Initial commit of ebook 79050 filesHEADmain

1 files changed, 5045 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/79050-0.txt b/79050-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2402d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/79050-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5045 @@
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79050 ***
+
+
+
+
+                               SLIPS OF
+
+                            TONGUE AND PEN
+
+
+                                  BY
+                        J. H. LONG, M.A., LL.B.
+
+
+                               NEW YORK
+                        D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+                                 1888
+
+
+                         _Authorized Edition._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+
+                                              PAGE.
+
+  COMMON ERRORS                                   1
+
+  GRAMMATICAL POINTS                             32
+
+  GENERAL SUGGESTIONS UPON COMPOSITION           47
+
+  WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED, SYNONYMS, OPPOSITES      55
+
+  PREFER                                         80
+
+  OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND PHRASES                84
+
+  NOTES ON PUNCTUATION                           88
+
+  INDEX                                          93
+
+
+
+
+COMMON ERRORS
+
+
+Do not say, “The truth of that is _apparent_.” [Use _obvious_ or
+_evident_. _Apparent_ or _seeming_ is opposed to _real_; _obvious_ or
+_evident_, to _obscure_.]
+
+Do not use _anticipate_ for _expect_. [_Anticipate_ means to reach
+before, to take before, to forestall, as: “I anticipated all his
+wishes.”]
+
+Do not say, _all of them_, _both of them_, for _they_ [or _them_]
+_all_, _both_, respectively.
+
+Do not spell with _z_ _analyse_, _paralyse_, and other words derived
+from the Greek luo, lusis.
+
+Do not use _ale_, _tea_, _sugar_, &c., in the plural. [Instead of
+saying, “I have excellent teas, ales and sugars,” say, “I have
+excellent tea, ale and sugar, of various qualities] [or, at various
+prices, &c.]”
+
+Do not use _accord_ for _grant_ or _give_. [_Accord_, intransitive,
+means to agree or harmonize; transitive, it means to give or grant; but
+it carries with it the idea of great condescension, _e.g._: “Pallas
+accords their vow.” In ordinary prose it should be employed but rarely.]
+
+Do not use _accident_ for _wound_ or _hurt_. [_Accident_ means
+misfortune or calamity, _e.g._: “In the railway accident the man was
+badly injured.”]
+
+Do not use _aggravate_ for _irritate_ or _vex_. [_Aggravate_ means to
+render heavy or more difficult, _e.g._: “The guilt was aggravated by
+the circumstances of the crime.”]
+
+Do not use _alternation_ for _series_ or _succession_. [_Alternation_
+is reciprocal succession, _e.g._: “The alternation of red and white
+balls on the string produced a very pretty effect.”]
+
+Do not use _alternative_ [in the plural] as equivalent to _things to be
+chosen from or among_. [_Alternative_ is the choice itself, and should,
+properly speaking, be restricted to a choice between two things,
+_e.g._: “My alternative was escape or death.”]
+
+Do not use _antiquarian_ [as a noun] for _antiquary_. [_Antiquarian_ is
+an adjective.]
+
+Do not use _abortive_ of acts. [It may be used of plans or attempts;
+but it is, at the best, an inelegant word.]
+
+Do not say, “The measures _adopted_ by Congress for the quelling of the
+rebellion &c.” Say, “The measures decided upon or taken &c.” [_Adopted_
+is correctly employed in such a sentence as, “The report upon ways and
+means was adopted.”]
+
+Do not say, “His _antecedents_ are bad.” Say, “His past history [or,
+his reputation] is bad.”
+
+Do not use _appreciate_ for _value highly_. [_Appreciate_ is to value
+correctly or justly.] Say, therefore, “I prize [or value] that horse
+highly;” not, “I appreciate &c.”
+
+Do not say, _at auction_ but _by auction_.
+
+Do not say, “The wind was _accompanied_ [or attended] _by_ rain &c.”
+Use _with_ of things [unless personified]; _by_, of persons.
+
+Do not use _anniversary_ of celebrations that are not yearly. Thus,
+not, _a centennial anniversary_; but, _a centennial celebration_,
+_festival_, &c.
+
+Do not use _affable_ as an exact synonym for _kindly_ or
+_good-natured_. [_Affable_ is properly applied to the bearing of
+superiors towards inferiors, not to the bearing of equals towards
+equals.]
+
+Do not say, “Both are _alike_;” say, “They [or they two] are alike.”
+_Both_ denotes union; _alike_, separation.
+
+Do not say, “I am _afraid_ it will rain.” Say, “I _fear_ it will rain.”
+
+Do not say, “That _admits of_ no doubt.” [Leave out the _of_.]
+
+Do not say, “He _alludes_ [or refers] to Mr. Smith,” when you mean that
+he merely names Mr. Smith. Say, “He means Mr. Smith.” [The real meaning
+of _allude or refer to_ is to touch lightly upon, to call attention to,
+delicately or indirectly.]
+
+Do not say, “He went _around_ the world.” It should be, “He went round
+&c.” [_Around_ denotes rest--“The shelves are around the room;” _round_
+denotes motion.]
+
+Do not say, “He remained there no longer than could be _avoided_.”
+[Logically, it ought to be, _than could not be avoided_; but, as
+this is a very inelegant expression, use some other form, _e.g._:
+“He remained there no longer than was unavoidable,” or, “than was
+necessary.”]
+
+Do not say, “I went _all over_ the town,” for “I went _over all_ the
+town.”
+
+Do not use _above_ as an attributive adjective. Say, “the _foregoing_
+[or _preceding_] paragraph,” not “the _above_ paragraph.”
+
+Do not say, “He is as rich, or richer, _than_ my brother.” [It should
+be, “He is _as_ rich _as_, or &c.” If preferred, the form of the
+sentence may be changed, “He is as rich as my brother, or richer.”]
+
+Do not say, “John and James _both_ are here.” It should be, “Both John
+and James are here.”
+
+Do not use _balance_ for remainder. [_Balance_ is the excess of one
+thing over another, _i.e._, what will make them balance.]
+
+Do not spell _benefited_ with two _t’s_.
+
+Do not use _to beat_ for _to defeat_. _E.g._: “The army was beaten,” is
+incorrect. [_Beat_ means to strike or hit.]
+
+Do not say, _at best_, _at most_, _at least_ [the last two in reference
+to quantity.] Use the article--at _the_ best &c.
+
+Do not say, “He is _bound_ to go,” for, “He intends to go,” or, “He is
+determined to go.”
+
+Do not spell _bye_ in _by-the-bye_ without the _e_. [_Bye_ is an old
+word meaning place. So _by-the-bye_ is by the place, _i.e._, passing by
+the place, or digressing from the main subject. Still, it is customary
+to write _by-law_, although _bye-law_ is sometimes seen. In _good-bye_
+bye is, of course, a contraction for _be with ye_, _i.e._, “God be with
+ye.”]
+
+Do not use _banister_ for _baluster_ or _balustrade_.
+
+Do not say, “He was killed _by_ a bullet.” Use _with_. [_By_ denotes
+conscious agency; _with_, unconscious instrumentality. _By_ expresses
+indirect; _with_, direct agency.] So, a man is killed _with_ an axe,
+_by_ a man. When the unconscious instrument is personified, _by_ may be
+used, _e.g._, “The man was struck _by_ lightning.”
+
+Do not say, “He has a _bad_ cold, a _bad_ wound, &c.” Use some other
+adjective--_severe_, _dangerous_, &c.
+
+Do not say, “I wish very _badly_ to do so.” Use _very much_, _greatly_,
+or some other adverbial expression.
+
+Do not say, “I _beg_ to say &c.,” for “I beg _leave_ to say &c.”
+
+Do not use _between_ of more than two objects. Use _among_. “I live
+between Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown.” “I live _among_ friends.” [_Between_
+is often incorrectly employed in such expressions as, “The distance
+between each post was twenty feet.” There can be no distance _between
+one_ thing. A different turn must be given to such a sentence; _e.g._:
+“The distance from each post to the next one was &c.;” or, “The
+distance between any two consecutive posts was &c.”]
+
+Do not speak of _collecting_ a bill. The items or the various moneys
+or amounts constituting a bill may be collected. [It is impossible to
+collect one thing only.]
+
+Do not use an infinitive as the object of _commence_ or _essay_. [There
+is no necessity for using commence at all. _Begin_ is a much better
+word.]
+
+Do not use _condone_ for _atone for_ or _palliate_. [_Condone_ is
+simply to forgive, as applied to things.]
+
+Do not use _climax_ for _acme_ or _highest point_. [_Climax_ is a
+ladder or gradual ascent, not the top of the ladder.]
+
+Do not use _constantly_ for _often_ or _continually_. [_Constantly_
+means firmly or steadfastly; as, “He kept his eyes fixed constantly on
+the goal.”]
+
+Do not use _celebrity_ for _celebrated person_. [_Celebrity_ means
+renown; _e.g._: “A man of celebrity in Science.”]
+
+Do not use _consequence_ for _importance_ or _moment_. [_Consequence_
+means result.]
+
+Do not say, “He is of a _capricious mind_.” Say simply, “He is
+capricious.”
+
+Do not use _claim_ for _assert_ or _say_.
+
+Do not use _upon_ for _on_, after _to call_. _E.g._: “He called on [not
+upon] me.”
+
+Do not say, “I cannot _catch_ the train,” for “I cannot catch up to
+[or, with] the train.”
+
+Do not use _consider_ for _deem_ or _think_. [_Consider_ means to
+ponder.]
+
+Do not use _curious_ for _strange_ or _remarkable_.
+
+Do not use _caption_ for _heading_. [_Caption_ means taking, or
+capture.]
+
+Do not use _citizen_ for _person_.
+
+Do not use _circumstance_ for _event_ or _occurrence_. [A
+_Circumstance_ is “something pertaining to a fact, but not essential
+thereto.”]
+
+Do not use _may_, _can_, _must_, _shall_, _will_, and other auxiliary
+verbs _alone_, unless the form of the preceding principal verb may be
+repeated without change after the auxiliary. _E.g._: “He did as well as
+he _could_,” is incorrect. “He will do as well as he _can_,” is correct.
+
+Do not use _couple_ for _two_, unless the persons or things spoken of
+are joined, either literally or figuratively. Thus, speak of a _happy
+couple_ [a man and wife], or of a _couple of handcuffs_, but not of a
+_couple_ of dollars.
+
+Do not use _calibre_ [figuratively] of things. It is applicable to
+persons only.
+
+Do not use _contention_ of an individual act: a _contest_, _struggle_,
+_combat_. [_Contention_ implies habit or custom; _e.g._: “He displayed
+a spirit of contention through all the negotiations.”]
+
+Do not say, “He was _on_ the horns of a dilemma.” [_Dilemma_ means “two
+enclosing positions terminating in what may be called horns.” Say,
+therefore, “He was _between_ the horns of a dilemma;” or, “He was in a
+dilemma.”]
+
+Do not say, “In distinction [or contradistinction] _to_.” [Use _from_.]
+
+Do not say, “It _would be desirable_ [or _advisable_] to go away.” Say,
+“It _is_ desirable [or advisable] to go away.”
+
+Do not use _demean_ for _bemean_. To _demean oneself_ is to behave
+oneself; _to bemean oneself_ is to lower or disgrace oneself.
+
+Do not say, “Goods of that _description_,” for “goods of that kind
+or sort.” [Confine _description_ to the meaning of _explanation_ or
+_recital_.]
+
+Do not use _detect_ for _distinguish_, _see_, _make out_. [_Detect_
+means to bring to light, to reveal, to expose.] Thus, “The criminals
+were detected in their crime,” is correct. “The peasants could be
+detected at once,” is incorrect.
+
+Do not use _dangerous_ for _very ill_ or _in danger_.
+
+Do not use _denuded_ as an exact equivalent of _bare_. [A thing cannot
+be denuded of that which it has never had.]
+
+Do not use _deprecate_ for _condemn_ or _censure_. [_Deprecate_ means
+to beg off or pray exemption from. _E.g.:_ “I deprecate the infliction
+of the death penalty upon the prisoner.”]
+
+Do not say, “He died _with_ a disease.” [Use _of_.]
+
+Do not use _directly_ for _as soon as_. [Say, “As soon as he came in,
+he went out again;” not, “Directly he &c., &c.”]
+
+Do not use _donate_ for _give_, unless the gift is princely in amount
+or made with great ceremony.
+
+Do not say _a dirt road_ for _a sand_ [or _earth or gravel_, &c.] road.
+
+Do not use _divine_ [as a noun] for _clergyman_, _minister_,
+_preacher_, &c.
+
+Do not say, “That property has _depreciated in value_.” _Depreciate_
+alone means to fall in value. _In value_ is therefore pleonastic.
+[_Depreciate_ is either transitive (to bring down the value of)
+or intransitive (to fall in value). The former is said to be the
+preferable use, but the latter is the more common use.]
+
+Do not say, “I _differ with_ you upon that point.” Say, “I _differ
+from_ you &c.” [_Differ with_ is sometimes used for quarrel with, or
+have a misunderstanding with. This use is, however, rather rare.]
+
+Do not say, “He lives _some distance_ from here.” Say, “He lives _at
+some distance_ &c.”
+
+Do not use _differentiate_ for _distinguish_. [_Differentiate_ should
+be confined to mathematical and other scientific expressions.]
+
+Do not employ _expect_ for _think_ or _believe_. [_Expect_ means to
+look forward to, and should be used only of the future.]
+
+Do not say, “He has lost ever so many horses.” If used at all, the
+expression should be, “_never so many_.”
+
+Do not say _equally as well as_. Say, _equally well_, or _as well as_.
+
+Do not say _equanimity of mind_, _anxiety of mind_, _unanimity of
+mind_. That is, do not use compounds of _animus_ or _anima_ along with
+_mind_, _temper_, _spirit_, _affection_, &c.; as such expressions are
+pleonastic. [So, _unity_ or _agreement of mind_ is a better expression
+than _equanimity of mind_.]
+
+Do not say, “I have _every_ confidence in him,” for, “I have _the
+greatest_ [or _entire_] confidence in him.”
+
+Do not use _executed_ for _put to death_. [Laws or sentences are
+_executed_ (_i.e._, carried out), and the criminal is hanged or shot or
+otherwise killed.]
+
+Do not use _enact_ for _act_. _To enact_ is to establish by law, to
+decree, to perform. [So say, “A law was passed”--not enacted; but, “It
+was enacted by law that all murderers should be put to death.”]
+
+Do not use _endorse_ for _approve of_, _applaud_, _sanction_. Confine
+the employment of _endorse_ to its ordinary commercial meaning.
+
+Do not use _embrace_ for _comprise_.
+
+Do not use _empty_ for _discharge_ or _flow into_ [of a river].
+
+Do not say, “He _tried an experiment_.” [This is tautological, as
+an experiment is a trial. The expression should be, “He made, or
+performed, an experiment.”]
+
+Do not say _on every hand_, for _on each hand_, or _on both hands_.
+
+Do not use _either_, _neither_ and _whether_ of more than two persons
+or things.
+
+Do not follow _else_ with _but_. _Than_ is the proper word to use after
+_else_.
+
+Do not use _exemplary_ as an exact synonym for _excellent_.
+[_Exemplary_ means giving an example, as in: “He inflicted exemplary
+punishment.”]
+
+Do not say, “I _experience_ great pleasure [or pain”]. Say, “I _feel_
+&c.”
+
+Do not use _excessively_ for _exceedingly_ or _very_.
+
+Do not use _effluviums_ or _effluviae_ for effluvia [the plural of
+effluvium.]
+
+Do not confuse _few_ and _a few_. There is a great distinction in
+meaning between the two. _E.g._: “_Few_ persons like Mr. Smith,” means
+that _but few_ like him, _i.e._, that he is generally disliked. “_A
+few_ persons like Mr. Smith,” means that some persons [perhaps all who
+know him] like him. Therefore, _few_ should be followed by _and_; _a
+few_ by _but_; _e.g._: “Few persons like Mr. Smith, _and_ these persons
+would not like him did they know him well.” “_A_ _few_ persons like
+Mr. Smith, _but_ more persons like Mr. Brown.”
+
+Do not confuse _at fault_ with _in fault_. [_At fault_ is a hunting
+phrase meaning “off the scent” (equivalent to at sea); _in fault_ is in
+error.]
+
+Do not say, “He _faithfully promised_ to do it.” [One may do a thing
+faithfully, or may promise to do it faithfully; but one cannot
+faithfully promise to do it.]
+
+Do not use _future_ for _next_ or _subsequent_ [of the past]. Thus,
+“The future career of Milton was &c.,” should be, “The after [or
+subsequent] career of Milton was &c.” Again, “For the future the course
+of Columbus was &c.,” should be, “Thenceforward [or _after this_, or
+_thereafter_, or _subsequently_] the course of Columbus was &c.”
+
+Do not say, “_Go and fetch_ it.” [_Fetch_ alone means _to go and
+bring_. The expression is, therefore, pleonastic.]
+
+Do not say, “I forbid you _from_ going.” Say, “I forbid you to go,”
+or, “I forbid your going.” [With _prevent_ or _hinder_, however, use
+_from_.]
+
+Do not compare adjectives ending in _ful_. Say, “He showed more grace,”
+or use some other expression in preference to “He was _more graceful_.”
+[Of course, the adjective _full_ ought never to be compared. Instead
+of saying “That jug is fuller than the other,” say, “That jug is _more
+nearly full_ than &c.” A similar remark will apply to many other
+adjectives (_entire_, _perfect_, &c.), the meaning of which admits of
+no degrees or gradations.]
+
+Do not use _female_ for _woman_.
+
+Do not say _fall down_, _sink down_, _rise up_, _ascend up_, &c., as
+the adverbs are implied in the verbs. Say _fall_, _sink_, _rise_,
+_ascend_, &c.
+
+Do not use _fix_ for _repair_, _arrange_, _set up_. [_Fix_ properly
+means _to fasten firmly_, as, “He fixed a nail into the wall.”]
+
+Do not spell the plural of _fly_, a carriage, _flies_. The correct form
+is _flys_.
+
+Do not use incorrect forms of _foreign adjectives_. Say, _naïfs men_,
+_naïves women_, _naïfs features_, _i.e._, make the adjectives agree in
+gender and number with its noun taken as a foreign word. [This rule
+applies especially to French adjectives.]
+
+Do not use the word _graphic_ of sound, or of anything but written or
+pictured representation.
+
+Do not use _going to_ or _just going to_, for _about to_.
+
+Do not use _grow_ as a transitive verb. Say, “He cultivates [produces,
+raises crops of, &c.] corn.”
+
+Do not say, “He _grows small_;” for this involves a contradiction. Use
+_decrease_, _diminish_, _become smaller_.
+
+Do not use _get to_ for _attend_, _be at_, _be present at_, _go to_.
+
+Do not use _gubernatorial_ for _governmental_.
+
+Do not use _gratuitous_ for _asserted without proof_.
+
+Do not say, “The thing is _no good_ [or _no use_].” Say, “The thing is
+_of_ no good [_of_ no use].”
+
+Do not say, “That is _one of the great_, _if not the greatest_
+man I have ever seen.” This construction involves a grammatical
+contradiction, as will be seen by supplying the ellipsis: “That is one
+of the greatest [men], if not the greatest [man], I have ever seen.”
+
+Do not say, “He gives no more than _he can help_.” [Logically, it ought
+to be, “He gives no more than he cannot help;” but as this expression
+is very awkward, use some other, _e.g._: “He gives no more than is
+absolutely necessary,” “He gives only what he must give (or, is forced
+to give, or, cannot avoid giving).”]
+
+Do not use _humanitarian_ for _humane_. [The original and correct
+meaning of _humanitarian_ is denying the divinity of Christ.]
+
+Do not use, as an adverb, _hardly_ for _hard_. Say, “He struck the man
+hard,” “He felt the blow hard” [not hardly]. _Hardly_ means scarcely.
+
+Do not use the word _help-meet_ [one word]. Say, “He has a help meet
+[fit] for him,” “He has a help-mate,” but not, “He has a help-meet.”
+
+Do not use _high_ with _calibre_, when the latter has a figurative
+meaning. Say, “A man of _large_ [or _great_] calibre.”
+
+Do not use _have_ pleonastically, _e.g._: “I do not like to have you
+go,” for, “I do not like your going,” or, “I do not like you to go.”
+
+Do not say, “He reached a _higher stage of perfection_ than most men.”
+[There can be no grades or stages in perfection. The sentence should
+therefore be, “He came nearer perfection &c.” A similar remark applies
+to all these other words (_entirety_, _totality_, _fulness_, &c.), the
+meaning of which, from their very nature, admits of no gradations.]
+
+Do not use _if_ for _whether_. Say, “I cannot tell whether [not _if_]
+he will come or not.”
+
+Do not use _invest_ for _buy_, without an object. Say, “He bought,”
+_not_, “He invested in that.” _Invest_ is correctly used as follows:
+“He invested a large sum of money in wheat.”
+
+Do not use _idea_ for _opinion_. [_Idea_ is an image in the mind.]
+
+Do not use _incorrect_, or _wrong_, or _bad_, with orthography,
+orthoepy, calligraphy, &c. [The reason is obvious: _orthos_ means
+correct, _kalos_ means beautiful. So say, _wrong spelling_, _incorrect
+pronunciation_, _bad writing_, &c.]
+
+Do not use _individual_ for _person_, unless you wish to emphasize
+the idea of individuality, as is the case in the following sentence:
+“We may condemn the association as a whole, whilst honoring the
+_individuals_ that compose it.”
+
+Do not use _infallible_ for _inevitable_. Say, “The inevitable [not,
+the infallible] result was so and so.”
+
+Do not use _inaugurate_ for _begin_. [To _inaugurate_ is _to install
+in office_ with certain ceremonies. _Inaugurate_ should seldom be used
+of things, unless personified. It is the proper word in the following
+phrase: “To inaugurate a good and jovial year.”]
+
+Do not use _implicit_ for _unbounded_ or _unlimited_, as it is used in,
+“I have _implicit_ confidence in him.” [_Implicit_ properly means woven
+into, expressed by implication, as opposed to _explicit_.]
+
+Do not employ _item_ for _paragraph_ or _piece of news_.
+
+Do not say, “I have not seen him _in_ six months, _in_ a year, &c.”
+[Use _for_.]
+
+Do not say _an illy equipped force_, for _an ill_ [or _badly_]
+_equipped force_. There is no such word as _illy_: _ill_ being both
+adverb and adjective. [In England, _ill_ (as adjective) is preferred to
+_sick_: _sick_ having the meaning of _nauseated_. In America _sick_ and
+_ill_ are almost interchangeable. Authority shows that _sick_, in the
+sense of _ill_, is perfectly correct.]
+
+Do not use _identified with_ for _prominent in_ or _closely connected
+with_, as it is used in the following sentence: “He was _identified
+with_ that movement.” _Prominently identified with_, is worse still.
+[_To identify_ is, to prove to be the same, or to ascertain or certify
+to the identity of. _E.g._: “The body was identified as that of Mr. H.”]
+
+Do not use _if_ when there is no supposition or doubt. Do not say,
+“_If_, in the main, I have so acted, my reason is &c.” [Say, “My reason
+for having so acted is &c.”]
+
+Do not employ _interested in_ for _concerned in_ or _taking part
+in_. It is correct to say, “I am _interested in_ [_i.e._, _I take
+an interest in_] works of art;” but it is not correct to say, “I am
+_interested_ in wheat” [for, “I deal in wheat,” or, “I am engaged in
+wheat-buying”].
+
+Do not say, _in so far as_, for _so far as_, or _as far as_. [The _in_
+is clearly superfluous. Of the two expressions, _so far as_ and _as far
+as_, the first is greatly preferable.]
+
+Do not speak of a _monthly_ or a _quarterly magazine_ as a _journal_.
+[Etymologically, a _journal_ is a _daily newspaper_. The term _journal_
+may, however, be applied to a weekly, a semi-weekly or a tri-weekly
+publication.]
+
+Do not use _jewelry_ of individual gems or other ornaments. Say, “His
+stock of _jewelry_ was large;” but, “She wore magnificent _jewels_.”
+[_Jewelry_ is a collective noun.]
+
+Do not spell the plural of _Knight Templar_, _Knights Templar_ or
+_Knight Templars_; it is _Knights Templars_. [_Templar_ is a noun in
+opposition to _Knight_.]
+
+Do not say, “The _lowest_ and the _highest_ house on the cliff,”
+when referring to the position of the houses. Use _lowermost_ and
+_uppermost_. _Lowest_ and _highest_ should be applied to dimensions
+only.
+
+Do not say, “He _left_ it alone,” for “He _let_ it alone.”
+
+Do not say, “He _lit_ a fire.” Use _lighted_. [_Lit_ is sometimes
+vulgarly employed as the past tense of _light_ (alight), to come down
+upon, rest upon. Instead of saying, “The bird _lit_ upon the fence,”
+say, “The bird _alighted_ upon the fence.”]
+
+Do not use _leave_ (to quit) without an object, as it is used in “When
+did you leave?” [Say, “When did you go away?” “When did you leave home,
+town, &c.?”]
+
+Do not say, “The _lay_ of the land is good,” for, “The _lie_ &c.” [The
+use of _lie_ in this sense should be avoided for the same reason that
+makes us avoid the use of _certain_, _any_, &c., _viz._, it is an
+ambiguous word.]
+
+Do not use _limited_ as exactly synonymous with _small_ or _short_, but
+confine it to its strictly literal and original meaning of shortened,
+_abbreviated_, _compressed within limits_; _e.g._: “He was granted
+strictly _limited_ hours of recreation.”
+
+Do not employ _loan_ as a verb. _Loan_ is properly used as a noun,
+the corresponding verb being _lend_. Say, “He _lent_ me money, and
+afterwards I effected [or made] a _loan_ for him.”
+
+Do not say, “I speak _loud_,” for, “I speak _loudly_.” [Shakespeare
+uses _loud_ for _loudly_, but _loudly_ is the correct prose form of the
+adverb.]
+
+Do not use _at length_ for _at last_, _finally_. [_At length_ means
+fully, lengthily, as, “He reported the speech at length.”]
+
+Do not use _myself_ and the other reflexive pronouns as nominatives,
+except for emphasis. Do not say, “When the soldiers and _myself_ had
+gone.” [Use _I_ instead of _myself_.]
+
+Do not use _the masses_ for _the people_.
+
+Do not say, “He is _more of a man_ than I am.” Use some other
+expression: _more manly_, _better_, &c.
+
+Do not say, “_I am mistaken_,” for, “_I mistake_, _I make a mistake_,
+_I am incorrect_, &c.” [“_I am mistaken_” really means, “_I am
+misunderstood_,” or “_taken wrongly_.”]
+
+Do not spell the plural of _miasma_, _miasmæ_. It is _miasmata_.
+
+Do not use _make_ for _gain_ or _earn_. [Say, “Does he earn much?”
+“Will he gain much?” _not_, “Does he make much?” “Will he make much?”]
+
+Do not use _novitiate_ for _novice_. [The _novitiate_ is the period
+during which one is a _novice_.]
+
+Do not say, “He merely _named_ the incident or occurrence.” [A person
+or place may be named, but not an occurrence or event. The latter is
+_mentioned_, _alluded to_, _described_.]
+
+Do not say, “_No one_ was there,” for, “_not one_ was there.” [The
+adjective _no_ was originally _no one_. Therefore, _no one_ is
+pleonastic. The adverb _no_ is etymologically _not_ or _never_.
+Therefore, such expressions as _no sooner_, _no more_ may be considered
+correct, although _not sooner_, _not more_ are preferable. _Nobody_,
+_no person_, &c., may often be advantageously used in place of _no
+one_. To the employment of these there is no objection, as there is to
+that of _no one_.]
+
+Do not say, “_No_ gold _or_ silver.” Say, “No gold _nor_ silver.” [“No
+gold or silver” would mean that gold and silver are the same thing.
+If this meaning were intended, there ought to be a comma after gold,
+or else “or silver” ought to be in parentheses; _e.g._: “No ancient
+Mexicans, or Aztecs, or (_or Aztecs_) were to be seen.”]
+
+Do not say, “_not as good_,” “_not as wise_.” [After _not_ use _so_.]
+
+Do not say, “He _came near_ dying,” for “He almost died,” “He narrowly
+escaped death,” &c.
+
+Do not say, “No gold and no silver _are_ here.” Use the singular verb.
+[The principle in this case is the same as in the case of _each_ and
+_every_.]
+
+Do not use _nasty_ for _disagreeable_.
+
+Do not say, “I _never_ remember to have seen,” for, “I do not remember
+ever to have seen.” [“I never remember to have seen,” really means, “I
+always forget &c.”]
+
+Do not use “next Sunday,” “next Monday,” &c., for _the Sunday, Monday_,
+&c., _after next_. [_Next Sunday_ is the nearest Sunday.]
+
+Do not say, “I _never_ committed the crime,” for, “I did _not_ commit
+the crime;” _i.e._, do not use _never_ for _not_.
+
+Do not say, “I do not think it is true,” for, “I think [or better,
+_believe_] it is not true.”
+
+Do not say, “He was _nothing like so_ good as his brother,” “He wrote
+_nothing like so_ well as his brother.” [Use “_not nearly_.”]
+
+Do not use _near_ for _nearly_. [Say, “He is not _nearly_ so rich as
+&c.,” not, “He is not _near_ &c.”]
+
+Do not use the expression _new beginners_ for _beginners_ alone.
+
+Do not say _on the street_ for _in the street_. [A street is properly a
+passage or space, not a roadway.]
+
+Do not employ the self-contradictory expression _old news_.
+
+Do not use _he_, _him_ and _his_, or _she_, _her_ and _hers_, for _one_
+and _one’s_. Say, “When one learns _one’s_ lesson, _one_ &c.;” not,
+“When one learns _his_ lesson, _he_ &c.” [Of course, _they_, _their_
+and _them_ ought never to have _one_ as antecedent.]
+
+Do not use _over and above_ for _more than_.
+
+Do not use _over his signature_ for _under his signature_. [The latter,
+which is the only correct form, means under the sanction of his
+signature.]
+
+Do not use _observe_ for _say_. [I _observe_ means I see or notice.]
+
+Do not use _ovation_ as an exact synonym for _shouting_ and _cheering_.
+_Ovation_ is applied correctly to great occasions, festivals, triumphs.
+
+Do not say, “I have no _other_ purpose _than_ this.” Say, “I have no
+purpose _other than_ this,” _i.e._, keep _other_ and _than_ together.
+[A similar rule applies to comparatives in general and to many words
+(_e.g._, _rather_) like _other_, which have a comparative form and
+force. Therefore say, “Your house is larger than your cousin’s,” in
+preference to, “That is a larger house of yours than your cousin’s.”]
+
+Do not say _old veterans_, as the word _veterans_ implies length of
+service. If “length of days,” as well as length of service, is to be
+expressed, use _aged_ or some other word or phrase instead of _old_.
+
+Do not, unless unavoidable, pluralize the indefinite pronoun _one_.
+Prefer, “You have three good horses and I have two bad horses,” or,
+“You have three good, and I have two bad horses,” to “You have three
+good horses and I have two bad _ones_.”
+
+Do not say, _among the others_, _among others_, _among the rest_. [A
+person or thing cannot be _among_ other persons or things. Say, _along
+with the others_, or _others_, or _the rest_.]
+
+Do not use _proposition_ for _proposal_ or _offer_. Say: “I made the
+_proposal_ to him; and he, in return, demonstrated the _proposition_
+for me.” [_Proposal_, in the sense of _offer_, is preferable to
+_proposition_, because it is shorter and unambiguous.]
+
+Do not use _pocket-hand-kerchief_ and _neck-hand-kerchief_ for
+_hand-kerchief_ or _neck-kerchief_ respectively.
+
+Do not use _pretend_ for _claim_ or _assert_. Say, “He claimed [or
+asserted] that he was correct.”
+
+Do not use _preposterous_ for _absurd_. [_Preposterous_ properly means,
+_putting the first last and the last first_. Besides, it is a longer
+word than _absurd_.]
+
+Do not use _previous_ and _subsequent_ as adverbs. Say: “He came
+_previously_ [or _subsequently_] to your arrival.”
+
+Do not use _partially_ for _partly_. [_Partially_ should be confined to
+its meaning of _with partiality_, but is seldom employed.]
+
+Do not use _people_ for _persons_ individually. Say, “There were three
+persons [not, _people_] present.” [_People_ means a race or nation, or
+else _persons_ collectively--the old word _folk_.]
+
+Do not use a plural verb or pronoun with _each_ or _every_. Say: “Each
+day and each hour [or, every day and every hour] _brings its_ cares.”
+
+Do not use the _plural_ form of the noun in such cases as, “Men’s
+_healths_ have suffered;” “The children’s _illnesses_ have increased.”
+[The rule is, that a noun governing the possessive plural, should not
+itself be in the plural, unless the sense requires it. This rule will
+apply chiefly to abstract nouns: _virtue_, _sin_, &c. The sense will,
+of course, require the plural in such an instance as, “The children’s
+_hands_ were injured.”]
+
+Do not use the _plural_ form in such compound adjectival expressions
+as, calves’-_foot_ jelly, ten-_foot_ pole, twenty-_dollar_ watch.
+
+Do not say, “All have rights and _privileges_.” [_Privilege_
+(literally, _private law_) is some favor or advantage enjoyed by an
+_individual_. So, all have _rights_; but all have not _privileges_.]
+
+Do not use the present participle for the past participle or the
+perfect participle. So, instead of saying, “After seeing him, I went
+away;” say, “After having seen him,” &c.
+
+Do not use _plastic_ of the person or hand that fashions, but of the
+material fashioned. Say, “His plastic mind was easily impressed;” not,
+“He moulded with his plastic touch the mind of his brother.”
+
+Do not use _pell-mell_ of one person or thing.
+
+Do not say, “_Providing_ he has the money, he will pay.” Use _provided_.
+
+Do not use _presume_ for _think_ or _believe_. Do not say, “I presume
+that is correct.”
+
+Do not use _period_ for _point of time_. _Period_ means series of years
+or duration. _E.g._: “The period between 1862 and 1882 was” &c.
+
+Do not use _persuaded_ for _convinced_. One is _convinced_ by argument;
+one is _persuaded_ by entreaty. One is persuaded; one’s reason,
+convinced.
+
+Do not use _quite_ before a noun. Do not say, “That is _quite_ a
+house.” [_Quite_ may properly be used before an adjective (“He is
+quite ill”): it then means _entirely_, _completely_; not _tolerably_,
+_pretty_.]
+
+Do not use _partake_ for _eat_ or _drink_. Say, “He ate some food and
+drank some water,” not, “He _partook_ of food and water.” [_Partake_
+means to share or share with; _e.g._: “Sit down, and partake of dinner
+with me.”]
+
+Do not use _per_ before English nouns: use _a_. _Per_ is correct before
+Latin nouns. [Thus: “So much per-annum;” “so much _a_ year;” “_per_
+capita,” or “a head.”]
+
+Do not use the past tense for the perfect tense. Say, “He is the best
+man I _have_ ever seen” [not, “I ever saw”].
+
+Do not use _replace_ for _displace_. To _replace_ is to place again,
+_i.e._, to restore [the same thing] to its former place. _Displace_ is
+to put out of place, and therefore [often], to put one thing into the
+place of another.
+
+Do not say, “You have no _right_ to pay him so large a price;” meaning,
+“You are not called upon [or, in duty bound]” &c.
+
+Do not say, “It is _rarely_ that I see him.” [_Rarely_, adverb, should
+be _rare_, adjective, after the verb to be.]
+
+Do not use _recommend_ for _advise_ or _counsel_. “I _recommend_ you to
+go away,” should be, “I advise you” &c.
+
+Do not use _rendition_ for _performance_ or _rendering_ [of a reading,
+piece of music, &c.]. _Rendition_ means _surrender_.
+
+Do not say, “_Rev._ Mr. H. is here.” Say, “_The_ Rev. Mr. H. is here.”
+
+Do not say, “This _road takes_ you to Paris.” Say, “This road _leads_
+[or, _leads one_] to Paris.”
+
+Do not use _remit_ for _send_. _Remit_ means to send back, to relax, to
+surrender, to forgive. “To send a remittance,” is still worse than, “to
+remit money.”
+
+Do not use the adjective _scarce_ for the adverb _scarcely_. Say,
+“Scarcely a bushel” [not, _scarce_].
+
+Do not use _species_ for _kind_, unless in a scientific sense.
+
+Do not say, “I _shall have_ pleasure in accepting your invitation.” Use
+the present tense [“I have--or take--pleasure” &c.].
+
+Do not say, _seldom or ever_, for _seldom or never_, or _seldom if
+ever_.
+
+Do not use _spare_ for _give_. _Spare_ means to _save_. So: “I cannot
+spare you any more”, should be, “I cannot give you any more.”
+
+Do not use _sensation_ for _exciting news_.
+
+Do not use _since_ for _ago_. Say, “About a year _ago_;” not, “About a
+year _since_.”
+
+Do not say, “The business was very large, _so much so_ as to require”
+&c. [Repeat the adjective: “_so large_ as to” &c.]
+
+Do not use _summons_, as a verb, for _summon_. Say, “He was _summoned_
+[not _summonsed_] to court.”
+
+Do not say, “He is _such another_ man as his brother.” [_Another_
+should precede _such_: “another such.”]
+
+Do not use _superior_ for _able_. Say, “He is an _able_ [not a
+_superior_] man.”
+
+Do not use _supposititious_ for _supposed_ or _hypothetical_.
+_Supposititious_ means _spurious_; and there is no necessity for using
+it at all.
+
+Do not use _settle_ for _pay_. Say, “He paid the account;” not, “He
+settled the account.”
+
+Do not use _such_ for _so_. Say, “So good a man;” not: “Such a good
+man.”
+
+Do not say, “_It storms_,” when it only rains or snows. [A _storm_ is a
+violent movement in the atmosphere, with or without hail, snow, sleet
+or rain.]
+
+Do not use _splendid_ for merely _great_ or _good_. _Splendid_ should
+be used of that only which is literally or metaphorically _brilliant_.
+_E.g._: “A _splendid_ endurance of hardships on the march,” is
+incorrect. “A _splendid_ charge upon the enemy, when the march was
+over;” is correct.
+
+Do not say, _a summer’s morning_, _a winter’s morning_; for, _a summer
+morning_, _a winter morning_. [We should never think of saying, _a
+spring’s morning_, _a fall’s morning_.]
+
+Do not use _strata_ as a singular noun. _Stratum_ is singular; _strata_
+is plural.
+
+Do not speak of _a wider_ [or _more extended_] _point of view_ [_or
+stand-point_]; as a point cannot be anything but a point. [_Point of
+view_ is preferable to _stand-point_; as the latter expression is
+logically absurd: one cannot stand on a point. If _stand-point_ is
+used, do not say, “He _approached_ from the stand-point;” as _approach_
+denotes motion, _stand-point_ rest.]
+
+Do not use _sincere_ without its completing words. _E.g._: “He is
+sincere _in his aims_, in his _means_;” is correct. [This necessity
+arises from the two-fold or ambiguous meaning of _sincere_. One may be
+sincere in one’s aims, but not sincere in one’s means of reaching those
+aims.] _Honest_, on the other hand, may be used alone; as it means
+straight-forward and sincere in every thing.
+
+Do not use _scorn_ and _disdain_, as verbs, with the name of a person
+as object. Do not say, “He scorns [or disdains] Mr. S.” Use _despise_,
+_look down upon_, or some other expression.
+
+Do not use _small_ of quantity. [_Small_ is applicable only to
+dimensions. Thus, do not say, “The smallest assistance will be
+thankfully received.” It should be, “The _least_ assistance” &c.]
+
+Do not use _statu quo_ or _bona fide_ for _status quo_ or _bona fides_.
+Say, “The _status quo_ remained unchanged, each party having preserved
+_bona fides_.” A similar remark will apply to many other foreign
+expressions. Of course, wherever there is a satisfactory English
+equivalent, a foreign word or phrase should not be used.
+
+Do not say, “Will you _take_ some meat?” Say, “Will you _have_ veal [or
+beef, or whatever it is]?”
+
+Do not say, “It is a quarter _to_ ten.” Say, “A quarter _of_ ten.”
+
+Do not say, “The _taxes_ are levied on persons, and collected from
+land.” The reverse is the case: taxes are levied on land and collected
+from persons.
+
+Do not use _though_ for _if_. Say: “I feel as _if_ [not _though_] I
+could die.”
+
+Do not say, “We _take_ dinner, tea,” &c. Use _have_.
+
+Do not employ _thereabouts_, _hereabouts_, _whereabouts_ (with final
+_s_) as adverbs. Say, “It was in 1859 or _thereabout_.” As nouns these
+words take the _s_; _e.g._: “Do you know his _whereabouts_?”
+
+Do not say, _that far_, _that much_, _that many_, &c., for _so far_,
+_so much_, _so many_, &c.
+
+Do not use the word _tea_ for _broth_, _medicine_, _solution_, unless
+absolutely unavoidable. [_Tea_ is the plant itself or the beverage made
+from its leaves.]
+
+Do not say, “I prefer _to walk_ _to ride_.” Say, “I prefer _walking_ to
+_riding_.”
+
+Do not say, “I have been _to_ Paris.” [Use _at_. One can _go to_, but
+_not be to_, a place].
+
+Do not say, “Which do you _the_ more admire: him or her?” [Omit _the_.]
+
+Do not use _underhanded_ for _underhand_. Say, “He made money by
+_underhand_ [not _underhanded_] dealings.”
+
+Do not use _utter_ as an exact equivalent of _say_ or _express_.
+[_Utter_ is to speak, give forth, or pronounce, generally in a loud
+voice.] Say therefore, “He uttered a sharp cry;” but, “He expressed a
+noble sentiment.”
+
+Do not use _ultimate_ of the _past_. Confine it to the _future_. Do not
+say: “The _ultimate_ issue of the Thirty Years’ war was” &c. Say, “The
+result [or, the issue, the end, the conclusion, the subsequent course
+of the Thirty Years’ War was” &c.]
+
+Do not use the adjective _utter_ indiscriminately for _entire_ or
+_complete_. _E.g._: One may say, _utter nonsense_; but not, _utter
+sense_. [A similar remark will apply to the adverb _utterly_.]
+
+Do not use _valuable_ for _valued_. Say: “One of our most _valued_ [or,
+_most highly valued_--not _valuable_] contributors has sent us a most
+_valuable_ [not _valued_] article.”
+
+Do not say, “I am _very_ pleased,” “_too_ pleased,” “_so_ pleased;”
+for, “I am _very much_ pleased,” “_too much_ pleased,” “_so much_
+pleased.” That is, with past participles used as adjectives or along
+with auxiliaries, insert _much_ after _very_, _too_ and _so_. We say,
+“He is very little [too little, so little] loved.” We ought, therefore,
+to say, “He is very much [too much, so much] loved.” Strictly speaking,
+_so hated_ means _hated_, not to a certain degree, but in a certain
+manner.
+
+Do not say Toronto and _vicinity_; but, Toronto and _its vicinity_.
+[_Neighbourhood_ is generally a better word to employ than _vicinity_.]
+
+Do not repeat unnecessarily the word _whether_. Do not say, “Whether he
+was rich, or _whether_ he was poor.” [Omit the second _whether_.] As
+has been said before, _whether_, _either_ and _neither_ ought properly
+to be employed only of two persons or things. Therefore, where several
+are mentioned, they should be grouped in couples: _e.g._: “Whether he
+has gold or silver, whether he has stocks or bonds;” [or: “Whether
+he has gold or silver, stocks or bonds” (the second _whether_ being
+unexpressed).] This is better than: “Whether he has gold, silver,
+stocks or bonds.”
+
+Do not say: “Whether he _be_ right or wrong.” [Use with _whether_ the
+indicative _is_, not the subjunctive _be_, unless the rules given for
+the subjunctive apply to the sentence.]
+
+Do not say: “Give it to _whomsoever_ asks for it.” Say: “Give it to
+_whosoever_ [or _whoever_] asks for it.” [The object of _to_ is not
+_whomsoever_, but some noun or pronoun unexpressed: _the person_,
+_him_.]
+
+Do not say, “Where have you gone _to_?” Say, “Where have you gone?”
+
+Do not use the verb _witness_ for _see_ or _behold_. Say: “That
+is the most beautiful scenery I have ever beheld [or _seen_; not
+_witnessed_].” To _witness_ means to see or be present at the
+performance of some act or at the occurrence of some event. So a
+man _witnesses_ a fight, but does not _witness_ scenery. _Witness_,
+moreover, generally carries with it the idea of giving testimony. Where
+such idea is lacking, it is better to use _see_ or _behold_.
+
+Do not use _what for?_ for _why?_ Say: “Why do you act so?” not: “What
+do you act so _for_?”
+
+Do not say, “_A widow woman_.” [Omit _woman_, which is superfluous.]
+
+Do not confuse the “editorial _we_” with the ordinary _we_, as is
+done in the following: “As a public journalist, _we_ must say that
+when other men act in that way, _we all_ [_i.e._, _all persons_] feel
+aggrieved.”
+
+Do not say _whether or no_, for, _whether or not_, unless _no_ is an
+adjective qualifying some noun unexpressed. Thus: “Whether he comes
+or _not_ [not _no_];” but, “Whether he is a merchant or _no_.” In the
+latter instance, however, _not_ would be quite correct. [“Whether he is
+a merchant or is _not_ a merchant.”]
+
+Do not use “_the whole of_” [before a plural noun] for _all_. Say: “All
+the deputies were present;” not, “The whole of” &c.
+
+Do not use _winsome_ for _winning_. _Winsome_ means joyous,
+light-hearted. “His daughter was a winsome lass; she had a winning
+smile.”
+
+Do not use _worse_ for _more_. Say: “He disliked vinegar _more_ [not
+_worse_] than pepper.” [A similar remark will apply to _better_.]
+
+Do not use _want_ for _need_ [verb]. To avoid ambiguity, _want_ should
+be restricted to its meaning of _wish_ or _desire_; _need_, to that of
+_lack_ or _be under the necessity of_. Say, therefore, “I want to go
+for a drive;” but not, “The man was so poor that he actually _wanted_
+[lacked, needed] bread;” or worse, “You _want_ [need to, or must] go
+away.”
+
+Do not say, “_Yesterday’s Times_ has come.” Say, “The _Times_ of
+yesterday has come.”
+
+Do not end a letter with _Yours &c._, for _Yours truly_, _Respectfully
+yours_, or some other expression.
+
+
+
+
+GRAMMATICAL POINTS.
+
+
+Avoid such constructions as, “The object of your brother’s writing
+the letter was” &c. [Prefer, “The object your brother had in writing
+the letter was” &c.; or, “Your brother’s object in writing the letter
+was” &c.] The gerundial infinite ought to be used--if at all--but very
+sparingly with a possessive case, especially when the possessive is
+preceded by _of_. A similar remark applies still more strongly to the
+noun form in _ing_; _e.g._: “His killing of the man was” &c.
+
+Be careful about the position of _also_, _even_, _only_--in fact, of
+all adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. As a general rule, adverbs
+precede the words they modify. Thus: “He only writes,” is correct; but,
+say, “He does nothing but write;” or use some other expression.
+
+Prefer: “In the works _of even_ great men;” to, “In the works _even of_
+great men.” So: “_Of both_ ancient and modern times,” is better than,
+“_Both of_ ancient _and of_ modern times.” [_Both_ would properly come
+before _of_ in such a construction as: “Both of and from him.”] “Both
+of ancient and modern times” [without the second _of_] is entirely
+incorrect.
+
+“Nobody’s else book,” is said to be preferable to, “Nobody else’s
+book.” Custom has, however, firmly established the latter form. But it
+is better to employ some other expression; _e.g._: “The book of no one
+else;” “No other person’s book.”
+
+“Thou canst not tell whence it cometh _or_ whither it goeth.” _Or_
+should be used here, as the _not_ modifies (in meaning) all the
+subsequent part of the sentence. We should never think of saying:
+“Whence it cometh _nor_ whither it goeth, thou canst not tell.” In,
+“We will not serve thy gods _nor_ worship the golden image which thou
+hast set up;” _nor_ is correct; as _serve_ does not govern the rest of
+the sentence. [Some grammarians, however, contend that _or_ would be
+equally good: the effect of the _not_ extending over both subsequent
+verbs. The soundness of this contention is questionable.] The most
+elegant form to give the sentence is; “We will not serve thy gods, _nor
+will_ we worship the golden image” &c.
+
+In such an expression as, “I do not want butter or honey;” the strict
+meaning is, “I do not want merely one of the two.” “I want neither
+butter nor honey,” means, “I do not want either.”
+
+When two nouns in the possessive case are in apposition, the apostrophe
+and _s_ may be added to either noun. Thus: “This book is Virgil, the
+Roman _poet’s_;” or: “This book is Virgil’s, the Roman poet.” [If,
+however, the appositive enlargement is complex, or if it consists of
+several terms, the apostrophe and _s_ should be added to the first
+noun. _E.g._: “This book is Virgil’s, the great and renowned Roman
+poet.”] Again, if each appositive noun is very emphatic, the apostrophe
+and _s_ may be added to each. When any doubt arises as to the proper
+form, employ another expression; _e.g._: “This book is one of the works
+of Virgil, the great and renowned Roman poet.”
+
+Avoid the use of such forms as, “John, William and James’s father.”
+Prefer, “The father of John, William and James;” or, “The father of
+John, of William and of James.”
+
+_None_ and _any_, although originally singular, may now be used as
+plurals.
+
+Such expressions as, “While playing, the boy was killed,” are quite
+correct. That is, the auxiliary may be left out, although the phrase is
+introduced by a subordinate conjunction.
+
+When the auxiliary verb used with a past participle consists of two
+words (_i.e._, is compound), the adverb generally comes after the
+compound auxiliary, not between its two parts. _E.g._: “Why he should
+have suddenly renounced his faith,” &c.; is better than, “Why he should
+suddenly have renounced” &c. The best form, perhaps, is, “Why he should
+have renounced his faith suddenly” &c.
+
+It is correct to say, “_This_ seven years has passed;” “This hundred
+dollars is there:” the seven years being taken as forming one period
+of time; and the hundred dollars, one sum of money. To avoid the
+seeming want of agreement between the singular and the plural, use some
+collective noun after _this_; _e.g._: _space_, _period_, in the first
+case; _sum_, _amount_, in the second. [The forms, _these seven years_,
+_these hundred dollars_, would draw attention to the individual years
+and the individual dollars.]
+
+As a general rule, collective nouns (that is, those nouns as which have
+both the singular and the plural form, _number_, _crowd_) require a
+singular verb with their singular form, and a plural verb with their
+plural form. [However, the plural verb may be used with the singular
+form when the idea of plurality is to be very prominent.] Nouns of
+multitude, on the other hand, (that is, those which have no plural
+form, as _clergy_, _nobility_) generally require a plural verb. _E.g._:
+“The clergy _were_ assembled; there _was_ a large number present.”
+
+Do not use such words as _mathematics_, _statics_, _physics_,
+_metaphysics_ (_i.e._, words originally plural, but now used in the
+singular), as subjects. So, say: “The study [or science, or practice]
+of mathematics is useful;” rather than, “Mathematics is [or are]
+useful.”
+
+_Dare_, meaning _to venture_, and used with another verb, requires no
+_to_ before this latter verb, and has in its past tense _durst_ and
+in its third person singular present indicative _dare_ (not _dares_).
+[The form _dared_ may, however, be used for _durst_, in the past tense.
+_Dared_ will then take no _to_ before the infinitive.] _Durst_ is often
+employed for the present _dare_, although the latter is preferable;
+_e.g._: “He durst not do so.”
+
+_Dare_, as a principal verb, meaning _to challenge_, has _dares_ in
+the third person singular present indicative, and _dared_ in the past.
+_E.g.:_ “He _dares_ me to-day, and he _dared_ me yesterday to fight.”
+
+_Need_ has, in the third person singular present indicative, the same
+peculiarity as _dare_. Meaning _to lack_ and used as a principal verb,
+it takes _s_; meaning _to be necessary_, and used as an auxiliary
+(without _to_), it does not; _e.g._: “He _needs_ money; still he _need_
+not beg.”
+
+The participle and the infinitive may be used absolutely, as:
+“_Speaking_ [or, _to speak_] generally, it is advisable to go.” This
+absolute form should be but sparingly employed.
+
+_If_, _although_, and other conditional conjunctions do not necessarily
+require the subjunctive mood. They do require it, (1) When the
+conception is contrary to facts; _e.g._: “If the world were round.” (2)
+When the supposition is a mere mental conception, without reference
+to how the matter will really be decided, or to what the result will
+be; _e.g._: “If he went away [or, were to go away], I should be
+happy.” [In such expressions as, “If it rains, I shall not go out;” the
+indicative is to be preferred to the subjunctive.]
+
+As a principal verb, _do_ may be employed for active transitive verbs
+only. For these verbs, moreover, _do_ ought not be used--except to
+avoid excessive repetition--when they are of but one syllable, unless
+they are followed by other words forming a phrase, for which phrase
+_do_ may stand. _E.g._: “He carves marble better I _do_;” but, “He
+writes better than I write.” [In this last sentence it would, of
+course, be incorrect to omit the verb after _I_; as the first form
+of the verb (_writes_) can not be used with _I_.] Many good writers
+employ _do_ for active intransitive verbs such as _fly_, _run_,
+_act_; but this use should be avoided. As an auxiliary, _do_ may not
+be used without its principal verb unless the form of the principal
+verb already employed permits such use; _i.e._, unless this preceding
+verb may be repeated without change after the _do_. _E.g._: “He has
+not looked well lately, nor _does_ he to-day;” should be “He * * * ;
+nor does he look well to-day.” [A similar remark applies to other
+auxiliaries when employed without their principal verbs.]
+
+“The verses are _as follows_;” [or, “_as follow_.”] Both expressions
+are sanctioned by good usage.
+
+_Some_ may be correctly used in such expressions as, “some fifty men,”
+“some ten miles;” _i.e._, “_about_ fifty men,” &c. This employment of
+_some_ is becoming obsolete.
+
+_You_ may properly occur in the same sentence with, and as an
+equivalent of, _Your Majesty_, _Your Excellency_, &c. _E.g._: “Your
+Majesty says your Majesty has” &c.; or: “Your Majesty says you have”
+&c. [The first is, of course, much more formal than the second, and
+should be preferred when addressing persons of high station.]
+
+“It is I, your brother, who _begs_ you.” “It is I, your brother, who
+_beg_ you.” In the first, the emphasis is on the word _brother_; in
+the second, on the _I_. [In the latter, it is better to enclose _your
+brother_ in parentheses, the comma being omitted.]
+
+In “_not only_--_but also_,” the _also_ may be omitted. _E.g._: “He not
+only killed the man, _but_ he mutilated the corpse.” [It is generally
+better to use the complete form, “not only--but also.”]
+
+Do not use _like_ for _as_. Say: “As did Nero of old, so Thebaw put
+countless numbers of victims to death;” not, “_Like_ Nero of old,
+Thebaw” &c. The use of _like_ for _as_ is defended on the ground that
+the sentence may be expanded into: “Being like Nero, Thebaw” &c. Still,
+it is the actions of the men that are compared, not the men themselves.
+
+Avoid such awkward collocations as, “This is _a far_ [or _much_]
+_richer_ man than his brother.” Say, “This man is far [much] richer
+[or, richer by far] than” &c. A like remark applies to _such_,
+_similar_, and many other words. Say, “A horse such as that is worth
+one hundred dollars;” rather than, “Such a horse as that is” &c.
+
+The _or_ in _whether_--_or_ may be left out; but it is generally better
+to express it. So: “I do not know whether he will come _or_ not,” is
+better than, “I do not know whether he will come.”
+
+The adjective is often used for the adverb before a present participle
+employed as an adjective to qualify a noun. _E.g._: “a plain-speaking
+man,” “a good-looking man,” “a right-living man.” [In such expressions,
+it is better to unite the adjective and the participle with a hyphen.]
+With a past participle, the adjective is very rarely used. _E.g._:
+“a plainly furnished house,” “a well dressed man.” Occasionally the
+adjective occurs with the past participle; _e.g._: “a plain-spoken man.”
+
+When the construction is changed from the negative to the affirmative,
+repeat the subject pronoun; or, if a noun is the subject, insert the
+personal pronoun before the second verb. Thus: “He does not walk, but
+_he_ rides.” With _whosoever_, _whoever_, &c., as subjects, it is not
+necessary to use the pronoun before the affirmative verb. _E.g._: “That
+whosoever believeth on Him might not perish, _but have_ everlasting
+life.” When a change of tense, mood or voice occurs, it is generally
+advisable to insert the pronoun before the second verb, although--as
+is elsewhere explained--it is necessary to do so only when the verbs
+are emphatically distinguished or contrasted. [When the change is from
+the affirmative to the negative, the repetition of the subject or the
+insertion of the pronoun is not necessary. Indeed, the the repetition
+of the subject depends largely on the emphasis desired or on the
+“sound” of the sentence.]
+
+Say, “Solomon, _son_ of David,” rather than, “Solomon, _the_ son of
+David.” [The rule is that the article ought not to be used before
+those appositive nouns which are strictly limited by other definite
+words.] The insertion of the article before _David_ is not absolutely
+incorrect; but the omission of it produces a good effect and sometimes
+prevents ambiguity, as in, “John, [the] son of Smith, and Jones, are
+here.” Where a second addition occurs, the article must be omitted even
+although it has been used before the first addition. Thus: “The Apostle
+James, son (or, the son) of Zebedee, and _brother_ (not, _the_ brother)
+of St John”.
+
+Say, “The eldest son of a duke is called Marquis [not _a_ Marquis].”
+The article is not to be used before titles as titles, or names as
+names. [_E.g._: “Derive Thames.”] With two or more nouns, the article
+need not be repeated when there is no ambiguity. When there is, it
+should be repeated. Thus: “The Queen and King are here,” is correct.
+[The repetition of the article would, of course, add emphasis to
+the expression, _i.e._, it would draw attention to each individual
+person or thing. _E.g._: “A cool temper, a sound judgment, a kindly
+disposition.”]
+
+“The European and _the_ African _race_;” or, “The European _race_ and
+_the_ African _race_.” Here two races are meant: the one European, and
+the other African. “The European and African _races_,” has the same
+meaning. “The European and _the_ African races,” means there are two
+or more European and two or more African races. This latter meaning
+would be more clearly expressed by inserting the word _races_ after the
+word _European_.
+
+“The conductor and _the_ driver,” implies two men. “The conductor and
+driver,” implies one man. Say, therefore: “Solomon, the historian and
+builder;” not, “Solomon, the historian and _the_ builder.”
+
+“The bay or lame horse,” refers to one horse. “The bay _or the_ lame
+horse,” refers to two horses. [In the former sentence, it would be
+better to put a comma after _bay_.] The rule in all these cases is,
+that the article must be repeated when there are two or more persons or
+things. With but one person or thing, the article _may_ be repeated,
+as in poetry or for the sake of emphasis. _E.g._: “A sadder and _a_
+wiser man.” It follows from the foregoing rule, that there should be
+no repetition of the article in such a phrase as, “He is a better poet
+than _musician_.” “He is a better poet than _a_ musician,” would mean,
+“He is a better poet than a musician _is_.”
+
+“The logical and grammatical analysis of a language is [are]”
+&c. If but one analysis is meant--_i.e._, if there is but one
+subject--the verb should be in the singular, _is_. If two analyses
+are meant--_i.e._, if there are two subjects--the verb may be in the
+plural, _are_. In the latter case, however, it is better to supply
+the article before _grammatical_. [“The logical and _the_ grammatical
+analysis are,” &c.] It is still better to supply the first subject
+[“The logical _analysis_ and” &c.]: the verb being made plural. The
+supplying of this ellipsis [_analysis_] avoids the clash between a
+singular subject alone and a plural verb. Upon the same principle,
+“The position of the materialist and _that_ of the idealist are
+reconcilable,” is to be preferred to, “The position of the materialist
+and of the idealist are reconcilable.” [The determining principle in
+all these cases is not whether the adjectives have the same meaning,
+but whether they qualify the same subject.]
+
+Do not say, “No greater or wiser _a_ man ever lived.” Say, “No greater
+or wiser man” &c.
+
+The gerundial noun with _the_ is generally to be preferred to the
+simple gerund. _E.g._: “The eating of meat is forbidden,” is better
+than, “Eating meat” &c. [In some instances the latter form would cause
+confusion of meaning.]
+
+An excellent, but rather loosely worded, rule for the use of _shall_
+and _will_ is as follows: “If the speaker is nominative to the verb,
+and also determines the accomplishment of the idea expressed by
+the verb; or if the speaker neither is nominative to the verb nor
+determines the accomplishment of the idea expressed by the verb, use
+_will_. In all other cases, use _shall_.”
+
+Say, “It _should_ seem that he has done so.” [Not, “It _would_ seem”
+&c.]
+
+In impersonal assertions, such as: “It is hoped [desired, &c.] that
+all should sit down,” _shall_ and _should_ ought to be used. In
+direct and personal assertions, such as: “I desired that my conductor
+would explain,” _will_ and _would_ are to be preferred. [_Shall_ and
+_should_ are, in such constructions, not incorrect; but _will_ and
+_would_ are preferable. Perhaps the best rule, in sentences such as the
+foregoing, is, that when a command is intended, _shall_ and _should_
+_must_ be used; when a hope or wish is intended, _will_ and _would_
+_may_ be used.]
+
+In a subordinate clause, to express simple futurity, use _shall_ and
+_should_ when the subject of the subordinate clause is the subject of
+the principal clause also; _will_ and _would_ when it is not. Thus: “I
+believe I shall live;” “I believe he will live;” “He believes he shall
+live.”
+
+Again, in an independent clause use _shall_ and _should_ when the event
+spoken of is under our control; _will_ and _would_ when it is not.
+_E.g._: “You said it _should_ be done;” “You said it _would_ rain.”
+
+Do not say, “I _would_ be happy to go, if” &c.; or, “I _will_ be
+happy to go.” Use _should_ and _shall_. [The idea of willingness, or
+volition, is sufficiently expressed in the word _happy_. Hence, _would_
+and _will_ are tautological.]
+
+After nouns and adjectives following intransitive and passive verbs the
+infinitive with _to_ is generally preferable to the gerund in _-ing_,
+to express purpose, end, design. _E.g._: “He has power _to_ act;” “It
+is fitted _to_ produce that result.”
+
+“Solomon, son of David, who slew Goliath;” is correct. “Solomon, son of
+David, who built the Temple;” is incorrect. [The relative should refer
+to the nearest antecedent. So, change the second phrase into, “The son
+of David, Solomon, who” &c.; or, “Solomon, who was the son of David,
+and who” &c.; or employ some other form.]
+
+Say, “He who was, and who is, and who is to come;” or, “He who was, who
+is and who is to come.” That is, repeat the relative, especially when
+a conjunction occurs. [If the sentence were to read, “He who was, is
+and is to come;” _He_ might seem to be the subject of the first and the
+second _is_, and not of some verb unexpressed.] The possessives also
+should be repeated before nouns that are to be distinguished. _E.g._:
+“Their form and _their_ use give us great trouble.”
+
+Do not use _that_ for _who_ or _which_, when the antecedent is
+explicit. Say: “My father, who [not, _that_] is dead.”
+
+_Who_ or _which_ is to be preferred to _that_ when the relative
+is separated from its verb or its antecedent, and is emphasized
+by isolation. _E.g._: “There are many persons _who_, had they
+opportunities, would succeed in life.”
+
+_Who_ or _which_ is to be preferred to _that_ when the relative is
+governed in the objective by a preposition that has the appearance of
+an adverb (_beyond_, _over_, _under_, &c.). _E.g._: “The limit beyond
+_which_ no one has gone,” is better than, “The limit _that_ no one has
+gone beyond.”
+
+Avoid the use of _than whom_ when _whom_ is not really in the objective
+case. Instead of _than whom_ [which is grammatically incorrect] and
+_than who_ [which, although grammatically correct, has a very strange
+sound] employ some other form. _E.g._: In place of “Nero, than whom
+no crueller man has ever lived, was” &c.; say, “Nero--and no crueller
+man has ever lived--was” &c.; or, “No crueller man than Nero has ever
+lived. He was” &c. [Of course, when the relative is in the objective
+case, _whom_ is correct after _than_; _e.g._: “My brother, than whom I
+love no one more dearly, is ill.”]
+
+_Who_ or _which_ may sometimes [_e.g._, to avoid undue repetition] be
+used for _that_; but _that_ ought never to be used for _who_ or _which_.
+
+After indefinite pronouns or indefinite pronominal adjectives
+(_others_, _several_, _many_, _some_, _none_, _one_, &c.), _who_ or
+_which_ is to be preferred to _that_.
+
+After personal pronouns prefer _who_ or _which_. _E.g._: “He who is
+wise,” &c.
+
+After the conjunction _that_, prefer _who_ or _which_. _E.g._: “He said
+_that_ the man _who_ saw him” &c.
+
+It is not improper to follow the demonstrative _this_ by the relative
+_that_. _E.g._: “It was _this that_ caused his death.”
+
+When _who_ or _which_ is used restrictively for _that_, it is well to
+place _the_ or _that_ before the antecedent, _e.g._: “_The_ States [or,
+_those_ States] _which_ border on Canada,” &c.
+
+The objective relative may be omitted whenever the antecedent and the
+subject of the relative sentence come into juxtaposition; _e.g._:
+“Give me the book you have.”
+
+The personal pronoun _it_ and the relative pronoun _which_ may have as
+antecedents a short, clear clause; but this usage is not desirable. So,
+although, “He gave me his word of honour: which I had not expected,” is
+not incorrect; yet it is better to say, “He gave me his word of honour:
+a thing I had” &c.; or, “He gave me his word of honour. I had never
+expected this.”
+
+Avoid such a relative construction as: “That was the man _who_, the
+witness said, had broken into the store.” Say: “That man, the witness
+said, had” &c.; or: “That was the man, the witness said, who” &c.; or:
+“That was the man whom the witness accused of having broken” &c. [The
+fault of the first construction is that, for an instant, the mind is in
+doubt whether _who_ or _whom_ ought to be used.]
+
+Distinguish, according to the sense you wish to convey, between the
+use of the adjective and that of the adverb, after intransitive verbs
+expressing action [_go_, _come_, _arrive_, _depart_, &c.] _E.g._: “He
+arrived safe.” “He arrived safely.” The former denotes his condition
+upon arrival, without reference to his condition upon the way. The
+latter denotes his condition upon the way, without reference to his
+condition upon arrival. So say: “He came safely through numberless
+perils, but dropped dead upon the threshold of his own home.”
+
+_Lesser_ may be used of dimensions, but not of quantity. Thus: “He is
+lesser than his brother,” is not incorrect; but, “He is smaller than
+[or, shorter than, or not so large as],” &c., is better. “There is
+lesser wheat than corn,” is incorrect.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL SUGGESTIONS UPON COMPOSITION.
+
+
+To avoid ambiguity, report a speech in the _first_, not in the _third_
+person.
+
+Try to avoid the use of words that have two or more meanings: _any_,
+_certain_, _left_, _lie_, &c. [_Any_ is sometimes used incorrectly for
+_indefinitely large_; _e.g._: “He gave me _any_ number of books.”]
+
+Avoid using a word that leaves us for a moment doubtful what part of
+speech it is. _E.g._: “The good remains, he said,” &c. [Until something
+further is given, we are in doubt whether _remains_ is a noun, the
+subject of some unexpressed verb; or a verb, agreeing with its subject,
+_good_, used as a noun.]
+
+_Avoid_ the excessive use of such expressions as, _of this sort_, _of
+this kind_, _in this way_, _in this manner_. It is better to repeat the
+words to which the reference is made.
+
+Avoid what is called the prospective use of _it_. Say, “To give is
+good;” not, “It is good to give.”
+
+It is often said that a sentence ought not to end with a preposition.
+There is no objection, however, to such an ending, provided the
+preposition governs a relative pronoun and is not likely to be mistaken
+for some other part of speech. Thus: “The rule that I always adhere
+to,” is quite correct. [If preferred, “The rule to which I always
+adhere,” may, of course, be used.] It is hardly necessary to say that
+the clause or sentence should not end with the _to_ of the infinitive;
+_i.e._, _to_, the sign of the infinitive, ought never to be used alone.
+
+Avoid the excessive use of _there is_, _there are_, _there will be_, &c.
+
+To relieve the monotony and to give force to the expression, change
+such constructions as, “He replied that he deemed it best that his
+example should not be followed;” into, “He deemed it best, he replied,
+that his example should not be followed.”
+
+Force may often be gained by the use of particular, in place of
+general, terms. _E.g._: _gold_ for _great riches_, _a crust of bread_
+for _poverty_. On the same principle, a particular proper name may be
+used _effectively_ for a common, or class, name. _E.g._: “Solomon,” is
+more forcible than “the wisest man;” “Nero,” than “the most cruel man.”
+
+The great rule, however, for force, or effect, is that the reader
+shall be kept _in suspense_; that is, that he shall be made to feel
+the incompleteness of the sentence, until the end is reached. To
+attain this object the following directions have been given: (1) Put a
+conditional clause first, not last. _E.g._: “If he wishes, I will go
+away.” [When the conditional clause is very emphatic, it may be placed
+last.] (2) Let participial phrases come before the words qualified
+by them. _E.g._: “Wasted by disease, worn out with toil, he was fast
+sinking into the grave.” [This remark will often apply to adjectives
+and adverbs, as well as to participles. _E.g._: “Weary of life, glad to
+depart, he quietly passed away.”] (3) Use suspensive words: _not only_,
+_but also_; _either_, _or_; _partly_, _partly_; _on the one hand_, _on
+the other_; _in the first_, _second_, &c., _place_. Of course, this
+“principle of suspense” is not to be too frequently employed.
+
+Emphatic words must be in emphatic positions; _i.e._, at the
+_beginning_ or at the _end_ of the proposition. “Coward though he was,
+he was forced to fight;” is much more striking than, “He was forced to
+fight, although he was a coward.”
+
+The most emphatic place for the subject is at the end, its ordinary
+place being at the beginning of the proposition.
+
+On a similar principle, the object is made emphatic by putting it
+before its verb.
+
+Again, emphasis may be given by the use, before the emphatic noun, of
+such an expression as, _as for the_, _as to the_, _concerning_, &c.
+
+Avoid putting a minimizing expression, such as, _at least_, _at all
+events_, _at any rate_, between two emphatic expressions.
+
+Avoid the placing of an unemphatic word at the end of the proposition.
+The following sentence is weak, because this rule has not been
+observed. “The documents proved how just in all his dealings he was.”
+
+What have been called “short, chippy endings” should be avoided, as
+such endings spoil the rythm which should exist even in prose. _E.g._:
+“The man, pierced with balls, died;” is bad.
+
+Prepositions and pronouns attached to emphatic words need not, however,
+be removed from the end. So: “Bear witness how he loved him,” is
+correct. [In such instances the emphatic and the unemphatic word form,
+as it were, a compound expression.]
+
+Avoid, on the other hand, a monotonous final emphasis.
+
+Frequently an idea may be expressed more forcibly in the form of a
+question than in that of an assertion.
+
+Brevity may often be obtained by the use of a word for a phrase.
+_E.g._: _unintelligible_, _indelible_.
+
+Brevity may be obtained, also, by the use of metaphors, in place of
+literal words or phrases.
+
+The omission of the present participle often gives brevity and force to
+the sentence. _E.g._: “The Indians [being] on the war-path, what dared
+we do?”
+
+Brevity may be gained by using the imperative for other moods. _E.g._:
+“Do this, and you will suffer;” for, “If you do this” &c. [This use of
+the imperative should be indulged in but sparingly.]
+
+Repeat the nominative when the verbs of the various clauses are of
+diverse moods, tenses or voices _and_ are emphatically distinguished.
+_E.g._: “He is, and _he_ always has been, rich.”
+
+Repeat the preposition after an intervening conjunction, especially if
+a verb and a pronoun also intervene. _E.g._: “The man does not remember
+the respect he ought to have for those persons who have helped him, and
+_for_ his old friend C. in particular.” [If the preposition _for_ were
+not repeated after _and_, the sentence might mean that the man does not
+remember his old friend C. in particular.]
+
+Do not repeat the sign _to_ of the infinitive unless attention is
+called to each individual verb.
+
+When otherwise there would be doubt as to whether an infinitive
+expresses a purpose or not, and it is intended that it shall express
+a purpose, use _in order that_, _for the purpose of_ [followed by the
+form in _-ing_], or some such phrase. [Purpose may be clearly shewn, of
+course, by the use of _that_ with an auxiliary verb. _E.g._: “He died
+that we might live;” which is equivalent to: “He died in order to give
+us life.”]
+
+To avoid ambiguity, or to add emphasis, repeat the subordinate
+conjunction. _E.g._: “When the hunter had returned to the far-off camp,
+and _when_ he had recounted his adventures” &c.
+
+Be careful in the use of participial constructions. _E.g._: “They will
+be shunned on their return, accompanied by the oppressors of their
+country;” may mean, “on account of their being accompanied” &c.; or,
+“when they are accompanied” &c. So: “Children, playing on the ice,
+often fall;” may mean: “Children that play” &c.; or “Children, when
+they play” &c. It is best to confine the use of the participial phrase
+to the adverbial meaning [“Children, _when_ they play” &c.]; and with
+other meanings to employ the relative pronoun [“Children that play”
+&c.]. When the participial phrase precedes the main proposition, the
+former usually implies _cause_; when it follows, _time_. _E.g._:
+“Seeing this, he withdrew” [_i.e._ “He withdrew _because_ he saw
+this.”] “He withdrew, seeing this” [_i.e._, “He withdrew _when_ he
+saw this.”] If there is doubt as to which meaning is intended, use an
+introductory phrase, such as, _while seeing_, _upon seeing_.
+
+There are various constructions that may take the place of the relative
+pronoun or of the relative clause. The infinitive may often be used
+with effect. _E.g._: “He was the last that died,” may be expressed
+as: “He was the last to die.” Again, _if_ or some other conditional
+word may be used to introduce a dependent clause. _E.g._: “If a man
+sins, he will be punished” [_i.e._, “The man that sins” &c.] Again,
+the conjunction and the demonstrative pronoun may be used. _E.g._: “He
+wasted his time at X., which was very foolish;” may be changed into:
+“He wasted his time at X., and this was” &c. Again, pronominal adverbs
+(_whereby_, _wherein_, &c.) may take the place of the relative and a
+preposition.
+
+Very often, after a negative, the antecedent to the relative should be
+repeated, or a summing-up noun introduced. _E.g._: “He said he would
+not hear me--a refusal that I expected.” When otherwise there would be
+ambiguity, the same construction should be used with an affirmative.
+
+Prefer verbal clauses to verbal nouns. “That he had betrayed his
+country was not so plainly shown,” is better than: “His having
+betrayed” &c.
+
+Avoid what is called “mistake of subject.” _E.g._: “The late arrival of
+the train caused” &c., should be: “The lateness of the arrival” &c. So:
+“Excuse a letter to-day,” should be: “Excuse my not having written a
+letter to-day.”
+
+_In prose_ be careful to avoid zeugma, _i.e._, the application of a
+word to two or more ideas, to only one of which it is really suitable.
+_E.g._: “The landscape and the shoutings formed a strange _sight_.”
+
+The great rule for figures of speech, especially for metaphors and
+similes, is to use strictly appropriate language. Therefore, do
+not say, “_Convey an impression_.” Say, “_Make_ [or _leave_] an
+impression.” Do not say, “The _car_ of progress rolls onward, _gnashing
+its teeth_ in its course.”
+
+In metaphorical language the pronouns usually agree with the noun used
+metaphorically, as if it were taken in its literal sense. _E.g._:
+“The stone _which_ the builders rejected,” &c. Afterwards, however,
+the pronouns may agree with the noun in its figurative sense. _E.g._:
+“Behold I lay in Zion a chief corner-stone; and he that believeth on
+_Him_,” &c.
+
+Do not employ different forms and expressions for the same person or
+thing, unless there is a peculiar appropriateness in each term or
+expression. Only confusion results from speaking, within narrow limits,
+of Columbus as “the Genoese navigator,” “the discoverer of America,” &c.
+
+It is a bad fault, therefore, to repeat the meaning in terms but
+slightly differing one from another. Thus, do not, in close connection,
+use such synonyms as _all_, _universal_, _total_.
+
+A new construction ought not to be introduced without sufficient cause.
+_E.g._: “On horseback and on foot,” is preferable to, “On horseback and
+walking;” “The dead and the living,” to, “The dead and those still on
+the earth.”
+
+Let each sentence have one, and only one, subject of thought. That is,
+avoid mixed or confused sentences.
+
+It is often a good thing to introduce each sentence of a paragraph by a
+short connecting expression: _accordingly_, _therefore_, _so_, _then_.
+[Such words as _but_, _and_, and other conjunctions generally used to
+join clauses, may, for the sake of clearness, introduce a new sentence.]
+
+Sometimes two important sentences may very effectively be united by a
+short connective sentence, such as: “This was as follows,” “The result
+was as expected.”
+
+Often a good effect is produced by making a statement or by giving an
+explanation twice: first, briefly, and then fully; or _vice versâ_.
+
+The guiding principle in descriptive writing is to imagine we see,
+actually before us, the thing to be described.
+
+Except in scientific or other very precise writing, avoid the frequent
+use of _technical_ terms. It savors of pedantry, as the meaning of
+these terms is often unknown to the general reader. This “technical
+slang” is commonly seen in newspaper accounts of sporting and musical
+events. Why should _bowling_ be called “trundling the leather,” or
+a _lacrosse ball_ the “rubber”? Why should the report of a concert
+fairly bristle with “technique” and “timbre” and “genre” and “morceau”?
+Perhaps it is to display the writer’s intimate knowledge of the subject.
+
+
+
+
+WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED, SYNONYMS, OPPOSITES.
+
+_Advantage, benefit._
+
+ _Advantage_ is “a state of forwardness or advance;” and the word is
+ applied rightly, therefore, to one person or thing in relation to
+ other persons or things. _Benefit_ is simply gain or profit, without
+ comparison of one person or thing with another. [Thus: “He possesses
+ an advantage over me,” is correct. “All derived advantage from it,” is
+ incorrect.]
+
+_Also, likewise._
+
+ _Also_ is applied to things and qualities, and denotes mere addition.
+ _Likewise_ is applied to states of being or of action; and denotes
+ some agreement or connection between the ideas expressed in the words
+ it joins. [Thus: “He is a prince and _also_ a musician;” but: “He is a
+ poet and _likewise_ a musician.”]
+
+_Ability, capacity._
+
+ _Ability_ is the power of doing something. _Capacity_ is the faculty
+ of receiving something [_e.g._: new ideas, great thoughts.] [So: “That
+ statesman has great ability;” “That pupil had wonderful capacity.”]
+
+_Answer, reply._
+
+ _An answer_ is given to questions; _a reply_, to attacks and
+ accusations. [An answer to an answer may, however, be called a reply.]
+
+_Amid [amidst], among._
+
+ _Amid or amidst_ is used generally when the surroundings are of a
+ different nature from the person or thing surrounded. _Among_, when
+ they are of the same nature. Again, _amid or amidst_ is generally
+ applied to quantity; _among_, to number. [So: “among friends;” “amidst
+ enemies;” “among thousands;” “amid the snow.”]
+
+_Abandon, desert, forsake._
+
+ _Abandon_ and _desert_ generally imply something blame-worthy in the
+ one who abandons or deserts; _forsake_ does not. Again: _abandon and
+ forsake_ are used of persons and things, _desert_ is used of causes or
+ of persons, but not of things. [Thus: “The soldier deserted his post
+ of duty.” “The man abandoned his early friends.” “We forsook the dear
+ old homestead.”]
+
+_Assist, aid._
+
+ _Assist_ implies mutuality of help; _aid_, not necessarily so. [“The
+ sufferers assisted one another.” “I aided him in his distress.”]
+
+_Anger, wrath._
+
+ _Anger_ is inward feeling. _Wrath_ is inward feeling accompanied by
+ outward manifestations. [“The wrath of the elements.” “The anger of
+ the inmost soul.”]
+
+_Accurate, exact._
+
+ _Accurate_ is aiming at, and therefore attaining to, correctness.
+ _Exact_ has not necessarily this implication of intention, and may be
+ used of accidental correctness. [“He was very honest and accurate in
+ his accounts.” “He was exact in that financial statement, but it was
+ by chance.”]
+
+_Authentic, genuine_ (applied to books, writing, &c.).
+
+ _Authentic_ is that which gives a true account of the matters in
+ question. _Genuine_ is that which has been written or composed by the
+ person whose signature the book or paper bears. [“This is a genuine
+ letter of the great Captain’s; but it does not give an authentic
+ account of the voyage.”]
+
+_Admittance, admission._
+
+ _Admittance_ is the right of entry; _admission_ is the actual entry.
+ [“The admittance fee was twenty-five cents.” “The burglar gained
+ admission to the house by a window.”]
+
+_Allow and permit._
+
+ _Allow_ is the stronger of the two. [“I begged to to be allowed to go;
+ but I was refused.” “Permit me to show you to a seat.”]
+
+_Appear, seem._
+
+ _Seem_ is confined to the mind; _appear_, to the senses. [“It seems to
+ me that you have made a mistake.” “That house appears white to me.”]
+
+_Bountiful and plentiful._
+
+ _Bountiful_ is used of persons; _plentiful_, of things. [“The game was
+ plentiful.” “A bountiful giver.”]
+
+_Bravery, courage, valor._
+
+ _Bravery_ is a natural quality; _courage_ and _valor_ are acquired
+ qualities; courage, in particular, being the result of reason.
+ _Bravery_ and _valor_ are confined to contests with living beings;
+ _courage_ is not. Again, _valor_ is not used of single combat, but
+ of war; _bravery_ and _courage_ may be used of single combat. [“The
+ natives showed great bravery.” “He bore his sufferings with undaunted
+ courage.” “His military career was one long record of valor.”]
+
+_Beneficent, beneficence; benevolent, benevolence._
+
+ _Beneficent_ is used chiefly--if not entirely--of actions.
+ _Benevolent_ is used of both actions and feelings, chiefly of
+ feelings. The same thing may be said of most adjectives and
+ nouns having the endings _-ficent_ and _-ficence_ [facio, I
+ do] respectively, and _-volent_ and _-volence_ [volo, I will]
+ respectively; _e.g._: _munificent_, _malevolent_. [“He was naturally
+ very benevolent; but, owing to the circumstances of his life, he could
+ not shew any very great beneficence.” “He was a very munificent man,
+ continually giving away his money to the poor.”] The use of these
+ words should be confined to persons or personified things. It is
+ incorrect, therefore, to speak of a _munificent_ gift.
+
+_Brevity, conciseness; brief, concise._
+
+ _Brevity_ is mere shortness. _Conciseness_ is shortness along with
+ condensation. [“His speech was very brief; for really there was
+ nothing to be said.” “Mr. H. is very concise in his speeches: they are
+ short, but full of matter.”]
+
+_Continuous, continual._
+
+ Motion is _continuous_ when there are no interruptions. It is
+ _continual_ when there are interruptions. [“Life itself is
+ continuous.” “The demands upon ones purse are imperative and
+ continual.”]
+
+_Character, reputation._
+
+ _Character_ is our real inner worth; _reputation_ is the world’s
+ opinion of our character. [“His reputation is bad; but, could we see
+ his real character, we should find him not so bad, after all.”]
+
+_Conscious, aware._
+
+ _Conscious_ applies to the heart, the soul, the conscience: _i.e._, to
+ the moral and spiritual part of man. _Aware_ applies to the mind. [“He
+ was conscious of his sin.” “He was not aware that you saw him.”]
+
+_Crime, sin, vice._
+
+ A _crime_ is an infraction of the law of a particular land or people.
+ _Sin_ is the violation of a religious law. This law may be common to
+ many lands or peoples. _Vice_ is a continual course of wrong-doing,
+ and is unaffected by country, religious belief, or state of life:
+ being a line of conduct harmful to the vicious man or to others.
+ [Smuggling is a crime; idleness is a sin, and, if long-continued, it
+ becomes a vice.]
+
+_Courteous, polite [polished]._
+
+ _Courteous_ has reference chiefly to others; _polite or polished_, to
+ ourselves. The former is “objective;” the latter, “subjective.” [Thus:
+ “We met an old fisherman, who took us home and treated us with great
+ courtesy and kindness. Of course, he was not polished: in fact, he had
+ very little idea of politeness.”]
+
+_Catalogue, list._
+
+ A _catalogue_ is a list accompanied by short explanations or notes.
+ “The list of the paintings was only a page and a half long; but the
+ complete catalogue--compiled later--occupied four pages.”
+
+_Casual, accidental, fortuitous._
+
+ That is _casual_ which is unpremeditated. That is _fortuitous_ which
+ is “opposed to systematic design.” [_Fortuitous_ generally implies
+ a combination of events.] That is _accidental_ which interrupts
+ (generally unpleasantly) the ordinary course of events. [“Walking
+ carelessly along, I took a casual look at the prison window; and there
+ I beheld my friend.” “The accidental stopping of the coach saved him a
+ further explanation.” “The meeting was quite fortuitous: it would not
+ have taken place once in a thousand times.”]
+
+_Compel, compulsion; coerce, coercion._
+
+ _Compel and compulsion_ generally imply the employment of physical
+ force. _Coerce and coercion_ do not, their meaning being almost always
+ confined to moral or mental pressure.
+
+_Confess, acknowledge._
+
+ _Confess_, _confession_, imply that what is told was before unknown
+ to the person to whom the confession is made. _Acknowledge_,
+ _acknowledgment_, have no such implication. [“But what was their
+ surprise when the captain confessed that he himself was the murderer!”
+ “The monster, being accused of the crime, acknowledged his guilt.”]
+
+_Conjecture, surmise._
+
+ _A surmise_ is founded on evidence; _a conjecture_, not necessarily
+ so. A _conjecture_, therefore, is generally of something visionary;
+ a _surmise_ of something practical. [“His conjecture, that the moon
+ is inhabited, is now discredited.” “After taking observations, he
+ surmised that the Indians contemplated an attack.”]
+
+_Con- and Co-_ [in composite words].
+
+ _Con-_ is used before a consonant; _co-_, before a vowel. When,
+ however, the two parts are very distinct, _co-_ is preferred, before
+ even a consonant. A hyphen will, in such cases, generally be used.
+ [_Contemporary_, _coeval_, _co-partner_.]
+
+_Complete, finished._
+
+ _Complete_ means lacking nothing. _Finished_ means done as far as was
+ intended. [“The house is finished for the winter; but still, much more
+ labor will be required to make it complete.”]
+
+_Custom, habit, usage._
+
+ _Custom and usage_ apply to society; _habit_ applies to an individual.
+ Again, _usage_ implies long standing; _custom_, not necessarily so.
+ [“My _habit_ in Africa was to rise early. Early rising is a _custom_
+ of the country, sanctioned by immemorial _usage_.”]
+
+_Discriminate, distinguish._
+
+ _Discriminate_ is used of small differences; _distinguish_, of great
+ differences. Again: _discriminate_ applies to several objects;
+ _distinguish_, to two. Further: _discriminate_ is generally used of
+ the mind; _distinguish_, of the senses. [“By the light of the lantern
+ he distinguished the bodies.” “He discriminated among the specimens,
+ which, to an unpractised eye, appeared all the same.”]
+
+_Despotism, tyranny._
+
+ _Despotism_ exists by law or of right. _A tyranny_ exists in the face
+ of law and right. A _despotism_ may, therefore, be mild, as has often
+ been the case in history.
+
+_Determine, resolve._
+
+ _Resolve_ is stronger than _determine_. [“I am resolved to die
+ rather than give up my Church.” “I am determined to get the book, if
+ possible.”]
+
+_Directed, guided._
+
+ One is _directed_ by a person at a greater or less distance. One is
+ _guided_ by a person close at hand. [“Taking our hand, he guided
+ us through the forest.” “Standing on an eminence, he directed the
+ pilgrims to their various quarters, by a movement of the hand.”]
+
+_Deduction, induction._
+
+ In reasoning, _deduction_ is proceeding from generals to particulars;
+ _induction_, from particulars to generals.
+
+_Direct, address._
+
+ A letter is _directed_ to him who is to receive it; _addressed_,
+ to him who is to read it. A parcel, therefore, is _directed_, not
+ _addressed_.
+
+_Drive, ride._
+
+ _Drive_ is to urge along; _ride_, to be borne along. This is the
+ distinction in America. [“Mr. Vanderbilt drove a beautiful span of
+ bays; his wife rode beside him.”] In Great Britain and Ireland,
+ _drive_ generally refers to vehicles (except busses, cabs, and other
+ public conveyances, with which its use is confined to the driver);
+ whilst _ride_ means to be carried upon the back of a horse, donkey,
+ &c. Thus: “I went out for a drive,” would not necessarily mean that
+ I myself held the reins. The American use of _drive and ride_ is,
+ however, more agreeable to reason and authority.
+
+_Evidence, testimony._
+
+ _Evidence_ is that which produces proof. _Testimony_ is that which
+ is intended to produce proof, _i.e._, the giving of what may be
+ _evidence_. [“Much testimony was taken, but really there was little
+ evidence of even the commission of the crime.”]
+
+_Epidemic, endemic._
+
+ _Epidemic_ is a disease brought upon or into a community from some
+ outside quarter. It is therefore unnatural to the locality. _Endemic_
+ is a disease natural to the community or locality. [“Yellow-fever,
+ which is epidemic at New York, is endemic in Cuba.”]
+
+_Expense, cost; expensive, costly._
+
+ _Expense and expensive_ refer to the purchaser; _cost and costly_, to
+ the thing purchased. [“That vase is not too costly--for it is very
+ valuable; but it is too expensive for my limited means.”]
+
+_Effect, consequence, result._
+
+ The _effect_ is that which immediately follows the cause. Then comes
+ the _consequence_, and after that the _result_. [“The effect of
+ wearing clothes is warmth; the consequence is the wearing out of the
+ clothes; the result is the purchase of new clothes.”]
+
+_Eternal, everlasting._
+
+ _Eternal_: having neither beginning nor end; _everlasting_: having
+ beginning, but no end. [“Eternal Father, strong to save.” “The
+ everlasting hills.”]
+
+_Etc. [etcetera], and so forth._
+
+ _Etc._ means, “and others of a different kind.” _And so forth_ means,
+ “and others of the same kind,” “in the same strain,” “and the like.”
+ [“He has sold his horses, cows, sheep, &c.” “The result is a train of
+ coughs, colds, consumption, and so forth.”] In dignified composition
+ the use of these expressions is to be avoided as much as possible. It
+ is incorrect to use _etc._, _&c._, _and so forth_, in instances like
+ the following: “Employ some such word as mountain, hill,” &c. [_Some
+ such_ renders &c. superfluous.]
+
+_Ferment, foment._
+
+ _Ferment_ is to produce alcohol by fermentation. Hence _ferment_
+ is sometimes used figuratively with the intransitive force of “to
+ be in an excited state.” _Foment_ is to apply lotions to; hence,
+ figuratively, to animate or stir up. [“The revolutionary ingredients
+ seemed to be fermenting; the leaven of socialism seemed to be
+ working.” “He fomented the disturbance by appeals to the people.”]
+
+_Faultless, blameless._
+
+ _Faultless_ is, free from defects as well as from evil or wickedness.
+ _Blameless_ is, free from evil or wickedness alone. [“His course of
+ life was blameless, although he made many errors in business matters.”
+ “His playing was faultless.”]
+
+_Falsehood, falsity._
+
+ A _falsehood_ is a false or incorrect proposition. _Falsity_ is
+ the falseness or incorrectness of the proposition, apart from the
+ proposition itself. [“That statement is a falsehood. The falsity of
+ the assertions contained therein is obvious.”]
+
+_Farther, further._
+
+ _Farther_ is used of rest; _further_, of motion. In a secondary sense
+ _further_ is generally preferred. [“Montreal is farther away than
+ Toronto.” “I throw the ball further than you.” “To speak further is
+ superfluous.”]
+
+_Goodness, virtue._
+
+ _Goodness_ is innate; _virtue_, acquired. [“His goodness of heart
+ prompted the savage to give us food.” “His virtue was of slow growth:
+ at first he was a most degraded man.”]
+
+_However, but, yet, still, notwithstanding, nevertheless, in spite of._
+These words are in their proper gradation from weak to strong.
+
+_Hidden, concealed, secret._
+
+ _Hidden and concealed_ imply intention; _secret_ does not. [“Hidden
+ here, concealed there, the officers found the stolen goods.” “Deep in
+ the earth he found the secret ore.”]
+
+_Haste, hurry._
+
+ _Haste_ is quickness. _Hurry_ is quickness accompanied with confusion
+ or flurry. [“We are often in haste; we ought never to be in a hurry.”]
+
+_Hindrance, obstacle, inpediment._
+
+ A _hindrance_ stops us at the beginning; an _obstacle_, in the
+ middle; an _inpediment_ retards us all the time. [“Our journey was
+ very unfortunate. The entrance of a visitor was a hindrance to our
+ departure; about a mile from the house we found in the road an
+ obstacle in the shape of a fallen tree; whilst the mass of baggage we
+ carried was a serious inpediment to our progress.”]
+
+_Informed, instructed, taught._
+
+ One who is _informed_ knows something new; one who is _instructed_
+ understands something new; one who is _taught_ can do something new.
+ [“He was informed of the death of his father.” “He was instructed in
+ matters of trade.” “He was taught how to make sword-blades.”]
+
+_To take issue, to join issue._
+
+ _To take issue_ is to object to the right of denial. _To join issue_
+ is to admit the right of denial, but to disagree as to facts. _Join
+ issue_ should, of course, never be used for _agree_. [“He wanted to
+ argue with me; but I at once took issue with him, alleging that his
+ position in the matter precluded any argument.” “He said yes; I said
+ no. Upon this we joined issue.”]
+
+_Indecent, immodest._
+
+ _Indecent_ is used of the person; _immodest_, of the conduct or
+ disposition. [“The wearing of such clothes was simply indecent.” “His
+ general behaviour was quite immodest.”]
+
+_Instant, moment._
+
+ An _instant_ is shorter than a _moment_. [“In a few moments--nay, in a
+ single instant--we may be ushered into eternity.”]
+
+_Industrious, diligent; industry, diligence._
+
+ _Diligent_ and _diligence_ express the idea of thoroughly doing
+ whatever is at hand. _Industrious_ and _industry_ express the same
+ idea, and, in addition, imply a readiness or watchfulness for work.
+ [“He performed his task with diligence--just as a well-trained horse
+ does. He lacked, however, those habits of industry and thrift which
+ raised his brother to wealth.”]
+
+_Import, meaning, sense._
+
+ _Import_ is the idea most readily conveyed. _Meaning_ is the idea
+ intended to be conveyed. _Sense_ is the way in which the expression
+ may be taken, or its general substance or spirit. [“He says the
+ meaning is so and so. His words may have that sense, but it is not
+ their obvious import.”]
+
+_Illusion, delusion._
+
+ _Illusion_ is the imagining to be existent of something non-existent.
+ _Delusion_ is an incorrect idea about something really existent.
+ [“His chief illusion was that there were wild beasts in the room.”
+ “The delusion under which he labored was that paper currency is real
+ money, instead of its representative.”]
+
+_In-_, _un-_ [prefixes].
+
+ _In-_ is the ordinary negative prefix to be used with nouns and
+ adjectives of Latin origin. _Un-_ is the negative prefix to be used:
+ (1) with words of Anglo-Saxon origin; (2) with verbs of Latin origin.
+ [Thus: _inhospitable_, _ingratitude_; _unclean_, _unauthorize_.] There
+ are, however, many exceptions; _e.g._: _uncomfortable_, _incapacitate_.
+
+_Inexorable, inflexible._
+
+ _Inexorable_ is, not to be prevailed upon by entreaty; _inflexible_,
+ not to be bent at all. _Inflexible_ is therefore the stronger of the
+ two. [“We tried entreaties, but he was inexorable. Afterwards, we
+ tried money and threats; but he was still inflexible.”]
+
+_Jar, pitcher, jug._
+
+ _A jar_ is a wide-mouthed vessel without a handle [“A jar of jam”].
+ _A pitcher_ is a wide-mouthed vessel with a protruding lip and a
+ large ear or handle. [“Please pass the milk-pitcher.”] _A jug_ is a
+ small-mouthed vessel with a swelling body and a small ear or handle
+ near the mouth. [“He brought a large jug of beer.”]
+
+_Low-priced, cheap._
+
+ _Low-priced_ is that for which little has been paid. The thing may
+ however, really be dear. _Cheap_ is that the price of which is low,
+ its intrinsic worth being considered. [“The watch was by no means
+ low-priced; it cost, in fact, one hundred pounds; still, it was cheap
+ at that sum, for its action was perfect.”]
+
+_Lazy, idle, slothful._
+
+ _Lazy_ describes the general disposition, and is the opposite to
+ _alert_ or _industrious_. _Idle_ refers to a particular time, place
+ or matter, and is the opposite to _busy_ or _occupied_. _Slothful_
+ or _indolent_ implies a hatred of exertion and a general slowness or
+ languor. The opposite to _slothfulness_ or _indolence_ is _activity_.
+ [“The boy was thoroughly lazy: he would neither work nor play.” “After
+ a hard day’s work, he was now enjoying a few minutes of idle repose.”
+ “Be not slothful in business.”]
+
+_Laudable, praiseworthy._
+
+ _Laudable_ is used of things; _praiseworthy_, of persons. [“It is a
+ most laudable endeavour.” “He is a praiseworthy man.”]
+
+_Last, latest._
+
+ _Last_ is used of place or order; _latest_, of time. [“His name
+ was last on the list.” “He was the latest to arrive.”] _Late_ is
+ often employed incorrectly for _last_. _E.g._: “The _late_ [_last_]
+ speaker.” #
+
+ _Leave, quit._
+
+  _Leave_ generally implies a return. _Quit_ generally implies no
+  return. [“He left me for a moment.” “He quitted me for ever.”]
+
+ _Malice, spite._
+
+  _Malice_ is used of conduct in general; _spite_, of individual acts.
+  [“He followed him for years with untiring malice.” “On this occasion
+  he certainly shewed spite towards his opponent.”]
+
+ _Marital, matrimonial._
+
+  _Marital_ means, pertaining to a husband; _matrimonial_, pertaining
+  to marriage. [“His marital rights were disregarded.” “Matrimonial
+  alliances between crowned heads are often matters of policy.”]
+
+ _Mistake, error._
+
+  A _mistake_ is not necessarily blameworthy. An _error_ is
+  blameworthy. [“That was a fortunate mistake.” “It was a downright
+  error on his part; for he had been warned again and again.”]
+
+ _Mute, dumb._
+
+  _Mute_ is used of one who _can_ speak, but who, through compulsion or
+  otherwise, will not. _Dumb_ is used of one who _cannot_ speak. So,
+  the expression, _a deaf-mute_, should be, _a deaf and dumb person_.
+  [“He was mute, in spite of all their threats: he would not betray his
+  friends.” “He was dumb, having uttered no articulate sound in his
+  whole life.”]
+
+ _Merely, simply._
+
+  _Merely_ implies no addition; _simply_, no admixture. [“They were
+  there merely to prevent bloodshed.” “It was simply incredible that he
+  should have so acted.”]
+
+ _Nearly, entirely, scarcely; almost, completely, hardly._
+
+  _Nearly_, _entirely_, _scarcely_, are applied to quantity, time or
+  space; _almost_, _completely_, _hardly_, generally to degree. [“It is
+  nearly a mile from here.” “The apple is hardly ripe.” “He is almost
+  dead.”]
+
+ _Neglectful, negligent._
+
+  _Neglectful_ refers to an individual act. _Negligent_, to a series
+  of acts that have produced a habit. [“To forget that book was very
+  neglectful.” “He was all his life a most negligent man.”]
+
+ _Owing, due._
+
+  _Due_ is used of debts. _Owing_ calls attention to the source or
+  origin whence something springs. The present participle [_owing_]
+  of the intransitive verb _to owe_ has taken the place of the past
+  participle [_owed_] of the transitive verb _to owe_. [“A large sum
+  was due him.” “It was owing to the Crusades that many oriental ideas
+  and inventions were introduced into the West.”]
+
+ _On, upon._
+
+  _Upon_ is stronger than _on_, and should be employed when
+  particular attention is to be drawn to the support, whether literal
+  or figurative. With verbs of motion, also, _upon_ is generally
+  preferable. [“The book is on the table.” “He lifted the large box,
+  and put it upon the table.” “Upon truth and righteousness, upon
+  honour and justice, must rest the foundations of every state.”]
+
+ _Perspicacity, perspicuity; perspicacious, perspicuous._
+
+  _Perspicacity and perspicacious_ express the power of of seeing
+  clearly. _Perspicuity and perspicuous_ express the quality of
+  clearness. The former two are active in their meaning, the latter two
+  passive. The ending _-city_, here as elsewhere, denotes the power
+  or ability to do something; _e.g._: _veracity_ is the quality of
+  speaking the truth, not truth itself. [“I admire the perspicuity of
+  his explanations.” “He is a most perspicacious man: nothing escapes
+  his eye.”] In many cases, _clear-sightedness_, _clear-sighted_,
+  _clearness_, _clear_, are greatly preferable to _perspicacity_ and
+  the rest.
+
+ _Perpetually, continually; perpetual, continual._
+
+  _Perpetually_ is an exact synonym of _continuously_, and means,
+  therefore, never-ceasing. _Continual_ implies interruptions, and is
+  equivalent to constantly renewed. [“The perpetual flow of the river.”
+  “The continual roar of the mill, ceasing only for a short time at
+  night.”]
+
+ _Proclaim, announce._
+
+  One _proclaims_ opinions, sentiments, and so forth. One _announces_
+  news, tidings, and so on. [“He proclaimed to the vast throng the
+  revolutionary doctrines of socialism.” “The messenger announced that
+  the battle was lost.”]
+
+ _Purpose, intent or intention._
+
+  _Purpose_ generally implies the employment of means to accomplish
+  the end. _Intent and intention_ may exist without the employment of
+  means. [“His intention was to do wonders; but he never did anything
+  at all.” “His practical purpose soon found ways and means to
+  accomplish what he wished.”]
+
+ _Poverty, indigence, pauperism._
+
+  _Poverty_ means straitened circumstances, one’s position in life
+  being considered. _Indigence_ is absolute destitution. _Pauperism_
+  implies the receiving of public relief. [“The duke was in poverty,
+  although he had £1,000 a year. But what is that for the expenses
+  of a duke?” “I found them in the greatest indigence--without any
+  fuel, and with but a mouthful of bread.” “Legalized pauperism kills
+  individual effort.”]
+
+ _Reticent, reticence; reserved, reserve._
+
+  _Reticence and reticent_ are confined to habitual quiet or caution.
+  _Reserve and reserved_ may refer to temporary quiet or caution. [“He
+  a very reticent man: during our whole acquaintance with him I have
+  never heard him make a speech.” “I questioned him upon that point,
+  but he kept a careful reserve.”]
+
+ _Reverse and converse._
+
+  _Reverse_ is the opposite or antithesis. _Converse_ is “an opposite
+  reciprocal proposition.” In the converse, therefore, the cause
+  becomes the effect, the condition becomes the result. [“Minus is the
+  reverse of plus.” “If the sides of two triangles are respectively
+  equal, the angles will be equal. But the converse is not true; for
+  the angles may be equal, and the sides unequal.”]
+
+ _Recompense, reward, meed._
+
+  _Recompense_ is a fair compensation. _Reward_ is any present or gift.
+  _Meed_ is something earned by one’s own toil. [“The recompense for
+  the loss of his arm at the Alma was not too great.” “He rewarded me
+  munificently--indeed, far above my deserts.” “He alone who fights and
+  labours, wins the glorious meed.”]
+
+ _Robbery, theft._
+
+  _Robbery_ is stealing with violence; _theft_, generally without.
+  [“After a hard struggle, he robbed the traveller of his watch.” “I
+  had not noticed the theft, it was committed so quietly.”]
+
+ _Remember, recollect._
+
+  _Remember_ is to gather materials ready at hand; _recollect_, to
+  gather materials not ready at hand. [“I do not remember, but I will
+  try to recollect.”]
+
+ _Religion, piety._
+
+  _Religion_ is a form of belief or worship. _Piety_ is reverence for
+  what is good, and the desire to do good. It includes, therefore,
+  love, charity and such like. [“There are many religions; there is but
+  one piety.”]
+
+ _Relieve, alleviate, mitigate._
+
+  _Relieve_ is to remove pain _entirely_. _Alleviate_ or _mitigate_ is
+  to remove it but partially. _Alleviate_ is used generally of others,
+  _mitigate_ of ourselves. [“At his touch the pain was instantly
+  relieved.” “I alleviated his sufferings through the application of a
+  lotion.” “My anguish was somewhat mitigated.”]
+
+ _Recant, abjure._
+
+  _Recant_ generally implies the use of force; _abjure_ generally does
+  not. [“Unable to bear the torture, he recanted.” “I freely abjure all
+  part in the plot.”]
+
+ _Rend, tear._
+
+  _Rend_ implies purpose; _tear_ may or may not do so. _Rend_ generally
+  carries with it the idea of splitting or dividing. Such idea is not
+  necessarily implied in _tear_. [“He unfortunately tore his coat.” “He
+  tore his hair.” “He rent his garment.”]
+
+ _Sewerage, sewage._
+
+  _Sewerage_: a system of drainage or the science of drainage. It is
+  but rarely used for sewage. _Sewage_: sometimes the same as sewerage,
+  but generally the matter flowing through the drains. [“How many books
+  have been written on sewerage!” “The sewage from the city pollutes
+  the river.”]
+
+ _Spontaneous, voluntary._
+
+  _Spontaneous_ should be confined to things; _voluntary_, to persons.
+  [“It was an instance of spontaneous combustion.” “The action was
+  voluntary on his part.”]
+
+ _Sociable, social._
+
+  _Sociable_ expresses a readiness for companionship. _Social_ refers
+  to the relations that men in an organized society bear, one to
+  another. [“He is a very sociable man.” “Have you read the great works
+  on social science and social progress?”] _Sociable_ is, therefore,
+  the correct form of the noun. [“The sociable was successful.”]
+
+ _Satisfied, contented._
+
+  _Satisfied_ is stronger than _contented_, and means that all our
+  desires are gratified. _Satisfaction_ is positive pleasure, and comes
+  from the outside. _Contentment_ is the absence of pain, and lies
+  in ourselves. _Satisfaction_ is less lasting than _contentment_.
+  [“The industrious and intelligent artisan may, for a time, remain
+  contented; but he is certainly far from satisfied with his lot.”]
+
+ _Sufficient, enough._
+
+  One has _enough_ when one’s desires are satisfied; _sufficient_, when
+  one’s needs are satisfied. [“Do not let the horse eat as much as he
+  will. Give him just sufficient.” “He was rich; but, like all other
+  misers, he never had enough.”]
+
+ _Strong, powerful._
+
+  _Strong_: of sound constitution, able to stand hard work. _Powerful_:
+  able to lift heavy weights, to strike heavy blows, &c. [“He
+  made a gallant fight against disease; for he was a very strong
+  man.” “Strange to say, he was a very powerful man, able to give
+  tremendous blows; and yet, his constitution was undermined through
+  dissipation.”] _Muscular_ is a very effective word.
+
+ _Stubborn, obstinate._
+
+  _Stubborn_: opposed to the way of others; _obstinate_: set in one’s
+  own way. [“I tried to induce him to approve my scheme; but, although
+  he had none of his own to offer, yet he was stubborn and refused.”
+  “He wished to go his own way, and was very obstinate about the
+  matter.”]
+
+ _Safety, security._
+
+  _Safety_: freedom from danger. _Security_: freedom from care.
+  _Security_ may, therefore, be real or fancied. [“He relied with the
+  greatest security upon his followers; but, really, he was far from
+  being in a position of safety.”]
+
+ _Subdue, subjugate._
+
+  _Subdue_ is to conquer so thoroughly that resistance ceases.
+  _Subjugate_ is to conquer and then to impose restraints, generally
+  repeated and severe. _Subjugate_, moreover, is used chiefly in
+  a literal sense, _i.e._, with reference to nations; _subdue_ is
+  frequently used in a figurative sense, _i.e._, with reference to the
+  mind or the moral nature. [“England subdued, but did not subjugate
+  Russia.” “The Poles have been subjugated; but their spirits are yet
+  unsubdued.”]
+
+ _Source, origin._
+
+  _Source_ implies that the supply is continuous; _origin_, that it has
+  ceased. [“This was the origin of the friendship, which was a source
+  of such joy.”]
+
+ _Tongue, language._
+
+  _Tongue_ is generally an original form of speech; _language_, a
+  derived form. [“The Latin is one of the tongues from which so many
+  languages have sprung.”] _Language_ may, of course, be used of
+  inarticulate speech [“The language of birds”], where _tongue_ would
+  be incorrect.
+
+ _Transitory, transient_ or _fleeting_.
+
+  _Transitory_ is liable to pass away. _Transient or fleeting_ is
+  actually passing away. _Transitory_ is abstract; _transient and
+  fleeting_ are concrete, as well as abstract. _Fleeting_ is preferable
+  to _transient_. [“Earth’s joys are transitory: in a moment they may
+  pass away.” “Life is fleeting as a shadow: the transient moments can
+  never be recalled.”]
+
+ _Trivial, trifling._
+
+  _Trivial_ generally has a tinge of contempt; _trifling_, generally
+  not. [“That is the most absurd and trivial matter in the world.” “The
+  greater part of our time ought to be occupied with serious matters;
+  the rest may be occupied with amusements and other rather trifling
+  matters.”]
+
+ _Talkative, loquacious._
+
+  _Talkative_ implies a desire to speak, accompanied or not with
+  readiness of speech. _Loquacious_ implies a desire to speak,
+  accompanied with a readiness of speech. [“The little child was very
+  talkative.” “Unlike most loquacious men, he was very instructive in
+  his long harangues.”]
+
+ _Voluntary, willing._
+
+  _Voluntary_ is with seeming readiness or acquiescence; _willing_,
+  with real readiness or acquiescence. [“He went voluntarily: no
+  compulsion was used; but still, he looked as if he did not like to
+  go.” “He was ready--yes, more than ready--willing, to die.”]
+
+ _Vulgar, immodest; vulgarity, immodesty._
+
+  Only what is metaphorically low is _vulgar_. _Vulgarity_, moreover,
+  generally implies pretension to refinement along with lowness of
+  disposition. [“That was a most immodest act.” “His general bearing
+  was very vulgar.” “The old-fashioned English squire--coarse as he
+  was--was not vulgar, was not given to cheap display and pretence.”]
+
+ _Whole, entire._
+
+  _Whole_: that from which nothing has been taken. _The whole_ and _all
+  the_ are usually interchangeable. _Entire_: that which is undivided.
+  [“The whole town was burned: not a single house escaped.” “That
+  congregation, at any rate, was entire in its vote: there were no
+  divisions among its members.”]
+
+ _Wit, humor._
+
+  _Wit_ is the effect of unexpected fitness or congruity. _Humor_ is
+  the effect of unexpected unfitness or incongruity. Again, humor is
+  not, as wit is, sudden and short-lived; it extends very often through
+  a whole book or speech. [“Humor is all. Wit should be brought only to
+  turn agreeably some proper thought.” “He made a very witty pun, and
+  wrote more than one humorous chapter.”]
+
+ _World, earth, globe._
+
+  _World_ is our planet viewed from the “moral or abstract point
+  of view.” _The world_ refers, therefore, almost always to its
+  inhabitants. _Earth_ is our planet with reference to its external or
+  material formation or aspect. _Globe_ is our planet in a geological
+  sense chiefly. _Globe_ is often used in poetry for _world_ or
+  _earth_. [“The bodies revolving round the sun are the following:
+  Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,” &c. “When we look abroad upon the world
+  and see its wickedness, we are lost in wonder at man’s depravity.”
+  “Who can say how many ages have been required for the formation of
+  the crust of the globe!”]
+
+ _Wholly_, _totally_ [with expressions denoting deprivation or loss].
+
+  _Wholly_ lays stress upon the condition of the person deprived;
+  _totally_, upon the thing of which he has been deprived. [“He is
+  wholly blind.” “His sight is totally gone.”]
+
+
+ PREFER.
+
+ _Prefer_:
+
+ Approve _to_ approve of. [“To shew thyself approved unto God.”]
+
+ Agriculturist _to_ agriculturalist.
+
+ Aside _to_ apart. [“He took me aside.”] _Apart_ means _to pieces_, as,
+ “He took the clock apart.”
+
+ Alone _to_ only, as much as possible.
+
+ Arise _to_ rise, in a figurative or secondary sense. [“Greece arose
+ from her ashes.”]
+
+ Advance _to_ progress [as verb]. _Progress_ is not properly formed
+ from the Latin root.
+
+ Acquaintanceship _to_ acquaintance, as an abstract noun. Reserve
+ _acquaintance_ for persons or things one is acquainted with.
+
+
+ Begin _to_ initiate. _Initiate_ may very properly be used in the sense
+ of, to induct into a position or introduce to a society.
+
+ Begin _to_ commence.
+
+ Become _to_ grow, denoting a change of condition. [“He becomes rich
+ and wise.”]
+
+ Believe _to_ think. [“I believe it is so.”]
+
+ Body [dead], or corpse, _to_ the remains.
+
+ Buy _to_ purchase.
+
+
+ Coffin _to_ casket.
+
+ Cannot but _to_ can but. [“I cannot but tell what I know.”] There
+ is an ellipsis in all such expressions: “I cannot do anything but
+ (_i.e._, except) tell what” &c.
+
+ Come into collision _to_ collide.
+
+ Correct or in the right _to_ right, when correctness, and not
+ uprightness, is meant, _E.g._: “I am correct in my statistics.”
+
+ Converser or conversationist _to_ conversationalist.
+
+ Controverter, or controversionist, _to_ controversionalist.
+
+ Church _to_ sanctuary.
+
+ Contend against, oppose, be at variance with, _to_ militate against.
+
+ Corpulent, heavy, fat, _to_ fleshy [of persons].
+
+
+ Deadly _to_ lethal.
+
+ Dwell, or live, _to_ reside.
+
+
+ Exponental _to_ exponential.
+
+ Earthen, golden, &c., _to_ earth, gold, &c. [as adjectives]. _E.g._:
+ “An earthen jar.”
+
+ Enlarge on [or, upon] _to_ dilate on [or, upon].
+
+
+ Foregoing _to_ above, as an adjective. [“The foregoing statement is
+ correct.”]
+
+ Factory _to_ manufactory.
+
+ Forbid _to_ prohibit.
+
+ Forward, backward, toward, &c., _to_ forwards, backwards, towards, &c.
+
+
+ Graceful _to_ elegant, when speaking of the body and its movements.
+
+
+ Hebrew _to_ Jew, when speaking of race.
+
+ House _to_ residence.
+
+ Incorrect, or in the wrong, _to_ wrong, when incorrectness, and not
+ unrighteousness, is meant.
+
+ Iced-water, iced-cream, &c., _to_ ice-water, ice-cream, &c.
+
+ Inform _to_ advise [in letters &c.] _Advise_ has a double meaning;
+ _inform_ has not.
+
+ Kinsman, kinswoman, _to_ relative, relation.
+
+ Last two weeks, last six months, &c., _to_ past two weeks, past six
+ months, &c.
+
+ Lenity, or lenience, _to_ leniency.
+
+ Loose _to_ unloose.
+
+ Land _to_ real estate.
+
+ Leading article, or leader, _to_ editorial.
+
+ Lengthwise, sidewise, &c., _to_ lengthways, sideways, &c.
+
+ The morrow _to_ to-morrow [as noun]. _E.g._: “The morrow will suit me.”
+
+ The months by name _to_ ult., prox., inst.
+
+ Much _to_ a great deal.
+
+ Muscular _to_ stout. [_Stout_ is somewhat ambiguous, meaning both
+ _strong_ and _corpulent_.]
+
+ One to [or, with] another _to_ among themselves. _E.g._: “They divided
+ the money one with another.”
+
+ Oneself _to_ one’s self.
+
+ Oversee _to_ supervise.
+
+ Offensive _to_ obnoxious.
+
+ Ordinal numbers _to_ cardinal numbers in the heading of letters. Write
+ _March 24th_, or _March the 24th_, rather than _March 24_.
+
+
+ Rich _to_ wealthy.
+
+ Railway _to_ railroad.
+
+
+ Seeming _to_ apparent.
+
+ Self-same _to_ identical.
+
+ Say _to_ remark, or observe. [_To remark_ and _to observe_ mean _to
+ notice_.]
+
+ Station _to_ depot [or dépôt].
+
+ Sympathy _to_ pity, when speaking of or to equals.
+
+
+ Truthfulness _to_ veracity. [_Veracity_ should be used of persons
+ only.]
+
+ Tangental _to_ tangential.
+
+ Thus _to_ so. [“He does it _thus_.”]
+
+
+ Unexpressed _to_ understood. [_Understood_ has two meanings.]
+
+
+ Violoncello _to_ violincello. [The instrument is a large, not a small,
+ violin.]
+
+ Various, or diverse, _to_ different. [_Different_ should be confined
+ to the meaning of _differing from_.]
+
+ Vacant _to_ empty, of buildings no longer inhabited.
+
+
+ Wast _to_ wert, in the second person singular, past indicative.
+ [_Wert_ is the subjunctive, but it is not incorrect in the indicative.]
+
+ Would rather, or should rather, _to_ had rather. [_Had rather_ is not
+ incorrect, but _would rather_ or _should rather_ is preferable. All
+ these forms ought to be used as little as possible. Choose some other
+ expression.]
+
+ With reference to _to_ in reference to. [We never say, _out of
+ reference to_, but always, _without reference to_.]
+
+ In general, prefer _short_ words and phrases to _long_ words and
+ phrases, and words of Anglo-Saxon, to those of non-Anglo-Saxon, origin.
+
+
+ OBJECTIONABLE WORDS AND PHRASES.
+
+ A day or two, a man or two, &c. [Say, _two or three days_, _a few
+ days_; _two or three men_, _a few men_; &c. There is lack of agreement
+ in _a day or two_, _a man or two_. A somewhat similar error occurs in,
+ “With this, as with many other matters.” The expression should be:
+ “With this, as with many another matter.”]
+
+ Authoress, poetess, &c. [Such words may be used if the gender is to be
+ pointed out. Otherwise, the ordinary forms--_author_, _poet_, &c.--are
+ sufficient]
+
+ Accountable, unaccountable.
+
+ Answerable, unanswerable.
+
+ Antagonize.
+
+ Aborigene [in the singular].
+
+ A bit [_at all_, _a little_; as: “I am a bit tired”], not a bit [_not
+ at all_].
+
+
+ Confirmed invalid.
+
+ Cablegram. [Use _telegram_ or _telegraphic message_.]
+
+
+ Down East, down South. [Say: “I am going to the South.” “I live in the
+ East.” “He practised at the South.”]
+
+ Desirability and undesirability.
+
+ Direful. [This word is not properly formed, as _dire_ is not a noun.]
+
+ Defalcate and defalcation [in the sense of _making default_].
+ _Defalcate_, correctly used, is _to cut off_ or _lop off_.
+
+ Desiderate [for _desire_].
+
+ Deceased [for _the late_, _the dead one_, &c.], except in legal and
+ other formal expressions.
+
+
+ Every once in a while. [Say, _once in a while_, _sometimes_,
+ _frequently_.]
+
+ Electropathy, hydropathy, &c. [_Pathein_ is, to suffer; not, to cure.]
+
+ Effectuate.
+
+ Enjoy oneself. [Say, “I enjoyed the concert;” not, “I enjoyed myself
+ at the concert.”]
+
+ Eventuate.
+
+ Environment. [Use _surroundings_.]
+
+ Emasculate.
+
+
+ Go ahead.
+
+
+ Help [in the sense of _to avoid_]. Say: “I cannot avoid doing so;”
+ not, “I cannot help doing so.”
+
+ Have got [for _have_]. _Get_ is generally superfluous, and should be
+ used as little as possible.
+
+
+ Impute. [Use _ascribe_.]
+
+ Ignore.
+
+
+ Lose oneself. [Say, “He was lost--or became lost--or lost his way--in
+ the wood.”]
+
+ Line of goods.
+
+ Lots [for _much_ or _many_].
+
+
+ Malaprop. [Use _mal-à-propos_; _unsuitable_, _unseasonable_, or the
+ corresponding adverbs.]
+
+ More guilty, most guilty; less guilty, least guilty. [One is either
+ _guilty_ or _not guilty_, of a crime; although one may be guilty of a
+ greater or a less crime. A similar remark applies to _guiltless_ and
+ _innocent_. These adjectives should properly be used of individual
+ acts only.]
+
+
+ Necessitate.
+
+
+ Opine.
+
+ Out West. [Say: “He goes West (or, to the West).” “I live in the West
+ (or, at the West).”]
+
+ Out of [for _of_, with names of materials]. Say: “The box is made _of_
+ [not, _out of_] wood.”
+
+
+ Ponder over. [Use _ponder_ alone.]
+
+ Practitioner. [This word is incorrectly formed.]
+
+ Presidential. [The adjective--if formed at all--ought to be
+ _presidental_. _Presidential campaign_ is a very inelegant and
+ ill-constructed expression.]
+
+ Proven [for _proved_]. _Gotten_ maybe used for _got_; but not _proven_
+ for _proved_.
+
+ Particle [_a little_ or _somewhat_], not a particle [_not at all_].
+
+
+ Rostrum [for _platform_, _pulpit_]. If any form of this word is to be
+ used, it should be the plural, _rostra_.
+
+ Rehabilitate [for _reïnstate_].
+
+ Recuperate [for _recover_].
+
+ Right off.
+
+ Right away.
+
+ Reliable, unreliable. [Use _trustworthy_, _untrustworthy_.]
+
+ Repudiate. [Use _condemn_ or _disown_.]
+
+
+ Spread [in the sense of _meal_, _feast_, _banquet_].
+
+ Suicide, as a verb. [Say, _commit suicide_.]
+
+ Scientist. [Use _scientific man_, _savant_, &c. If a noun with this
+ meaning is to be formed from _science_, it ought to be _sciencist_,
+ not _scientist_.]
+
+ Stump, in the sense of _platform_; as: “He took the stump.”
+
+ Seeming paradox. [A _paradox_ is a seeming contradiction. _Seeming
+ paradox_ is, therefore, tautological.]
+
+ Tiresome. [Use _wearisome_ or _tedious_. _Tiresome_ is incorrectly
+ formed, _tire_ not being a noun.]
+
+ That much, that little, [for _so much_, _so little_, or _as much as
+ that_, _as little as that_].
+
+
+ Up North. [Say: “I live at (or in) the North.” “He goes to the North.”]
+
+
+ Voice [as a verb]. Say: “He expressed--or gave expression to--the
+ sentiments of his followers;” not, “He voiced,” &c.
+
+
+ Yours, ours, mine, &c., [for _your_, _our_, _my_, _&c._, _letter_].
+ Say: “I have received your letter of yesterday;” not, “I have received
+ yours of yesterday.”
+
+
+
+
+ NOTES ON PUNCTUATION.
+
+
+ Use a _comma_ before _or_ when the expressions between which it
+ occurs, refer to the same person or thing. Thus: “Jones or Smith was
+ here” [no comma]; but: “Saul, or Paul” [comma].
+
+ Put a _comma_ after a proposition forming the subject of a verb. So:
+ “That he did so, is not clear.”
+
+ When an infinitive is the subject of a verb, and follows the verb,
+ a _comma_ is generally inserted before the infinitive. This is
+ especially the case if the infinitive or the verb has other words
+ depending upon it. So write: “It ill becomes great and good men, to
+ smile at sin.”
+
+ Use no commas after short and closely-connected adjectives qualifying
+ the same noun. Thus: “A good old sound dry wine.”
+
+ Use a _comma_ before a quotation closely dependent upon such
+ introductory words as _say_, _tell_, _cry_. _E.g._: “The man said,
+ I will return.” [With such quotations--especially if short--the
+ quotation marks are generally omitted.] Before a direct quotation,
+ _i.e._, one not closely dependent upon introductory words (_say_,
+ _will_, _cry_, &c.), insert the _colon_. [When the quotation is
+ poetry, a _dash_ often follows the colon, especially if a space is
+ left at the end of the line.]
+
+ As a general rule, the subject of a verb must be expressed in every
+ clause preceded by a _semi-colon_. If, however, there are several
+ clauses or phrases marked off by semi-colons, to avoid repetition the
+ subjects may be omitted. [The subject of a verb may, of course, be
+ understood before a _comma_.]
+
+ A short and serviceable rule for the use of the _comma_ in relative
+ clauses, and in participial, adjectival and adverbial phrases, is,
+ to insert it when the clauses and phrases are _coördinate_, but not
+ when they are _restrictive_. _E.g._: “The things which are seen are
+ temporal.” “He was a man known in three continents.” [No commas.] “The
+ king, who was now old, declared for war.” “His brother, known far
+ and wide, was present.” [Commas.] Where the subject of the verb is
+ a phrase greatly lengthened by adjuncts, a _comma_ will be required
+ before the verb. _E.g._: “The fact of his having acted in so strange a
+ way, warranted his detention.”
+
+ Use a _semi-colon_, and not a comma, in the following cases:
+
+  (1). Before reasons. _E.g._: “Economy is no disgrace; for it” &c.
+
+  (2). Between two opposing clauses, when an adversative conjunction
+  introduces the second clause. _E.g._: “Straws swim at the surface;
+  but pearls sink to the bottom.”
+
+ A _colon_, not a _semi-colon_, should be used when the clause or
+ phrase that follows the mark expresses a result or effect, or when
+ it is in the form of an analogy, or is a parallel to what precedes.
+ “He lived a virtuous life: he died a happy death.” “The flowers bloom
+ and wither: so is it with the life of man.” The use of the _colon_
+ before a quotation or a list is an application of this principle. As a
+ general thing, therefore, the voice should be kept up before _colons_,
+ and let fall before _semi-colons_.
+
+ A long compound or complex sentence, the various parts of which are
+ divided by colons or semi-colons, may be separated into two or more
+ parts by periods. The second part will begin with _for_, _therefore_,
+ _and_, _as_, or some other introductory word. [This dividing up of
+ long sentences must be sparingly practised.]
+
+ Use brackets, and not parentheses, when, in a quotation, you wish
+ to insert words improperly omitted by the author, or when you wish
+ to explain something, or to correct an error in your own writing.
+ [In the last two cases parentheses may be employed, but brackets are
+ preferable.] So: “The man [Mr. Jones] was very rich.” [When brackets
+ are thus used in a quotation, additional quotation marks are not
+ required after the word preceding, and before the word following, the
+ brackets.]
+
+ When both brackets and parentheses are employed, the brackets enclose
+ the parentheses: [(--)].
+
+ Parentheses, brackets and dashes do not affect the ordinary
+ punctuation of the sentence; _i.e._, the points which would be
+ required in the rest of the sentence if the parentheses, brackets, or
+ dashes, were omitted, are still used.
+
+ A punctuation mark may be used _before_, but not after, a dash.
+
+ Mark with an interrogation point a question expressed in the form of
+ an assertion: _e.g._; “I suppose, Sir, you are his physician?”
+
+ The plurals of _two_, _three_, &c., are written without the
+ apostrophe: _twos_, _threes_, &c. [Written as figures, these words
+ will have the apostrophe: 2’s, 3’s, &c.]
+
+ A hyphen is used between two substantives expressing a compound
+ idea, when the second substantive has lost or changed its accent.
+ Thus: _ship-builder_, _iron-worker_; but _master builder_, _lord
+ chancellor_. The omission of the hyphen may cause confusion when the
+ compound expression is qualified by an adjective or an adjectival
+ phrase. _E.g._: “A large mill owner,” may be taken to mean, _the owner
+ of a large mill_, instead of, _an extensive owner of mills_, some of
+ which may be small. If the former sense is intended, say, “An owner
+ of a large mill [_or_, of large mills].” If the latter, say, “An
+ extensive [_or_, important] owner of mills;” or else use a hyphen: “A
+ large mill-owner.”
+
+ A hyphen is used between an adjective and its noun when the two, taken
+ together, form a compound adjective. _E.g._: “High-church principles.”
+ [A similar remark may be made of adjectives, one qualifying the other,
+ as: _a red-hot poker_; also of an adjective (or an adverb) qualifying
+ a participle used as an adjective, when the compound expression
+ precedes the noun, as: a _slow-sailing vessel_. When it follows the
+ noun, the hyphen is not required; as in: “A vessel slow (_or_, slowly)
+ sailing o’er the sea.” In the latter case, the participle cannot be
+ said to be used as an adjective.]
+
+ In writing, it is better to divide syllables according to sound than
+ according to derivation. _E.g._: Epiph-any, pref-ace.
+
+ When a quotation contains several paragraphs, inverted commas should
+ be used at the beginning of each paragraph, but the apostrophes should
+ be omitted after all the paragraphs except the last one. The same rule
+ will apply to several stanzas of poetry in one quotation. When the
+ poetical quotation consists of verses not separated into stanzas, some
+ writers use inverted commas before each line. This is unnecessary:
+ inverted commas before the first line, and apostrophes after the last,
+ being sufficient.
+
+ Do not write the plural of proper names with an apostrophe. Write: “I
+ have seen the Smiths” [not, _Smith’s_]. “I know the three Marys” [not,
+ _Mary’s_].
+
+
+
+
+ INDEX
+
+
+  Apparent, 1
+
+  Anticipate, 1
+
+  All of them, 1
+
+  Analyse, 1
+
+  Ale, 1
+
+  Accord, 1
+
+  Accident, 1
+
+  Aggravate, 2
+
+  Alternation, 2
+
+  Alternative, 2
+
+  Antiquarian, 2
+
+  Abortive, 2
+
+  Adopted, 2
+
+  Antecedents, 2
+
+  Appreciate, 2
+
+  At auction, 3
+
+  Accompanied, by 3
+
+  Anniversary, 3
+
+  Affable, 3
+
+  Alike, 3
+
+  Afraid, 3
+
+  Admit, 3
+
+  Allude, 3
+
+  Around, 3
+
+  Avoided, 4
+
+  All over, 4
+
+  Above, 4
+
+  At best, at most, at least, 4
+
+  Auxiliary verbs alone, 7
+
+  Advisable, 8
+
+  Anxiety of mind, 10
+
+  Ascend up, 13
+
+  Among the others, the rest, 22
+
+  Apposition, 34
+
+  Any, 34
+
+  Auxiliary verb omitted, 34
+
+  Adverb with compound auxiliary verb, 34
+
+  Although, with the subjunctive mood, 36
+
+  As follows, 37
+
+  Awkward constructions, 38, 48
+
+  Adjective for adverb, 39
+
+  Article with appositive nouns, 40
+
+  Article with titles, names, 40
+
+  Article (definite), repetition of, 40, 41
+
+  Article (indefinite) after _no greater_, 42
+
+  Adjectives and adverbs after intransitive verbs, 46
+
+  Antecedent to relative pronoun, repeated, 52
+
+  Advantage, 55
+
+  Also, 55
+
+  Ability, 56
+
+  Answer, 56
+
+  Amid, amidst, 56
+
+  Among, 56
+
+  Abandon, 56
+
+  Assist, 56
+
+  Aid, 56
+
+  Anger, 57
+
+  Accurate, 57
+
+  Authentic, 57
+
+  Admittance, 57
+
+  Admission, 57
+
+  Allow, 57
+
+  Appear, 58
+
+  Aware, 59
+
+  Accidental, 60
+
+  Acknowledge, 61
+
+  Address, 63
+
+  And so forth, 64
+
+  Almost, 70
+
+  Announce, 72
+
+  Alleviate, 74
+
+  Abjure, 74
+
+  Approve, 80
+
+  Agriculturist, 80
+
+  Aside, 80
+
+  Alone, 80
+
+  Arise, 80
+
+  Advance, 80
+
+  Acquaintanceship, 80
+
+  A day or two, a man or two, 84
+
+  Authoress, 84
+
+  Anyhow, 84
+
+  Anyway, 84
+
+  Accountable, 85
+
+  Answerable, 85
+
+  Antagonize, 85
+
+  Aborigene, 85
+
+
+  Both of them, 1
+
+  Both, 4
+
+  Balance, 4
+
+  Benefited, 4
+
+  Beat, 4
+
+  Bound, 4
+
+  By, 5
+
+  By the bye, 5
+
+  By-law, 5
+
+  Banister, 5
+
+  Bad cold, bad wound, 5
+
+  Badly, 5
+
+  Beg, 5
+
+  Between, 5
+
+  Bad orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, 15
+
+  Bona fide, 28
+
+  Been to, 29
+
+  Brevity, 50
+
+  Benefit, 55
+
+  Bountiful, 58
+
+  Bravery, 58
+
+  Beneficent, beneficence, 58
+
+  Benevolent, benevolence, 58
+
+  Brevity, brief, 59
+
+  Blameless, 65
+
+  But, 65
+
+  Begin, 80
+
+  Become, 80
+
+  Believe, 80
+
+  Body, 80
+
+  Buy, 80
+
+  Backward, 81
+
+  Bit, a; not a bit, 85
+
+  Brackets, use of, 90, 91
+
+
+  Collect, 6
+
+  Commence, 6
+
+  Condone, 6
+
+  Climax, 6
+
+  Constantly, 6
+
+  Celebrity, 6
+
+  Consequence, 6
+
+  Capricious, 6
+
+  Claim, 6
+
+  Call upon, 6
+
+  Catch, 6
+
+  Consider, 7
+
+  Curious, 7
+
+  Caption, 7
+
+  Citizen, 7
+
+  Circumstance, 7
+
+  Couple, 7
+
+  Calibre, 7
+
+  Contention, 7
+
+  Contradistinction, 8
+
+  Can help, 14
+
+  Caligraphy, 15
+
+  Came near, 20
+
+  Collective nouns, 35
+
+  Conditional clause, place of, 48
+
+  Connective sentence, 54
+
+  Capacity, 56
+
+  Courage, 58
+
+  Concise, conciseness, 59
+
+  Continuous, 59, 72
+
+  Continual, 59, 72
+
+  Character, 59
+
+  Conscious, 59
+
+  Crime, 59
+
+  Courteous, 60
+
+  Catalogue, 60
+
+  Casual, 60
+
+  Compel, compulsion, 60
+
+  Coerce, coercion, 60
+
+  Confess, 61
+
+  Conjecture, 61
+
+  Con-, co-, 61
+
+  Complete, 61
+
+  Custom, 61
+
+  Cost, costly, 64
+
+  Consequence, 64
+
+  Concealed, 66
+
+  Cheap, 68
+
+  Completely, 70
+
+  Converse, 73
+
+  Contented, 75
+
+  Coffin, 80
+
+  Cannot but, 80
+
+  Come into collision, 81
+
+  Correct, 81
+
+  Converser, conversationist, 81
+
+  Controverter, controversionist, 81
+
+  Church, 81
+
+  Contend against, 81
+
+  Corpulent, 81
+
+  Confirmed invalid, 85
+
+  Cablegram, 85
+
+  Comma, use of, 88, 89
+
+  Colon, use of, 90
+
+  Cardinal numbers, plurals of, 91
+
+
+  Dilemma, 7
+
+  Distinction, 8
+
+  Desirable, 8
+
+  Demean, 8
+
+  Description, 8
+
+  Detect, 8
+
+  Dangerous, 8
+
+  Deprecate, 8
+
+  Denuded, 8
+
+  Die with, 8
+
+  Directly, 9
+
+  Donate, 9
+
+  Dirt road, 9
+
+  Divine, 9
+
+  Depreciate, 9
+
+  Differ with, 9
+
+  Distance, 9
+
+  Differentiate, 9
+
+  Disdain, 27
+
+  Dare, 36
+
+  Do, 37
+
+  Double meanings, words with, 47
+
+  Doubtful parts of speech, 47
+
+  Different expressions for same thing, 53, 54
+
+  Descriptive writing, 54
+
+  Desert, 56
+
+  Discriminate, 62
+
+  Distinguish, 62
+
+  Despotism, 62
+
+  Determine, 62
+
+  Directed, 62
+
+  Deduction, 62
+
+  Direct, 63
+
+  Drive, 63
+
+  Diligent, diligence, 67
+
+  Delusion, 67
+
+  Dumb, 70
+
+  Due, 71
+
+  Deadly, 81
+
+  Dwell, 81
+
+  Diverse, 83
+
+  Down East, down South, 85
+
+  Desirability, 85
+
+  Direful, 85
+
+  Defalcate, defalcation, 85
+
+  Desiderate, 85
+
+  Deceased, 85
+
+  Dash, use of, 91
+
+
+  Essay, 6
+
+  Expect, 9
+
+  Ever so many, 10
+
+  Equally as well as, 10
+
+  Equanimity of mind, 10
+
+  Every, 10
+
+  Executed, 10
+
+  Enact, 10
+
+  Endorse, 10
+
+  Embrace, 10
+
+  Empty, 10
+
+  Experiment, try an, 11
+
+  Every hand, 11
+
+  Either, 11
+
+  Else, 11
+
+  Exemplary, 11
+
+  Experience, 11
+
+  Excessively, 11
+
+  Effluviums, effluviae, 11
+
+  Each, 23
+
+  Every, 23
+
+  Emphatic words, place of, 49
+
+  Emphasis, 49
+
+  Exact, 57
+
+  Evidence, 63
+
+  Epidemic, 63
+
+  Endemic, 63
+
+  Expense, expensive, 64
+
+  Effect, 64
+
+  Eternal, 64
+
+  Everlasting, 64
+
+  Etc., 64
+
+  Error, 70
+
+  Entirely, 70
+
+  Enough, 76
+
+  Entire, 78
+
+  Earth, 79
+
+  Exponental, 81
+
+  Earthen, 81
+
+  Enlarge on, upon, 81
+
+  Every once in a while, 85
+
+  Electropathy, 85
+
+  Effectuate, 85
+
+  Enjoy oneself, 85
+
+  Eventuate, 85
+
+  Environment, 86
+
+  Emasculate, 86
+
+
+  Few, a few, 11
+
+  Fault, at; in, 12
+
+  Faithfully promise, 12
+
+  Future, 12
+
+  Fetch, 12
+
+  Forbid, 12, 81
+
+  Ful [adjectives ending in], 12
+
+  Female, 13
+
+  Fall down, 13
+
+  Fix, 13
+
+  Fly, 13
+
+  Foreign adjectives, 13
+
+  First person preferred to third, 47
+
+  Force in construction, 48, 49, 50
+
+  Figures of speech, 53
+
+  Forsake, 56
+
+  Fortuitous, 60
+
+  Finished, 61
+
+  Ferment, 64
+
+  Foment, 64
+
+  Faultless, 65
+
+  Falsehood, 65
+
+  Falsity, 65
+
+  Further, 65
+
+  Farther, 65
+
+  Fleeting, 77
+
+  Foregoing, 81
+
+  Factory, 81
+
+  Forward, 81
+
+
+  Good bye, 5
+
+  Graphic, 13
+
+  Going to, 13
+
+  Grow, 13
+
+  Grow small, 13
+
+  Get to, 13
+
+  Gubernatorial, 13
+
+  Gratuitous, 13
+
+  Gerundial infinitive, 32
+
+  Gerundial noun, 42
+
+  Genuine, 57
+
+  Guided, 62
+
+  Goodness, 65
+
+  Globe, 79
+
+  Golden, 81
+
+  Graceful, 81
+
+  Go ahead, 86
+
+  Got, 86
+
+  Humanitarian, 14
+
+  Hardly, 14
+
+  Help-meet, 14
+
+  High calibre, 14
+
+  Higher stage of perfection, 15
+
+  Highest, 17
+
+  Hereabouts, 28
+
+  Habit, 61
+
+  However, 65
+
+  Hidden, 66
+
+  Haste, 66
+
+  Hurry, 66
+
+  Hindrance, 66
+
+  Hardly, 70
+
+  Humor, 79
+
+  Heavy, 81
+
+  Hebrew, 81
+
+  House, 81
+
+  Hydropathy, 85
+
+  Help, 14, 86
+
+  Hyphen, use of, 91, 92
+
+
+  If, 15, 16
+
+  Invest, 15
+
+  Incorrect orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, 15
+
+  Individual, 15
+
+  Infallible, 15
+
+  Inaugurate, 16
+
+  Implicit, 16
+
+  In six months, a year, 16
+
+  Illy, 16
+
+  Identified with, 16
+
+  Interested in, 17
+
+  In so far as, 17
+
+  Infinitive mood used absolutely, 36
+
+  If, with the subjunctive mood, 36
+
+  I, your brother, who begs, 38
+
+  Infinitive with to, 43
+
+  It, antecedent of, 46
+
+  It, prospective use of, 47
+
+  Imperative mood, 50
+
+  Infinitive expressing a purpose, 51
+
+  Introductory expressions, 54
+
+  Induction, 62
+
+  In spite of, 65
+
+  Impediment, 66
+
+  Informed, 66
+
+  Instructed, 66
+
+  Indecent, 67
+
+  Immodest, 67
+
+  Instant, 67
+
+  Industrious, industry, 67
+
+  Import, 67
+
+  Illusion, 67
+
+  In- [prefix], 68
+
+  Inexorable, 68
+
+  Inflexible, 68
+
+  Idle, 69
+
+  Intent, intention, 72
+
+  Indigence, 72
+
+  Immodest, immodesty, 78
+
+  Incorrect, 82
+
+  Iced-water, iced-cream, 82
+
+  Inform, 82
+
+  Ignore, 86
+
+  Impute, 86
+
+  Interrogation mark, use of, 91
+
+
+  Just going to, 13
+
+  Journal, 17
+
+  Jewelry, 17
+
+  Join issue, 66
+
+  Jar, 68
+
+  Jug, 68
+
+
+  Knight Templar, 17
+
+  Kinsman, kinswoman, 82
+
+
+  Lowest, 17
+
+  Left it alone, 17
+
+  Lit, 17
+
+  Leave, 18
+
+  Lay, 18
+
+  Limited, 18
+
+  Loan, 18
+
+  Loud, 18
+
+  Length, at, 18
+
+  Like, 38
+
+  Lesser, 46
+
+  Likewise, 55
+
+  List, 60
+
+  Low-priced, 68
+
+  Lazy, 69
+
+  Laudable, 69
+
+  Last, 69
+
+  Latest, 69
+
+  Leave, 69
+
+  Language, 77
+
+  Loquacious, 78
+
+  Live, 81
+
+  Last two weeks, last six months, 82
+
+  Lenity, 82
+
+  Land, 82
+
+  Leading article, leader, 82
+
+  Lengthwise, 82
+
+  Lose oneself, 86
+
+  Line of goods, 86
+
+  Lots, 86
+
+  Less guilty, least guilty, 86
+
+
+  Myself, 18
+
+  Masses, 18
+
+  More of, 19
+
+  Mistaken, 19
+
+  Miasma, 19
+
+  Make, 19
+
+  Multitude, nouns of, 35
+
+  Mathematics, 35
+
+  Metaphysics, 35
+
+  Minimizing expressions, 49
+
+  Monotonous final emphasis, 50
+
+  Metaphors, 50
+
+  Mistake of subject, 53
+
+  Moment, 67
+
+  Meaning, 67
+
+  Malice, 69
+
+  Marital, 70
+
+  Matrimonial, 70
+
+  Mistake, 70
+
+  Mute, 70
+
+  Merely, 70
+
+  Meed, 73
+
+  Mitigate, 74
+
+  Morrow, the, 82
+
+  Months, the, 82
+
+  Much, 82
+
+  Muscular, 82
+
+  Malaprop, 86
+
+  More guilty, most guilty, 86
+
+
+  Neither, 11
+
+  No good, no use, 14
+
+  Novitiate, 19
+
+  Name, 19
+
+  No one, 19
+
+  No--or, 19
+
+  Not as, 20
+
+  No--no--are, 20
+
+  Nasty, 20
+
+  Never remember, 20
+
+  Next Sunday, 20
+
+  Never, 20
+
+  Not think, 20
+
+  Nothing like so, 20
+
+  Near, 20
+
+  New beginners, 21
+
+  Nobody’s else, 33
+
+  Not--or, 33, 34
+
+  None, 34
+
+  Need, 36
+
+  Not only--but also, 38
+
+  New construction, 54
+
+  Notwithstanding, 65
+
+  Nevertheless, 65
+
+  Nearly, 70
+
+  Neglectful, 71
+
+  Negligent, 71
+
+  Necessitate, 86
+
+
+  One of the greatest, if not the greatest, 14
+
+  Orthography, 15
+
+  Orthoepy, 15
+
+  On the street, 21
+
+  Old news, 21
+
+  One, one’s, ones, 21, 22
+
+  Over and above, 21
+
+  Over his signature, 21
+
+  Observe, 21
+
+  Ovation, 21
+
+  Other than, 21
+
+  Old veterans, 21
+
+  Omission of present participle, 50
+
+  One and only one subject of thought, 54
+
+  Object place of, 49
+
+  Obstacle,66
+
+  Owing, 71
+
+  On, 71
+
+  Obstinate, 76
+
+  Origin, 77
+
+  Oppose, 81
+
+  One to another, 82
+
+  Oneself, 83
+
+  Oversee, 83
+
+  Offensive, 83
+
+  Ordinal numbers, 83
+
+  Opine, 86
+
+  Out West, 86
+
+  Out of, 86
+
+
+  Paralyse, 1
+
+  Proposition, 22
+
+  Pocket-hand-kerchief, 22
+
+  Pretend, 22
+
+  Preposterous, 22
+
+  Previous, 22
+
+  Partially, 22
+
+  People, 23
+
+  Plural forms, 23
+
+  Privilege, 23
+
+  Present participle, 23, 50
+
+  Plastic, 23
+
+  Pell-mell, 24
+
+  Providing, 24
+
+  Presume, 24
+
+  Period, 24
+
+  Persuaded, 24
+
+  Partake, 24
+
+  Per, 24
+
+  Past tense, 24
+
+  Point of view, 27
+
+  Prefer to walk to ride, 29
+
+  Position of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, 32
+
+  Position of _of_, _both_, _even_, 33
+
+  Possessive case, 34
+
+  Physics, 35
+
+  Participle used absolutely, 36
+
+  Preposition, sentence ending with, 47, 50
+
+  Particular terms for general, 48
+
+  Participial phrase, place of, 48
+
+  Pronouns at end of proposition, 50
+
+  Participial constructions, 51
+
+  Pronouns, agreement of, in metaphorical language, 53
+
+  Permit, 57
+
+  Plentiful, 58
+
+  Polite, 60
+
+  Polished, 60
+
+  Pitcher, 68
+
+  Praiseworthy, 69
+
+  Perspicacity, perspicacious, 71
+
+  Perspicuous, perspicuity, 71
+
+  Perpetually, perpetual, 72
+
+  Proclaim, 72
+
+  Purpose, 72
+
+  Poverty, 72
+
+  Pauperism, 72
+
+  Piety, 74
+
+  Powerful, 76
+
+  Poetess, 84
+
+  Ponder over, 87
+
+  Practitioner, 87
+
+  Presidential, 87
+
+  Proven, 87
+
+  Particle, a; not a particle, 87
+
+  Period, use of, 90
+
+  Parentheses, use of, 91
+
+  Proper names, plurals of, 92
+
+
+  Quite, 24
+
+  Quarter to ten, 28
+
+  Question, for emphasis, 50
+
+  Quit, 69
+
+  Quotation marks, use of, 92
+
+
+  Refer, 3
+
+  Rise up, 13
+
+  Reflexive pronouns, 13
+
+  Replace, 25
+
+  Right, 25
+
+  Rarely, 25
+
+  Recommend, 25
+
+  Rendition, 25
+
+  Reverend, 25
+
+  Road takes, 25
+
+  Remit, 25
+
+  Repetition of subject 39, 50
+
+  Relative pronoun, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52
+
+  Repetition of preposition, 51
+
+  Repetition of sign of the infinitive, 51
+
+  Repetition of subordinate conjunctions, 51
+
+  Relative clause, 52
+
+  Repetition of meaning, 54
+
+  Reply, 56
+
+  Reputation, 59
+
+  Resolve, 62
+
+  Ride, 63
+
+  Result, 64
+
+  Reticence, reticent, 73
+
+  Reserve, reserved, 73
+
+  Reverse, 73
+
+  Recompense, 73
+
+  Reward, 73
+
+  Robbery, 74
+
+  Remember, 74
+
+  Recollect, 74
+
+  Religion, 74
+
+  Relieve, 74
+
+  Recant, 74
+
+  Rend, 74
+
+  Rich, 83
+
+  Railway, 83
+
+  Rostrum, 87
+
+  Rehabilitate, 87
+
+  Recuperate, 87
+
+  Right off, 87
+
+  Right away, 87
+
+  Reliable, 87
+
+  Repudiate, 87
+
+
+  Sugar, 1
+
+  Sink down, 13
+
+  Subsequent, 22
+
+  Scarce, 25
+
+  Species, 25
+
+  Shall have the pleasure, 25
+
+  Seldom or ever, 26
+
+  Spare, 26
+
+  Sensation, 26
+
+  Since, 26
+
+  So much so, 26
+
+  Summons, 26
+
+  Such another, 26
+
+  Superior, 26
+
+  Supposititious, 26
+
+  Settle, 26
+
+  Such, 26
+
+  Storms, 26
+
+  Splendid, 27
+
+  Summer’s Morning, 27
+
+  Strata, 27
+
+  Stand-point, 27
+
+  Sincere, 27
+
+  Scorn, 27
+
+  Small, 28
+
+  Statu quo, 28
+
+  Statics, 35
+
+  Subjunctive mood, 30, 36
+
+  Some, 37
+
+  Subject pronoun repeated, 39
+
+  Shall and will, 42, 43
+
+  Sentence, end of, 47
+
+  Suspense, 48
+
+  Subject, place of, 49
+
+  Short, “chippy” endings, 50
+
+  Synonyms, 54
+
+  Seem, 58
+
+  Sin, 59
+
+  Surmise, 61
+
+  Still, 65
+
+  Secret, 66
+
+  Sense, 67
+
+  Slothful, 69
+
+  Spite, 69
+
+  Simply, 70
+
+  Scarcely, 70
+
+  Sewerage, 75
+
+  Sewage, 75
+
+  Spontaneous, 75
+
+  Sociable, 75
+
+  Social, 75
+
+  Satisfied, 75
+
+  Sufficient, 76
+
+  Strong, 76
+
+  Stubborn, 76
+
+  Safety, 76
+
+  Security, 76
+
+  Subdue, 77
+
+  Subjugate, 77
+
+  Source, 77
+
+  Sidewise, 82
+
+  Seeming, 83
+
+  Self-same, 83
+
+  Say, 83
+
+  Station, 83
+
+  Sympathy, 83
+
+  Should rather, 84
+
+  Short words and phrases, 84
+
+  Spread, 87
+
+  Suicide, 87
+
+  Scientist, 87
+
+  Stump, 87
+
+  Seeming paradox, 87
+
+  Semi-colon, use of, 89
+
+  Syllabication, 92
+
+
+  Tea, 1, 29
+
+  Than, 4
+
+  Take some meat, dinner, 28
+
+  Taxes, 28
+
+  Though, 28
+
+  Thereabouts, 28
+
+  That far, much, many, 28
+
+  The more, 29
+
+  This seven years, 35
+
+  That [relative], 44, 45, 46
+
+  Than whom, 44
+
+  This sort, kind, way, manner, 47
+
+  There is, are, will be, 48
+
+  Twice, making statement, 54
+
+  Technical terms, 55
+
+  Tyranny, 62
+
+  Testimony, 63
+
+  Taught, 66
+
+  Take issue, 66
+
+  Theft, 74
+
+  Tear, 74
+
+  Tongue, 77
+
+  Transient, 77
+
+  Transitory, 77
+
+  Trivial, 77
+
+  Trifling, 77
+
+  Talkative, 78
+
+  Totally, 79
+
+  Toward, 81
+
+  Truthfulness, 83
+
+  Tangental, 83
+
+  Thus, 83
+
+  Tiresome, 87
+
+  That much, that little, 88
+
+
+  Unanimity of mind, 10
+
+  Underhanded, 29
+
+  Utter, 29
+
+  Ultimate, 29
+
+  Unemphatic word at end of proposition, 49
+
+  Usage, 61
+
+  Un- [prefix], 68
+
+  Upon, 71
+
+  Unexpressed, 83
+
+  Unaccountable, 85
+
+  Unanswerable, 85
+
+  Undesirability, 85
+
+  Unreliable, 87
+
+  Up North, 88
+
+
+  Valuable, 29
+
+  Very, 30
+
+  Vicinity, 30
+
+  Verb, number of, 41
+
+  Verbal clauses, 53
+
+  Valor, 58
+
+  Vice, 59
+
+  Virtue, 65
+
+  Voluntary, 75, 78
+
+  Vulgar, vulgarity, 78
+
+  Variance, at, 81
+
+  Violoncello, 83
+
+  Various, 83
+
+  Vacant, 83
+
+  Voice, 88
+
+
+  Whether, 11, 30
+
+  Wrong orthography, orthoepy, caligraphy, 15
+
+  Winter’s morning, 27
+
+  Whereabouts, 28
+
+  Whomsoever, 30
+
+  Where--to, 31
+
+  Witness, 31
+
+  What for, 31
+
+  Widow woman, 31
+
+  We, 31
+
+  Whether or no, 31
+
+  Whole of, 31
+
+  Winsome, 32
+
+  Worse, 32
+
+  Want, 32
+
+  Whether--or, 39
+
+  Will and shall, 42, 43
+
+  Who, which, that, 44, 45, 46
+
+  Word for phrase, 50
+
+  Wrath, 57
+
+  Willing, 78
+
+  Whole, 78
+
+  Wit, 79
+
+  World, 79
+
+  Wholly, 79
+
+  Wast, 84
+
+  Would rather, 84
+
+  With reference to, 84
+
+
+  Yesterday’s Times, 32
+
+  Yours &c., 32, 88
+
+  You, 38
+
+  Yet, 65
+
+
+  Zeugma, 53
+
+ [Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+ _D. APPLETON & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS._
+
+
+ =ERRORS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH.= By the late WILLIAM B. HODGSON, LL.
+ D., Professor of Political Economy in the University of Edinburgh.
+ American revised edition. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “This posthumous work of Dr. Hodgson deserves a hearty welcome, for
+  it is sure to do good service for the object it has in view--improved
+  accuracy in the use of the English language.... Perhaps its chief use
+  will be in very distinctly proving with what wonderful carelessness
+  or incompetency the English language is generally written. For
+  the examples of error here brought together are not picked from
+  obscure or inferior writings. Among the grammatical sinners whose
+  trespasses are here recorded appear many of our best-known authors
+  and publications.”--_The Academy._
+
+
+ =THE ENGLISH GRAMMAR OF WILLIAM COBBETT.= Carefully revised and
+ annotated by ALFRED AYRES. With Index. 18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00.
+
+  “I know it well, and have read it with great admiration.”--RICHARD
+  GRANT WHITE.
+
+  “Cobbett’s Grammar is probably the most readable grammar ever
+  written. For the purposes of self-education it is unrivaled. Persons
+  that studied grammar when at school and failed to comprehend its
+  principles--and there are many such--as well as those that never have
+  studied grammar at all, will find the book specially suited to their
+  needs. Any one of average intelligence that will give it a careful
+  reading will be rewarded with at least a tolerable knowledge of the
+  subject, as nothing could be more simple or more lucid than its
+  expositions.”--_From the Preface._
+
+
+ =THE ORTHOEPIST=: A Pronouncing Manual, containing about Three
+ Thousand Five Hundred Words, including a Considerable Number of the
+ Names of Foreign Authors, Artists, etc., that are often mispronounced.
+ By ALFRED AYRES. 18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00.
+
+  “It gives us pleasure to say that we think the author, in the
+  treatment of this very difficult and intricate subject, English
+  pronunciation, gives proof of not only an unusual degree of
+  orthoepical knowledge, but also, for the most part, of rare judgment
+  and taste.”--JOSEPH THOMAS, LL. D., _in Literary World_.
+
+
+ =THE VERBALIST=: A Manual devoted to Brief Discussions of the Right
+ and the Wrong Use of Words, and to some other matters of Interest to
+ those who would Speak and Write with Propriety, including a Treatise
+ on Punctuation. By ALFRED AYRES. 18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00.
+
+  “This is the best kind of an English grammar. It teaches the right
+  use of our mother-tongue by giving instances of the wrong use of it,
+  and showing why they are wrong.”--_The Churchman._
+
+  “Every one can learn something from this volume, and most of us a
+  great deal.”--_Springfield Republican._
+
+
+ _THE GREVILLE MEMOIRS COMPLETE._
+
+
+
+ =A JOURNAL OF THE REIGNS OF KING GEORGE IV AND KING WILLIAM IV.= By
+ the late CHARLES C. F. GREVILLE, Esq., Clerk of the Council to those
+ Sovereigns. Edited by HENRY REEVE, Registrar of the Privy Council. Two
+ vols. 12mo. Cloth, $4.00.
+
+  “Since the publication of Horace Walpole’s Letters, no book of
+  greater historical interest has seen the light than the Greville
+  Memoirs. It throws a curious, and, we may almost say, a terrible
+  light on the conduct and character of the public men in England under
+  the reigns of George IV and William IV. Its descriptions of those
+  kings and the kinfolk are never likely to be forgotten.”--_New York
+  Times._
+
+
+ =A JOURNAL OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, FROM 1837 TO 1852.= The
+ “Greville Memoirs,” Second Part. By the late CHARLES GREVILLE, Clerk
+ of the Council. Uniform with Part First. Two vols. 12mo. Cloth, $4.00.
+
+  “Mr. Greville’s Diary is one of the most important contributions
+  which have ever been made to the political history of the middle of
+  the nineteenth century. He is a graphic and powerful writer; and his
+  usual habit of making the record while the impression of the events
+  was fresh upon his mind, gives his sketches of persons and places,
+  and his accounts of conversations, great vividness. The volumes will
+  be read with as much interest for their sketches of social life as
+  for their political value.”--_London Daily News._
+
+
+ =A JOURNAL OF THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, FROM 1852 TO 1860.= By the
+ late CHARLES GREVILLE, Esq., Clerk of the Council. Being third and
+ concluding part of the “Greville Memoirs.” One vol. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
+
+  The preceding volumes of the “Greville Memoirs” consist of “A Journal
+  of the Reign of King George IV and King William IV” in two vols.; and
+  “A Journal of the Reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1852,” in two
+  vols. Price in each case, per vol., $2.00.
+
+  This volume, in addition to personal anecdotes, deals with many
+  important events, such, for instance, as the re-establishment of the
+  French Empire, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, and the Italian
+  War.
+
+
+ =THE HISTORICAL REFERENCE-BOOK=, COMPRISING A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF
+ UNIVERSAL HISTORY, A CHRONOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY,
+ A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. With Geographical Notes. For the Use of
+ Students, Teachers, and Readers. Second edition. By LOUIS HEILPRIN.
+ Crown 8vo, 579 pages. Half leather, $3.00.
+
+  “A second, revised edition of Mr. Louis Heilprin’s ‘Historical
+  Reference-Book’ has just appeared, marking the well-earned success
+  of this admirable work--a dictionary of dates, a dictionary of
+  events (with a special gazetteer for all the places mentioned),
+  and a concise biographical dictionary, all in one, and all in the
+  highest degree trustworthy. Mr. Heilprin’s revision is as thorough as
+  his original work. Any one can test it by running ever the list of
+  persons deceased since this manual first appeared.”--_Evening Post._
+
+
+ =CHINA.= TRAVELS AND INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM. A Study of
+ Its Civilization and Possibilities. WITH A GLANCE AT JAPAN. By JAMES
+ HARRISON WILSON, late Major-General United States Volunteers, and
+ Brevet Major-General United States Army. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+
+ =ROUNDABOUT TO MOSCOW.= AN EPICUREAN JOURNEY. By JOHN BELL BOUTON,
+ author of “Round the Block.” 12mo. Cloth, ornamented cover, Russian
+ title-page, 421 pages, $1.50.
+
+  “This genial book gives the first truly American view of the land of
+  Nihilists and Novelists. The author exposes and playfully ridicules
+  the current English misrepresentations of Russia. His epicurean
+  circuit for getting into and out of the empire includes nearly every
+  country of Europe. He keeps on the track of all the comforts and
+  luxuries required by American travelers. Tourists will find the
+  volume a boon companion. But it is no less designed to please those
+  who stay at home and travel only by book.”
+
+
+ =BRAZIL=: ITS CONDITION AND PROSPECTS. By C. C. ANDREWS,
+ ex-Consul-General to Brazil; formerly U. S. Minister to Norway and
+ Sweden. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  CONTENTS: Prefatory. Voyage to Brazil. Getting to Housekeeping.
+  Rio and its People. Life and Manners. The Emperor of Brazil.
+  Tijuca--Pedra Bonita. Situation, Resources, and Climate.
+  American-Brazilian Relations. A Trip into the Interior. Visit to
+  a Coffee-Plantation. Public Instruction. Local Administration.
+  Parliamentary Government. Brazilian Literature. Agriculture and
+  Stock-raising. The Amazon Valley. Beasts of Prey. Slavery and
+  Emancipation. The Religious Orders. Public Lands and Immigration.
+
+  “I hope I may be able to present some facts in respect to the present
+  situation of Brazil which will be both instructive and entertaining
+  to general readers. My means of acquaintance with that empire are
+  principally derived from a residence of three years at Rio de
+  Janeiro, its capital, while employed in the service of the United
+  States Government, during which period I made a few journeys into the
+  interior.”--_From the Preface._
+
+
+ =A STUDY OF MEXICO.= By DAVID A. WELLS, LL.D., D.C.L. 12mo. Cloth,
+ $1.00; paper cover, 50 cents.
+
+  “Mr. Wells’s showing is extremely interesting, and its value is
+  great. Nothing like it has been published in many years.”--_New York
+  Times._
+
+  “Mr. Wells sketches broadly but in firm lines Mexico’s physical
+  geography, her race inheritance, political history, social condition,
+  and present government.”--_New York Evening Post._
+
+  “Several efforts have been made to satisfy the growing desire
+  for information relating to Mexico since that country has become
+  connected by railways with the United States. But we have seen no
+  book upon this subject by an American writer which is so satisfactory
+  on the score of knowledge and trustworthiness as ‘A Study of Mexico,’
+  by David A. Wells.”--_New York Sun._
+
+
+ =IN THE BRUSH=; OR, OLD-TIME SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN THE
+ SOUTHWEST. By H. W. PIERSON, D. D. With Illustrations by W. L.
+ Sheppard. 16mo. Cloth, $1.50. New cheap edition, paper, 50 cents.
+
+  “It has peculiar attractions in its literary methods, its rich and
+  quiet humor, and the genial spirit of its author.”--_The Critic._
+
+
+ =PROVERBS FROM PLYMOUTH PULPIT.= SELECTED FROM THE WRITINGS AND
+ SAYINGS OF HENRY WARD BEECHER. Revised in part by Mr. BEECHER, and
+ under revision by him at the time of his death. 12mo. Cloth, gilt top,
+ $1.00.
+
+  “Pithy, piquant, and picturesque sentences from the writings of the
+  late Henry Ward Beecher. They are admirably selected to show the
+  author’s characteristics. In the main they enhance one’s appreciation
+  of his excellences.”--_New York Home Journal._
+
+  “The wisdom and the world-knowledge of the great preacher have a
+  brilliant exemplification in this book, which, wherever it may
+  be opened, presents with the terseness and point of an epigram
+  impressive thoughts in abundance and of a nature that stimulates
+  reflection and edifies the understanding.”--_Boston Gazette._
+
+  “In these wise and witty utterances may be found the quintessence
+  of Mr. Beecher’s ideas about religion, morals, nature, art, and
+  man in all his relations to life and eternity. Mr. Beecher looked
+  for himself and did his own thinking. The result is an actual
+  contribution to the proverbial philosophy of the world which will
+  compare favorably with the most brilliant dicta of any other modern
+  man.”--_New York Journal of Commerce._
+
+  “If not always original, these selections are generally quaint and
+  forcible. We append a specimen or two: ‘The piety of impossible boys
+  is monstrous. A man’s experience stuffed into a little boy is simply
+  monstrous. The world is soundly skeptical of the whole school of
+  juvenile _paté-de-foie-gras_ piety.’ ‘There are many men who would
+  not blaspheme--oh no! but they will use cowards’ oaths. They will not
+  say “By Jehovah!” but they will say “By Jupiter!”’”--_New York Sun._
+
+
+ =TWELVE LECTURES TO YOUNG MEN=, ON VARIOUS IMPORTANT SUBJECTS. By Rev.
+ HENRY WARD BEECHER. Revised edition. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  _CONTENTS._--Industry and Idleness; Twelve Causes of Dishonesty; Six
+  Warnings; Portrait Gallery; Gamblers and Gambling; The Strange Woman;
+  Popular Amusements; Practical Hints; Profane Swearing; Vulgarity;
+  Happiness; Temperance.
+
+
+ =HISTORY OF THE OPINIONS ON THE SCRIPTURAL DOCTRINE OF RETRIBUTION.=
+ By EDWARD BEECHER, D. D., author of “The Conflict of Ages.” 12mo.
+ Cloth, $1.25.
+
+  The momentous question of future retribution is here historically
+  discussed with an earnestness and deliberation due to its
+  transcendent importance. The main interest of the inquiry naturally
+  centers in the doom of the wicked. Will it be annihilation? ultimate
+  restoration to holiness and happiness? endless punishment? or is
+  it out of power to decide which of these views is the truth? The
+  discussion is intensified by being narrowed to the meaning of a
+  single word, _aionios_. The opinions of those to whom Christ spoke,
+  and how they understood him, are vital questions in the argument;
+  and, to solve them, the opinions and modes of speech of preceding
+  ages must be attentively weighed, for each age is known to have
+  molded the opinions and use of words of its successor. Hence, Dr.
+  Beecher has found himself compelled to “trace the development of
+  thought and language from the outset to the days of Christ, then to
+  inquire into the import of his words, in the light of all preceding
+  ages; and, lastly, to trace the development of opinion downward
+  through the Christian ages.”
+
+
+ EDNA LYALL’S NOVELS.
+
+
+
+ =DONOVAN=: A MODERN ENGLISHMAN. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “This story is told with vigor and intelligence, and throughout
+  the book is well imagined and well written. It is a novel of
+  sterling merit, being fresh and original in conception, thoroughly
+  healthy in tone, interesting in detail, and sincere and capable in
+  execution.”--_Academy._
+
+
+ =WE TWO.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “Well written and full of interest. The story abounds with a
+  good many light touches, and is certainly far from lacking in
+  incident.”--_Times._
+
+  “We recommend all novel-readers to read this novel with the care
+  which such a strong, uncommon, and thoughtful book demands and
+  deserves.”--_Spectator._
+
+
+ =WON BY WAITING.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters--the learned
+  Cornelia especially; the little impulsive French heroine, who
+  endures their cold hospitality and at last wins their affection, is
+  thoroughly charming; while throughout the book there runs a golden
+  thread of pure brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds
+  us that the making and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum
+  total of real life.”--_Academy._
+
+
+ =KNIGHT-ERRANT.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “‘Knight-Errant’ is marked by the author’s best qualities as a writer
+  of fiction, and displays on every page the grace and quiet power of
+  the former works.”--_Athenæum._
+
+  “Among all the stories, real or fictitious, of Italian brigandage
+  which we have read, there is none more striking, picturesque, and
+  terrible than this.”--_Spectator._
+
+
+ =IN THE GOLDEN DAYS.= 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “Miss Lyall has given us a vigorous study of such life and character
+  as are really worth reading about. The central figure of her story
+  is Algernon Sydney; and this figure she invests with a singular
+  dignity and power. He always appears with effect but no liberties
+  are taken with the facts of his life. The plot is adapted with great
+  felicity to them. His part in it, absolutely consistent as it is with
+  historical truth, gives it reality as well as dignity. Some of the
+  scenes are remarkably vivid. The escape is an admirable narrative,
+  which almost makes one hold one’s breath as one reads.”--_Spectator._
+
+  “‘In the Golden Days’ is an excellent novel of a kind we are always
+  particularly glad to recommend. It has a good foundation of plot
+  and incident, a thoroughly noble and wholesome motive, a hero who
+  really acts and suffers heroically, and two very nice heroines. The
+  historical background is very carefully indicated, but is never
+  allowed to become more than background.”--_Guardian._
+
+
+ =THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.= By ANGELO
+ HEILPRIN, Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology at the Academy of
+ Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, etc. 12mo. $2.00.
+
+  “An important contribution to physical science is Angelo Heilprin’s
+  ‘Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals.’ The author has
+  aimed to present to his readers such of the more significant facts
+  connected with the past and present distribution of animal life as
+  might lead to a proper conception of the relations of existing fauna,
+  and also to furnish the student with a work of general reference,
+  wherein the more salient features of the geography and geology
+  of animal forms could be readily ascertained. While this book is
+  addressed chiefly to the naturalist, it contains much information,
+  particularly on the subject of the geographical distribution of
+  animals, the rapidly increasing growth of some species and the
+  gradual extinction of others, which will interest and instruct the
+  general reader. Mr. Heilprin is no believer in the doctrine of
+  independent creation, but holds that animate nature must be looked
+  upon as a concrete whole.”--_New York Sun._
+
+
+ =MICROBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS.= By E. L. TROUESSART. With 107
+ Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
+
+  “Microbes are everywhere; every species of plant has its special
+  parasites, the vine having more than one hundred foes of this kind.
+  Fungi of a microscopic size, they have their uses in nature, since
+  they clear the surface of the earth from dead bodies and fecal
+  matter, from all dead and useless substances which are the refuse
+  of life, and return to the soil the soluble mineral substances from
+  which plants are derived. All fermented liquors, wine, beer, vinegar,
+  etc., are artificially produced by the species of microbes called
+  ferments; they also cause bread to rise. Others are injurious to
+  us, for in the shape of spores and seeds they enter our bodies with
+  air and water and cause a large number of the diseases to which the
+  flesh is heir. Many physicians do not accept the microbian theory,
+  considering that when microbes are found in the blood they are
+  neither the cause of the disease, nor the contagious element, nor
+  the vehicle of contagion. In France the opponents of the microbian
+  theory are Robin, Bechamp, and Jousset de Bellesme; in England, Lewis
+  and Lionel Beale. The writer comes to the conclusion that Pasteur’s
+  microbian theory is the only one that explains all facts.”--_New York
+  Times._
+
+
+ =EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER EARTH MOVEMENTS.= By JOHN MILNE, Professor of
+ Mining and Geology in the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokio,
+ Japan. With 38 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
+
+  “In this little book Professor Milne has endeavored to bring together
+  all that is known concerning the nature and causes of earthquake
+  movements. His task was one of much difficulty. Professor Milne’s
+  excellent work in the science of seismology has been done in Japan,
+  in a region of incessant shocks of sufficient energy to make
+  observation possible, yet, with rare exceptions, of no disastrous
+  effects. He has had the good fortune to be aided by Mr. Thomas Gray,
+  a gentleman of great constructive skill, as well as by Professors J.
+  A. Ewing, W. S. Chaplin, and his other colleagues in the scientific
+  colony which has gathered about the Imperial University of Japan. To
+  these gentlemen we owe the best of our science of seismology, for
+  before their achievements we had nothing of value concerning the
+  physical conditions of earthquakes except the great works of Robert
+  Mallet; and Mallet, with all his genius and devotion to the subject,
+  had but few chances to observe the actual shocks, and so failed to
+  understand many of their important features.”--_The Nation._
+
+
+ New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes:
+
+  In many areas the author has paid scant attention to alphabetical
+  order. This is retained.
+
+  Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.
+
+  Bold type is shown thus: =strong=.
+
+  Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.
+
+  Perceived typographical errors have been changed.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79050 ***