.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span></p> + +<p><i>Neglectful, negligent.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Neglectful</i> refers to an individual act. <i>Negligent</i>, to +a series of acts that have produced a habit. [“To +forget that book was very neglectful.” “He was all +his life a most negligent man.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Owing, due.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Due</i> is used of debts. <i>Owing</i> calls attention to the +source or origin whence something springs. The +present participle [<i>owing</i>] of the intransitive verb +<i>to owe</i> has taken the place of the past participle +[<i>owed</i>] of the transitive verb <i>to owe</i>. [“A large sum +was due him.” “It was owing to the Crusades +that many oriental ideas and inventions were introduced +into the West.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>On, upon.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Upon</i> is stronger than <i>on</i>, and should be employed +when particular attention is to be drawn to the support, +whether literal or figurative. With verbs of +motion, also, <i>upon</i> is generally preferable. [“The +book is on the table.” “He lifted the large box, +and put it upon the table.” “Upon truth and righteousness, +upon honour and justice, must rest the +foundations of every state.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Perspicacity, perspicuity; perspicacious, perspicuous.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Perspicacity and perspicacious</i> express the power of +of seeing clearly. <i>Perspicuity and perspicuous</i> express +the quality of clearness. The former two are +active in their meaning, the latter two passive. The +ending <i>-city</i>, here as elsewhere, denotes the power +or ability to do something; <i>e.g.</i>: <i>veracity</i> is the +quality of speaking the truth, not truth itself. [“I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> +admire the perspicuity of his explanations.” “He is +a most perspicacious man: nothing escapes his eye.”] +In many cases, <i>clear-sightedness</i>, <i>clear-sighted</i>, <i>clearness</i>, +<i>clear</i>, are greatly preferable to <i>perspicacity</i> and +the rest.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Perpetually, continually; perpetual, continual.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Perpetually</i> is an exact synonym of <i>continuously</i>, and +means, therefore, never-ceasing. <i>Continual</i> implies +interruptions, and is equivalent to constantly renewed. +[“The perpetual flow of the river.” “The +continual roar of the mill, ceasing only for a short +time at night.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Proclaim, announce.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>One <i>proclaims</i> opinions, sentiments, and so forth. +One <i>announces</i> news, tidings, and so on. [“He +proclaimed to the vast throng the revolutionary doctrines +of socialism.” “The messenger announced +that the battle was lost.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Purpose, intent or intention.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Purpose</i> generally implies the employment of means +to accomplish the end. <i>Intent and intention</i> may +exist without the employment of means. [“His +intention was to do wonders; but he never did anything +at all.” “His practical purpose soon found +ways and means to accomplish what he wished.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Poverty, indigence, pauperism.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Poverty</i> means straitened circumstances, one’s position +in life being considered. <i>Indigence</i> is absolute +destitution. <i>Pauperism</i> implies the receiving of public +relief. [“The duke was in poverty, although he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span> +had £1,000 a year. But what is that for the expenses +of a duke?” “I found them in the greatest +indigence—without any fuel, and with but a mouthful +of bread.” “Legalized pauperism kills individual +effort.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Reticent, reticence; reserved, reserve.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Reticence and reticent</i> are confined to habitual quiet +or caution. <i>Reserve and reserved</i> may refer to temporary +quiet or caution. [“He a very reticent man: +during our whole acquaintance with him I have +never heard him make a speech.” “I questioned +him upon that point, but he kept a careful reserve.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Reverse and converse.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Reverse</i> is the opposite or antithesis. <i>Converse</i> is +“an opposite reciprocal proposition.” In the converse, +therefore, the cause becomes the effect, the +condition becomes the result. [“Minus is the reverse +of plus.” “If the sides of two triangles are +respectively equal, the angles will be equal. But +the converse is not true; for the angles may be equal, +and the sides unequal.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Recompense, reward, meed.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Recompense</i> is a fair compensation. <i>Reward</i> is any +present or gift. <i>Meed</i> is something earned by one’s +own toil. [“The recompense for the loss of his arm +at the Alma was not too great.” “He rewarded +me munificently—indeed, far above my deserts.” +“He alone who fights and labours, wins the glorious +meed.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span></p> + +<p><i>Robbery, theft.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Robbery</i> is stealing with violence; <i>theft</i>, generally +without. [“After a hard struggle, he robbed the +traveller of his watch.” “I had not noticed the +theft, it was committed so quietly.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Remember, recollect.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Remember</i> is to gather materials ready at hand; +<i>recollect</i>, to gather materials not ready at hand. +[“I do not remember, but I will try to recollect.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Religion, piety.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Religion</i> is a form of belief or worship. <i>Piety</i> is +reverence for what is good, and the desire to do +good. It includes, therefore, love, charity and such +like. [“There are many religions; there is but one +piety.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Relieve, alleviate, mitigate.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Relieve</i> is to remove pain <i>entirely</i>. <i>Alleviate</i> or +<i>mitigate</i> is to remove it but partially. <i>Alleviate</i> +is used generally of others, <i>mitigate</i> of ourselves. +[“At his touch the pain was instantly relieved.” +“I alleviated his sufferings through the application +of a lotion.” “My anguish was somewhat mitigated.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Recant, abjure.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Recant</i> generally implies the use of force; <i>abjure</i> +generally does not. [“Unable to bear the torture, +he recanted.” “I freely abjure all part in the +plot.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Rend, tear.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Rend</i> implies purpose; <i>tear</i> may or may not do so. +<i>Rend</i> generally carries with it the idea of splitting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> +or dividing. Such idea is not necessarily implied +in <i>tear</i>. [“He unfortunately tore his coat.” “He +tore his hair.” “He rent his garment.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Sewerage, sewage.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Sewerage</i>: a system of drainage or the science of +drainage. It is but rarely used for sewage. <i>Sewage</i>: +sometimes the same as sewerage, but generally the +matter flowing through the drains. [“How many +books have been written on sewerage!” “The sewage +from the city pollutes the river.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Spontaneous, voluntary.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Spontaneous</i> should be confined to things; <i>voluntary</i>, +to persons. [“It was an instance of spontaneous +combustion.” “The action was voluntary on his +part.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Sociable, social.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Sociable</i> expresses a readiness for companionship. +<i>Social</i> refers to the relations that men in an organized +society bear, one to another. [“He is a very +sociable man.” “Have you read the great works +on social science and social progress?”] <i>Sociable</i> +is, therefore, the correct form of the noun. [“The +sociable was successful.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Satisfied, contented.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Satisfied</i> is stronger than <i>contented</i>, and means that +all our desires are gratified. <i>Satisfaction</i> is positive +pleasure, and comes from the outside. <i>Contentment</i> +is the absence of pain, and lies in ourselves. +<i>Satisfaction</i> is less lasting than <i>contentment</i>. +[“The industrious and intelligent artisan may, for a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> +time, remain contented; but he is certainly far from +satisfied with his lot.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Sufficient, enough.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>One has <i>enough</i> when one’s desires are satisfied; +<i>sufficient</i>, when one’s needs are satisfied. [“Do not +let the horse eat as much as he will. Give him +just sufficient.” “He was rich; but, like all other +misers, he never had enough.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Strong, powerful.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Strong</i>: of sound constitution, able to stand hard +work. <i>Powerful</i>: able to lift heavy weights, to +strike heavy blows, &c. [“He made a gallant fight +against disease; for he was a very strong man.” +“Strange to say, he was a very powerful man, able +to give tremendous blows; and yet, his constitution +was undermined through dissipation.”] <i>Muscular</i> +is a very effective word.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Stubborn, obstinate.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Stubborn</i>: opposed to the way of others; <i>obstinate</i>: +set in one’s own way. [“I tried to induce him to +approve my scheme; but, although he had none of +his own to offer, yet he was stubborn and refused.” +“He wished to go his own way, and was very +obstinate about the matter.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Safety, security.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Safety</i>: freedom from danger. <i>Security</i>: freedom +from care. <i>Security</i> may, therefore, be real or +fancied. [“He relied with the greatest security +upon his followers; but, really, he was far from +being in a position of safety.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> + +<p><i>Subdue, subjugate.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Subdue</i> is to conquer so thoroughly that resistance +ceases. <i>Subjugate</i> is to conquer and then to impose +restraints, generally repeated and severe. <i>Subjugate</i>, +moreover, is used chiefly in a literal sense, <i>i.e.</i>, +with reference to nations; <i>subdue</i> is frequently used +in a figurative sense, <i>i.e.</i>, with reference to the mind +or the moral nature. [“England subdued, but did +not subjugate Russia.” “The Poles have been +subjugated; but their spirits are yet unsubdued.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Source, origin.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Source</i> implies that the supply is continuous; <i>origin</i>, +that it has ceased. [“This was the origin of the +friendship, which was a source of such joy.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Tongue, language.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Tongue</i> is generally an original form of speech; +<i>language</i>, a derived form. [“The Latin is one of +the tongues from which so many languages have +sprung.”] <i>Language</i> may, of course, be used of inarticulate +speech [“The language of birds”], where +<i>tongue</i> would be incorrect.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Transitory, transient</i> or <i>fleeting</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Transitory</i> is liable to pass away. <i>Transient or +fleeting</i> is actually passing away. <i>Transitory</i> is +abstract; <i>transient and fleeting</i> are concrete, as well +as abstract. <i>Fleeting</i> is preferable to <i>transient</i>. +[“Earth’s joys are transitory: in a moment they +may pass away.” “Life is fleeting as a shadow: +the transient moments can never be recalled.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Trivial, trifling.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p><div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Trivial</i> generally has a tinge of contempt; <i>trifling</i>, +generally not. [“That is the most absurd and +trivial matter in the world.” “The greater part of +our time ought to be occupied with serious matters; +the rest may be occupied with amusements and +other rather trifling matters.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Talkative, loquacious.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Talkative</i> implies a desire to speak, accompanied +or not with readiness of speech. <i>Loquacious</i> implies +a desire to speak, accompanied with a readiness of +speech. [“The little child was very talkative.” +“Unlike most loquacious men, he was very instructive +in his long harangues.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Voluntary, willing.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Voluntary</i> is with seeming readiness or acquiescence; +<i>willing</i>, with real readiness or acquiescence. [“He +went voluntarily: no compulsion was used; but still, +he looked as if he did not like to go.” “He was +ready—yes, more than ready—willing, to die.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Vulgar, immodest; vulgarity, immodesty.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>Only what is metaphorically low is <i>vulgar</i>. <i>Vulgarity</i>, +moreover, generally implies pretension to refinement +along with lowness of disposition. [“That +was a most immodest act.” “His general bearing +was very vulgar.” “The old-fashioned English +squire—coarse as he was—was not vulgar, was not +given to cheap display and pretence.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Whole, entire.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Whole</i>: that from which nothing has been taken. +<i>The whole</i> and <i>all the</i> are usually interchangeable. +<i>Entire</i>: that which is undivided. [“The whole +town was burned: not a single house escaped.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span> +“That congregation, at any rate, was entire in its +vote: there were no divisions among its members.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Wit, humor.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Wit</i> is the effect of unexpected fitness or congruity. +<i>Humor</i> is the effect of unexpected unfitness or incongruity. +Again, humor is not, as wit is, sudden +and short-lived; it extends very often through a +whole book or speech. [“Humor is all. Wit should +be brought only to turn agreeably some proper +thought.” “He made a very witty pun, and wrote +more than one humorous chapter.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>World, earth, globe.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>World</i> is our planet viewed from the “moral or +abstract point of view.” <i>The world</i> refers, therefore, +almost always to its inhabitants. <i>Earth</i> is our +planet with reference to its external or material +formation or aspect. <i>Globe</i> is our planet in a geological +sense chiefly. <i>Globe</i> is often used in poetry +for <i>world</i> or <i>earth</i>. [“The bodies revolving round +the sun are the following: Mercury, Venus, Earth, +Mars,” &c. “When we look abroad upon the world +and see its wickedness, we are lost in wonder at +man’s depravity.” “Who can say how many ages +have been required for the formation of the crust of +the globe!”]</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Wholly</i>, <i>totally</i> [with expressions denoting deprivation +or loss].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>Wholly</i> lays stress upon the condition of the person +deprived; <i>totally</i>, upon the thing of which he has +been deprived. [“He is wholly blind.” “His sight +is totally gone.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span></p> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c5">PREFER.</h2> + +<p><i>Prefer</i>:</p> + +<p>Approve <i>to</i> approve of. [“To shew thyself approved +unto God.”]</p> + +<p>Agriculturist <i>to</i> agriculturalist.</p> + +<p>Aside <i>to</i> apart. [“He took me aside.”] <i>Apart</i> +means <i>to pieces</i>, as, “He took the clock apart.”</p> + +<p>Alone <i>to</i> only, as much as possible.</p> + +<p>Arise <i>to</i> rise, in a figurative or secondary sense. +[“Greece arose from her ashes.”]</p> + +<p>Advance <i>to</i> progress [as verb]. <i>Progress</i> is not +properly formed from the Latin root.</p> + +<p>Acquaintanceship <i>to</i> acquaintance, as an abstract +noun. Reserve <i>acquaintance</i> for persons or +things one is acquainted with.</p> + + + +<p>Begin <i>to</i> initiate. <i>Initiate</i> may very properly be +used in the sense of, to induct into a position +or introduce to a society.</p> + +<p>Begin <i>to</i> commence.</p> + +<p>Become <i>to</i> grow, denoting a change of condition. +[“He becomes rich and wise.”]</p> + +<p>Believe <i>to</i> think. [“I believe it is so.”]</p> + +<p>Body [dead], or corpse, <i>to</i> the remains.</p> + +<p>Buy <i>to</i> purchase.</p> + + + +<p>Coffin <i>to</i> casket.</p> + +<p>Cannot but <i>to</i> can but. [“I cannot but tell what I +know.”] There is an ellipsis in all such expressions: +“I cannot do anything but (<i>i.e.</i>, except) +tell what” &c.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span></p> +<p>Come into collision <i>to</i> collide.</p> + +<p>Correct or in the right <i>to</i> right, when correctness, +and not uprightness, is meant, <i>E.g.</i>: “I am +correct in my statistics.”</p> + +<p>Converser or conversationist <i>to</i> conversationalist.</p> + +<p>Controverter, or controversionist, <i>to</i> controversionalist.</p> + +<p>Church <i>to</i> sanctuary.</p> + +<p>Contend against, oppose, be at variance with, <i>to</i> +militate against.</p> + +<p>Corpulent, heavy, fat, <i>to</i> fleshy [of persons].</p> + + + +<p>Deadly <i>to</i> lethal.</p> + +<p>Dwell, or live, <i>to</i> reside.</p> + + + +<p>Exponental <i>to</i> exponential.</p> + +<p>Earthen, golden, &c., <i>to</i> earth, gold, &c. [as adjectives]. +<i>E.g.</i>: “An earthen jar.”</p> + +<p>Enlarge on [or, upon] <i>to</i> dilate on [or, upon].</p> + + + +<p>Foregoing <i>to</i> above, as an adjective. [“The foregoing +statement is correct.”]</p> + +<p>Factory <i>to</i> manufactory.</p> + +<p>Forbid <i>to</i> prohibit.</p> + +<p>Forward, backward, toward, &c., <i>to</i> forwards, backwards, +towards, &c.</p> + + + +<p>Graceful <i>to</i> elegant, when speaking of the body and +its movements.</p> + + + +<p>Hebrew <i>to</i> Jew, when speaking of race.</p> + +<p>House <i>to</i> residence.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span></p> + + + +<p>Incorrect, or in the wrong, <i>to</i> wrong, when incorrectness, +and not unrighteousness, is meant.</p> + +<p>Iced-water, iced-cream, &c., <i>to</i> ice-water, ice-cream, +&c.</p> + +<p>Inform <i>to</i> advise [in letters &c.] <i>Advise</i> has a +double meaning; <i>inform</i> has not.</p> + + + +<p>Kinsman, kinswoman, <i>to</i> relative, relation.</p> + + + +<p>Last two weeks, last six months, &c., <i>to</i> past two +weeks, past six months, &c.</p> + +<p>Lenity, or lenience, <i>to</i> leniency.</p> + +<p>Loose <i>to</i> unloose.</p> + +<p>Land <i>to</i> real estate.</p> + +<p>Leading article, or leader, <i>to</i> editorial.</p> + +<p>Lengthwise, sidewise, &c., <i>to</i> lengthways, sideways, +&c.</p> + +<p>The morrow <i>to</i> to-morrow [as noun]. <i>E.g.</i>: “The +morrow will suit me.”</p> + +<p>The months by name <i>to</i> ult., prox., inst.</p> + + + +<p>Much <i>to</i> a great deal.</p> + +<p>Muscular <i>to</i> stout. [<i>Stout</i> is somewhat ambiguous, +meaning both <i>strong</i> and <i>corpulent</i>.]</p> + + + +<p>One to [or, with] another <i>to</i> among themselves. +<i>E.g.</i>: “They divided the money one with +another.”</p> + +<p>Oneself <i>to</i> one’s self.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p> +<p>Oversee <i>to</i> supervise.</p> + +<p>Offensive <i>to</i> obnoxious.</p> + +<p>Ordinal numbers <i>to</i> cardinal numbers in the heading +of letters. Write <i>March 24th</i>, or <i>March +the 24th</i>, rather than <i>March 24</i>.</p> + + + +<p>Rich <i>to</i> wealthy.</p> + +<p>Railway <i>to</i> railroad.</p> + + + +<p>Seeming <i>to</i> apparent.</p> + +<p>Self-same <i>to</i> identical.</p> + +<p>Say <i>to</i> remark, or observe. [<i>To remark</i> and <i>to +observe</i> mean <i>to notice</i>.]</p> + +<p>Station <i>to</i> depot [or dépôt].</p> + +<p>Sympathy <i>to</i> pity, when speaking of or to equals.</p> + + + +<p>Truthfulness <i>to</i> veracity. [<i>Veracity</i> should be used +of persons only.]</p> + +<p>Tangental <i>to</i> tangential.</p> + +<p>Thus <i>to</i> so. [“He does it <i>thus</i>.”]</p> + + + +<p>Unexpressed <i>to</i> understood. [<i>Understood</i> has two +meanings.]</p> + + + +<p>Violoncello <i>to</i> violincello. [The instrument is a +large, not a small, violin.]</p> + +<p>Various, or diverse, <i>to</i> different. [<i>Different</i> should +be confined to the meaning of <i>differing from</i>.]</p> + +<p>Vacant <i>to</i> empty, of buildings no longer inhabited.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p> + + + +<p>Wast <i>to</i> wert, in the second person singular, past +indicative. [<i>Wert</i> is the subjunctive, but it is +not incorrect in the indicative.]</p> + +<p>Would rather, or should rather, <i>to</i> had rather. [<i>Had +rather</i> is not incorrect, but <i>would rather</i> or +<i>should rather</i> is preferable. All these forms +ought to be used as little as possible. Choose +some other expression.]</p> + +<p>With reference to <i>to</i> in reference to. [We never +say, <i>out of reference to</i>, but always, <i>without +reference to</i>.]</p> + +<p>In general, prefer <i>short</i> words and phrases to <i>long</i> +words and phrases, and words of Anglo-Saxon, +to those of non-Anglo-Saxon, origin.</p> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c6">OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND PHRASES.</h2> + +<p>A day or two, a man or two, &c. [Say, <i>two or three +days</i>, <i>a few days</i>; <i>two or three men</i>, <i>a few men</i>; &c. +There is lack of agreement in <i>a day or two</i>, <i>a man +or two</i>. A somewhat similar error occurs in, “With +this, as with many other matters.” The expression +should be: “With this, as with many another matter.”]</p> + +<p>Authoress, poetess, &c. [Such words may be used if +the gender is to be pointed out. Otherwise, the +ordinary forms—<i>author</i>, <i>poet</i>, &c.—are sufficient]</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p> +<p>Accountable, unaccountable.</p> + +<p>Answerable, unanswerable.</p> + +<p>Antagonize.</p> + +<p>Aborigene [in the singular].</p> + +<p>A bit [<i>at all</i>, <i>a little</i>; as: “I am a bit tired”], not a bit +[<i>not at all</i>].</p> + + +<p>Confirmed invalid.</p> + +<p>Cablegram. [Use <i>telegram</i> or <i>telegraphic message</i>.]</p> + + +<p>Down East, down South. [Say: “I am going to the +South.” “I live in the East.” “He practised at +the South.”]</p> + +<p>Desirability and undesirability.</p> + +<p>Direful. [This word is not properly formed, as <i>dire</i> is +not a noun.]</p> + +<p>Defalcate and defalcation [in the sense of <i>making +default</i>]. <i>Defalcate</i>, correctly used, is <i>to cut off</i> or +<i>lop off</i>.</p> + +<p>Desiderate [for <i>desire</i>].</p> + +<p>Deceased [for <i>the late</i>, <i>the dead one</i>, &c.], except in legal +and other formal expressions.</p> + + +<p>Every once in a while. [Say, <i>once in a while</i>, <i>sometimes</i>, +<i>frequently</i>.]</p> + +<p>Electropathy, hydropathy, &c. [<i>Pathein</i> is, to suffer; +not, to cure.]</p> + +<p>Effectuate.</p> + +<p>Enjoy oneself. [Say, “I enjoyed the concert;” not, +“I enjoyed myself at the concert.”]</p> + +<p>Eventuate.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p> + +<p>Environment. [Use <i>surroundings</i>.]</p> + +<p>Emasculate.</p> + + +<p>Go ahead.</p> + + +<p>Help [in the sense of <i>to avoid</i>]. Say: “I cannot avoid +doing so;” not, “I cannot help doing so.”</p> + +<p>Have got [for <i>have</i>]. <i>Get</i> is generally superfluous, and +should be used as little as possible.</p> + + +<p>Impute. [Use <i>ascribe</i>.]</p> + +<p>Ignore.</p> + + +<p>Lose oneself. [Say, “He was lost—or became lost—or +lost his way—in the wood.”]</p> + +<p>Line of goods.</p> + +<p>Lots [for <i>much</i> or <i>many</i>].</p> + + +<p>Malaprop. [Use <i>mal-à-propos</i>; <i>unsuitable</i>, <i>unseasonable</i>, +or the corresponding adverbs.]</p> + +<p>More guilty, most guilty; less guilty, least guilty. [One +is either <i>guilty</i> or <i>not guilty</i>, of a crime; although +one may be guilty of a greater or a less crime. A +similar remark applies to <i>guiltless</i> and <i>innocent</i>. +These adjectives should properly be used of individual +acts only.]</p> + + +<p>Necessitate.</p> + + +<p>Opine.</p> + +<p>Out West. [Say: “He goes West (or, to the West).” +“I live in the West (or, at the West).”]</p> + +<p>Out of [for <i>of</i>, with names of materials]. Say: “The +box is made <i>of</i> [not, <i>out of</i>] wood.”</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p> + +<p>Ponder over. [Use <i>ponder</i> alone.]</p> + +<p>Practitioner. [This word is incorrectly formed.]</p> + +<p>Presidential. [The adjective—if formed at all—ought +to be <i>presidental</i>. <i>Presidential campaign</i> is a very +inelegant and ill-constructed expression.]</p> + +<p>Proven [for <i>proved</i>]. <i>Gotten</i> maybe used for <i>got</i>; but +not <i>proven</i> for <i>proved</i>.</p> + +<p>Particle [<i>a little</i> or <i>somewhat</i>], not a particle [<i>not at all</i>].</p> + + +<p>Rostrum [for <i>platform</i>, <i>pulpit</i>]. If any form of this word +is to be used, it should be the plural, <i>rostra</i>.</p> + +<p>Rehabilitate [for <i>reïnstate</i>].</p> + +<p>Recuperate [for <i>recover</i>].</p> + +<p>Right off.</p> + +<p>Right away.</p> + +<p>Reliable, unreliable. [Use <i>trustworthy</i>, <i>untrustworthy</i>.]</p> + +<p>Repudiate. [Use <i>condemn</i> or <i>disown</i>.]</p> + + +<p>Spread [in the sense of <i>meal</i>, <i>feast</i>, <i>banquet</i>].</p> + +<p>Suicide, as a verb. [Say, <i>commit suicide</i>.]</p> + +<p>Scientist. [Use <i>scientific man</i>, <i>savant</i>, &c. If a noun +with this meaning is to be formed from <i>science</i>, it +ought to be <i>sciencist</i>, not <i>scientist</i>.]</p> + +<p>Stump, in the sense of <i>platform</i>; as: “He took the +stump.”</p> + +<p>Seeming paradox. [A <i>paradox</i> is a seeming contradiction. +<i>Seeming paradox</i> is, therefore, tautological.]</p> + +<p>Tiresome. [Use <i>wearisome</i> or <i>tedious</i>. <i>Tiresome</i> is incorrectly +formed, <i>tire</i> not being a noun.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span></p> + +<p>That much, that little, [for <i>so much</i>, <i>so little</i>, or <i>as much +as that</i>, <i>as little as that</i>].</p> + + +<p>Up North. [Say: “I live at (or in) the North.” “He +goes to the North.”]</p> + + +<p>Voice [as a verb]. Say: “He expressed—or gave expression +to—the sentiments of his followers;” not, +“He voiced,” &c.</p> + + +<p>Yours, ours, mine, &c., [for <i>your</i>, <i>our</i>, <i>my</i>, <i>&c.</i>, <i>letter</i>]. +Say: “I have received your letter of yesterday;” +not, “I have received yours of yesterday.”</p> + + +<hr class="r5"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c7">NOTES ON PUNCTUATION.</h2> +</div> + + +<p>Use a <i>comma</i> before <i>or</i> when the expressions between +which it occurs, refer to the same person or thing. +Thus: “Jones or Smith was here” [no comma]; +but: “Saul, or Paul” [comma].</p> + +<p>Put a <i>comma</i> after a proposition forming the subject of +a verb. So: “That he did so, is not clear.”</p> + +<p>When an infinitive is the subject of a verb, and follows +the verb, a <i>comma</i> is generally inserted before the +infinitive. This is especially the case if the infinitive +or the verb has other words depending upon +it. So write: “It ill becomes great and good men, +to smile at sin.”</p> + +<p>Use no commas after short and closely-connected adjectives +qualifying the same noun. Thus: “A good +old sound dry wine.”</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span></p> + +<p>Use a <i>comma</i> before a quotation closely dependent upon +such introductory words as <i>say</i>, <i>tell</i>, <i>cry</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: +“The man said, I will return.” [With such quotations—especially +if short—the quotation marks are +generally omitted.] Before a direct quotation, <i>i.e.</i>, +one not closely dependent upon introductory words +(<i>say</i>, <i>will</i>, <i>cry</i>, &c.), insert the <i>colon</i>. [When the +quotation is poetry, a <i>dash</i> often follows the colon, +especially if a space is left at the end of the line.]</p> + +<p>As a general rule, the subject of a verb must be expressed +in every clause preceded by a <i>semi-colon</i>. +If, however, there are several clauses or phrases +marked off by semi-colons, to avoid repetition the +subjects may be omitted. [The subject of a verb +may, of course, be understood before a <i>comma</i>.]</p> + +<p>A short and serviceable rule for the use of the <i>comma</i> in +relative clauses, and in participial, adjectival and +adverbial phrases, is, to insert it when the clauses +and phrases are <i>coördinate</i>, but not when they are +<i>restrictive</i>. <i>E.g.</i>: “The things which are seen are +temporal.” “He was a man known in three continents.” +[No commas.] “The king, who was now +old, declared for war.” “His brother, known far +and wide, was present.” [Commas.] Where the +subject of the verb is a phrase greatly lengthened +by adjuncts, a <i>comma</i> will be required before the +verb. <i>E.g.</i>: “The fact of his having acted in so +strange a way, warranted his detention.”</p> + +<p>Use a <i>semi-colon</i>, and not a comma, in the following +cases:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>(1). Before reasons. <i>E.g.</i>: “Economy is no disgrace; +for it” &c.</p> + +<p>(2). Between two opposing clauses, when an adversative +conjunction introduces the second clause. +<i>E.g.</i>: “Straws swim at the surface; but pearls +sink to the bottom.”</p> +</div> + +<p>A <i>colon</i>, not a <i>semi-colon</i>, should be used when the clause +or phrase that follows the mark expresses a result +or effect, or when it is in the form of an analogy, or +is a parallel to what precedes. “He lived a virtuous +life: he died a happy death.” “The flowers bloom +and wither: so is it with the life of man.” The +use of the <i>colon</i> before a quotation or a list is an +application of this principle. As a general thing, +therefore, the voice should be kept up before <i>colons</i>, +and let fall before <i>semi-colons</i>.</p> + +<p>A long compound or complex sentence, the various +parts of which are divided by colons or semi-colons, +may be separated into two or more parts by periods. +The second part will begin with <i>for</i>, <i>therefore</i>, +<i>and</i>, <i>as</i>, or some other introductory word. +[This dividing up of long sentences must be sparingly +practised.]</p> + +<p>Use brackets, and not parentheses, when, in a quotation, +you wish to insert words improperly omitted by the +author, or when you wish to explain something, or +to correct an error in your own writing. [In the +last two cases parentheses may be employed, but +brackets are preferable.] So: “The man [Mr. Jones] +was very rich.” [When brackets are thus used in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span> +a quotation, additional quotation marks are not required +after the word preceding, and before the +word following, the brackets.]</p> + +<p>When both brackets and parentheses are employed, the +brackets enclose the parentheses: [(—)].</p> + +<p>Parentheses, brackets and dashes do not affect the ordinary +punctuation of the sentence; <i>i.e.</i>, the points +which would be required in the rest of the sentence +if the parentheses, brackets, or dashes, were omitted, +are still used.</p> + +<p>A punctuation mark may be used <i>before</i>, but not after, a +dash.</p> + +<p>Mark with an interrogation point a question expressed +in the form of an assertion: <i>e.g.</i>; “I suppose, Sir, +you are his physician?”</p> + +<p>The plurals of <i>two</i>, <i>three</i>, &c., are written without the +apostrophe: <i>twos</i>, <i>threes</i>, &c. [Written as figures, +these words will have the apostrophe: 2’s, 3’s, &c.]</p> + +<p>A hyphen is used between two substantives expressing +a compound idea, when the second substantive has +lost or changed its accent. Thus: <i>ship-builder</i>, +<i>iron-worker</i>; but <i>master builder</i>, <i>lord chancellor</i>. The +omission of the hyphen may cause confusion when +the compound expression is qualified by an adjective +or an adjectival phrase. <i>E.g.</i>: “A large mill +owner,” may be taken to mean, <i>the owner of a large +mill</i>, instead of, <i>an extensive owner of mills</i>, some of +which may be small. If the former sense is intended, +say, “An owner of a large mill [<i>or</i>, of large +mills].” If the latter, say, “An extensive [<i>or</i>, important]<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span> +owner of mills;” or else use a hyphen: “A +large mill-owner.”</p> + +<p>A hyphen is used between an adjective and its noun +when the two, taken together, form a compound +adjective. <i>E.g.</i>: “High-church principles.” [A +similar remark may be made of adjectives, one +qualifying the other, as: <i>a red-hot poker</i>; also of +an adjective (or an adverb) qualifying a participle +used as an adjective, when the compound expression +precedes the noun, as: a <i>slow-sailing vessel</i>. +When it follows the noun, the hyphen is not required; +as in: “A vessel slow (<i>or</i>, slowly) sailing +o’er the sea.” In the latter case, the participle cannot +be said to be used as an adjective.]</p> + +<p>In writing, it is better to divide syllables according to +sound than according to derivation. <i>E.g.</i>: Epiph-any, +pref-ace.</p> + +<p>When a quotation contains several paragraphs, inverted +commas should be used at the beginning of each +paragraph, but the apostrophes should be omitted +after all the paragraphs except the last one. The +same rule will apply to several stanzas of poetry in +one quotation. When the poetical quotation consists +of verses not separated into stanzas, some +writers use inverted commas before each line. This +is unnecessary: inverted commas before the first +line, and apostrophes after the last, being sufficient.</p> + +<p>Do not write the plural of proper names with an apostrophe. +Write: “I have seen the Smiths” [not, +<i>Smith’s</i>]. “I know the three Marys” [not, <i>Mary’s</i>].</p> +<hr class="r5"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="c8">INDEX</h2> +</div> + + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="ifrst">Apparent, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anticipate, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">All of them, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Analyse, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ale, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accord, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accident, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aggravate, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alternation, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alternative, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Antiquarian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abortive, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adopted, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Antecedents, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Appreciate, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">At auction, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accompanied, by <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anniversary, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Affable, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alike, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Afraid, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Admit, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Allude, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Around, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Avoided, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">All over, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Above, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">At best, at most, at least, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Auxiliary verbs alone, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Advisable, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anxiety of mind, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ascend up, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Among the others, the rest, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Apposition, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Any, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Auxiliary verb omitted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adverb with compound auxiliary verb, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Although, with the subjunctive mood, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">As follows, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Awkward constructions, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adjective for adverb, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Article with appositive nouns, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Article with titles, names, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Article (definite), repetition of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Article (indefinite) after <i>no greater</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adjectives and adverbs after intransitive verbs, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Antecedent to relative pronoun, repeated, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Advantage, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Also, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ability, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Answer, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Amid, amidst, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Among, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abandon, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Assist, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aid, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anger, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accurate, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Authentic, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Admittance, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Admission, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Allow, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Appear, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aware, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accidental, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Acknowledge, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Address, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">And so forth, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Almost, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Announce, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alleviate, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abjure, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Approve, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Agriculturist, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aside, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alone, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arise, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Advance, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Acquaintanceship, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">A day or two, a man or two, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Authoress, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anyhow, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anyway, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Accountable, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Answerable, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Antagonize, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aborigene, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Both of them, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Both, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Balance, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Benefited, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beat, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bound, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">By, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">By the bye, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">By-law, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Banister, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bad cold, bad wound, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Badly, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beg, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Between, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bad orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bona fide, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Been to, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brevity, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Benefit, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bountiful, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bravery, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beneficent, beneficence, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Benevolent, benevolence, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brevity, brief, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blameless, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">But, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Begin, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Become, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Believe, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Body, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Buy, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Backward, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bit, a; not a bit, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brackets, use of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Collect, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Commence, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Condone, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Climax, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Constantly, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Celebrity, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Consequence, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Capricious, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Claim, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Call upon, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Catch, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Consider, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Curious, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caption, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Citizen, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Circumstance, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Couple, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Calibre, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Contention, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Contradistinction, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Can help, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caligraphy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Came near, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Collective nouns, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conditional clause, place of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Connective sentence, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Capacity, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courage, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Concise, conciseness, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Continuous, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Continual, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Character, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conscious, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crime, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Courteous, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Catalogue, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Casual, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Compel, compulsion, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coerce, coercion, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Confess, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Conjecture, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Con-, co-, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Complete, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Custom, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cost, costly, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Consequence, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Concealed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cheap, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Completely, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Converse, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Contented, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Coffin, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cannot but, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Come into collision, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Correct, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Converser, conversationist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Controverter, controversionist, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Church, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Contend against, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Corpulent, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Confirmed invalid, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cablegram, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Comma, use of, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Colon, use of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cardinal numbers, plurals of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Dilemma, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Distinction, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Desirable, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Demean, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Description, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Detect, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dangerous, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deprecate, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Denuded, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Die with, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Directly, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Donate, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dirt road, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Divine, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Depreciate, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Differ with, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Distance, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Differentiate, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Disdain, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dare, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Do, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Double meanings, words with, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Doubtful parts of speech, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Different expressions for same thing, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Descriptive writing, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Desert, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Discriminate, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Distinguish, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Despotism, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Determine, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Directed, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deduction, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Direct, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drive, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Diligent, diligence, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Delusion, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dumb, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Due, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deadly, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dwell, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Diverse, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Down East, down South, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Desirability, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Direful, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Defalcate, defalcation, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Desiderate, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deceased, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dash, use of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Essay, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Expect, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ever so many, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Equally as well as, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Equanimity of mind, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Every, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Executed, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Enact, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Endorse, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Embrace, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Empty, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Experiment, try an, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Every hand, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Either, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Else, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Exemplary, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Experience, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Excessively, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Effluviums, effluviae, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Each, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Every, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emphatic words, place of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emphasis, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Exact, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Evidence, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Epidemic, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Endemic, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Expense, expensive, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Effect, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eternal, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Everlasting, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Etc., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Error, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Entirely, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Enough, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Entire, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Earth, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Exponental, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Earthen, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Enlarge on, upon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Every once in a while, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Electropathy, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Effectuate, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Enjoy oneself, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eventuate, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Environment, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emasculate, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Few, a few, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fault, at; in, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Faithfully promise, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Future, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fetch, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forbid, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ful [adjectives ending in], <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Female, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fall down, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fix, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fly, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Foreign adjectives, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">First person preferred to third, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Force in construction, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Figures of speech, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forsake, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fortuitous, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Finished, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ferment, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Foment, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Faultless, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Falsehood, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Falsity, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Further, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Farther, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fleeting, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Foregoing, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Factory, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forward, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Good bye, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Graphic, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Going to, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grow, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grow small, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Get to, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gubernatorial, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gratuitous, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gerundial infinitive, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gerundial noun, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Genuine, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guided, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Goodness, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Globe, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Golden, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Graceful, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Go ahead, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Got, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Humanitarian, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hardly, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Help-meet, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">High calibre, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Higher stage of perfection, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Highest, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hereabouts, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Habit, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">However, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hidden, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Haste, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hurry, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hindrance, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hardly, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Humor, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Heavy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hebrew, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">House, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hydropathy, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Help, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hyphen, use of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">If, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Invest, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Incorrect orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Individual, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Infallible, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Inaugurate, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Implicit, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">In six months, a year, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Illy, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Identified with, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Interested in, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">In so far as, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Infinitive mood used absolutely, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">If, with the subjunctive mood, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">I, your brother, who begs, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Infinitive with to, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">It, antecedent of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">It, prospective use of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Imperative mood, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Infinitive expressing a purpose, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Introductory expressions, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Induction, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">In spite of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Impediment, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Informed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Instructed, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Indecent, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Immodest, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Instant, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Industrious, industry, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Import, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Illusion, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">In- [prefix], <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Inexorable, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Inflexible, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Idle, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Intent, intention, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Indigence, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Immodest, immodesty, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Incorrect, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Iced-water, iced-cream, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Inform, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ignore, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Impute, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Interrogation mark, use of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Just going to, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Journal, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jewelry, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Join issue, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jar, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jug, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Knight Templar, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kinsman, kinswoman, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Lowest, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Left it alone, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lit, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leave, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lay, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Limited, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loan, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loud, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Length, at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Like, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lesser, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Likewise, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">List, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Low-priced, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lazy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Laudable, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Last, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Latest, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leave, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Language, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loquacious, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Live, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Last two weeks, last six months, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lenity, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Land, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Leading article, leader, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lengthwise, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lose oneself, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Line of goods, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lots, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Less guilty, least guilty, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Myself, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Masses, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">More of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mistaken, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Miasma, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Make, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Multitude, nouns of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mathematics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Metaphysics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Minimizing expressions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monotonous final emphasis, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Metaphors, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mistake of subject, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Moment, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Meaning, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Malice, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marital, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Matrimonial, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mistake, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mute, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Merely, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Meed, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mitigate, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Morrow, the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Months, the, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Much, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Muscular, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Malaprop, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">More guilty, most guilty, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Neither, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> + +<li class="indx">No good, no use, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Novitiate, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Name, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">No one, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">No--or, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Not as, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">No--no--are, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nasty, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Never remember, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Next Sunday, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Never, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Not think, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nothing like so, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Near, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">New beginners, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nobody’s else, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Not--or, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">None, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Need, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Not only--but also, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">New construction, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Notwithstanding, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nevertheless, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nearly, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Neglectful, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Negligent, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Necessitate, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">One of the greatest, if not the greatest, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Orthography, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Orthoepy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">On the street, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Old news, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">One, one’s, ones, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Over and above, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Over his signature, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Observe, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ovation, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Other than, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Old veterans, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Omission of present participle, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">One and only one subject of thought, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Object place of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Obstacle, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Owing, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">On, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Obstinate, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Origin, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oppose, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">One to another, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oneself, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oversee, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Offensive, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ordinal numbers, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Opine, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Out West, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Out of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Paralyse, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proposition, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pocket-hand-kerchief, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pretend, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Preposterous, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Previous, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Partially, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">People, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plural forms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Privilege, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Present participle, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plastic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pell-mell, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Providing, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Presume, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Period, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Persuaded, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Partake, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Per, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Past tense, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Point of view, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Prefer to walk to ride, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Position of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Position of <i>of</i>, <i>both</i>, <i>even</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Possessive case, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Physics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Participle used absolutely, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Preposition, sentence ending with, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Particular terms for general, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Participial phrase, place of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pronouns at end of proposition, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Participial constructions, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pronouns, agreement of, in metaphorical language, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Permit, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Plentiful, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Polite, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Polished, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pitcher, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Praiseworthy, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Perspicacity, perspicacious, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Perspicuous, perspicuity, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Perpetually, perpetual, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proclaim, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Purpose, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Poverty, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pauperism, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Piety, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Powerful, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Poetess, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ponder over, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Practitioner, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Presidential, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proven, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Particle, a; not a particle, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Period, use of, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parentheses, use of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proper names, plurals of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Quite, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quarter to ten, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Question, for emphasis, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quit, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quotation marks, use of, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Refer, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rise up, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reflexive pronouns, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Replace, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Right, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rarely, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recommend, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rendition, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reverend, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Road takes, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Remit, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repetition of subject <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Relative pronoun, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repetition of preposition, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repetition of sign of the infinitive, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repetition of subordinate conjunctions, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Relative clause, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repetition of meaning, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reply, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reputation, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Resolve, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ride, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Result, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reticence, reticent, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reserve, reserved, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reverse, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recompense, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reward, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robbery, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Remember, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recollect, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Religion, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Relieve, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recant, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rend, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rich, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Railway, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rostrum, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rehabilitate, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Recuperate, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Right off, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Right away, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reliable, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Repudiate, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Sugar, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sink down, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subsequent, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scarce, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Species, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shall have the pleasure, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seldom or ever, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spare, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sensation, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Since, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">So much so, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Summons, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Such another, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Superior, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Supposititious, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Settle, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Such, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Storms, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Splendid, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Summer’s Morning, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Strata, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stand-point, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sincere, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scorn, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Small, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Statu quo, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Statics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subjunctive mood, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Some, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subject pronoun repeated, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shall and will, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sentence, end of, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Suspense, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subject, place of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Short, “chippy” endings, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Synonyms, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seem, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sin, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Surmise, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Still, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Secret, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sense, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Slothful, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spite, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Simply, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scarcely, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sewerage, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sewage, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spontaneous, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sociable, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Social, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Satisfied, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sufficient, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Strong, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stubborn, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Safety, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Security, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subdue, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Subjugate, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Source, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sidewise, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seeming, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Self-same, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Say, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Station, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sympathy, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Should rather, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Short words and phrases, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spread, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Suicide, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scientist, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stump, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seeming paradox, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Semi-colon, use of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Syllabication, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Tea, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Than, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Take some meat, dinner, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Taxes, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Though, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thereabouts, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">That far, much, many, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">The more, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">This seven years, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">That [relative], <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Than whom, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx">This sort, kind, way, manner, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">There is, are, will be, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Twice, making statement, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Technical terms, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tyranny, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Testimony, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Taught, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Take issue, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Theft, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tear, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tongue, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Transient, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Transitory, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trivial, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trifling, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Talkative, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Totally, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Toward, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Truthfulness, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tangental, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thus, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tiresome, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">That much, that little, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Unanimity of mind, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Underhanded, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Utter, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ultimate, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Unemphatic word at end of proposition, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Usage, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Un- [prefix], <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Upon, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Unexpressed, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Unaccountable, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Unanswerable, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Undesirability, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Unreliable, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Up North, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Valuable, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Very, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vicinity, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Verb, number of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Verbal clauses, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Valor, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vice, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Virtue, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Voluntary, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vulgar, vulgarity, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Variance, at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Violoncello, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Various, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vacant, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Voice, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Whether, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wrong orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Winter’s morning, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whereabouts, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whomsoever, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Where--to, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Witness, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">What for, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Widow woman, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">We, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whether or no, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whole of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Winsome, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Worse, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Want, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whether--or, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Will and shall, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Who, which, that, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Word for phrase, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wrath, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Willing, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whole, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wit, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">World, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wholly, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wast, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Would rather, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + +<li class="indx">With reference to, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Yesterday’s Times, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Yours &c., <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + +<li class="indx">You, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Yet, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> + + +<li class="ifrst">Zeugma, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +</ul> + + + +<div class="figcenter1"> +<img src="images/fig1.jpg" alt="decoration"> +</div> + + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="c large sp sans"><i>D. APPLETON & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p><b>ERRORS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH.</b> By the late <span class="smcap">William +B. Hodgson</span>, LL. D., Professor of Political Economy in the University +of Edinburgh. American revised edition. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“This posthumous work of Dr. Hodgson deserves a hearty welcome, for it is +sure to do good service for the object it has in view—improved accuracy in the +use of the English language.... Perhaps its chief use will be in very distinctly +proving with what wonderful carelessness or incompetency the English language +is generally written. For the examples of error here brought together are not +picked from obscure or inferior writings. Among the grammatical sinners whose +trespasses are here recorded appear many of our best-known authors and publications.”—<i>The +Academy.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR OF WILLIAM COBBETT.</b> +Carefully revised and annotated by <span class="smcap">Alfred Ayres</span>. With Index. +18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“I know it well, and have read it with great admiration.”—<span class="smcap">Richard Grant +White.</span></p> + +<p>“Cobbett’s Grammar is probably the most readable grammar ever written. +For the purposes of self-education it is unrivaled. Persons that studied grammar +when at school and failed to comprehend its principles—and there are many such—as +well as those that never have studied grammar at all, will find the book +specially suited to their needs. Any one of average intelligence that will give it +a careful reading will be rewarded with at least a tolerable knowledge of the +subject, as nothing could be more simple or more lucid than its expositions.”—<i>From +the Preface.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>THE ORTHOEPIST</b>: A Pronouncing Manual, containing about +Three Thousand Five Hundred Words, including a Considerable +Number of the Names of Foreign Authors, Artists, etc., that are +often mispronounced. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Ayres</span>. 18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“It gives us pleasure to say that we think the author, in the treatment of this +very difficult and intricate subject, English pronunciation, gives proof of not only +an unusual degree of orthoepical knowledge, but also, for the most part, of rare +judgment and taste.”—<span class="smcap">Joseph Thomas</span>, LL. D., <i>in Literary World</i>.</p> +</div> + + +<p><b>THE VERBALIST</b>: A Manual devoted to Brief Discussions of the +Right and the Wrong Use of Words, and to some other matters of +Interest to those who would Speak and Write with Propriety, including +a Treatise on Punctuation. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Ayres</span>. 18mo, cloth, +extra, $1.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“This is the best kind of an English grammar. It teaches the right use of +our mother-tongue by giving instances of the wrong use of it, and showing why +they are wrong.”—<i>The Churchman.</i></p> + +<p>“Every one can learn something from this volume, and most of us a great +deal.”—<i>Springfield Republican.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p class="c sp"><i>THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS COMPLETE.</i></p> + + + +<p><b>A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS OF KING GEORGE IV +AND KING WILLIAM IV.</b> By the late <span class="smcap">Charles C. F. Greville</span>, +Esq., Clerk of the Council to those Sovereigns. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Henry Reeve</span>, Registrar of the Privy Council. Two vols. 12mo. +Cloth, $4.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Since the publication of Horace Walpole’s Letters, no book of greater historical +interest has seen the light than the Greville Memoirs. It throws a curious, +and, we may almost say, a terrible light on the conduct and character of the public +men in England under the reigns of George IV and William IV. Its descriptions +of those kings and the kinfolk are never likely to be forgotten.”—<i>New +York Times.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>A JOURNAL OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, +FROM 1837 TO 1852.</b> The “Greville Memoirs,” Second Part. +By the late <span class="smcap">Charles Greville</span>, Clerk of the Council. Uniform with +Part First. Two vols. 12mo. Cloth, $4.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Mr. Greville’s Diary is one of the most important contributions which have +ever been made to the political history of the middle of the nineteenth century. +He is a graphic and powerful writer; and his usual habit of making the record +while the impression of the events was fresh upon his mind, gives his sketches +of persons and places, and his accounts of conversations, great vividness. The +volumes will be read with as much interest for their sketches of social life as for +their political value.”—<i>London Daily News.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>A JOURNAL OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, +FROM 1852 TO 1860.</b> By the late <span class="smcap">Charles Greville</span>, Esq., +Clerk of the Council. Being third and concluding part of the “Greville +Memoirs.” One vol. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>The preceding volumes of the “Greville Memoirs” consist of “A Journal of +the Reign of King George IV and King William IV” in two vols.; and “A Journal +of the Reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1852,” in two vols. Price in +each case, per vol., $2.00.</p> + +<p>This volume, in addition to personal anecdotes, deals with many important +events, such, for instance, as the re-establishment of the French Empire, the +Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, and the Italian War.</p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p><b>THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE-BOOK</b>, COMPRISING +A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, A +CHRONOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, +A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. With Geographical Notes. +For the Use of Students, Teachers, and Readers. Second edition. +By <span class="smcap">Louis Heilprin</span>. Crown 8vo, 579 pages. Half leather, $3.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“A second, revised edition of Mr. Louis Heilprin’s ‘Historical Reference-Book’ +has just appeared, marking the well-earned success of this admirable +work—a dictionary of dates, a dictionary of events (with a special gazetteer for +all the places mentioned), and a concise biographical dictionary, all in one, and all +in the highest degree trustworthy. Mr. Heilprin’s revision is as thorough as his +original work. Any one can test it by running ever the list of persons deceased +since this manual first appeared.”—<i>Evening Post.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p><b>CHINA.</b> TRAVELS AND INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MIDDLE +KINGDOM. A Study of Its Civilization and Possibilities. <span class="smcap">With +A Glance at Japan.</span> By <span class="smcap">James Harrison Wilson</span>, late Major-General +United States Volunteers, and Brevet Major-General United +States Army. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + + +<p><b>ROUNDABOUT TO MOSCOW.</b> AN EPICUREAN JOURNEY. +By <span class="smcap">John Bell Bouton</span>, author of “Round the Block.” 12mo. +Cloth, ornamented cover, Russian title-page, 421 pages, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“This genial book gives the first truly American view of the land of Nihilists +and Novelists. The author exposes and playfully ridicules the current English +misrepresentations of Russia. His epicurean circuit for getting into and out of +the empire includes nearly every country of Europe. He keeps on the track of +all the comforts and luxuries required by American travelers. Tourists will find +the volume a boon companion. But it is no less designed to please those who +stay at home and travel only by book.”</p> +</div> + + +<p><b>BRAZIL</b>: ITS CONDITION AND PROSPECTS. By <span class="smcap">C. C. Andrews</span>, +ex-Consul-General to Brazil; formerly U. S. Minister to Norway and +Sweden. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>CONTENTS: Prefatory. Voyage to Brazil. Getting to Housekeeping. Rio +and its People. Life and Manners. The Emperor of Brazil. Tijuca—Pedra Bonita. +Situation, Resources, and Climate. American-Brazilian Relations. A Trip +into the Interior. Visit to a Coffee-Plantation. Public Instruction. Local Administration. +Parliamentary Government. Brazilian Literature. Agriculture +and Stock-raising. The Amazon Valley. Beasts of Prey. Slavery and Emancipation. +The Religious Orders. Public Lands and Immigration.</p> + +<p>“I hope I may be able to present some facts in respect to the present situation +of Brazil which will be both instructive and entertaining to general readers. My +means of acquaintance with that empire are principally derived from a residence +of three years at Rio de Janeiro, its capital, while employed in the service of the +United States Government, during which period I made a few journeys into the +interior.”—<i>From the Preface.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>A STUDY OF MEXICO.</b> By <span class="smcap">David A. Wells</span>, LL.D., D.C.L. +12mo. Cloth, $1.00; paper cover, 50 cents.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Mr. Wells’s showing is extremely interesting, and its value is great. Nothing +like it has been published in many years.”—<i>New York Times.</i></p> + +<p>“Mr. Wells sketches broadly but in firm lines Mexico’s physical geography, +her race inheritance, political history, social condition, and present government.”—<i>New +York Evening Post.</i></p> + +<p>“Several efforts have been made to satisfy the growing desire for information +relating to Mexico since that country has become connected by railways with the +United States. But we have seen no book upon this subject by an American +writer which is so satisfactory on the score of knowledge and trustworthiness +as ‘A Study of Mexico,’ by David A. Wells.”—<i>New York Sun.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>IN THE BRUSH</b>; OR, OLD-TIME SOCIAL AND POLITICAL +LIFE IN THE SOUTHWEST. By <span class="smcap">H. W. Pierson</span>, D. D. With +Illustrations by W. L. Sheppard. 16mo. Cloth, $1.50. New cheap +edition, paper, 50 cents.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“It has peculiar attractions in its literary methods, its rich and quiet humor, +and the genial spirit of its author.”—<i>The Critic.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + + +<p><b>PROVERBS FROM PLYMOUTH PULPIT.</b> SELECTED +FROM THE WRITINGS AND SAYINGS OF HENRY WARD +BEECHER. Revised in part by Mr. <span class="smcap">Beecher</span>, and under revision +by him at the time of his death. 12mo. Cloth, gilt top, $1.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Pithy, piquant, and picturesque sentences from the writings of the late +Henry Ward Beecher. They are admirably selected to show the author’s characteristics. +In the main they enhance one’s appreciation of his excellences.”—<i>New +York Home Journal.</i></p> + +<p>“The wisdom and the world-knowledge of the great preacher have a brilliant +exemplification in this book, which, wherever it may be opened, presents with +the terseness and point of an epigram impressive thoughts in abundance and of +a nature that stimulates reflection and edifies the understanding.”—<i>Boston +Gazette.</i></p> + +<p>“In these wise and witty utterances may be found the quintessence of Mr. +Beecher’s ideas about religion, morals, nature, art, and man in all his relations +to life and eternity. Mr. Beecher looked for himself and did his own thinking. +The result is an actual contribution to the proverbial philosophy of the world +which will compare favorably with the most brilliant dicta of any other modern +man.”—<i>New York Journal of Commerce.</i></p> + +<p>“If not always original, these selections are generally quaint and forcible. +We append a specimen or two: ‘The piety of impossible boys is monstrous. A +man’s experience stuffed into a little boy is simply monstrous. The world is +soundly skeptical of the whole school of juvenile <i>paté-de-foie-gras</i> piety.’ ‘There +are many men who would not blaspheme—oh no! but they will use cowards’ +oaths. They will not say “By Jehovah!” but they will say “By Jupiter!”’”—<i>New +York Sun.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>TWELVE LECTURES TO YOUNG MEN</b>, ON VARIOUS +IMPORTANT SUBJECTS. By Rev. <span class="smcap">Henry Ward Beecher</span>. Revised +edition. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p><i>CONTENTS.</i>—Industry and Idleness; Twelve Causes of Dishonesty; +Six Warnings; Portrait Gallery; Gamblers and Gambling; The Strange +Woman; Popular Amusements; Practical Hints; Profane Swearing; +Vulgarity; Happiness; Temperance.</p> +</div> + + +<p><b>HISTORY OF THE OPINIONS ON THE SCRIPTURAL +DOCTRINE OF RETRIBUTION.</b> By <span class="smcap">Edward Beecher</span>, +D. D., author of “The Conflict of Ages.” 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>The momentous question of future retribution is here historically discussed +with an earnestness and deliberation due to its transcendent importance. The +main interest of the inquiry naturally centers in the doom of the wicked. Will +it be annihilation? ultimate restoration to holiness and happiness? endless punishment? +or is it out of power to decide which of these views is the truth? +The discussion is intensified by being narrowed to the meaning of a single word, +<i>aionios</i>. The opinions of those to whom Christ spoke, and how they understood +him, are vital questions in the argument; and, to solve them, the opinions and +modes of speech of preceding ages must be attentively weighed, for each age is +known to have molded the opinions and use of words of its successor. Hence, +Dr. Beecher has found himself compelled to “trace the development of thought +and language from the outset to the days of Christ, then to inquire into the import +of his words, in the light of all preceding ages; and, lastly, to trace the development +of opinion downward through the Christian ages.”</p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p class="c sp">EDNA LYALL’S NOVELS.</p> + + + +<p><b>DONOVAN</b>: A MODERN ENGLISHMAN. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“This story is told with vigor and intelligence, and throughout the book is well +imagined and well written. It is a novel of sterling merit, being fresh and original +in conception, thoroughly healthy in tone, interesting in detail, and sincere and capable +in execution.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>WE TWO.</b> 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Well written and full of interest. The story abounds with a good many light +touches, and is certainly far from lacking in incident.”—<i>Times.</i></p> + +<p>“We recommend all novel-readers to read this novel with the care which such a +strong, uncommon, and thoughtful book demands and deserves.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>WON BY WAITING.</b> 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters—the learned Cornelia especially; +the little impulsive French heroine, who endures their cold hospitality and at +last wins their affection, is thoroughly charming; while throughout the book there +runs a golden thread of pure brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds us +that the making and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum total of real life.”—<i>Academy.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>KNIGHT-ERRANT.</b> 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“‘Knight-Errant’ is marked by the author’s best qualities as a writer of fiction, +and displays on every page the grace and quiet power of the former works.”—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> + +<p>“Among all the stories, real or fictitious, of Italian brigandage which we have +read, there is none more striking, picturesque, and terrible than this.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>IN THE GOLDEN DAYS.</b> 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Miss Lyall has given us a vigorous study of such life and character as are really +worth reading about. The central figure of her story is Algernon Sydney; and this +figure she invests with a singular dignity and power. He always appears with effect +but no liberties are taken with the facts of his life. The plot is adapted with great +felicity to them. His part in it, absolutely consistent as it is with historical truth, +gives it reality as well as dignity. Some of the scenes are remarkably vivid. The +escape is an admirable narrative, which almost makes one hold one’s breath as one +reads.”—<i>Spectator.</i></p> + +<p>“‘In the Golden Days’ is an excellent novel of a kind we are always particularly +glad to recommend. It has a good foundation of plot and incident, a thoroughly +noble and wholesome motive, a hero who really acts and suffers heroically, and two +very nice heroines. The historical background is very carefully indicated, but is never +allowed to become more than background.”—<i>Guardian.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + +<p><b>THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION +OF ANIMALS.</b> By <span class="smcap">Angelo Heilprin</span>, Professor +of Invertebrate Paleontology at the Academy of Natural Sciences, +Philadelphia, etc. 12mo. $2.00.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“An important contribution to physical science is Angelo Heilprin’s ‘Geographical +and Geological Distribution of Animals.’ The author has aimed to +present to his readers such of the more significant facts connected with the past +and present distribution of animal life as might lead to a proper conception of +the relations of existing fauna, and also to furnish the student with a work of +general reference, wherein the more salient features of the geography and geology +of animal forms could be readily ascertained. While this book is addressed +chiefly to the naturalist, it contains much information, particularly on the subject +of the geographical distribution of animals, the rapidly increasing growth of +some species and the gradual extinction of others, which will interest and instruct +the general reader. Mr. Heilprin is no believer in the doctrine of independent +creation, but holds that animate nature must be looked upon as a concrete +whole.”—<i>New York Sun.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>MICROBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS.</b> By <span class="smcap">E. L. Trouessart</span>. +With 107 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“Microbes are everywhere; every species of plant has its special parasites, +the vine having more than one hundred foes of this kind. Fungi of a microscopic +size, they have their uses in nature, since they clear the surface of the earth from +dead bodies and fecal matter, from all dead and useless substances which are the +refuse of life, and return to the soil the soluble mineral substances from which +plants are derived. All fermented liquors, wine, beer, vinegar, etc., are artificially +produced by the species of microbes called ferments; they also cause bread to +rise. Others are injurious to us, for in the shape of spores and seeds they enter +our bodies with air and water and cause a large number of the diseases to which +the flesh is heir. Many physicians do not accept the microbian theory, considering +that when microbes are found in the blood they are neither the cause of the +disease, nor the contagious element, nor the vehicle of contagion. In France the +opponents of the microbian theory are Robin, Bechamp, and Jousset de Bellesme; +in England, Lewis and Lionel Beale. The writer comes to the conclusion that +Pasteur’s microbian theory is the only one that explains all facts.”—<i>New York +Times.</i></p> +</div> + + +<p><b>EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER EARTH MOVEMENTS.</b> +By <span class="smcap">John Milne</span>, Professor of Mining and Geology in the Imperial +College of Engineering, Tokio, Japan. With 38 Illustrations. 12mo. +Cloth, $1.75.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> + +<p>“In this little book Professor Milne has endeavored to bring together all that +is known concerning the nature and causes of earthquake movements. His task +was one of much difficulty. Professor Milne’s excellent work in the science of +seismology has been done in Japan, in a region of incessant shocks of sufficient +energy to make observation possible, yet, with rare exceptions, of no disastrous +effects. He has had the good fortune to be aided by Mr. Thomas Gray, a gentleman +of great constructive skill, as well as by Professors J. A. Ewing, W. S. Chaplin, +and his other colleagues in the scientific colony which has gathered about the +Imperial University of Japan. To these gentlemen we owe the best of our science +of seismology, for before their achievements we had nothing of value concerning +the physical conditions of earthquakes except the great works of Robert +Mallet; and Mallet, with all his genius and devotion to the subject, had but few +chances to observe the actual shocks, and so failed to understand many of their +important features.”—<i>The Nation.</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="r5"> + + +<p class="c sp">New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. +</p> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="transnote"> + +<p class="c">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> + +<p>In many areas the author has paid scant attention to alphabetical<br> order. This is retained.</p> + +<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.</p> + +<p>Perceived typographical errors have been changed.</p> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79050 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/79050-h/images/cover.jpg b/79050-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfc5920 --- /dev/null +++ b/79050-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/79050-h/images/fig1.jpg b/79050-h/images/fig1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb7c8bf --- /dev/null +++ b/79050-h/images/fig1.jpg |
