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diff --git a/79041-0.txt b/79041-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bc36dc --- /dev/null +++ b/79041-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3161 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79041 *** + + + + + THE + ZOOLOGY + OF + THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. BEAGLE, + UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN FITZROY, R.N., + DURING THE YEARS + 1832 TO 1836. + + + + _PUBLISHED WITH THE APPROVAL OF + THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY’S TREASURY._ + + =Edited and Superintended by= + + CHARLES DARWIN, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., + NATURALIST TO THE EXPEDITION. + + + PART V. + + REPTILES, + + BY + THOMAS BELL, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. + PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN KING’S COLLEGE. + + + LONDON: + PUBLISHED BY SMITH, ELDER AND CO., 65, CORNHILL. + MDCCCXLIII. + + + London: + Printed by STEWART and MURRAY, + Old Bailey. + + + + + REPTILIA. + + =Described by= + + THOMAS BELL, ESQ., F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. + + + ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. + + + + + PREFACE. + + +Amongst the Reptiles and Amphibians obtained by Mr. Darwin, in the +Voyage of the Beagle, there are several of great interest, not merely on +account of their novelty as newly discovered species, of which there are +nearly thirty, or as forming the types of genera not previously known, +or of any remarkable peculiarity of form, structure, or habit, although +in all these respects many of them are highly interesting; but more +particularly as serving to establish or confirm several points connected +with their geographical distribution. + +From the structure of most of these animals and their consequent habits +of life, circumscribed as they are for the most part in their locomotive +powers, it might reasonably be predicated that they would, upon the +whole, exhibit as distinct examples of restriction, with regard to their +geographical boundaries, as any class of vertebrated animals; and that +the intervention of seas and of mountains would be sufficient to limit +the range of a species. Such is in fact usually the case; and not only +is the same species not found in the Old and New Continents, but, with +very few exceptions, not even on the opposite sides of the South +American Continent, in which range Mr. Darwin’s discoveries have +principally been made. The occurrence, however, of _Bufo Chilensis_ at +Rio Janeiro and at Buenos Ayres on the eastern, and at Valparaiso and +the Archipelago of Chonos on the western side of the continent, shows an +extent of distribution exceedingly unusual if not absolutely +unparalleled in this family. It is, however, still possible that further +and more extended researches into the characters of the animals in +question, and an examination of individuals from each locality at +various ages, may prove that there are two species, which have been +confounded with each other, and the anomaly may thus be removed. + +But although the circumscribed range of a species may be accounted for +by the reasons above mentioned, and others of a restrictive nature, it +is not so easy to refer to any known or obvious cause the remarkable +fact of a whole genus, consisting of numerous species, being thus +geographically limited. Yet this is a well-known and very common +circumstance with regard to several groups of animals. In our present +researches there exists a remarkable example of this fact in the genus +_Proctotretus_, consisting, as is now known, of at least fourteen +species, all inhabiting the western coast of South America. These facts, +interesting as they are, have never been sufficiently investigated, +although, it must be confessed, there are so many anomalies in relation +to this subject, that we must despair of ever reducing the facts in +question to any thing like fixed laws. + +The close approximation of the Raniform and Hyliform groups of the +Anourous Amphibia is strikingly illustrated by several new forms +obtained by Mr. Darwin, which are so perfectly osculant between the two +families, that it is difficult to assign them a decided location. And +the addition of some bufonine forms in the family _Ranidæ_, as at +present constituted, and on the other hand of some amongst the +_Bufonidæ_, which are no less raniform in their general structure and +habits, render it increasingly probable that the single character of the +presence or absence of superior maxillary teeth, must be considered as +insufficient to constitute alone a natural distinctive family character. +There are several minor points bearing upon the natural arrangement of +the Anourous Amphibians, which are illustrated by the characters of some +of the species now first described, which will doubtless at some future +time assist in the construction of a classification of these animals, +bearing at least a nearer approximation to their natural arrangement +than any that has hitherto been promulgated. + +The Ophidians have been placed in the hands of Mons. Bibron, who is at +the present time engaged in completing his admirable history of +Reptiles, by the publication of those volumes which are devoted to this +order; and it must be considered a fortunate circumstance that the delay +which has taken place in the appearance of that portion of his labours, +has thus afforded the opportunity of embodying in so perfect a work, the +numerous discoveries of Mr. Darwin in this particular department of +Erpetology. + + T. B. + + _Hornsey, Sept. 2, 1843._ + + + + + LIST OF SPECIES. + + + PAGE + Alsodes monticola 41 + Amblyrynchus cristatus 23 + —— Demarlii 22 + Ameiva longicauda 28 + Batrachyla leptopus 43 + Borborocætes Bibronii 35 + —— Grayii 36 + Bufo Chilensis 49 + Centrura flagellifer 25 + Cyclodus Casuarinæ 30 + Cystignathus Georgianus 33 + Diplolæmus Bibronii 21 + —— Darwinii 20 + Gerrhosaurus sepiformis 29 + Gymnodactylus Gaudichaudii 26 + Hyla agrestis 46 + —— Vauterii 45 + Hylorina sylvatica 44 + Leiocephalus Grayii 24 + Leiuperus salarius 39 + Limnocharis fuscus 33 + Litoria glandulosa 42 + Naultinus Grayii 27 + Phryniscus nigricans 49 + Pleurodema bufoninum 39 + —— Darwinii 36 + —— elegans 37 + Proctotretus Bibronii 6 + —— Chilensis 2 + —— cyanogaster 12 + —— Darwinii 14 + —— Fitzingerii 11 + —— gracilis 4 + —— Kingii 13 + —— multimaculatus 17 + —— nigromaculatus 10 + —— pectinatus 18 + —— pictus 5 + —— signifer 8 + —— tenuis 7 + —— Weigmannii 15 + Pyxicephalus Americanus 40 + Rana Delalandii 31 + —— Mascariensis 32 + Rhinoderma Darwinii 48 + Uperodon ornatum 50 + + + + + LIST OF PLATES. + + + Plate I.│Proctotretus Chilensis. + „ │—— gracilis. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + II.│—— pictus. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + III.│—— Bibronii. + „ │—— tenuis. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + IV.│—— signifer. + „ │—— nigromaculatus. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + V.│—— Fitzingerii. + „ │—— cyanogaster. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + VI.│—— Kingii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + VII.│—— Darwinii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + VIII.│—— Weigmannii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + IX.│—— multimaculatus. + „ │—— pectinatus. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + X.│Diplolæmus Darwinii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XI.│—— Bibronii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XII.│Amblyrynchus Demarlii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XIII.│Gymnodactylus Gaudichaudii. + „ │Naultinus Grayii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XIV.│Leiocephalus Grayii. + „ │Centrura flagellifer. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XV.│Ameiva longicauda. + „ │Gerrhosaurus sepiformis. + „ │Cyclodus Casuarinæ. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XVI.│Rana Delalandii. + „ │—— Mascariensis. + „ │Limnochans fuscus. + „ │Cystignathus Georgianus. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XVII.│Borborocœtes Bibronii. + „ │—— Grayii. + „ │Pleurodema Darwinii. + „ │—— elegans. + „ │—— bufoninum. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XVIII.│Leiuperus salarius. + „ │Pyxicephalus Americanus. + „ │Alsodes monticola. + „ │Litoria glandulosa. + „ │Batrachyla leptopus. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XIX.│Hylorina sylvatica. + „ │Hyla agrestis. + „ │—— Vauterii. + ────────┼─────────────────────────── + XX.│Rhinoderma Darwinii. + „ │Phryniscus nigricans, + „ │Uperodon ornatum. + + ERRATA.—In Plate XIX. for “Hylonia” read “Hylorina.” + _for_ “vanterii” _read_ “Vauterii.” + + + + + REPTILES. + + + TRIBUS—EUNOTES. _Bibron._ + FAMILIA—TROPIDURIDÆ. _Mihi._ + TROPIDOLEPIDIENS. _Bibr._ + GENUS—Tropidurus. (In part.) _Weigmann._ + PROCTOTRETUS. _Bibr._ + + CHARACTER GENERICUS.—_Pori femorales_ nulli. _Pori præ-anales_ in + maribus tantùm. _Cristâ dorsalis_ nulla. _Dentes palatini._ _Squamæ_ + imbricatæ; _dorsales_ carinatæ. + +The genus which I take the present favourable opportunity to illustrate, +formed a section or sub-genus of the genus _Tropidurus_, according to +Weigmann, who, however, was acquainted with two species only; _Pr. +Chilensis_ and _Pr. nigromaculatus_. Of the varieties of the former of +these, that author has made no less than three species ; but these have +been very properly reduced by M. Bibron to one only. The last-named +excellent erpetologist described several additional species, which had +been brought from Chile, by M. D’Orbigny, and others ; and I received, +some years since, from Capt. King, three or four species which were +found by him in the same locality, in the course of his well-known +survey. The number of species altogether, hitherto known, amounts to +ten; to which I have now the opportunity of adding four entirely new, +forming part of the interesting collection of Reptilia made by Mr. +Darwin. One of them, _Pr. Kingii_, was already in my collection, amongst +those which were given me by Capt. King. The genus, therefore, of which, +but lately, two species only were known, now consists of fourteen ; and +it is highly probable that more may yet be obtained by more prolonged +and extensive investigation in the same districts. + +Thus of the species now described two were known to Weigmann, and +described by him, namely, _Chilensis_, and _nigromaculatus_. I received +from Capt. King, _Chilensis_, _pictus_, _cyanogaster_, _Kingii_, +_Fitzingerii_, and, from other sources, _Chilensis_, _pictus_, +_Weigmannii_. Bibron describes the whole of these, excepting _Kingii_, +and in addition to them _tenuis_, _pectinatus_, _signifer_. In Mr. +Darwin’s collection are found all those described by Bibron, excepting +_signifer_; and in addition _Kingii_ now first described, and the +following species never before observed, namely, _Darwinii_, _gracilis_, +_Bibronii_. + +Although the form of the whole of the species much more nearly +approximates that of the Agamidæ than most others, they are far removed +from that family by several important characters, which it is +unnecessary here to detail. + + + PROCTOTRETUS CHILENSIS. + + PLATE I.—FIG. 1. + + _Auribus margine anteriore dentato; collo non plicato; squamis dorsi + magnis, rhombeis; acutè carinatis; serie unicâ squamarum + supralabialium._ + + _Calotes Chilensis_, Less, et Garn. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. Rep. t. + i. f. 2. + _Tropidurus Chilensis_, Weigm. Act. Acad. Cæs. Leop. Carol. Nat. cur. + xvii. pp. 233. 268. + _Proctotretus Chilensis_, Bibr. Hist. Nat. des Rep. IV. p. 269. + Sun. _Tropidurus nitidus_, Weigm. l. c. p. 234, t. xvii. f. 2. + Var. _Tr. olivaceus_, Ib. l. c. p. 268. + +Habitat, Guasco in Northern Chile. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short and broad, rostrum rounded, obtuse. Scales of + the head large, and slightly raised, separated by distinct + grooves. Superciliary ridge strongly marked, forming a distinct + carina, composed of five or six narrow, elongated, obliquely + imbricated scales. Nostrils large, nearly round. A single series + of narrow scales between those of the upper lip and the orbit. + Scales of the temples imbricated, rhomboidal and carinated. The + opening of the ear oval, rather large, furnished anteriorly with + three or four projecting scales, of which the upper one is the + largest. The neck is short, robust and round, and without any + lateral fold; in which it differs from every other species of the + genus. The trunk is thick, rounded on the back and sides, + flattened beneath, diminishing toward either extremity. The tail + is ordinarily almost twice as long as the body, thick at its + origin, and tapering regularly to the extremity, nearly round, + excepting near the base, where it is slightly quadrilateral. The + anterior feet when placed against the sides, extend backwards + little more than mid-way between the shoulder and the groin; the + posterior ones, stretched forward, reach the arm-pit. + + The scales of the whole upper and lateral parts of the body, tail, + and limbs, are loosely imbricated, large, rhomboidal, and + furnished with an elevated carina, terminating in an acute point: + those of the under parts are large, smooth, and obtuse. + + This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus. The + general form is robust and solid, forming a remarkable contrast + with most other species of the genus. The surface is beautifully + relieved by the fine, large and prominent scales, which are ranged + in rows of perfect regularity, of which there are about eighteen + on the back and side. + + In colour and markings the individuals differ considerably; so as + to have given rise to the opinion that they form three distinct + species. Monsieur Bibron mentions two principal varieties, + constituting the _Tropidurus olivaceus_ and _Tr. Chilensis_ of + Weigmann. In the former, the colour is of a more or less bronzed + bright green, or yellowish, according as the green or yellow + colour prevails on the scales, each of which is green, with a + border of yellow on each side: this border, according to M. + Bibron, in some individuals of a blood-red colour. In some, + especially in young individuals, there are several waved bands + running transversely across the back. + + In the second variety, says M. Bibron, the upper parts are either + of an olive colour, with a golden glance in certain lights, or + fulvous, with more or less of a yellow tint; and these have always + four brown bands running the length of the body, appearing as if + formed of a series of large spots united together. “The temples + are marked with a black line, which extends from the posterior + angle of the eye to the ear; another divides behind the occiput + into two branches, which pass to the neck there to join the dorsal + bands.” There are other variations of colour, but scarcely + deserving to be considered as constituting permanent or fixed + varieties; the largest and finest specimen I have seen, which I + received from Chile, is almost uniformly of a fine metallic green, + without any markings. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 9 + of the body 3 5 + of the tail 6 0 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 10 4 + Length of anterior extremity 2 0 + of posterior extremity 1 2 + +This species would appear to be very common in Chile, from the numerous +specimens from that country in the museum in Paris, which were brought +by M. Gay, and by M. D’Orbigny. I have also received specimens from +Capt. King. I find only one or two specimens in Mr. Darwin’s collection, +which he found at Guasco in Chile. + + + PROCTOTRETUS GRACILIS. N.S. + + PLATE I.—FIG. 2. + + _Corpore gracili: capitis squamis lævibus, non imbricatis: aurium + margine anteriore minutè bi-tridentato: collo vix plicato, squamis + imbricatis: serie unicâ squamarun supralabialium: femorum facie + posteriore omninò granulosâ._ + +Habitat, Port Desire, Patagonia. Mr. Darwin, MS. + + DESCRIPTION.—This new species is more slender and graceful in its + general form than any other of the genus, not excepting _Pr. + tenuis_, which in its general proportions it considerably + resembles. The head is rather short, the anterior portion + including the eyes being nearly an equilateral triangle. The + muzzle is rounded. The scales of the head flat, rather large, + consisting behind the nose of three series of 2, 3, 3, and 2, + mostly hexagons. The nostrils are small and perfectly round, the + superciliary ridge is very slightly marked; there is but a single + row of small linear scales between the labial and suborbitar. The + ear is of moderate size, the anterior margin having two or three + small projecting scales. The scales on the temples are imbricated + and smooth; those of the sides of the neck also imbricated but + very small. The neck is almost wholly without a fold, having + merely a slight loose elevation of the skin. The scales of the + back are small, rhomboidal, flat, the carina low, and not pointed + at the extremity. They consist of about ten rows on each side of + the median line. Those of the sides and belly are wholly without + any notch on the free margin. The scales around the axillæ, and + those of the posterior face of the thighs are granular. The tail + is of considerable length, being more than twice the length of the + head and body. The limbs are remarkably long; the anterior, when + pressed against the side, reaching to the setting on of the thigh, + and the posterior reaching forwards nearly to the ear. The general + colour of the upper parts is greyish brown, with a yellow + longitudinal fascia extending on each side from the upper edge of + the orbit to some distance along the tail—and another from beneath + the eye to the thigh. The middle of the back is lighter than the + sides—beneath the second lateral line the colour fades, and on the + belly it is pale buff or light yellow. The sides are dotted with + black; and there are some dark waved lines and dots beneath the + lower jaw. + + This species is at once distinguished from every other by the fold + of the neck being scarcely cognizable. It is however not so + absolutely wanting as in _Pr. Chilensis_. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 4 + of the tail 3 8 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 7 + Length of anterior extremity 0 7 + of posterior extremity 1 1 + +A single individual of this species was taken by Mr. Darwin at Port +Desire. + + + _Plate 1._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, on stone in Lithotint C. + Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1. Proctotretus Chilensis_ _Nat. Size._ + _2. ____ gracilis_ „ + ──────────────────────────────────────── + _1a._ _1b._ _Magnified + views._ + _2a._ „ + + + _Plate 2._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, + on stone in Lithotint C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1. 2. Proctotretus pictus._ _Nat. Size._ + + + PROCTOTRETUS PICTUS. + + PLATE II.—FIG. 1, 2. + + _Capite squamis parvis, lævibus, non imbricatis; aurium margine + anteriore granuloso; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; squamis + temporum subcarinatis, imbricatis; collo ad latera granuloso; + squamis dorsalibus parvis, rhombeis, carinâ humili, posticè obtusâ; + facie posteriore femorum omninò granulosâ._ + + _Proctotretus pictus_, Bibr. l. c. p. 276. + +Habitat, Chile. + + DESCRIPTION.—This species is moderately slender in its general form, + but more fusiform than _Pr. tenuis_, which it much resembles in + many of its characters. The head, which is rather short, and with + the snout rounded, is covered with numerous small flat plates + which vary exceedingly in their form and arrangement. The upper + surface of the head is flattened, and the superciliary ridges + distinctly marked. The temples are covered with small flat scales, + which are slightly imbricated and carinated. The sides of the neck + are granulated; and the anterior margin of the auditory cavity has + small simple granulations. The scales of the back are + distinguished from those of many other species by the flatness of + the carina which is also obtuse posteriorly; they are small and + closely imbricated. Those of the sides are almost without any + carina, and those of the belly and throat small and very smooth, + and the whole of them entire. The upper parts of the limbs are + covered with scales similar to those of the back, but smaller. + Those of the under part of the fore arm are similar, but beneath + the thighs they are smooth and on the posterior part of the thighs + they are wholly granular. The tail is furnished with quadrilateral + carinated scales disposed in whorls. The margin of the cloaca has + from two to four pores. + + The colour of this species varies greatly. Bibron has enumerated + three principal varieties, of which I have several specimens, + which were brought home and presented to me by Capt. King, who + obtained them during his survey of the coast of South America. + These varieties, however, occasionally run into each other. + + Var. A. General colour of the upper part bronzed or coppery, + having a green longitudinal line on each side of the back, at the + inner margin of which is a series of very distinct black dots. The + sides of the neck and body are of a similar colour to the back, + with indistinct black spots; beneath this part the ground colour + becomes blue with black dots. The throat is blackish, and the + inferior surface generally is very pale bluish green. + + Var. B. This variety is described by M. Bibron as of a brown + colour more or less dotted with yellow, and having a line of that + colour along each side of the back, extending from the posterior + angle of the eye to the base of the tail, and having on each side + a series of angular black spots. Some of these spots on the upper + part of the flanks, become dilated, so as to form a sort of + vertical or transverse waved bands, with yellowish margins. On the + neck there are small black lines, and the upper part of the head + is brown with blackish spots. The upper surface of the legs and of + the tail is brown with transverse bands composed of black dots. + The whole under surface is of a whitish colour, sometimes having a + slight tint of orange towards the posterior parts, marbled with + black. + + Var. C. In this variety the general colour is dark brown, and the + yellow or green longitudinal lines which characterize the former + varieties are but slightly marked; but the black spots unite and + form irregular transverse bands. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 6 + of the body 1 8 + of the tail 4 6 + ───────────────────────────────── + 7 0 + +This specimen very much resembles in its more tangible characters, the +_Pr. tenuis_; from which, however, it differs totally in the colouring, +and in some measure also in the general form, which is more thick and +robust. + +Found in Chile by M. Gay, from whence I also received specimens from +Capt. King, and other sources.—“Valparaiso.” Mr. Darwin. + + + PROCTOTRETUS BIBRONII. N.S. + + PLATE III.—FIG. I. + + _Capite squamis lævibus, subconvexis; auribus ovalibus, margine + anteriore unidentato; squamis temporum collique rotundatis lævibus + imbricatis; colli minimis; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; + squamis dorsi rhomboideis, carinatis, posticè acuminatis; abdominis + squamis omnibus integris; femorum facie posteriori omninò + granulosâ._ + +Habitat, Port Desire. Mr. Darwin. + + DESCRIPTION.—General form resembling that of _Pr. pictus_ and + _cyanogaster_. Head moderately short, obtuse, covered with rather + large slightly convex scales; a single row of scales between the + labial and the orbitar. The anterior margin of the ear has a + single tooth. The temples and the sides of the neck are covered + with imbricated scales, which have no carina—those of the neck, + especially those on the fold of the skin are smaller and more + raised than the others. The scales of the back are rather large, + rhomboidal, with a distinct carina, terminating in a point. Those + of the abdomen and sides are all of them entire at the margin. The + posterior surface of the thighs is wholly granular. + + The only specimen obtained being a female, the number of pre-anal + pores is not known. + + The general colour of this species is brownish grey; a black + longitudinal line runs down the middle of the back and tail. There + are two series of black spots on each side, and a small + interrupted fascia of the same colour extends from the shoulder to + the thigh. The belly is of an uniform dirty white. + + + _Plate 3._ + +[Illustration: + + _From Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins + in Lithotint C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1. Proctotretus_ _Bibronii_ │_Nat. Size._ + _2._ _tenuis_ │ „ + _a & b._ _1 & 2._ _Magnified Views of Heads._ + +This species approaches considerably to _Pr. cyanogaster_ in general +form and habit, and in many of its characters; but it may be at once +distinguished from it not only by its colouring, but by the absence of +even the slightest appearance of a carina on any of the scales of the +temples or of the sides of the neck. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 6 + of the body 1 6 + of the tail 3 4 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 6 + Length of anterior extremity 0 7 + of posterior extremity 1 1 + +Found by Mr. Darwin at Port Desire, in Patagonia. + + + PROCTOTRETUS TENUIS. + + PLATE III.—FIG. 2. + + _Capite squamis lævibus, non imbricatis; auribus magnis, margine + anteriore subtuberculato; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; + temporibus squamis rotundatis, imbricatis; collo granuloso; squamis + dorsi parvis, obtusis, carinis minimis; squamis lateralibus exiguis, + non imbricatis; facie posteriore femorum omninò granulosâ._ + + _Proctotretus tenuis_, Bibr. l. c. p. 279. + + DESCRIPTION.—General form slender: head rather short and obtuse, + covered with flattened smooth scales; anterior margin of the ears + with one or more slight tubercles; temples covered with rounded + imbricated scales, some of which are slightly carinated; sides of + the neck, and above the shoulders granular; scales of the back + small, slightly carinated, obtuse; those of the sides very small, + very little imbricated; those of the belly small and smooth. The + posterior surface of the thighs has no patch of imbricated scales, + but is wholly granular. + + The colour of the two specimens brought home by Mr. Darwin is so + much obliterated, that I am obliged to have recourse to the + account given by Bibron of the colour and markings of this + species:— “Les deux sexes du _Proctotréte svelte_ n’ont pas le + même mode de coloration. Ni l’un ni l’autre ne portent, de chaque + côté du dos, une bande longitudinale verte ou jaunâtre comme cela + s’observe dans l’espèce précédente, (_Pr. pictus_.) + + “Le mâle a le dessus de la tête nuancé de brun et de fauve, ou + bien ponctué de jaune et de noirâtre. La région cervicale est, + ainsi que le dos, vermiculée de noir sur un fond brun, qui est + lui-même semé de taches, soit bleuâtres, soit verdâtres, on + ardoisées; quelquefois même on en remarque de jaunâtres. Presque + tous les individus ont les côtés du cou marqués chaqun d’une raie + noire qui s’étend depuis le haut de l’oreille jusqu’à l’épaule. + Les membres et la queue sont coupés en travers par des bandes + onduleuses noirâtres, dont les intervalles se trouvent remplis par + de taches, les unes bleuâtres, les autres de la couleur du cuivre + rouge, la gorge tantot est jaune, tantot d’un beau vert + métallique. Souvent elle est, de même que les autres régions + inférieures de l’animal, vermiculée de gris-brun pâle sur un fond + blanchâtres, glacé de violet. + + “La femelle a toutes ses parties supérieures peintes d’un + gris-brun fauve. Son cou et son dos portent deux séries parallèle + de demi-cercles noirs, ayant leur bord convexe tourné de coté de + la tête, et leur bord concave liseré de blanchâtre, ou bien d’une + teinte plus claire que celle du fond de la couleur du dos. La + région moyenne de celuici est quelquefois ponctuée de noir, ou + tachetée de blanchâtre. Des lignes noires onduleuses traversent le + dessus de la queue dont le dessous est souvent cuivreux. Les + régions inférieures sont blanchâtres ou bien colorées de la même + manière que celles des individus mâles.” + + Mr. Darwin’s only observation on the colour of this species is, + that it is “brownish black with transverse black bands.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 6 + of the tail 2 1 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 4 2 + Length of anterior extremity 0 8 + of posterior extremity 1 3 + +Found at Valparaiso, and at Concepcion, in Chile. + + + PROCTOTRETUS SIGNIFER. + + PLATE IV.—FIG. 1. + + _Capite brevi, obtuso, depresso, squamis lævibus planis; aurium + margine anteriore bi-tuberculato; squamis temporum imbricatis; colli + granulatis; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; squamis dorsi + laxis imbricatis, vix carinatis; facie posteriore femorum omninò + granulosâ. Dorso flavescenti-griseo, signis nigris, in seriebus + quatuor longitudinalibus dispositis._ + + _Proctotretus signifer_, Bibr. l. c. p. 288. + + + _Plate 4._ + +[Illustration: + + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _1._ _Proctotretus_ _signifer._ + _2._ _nigromaculatus._ + _2a._ _Magnified View._ + + Head short, depressed, somewhat abruptly deflexed from the vertex—the + scales flat, those of the suprà-orbital arch being numerous, and less + regular than in most other species. Between the labial scales, and the + long infra-orbital plate is a single series of rounded scales.[1] The + scales of the temples are rather large, somewhat rounded, slightly + imbricated, and a few of the posterior ones having the vestige of an + obtuse carina. The ear is rather small, the anterior margin having two + slightly prominent scales towards the lower part. + +Footnote 1: + + Mons. Bibron states that there are two series, but on examining his + specimen I find a single series only. + + The body is depressed; the tail moderately long, thick and slightly + four-sided at the base, becoming much smaller and round towards the + middle. The scales of the sides of the neck are small and granular; + those of the upper parts of the body small, rhomboidal, rounded + posteriorly, loose, much imbricated, and with an extremely low and + inconspicuous carina. They are arranged in about twenty-two + longitudinal series. Those of the sides are larger and quite smooth. + The scales of the whole under part of the throat and belly are + rhomboidal, smooth and much imbricated; a very few towards the sides + of the abdomen are slightly notched at the apex. The under surface of + the anterior and the hinder surface of the posterior extremities are + covered with very fine granular scales; those of the upper surface of + the members being rhomboidal, smooth, but slightly carinated and + obtuse. The tail is covered with small rhomboidal scales which are + considerably imbricated and distinctly carinated. The scales of the + upper surface of the toes are smooth; those on their sides + uni-carinated, and those beneath tri-carinated and broad. + + The general colour of the upper parts is a yellowish grey, with black + markings, which have somewhat the character, as Mons. Bibron observes, + of Arabic letters. On the neck and back these markings are disposed in + four longitudinal series; and there are small linear markings on the + upper part of the shoulders and thighs. The tail is similarly marked, + the under parts are whitish, with brown lines and spots. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 6 + of the body 1 5 + of the tail 3 0 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 1 + Length of anterior extremity 0 8 + of posterior extremity 1 2 + +This species is not found amongst the reptiles obtained by Mr. Darwin, +but as it has never been figured, it appeared very desirable that this +opportunity should not be lost. I am indebted to the great kindness of +my friend M. Bibron for the loan of the only specimen which I have seen, +and from which the accompanying figure is taken. It formed part of the +zoological collections obtained by Mons. D’Orbigny for the French +Museum. + + + PROCTOTRETUS NIGROMACULATUS. + + PLATE IV.—FIG. 2. + + _Capite brevi, squamis neque imbricatis nec carinatis, tecto; auribus + margine anteriore tridentato; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; + squamis temporum magnis, rotundatis, imbricatis; colli (et præcipuè + plicæ) crassis, elevatis; facie posteriore femorum omninò granulosâ; + squamis nonnullis ad latera abdominis gulæque emarginatis; maculâ + transversè; oblongâ, nigrâ, suprà regionem scapularem._ + + _Tropidurus (Leiolæmus) nigromaculatus_, Weigm. Act. Acad. Cæs. Nat. + cur. xvii. p. 229. + _Proctotretus nigromaculatus_, Bibr. l. c. p. 281. + +Habitat, Coquimbo, Chile. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short, the muzzle rounded, rather obtuse; scales of + the upper part of the head somewhat convex, smooth; a single line + of scales between the labial and orbitar; ears rather large, the + anterior margin having three rather prominent scales, the middle + one being the largest. Temporal scales somewhat large, smooth, + rounded, and imbricated, those towards the upper part slightly + carinated; those of the sides of the neck thick and elevated, + those on the fold being rather acutely prominent; scales of the + back carinated, the carina terminating in an acute point; a few of + the scales at the sides of the abdomen and throat notched; the + remainder of the scales of the under parts rhomboidal. The scales + about the axilla and around the base of the shoulder are granular + and very small, as are those of the posterior surface of the + thighs, on which part there are no imbricated scales as in _Tr. + Fitzingerii_. The tail is round, excepting at the base where it is + slightly flattened; it is moderately long and slender. The + anterior extremity placed against the side does not reach to the + thigh; the posterior similarly placed reaches to the shoulder. The + colour of this species is yellowish grey above, with a yellowish + longitudinal line on each side the back, and two rows of black + spots each margined with yellow behind. There is a large and + distinct oblong black mark on the region of the scapula, from + which circumstance the species takes its name. On the posterior + surface of the thighs, towards the upper part, are three or four + black dots placed in a line. The under surface is yellowish white + with dark grey dots and lines under the chin and throat. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 5 + of the tail 2 8 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 4 8 + Length of anterior extremity 0 8 + of posterior extremity 1 2 + +This species was first described by Weigmann, and subsequently by M. +Bibron, from specimens obtained by Gaudichaud from Coquimbo, at which +place the single specimen brought home by Mr. Darwin was also obtained. + + + _Plate 5._ + +[Illustration: + + _From Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, + in Lithotint C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1._ _Proctotretus_ _Fitzingerii._│_Nat. Size._ + _2._ _Cyanogaster_ │ „ + + + PROCTOTRETUS FITZINGERII. + + PLATE V.—FIG. 1. + + _Capite squamis lævibus, non imbricatis; margine anteriore aurium + granuloso; squamis supralabialibus ovalibus, in serie unicâ + dispositis; squamis dorsalibus parum carinatis, posticè obtusis. + Facie posteriore femorum præcipuè granulosâ sed portione, caudam + versus, squamis majoribus, rhomboideis imbricatis tectâ._ + + _Proctotretus Fitzingerii_, Bibr. l. c. p. 286. + +Habitat, Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—General form thick and robust, the head short being + nearly as broad as it is long. The muzzle slightly rounded. Scales + of the head flat, small and numerous. Two scales only behind the + rostral and between those which are pierced by the nostrils. Those + over the nose and around the occipital scales being larger and + more regularly arranged than the others. The ear is large, oval, + the anterior margin having, towards the upper part, about three + small, oval, granular, very slightly projecting scales. Temples + covered with small, rounded or slightly hexagonal scales, which + are scarcely imbricated. A single range of rather broad oval + scales between the orbit and the upper lip. Scales of the sides of + the neck, and above and behind the shoulder small, granular. The + trunk thick; scales of the back very small, imbricated, very + slightly carinated, and not pointed behind; those of the under + parts smooth and rhomboidal. The legs are short and robust. The + anterior pair, placed against the side do not extend backwards + more than halfway to the thigh. The posterior pair do not quite + reach the arms. The posterior face of the thighs is covered with + granular scales, excepting a large patch near the groin rising to + near the upper surface of the thigh, which are imbricated and + rhomboidal, similar to those of the inferior surface of the thigh. + The scales of the upper part of the toes are smooth, those beneath + have one or two slight carinæ. + + This species varies very much in colour; three or four tolerably + distinct varieties may be noticed, but they often pass more or + less into each other. As I have only one of these varieties in my + possession, I quote the following description from Mons. Bibron’s + account of the specimens in the French Museum. + + Var. A. Les parties supérieures sont grises, ou bien d’un brun + marron plus ou moins clair. Il règne au long du cou et du dos + quatre series de taches noires, bordées de blanc en arrière. La + queue et les membres offrent des bandes transversales anguleuse, + d’un teint marron noirâtre, alternant avec des bandes semblables + mais de couleur blanche. Les régions inférieures aussi sont + blanches, excepté la gorge, qui est parcourue par des raies + confluentes brunes. D’autres raies d’un brun marron sont imprimées + verticalement, sur les lèvres. + + Var. B. Cette variété se distingue de la précédente, en ce que le + dessus de ses membres est ponctué de noirâtre, et que les quatre + séries de taches qui ornent le dos de la première variété sont + appliquées ici sur un fond fauve jaunâtre. Puis la gorge est + verdâtre et le ventre noir, marbré de blanc. + +Var. C. Le dessus du corps est uniformement peint d’un vert olive. Le +dessus du cou, le milieu de la poitrine et celui du ventre sont d’un +noir profond. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 7 + of the body 2 8 + of the tail 4 2 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 7 7 + Length of anterior extremity 1 2 + of posterior extremity 2 0 + +This species agrees with _Pr. Darwinii_ and _Weigmannii_, and in some +degree with _Pr. Kingii_, in having a portion of the posterior face of +the thighs covered with imbricated scales. This is a character, which +although existing in all those which I have named, is found to obtain in +very different degrees; in _Tr. Weigmannii_ being very distinctly +marked, and in _Tr. Kingii_ very slightly so, and in some specimens +scarcely notable. It is probable, that var. B., and possibly A. also, of +Mons. Bibron, may be _Pr. Kingii_; but I have not had the opportunity of +ascertaining this from the actual examination of the specimens. + +Found by Mr. Darwin at Port Desire, and at Santa Cruz, in Patagonia. + + + PROCTOTRETUS CYANOGASTER. + + PLATE V.—FIG. 2. + + _Squamis capitis neque imbricatis nec carinatis; temporum imbricatis, + subcarinatis, margine rotundato; aurium margine anteriore simplici; + squamis dorsalibus rhombeis, laxis, carinâ posticè acutâ; femorum + facie posteriore omninò granulosâ; corpore suprà olivaceo, fascia + utrinque longitudinali flavescenti; abdomine cœruleo._ + + _Proctotretus cyanogaster_, Bibr. l. c. p. 273. + +Habitat, Valparaiso, and Valdivia, Chile. + + DESCRIPTION.—It has been well observed by M. Bibron that this species + offers at first sight somewhat the general aspect of the genus + Algira; the acute points of the dorsal and lateral scales and the + general form giving very much that appearance. + + The head is of moderate size, somewhat deflexed; the scales + moderate, flat and smooth; those of the temples are slightly + carinated, imbricated and rounded: those of the sides of the neck + small, not granular, but rhomboidal and imbricated. There is but a + single series of oblong scales between the labial ones and the + orbit. The margin of the ear is entire and simple; the scales of + the back are lozenge-shaped, the carina of moderate height but + prolonged into an acute point. Amongst those of the sides of the + neck and belly are a few which are notched at the margin.[2] The + scales of the posterior surface of the thigh are wholly granular. + +Footnote 2: + + This is contrary to the character given by M. Bibron, who states + that the whole of these are entire. + + + _Plate 6._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, + on stone in Lithotint. C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1._ │_Proctotretus Kingii_ _Nat. + │Size._ + _2._ │ „ + ───────┼─────────────────────────────── + _a. b._│_Magnified View._ + + The proportions of the limbs vary in the two sexes. In the male + they are considerably longer than in the female. In the latter the + posterior extremity when placed against the side extends only to + the arm, in the former it reaches to the ear. The ground colour of + the back is chesnut brown or greenish brown, with a bright + metallic green glance in certain lights; there are two light buff + longitudinal fasciæ running the whole length of the body; the + under parts are of a bright metallic blue colour. Mr. Darwin + states that in one specimen there were emerald spots on the sides, + which did not exist in another individual. This may possibly be a + sexual peculiarity. + +DIMENSIONS OF A MALE SPECIMEN. + + DIMENSIONS OF A MALE SPECIMEN. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 6 + of the body 1 9 + of the tail 3 3 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 8 + Length of anterior extremity 1 0 + of posterior extremity 1 5 + +Found by Mr. Darwin at Valparaiso, and at Valdivia; the former is a very +dry rocky country, with a scanty vegetation; whereas the latter is +nearly level, covered with the thickest forest, and the climate +exceedingly humid. + + + PROCTOTRETUS KINGII, N.S. + + PLATE VI.—FIG. 1, 2. + + _Squamis capitis neque imbricatis nec carinatis; supralabialibus in + serie unicâ; aurium margine anteriore granuloso; interdum + unidentata; squamis, dorsalibus carinatis, posticè acuminatis, + femorum facie posteriore præcipuè granulosâ, sed portione parvâ, + caudam versus, squamis parvis, rotundatis imbicratis tectâ._ + +Habitat, Port Desire in Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—General form robust and full; the head short, thick, and + passing into the neck without any distinct contraction; the muzzle + rounded. Scales of the head larger in proportion than in _Pr. + Fitzingerii_. Ear large, oval, with the anterior margin granular, + sometimes slightly toothed. Scales of the temples of moderate + size, imbricated, smooth, somewhat raised. A single range of oval + moderate-sized scales between the labial and the orbital scales on + the sides of the neck, above and behind the shoulder small, + granular, and some of them having a minute pore. Scales of the + back of moderate size, larger than in _Fitzingerii_, rhomboid, + having a rather prominent carina, and terminating in a distinct + point. Scales of the under parts smooth and rhomboidal. The + posterior surface of the thighs is for the most part granular, but + a small portion near the groin is covered with larger imbricated + scales; to a much smaller extent, however, than in _Fitzingerii_, + and other species which possess this character. + + The general colour of the upper part of this species is a rich + dark brown, with whitish transverse bands and spots, having a + black margin. I have figured in fig. 2, of Plate VI., a remarkable + variety in which the bands are alternate black and white, and a + broader and a narrower longitudinal fascia of a yellowish-white + colour, run the whole length of the body on each side. The under + parts are yellowish-white, with dark or almost black spots; under + the throat bluish-gray with white spots. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 8 + of the body 2 3 + of the tail 3 4 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 6 5 + Length of anterior extremity 1 1 + of posterior extremity 1 4 + +This species much resembles _Pr. Fitzingerii_ in many of its characters, +as well as in its size. It may, however, be at once distinguished from +it by the character of the scales of the back, which in this species are +very distinctly carinated, of a rather elongated form, and pointed at +the extremity; whereas in the other they are shorter, smaller, the +carina is very slight, almost indistinct, and the posterior extremity is +obtuse. + +The tail in the larger figure of our plate is deformed, having been +renewed. The specimen figured at (2,) in the same plate, is so +remarkably distinct in the colours and marking, as to lead me to suppose +that it may possibly be a different species. + + + PROCTOTRETUS DARWINII. + + PLATE VII.—FIG. 1, 2. + + _Corpore subdepresso; capite squamis numerosis, parvis, subelevatis, + lævibus non imbricatis; aurium margine anteriore integro; temporibus + colloque granulatis; serie unicâ squamarum supralabialium; facie + posteriore femorun partìm granulosâ, partìm squamis imbricatis + tectâ._ + +Habitat, Bahia Blanca, Northern Patagonia. Mr. Darwin. + + + _Plate 7._ + +[Illustration: + + _From Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, + in Lithotint C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1._ │_Proctotretus Darwinii. Nat. Size._ + _2._ │ „ + ──────────┼─────────────────────────────────── + _1 a & b._│_Magnified Views._ + _2 a._ │ „ + + + _Plate 8._ + +[Illustration: + + _B. Waterhouse Hawkins lithog._ +] + + _1._ │_Proctotretus Weigmannii._ + _2._ │ „ + ─────┼────────────────────────── + _1a._│_Magnified Views._ + _2a._│ „ + + DESCRIPTION.—The general form of this new species is similar to that + of _Pr. Weigmannii_, but less elongate and somewhat more + depressed, resembling in general appearance some of the forms of + the genus Sceloporus. Head covered with rather small and + consequently numerous scales, slightly elevated, and separated + from each other by distinct and deep lines. A single series of + small scales between the labial scales and the orbit. The exterior + margin of the ear is entire and even. Scales of the temple and at + the sides of the neck wholly granular, the latter very small. The + scales of the back are small, flat, with a very low carina, and + not pointed at the posterior extremity. There are about twenty + rows of dorsal scales. The posterior surface of the thighs is + granulated, excepting a small patch near the tail of imbricated + scales, similar to those of the inferior surface, as in _Pr. + Weigmannii_. The tail is of moderate length, and the scales which + cover it are short, depressed, and obtuse in comparison with those + of several other species. The pre-anal pores, which are peculiar + to the male, are about ten in number. + + The general colour is gray, with two light longitudinal lines on + each side, and a row of black spots along the inner margin of the + dorsal ones. The under surface is nearly white, with black dots + under the throat. + + The anterior legs, when stretched backwards against the side, + reach about two-thirds towards the thigh; and the posterior when + stretched forwards, extend to the shoulder. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 6 + of the tail 3 4 + ────────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 5 + Length of anterior extremities 0 8 + of posterior extremities 1 2 + +It is at first sight extremely difficult to distinguish this species +from younger individuals of _Pr. Fitzingerii_, from which, however, it +differs in the more linear form of the supralabial scales, in the +absence of imbricated scales on the lateral fold of the neck, the more +entire margin of the ear. In the existence of a patch of larger +imbricated scales on the posterior surface of the thighs, it resembles +_Pr. Weigmannii_; from which, however, it may be at once distinguished +by the single row of supralabial scales, the later species having a +double row. + + + PROCTOTRETUS WEIGMANNII. + + PLATE VIII.—FIG. 1, 2. + + _Capite squamis lævibus non imbricatis tecto; auribus rotundis margine + anteriore minutè granulato. Seriebus duabus squamarum + supralabialium. Femorum facie posteriore partìm granulosâ, partìm + squamis minutis imbricatis tectâ._ + + _Proctotretus Weigmannnii_, Bibr. l. c. p. 284. + +Habitat, Northern Patagonia and La Plata. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head rather short, covered with numerous slightly raised + scales, not carinated nor imbricated; snout rather obtuse and + slightly rounded, nostrils semicircular. Two series of very small + scales between the labial scales and the orbit. Ear of moderate + size, the anterior margin furnished merely with minute granular + scales. Scales of the temples flat and smooth. Fold on the sides + of the neck distinctly marked, anteriorly bifurcated; the + remainder somewhat waved. Sides of the neck granulated scales of + the whole of the upper and back parts of the body and tail of + moderate size, the carina little elevated and the point but + slightly prominent. The scales of the inferior parts of the neck + and body are smooth, polished, and imbricated, those towards the + sides of the neck minutely emarginated. The scales of the limbs + resemble those of the body; those of the upper surface being + carinated and those beneath smooth. The posterior face of the + thighs is generally covered with granular scales, but there is on + this part near the tail, a distinct patch of imbricated scales + resembling those of the inferior surface of the thighs, a + character by which this species may at once be distinguished from + all others. The anterior extremity placed against the side reaches + about two-thirds of the distance towards the groin; the posterior + extremity reaches forward to the shoulder. + + COLOUR.—The back and sides are brownish gray, with a yellow + longitudinal band on each side of the back, separating transverse + black or dark brown bands of various size and form; and there is + in most on each side a smaller interrupted yellow band. The under + parts generally of a yellowish white, in some individuals sparsely + dotted with black. Mr. Darwin says of some individuals of this + species that they have “an orange-coloured gorge, and faint + stripes of blue,” also “ash-grey with dark brown marks and specks + of orange and blue.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 5 + of the tail 2 2 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 4 2 + Length of anterior extremity 1 1 + of posterior extremity 0 8 + +This species was found by Mr. Darwin at Bahia Blanca and at Rio Negro, +on the northern confines of Patagonia, and at Maldonado, near the mouth +of the Rio Plata. + + + _Plate 9._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, + on stone in Lithotint C. Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _1._ _Tropidurus_ _multimaculatus._ _Nat. Size._ + _2._ _pectinatus_ „ + ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── + _1a. 1b._ _Magnified Views._ + _2a._ „ + + + PROCTOTRETUS MULTIMACULATUS. + + PLATE IX.—FIG. 1. + + _Corpore subdepresso; capite squamis numerosis parvis tecto; auribus + parvis, margine lævi; seriebus quatuor squamarum supralabialium; + squamis temporum imbricatis; collo granuloso; femorum facie + posteriore partìm granulosâ, partìm squamis imbricatis tectâ._ + + _Proctotretus multimaculatus_, Bibr. l. c. p. 291. + +Habitat, Bahia Blanca, Northern Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—The body depressed and wide—the head triangular, the + muzzle rather acute. Nostrils prominent and nearly round. Scales + of the head very small and numerous; those of the temple + rhomboidal and imbricated. There are four series of small + irregular scales between the labial and suborbitar. The sides of + the neck are wholly granular; the scales of the body very small; + those of the upper parts rhomboidal, flat with very low carina, + and obtuse at the apex—beneath they are also small and rhomboidal; + the posterior surface of the thighs is granular, but, as in some + other species, there is, near the groin, a distinct patch of + imbricated scales like those of the inferior surface. The tail is + broad to some distance from the origin, and then tapers to the + extremity. The scales of the tail are rather small, short and + obtuse. + + The anterior extremity placed against the sides reaches about + two-thirds the distance towards the posterior, and the latter + reaches forwards to the shoulder. + + The ground colour of this species is gray, with numerous small + black spots, some of which are bordered with white. The under + parts are white, and in one specimen in Mr. Darwin’s collection + there are on the belly numerous distinct small black spots. His + description of the colours is as follows:—“Colours above + singularly mottled. The small scales are coloured brown, white, + yellowish red and blue, all dirty, and the brown forming + symmetrical clouds. Beneath white, with regular spots of brown on + the belly.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 8 + of the body 1 8 + of the tail 3 0 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 6 + Length of anterior extremity 1 0 + of posterior extremity 1 6 + +Found at Bahia Blanca, on the northern confines of Patagonia. The +following remarks of Mr. Darwin on the habits of this species are very +interesting. “In its depressed form and general appearance it partakes +of some of the characters of the Geckos. Its habits are singular. It +lives on the dry sand of the beach, at some distance from the +vegetation, and the colour of the body much resembles that of the sand. +When frightened it depresses its body, stretches out its legs, and +closing its eyes tries to escape detection. If pursued it buries itself +with great quickness in the sand; but as its legs are short, it cannot +run very swiftly.” + + + PROCTOTRETUS PECTINATUS. + + PLATE IX.—FIG. 2. + + _Capite squamis subæqualibus, rhomboideis, imbricatis, carinatis + tecto._ + + _Proctotretus pectinatus_, Bibr. Hist. Rept. IV. p. 292. + +Habitat, Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—The scales of the head are narrow, closely imbricated, + strongly but not acutely carinated, and the anterior ones arranged + in somewhat of a radiating direction from the muzzle. There is but + a single series of scales between those of the upper lip and the + orbit, and these, together with all the scales about the head, + partake of the carinated and elongated character already + described. A single strong triangular scale and two smaller ones + are placed on the anterior margin of the ear, which is narrow, + oval and reniform. The scales of the temples and sides of the neck + are rhomboidal, acute, carinated and imbricated. There is a + longitudinal fold on each side of the neck and a transverse one + anterior to the shoulder, behind which is a deep depression. The + scales of the back and side are prominently and acutely carinated, + those of the central line being rather more prominent than the + others; and above this there is on each side a marked longitudinal + lateral crest extending from beneath the eyes to the base of the + tail. The scales constituting these crests are very prominent, + narrow and acutely carinated. The scales of the belly are also + imbricated and rhomboidal, but flat; those of the under surface of + the hands and feet are carinated; and those of the toes have three + carinæ. The body is somewhat depressed as is the tail at its + commencement, becoming more rounded and rather abruptly smaller at + some distance from its origin. The fore-foot reaches to about + two-thirds of the distance from the shoulder to the side, and the + hinder extremity thus placed extends to the shoulder. + + The colours of this most elegant of all the species of the genus + are very beautiful. “This is the most beautiful lizard,” says Mr. + Darwin, “I have ever seen; the back has three rows of regular + oblong marks of a rich brown, the other scales symmetrically + coloured either ash or light brown; many of them of a bright + emerald green; beneath pearly, with semilunar spots of brilliant + orange on the throat.” I find in the specimens I have examined + that the pectinated lateral crests are white, and the brown oblong + marks of the back are bordered with a similar colour. There are + always three white transverse lines across the head. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 7 + of the body 1 7 + of the tail 3 1 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 5 5 + Length of anterior extremity 1 0 + of posterior extremity 1 5 + +This species, as has been observed by M. Bibron, who first described it, +may be at once distinguished from every other by the character of the +scales of the head, which, instead of lying flat, with the edges in +contact, are all of them imbricated and carinated. Another obvious +distinguishing character, is the narrow line of prominent scales running +the whole length of the body on each side, forming a sort of +_pectinated_ lateral crest, from which circumstance it has derived its +name. + +Found by Mr. Darwin, at Bahia Blanca, and Port Desire in Patagonia. + + + GENUS—DIPLOLÆMUS. _Bell._ + + _Caput breve, latum, subtriangulare. Aures parvæ, ovatæ, margine lævi. + Nares magnæ, rotundæ. Collum infrà transversè, ad latera + longitudinalitèr plicatum. Corpus subdepressum, non cristatum. Cauda + teres, breviuscula, læevis. Pedes breves, robusti. Squamæ capitis + numerosæ, parvæ, rotundatæ, non imbricatæ—corporis atque caudæ suprà + minimæ, læves, convexæ, paulò imbricatæ, infrà læves, planæ. Pori + femorales et præ-anales in utroque sexu nulli. Dentes palatini + nulli._ + +The new genus which I have thus defined, resembles very closely, in most +of its characters, the genus _Leiosaurus_ of Bibron; from which, indeed, +it scarcely differs, excepting in the absence of palatine teeth, and in +the form of the suborbitar plates, which in _Leiosaurus_ are all +distinct, and of nearly equal size; whereas, in the present genus, three +of these are united to form one plate, resembling that in +_Proctotretus_, and some other _Agamidæ_. In other respects the genera +are very closely allied; but the existence or non-existence of palatine +teeth, is a character of so much importance, that it appeared to me,—and +in this opinion I am supported by M. Bibron, who examined the specimens +with me,—that they should be considered as distinct. Both the genera are +natives of South America. Of _Leiosaurus Bellii_ (Bibr.) the only known +specimens were presented to me by Capt. King, who obtained them during +his survey, from whom also I obtained specimens of one of the species of +the present genus, _D. Bibronii_. + + + DIPLOLÆMUS DARWINII. _Mihi._ + + PLATE X. + + _Squamis capitis convexis; caudâ, corpore cum capite longiore._ + +Habitat, Port Desire, Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short, almost equilaterally triangular, rising + obliquely from the muzzle to the vertex, then flattened. Nostrils + large, round, each placed in front of the suprà-orbital crest, and + in a line between it and the centre of the muzzle. The ears are + small, oval, the margin simple, and the membrana tympani + superficial. The neck is considerably contracted; it has a + longitudinal fold on each side formed by the confluence of two + others, one of which arises from behind the angle of the mouth, + and the other from above the ear, which is, as it were, enclosed + between them; they coalesce a little behind the ear. There is also + a distinct transverse fold on the throat, very similar to that in + _Leiosaurus Bellii_. The body is moderately thick, somewhat + depressed, and without the slightest appearance of a longitudinal + crest, or any elevation along the median line. The tail is + somewhat longer than the head and body, nearly round and tapering + almost evenly from its origin to the apex. The fore legs are short + and moderately robust, the toes short, nearly equal; the hinder + legs moderately long. The former when placed against the sides, do + not reach the thighs by nearly a third of the distance between the + two limbs; the latter when directed forwards, just reach the + axillæ. The cloacal covering is semilunar, turgid, and the margin + quite simple. + + Scales covering the upper surface of the head numerous, rounded, + and considerably elevated; those between the two suprà-orbital + semicircles are in a double series. The occipital plate is oval, + raised from the margin, hollowed immediately around the centre + which is again raised like a minute tubercle. Above the labial + scales, is a series of equal, rounded, oblong scales, and between + these and the principal suborbital is a single series of smaller + ones. Scales of the whole of the upper and lateral parts of the + neck and body extremely small, slightly elevated, passing at the + sides into a flatter and more expanded form. Those of the whole of + the under parts are quite flat and imbricated. Beneath the + anterior parts of the lower jaw, and behind the broad mental + scales, are a series of flat, hexagonal scales on each side, + passing backwards and outwards, the front pair large and oblong + and the others diminishing by degrees. The scales of the throat + are very small, those on the fold larger and acutely rhomboidal. + The scales of the anterior part of the belly are also rhomboidal + and those of the posterior portion hexagonal or nearly quadrate. + The tail is covered by scales disposed in whorls, those on the + median line beneath being larger than the others. Beneath each toe + is a series of transverse hexagonal imbricated scales. + + The colours and markings of this species are very difficult to be + described, on account of the great irregularity of their + disposition. The ground colour of the head is yellow, passing into + grey on the back part. The anterior part has several small spots + of a dark brown colour, and there is a larger one on each orbit, + another between the eye and the ear, and others on the back part + of the head extending to the neck. The middle of the back is + reddish yellow, on each side bluish gray, passing beneath into + yellowish white. A series of very irregular transverse spots cross + the yellow median portion of the back, and there are others on the + sides; and these two series becoming confluent on the tail, form, + with the yellow ground, alternate half rings of the two colours. + The upper part of the legs has similar bands. The whole of the + throat, belly, and inferior surface of the limbs and tail are + yellowish white. There are numerous small blackish spots over + these parts which are more distinct and linear on the throat, and + becoming paler, smaller and round on the belly. + + + _Plate 10._ + +[Illustration: + + _From Nature by B Waterhouse Hawkins: + in Lithotint, C Hullmandel’s Patent._ +] + + _Diplolæmus Darwinii. Nat. Size._ + + + _Plate 11._ + +[Illustration: + + _E. Waterhouse Hawkins del;_ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _Diplolæmus Bibronii_ _Nat. Size._ + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 1 0 + of the body 2 2 + of the tail 3 8 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 7 0 + Length of anterior extremity 1 1 + of posterior extremity 1 6 + +Taken at Port Desire, on the coast of Patagonia. + + + DIPLOLÆMUS BIBRONII. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XI. + + _Squamis capitis planis; caudâ corpore cum capite breviore._ + +Habitat, Port Desire. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head thick and clumsy, longer than it is broad, muzzle + obtuse, suprà-orbital arches slightly elevated. Nostrils as in the + former species, in size, form, and situation. Ears subtriangular, + the margin simple. Neck considerably contracted, with a + longitudinal fold on each side, and a distinct transverse fold on + the throat. Body rather broad, slightly depressed, perfectly even, + without any central crest or elevation. The tail is shorter than + the head and body, slightly triangular at its base, tapering + regularly to its extremity. Limbs of moderate length; the toes of + each foot longer than in _D. Bibronii_, and those of the fore-feet + more unequal, the third being the longest, then the fourth, the + second, the fifth, and the first. The fore-legs placed against the + side reaches to about two-thirds of the distance between the + shoulder and thigh; the hinder foot placed in the same manner + reaches to the axilla. + + The scales of the head are quite flat, a character in which this + species differs remarkably from the former, although in their + number and arrangement they are very similar. The occipital scale + is flat and hexagonal. Between the labial scales and the + suborbital, there are, in addition to the regular series of larger + supralabial scales, at least three distinct series of smaller + ones; whereas in _D. Darwinii_ there is but one. + + The scales of the temples, the neck, the body, the limbs and the + tail, are similar to those of the former species in general form + and arrangement, excepting that they are smaller and less + elevated. Those beneath the anterior part of the lower jaw are + much smaller; but the rest on the under parts are similar to the + former. + + The head is of a dull light-brown colour, with a few obscure + darker spots. The general ground colour of the back is “bluish + gray, tinged with rust colour;” there are five transverse bands + across the back, which are composed principally of numerous, + close, small, dark-brown spots, on a bluish-gray ground, darker + than the intervals, and without any red tinge; and each band is + marked on the posterior margin with strongly defined semilunar + indentations, bordered with yellowish-white, or bright yellow. + These bands are continued on the tail, where they become + half-rings. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 1 2 + of the body 2 9 + of the tail 3 5 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 7 6 + Length of anterior extremity 1 4 + of posterior extremity 2 1 + + + GENUS—AMBLYRYNCHUS. _Bell._ + AMBLYRYNCHUS DEMARLII. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XII. + + _Cristâ suprà cervicem elevatiore, suprà dorsum humiliore; tuberculis + verticalibus subdepressis, occipitalibus conicis; caudâ tereti._ + + _Amblyrynchus Demarlii._ Bibr. Hist. Rept. IV. p. 197. + +This species was first described by Mons. Bibron in the “Histoire des +Reptiles,” and so fully as not to require any detailed account of its +characters here. It has not, however, hitherto been figured, and it is +thought very desirable to embrace so good an opportunity of giving a +representation of so interesting an animal. Its most important +structural peculiarities will be alluded to in the account of the next +species, which is an aquatic form, whilst the present is strictly +terrestrial. The toes are long, compared with those of the other, and so +unequal as to constitute essentially an ambulatory form. + +By Mr. Darwin’s observations we are now enabled fully to confirm Mons. +Bibron’s suggestion, that this species was from the Galapagos, and to +establish the genus as strictly appertaining to that curious and +interesting locality. + + + _Reptiles. Plate 12._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _Amblyrynchus Demarlii._ _Nat. Size._ + + + AMBLYRYNCHUS CRISTATUS. _Bell._ + + _Cristâ suprà humeros humiliore; digitis ferè equalibus subpalmatis; + caudâ compressâ._ + + _Amblyrynchus Cristatus._ Bell, Zool. Journ. 1825, p. 195. Tab. Supp. + XII. Bibr. Hist. Rept. IV. p. 204. + +I established the genus _Amblyrynchus_ nearly eighteen years ago, from a +stuffed specimen of the present species, which had been obtained by Mr. +Bullock, Jun., in Mexico. I had never seen another specimen, until Mr. +Darwin brought home a young one from the Galapagos, in excellent +preservation in spirits, and thus established its true habitat, and +enabled me to correct those errors in my description which arose from +drying and bad stuffing. Mons. Bibron also took his description from my +specimen, and thus necessarily fell into the same mistakes, of which the +most important are those which relate to the form of the tail, and the +structure of the feet. Thus the tail is described as “round, excepting +towards the extremity, where it is flattened at the sides,” whereas it +is in fact much compressed throughout its whole length; and with regard +to the toes no mention is made of their being partially united by a web +or fold of skin, which is the case both on the anterior and posterior +feet. These two characters so obviously point out a power of swimming, +that the aquatic habits of the species might at once have been +predicated, and it is exceedingly interesting to find, from Mr. Darwin’s +observations, that such is really the case. We have, therefore, two +distinct forms—distinct equally in their structure and in their +habits—in the two species now described; the one, _A. Demarlii_, being +truly terrestrial, with lengthened, unequal, and distinctly separated +toes and a round tail, and the present species as truly amphibious, +having short, nearly equal and webbed toes, and a compressed tail. + +A very interesting account of their habits, &c., is given by Mr. Darwin +in his delightful Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle, p. 466 to 472, to +which the reader is referred, and which exactly accords with the +peculiarities of their respective structure just alluded to. + +It is remarkable also, that whereas _Amblyrynchus cristatus_ inhabits +the coasts of all the islands, the other species is found only in the +central portion of the group. + + + GENUS—LEIOCEPHALUS. _Gray._ + LEIOCEPHALUS GRAYII. + + PLATE XIII.—FIG. 1. + + _Cristâ dorsali elevatâ; caudâ sub-compressâ; squamis ventralibus + rhomboideis, lævibus; margine anteriore meatus auditorii + quadridentato; squamâ occipitali magnâ._ + +Habitat, Galapagos Archipelago. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head, viewed from above, forming a nearly equilateral + triangle, covered with irregular slightly raised scales. + Supra-orbital ridge prominent, and covered with a series of + elongated and imbricated scales. Occipital plate large, + pentagonal, notched at its posterior margin. The anterior margin + of the auditory passage is strongly quadridentate, from the + existence of four long and rather narrow scales. Scales of the + temple obtusely carinated, not imbricated; those of the back + strongly and acutely carinated and disposed in numerous rows, + converging backwards towards the dorsal crest. Ventral scales + rhomboidal, not carinated. Dorsal crest elevated, composed of flat + vertical scales, so closely placed as to constitute an almost + continuous line, extending from the neck to the end of the tail. + Tail somewhat compressed at the base, becoming nearly round + towards the middle. Scales beneath the feet and toes carinated. + + COLOUR.—The colour of this species is thus stated in Mr. Darwin’s + notes:—“Upper part clove brown, passing into black brown with + black spots. Sides slightly tinted with orange; some of the scales + of the crest near the head are white; belly nearly white; the + whole of the throat before the fore legs glossy black. This is the + most common variety in the Archipelago. The black spots are not + unfrequently placed in waved transverse bars, and are sometimes + arranged longitudinally.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 9 + of the body 2 8 + of the tail 5 8 + ────────────────────────────────── + Total length 9 5 + +Of this species, one of the most beautiful in the whole order of +Saurians, Mr. Darwin obtained numerous specimens, one only of which is +fully adult. In the younger individuals the dorsal crest is low and +almost inconspicuous. It differs very materially from either of the two +species previously described, and I have dedicated it to Mr. Gray, who +first distinguished the genus. Mons. Bibron, unaware that Mr. Gray had +already constituted the genus under the name _Leiocephalus_, named it +_Holotropis_. I have, however, retained the former name, as having the +claim of priority. + + + _Reptiles. Plate 13._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _1. Gymnodactylus Gaudichaudii._ + _2. Naultinus Grayii._ + +It constitutes one of the numerous interesting novelties obtained by Mr. +Darwin in the Galapagos. The specimens, which are of various ages, were +taken in Chatham Island and in Charles Island. + + + GENUS—CENTRURA. _Bell._ + + + _Caput breve, triangulare. Aures magnæ, anticè cutis plicâ, haud + dentatâ, partìm celatæ. Nares magnæ, rotundæ. Gulâ transversè + subplicata. Collum atque corpus haud cristata; hoc depressum, latum, + cute longitudinalitèr plicatâ. Cauda teres, basin versus + subdepressa, squamis fortibus spinosis verticillatis. Squamæ capitis + numerosæ, parvæ, rotundatæ, non imbricatæ—corporis minimæ, rotundæ, + subconvexæ, læves. Pori femorales et præ-anales nulli. Dentes + palatini._ + +The propinquity of this genus both to _Oplura_ and to _Doryphorus_ is +very obvious. It differs, however, from both in several structural +characters. From the former in the absence of denticulations on the +anterior margin of the ear, and of a nuchal crest; from the latter in +the presence of palatine teeth. Its place is probably between these two +genera. + + + CENTRURA FLAGELLIFER. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XIII.—FIG. 2. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head almost equilaterally triangular, the muzzle rounded; + scales of the head small, nearly equal, rounded, not imbricated, + those of the temples subconical; nostrils round, large, confined + to the nasal scales. Ears rather large, the tympanum lying beneath + the surface, and partly concealed by an anterior fold of skin, + which is not denticulated, as in _Oplura_. Skin of the neck folded + at the sides, that of the body flaccid, and with strongly marked + lateral folds, extending from the shoulder to the thigh. Scales of + the neck and back very small, round, slightly convex, very smooth. + Skin of the throat rugose, with a transverse pectoral fold not + very strongly marked. Scales of the throat similar to those of the + back; those of the belly broader and less convex; all perfectly + smooth. Tail about the length of the head and body, flattened at + the base, then round, surrounded with strong spinous verticillated + scales, of which there are about fifty circles; beneath smooth. + Legs of moderate length, strong, covered with small conical, + imbricated scales. The toes compressed towards the extremity, and + terminated with a strong, short, compressed nail. + + COLOUR.—The colour can only be partially described, as the specimen + has been long in spirits. It is of a dark brown colour above, with + darker, obscure markings on the body. About the head are traces of + green. The tail and limbs are rich brown, and the under parts + dull, pale fuscous. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 8 + of the neck 0 4 + of the body 2 5 + of the tail 3 7 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 7 4 + Length of anterior extremity 1 4 + of posterior extremity 2 0 + + + FAMILIA—GECKOTIDÆ. _Gray._ + GECKOTIENS OU ASCALABOTES. _Bibr._ + GENUS—GYMNODACTYLUS. _Spix._ + GYMNODACTYLUS GAUDICHAUDII. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XIV.—FIG. 1. + + _Squamâ mentali impari pentagonâ, scutiformi; squamarum labialium + inferiorum paribus quinque, superiorum paribus sex; caudâ medio + crassiore._ + + _Gymnodactylus Gaudichaudii._ Bibr. Rept. III. p. 413. + +This species was first brought from Coquimbo by Gaudichaud, after whom +it was named by Mons. Bibron, who described it in his work; but as one +specimen alone exists in the French National Collection, and as the +species has never been figured, it is thought desirable that a figure +should be given in the present work. The characters above given +sufficiently distinguish it from all other species; but for a detailed +description, the reader is referred to the “Histoire des Reptiles” above +quoted. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 4 + of the tail 2 3 + ────────────────────────────────── + Total length 4 2 + + + _Reptiles Plate 14._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _1. Leiocephalus Grayii._ + _2. Centrura flagellifer._ + +The specimens brought home by Mr. Darwin were from Port Desire, in +Patagonia, and the following observations occur in his MS. +notes:—“Centre of the back yellowish brown, sometimes with a strong +tinge of dark green; sides clouded with blackish brown; in very great +numbers under stones; makes a grating noise when taken hold of; after +death loses its darker colours. + +“A specimen being kept for some days in a tin box, changed colour into +an uniform grey, without the black cloudings. I thought I noticed some +change after catching and bringing home these animals, but could observe +no instantaneous change.” + +I have considered these specimens as belonging to the species to which I +have assigned them, because they exactly agree with Mons. Bibron’s +description. It is, however, very possible that an opportunity of +comparing them with those obtained by Gaudichaud, would show them to be +distinct, as it rarely happens that the same species of reptile is found +on the opposite sides of the American Continent. + + + GENUS—NAULTINUS. _Gray._ + NAULTINUS GRAYII. + + PLATE XIV.—FIG. 2. + + _Omninò viridis; fronte subconcavo; squamulis capitis planis._ + + DESCRIPTION.—Head thick, swollen across the posterior part, concave + between the eyes, and forwards nearly to the snout, which is + rounded. Scales of the head larger towards the fore part, nearly + flat. Eyes round, large; ears longitudinally oval. Body covered + with small nearly equal scales. Tail round, one-fifth longer than + the body. Limbs short, the anterior, when placed against the side, + reaching but little more than half way to the thigh; the posterior + reaching about two-thirds the distance towards the shoulder. Toes + short; on the anterior foot the first is the shortest, then the + second, the fifth, and the fourth; on the posterior increasing in + the same series; all compressed towards the extremity, and all + furnished with small curved close claws. + + The colour is a fine green. + +It was taken at the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. It lives on trees, and +is said to make a laughing noise. + +This species greatly resembles _Naultinus Elegans_[3] of Mr. Gray, of +which a beautiful specimen is in the British Museum. Upon a comparison +of the two, however, I find that they differ in the following +particulars. In the present species the head is concave between the +eyes, and forwards nearly to the snout; in the other, this part is quite +plain; the scales of the head in this species are flat; in the other +they are convex. The colour of this species is uniformly green, whereas +_N. Elegans_ has several markings of a yellow colour, each distinctly +bordered with black. + +Footnote 3: + + See Fauna of New Zealand, p. 203. Zool. Misc. p. 72. + + + FAMILIA—LACERTIDÆ. + GENUS—AMEIVA. _Cuvier._ + AMEIVA LONGICAUDA. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XV.—FIG. 1. + + _Squamis suprà-humeralibus, rhomboideis, imbricatis; subfemoralibus + transversim hexagonis; abdominalibus in seriebus decem + longitudinalibus dispositis; caudâ, corpore cum capite plus quam + duplò longiore, squamis medio carinatis, et ad margine + subcarinatis._ + +Habitat, Bahia Blanca, Northern Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head very narrow, much elongated and pointed, the vertex + flattened; nostrils rather large, open, round, directed laterally, + and placed in the centre of the naso-rostral plate; superciliary + plates three in number, the central one the largest; suprahumeral + scales rhomboidal, imbricated, not broader than long, in four + series; those of the arm transversely hexagonal; the anterior + surface of the thigh, and the inferior of the leg, covered with + large hexagonal, somewhat imbricated, scales; caudal scales above + quadrate, longer than broad, with a strong medial carina, and the + lateral margins slightly raised; beneath smooth; tail very long. + Anterior extremity placed against the body, reaching rather more + than half way to the thigh; posterior extremity extending forwards + nearly to the ear. + + COLOUR.—The upper surface of this beautiful species is dark brown or + blackish, with nine distinct white or yellowish longitudinal + fasciæ extending through the whole length of the neck and body; + tail with four of these lines. Under parts white. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 6 + of the neck 0 3 + of the body 1 4 + of the tail 5 2 + ──────────────────────────────────────────── + Total length 7 5 + Length of anterior extremity 0 7 + of posterior extremity 1 5 + + + _Reptiles. Plate 15._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins. + C. Hullmandel Imp._ +] + + _1._ _Ameiva longicauda._ _Nat. Size._ + _2. 2a. 2b._ _Gerrhosaurus sepiformis._ „ + _3._ _Cyclodus Casuarinæ._ „ + +Found at Bahia Blanca by Mr. Darwin. The specimens are probably all of +them very young; hence the longitudinal lines can scarcely be considered +as permanent, as most species of the genus are beautifully lineated in +the young state. The length of the tail, with its carinated scales, the +general elegance of the form, the gracile form of the head, and the neat +and distinct arrangement of the colours, render this one of the most +beautiful species of this elegant genus. + +The description of the colours given above, being from specimens which +have been long in spirits, it is necessary to state that Mr. Darwin has +the following notice respecting one of them—“On the sides two dark red +streaks; tail red.” + + + FAMILIA—ZONURIDÆ. + GENUS—GERRHOSAURUS. WEIGMANN. + GERRHOSAURUS SEPIFORMIS. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XV.—FIG. 2. + + SCINCUS SEPIFORMIS, Schneid. Hist. Amph. II. p. 191. Merr. Syst. Amph. + p. 70. n. 1. + + GERRHOSAURUS SEPIFORMIS, Bibr. Hist. des Rept. V. p. 384. + + _Corpore cum caudâ longo, serpentiformi; pedibus parvis; squamarum + submaxillarum pari secundo contiguis; squamis dorsalibus magnis, + subrectangularibus, striatis, in seriebus tredecem, et ventralibus + in seriebus octo dispositis._ + +Habitat, Cape of Good Hope. + +After a careful examination of the data from which the different +synonyms of this species, and of _Gerrhosaurus flavigularis_, Bibr., +have been derived, I am inclined to agree with this author, that the +present is the true _Scincus sepiformis_ of Schneider, and of Merrem, +and not _Scincus flavigularis_ as supposed by Wagler, Weigmann, and +Gray. It is very fully described by Bibron in the “Histoire Naturelle +des Reptiles,” but it has not hitherto been figured. There is no notice +of it in Mr. Darwin’s notes, further than its having been obtained at +the Cape of Good Hope. + + + FAMILIA—SCINCIDÆ. + GENUS—CYCLODUS. _Wagler._ + CYCLODUS CASUARINÆ. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XV.—FIG. 3. + + _Aurium margine anteriore simplici; squamis corporis, in seriebus XXIV + dispositis._ + + “_Kèneux de la casuarina_, Cocteau, Tab. Synopt.” (_v._ Bibr. Hist. Nat. + des Rept. V. p. 749.) + _Cyclodus casuarinæ_, Bibr. l. c. + +As I have not the work of the lamented Dr. Cocteau by me, I quote the +above reference from M. Bibron’s work, in which this species is fully +described. It differs from the other species of this curious genus in +many minute characters of the scaling of the head, but the most tangible +and obvious distinctive character consists in the number of series of +scales, which does not exceed twenty-four, all around the body, whilst +in the others, they amount to thirty-four or thirty-eight. It would +appear that it is liable to some considerable diversity in colour and +markings. That which M. Bibron describes, has “the head of a yellowish +grey, the whole of the upper part of the body olive grey, and the +inferior part whitish grey.” The specimen in the collection of the +Zoological Society has the whole upper part of a brownish grey, with +twelve black lines extending from the neck along the back and tail, +corresponding with the sutures of the longitudinal series of scales. The +under surface of the tail is marked by about thirty transverse, +interrupted, black bands. The following is the description given by Mr. +Darwin from his specimen when taken,—“Scales on the centre of the back +light greenish brown, edged on their sides with black; scales on the +sides of the body above greyer and with less black, below reddish: belly +yellow, with numerous narrow, irregular, waving, transverse lines of +black, which are formed by the lower margin of some of the scales being +black; head above grey, beneath whitish.” Mr. Darwin adds, that the +motion of the body, when crawling, resembles that of a snake. It is not +very active. Coleoptera and larvæ were found in its stomach. “It is +common in the open woods near Hobart Town in Van Diemen’s Land.” + + + _Reptiles. Plate 16._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _C. Hullmandel Imp._ +] + + _1._ _Rana Delalandii._ │_Nat. Size._ + _2._ _Rana Mascariensis._ │ „ + _3. 3a._ _Limnocharis fuscus._ │ „ + _4._ _Cystignathus Georgianus._│ „ + + + CLASSIS—AMPHIBIA. + ORDO—ANOURA. + FAMILIA—RANIDÆ. + GENUS RANA. + RANA DELALANDII. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XVI.—FIG. 1. + + _Dentibus palatinis in serie transversâ, medio interruptâ, dispositis; + membris posterioribus corpore cum capite duplò longioribus; pedibus + posticis gracillimis, semipalmatis._ + + _Rana Delalandii_, Bibr. Hist. Rept. VIII. p. 388. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head elongate, depressed. Eyes large, not prominent. + Tympanum nearly round. Palatine teeth in two simple series, + commencing at the inner side of the anterior margin of the + posterior nares, and extending towards each other in a transverse + direction, leaving between them a space of about half the length + of each. Tongue not quite as long as it is broad. Body somewhat + depressed, and with the head forming an almost uninterrupted + ellipse. Skin of the back, with several small longitudinal folds. + Anterior legs, when placed against the sides, reaching to the + thigh. Fingers very slender, and of nearly equal length. Posterior + limbs fully twice as long as the head and body. Toes extremely + long and slender, and connected by a membrane by about half their + length. + + COLOUR.—The general colour of the upper parts is a rich brown, with + darker brown and white markings. A white median fascia extends the + whole length of the head and body; another fascia of the same + colour and of very irregular figure on each side, passes backwards + and downwards from above the shoulders, and loses itself in the + pale colour of the abdomen. There are several smaller white lines + and spots, and others of a dark rich brown, particularly a large + mark of the latter colour behind the eye, including the tympanum. + The thighs and legs are elegantly banded with similar colours. The + under side is whitish. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 8 + of anterior extremities 1 1 + of posterior ditto 3 7 + +This species was first discovered at the Cape of Good Hope by M. +Delalande, and named after him by Mons. Bibron. Mr. Darwin found it in +the same locality. It is now figured for the first time. + + + RANA MASCARIENSIS. + + PLATE XVI.—FIG. 2. + + _Dentibus palatinis in fasciculis binis obliquis distantibus, ad + marginem interiorem narium posteriorum attingentibus; tympano + circulari, mediocri; digitis posticis usque ad phalanges penultimas + connexis: plantis tuberculo unico; cute dorsi lævi, longitudinalitèr + plicatâ; suprà fusco-rufescens,fasciâ longitudinali pallidâ._ + + _Rana Mascariensis_, Bibr. Hist. Rept. VIII. p. 315. + +Habitat, the Mauritius. + +This pretty species of the typical genus of the family was described by +Bibron, but has not hitherto been figured. It was found in Mauritius, on +swamps near the sea, by Mr. Darwin, who remarks on the extraordinary +height of its leaps. It has also been found in the Seychelles, +Madagascar, and the Island of Bourbon. + + + GENUS—LIMNOCHARIS. _Bell._ + + _Lingua ovalis, integrâ, margine posteriore libero. Dentes palatini + utrinque in fasciculis duobus dispositis, quorum alter ad marginem + anteriorem narium interiorum, alter pone nares interiores, prope + arcum maxillarem. Nasus terminalis, truncatus, ultra labium + productus. Tympanum conspicuum, circulare. Cutis omninò lævis. + Digiti anteriores liberi, posteriores ad basin tantùm palmati._ + +The genus _Limnocharis_ is remarkable for the existence of palatine +teeth in a part of the mouth in which they have never been observed in +any other amphibian. Not only is there a small group or line of these +contiguous with the anterior margin of the posterior nares,—a situation +in which they are found in some other genera of _Ranidæ_, but there is +also a group of them placed at some distance behind the posterior margin +of these openings, and close within the rise of the maxillary arch. This +genus, of which one species only is at present known, will probably be +most naturally placed between the true _Ranæ_ and certain of the +_Cystignathi_. + + + LIMNOCHARIS FUSCUS. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVI.—FIG. 3. + +Habitat, Rio Janeiro. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head semi-oval, depressed, as broad as it is long. The + muzzle truncated, extending beyond the lips, which it overhangs. + Tongue oval, entire, free at the posterior margin. Palatine teeth + in two parcels on each side; one consisting of very few at the + anterior and inner margin of the posterior nares, the other behind + those openings, in the angle formed by the maxillary arch and the + orbits. Posterior nares large and oval. Tympanum conspicuous, + nearly circular. Skin every where perfectly smooth, without glands + or pores. Anterior legs of moderate length and size. The fore-arm + rather longer than the upper arm. Fingers of moderate length, + wholly detached. Hinder legs little more than one-third longer + than body. The toes separate, excepting a slight rudiment of a + connecting membrane at their base, which extends, though very + narrow, along their sides, the extremity very slightly notched. + + COLOUR of the upper part rich dark brown. The thighs lighter, + obscurely banded with dark brown. Under parts pale blueish grey. + The throat dotted with brown. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 4 + of the anterior extremities 0 7 + of the posterior extremities 1 8 + +Found in brooks at Rio Janeiro by Mr. Darwin, who states that it is +infested with acari; and I observe, in the specimen under examination, +several marks in the skin, from whence these have been taken. + + + GENUS—CYSTIGNATHUS. _Wagler._ + CYSTIGNATHUS GEORGIANUS. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XVI.—FIG. 4. + + _Dentibus palatinis perpaucis, in fasciculis binis approximatis, pone + nares posteriores; lingua integrâ, oblongâ; tympano celato; pedibus + posterioribus non palmatis._ + + _Crinia Georgiana_, Tschudi Class. Batrach. + _Cystignathus Georgianus_, Bibr. Rept. VIII. p. 416. + +This species, which formed the type of Tschudi’s genus _Crinia_, was +separated by him from _Cystignathus_ on account of the form of the +tongue, the nonappearance of the tympanum, the paucity of palatine +teeth, and the total absence of an interdigital membrane on the hinder +feet. These characters being either merely comparative or unimportant, +were not considered by Bibron as sufficient to warrant a generic +separation, and I have followed him in retaining the species amongst the +_Cystignathi_. It was first discovered by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard at +King George’s Sound, in Australia, where it was also obtained by Mr. +Darwin. It is a beautiful species; the back being of a rich brown +colour, with a pale orange fascia extending along the sides from the eye +to the thigh, becoming bright orange on the flanks. Thighs and legs +banded with rich deep brown and bright orange. + + + GENUS—BORBOROCŒTES. _Bell._ + + _Lingua ovata, posticè libera, rotundata; anticè subacuminata. Dentes + palatini in fasciculis binis plùs minùsve obliquis, pone nares + posteriores positi. Tympanum celatum. Digiti anteriores haud + palmati; posteriores ad basin tantùm cute connexi. Glandulæ cutaneæ + nullæ. Sacculi vocales (maris) utrinque sub lingua nascentes._ + +The two species on which I have founded this genus approach so nearly to +some species of _Cystignathus_, that it is not without hesitation that I +determine on considering them as typical of a new generic form. The +principal characters on which I have founded the distinction are the +position of the palatine teeth, the form of the tongue, the concealment +of the tympanum, the absence of glands and pores on the skin, and the +connexion of the base of the hinder toes by a rudimentary palmar +membrane. It is true that some of the species of _Cystignathus_, as that +genus is at present constituted, agree with the present form in some or +other of these particulars; but upon the whole they are sufficiently +distinct; and in fact the genus _Cystignathus_, as left by M. Bibron, +appears to me to stand in need of revision and dismemberment. The +species constituting the genus now proposed, are however both new. The +genus _Borborocœtes_ will probably stand, in its natural affinities, +between _Cystignathus_ and _Cycloramphus_, from the latter of which it +differs in the situation of the palatine teeth, in the degree to which +the hinder feet are webbed, and the comparative length of the hinder +legs. The two latter characters are of importance as indicating a +difference of habit; and we find that _Cycloramphus_ has proportionally +short hinder limbs, with the toes extensively palmate, whilst in +_Borborocœtes_ the hinder legs are much longer, and the toes scarcely at +all webbed. The former structure indicates a greater power of swimming, +and the latter of leaping. + + + _Reptiles. Plate 17._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _1._ _Borborocœtes_ _Bibronii._ _1a. Mag. View of Tongue & Gullet._ + + _Nat. Size._ + _2._ _Grayii._ „ + _3._ _Pleurodema_ _Darwinii._ „ + _4._ _elegans._ „ + _5._ _bufoninum._ „ + + + BORBOROCŒTES BIBRONII. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVII. FIG. 1. + + _Dentibus palatinis in fasciculis distantibus obliquis pone nares + posteriores positis; palmis bituberculatis._ + +Habitat, Chiloe and Valdivia. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head depressed, the vertex slightly concave between the + orbits; front (space included between two lines drawn from the + anterior corner of the orbits to the point of the nose) triangular + and distinct. Nostrils lateral. Eyes rather prominent. Tongue + broad, ovate, acuminated in front, behind entire and rounded, the + posterior half and the sides detached. Palatine teeth in two oval + parcels, direct obliquely backwards and inwards, and situated at + some distance behind the line of the posterior margin of the + nares. Tympanum concealed. Body rather depressed and short. Skin + smooth and without pores or glands, excepting on the posterior and + inferior surface of the thighs, where there are some small + granular elevations. Pore legs two-thirds the length of the head + and body. The fore-arm rather larger than the upper arm. The + fingers entirely separated, the third considerably the longest. A + small tubercle under each joint, and two on the palm near the + wrist. Length of the hinder legs to that of the head and body as 5 + to 3, or rather more. Toes connected only at their base. A small + tubercle under each joint, and a very depressed one at the base of + the inner toe. + + COLOUR of the upper parts fuscous, with a lateral fascia extending + from the orbit nearly to the thigh, of a dark-brown colour, + bordered with whitish; and another of an elongated triangular form + on each ilium. Legs with transverse incomplete faciæ of the same + colour. Under parts grey, with numerous brown dots. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the body and head 1 5 + of the anterior extremities 1 0 + of the posterior extremities 2 6 + +Taken at Valdivia and at Chiloe, in a thick forest, by Mr. Darwin. + + + BORBOROCŒTES GRAYII. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVII.—FIG. 2. + + _Dentibus palatinis in fasciculis subcontiguis paulò obliquis, pone + nares posteriores positis; palmis non tuberculatis._ + +Habitat, Valdivia. + +This species considerably resembles the former in most of its +characters. The palatine teeth, however, form at once a certain and +tangible distinction and there are some minor points in which they +differ, sufficient at a glance to determine them. The head in the +present animal is broader than it is long; in the former the breadth is +only equal to its length. The palms are in this species without +conspicuous tubercles; in the other there are two, although very small. + +In colour it differs much from the former. The general colour is a rich +fuscous brown, rather paler beneath; the flanks, the throat and belly, +and the whole of the thighs and legs, with various white markings, those +of the throat and belly being the smallest. This species was found in +the forest, in Valdivia. + + + GENUS—PLEURODEMA. _Tschudi._ + +I have thought it right to follow Tschudi in separating from the genus +_Cystignathus_ of Wagler, such species as have large and conspicuous +lumbar glands, particularly as they all agree in possessing a much more +bufonine aspect than the others. The discovery of three new species, all +agreeing in these characters with _Pleurodema Bibronii_ of Tschudi, +increases the importance of the grounds upon which this separation is +made. + + + PLEURODEMA DARWINII. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVII.—FIG. 3. + + _Dentibus palatinis paucis, minimis; lingua subcordatâ, vix + emarginatâ; glandulis lumborum magnis, rotundis, convexis; digitis + posticis ad basin tantùm membranâ connexis; dorso sparsìm + tuberculato-glanduloso; suprà pallidè virescens, maculis + fusco-olivaceis._ + +Habitat, Maldonado. + + + _Reptiles. Plate 18._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on Stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _C. Hullmandel Imp._ +] + + _1. 1a._ _Leiuperus salarius._ + _2. 2a. 2b. 2c._ _Pyxicephalus Americanus._ + _3. 3a. 3b._ _Alsodes Monticola._ + _4. 4a._ _Litoria glandulosa._ + _5. 5a. 5b._ _Batrachyla leptopus._ + + DESCRIPTION.—Head triangular, rather broader than long. Muzzle + rounded. Eyes slightly prominent. Tongue somewhat heart-shaped, + scarcely emarginated behind. Palatine teeth very few, and with + difficulty perceptible, placed in two small groups between the + posterior nares. Body thick and broad, with numerous glandular + tubercles scattered over the surface, principally on the anterior + parts, and assuming somewhat of a longitudinal arrangement. Lumbar + glands large, round, and prominent. Legs robust and short. Toes of + the fore feet wholly separate, with a small tubercle under each + joint, and two larger ones at the hinder part of the palm. Hinder + toes, with a rudimentary membrane at the base, a small tubercle + under each joint; the first and second toes very short. A conical + tubercle at the inner, and another at the outer side of the + metatarsus. + + COLOUR.—The upper surface is beautifully marbled with dark olive or + black, on a light-green ground; some of the markings assume + somewhat of an ocellated form, and approach to a symmetrical + arrangement. The lumbar glands are more strongly coloured than the + other parts, the centre being black, and nearly surrounded by a + bright line of very light green, or nearly white. The thighs are + numerously banded with the prevailing colours, and a tinge of + orange or red. Beneath pale; in some specimens blackish under the + chin. + +The aspect of this species is remarkably bufonine; and this character is +increased by the numerous glandular tubercles on the surface of the +body, and pores about the parotid region. It is, doubtless, similar in +its habits to many of the toads. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 4 + of the anterior extremities 0 8 + of the posterior extremities 1 7 + +It was repeatedly found by Mr. Darwin at Maldonado, near the mouth of +the river La Plata. + + + PLEURODEMA ELEGANS. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVII.—FIG. 4. + + _Dentibus palatinis prominentibus, in fasciculis binis ovatis obliquis + dispositis; lingua rotunda integrâ; glandulis lumborum ovalibus, + valdè convexis; digitis posticis haud palmatis; dorso + tuberculato-glanduloso, fusco, nigro obscurè maculato, fasciâ + longitudinali pallidâ._ + +Habitat, Valparaiso, Valdivia, and Archipelago of Chiloe. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head semi-elliptic, as broad as long. Muzzle rounded. + Eyes very slightly prominent. Tongue large, round, entire, very + thick. Palatine teeth prominent, disposed in two oval groups, + extending obliquely backwards and inwards, but separated by a + considerable interval. Body somewhat depressed and elongated, with + many prominent glandular tubercles, and with pores about the + parotid region. Lumbar glands of moderate size, of an elongated + oval form, and very convex. Legs rather slender, the anterior feet + with the third toe considerably the longest; a small tubercle + under each joint of all the toes, and several small inconspicuous + ones on the palm; hinder legs rather elongated, the toes long, + particularly the fourth, the first very short; a small tubercle + under each joint; the inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, the + outer one inconsiderable. + + COLOUR.—The markings of this species are very elegant and striking. + The ground colour of the upper parts is a rich brown, with darker + cloudings and marks; a light yellowish longitudinal line running + all the length from the nose to the extremity of the body, a very + irregular fascia on each side of the same colour enclosing a brown + oblong spot on the upper lip, another just behind the tympanum, + and two others on the sides; there is also a brown fascia from the + extremity of the nose to each eye; the lumbar glands are black and + yellow, distinctly marked. The limbs are obscurely banded with + brown and pale yellowish. The colours in some specimens are more + obscure than in that figured, and they appear to lose their + clearness with age. + + The following are the colours of the brighter individuals according to + the observations of Mr. Darwin:—“Yellowish and broccoli-brown, + with darker brown marks; broad medial dorsal line, pale gallstone + yellow; lumbar glands saffron yellow and jet black.” Another + specimen was “ash-grey with blackish brown marks.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 8 + of the anterior extremities 1 0 + of the posterior extremities 2 4 + +The general habit of this species is much more in accordance with its +relation to the _Ranidæ_ than that of the other species of the genus. +Its general form is more elongated and depressed, and the limbs, +particularly the hinder ones, are longer in proportion to the body. It +is certainly very near _Pl. Bibronii_ of Tschudi, but still undoubtedly +distinct. + + + PLEURODEMA BUFONINUM. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVII.—FIG. 5. + + _Dentibus palatinis prominentibus, in fasciculis binis ovalibus, + obliquis, dispositis; lingua subcordiformi, subemarginata; glandulis + lumborum maximis, ellipticis, planis; digitis posticis dimidio ferè + palmatis, marginatis; dorso glandulis parvis instructo,fusco-griseo + maculis, nigris, lineâ longitudinali pallidâ_. + +Habitat, Port Desire, Patagonia. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short. Muzzle rounded. Eyes prominent. Tongue thick, + slightly heart-shaped, scarcely notched on the posterior margin. + Palatine teeth prominent, in two oval groups, converging + backwards. Tympanum rather small, perfectly round, conspicuous. + Parotid glands distinct. Body thick and broad, with small + glandular tubercles dispersed over the surface, particularly at + the anterior part. Lumbar glands extremely large, elliptic-ovate, + flat. Legs of moderate length, rather robust. Anterior toes + separated, excepting at the base; a small tubercle under each + joint, and several very small ones on the palm; hinder toes united + to about half their length, and bordered on each side to the + extremity; metatarsal tubercles prominent; soles of the hinder + feet with many minute tubercles. + + COLOUR.—The upper surface of this species is of a brownish grey + colour, sometimes greenish brown or dark olive, and with numerous + irregular spots of dark-brown or black. Thighs and legs with + fasciæ of the same colour. Beneath yellowish white; in some with + numerous blackish dots under the throat. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 8 + of the anterior extremities 1 0 + of the posterior extremities 2 3 + +Found by Mr. Darwin at Port Desire, in Patagonia, and high up the river +Santa Cruz—“probably,” says Mr. Darwin, “the most southern limit for +this family.” + + + GENUS—LEIUPERUS. _Bibr._ + LEIUPERUS SALARIUS. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVIII.—FIG. 1. + + _Suprà nigricans, lumbis maculis 3 vel 4 nigris, albo-marginatis._ + + DESCRIPTION.—The head is short, the opening of the mouth small, the + tongue rather thick, very slightly emarginate behind, and with the + posterior margin free. The eyes small; the tympanum not very + conspicuous; there is a trace of a parotid gland on each side of + the neck. The body is rather thick, and the limbs proportionally + short. The hinder toes are only connected at the base by a + rudimentary membrane, the first four gradually increasing in + length, and placed along the side of the matatarsus, one beyond + the other; the fifth on the same line as the fourth, but not more + than half its length. The metatarsal tubercle is rather prominent, + and there are small subarticular tubercles on the toes of all the + feet. + + COLOUR.—The colour of the upper parts is brownish black. On each side + near the thigh are three or four perfectly round black spots, each + surrounded with a white line. The under parts whitish. + +Of this second species of a rare and remarkable genus, one specimen only +exists in Mr. Darwin’s collection. It is only the third known instance, +in the family of the RANIDÆ, of the absence of palatine teeth; the +others being _Oxyglossus Lima_ of Tschudi, and _Leiuperus marmoratus_ of +Bibron. The present genus must be considered as nearly approaching the +family of the BUFONIDÆ in the absence of palatine and the extreme +minuteness of the maxillary teeth, in the extremely small gape of the +mouth, the thick form of the body, the shortness of the limbs, and the +existence of rudimentary parotid glands. I have not had an opportunity +of comparing this specimen with those on which Bibron founded the genus, +but I cannot doubt the specific distinction between them. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 0 9 + of the anterior extremities 0 5 + of the posterior extremities 1 1 + +It was found by Mr. Darwin at Port Desire, and its habitat is very +remarkable. “It is bred in and inhabits water far too salt to drink.” + + + GENUS—PYXICEPHALUS. _Bibr._ + PYXICEPHALUS AMERICANUS. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XVIII.—FIG. 2. + + _Lingua cordiformi; dentibus palatinis in lineâ transversâ interruptâ, + inter nares posteriores positis; tympano celato; dorso mammillato._ + +This curious species has, I believe, only once before been found. A +single specimen exists in the French Museum, which was brought from +Buenos Ayres by Mons. d’Orbigny, and which formed the subject of Mons. +Bibron’s description. Mr. Darwin’s specimen was taken on the open plains +at Monte Video. + +Of the three species of this remarkable genus at present known, two are +inhabitants of Africa, from whence they were brought by Delalande. As +neither of them has as yet been figured, it was thought desirable that +the present opportunity should be taken to exhibit some of the generic +characters, and especially the hard horny spur on the hinder foot. + +This genus is one of those bufonine forms of the RANIDÆ which +irresistibly lead us to doubt the correctness of the present received +arrangement of the anourous Amphibia. + + + GENUS—ALSODES. _Bell._. + + _Caput convexum. Lingua anticè acutè-producta, posticè rotundata, et + libera. Dentes palatini inter nares posteriores. Tympanum celatum. + Aperturæ Eustachianæ haud conspicuæ. Digiti anteriores ad basin + tantùm—posteriores usque ad phalangem tertium membranâ connexi._ + +A genus of the Raniform group, nearly allied, as Mons. Bibron observes, +to _Scaphiopus_, by the structure of the hands, which, although without +any projecting rudimentary thumb, has a small process under the skin, +along the extreme margin of the first finger. In common with the genus +_Bombinator_, it has the opening of the Eustachian tubes so small as +scarcely to be detected. + + + ALSODES MONTICOLA. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVIII.—FIG. 3. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head semi-elliptical, somewhat convex, with the muzzle + nearly perpendicular; vertex smooth. Eyes of moderate size. + Nostrils very small, opening upwards. Tongue broad and rounded + behind, narrowing to a point at the apex, detached at the + posterior part. Palatine teeth in two small approximate patches, + between the posterior nostrils. Openings of the Eustachian tubes + scarcely visible. Extremities of moderate length. The fore feet, + with four rather short toes, connected at the base by a short + membrane; the inner toe broad, and with a slight projection under + the skin, along its inner margin; hinder toes connected as far as + the joint of the second and third phalanges. + +The colour of the only specimen in the collection has become totally +changed into a smoky brown by the spirit, but the following is Mr. +Darwin’s description of it when living: “On the centre of the back a +strong tinge of grass-green, shading on the sides into a yellowish +brown; iris coppery.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 0 + of the anterior extremities 0 9 + of the posterior extremities 1 8 + +Mr. Darwin found this species “in the island of Inchy, archipelago of +Chonos, north part of Cape Tres Montes, from the same great height as +_Bufo Chilensis_ (from 500 to 2500 feet elevation) under a stone.” + + + GENUS—LITORIA. _Bibr._ + LITORIA GLANDULOSA. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XVIII.—FIG. 4. + + _Femoribus posticè glandulosis; digitis posticis brevitèr palmatis._ + +This species agrees in many respects with _Litoria Americana_ of Bibron. +It differs, however, in the toes being much less palmate, at least +according to the generic character given by that excellent naturalist, +and in the existence of numerous thick glands on the posterior part of +the thighs. The very slight degree to which the extremities of the toes +are dilated in the other species of this genus, and which would at first +sight lead to their allocation amongst the Raniform rather than the +Hyliform group, is in the present species even more strongly exhibited; +and it can scarcely be said that any dilatation exists at all. + +The colours in the only specimen brought by Mr. Darwin are much +obscured. The upper parts are apparently of an uniform brown, the under +parts whitish, dotted with brown. + +It was taken by Mr. Darwin at Concepcion, in Chile. + + + GENUS—BATRACHYLA. _Bell._ + + _Lingua suborbicularis, posticè libera. Dentes palatini in fasciculis + binis obliquis inter nares posteriores dispositi. Tympanum + distinctum, parvum, rotundum. Digiti depressi, ad apicem paullò + dilatati, truncati. Anteriores ad basin tantùm—posteriores paulò + plus palmati._ + +This genus, which considerably resembles _Hylodes_, is nevertheless +sufficiently distinct from it, in the distribution of the palatine +teeth, in the form of the dilatations of the toes, in the presence of a +small palmar membrane, and some other points. One of the most remarkable +of its characters is the form of the dilatation at the extremity of the +toes; it is very small, transverse, truncated, and even a little +emarginate; in this respect it must be considered as constituting a very +near approach to the family of the RANIDÆ. We are unfortunately without +any information as to the habits of the only known species which could +throw any light upon its relations; but it is very clear that the +dilatations of the toes are not such as to constitute it a true +_tree-frog_, nor, on the other hand, are the connecting membranes of +sufficient extent to give it the typical character of the swimming group +of these animals. + +BATRACHYLA LEPTOPUS. _Mihi._ + +PLATE XVIII.—FIG. 5. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head depressed, broad, rounded. Nostrils small, placed + near together. Eyes large, opening considerably upwards. Tongue + nearly round, the posterior part free for about one-third of its + length. Palatine teeth placed in two small oval groups, placed + obliquely, between the posterior nostrils, separated from each + other by a considerable space. Tympanum small, nearly round. Limbs + of moderate length. The toes on all the feet depressed, slender, + the terminal dilatation very small, transverse, truncated; those + of the fore feet connected at the base only, those of the hinder + to the union of the first and second phalanges; of those of the + fore feet the third is the longest, then the fourth, the second, + and the first; of the hinder the fourth is the longest, then the + third and fifth equal, then the second and the first. There are + some minute scattered glands on the posterior part of the thighs. + +The only specimen in Mr. Darwin’s collection is in so bad a condition, +that it is impossible to say with any certainty what is its natural +colour. It is brown above, with a lighter band across the head between +the eyes, and there are traces of a longitudinal line down the back; the +limbs are banded with brown and brownish yellow; the under parts are +pale, dotted with brown. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 0 5 + of the body 1 0 + of the anterior extremities 1 0 + of the posterior extremities 2 1 + +Found by Mr. Darwin at Valdivia. + + + GENUS—HYLORINA. _Bell._ + + _Caput subrotundum planum. Linguæ magnâ circularis, posticè libera. + Dentes palatini in lineâ transversâ, parum interruptâ, dispositi. + Tympanum distinctum. Digiti subdepressi, ad apicem obtusi, haud + expansi; anteriores ferè liberi; posteriores ad basin membranâ + connexi, et marginati. Femora multò glandulosa._ + +A genus nearly allied to _Hylodes_, from which, however, it may at once +be distinguished by the palmure of the hinder toes—which in _Hylodes_ +are entirely free—and by the absence of even the slightest dilatation of +their extremities; offering another example of an osculant form between +the HYLIDÆ and the RANIDÆ. + + + HYLORINA SYLVATICA. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XIX.—FIG. 1. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head broad, rounded, the anterior margin, from the nose + to the lip, nearly perpendicular. Eyes large and prominent. + Tympanum distinct, small, round. Tongue very large, circular, and + entire, the posterior half free. Palatine teeth placed in a + transverse line between the posterior nostrils, scarcely + interrupted in the middle. Skin of the back rugose. Anterior feet + with the toes long, rather slender, united at the base only by a + very short membrane, with round subarticular tubercles, the apex + rounded, but not presenting the slightest expansion. Hinder toes + similarly formed, but with the connecting membrane more + conspicuous, and extending along the sides of the toes nearly to + the extremity. Thighs covered on the under and posterior surface + with rather large and distinct glands. + + + _Reptiles. Plate 19._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _C. Hullmandel Imp._ +] + + _1. 1a._ _Hylorina_ _syvatica._ + _2. 2a._ _Hyla_ _agrestis._ + _3. 3a._ _Vauterii._ + +The following is the description of the colouring, as given by Mr. +Darwin from the living specimen. “Above fine grass green, mottled all +over with copper colour, which nearly forms two longitudinal bands; +beneath entirely of a lurid reddish lead colour. Iris brown.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head 1 0 + of the body 1 8 + of the anterior extremities 2 1 + of the posterior extremities 4 4 + +Found by Mr. Darwin in the Archipelago of Chonos (S. of Chiloe) in thick +forests. + + + GENUS—HYLA. + HYLA VAUTERII. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. + + _Linguæ subcordiformi, posticè emarginatâ. Dentibus palatinis in + fasciculis binis ovalilibus, subcontiguis. Oculis prominentibus. + Capite tam lato quam longo. Gulâ bi-plicatâ; suprà levitèr—infrà + multùm granulosâ. Dorso fusco-griseo, punctis, maculis et fasciis + lateralibus nigris_. + + _Hyla Vauterii._ Bibr. MS. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short, thick, the sides anteriorly converging + towards a nearly right angle, the muzzle rounded. Tongue nearly + cordate, posteriorly emarginate, free for about one-fourth of its + length. Palatine teeth in two oval fasciculi, placed nearly + transversely between the posterior nares, and almost contiguous. + Eyes prominent. Tympanum circular, rather large. Body plump, the + sides nearly parallel for two-thirds of its length. The skin + nearly smooth, but covered with very small inconspicuous + granulations over the whole upper surface, which are rather more + obvious on the head. The throat, the belly, and the inferior + surface of the thighs covered with large prominent granulations. + Beneath the lower jaw the granulations are smaller, and the under + surface of the limbs excepting the thighs is quite smooth. A small + fold of skin over the tympanum passes backwards to the arm; and + beneath the throat there are two considerable transverse folds, + one of which is before and the other immediately behind the arms. + Fore feet, with the palms covered with small granular tubercles, + and a tubercle under the joints of the fingers, which are + connected to about one-third of their length. Hinder legs longer + than the head and body by the whole foot and tarsus. The soles + tuberculated. Toes rather short, palmate to half their length. + + COLOUR.—The whole of the upper parts are greyish brown, with a tinge + of red, and minutely punctured with black. There are scattered + spots of the latter colour on the back and sides, assuming + somewhat of a longitudinal arrangement, and a broad blackish grey + fascia extends from the eye backwards to the arm, including the + tympanum, and this fascia is bordered beneath by a white line. The + thighs and legs are barred and spotted with black. The under parts + are yellowish white, excepting under the lower jaw, where it is + finely mottled with black and white. + +I received the name of this species from Mons. Bibron, who had, I +believe, applied it to specimens in the Paris Museum. It was taken by +Mr. Darwin at Maldonado, lurking under a stone, and at Rio Janeiro on +palm-trees. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 6 + of anterior extremities 0 9 + of posterior extremities 2 5 + + + HYLA AGRESTIS. _Mihi._ + + _Capite brevi. Oculis subprominentibus. Tympano mediocri circulari. + Lingua subrotundâ, posticè libera, anticè angustatâ. Dentibus + palatinis in fasciculis binis, paulò separatis, ad marginem + postico-interiorem narium posteriorum. Dorso granuloso. Gulâ + plicatâ. Digitis anticis ad basin tantùm, posticis usque ad + phalanges penultimas palmatis. Suprà viridis, lineâ albâ laterali, + femoribus posticè atque lateribus abdominis, albis, + nigro-maculatis_. + +Habitat, Maldonado, in grassy fields. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head short, thick, the two sides of the muzzle + approaching each other at a rather acute angle, rounded at the + extremity. Eyes rather large and prominent. Tympanum circular, of + moderate size, and very distinct. Tongue entire, rounded, and free + behind, narrowed, and almost angular in front. Palatine teeth in + two oval parcels separated by a very small interval, and placed on + a line with the hinder margin of the _posterior nares_; the whole + of the back covered with extremely small granules; a slight fold + or elevation of the skin commencing above the posterior margin of + the tympanum, and extending backwards just above the arm, in front + of which it is met by a more considerable one which crosses the + throat from side to side; the under parts covered with large + granules; fore feet with the toes palmated only at the base; + hinder ones palmated to four-fifths of the length. + +The colour of this beautiful species is thus given by Mr. Darwin:—“Above +emerald green, beneath white; a silvery white stripe bordered beneath +with a very narrow black line, extends from the corner of the eye, along +the side, to the thigh; a smaller one at the corner of the mouth; the +posterior surface of the hinder legs and the flanks marked with black +spots. Iris gold coloured; tympanum brown.” + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 8 + of the anterior extremities 1 0 + of the posterior extremities 2 8 + +The young of this species, instead of the bright green colour of the +upper parts, is of a delicate grey with small brown markings; and a +lateral fascia of brown, bordered above and beneath with a white line, +extends from the fore part of the head backwards, the upper white line +nearly to the thigh, the inferior one to the shoulder. The black spots +on the flanks and thighs are but just visible. + +This species so nearly resembles the _Hyla pulchella_ of Mons. Bibron, +at least as far as his description enables me to ascertain its +characters, that it was with some hesitation that I came to the +conclusion that they are distinct. Exclusive, however, of the difference +of colour, the back of the present species is granulated, and the throat +still more distinctly so, whereas the other animal has the skin on the +upper parts, as well as on the anterior part of the throat, quite +smooth. The palatine teeth also appear to be somewhat differently +arranged. + +Mr. Darwin observes, that this species was found in numbers in the open +grass plains, and likewise in swamps, about Maldonado, and that they can +never ascend trees, as these are entirely wanting at the places +frequented by the Hylæ. + + + FAM.—BUFONIDÆ. + GENUS—RHINODERMA. _Bibr._ + + _Lingua cordato-ovata, posticè libera et subemarginata. Dentes + palatini nulli. Tympanum celatum. Glandæ parotideæ nullæ. Digiti + breves, depressi; anteriores ad basin tantùm, posteriores ferè + dimidio palmati. Rostrum cutis appendiculo filiformi instructum._ + + + RHINODERMA DARWINII. _Bibr._ + + PLATE XX.—FIG. 1, 2. + + _Suprà pallidè rufo-cinereum, fasciis transversis viridescentibus; + subtus castaneonigrum, maculis albis._ + + _Rhinoderma Darwinii._ Bibr. Hist. Nat. Rept. VIII. p. 659. _Var._ Dorso + fuscescenti-nigro. + + DESCRIPTION.—The head and body are flattened, the head triangular, + slightly truncated in front, but appearing angular from the skin + being produced into a small filiform appendage, standing forwards + from the extremity of the snout. The eyes are lateral, slightly + prominent. Body very slender. Skin perfectly smooth, and without + apparent glands, excepting on the thighs. Fore legs rather short, + reaching quite to the thighs when placed by the side; the toes + almost wholly separate, there being but the rudiment of a + connecting membrane at their base. Hinder legs long, extending + forwards beyond the head by the whole length of the foot; the + hinder toes are connected nearly half their length, and the + connecting membrane is thick and coloured like the rest of the + skin. + + COLOUR.—The colour varies greatly in different individuals. The + following are the principal variations in the specimens collected + by Mr. Darwin. Above pale iron rust-colour, with a transverse + fascia across the head, a triangular one over the shoulders, a + large broad mark on the loins, and the upper part of the thighs + all of a bright beautiful green. The under side anteriorly rich + chestnut-brown, passing into black posteriorly, with several + irregular snow-white spots, particularly a broad one across the + belly, and white bands across the legs. Another specimen was cream + colour above, the markings darker, and with small spots of green. + In one the chestnut colour beneath was replaced by bright yellow. + There is one, constituting a very distinct variety, in which the + upper part is wholly and almost uniformly dark brown. The female + is greenish grey above, without conspicuous markings. + +This is the only known species of the genus, which was founded by Mons. +Bibron upon the specimens collected by Mr. Darwin. The general +slightness and elegance of its form, and its slender proportions, would +lead us to consider it at first sight as rather belonging to the +_Ranidæ_ than the _Bufonidæ_; but the total absence of teeth in the +upper maxillary arch, shews that its proper place is in the latter +group. Its form and the length of the posterior extremities would also +prepare us to expect that it can leap freely, which Mr. Darwin states to +be the fact. It inhabits thick and gloomy forests, and is excessively +common in the forest of Valdivia. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 0 + of the anterior extremities 0 5 + of the posterior extremities 1 4 + + + _Reptiles. Plate 20._ + +[Illustration: + + _Drawn from Nature on stone by B. Waterhouse Hawkins._ + _Printed by C. Hullmandel._ +] + + _1. 2._ _Rhinoderma Darwinii._ _Nat. Size._ + _3. 4. 5._ _Phryniscus nigricans._ „ + _6._ _Uperodon. ornatum._ „ + + + BUFO CHILENSIS. _Bibr._ + +Of this species, which has been described under different names by many +naturalists, and the synonymy of which has only lately been cleared up +by Mons. Bibron, there exist numerous specimens in the collection of Mr. +Darwin, who found it at Buenos Ayres, and also in the Archipelago of +Chonos, on the west coast of South America. It is certainly remarkable +that the same species should be found on the opposite sides of the +Continent; but on a careful examination I do not find any specific +distinctions between the specimens from the different localities. The +Prince de Wied has described it as found at Brazil, under the name of +_Bufo cinctus_, and it is also well known as having been repeatedly +procured in Peru and in Chile; but Mons. Bibron has in his work +considered them all as belonging to but one species. The following +account of its habits as given by Mr. Darwin is very curious and +interesting:—“These Toads are exceedingly abundant all over the treeless +damp mountains of granite, crawling about, and eating during the +daytime, and making a noise similar to that which is commonly used in +England to quicken horses. Many of them on being touched close their +eyes, arch their back, and draw up their legs (as if the spinal marrow +was divided), probably as an artifice. They are remarkable from their +curious manner of running like the Natter Jack of England; they scarcely +ever jump, neither do they crawl like a toad, but run very quickly. +Their bright colours give them a very strange appearance. They abound at +an elevation of 500 to 2500 feet.” + + + GENUS—PHRYNISCUS. + PHRYNISCUS NIGRICANS. _Weigm._ + + PLATE XX.—FIG. 3, 4, 5. + + _Dorso granuloso, scabriusculo. Pedibus posticis subpalmatis. Corpore + membrisque nigris, abdomine maculâ magnâ transversâ ad partem + posteriorem et maculâ rotunda utrinque medium versus, palmis atque + plantis, omnibus coccineis._ + + _Phryniscus nigricans._ Weigm. Nov. Act. Leop. XVII. p. 264. Bibr. Hist. + Rept. VIII. p. 723. + _Chaunus formosus._ Tschudi Classif. Batrach. + +Habitat, Maldonado and Bahia Blanca. + +This curious little species has been described by Weigman under the +present name,—by Tschudi under the generic name of _Chaunus_, and fully +by Bibron, who retained the name originally given to it by Weigman. It +now remains only to correct, from Mr. Darwin’s notes, some points +respecting the colours, which had been mis-stated in consequence of the +action of the spirit in which the specimen had been preserved. The +colour of this curious miniature representation of a Toad, is “ink +black,” excepting the palms and soles of the feet, a large transverse +spot across the posterior part of the abdomen, two smaller ones near the +middle, and in some specimens a few scattered little spots, all of the +most intense vermilion red. There is one specimen from Bahia Blanca +which has also some small “buff-orange” spots on the upper part.[4] Mr. +Darwin observes that “the appearance of the vermilion colour is as if +the animal had crawled over a newly painted board;” and he adds—“This +Toad inhabits the most dry and sandy plains of Bahia Blanca, where there +is no appearance of water ever lodging.” The other specimens were taken +at Maldonado, where it inhabits the sand-dunes near the coast. Mr. +Darwin threw one into a pool of fresh-water, but he found it could +hardly swim, and he thinks, if unassisted, it would have been soon +drowned. + +Footnote 4: + + This specimen from Bahia Blanca has a much smoother skin than the + others; but from its similarity in all other characters there can be + no doubt of its specific identity with them. + +This species is diurnal in its habits, and may be daily seen under a +scorching sun, crawling over the parched and loose sand. M. D’Orbigny +brought specimens from Monte Video. + + DIMENSIONS. + Inches. Lines. + Length of the head and body 1 0 + of the anterior extremities 0 5 + of the posterior extremities 0 8 + + + GENUS—UPERODON. _Bibr._ + UPERODON ONATUM. _Mihi._ + + PLATE XX.—FIG. 6. + + _Capite multò latiore quam longiore. Dorso olivaceo, maculis fuscis, + albo marginatis_. + +Habitat Buenos Ayres. + + DESCRIPTION.—Head more than half as broad again as it is long, and + equal in breadth to half the entire length of the head and body. + Muzzle rounded. Nostrils oval, opening upwards and a little + outwards. Eyes rather large, the upper eyelids forming perfect + flaps, which entirely cover the eyes. Body rounded, very broad. + The shoulders and thighs wholly concealed by the skin of the body. + Limbs very short. The anterior feet very broad. The toes somewhat + depressed, very short, bordered with a fold of skin. Hinder feet + with the toes more depressed and more distinctly bordered. Back + covered with small glands. + + COLOUR.—The colour of the upper surface is dark olive, becoming + lighter at the sides, and having numerous dark brown spots, which + are round, oval, elliptical, or irregular, of very various sizes, + placed somewhat symmetrically, and each bordered with a whitish or + yellow line. Beneath pale, excepting the throat, which is black. + +I have ventured to consider this remarkable amphibian as specifically +distinct from _U. marmoratum_ of Bibron; a conclusion to which I have +been almost imperatively led, by the fact of its inhabiting a different +hemisphere from all known specimens of that species. The other was found +by M. Leschenault in the interior of the peninsula of India: the +specimen from which the present description is taken was obtained by Mr. +Darwin at Buenos Ayres. Notwithstanding the similarity of the two +species, which is so great as to have led Mons. Bibron to consider them +as identical, I could not assent to such an anomaly as the existence of +an animal, at once so rare and possessed of such limited powers of +locomotion, in two regions so widely remote. I have not the opportunity +of comparing the specimens of the former species with the present, but, +even from Mons. Bibron’s description, I believe that I can discover +sufficient discrepancies between the animals, to bear me out in the view +I have taken. These discrepancies I venture to place in the following +tabular view, and leave zoologists to form their own conclusions. + + UPERODON MARMORATUM. UPERODON ORNATUM. + + “La tête offre en arrière une Head fully half as broad again as + largeur à peu près égale à son it is long, and equal in breadth to + longueur totale, laquelle entre half the total length of the + pour le quart environ dans animal. + l’étendue de l’animal.” + + “On pourrait considérer la peau Back covered with numerous _small_ + comme étant parfaitement lisse, si glandular tubercles, notably + l’on ne voyait éparses sur le elevated. + dessus du tronc un certain nombre + de verrues glanduleuses d’un assez + grand diamètre relativement à la + grosseur de l’animal, mais fort peu + saillantes ou à peine convexes.” + + “Les parties supérieures de ce All the spots on the back are quite + Batracien présentent sur un fond distinct, not in any way passing + olivâtre, d’énormes taches brunes, into each other or connected, and + _toutes confluentes, ou each encircled by a white line. + s’anastomosant diversement_.”[5] + +Footnote 5: + + Bibr. Rept. VIII. p. 749. + + + LONDON: + Printed by STEWART and MURRAY, + Old Bailey. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES + + + Page Changed from Changed to + + 16 minutè granulato. Seriebus minutè granulato. Seriebus + duabas squamarum supralabialium. duabus squamarum supralabialium. + Femorum facie Femorum facie + + ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + ● Renumbered footnotes. + ● Corrected the issues mentioned in the Errata + ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. + ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=. + ● Images without captions use HTML alt text. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79041 *** |