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diff --git a/78973-0.txt b/78973-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b03232 --- /dev/null +++ b/78973-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2184 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78973 *** + + + + +[Illustration: Book cover of 'The Children's Kraft Shop' by Adelia Belle +Beard. The vintage illustration shows a young girl and boy in red +outfits sitting at a table building a toy sailboat with scissors, glue, +and paper. An open book titled 'The Know How Books' rests on a lower +desk in the foreground.] + + THE CHILDREN’S + KRAFT SHOP + + + INVENTED, WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED + BY + ADELIA BELLE BEARD + + + CHICAGO + M.A. DONOHUE & COMPANY + PUBLISHERS + + +[Illustration: The verso copyright page from a vintage book, featuring a +central rectangular graphic framed by a decorative floral garland and +ribbons. The text inside reads: 'Copyright 1914, M. A. DONOHUE & CO.'] + + + + + _FOREWORD TO MOTHERS_ + + +Introducing the Children’s Kraftshop. We have endeavored to open a new +and useful field of simple handicrafts for little folk, giving them an +original line of toys and a new line of materials with which to make +them. We hope the children will have a great deal of pleasure in making +toys of such things as empty spools, sticks of kindling wood, wooden +clothespins, natural twigs, old envelopes and newspapers, and in this +way to encourage resourcefulness, originality, inventiveness, and the +power to do with supplies at hand. + +Everything described in the book has been invented by the author, and +made by such practical and simple methods that a child’s mind can grasp +them, and a child’s hands be easily trained to manufacture the articles. + +[Illustration: Vintage line illustration by Adelia Belle Beard featuring +a young girl and boy testing a homemade toy. The girl, in a pink dress +and hair bow, stands holding a taut string threaded through four red +cardboard discs. On the ground, a boy kneels beside a small toy boat on +wheels with two paper sails. The artist's signature is in the bottom +right corner.] + + + + + Making Wind Toys + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Things Worth Doing + +[Illustration: (Figure 4.) The string of pinwheels] + + +It was the windy weather that suggested the new toys to the children. +“Suppose we try pinwheels,” said Polly. “Not the old kind on sticks that +we used to make, but we can have them different somehow, and this wind +will make them spin like mad. Donald, I just _must_ have pinwheels.” + +Polly’s enthusiasm inspired Donald. “We can make a windmill with a +pinwheel for the big wheel,” he said. + +“Oh, yes,” chimed in Polly, “you do that, and I will make a string of +pinwheels that will not need sticks, or pins either. What shall we make +them of?” + +“Stiff writing paper is the best,” replied Donald. “Here is our best +pad,” he added, taking from the table drawer a large pad of good quality +writing paper. “Do you think we ought to use it?” + +[Illustration: (Figure 3.) The way the thread goes through] + +“Why not?” said Polly. “Mother says we are learning lots of things in +our Kraft Shop.” + +Donald had no further scruples about using the paper, though he was +careful not to waste it. “I am going to make the tower for my windmill +of this heavy manila wrapping paper,” he announced. “It is nice and +smooth and plenty strong and stiff enough.” + +“I would,” Polly answered absently, as she folded and slashed the +squares for her pinwheels. “I’ll have them graduated,” she continued, +thinking of her own work; “first a large wheel, then a smaller, then a +smaller one still, and the last shall be smallest of all.” + +[Illustration: (Figures 1 and 2.) First steps in making pinwheels] + +For her largest wheel Polly cut a square of writing paper, which +measured exactly six inches along each edge. The next she cut five and a +half inches square, the next four and a half inches square and the +smallest three and a half inches square. Then she placed her ruler +across the largest square diagonally from the upper right-hand corner to +the lower left-hand corner and ran her pencil along its edge. This gave +her a diagonal pencil line from corner to corner on her square. Again +she placed her ruler across the square, this time from the upper +left-hand corner to the lower right-hand corner, and drew a line along +its edge, dividing her square into four equal triangles. After this she +drew the same kind of lines on the three other squares. With her +scissors she cut slashes along each line on each of the squares to +within three-quarters of an inch of the center. (Figure 1.) + +Lifting the upper left-hand point of the large square (A, Figure 1), she +brought it to, and overlapped, the center of the square (A, Figure 2), +curving, not sharply bending the paper. The point B she brought also to +the center, overlapping the point A. She did the same with C and D, C +overlapping B and D overlapping C. When all the four points met at the +center Polly ran a large needle, threaded with a long, soft, white +cotton string, through the center of the wheel at the back and out +through the overlapping points in front, taking care that the needle +passed through every point. Then she drew the needle up until the back +of the pinwheel rested against a knot which was tied about six inches +from the end of the string and, allowing almost one inch of string for +the wheel to turn on, she tied another knot in front of the wheel, to +hold it. Between the two knots the wheel could whirl, but could not move +out of place. + +Six inches above the last knot she made another knot and then strung the +next largest pinwheel on the string and fastened with a second knot in +the same manner as the first wheel. In this way all four were put on the +string, each six inches from its neighbor, and then there remained half +a yard or more of free string above the last wheel. On the free end of +the string Polly fastened a small square of pasteboard by pushing the +needle through the center of the square and tying a large knot at the +extreme end of the string to keep the pasteboard from slipping off. +(Figure 4.) + +“The wind can’t pull the string through my fingers when I hold it by +this pasteboard square,” she said, and almost before the last knot was +tied Polly was at the window. “Come quick, Donald, I am going to try my +pinwheels,” she cried, throwing up the sash and putting out the hand +that held the end of her string. + +[Illustration: (Figure 5.) Donald made the tower all in one piece] + +Donald dropped his windmill and gained the window at a bound, as anxious +as Polly to see the result of her experiment. Immediately the wind +caught the string of pinwheels, lifted it out straight and sent each +wheel whirling at a great rate. + +“How they do go!” Donald exclaimed. “Now come and help finish the +windmill. You make the wheel while I get the tower in shape.” + +“All right,” said Polly cheerfully. “How big shall I make the wheel?” + +“About six and one-half inches square.” + +[Illustration: (Figure 6.) It looks like a real windmill] + +Donald made the tower for his windmill all in one piece. (Figure 5.) He +first decided upon the height and width, then drew four connecting +oblong panels for the four sides. Each of these panels he made ten +inches high and four inches wide. For the peaked roof he drew four more +panels, one above each of the side panels. These he made four inches +high and four inches wide, just the width of the side panels. Exactly at +the middle of each top line of each roof panel he made a dot with his +pencil, then drew slanting lines from the ends of the base of each roof +panel to the dot at the top. This gave four points for the roof. (Figure +5.) + +The laps, or feet, for the tower to stand on, Donald made by drawing a +horizontal line just one inch below the lower edges of the side panels +and bringing the side lines down to meet it. The bend-over, attached to +the fourth panel, which holds the tower together, he made two inches +wide and exactly the length of the side panels. + +This finished the drawing and Donald proceeded to cut it out. He cut +along the slanting lines of the second and fourth points of the roof, +but on the first and third points he left bend-overs, as shown in Figure +5, simply cutting off some of the top of the two squares to make the +bend-overs fit under the other two points. Just two inches below the top +line and two inches from each side line of the second and fourth side +panel Donald punctured two small holes. (A and B, Figure 5.) These were +for the wheel rod. He then slashed the lines which separated the feet at +the bottom of the side panels and bent the tower in shape according to +the dotted lines in Figure 5. The feet he bent out, the roof he bent in, +the sides he bent in, and each bend he creased sharply to give a smooth, +even edge. With good glue he fastened the bend-overs of the roof to the +under side of the cut-out points; then he glued the side bend-over to +the outside of the first panel and his tower was finished. + +[Illustration: (Figure 7.) The wind wagon sails like a ship] + +Polly had completed the wheel for the mill, making it as she did her +pinwheels, with this difference: instead of a string to hold the wheel +together she used a strong pin and put it through from the front, +piercing the laps before running it through the center of the wheel. + +“Are the little holes to hold the stick for the wheel, Donald?” she +inquired. + +“Yes; I wish you would find me a good stick, Polly, while I tack the +feet of the tower to a piece of board.” + +Donald used two large-headed carpet tacks for each foot, and, to prevent +the sharp edges of the heads from tearing the paper, he cut little +rounds from an old kid glove and pushed one round up on each tack before +tacking the tower to the board. + +[Illustration: (Figure 8.) This is the way Polly fastened the wheels on +the wind wagon] + +“Will this do?” asked Polly, holding up the slender handle of an old +paint brush. + +“Just the thing,” said Donald, pushing the pointed end of the stick into +the hole A in the front of the tower and out through the hole B at the +back. + +Donald forced the point of the pin that held the wheel into the blunt +end of the wheel rod which extended out one inch beyond the hole A at +the front of the tower. Then, to hold the rod at the back he pushed a +cork onto its pointed end. + +“Now for a wind wagon!” cried Donald. + +“Won’t a box do for the wagon part?” Polly asked, “and—” + +“Spools for wheels,” broke in Donald. + +[Illustration: (Figure 9.) Donald made the two sails like this] + +[Illustration: (Figure 10.) A twig for a mast] + +“Hatpins for axles,” added Polly. + +“Four wheels and corks between to keep them apart,” said Donald. + +“I am going to use this pasteboard letter-paper box,” said Polly. + +“Well, tell me how wide and how long it is, so that I can make the sails +to fit.” + +Polly measured the box. “It is a little over six and one-half inches +long, five inches wide and one inch and a half deep,” she announced. + +“Be sure your spools are all the same size,” Donald said. + +Polly begged two hatpins of her mother. One was long, the other short. +The shortest was just the right length for her axle, so, using a pair of +nippers, she broke the longer pin off at the point to match the short +one. Then she pushed one pin in on one side of the box a quarter of an +inch from the edge and one inch and a quarter from the end. On this pin, +inside of the box, she strung a large spool, then a small cork, then +another large spool and finally pushed the point of the pin through the +other side of the box exactly opposite to where it entered the first +side. On the point of the pin she stuck a small cork for a hub. The +round head of the pin answered for the other hub. (Figure 8.) The other +two spool wheels were adjusted in the same manner and the last pin was +inserted in the box the same distance from the back end and edge as the +first pin was from the front end and edge. + +Donald cut both of his sails like Figure 9, making them eight inches +wide at the bottom, four inches wide at the top and six and one-quarter +inches high. He drew a line directly through the middle of each sail +from top to bottom, and on this line he cut four small points at equal +distances apart for openings to admit the masts. He made two braces at +the bottom of each sail, four inches apart, to hold them steady. (C and +D, Figure 9.) Each brace is half an inch wide, half an inch high, and +has a lap at the bottom one inch long. + +When the sails were ready he erected his masts. These were slender, +straight twigs, nine inches long, sharpened to a point at each end. The +front mast he placed half an inch from the front edge of the wagon, the +back mast one inch and a half from the back edge of the wagon, and both +directly on a line drawn lengthwise through the center of the box. +Donald first punctured small holes in the box at these points, then +forcing a half-inch cork up one inch on the lower end of the front mast +(E, Figure 10), he covered the bottom of the cork with glue, and +inserted the end of the mast in the hole at the front of the box where +it was a tight fit. + +When he had pushed the mast down until the glue on the cork held it +fast, he covered the top of another cork with glue (F, Figure 10), and +forced the last cork up on the mast from the under side of the wagon +until it stuck to the top. When the glue dried the mast was firm and +steady. + +The sail Donald slipped onto the mast from the top, running the mast in +and out of the holes, as shown in Figure 7. He bent the laps back at the +dotted lines and glued them to the top of the box. Then to make the sail +still more secure he pasted oblongs of paper over the masts where they +ran through the sails at the back. The dotted inclosures, G and H, show +the positions of the oblongs on the sail. + +When the second mast and sail were erected and adjusted in the same way +as the first, Donald cut two narrow strips of blue tissue paper, four +and a half inches long, for pennants. (Figure 7.) + +“She is done now,” said Donald. + + + + + Making an Automobile + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Things Worth Doing + + +“Donald,” said Polly, “don’t you think we could make a cunning little +automobile if we tried ever so hard?” + +“Y-e-s, we might if we could manage the wheels. They must be heavy and +turn easily. It won’t be a real auto unless it can go whizzing.” + +[Illustration: A vintage, stylized line illustration of an early +20th-century open-touring automobile. The body of the car, including its +large spoked wheels and high-backed seats, is colored entirely in a +bright, solid red block print, accented with bold black ink outlines and +cross-hatched shading. One of the side doors is shown slightly open, and +a simple steering wheel extends from the dashboard.] + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a toy car chassis, labeled with a large number 1. The flat, +rectangular pattern features solid lines for cutting and dashed lines +for folding. It includes specific measurement annotations such as 7 ¼ +inches, 2 ¾ inches, and 3 ¾ inches, along with instructional labels like +'Side', 'Step', 'End', 'Axle Guard', 'Bend-Over', and notched tabs +marked 'Catch' labeled A, B, C, and D.] + +“Spools, spools!” she cried joyfully. “They will go as fast as +lightning. See?” and jumping up she seized her workbasket, turned it +upside down, found an empty spool, then dropped on her knees and sent +the spool rolling across the hardwood floor. + +“Spools are all right,” said Donald. “Now, can we make our motor car?” + +“Well, here is the bristleboard, but I should think it would be best to +make a paper pattern first, then we can alter it as much as we like. +Donald, do you remember just how an automobile looks?” Polly inquired, +with a giggle, for Donald’s hobby was to know all about automobiles, and +he was sure he could drive one as well as an experienced chauffeur if he +had the opportunity. + +[Illustration: A vintage black-and-white line illustration displaying +assembled parts and components for a toy vehicle, each labeled with a +bold number. At the top, a rectangular box-like chassis labeled 2 is +shown assembled with two axles and four simple spool wheels resting in +its pointed axle guards. Below it are isolated components: a spoked +wheel labeled 7, a small cylinder labeled 6, a shallow circular cap with +a central pin labeled 8, and a small rectangular license plate labeled 9 +bearing the number 19070.] + +Donald disdained a reply. “Where is the brown wrapping paper for the +patterns? Oh, here it is,” he said. “Now we will begin. Get the very +largest spools you can find, Polly; two will be enough, but they must be +the same size. Yes, these will do.” + +The spools Polly selected were two inches high, an inch and a quarter +across the ends and had quite slender shafts. + +“But, after all,” objected Polly, “the spools don’t look like auto +wheels.” + +“That doesn’t matter; we will put the spools under the car and make show +wheels for the outside. No one will notice, when we speed the car, that +her outside wheels are not turning, They’ll appear to be.” + +“Then what shall we use for show wheels?” + +“Pill boxes will do. Look them up, Polly, while I make the auto frame to +hold the spools. And, Polly,” he called, as she was leaving the room, +“bring up some of those round, slender, little sticks I saw in the +kitchen, will you? + +“I guess you mean skewers. Jane uses them to pin meat together with. She +got them from the butcher boy.” + +“Whatever they are, I want them for axles.” + +While Polly was gone Donald planned his auto frame, making it first of +the wrapping paper, and without very accurate measurements. When she +came back with the pill boxes and skewers, Donald slipped each of his +two spools onto a skewer, fitted the skewer under the frame, rolled the +frame on the table, and found his scheme would work. Then he took his +pattern apart and spread it out in front of him. + +“Queer looking thing, isn’t it?” remarked Polly. “Shall I draw it on the +bristolboard and make it more exact?” + +“Do,” said Donald, “and be sure you get both sides precisely alike and +both ends precisely alike, else it won’t balance.” + +Polly nodded. “I’ll begin with the oblong in the middle; that’s the +floor, I suppose, then draw the sides and ends to fit.” So she fell to +work while Donald perfected his pattern for the body of the car. + +The center oblong Polly made seven and one-quarter inches long and two +and three-quarters inches wide. (Fig. 1.) + +“Be sure you make the sides and ends at right angles to one another,” +cautioned Donald. + +“Yes, dear,” said Polly, and she proceeded to draw the sides, making +long oblongs one and one-half inches wide on either side of the large +oblong, and for the ends she drew oblongs one and one-eighth inches wide +across the entire width of the three long oblongs. “That simplifies +things,” she explained, as she extended the side lines of the large +oblong across the end oblongs. “Now I can cut it down where it needs +cutting without losing the large proportions.” + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a toy car body, labeled with a large number 3. The flat pattern +features solid lines for cutting out the contoured shape and dashed +lines for folding. It includes specific measurement annotations such as +5 ¾ inches, 2 ¾ inches, and 2 inches, along with instructional labels +like 'Body of Auto.', 'Back', 'Door', 'Dash-Board', and notched tabs +marked 'Catch' and 'Bend-Over' labeled E and F.] + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a component of a toy vehicle, labeled with a large number 4. The +flat pattern features solid lines for cutting and a series of vertical +dashed lines for folding. It includes specific measurement annotations +such as 5 ¼ inches, 2 ¼ inches, and 1 ½ inches, along with lettered tabs +and sections labeled I, J, K, L, and M. Curving instructional arrows +indicate where to 'Bend-Over' at specific tabs.] + +Five-eighths of an inch from the outer edge of each of the sides she +drew a horizontal line for the steps. (Figure 1.) This line is three and +three-quarters inches long. It begins just one and three-quarters inches +from one end of the side and ends one and three-quarters inches from the +other end. Then Polly drew the short vertical lines from the edge to +meet the ends of the horizontal line, which gave her the end of the +steps. On either side of each step she drew an axle guard three-eighths +of an inch high, with a base half an inch wide and top an inch and a +quarter wide. “Now I will make the bend-over and the catch,” she said. + +“That is a good name for it,” said Donald. “Half an inch will be wide +enough for the ‘bend-over,’ and make the catch one-quarter of an inch +wide after you have allowed a little space between it and the +bend-over.” + +“How much space?” inquired Polly. + +“One-sixteenth of an inch will be wide enough, and don’t make the catch +quite as long as the bend-over. Cut a little off at each end. (Figure +1.) Be careful about the slits in the ends of the frame, Polly. They +must be just half an inch from each edge, because the bend-over is half +an inch wide, and since you have made the necks of the catches half an +inch wide the slits must be a little longer.” + +“What are the slits on the steps for?” + +“They are to hold the mud guards. Make them about three-eighths of an +inch long and put a slit half an inch from end of each step.” + +“That’s explicit,” commented Polly. “Shall I cut the frame out now?” + +“Better first go over the lines you are to cut and make them quite +heavy; then dot the lines to be bent, so that you won’t spoil it by +cutting along the wrong lines.” + +“Good advice; I’ll do that.” + +When cut out the auto frame looked like Figure 1. + +[Illustration: A vintage black-and-white line illustration demonstrating +the partially assembled three-dimensional component from the previous +template, labeled with a large number 5. The long, multi-faceted +rectangular piece is folded into shape, showing fine line shading. +Several individual tabs project outward from the main body, labeled with +the letters G, I, J, K, and L.] + +[Illustration: A vintage black-and-white line illustration of a toy +steering wheel assembly, labeled below with a bold number 14. The +drawing shows a simple four-spoke steering wheel attached to a long, +slender steering column or rod that tapers to a point at the bottom.] + +“I shall use my small scissors to cut the slits, Donald,” Polly said. +“The knife is so apt to slip.” + +Before bending the frame into shape Polly scored the dotted lines by +drawing the blade of her knife lightly along their entire length, using +a rule to keep the knife on the line. When the sides, ends and +bend-overs were bent down Polly folded the ends of each catch inward, +then lapped the bend-overs outside the ends, inserted each catch in its +own particular slit, opened out the catches, and the ends and sides were +held firmly and evenly in place. The catch A was put through the slit A, +catch B through slit B, C through C and D through D. (Figure 1.) Then +Polly bent the steps up to stand out at right angles from the sides. “I +am ready for the spools,” she announced. + +“You will have to sharpen the blunt ends of these skewers, then,” said +Donald, “and cut them off if they are too long. Three and one-half +inches will be just about the right length.” + +When she had cut her axles the proper length and sharpened the ends, +Polly punctured a very small hole in each axle guard, as shown in Figure +1. Then, from the inside, she pushed one end of an axle through the hole +in one axle guard, slipped a spool on the axle and forced the other end +of the axle through the hole in the opposite axle guard. The auto frame +upside down (Figure 2) shows how this is done. + +“Now for the hub to keep the axle in place,” she reflected. “I know,” +and with a spring she was up and off to rummage in her treasure box, +coming back triumphantly with several small corks. + +[Illustration: A vintage black-and-white line illustration of toy +vehicle components, labeled with a bold number 15. The drawing features +a circular wheel with four intersecting inner spokes forming a +crosshairs pattern, detailed with fine-line shading along its right +edge. Directly below the wheel is a small, tapered cylindrical piece +resembling a cork or cap casting a distinct shadow.] + +“See, Donald,” she said, screwing the point of the axle into the large +end of a cork. “It holds splendidly, and the spools cannot possibly drop +off.” + +“First-rate idea, Polly; I hadn’t thought of the hubs. This is the body +of the car,” he continued, showing his paper pattern. “I’ll draw it on +the bristleboard if you will make wheels of the pill boxes.” + +Figure 3 shows how Donald made the body of the automobile. The oblong in +the center is the floor. It is two and three-quarters inches wide, just +the width of the auto frame, and five and three-quarters inches long. +The back is two inches high at the side edges and curves up one-quarter +of an inch higher in the middle. The bend-overs at the back measure two +inches at each edge, and curve, as in Figure 3. The length of the side +from the dotted line of the bend-over to the door is two inches. The +door is square, measuring one and one-quarter inches each way. The +length of the side between the dashboard and the door is two and +one-half inches. Next to the door it is one and one-half inches high, +and at the lower corner, where the curve ends, it is one inch high. The +strip that meets the dashboard is three-eighths of an inch high. The +bend-over, including the catch, is seven-eighths of an inch high and +seven-eighths of an inch long, and the catches E and F are each +three-eighths of an inch square. + +The dashboard fits in between the two front bend-overs. It is one and +one-half inches high in the middle and slopes to the sides, which are +one and one-quarter inches high. The slits in the dashboard, E and F, +are each one-half inch long and just one-half inch from the side edges. +The slit G at the top is one-half inch long and three-eighths inch below +the top edge. When Donald had cut out the auto body and scored the +dotted lines, he bent up the back, front and sides, then lapped the back +bend-overs across the outside of the back and fastened them in place by +running a pin through from the outside, as shown in Figure 17. He found +that the pin alone would not make it sufficiently secure; so, adopting +Polly’s idea, he pushed a cork on the pin, brought up snugly against the +inside of the back, and it held like a bolt. The front bend-overs he +lapped over the outside of the dashboard and pushed the catch E through +the slit E and the catch F through the slit F. + +“Oh, Donald, the little doors will open, won’t they!” Polly exclaimed. + +[Illustration: The seats are easily made. No. 10 is the front seat, No. +11 the back seat, and No. 12 an arm of the former. No. 13 is the mud +guard] + +“Of course,” said Donald, bending them outward along the dotted lines. +“This is the hood,” he went on. “The power box, you know,” showing his +pattern like Figure 4. “I will draw it on the bristleboard now.” + +First, Donald drew an oblong, five and one-quarter inches long and two +and one-quarter inches wide. This he divided into seven parts, or +panels, by drawing straight, vertical lines across the oblong. (Figure +4.) Each of the two end panels he made one and one-sixteenth inches wide +and each of the other panels five-eighths of an inch wide. He extended +the middle panel up one and three-eighths inches above the oblong, and +across the extension, half an inch above the top line of the oblong he +drew a dotted line to denote that beyond that was a bend-over. Then he +cut off the corners of the bend-over. (H, Figure 4.) He made extensions +three-quarters of an inch high above the two panels next to the middle +panel, then he cut off the inner part of these extensions, making each +half an inch wide. (I and J, Figure 4.) + +[Illustration: The seats are easily made. No. 10 is the front seat, No. +11 the back seat, and No. 12 an arm of the former. No. 13 is the mud +guard.] + +Directly through the center of the middle panel Donald drew a straight, +vertical line, bringing it down several inches below the bottom of the +oblong. He did this in order that he might measure on either side and so +get the end of the hood exactly in the middle and evenly balanced. He +called this center line his plumb line. + +Three-eighths of an inch below the bottom line of the oblong, and +three-quarters of an inch to the left of the plumb line, Donald drew a +horizontal line just half an inch long; then he drew a corresponding +line at exactly the same distance to the right of the plumb line. These +lines he connected with the bottom corners of the middle panel with +slanting lines. (Figure 4.) Half an inch below the two short horizontal +lines he drew parallel lines of the same length and connected their +outer ends with the outer ends of the upper lines by vertical lines. +This made two square extensions. (K and L, Figure 4.) One-quarter of an +inch below the lower lines of the extensions K and L he drew another +horizontal line one and one-eighth inches long, half on one side of the +plumb line, half on the other side, and then he connected this +horizontal line with the inner ends of the bottom lines of the +extensions K and L by slanting lines. This formed the octagon-shaped +front face of the hood. Below the octagon he drew a bend-over one inch +high and running almost to a point at the bottom and half an inch above +the bottom edge of each end panel he made a slit three-quarters of an +inch long. (MM, Figure 4.) + +[Illustration: A front view and a rear view of the children’s +automobile] + +When Donald bent the hood into shape it looked like Figure 5. The end +panels from the bottom of the hood, and lapping completely over one +another, make it double, and the point of the bend-over (M, Figure 4) +slipped through the two slits M and M holds the hood in shape. + +“But I don’t see how you are going to fasten it on,” said Polly. + +“Wait until I make the lamps,” Donald answered, “and I will show you. +Are there any more corks, Polly?” + +“Yes; how many do you want?” + +“Four for the lamps, but bring all you have.” + +Donald selected two pretty good sized corks for the lower lamps and two +smaller ones for the upper lamps. Both sizes were rather longer than he +wanted, so he cut a slice off the small end of each cork. This left the +largest corks three-quarters of an inch long and the smallest half an +inch long. + +“Now, Polly,” he said, “we will cut some rounds of silver paper to fit +the tops of these corks and paste them on to represent glass, then paint +black circles around them for the rims to hold the glass. That will make +them shine.” (Figure 6.) + +In a trice the lamps were finished and Donald fastened the largest ones +on the extensions K and L at the front of the hood by running a large +pin through the middle of each lamp, then through the extension, +securing it at the back with a thick slice of cork. This done he +proceeded to fasten the hood to the dashboard; first by running the +bend-over H through the slit H from the inside of the dashboard, then by +pinning the small lamps on the extensions I and J, running the pin +through the dashboard also, and making fast with slices of cork. The +exact position of the lamps is shown in the front view of the +automobile. (Figure 16.) + +“Now fasten the whole thing together,” urged Polly, and Donald adjusted +the body of the car to its frame. He allowed the back of the body to +project over the back of the frame half an inch, which gave one inch and +three-quarters space in front of the hood to rest on. The hood extended +about half an inch beyond the front of the frame. + +“The pins and corks hold so well I’ll use them for this,” Donald +announced, as he pinned the floor of the auto body to the top of the +frame. He put one pin just back of the dashboard and another close to +the back of the auto body. This time he used two slices of cork for each +pin, one on top of the floor, the other underneath the frame. + +The two back mud guards Donald made like Figure 13, which is a strip of +bristleboard five and one-quarter inches long and five-eighths of an +inch wide. The dotted line at the end, showing where it is to be bent, +is three-quarters of an inch from the end and just half an inch from the +slots that separate the catch from the guard. From the dotted line to +the other end the guard is four and one-half inches long. + +The two front mud guards he made exactly like the back ones, except that +between the dotted line and the dotted line and the opposite end the +distance was but two and three-quarters inches. He curved all four of +the guards by drawing them lightly over the blade of his knife; then he +bent them at the dotted lines, turned in the ends of each catch and +inserted each catch in its slit in the auto step. The two back guards he +put at the back ends of the steps, the two front guards at the front +ends of the steps. Taking two pins, he inserted them in one of the back +mud guards, as shown in Figure 13; then he pushed the pins into the side +of the car, the lower one into the frame just below the door and the +other into the auto body about one-quarter of an inch from the back. The +other back guard he secured in the same way, but one pin only was needed +for each of the front guards. This was run in three-quarters of an inch +from the bend of the guard and forced into the frame just in front of +the dashboard. + +“Are the wheels ready?” asked Donald. + +“Here they are,” and Polly pushed across the table four little wheels +like Figure 7. “I didn’t use the box covers because there was writing on +them, but I tore away the upper part of the box and the lower part was +exactly like the lid. I drew a circle on the bottom of each box to mark +off the tire and then drew the spokes and little air valves. See them?” + +“We will give the tires a light wash of black paint to make them rubber +color and paint the spokes black,” said Donald. + +When they were finished Donald used three small corks for fastening each +wheel in place. One for the hub, one inside the wheel, to steady it +against the auto frame (Figure 8), and one on the inside of the auto +frame. The front wheels he pinned at the extreme front of the auto +frame, half way up from the bottom edge of the frame, and the back +wheels at the extreme back of the frame, the same distance above the +bottom edge. (NN, Figure 2.) + +“You see,” said Donald, “these wheels must not touch the ground, else +they will interfere with the speed of the car.” + +“Here are the seats,” said Polly. “I worked them out while you were busy +with the other parts.” + +Figures 10, 11 and 12 are the patterns of the seats. Figure 10 is the +front seat and Figure 12 the arm that divides it into two. The seat +proper is an oblong two inches and three-quarters long by one inch and +three-eighths wide. The ends and front that bend down and form the +supports are each three-quarters of an inch high. The back is one inch +high at the middle of each curve and three-quarters of an inch high when +it bends to form the arms. The arms, which are cut to fit the sides of +the auto, are one inch and three-eighths long. The middle arm (Figure +12) is one and one-quarter inches long at the bottom, three-quarters of +an inch high at the back and the laps are each one-quarter of an inch +wide. + +Polly used paste to fasten the arm to the middle of the seat, putting +the paste on the laps, then she fitted the seat in the car, pasting the +sides of the seat to the sides of the car. + +The back seat has no arms. It is the same length as the front seat, but +one-quarter of an inch wider. The supports are the same height. The back +at the middle is one and one-half inches high, while at the side edges +it is one and one-quarter inches high. When the back seat was pasted to +the back and sides of the car, Polly decided that she would make little +cushions and cover them with tan-colored tissue paper, to look like +leather. + +“I have made the steering wheel,” said Donald, and he held it up. +(Figure 14.) Figure 15 shows how it is cut from bristleboard and then +marked off into a rim and four spokes. He used a wooden toothpick for +the column and a small cork to keep the wheel in place. First he forced +the small cork onto the toothpick, pushing it down not quite half an +inch, then he inserted the point of the stick into the small hole he had +previously punctured in the center of the wheel and pushed the wheel +down to rest on the cork. (Figure 14.) + +With a large hatpin he pierced a hole slantingly at the base of the +dashboard, half an inch from the right side, all the way through the +frame of the auto; then he forced the lower end of the steering column +into the hole and it retained the proper slanting position. + +“I didn’t forget the number,” said Polly, holding up a little oblong +card, to which she had attached narrow strips of yellow paper for +straps. On the card was printed the number of the Kraft Shop automobile. +(Figure 9.) With a drop of paste on the end of each strap Polly hung the +number to the back of the car. (Figure 17.) + +The finished motor car is shown in Figure 18. + +“Now we will test her speed,” said Donald, as he knelt on the floor and +with a sure, strong push sent the auto spinning the whole length of the +room. + +“My, but it does go!” said Polly. + +[Illustration: A vintage line illustration of a toy airship or dirigible +craft, labeled with a bold number 8. The multi-faceted, elongated brown +body of the airship is suspended from a string and features large, +bright red wings and tail fins. Below it hangs a small rectangular +gondola basket containing three small toy figures. A red-and-white +pinwheel propeller is attached to the front of the basket, and fine-line +cross-hatch shading indicates motion clouds in the background.] + + + + + Making the Bird Airship + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Things Worth Doing + + +“How are we going to make an airship when we can’t fill the bag with +gas?” said Donald. “Why, make it of stiff paper and it will stand out +without gas,” Polly answered. “Yes, but I don’t see what is to hold it +up?” Donald objected. “We will make the airship first and then find +something to hold it up,” Polly replied, cheerfully. + +“That’s a girl’s way of doing things,” laughed Donald. + +“Well, it’s a good way,” retorted Polly. + +Donald did not entirely agree with her, but Polly’s way seemed the only +way in this case. “Of course we will make the balloon cigar shaped, like +a dirigible, and have a propeller,” he said. + +“Yes, and let us make wings, too; they will help keep it in the air,” +Polly added. + +“And a tail for a rudder,” said Donald. + +“Why, it will look just like a bird!” Polly exclaimed. “And we can call +it the ‘bird airship.’ That sounds nice, doesn’t it, Donald?” + +“All right,” said Donald; “now I’ll make the balloon.” + +“Oh, Donald, please let me do that. You always take the hardest parts +and I know I can do some of them,” protested Polly. “Besides, I have +thought of a way to make it.” + +“Well, I don’t care if you make the balloon,” said Donald. “This is your +scheme, anyway. I’ll do the other things, but use this stiff manila +paper, Polly; it is good and strong.” + +Polly was soon at work bending and clipping and shaping a pattern that +later she would correct and reduce to exact measurements. Donald watched +her while he waited to learn what size to make the wings, tail and +little passenger car. + +“I am making the balloon in panels,” Polly informed him. “It is easier +than trying to keep it round, and I shall cut each end into points with +a bend-over on each point to fasten them together.” + +“Going to glue it?” + +“Why, no. I thought I would button it together with catches and slits. +It is hard to glue a thing of this kind, and one has to hold each part +so long for the glue to harden,” Polly answered. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a toy balloon component, labeled with a large number 2. The flat +pattern features multiple interconnected diamond-shaped segments +arranged vertically, separated by dashed folding lines and labeled +alphabetically from A to F. It includes instructional text annotations +such as 'Bend over', 'Top Edge', 'Bottom Edge', and tabs labeled 'Catch +J', 'Over L', 'Under M', and 'Over N'. A stylized line illustration of a +needle and a long piece of thread is shown woven through the center +sections.] + +Figure 1 shows how Polly drew the pattern for her balloon after making +it out. She was very careful in her measurements, using a rule and +making the lines for the panels exactly one inch apart. “The sides won’t +fit if they are not even,” she said to herself. + +[Illustration: When the balloon was put together it looked like this] + +“That looks simple enough,” commented Donald. + +When Polly cut the balloon out along the heavy lines it was like Figure +2. + +By this time Donald, who had been experimenting with Polly’s first +pattern, had designed the wings (Figure 3), and the tail (Figure 5). He +directed Polly to cut slits for the wings in the position shown in PO, +OP, Figure 2. The slits P are exactly in the middle of the edge between +the first and second panels at the top and the first and second panels +at the bottom, and the slits O are in the middle of each second panel, +top and bottom. Each slit is three-quarters of an inch long. + +“Now make slits for the tail in the top edges of the top point and the +fourth from the top point,” said Donald. “Make each slit five-eighths of +an inch from the tip.” + +“How long a slit?” said Polly. + +“Three-eighths of an inch,” returned Donald. + +[Illustration: Donald cut the wings like this] + +So Polly made the slits R and Q, Figure 2, and then bent the balloon +along the dotted lines. Donald made the wings (Figure 3) four and +one-eighth inches long from tip of catch to tip of wing. The neck of the +catch is one-half of an inch long and five-eighths of an inch wide, and +the catch from tip of point to neck is three-eighths of an inch deep. +Just above the neck of the catch the wing is seven-eighths of an inch +wide and at its broadest part it is three and one-quarter inches wide. + +Donald bent in the points of the catch of one wing and pushed the catch +in through the slit O in the balloon and out through the slit P, then he +opened out the points of the catch. + +“That will hold it steady,” he said, and fastened the other wing on in +the same way. + +“Do you want to fasten the tail on now?” asked Polly. + +“No. Put the balloon together first,” said Donald. + +Then Polly began to shape her balloon by slipping the catches of the +bend-overs at the bottom L, M, N through the slits L, M, N. She lapped L +and N _over_ the panel and M _under_ the panel. This brought the catches +of L and N on the inside, and the catch of M on the outside. Then she +lapped the bend-over of the point B over the edge of the point A and +inserted the catch of the bend-over in the slit in the point A. The +catch of the bend-over of the point C she put through the slit in the +point B, and in the same way fastened D to C, E to D and F to E. This +brought all the points at one end of the balloon together, except F and +A, and these she secured by putting the catch J of the point A in +through the slit J and out through the slit K in the point F, which +brought the catch on the outside. The other end of the balloon she put +together in the same way, and it looked like Figure 4. + +“This is the tail,” Donald said, holding up a piece of paper cut like +Figure 5. The tail is four and one-half inches long, two and one-quarter +inches wide at the end and five-eighths of an inch wide where it joins +the body. Donald cut a slit half an inch long in the middle of the +narrow end and then cut out a small, wedge-shaped piece at the end of +the slit. The wedge is five-eighths of an inch long and a trifle over +one-quarter of an inch at the base. + +[Illustration: The tail acts as a rudder] + +“What is that pointed hole for,” said Polly. + +“The end of the balloon fits in that when these two square catches (Q, +R, Figure 5) are put through the slits you made for the tail,” Donald +answered. (Q, R, Figure 2.) Polly looked for the slits and found that +one was on the top edge and one on the bottom edge of the back end of +the balloon. + +“Now we will hitch it on,” said Donald, taking the balloon from Polly +and adjusting the tail. He opened the slit between the catches, pushed +the catch Q down through the top slit Q, and the catch R up through the +bottom slit R, and the tail could not slide out of place. “The wings +must stand out at the sides,” he added, bending each wing down where it +joined the balloon. + +“Is this the car?” Polly inquired, taking up the little box. (Figure 6.) + +“Yes,” said Donald, “but I haven’t put the propeller on yet.” + +The car Donald made is pointed at each end. It is three inches long from +point to point, one inch wide and one inch high. Each side of the car is +two inches long and the ends are double. Figure 7 is the pattern of the +car. The entire length of one side of Figure 7 is five inches, while the +entire length of the other side is but four and three-quarters inches. +The difference is at the ends. The end divisions on the left of Figure 7 +are three-quarters of an inch from top to bottom, while the end +divisions on the right are only five-eighths of an inch from top to +bottom. The other divisions of the two ends are exactly alike, each +three-quarters of an inch from top to bottom. The slits V, W, T, U, are +one-eighth of an inch from the inner edge and are three-eighths of an +inch long. V and U are one-eighth of an inch from the end edges and the +slits W and T are one-quarter of an inch from V and U. + +Donald made a catch at either end of the left side of Figure 7 (Y, X). +The necks of these catches are one-quarter of an inch long. Then he bent +up the points V, W, U, T, along the dotted lines, which made the floor +of the car pointed at each end. He bent the sides up and the ends in, +according to the dotted lines. The points V, W, U, T, he pushed through +the corresponding slits from the inside of the car, V through V, W +through W, U through U and T through T. Then he fitted the other end +pieces on the outside, covering the points, and fastened the catches Y +and X in the slits Y and X. This held the point securely between the +double ends and made all snug and tight. + +[Illustration: This is the pattern of Donald’s little car] + +“I can put the ropes on now,” said Polly, and threading a needle with +soft cotton twine she pushed the needle through the double end of the +car just beyond the side bend and near the top edge, as shown in Figure +6. She drew the string through and tied it at the end. Threading the +needle again, she fastened another string to the other end of the car; +then, with the needle still threaded, she took a stitch in the bottom +edge of the balloon at the middle of one of the bend-overs. The place is +indicated by the two dots on Figure 4. Bringing the needle down again, +she ran it through the opposite side of the car, unthreaded it and tied +the end of the string to the car. + +This made a loop which passed from one side of the car through the +bottom edge of the balloon to the other side of the car. The string used +for the loop was three and one-half inches long. The other end of the +car Polly attached to the balloon in the same way and the little +passenger car hung suspended from the balloon by four ropes. (Figure 8.) + +“I have the propeller ready now,” said Donald. + +“What a good idea to use a pinwheel for a propeller!” exclaimed Polly. +“How will you fasten it on?” + +[Illustration: Polly put the ropes on the little car] + +“This way,” said Donald, and he ran a hatpin through the pinwheel, +pushed a small cork up on the pin, leaving one inch between the cork and +the head of the pin so that the wheel would turn easily. (Figure 9.) +Then he forced the pin in through the middle of the forward end of the +car and out the middle of the back, allowing a space of one-quarter of +an inch between the cork and the car. (Figure 8.) + +“Why, Donald, you have put the propeller in front of the car!” cried +Polly. + +“That is all right,” Donald assured her. “It won’t spin around if we +have it at the back; and, besides, Santos Dumont, who has made some of +the finest airships in the world, put the propeller at the front of some +of them. He says it draws the ship along instead of pushing it.” + +Donald made the pinwheel for his propeller of a two-inch square of +paper. He folded the square diagonally first one way, then the other, +and cut slits along the folds almost to the center, as I am sure you all +know how to do. Then he took up the alternate points and, turning them +over to the center, ran the pin through them and the center of the wheel +in the way you have done scores of times. + +“Now, Polly,” said Donald, “how are you going to make the thing fly?” + +“I will show you,” said Polly, and she threaded a needle with a piece of +strong black linen thread ten inches long. Then she took a stitch +through the top edge of the balloon at the forward end, drew the thread +through and tied the end fast. She took a stitch through the top edge of +the balloon at the other end, where she tied the last end of the thread. +This made a loop extending upward from the top of the balloon. (Figure +8.) + +In Figure 2 you will see just where the needle was put through the edge +of the balloon. At the middle of the loop Polly tied another piece of +thread about two feet long, and at the end of the long thread she tied a +short loop. + +“Watch it now, Donald!” she cried, as, grasping the short loop tightly +in one hand and holding it at arm’s length, she began to swing the +airship around in a circle. Slowly it went at first; then, gathering +speed, it began to fly in earnest. The little propeller spun around +busily and the ship seemed sailing by its own power. As the supporting +thread was black, it was hardly visible, and the wings that were lifted +and lowered by the movements of the ship appeared, like a bird’s wings, +to buoy it up. + +[Illustration: The propeller is made of a pinwheel on a short hatpin] + +“Isn’t it perfectly lovely?” Polly exclaimed. “See how I can make it dip +and rise again, just like a real airship.” + +“Yes, it is certainly good,” he said; “and one of the best things about +it is the way the tail acts as a rudder. Don’t you see how it keeps the +ship going always forward? Here—let me see if I can make it back.” And, +taking the thread from Polly’s hand, he swung the ship in a straight +line, first one way then the other, but at each end of the course the +balloon turned and started over the route again, bow forward. + +“It is all right, Polly,” he declared. “Put some of your little dolls in +the car for passengers and we will give them a ride.” + + + + + Sand Toys + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Little Folks’ Handy Book + + +“What can we do with this beautiful sand, Donald?” asked Polly as she +let the dry white sand of the beach sift through her fingers. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a toy component, labeled with a large number 2. The flat, +rectangular pattern features the handwritten text 'Sand Wheel Bucket' +across the center. It includes solid lines for cutting, a horizontal +dashed line for folding near the top, and various measurement +annotations such as 2 inches, 2 ¾ inches, and 1 ½ inches. Two side tabs +are marked with the letter G, and two small vertical slots are labeled +H.] + +“Make a sand wheel,” answered Donald with sudden inspiration. “And we +can do it now.” + +Polly was more than willing, so they were soon hard at work in their +out-of-door Kraft Shop on the back porch of their summer home. + +“First we must make the wheel and next a high reservoir to hold the +sand,” Donald announced. + +“I will make the wheel if it doesn’t have to be wood,” said Polly. + +“Bristolboard will do, and the wheel must be a good deal like a water +wheel, you know, Polly.” + +“Yes, of course,” and Polly placed a smooth piece of bristolboard on the +table and took her school compass from the drawer, while Donald +disappeared into the house in search of a flat-sided cocoa can which he +had decided would answer for his reservoir. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out a +small T-shaped toy component, labeled with a large number 3. The shape +is outlined with thick black lines and contains handwritten measurement +annotations, including '1 inch' across the wide top section, '⅜ in.' on +the upper side edge, '½ in.' on the vertical side edge, and '½ inch' +along the bottom edge.] + +Polly made her wheel in this way: First she drew a straight, horizontal +line six inches long on the bristolboard (E B, Figure 1), then she put +the point of her compass directly on the middle of the line and drew a +circle that just touched each end of the line. This gave her a circle +six inches in diameter. (Figure 1.) Keeping the point of her compass on +the middle of the line, she drew another circle inside the first, making +the second circle five and one-quarter inches in diameter and +three-eighths of an inch from the outer circle. Inside the second +circle, with the point of the compass still on the middle of the line, +she drew a third circle two inches in diameter. This left just one and +five-eighths inches between the two inner circles. Dividing the second +circle into six equal parts, she proceeded to draw the lines F C, A D, +and a little to the right of these, also by the side of the horizontal +line, she drew parallel lines. “These,” Polly explained, “are the slots +to hold the steps of my wheel.” + +“Buckets, Polly, not steps,” protested Donald. + +“Well, buckets; I am going to have six buckets between the two wheels.” + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting a large +wheel component, labeled with a large number 1. The template consists of +a large outer circle and a concentric smaller inner circle connected by +six radiating spoke lines. The spokes are indexed with the letters A, B, +C, D, E, and F. A horizontal dashed line splits the inner circle, +aligned with spokes E and B. Annotation measurements include a total +outer diameter of 6 inches, a spoke length of 1 ⅝ inches, and an outer +rim width of ⅜ in.] + +“There is only one wheel; the sides are called disks,” again corrected +Donald. + +“Disks, then, and I will fasten the buckets on with bolts. You see, the +outer edge of each bucket is to be turned up to hold the sand. I suppose +that is why it is called a bucket,” said Polly. + +“You know what you are doing, go ahead,” said Donald; and Polly went +ahead. She made another disk exactly like Figure 1 and cut both out +carefully. She used a sharp pocketknife for cutting the slots and a +ruler to guide the knife along the lines. Then she made her buckets, six +of them, like Figure 2. First she drew a square that measured exactly +two inches on each edge. This was for the bottom of the bucket. On each +side of the square she added extensions three-eighths of an inch wide +and one and one-half inches long, placing them at equal distances from +the top and bottom edges of the square. (G G, Figure 2.) At the top of +the square she added an oblong one-half inch wide and extending all the +way across. The dotted line in Figure 2 shows where this oblong is to be +bent up to form the front of the bucket. Along each side line of the +square, at equal distances from the ends of the extension, she made +slots five-eighths of an inch long. (H H, Figure 2.) The bolts, two for +each bucket, she made like Figure 3. The upper part of each bolt was one +inch long and three-eighths of an inch wide and the lower part was half +an inch square. + +[Illustration: A vintage line illustration by Adelia Belle Beard showing +an intricate, completed toy mechanism operating on a multi-tiered wooden +platform. A large sand wheel mechanism on the left features a bright red +hopper at the top. The wheel's axle is connected by strings and pulleys +to a spinning carousel platform with three small paper sailboats, a +small red-wheeled cart traveling up a wooden ramp on the right, and a +red basket containing two small toy figures hanging from a string below. +The artist's signature is in the bottom left corner.] + +“It is all ready now. See how easy it is to put together, Donald,” said +Polly, as she bent up the front of a bucket and slipped one of its +extensions through a slot in one of the disks and the other extension +through a slot in the other disk, and then secured them in place by +sliding a bolt through the slot in each extension. (Fig. 7.) + +“Better glue those bolts down,” said Donald. “When the wheel turns fast +they may drop out.” + +By this time Donald had gathered together all the materials for his sand +tower. For the base of the tower he used an empty cigar box, eight +inches long and two and one-quarter inches deep, and for the reservoir a +cocoa can four inches high and two inches wide at the narrow sides. On +each of the wide sides of the can, about one and one-half inches from +the top and at equal distances from the side edges, he made a hole by +driving a large wire nail through the tin. (I, Figure 4.) In the bottom +he cut with a can opener a large hole, as shown in Figure 4. This hole +is not in the middle, but at the back, left-hand corner as the can +stands upside down. (Figure 4.) + +“The funnel goes through this hole,” Donald said. “I have made a funnel +for the sand because it holds more than the can and because only a part +of the sand will run out of the can without it.” + +Donald made the funnel of a piece of strong paper twelve inches square. +He twisted this into a cornucopia and then trimmed it off evenly at the +top and cut the point off at the bottom. He enlarged the bottom opening +several times in order to allow a sufficient flow of sand to turn the +wheel easily. The lapped edges he pasted securely together. To hold the +reservoir up he whittled out of an old shingle two uprights like Figure +5. Each upright was thirteen and one-half inches long and three-quarters +of an inch wide, except at the top, where it widened out to one inch. +Three-quarters of an inch from the top edge he bored a hole large enough +to admit a very large, spikelike wire nail a little over four inches +long and quite thick. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting a long, +slender toy lever or arm component, labeled with a large number 5. The +elongated shape features a slightly wider, contoured head on the left +containing a small circular hole. Handwritten measurement annotations +include '13 ½ inches' along the bottom edge, '1 INCH' vertically on the +left head, '1 ¼ inch' on the top-left edge, and '¾ INCH' on the right +end.] + +“I am going to spike these on,” Donald said, thrusting the large nail +through the hole in one upright, then through both holes in the can and +through the hole in the other upright. “It is a little loose, though,” +he continued, shaking the can. + +“Put a cork on the end of the spike,” said Polly; “that will hold it.” +Donald took her advice and pushed a large, flat cork up on the nail +until it fitted snugly against the tin and held it firmly in place. Then +he took up the cigar box. “Will you make a hole in this for the shaft of +the wheel, Polly? Put it just here,” he said, indicating a spot two and +one-half inches from the top and half an inch from the left-hand edge as +the box stands on end. (J, Figure 6.) “Bore it with a hot wire nail; it +will make a smoother surface than the gimlet.” + +Then Polly, holding her hot nail with a pair of pincers, burned a small +round hole in the cigar box and also the hole K in the front upright, +Figure 8. This front upright, which was to hold the outer end of the +wheel shaft, Donald had whittled from a shingle. He made it six and +one-quarter inches high, with a base three and one-half inches wide. +Polly was careful to have the hole in the upright the same distance from +the bottom of the box, so that the shaft of the wheel would be perfectly +horizontal when put through the two holes. Donald used small wire nails +for fastening the side uprights to the cigar box. He removed the lid of +the box, so that he could easily get at the inside, then drove the nails +through the uprights into the side, top and bottom edges of the box. +(Figure 6.) + +[Illustration: The sand tower was not difficult to make] + +“I think we will have to nail the tower and other things to a board,” he +said. “They will never stand firm on the sand.” A suitable piece of +board could not be found, but Polly begged an old pastry board from the +cook and that made a fine flooring for their machinery. Donald stood the +sand tower on the board at the left-hand front corner, with the cigar +box base just six and one-half inches from the front edge and four +inches from the side edge of the board. “I can tack this down from the +inside of the box,” he said, and using two good sized carpet tacks he +drove them through the end of the box into the board. “Now get a shaft +for your wheel, Polly, and we will put the wheel up before I nail the +front upright in place.” + +[Illustration: The wheel and shaft turn together] + +Polly had secured for the shaft of her wheel a long, slender paint brush +handle. The brush was a No. 2 bristle oil paint brush, and had cost five +cents when new. Exactly at the center of each disk of the wheel she made +a puncture and then gradually and with great care pushed her shaft +through until the wheel was in the middle and on the largest part of the +shaft. Then she cut a medium-sized cork into three slices. The two +largest slices she pushed up on the shaft, one from either end, and +before settling them in place she put a little glue on the shaft close +to the wheel as well as on the inner side of the corks, then pushed the +corks up over the glue on the shaft and close against the wheel. In this +way the shaft, the corks and the wheel were glued together. “They must +all turn together,” Polly remarked, “and not like a wheel on an axle.” +On the end of the shaft which was to rest in the hole in the box, she +slid the remaining slice of cork, leaving it within three-quarters of an +inch of the cork fastened to the wheel. This was to keep the shaft from +running too far into the box. + +“Be sure you get the right end of the shaft into the box,” Donald +cautioned. “Remember, the edges of the buckets bend down when the left +side of the wheel is toward you.” (Figure 7.) + +“I know,” said Polly. “Now I am going to put this large glass bead on to +keep the cork from touching the box. The bead is so smooth and round it +will turn easily against the wood.” So Polly put her bead on the shaft +and slipped the end of the shaft through the box. “I will put a bead on +the inside, too,” she added, “and then a cork to keep it from slipping +off, and it will have to be a very small cork or it will rub against the +side of the box and the shaft won’t turn.” (Figure 7.) + +[Illustration: The front upright] + +Meanwhile Donald had been devising a way to hold the front upright +erect. “I have it now,” he exclaimed, and cutting a piece of wood half +an inch wide and half an inch thick into two pieces four and one-half +inches long, he nailed them to the front and back of the lower edge of +the upright; then sliding the free end of the shaft through the hole in +the upright, he settled the upright in place in front of the box, a +little to the left, so that the hole in the box and the hole in the +upright were directly opposite each other and the shaft went through +true and straight. Then he nailed the supports to the board. (Figure 7.) + +When the children adjusted the funnel and filled it with sand they found +that to make it work perfectly it was necessary to tilt the can forward +in order to send the stream of sand near the outer edge of the wheel, +and that something must be invented to hold the can in that position, so +Donald quickly whittled out the little brace. (Figure 9.) The brace is +five inches long at the bottom, two and one-quarter inches long at the +top and one and five-eighths inches high. The V-shaped notch is one inch +from the front end. + +[Illustration: A brace] + +Fitting the back edge of the can into the notch of the brace, Donald +adjusted the brace on top of the box so that the can was held at the +required angle and the falling sand struck the wheel in the right place; +then with two small nails he fastened it on securely. (Figure 6.) Donald +also slipped a thin strip of wood between the back of the funnel and the +large nail. The wood rested on the bottom of the can and extended up to +the top of the funnel. + +[Illustration: A vintage line illustration demonstrating the assembly +diagram for a spinning toy mechanism, labeled with a large number 10. +The central diagram shows a vertical stack of components resting on a +grainy 'Block of Wood'. A central pin or nail goes down through a large +'Pasteboard Disk', a 'Belt Spool' marked 'Glue', a 'Winding Spool' +marked 'Glue Together', a 'Writing Paper Washer', and a 'Writing Paper +Cone'. To the right, two isolated parts are shown: a long nail labeled M +and a flat washer labeled N.] + +“That will strengthen it,” he said. “The wheel works all right; now we +will make it move things.” + +“Let us have a merry-go-round,” Polly suggested. + +“Yes, and a mine. The wheel will draw the miners up in a bucket, and +then I think when the merry-go-round turns it will pull a wagon uphill, +too,” Donald answered. + +[Illustration: The merry-go-round is built like this] + +“And everything will move at once,” Polly cried delightedly. + +“We will have to have a belt spool and a winding spool on the end of +this shaft,” Donald said. “The belt spool will connect it with the +merry-go-round and the winding spool will draw up the miner’s bucket. +The spools must be fastened to the shaft, too, so that they will turn +with it.” + +As the shaft was too slender to fit the holes in the spools, Polly +wrapped it with a strip of newspaper. (L, Figure 7.) She used newspaper +because it was soft and would cling. She cut a strip about twelve inches +long and two inches wide. This she covered on one side with glue; then +sticking one end to the shaft about half an inch from the upright, she +wrapped the paper tightly around the shaft, making a number of layers, +which, glued together, became a solid mass. Donald had selected two +spools and glued the ends together—a medium-sized spool for the belt +spool and a small spool for the winding spool. When the glue had +hardened on the spools and on the paper roll he covered the outside of +the roll and the inside of the spools with glue and pushed the spools up +on the shaft until they covered the paper roll and stuck fast. (Figure +7.) + +“Now cut a round bristolboard disk for the merry-go-round, Polly,” +Donald said, “while I rig up a stand for it.” + +[Illustration: The cone] + +The disk Polly made was seven and one-half inches in diameter with a +round hole in the center a little larger than the hole in a spool, and +while she was drawing the circle and cutting it out Donald found a +level-sided block of wood, two and one-quarter inches high, for the base +of his stand. To this block he nailed small strips of wood, one on +either side like the supports on the front upright. (Figure 10.) Then, +selecting a medium-sized spool, two smaller spools and a buttonhole +twist spool to make the shaft of the merry-go-round the proper height, +he glued the two smallest spools together and the larger and buttonhole +twist spools together. On top of the smallest spools he glued the disk. +Taking a second spikelike wire nail, longer than the one used on the +sand tower (M, Figure 10), he slipped it through the disk and the two +smallest spools, then stopped and thought a moment. “A washer will have +to go on now,” he said, “to make these upper spools turn easily on the +lower ones.” So he cut a washer like N, Figure 10, from a piece of very +glossy writing paper, making it a little larger than the end of the +spools. “I’ll glue these two lower spools to the block before I put the +nail through,” he continued as he covered the bottom of the buttonhole +twist spool with glue and fitted it on top of the block exactly in the +middle. He waited a while for the glue to dry; then, placing his paper +washer on top of the large spool, he dropped the point of the nail down +through the washer and the spools and drove the nail into the block far +enough to hold it quite steady, but leaving enough space between the top +of the disk and the head of the nail to let the disk turn freely. “We +will put the merry-go-round here,” Donald went on, as he placed the +block directly at the front edge of the board about seven and one-half +inches to the right of the sand tower. “It won’t do to have it too far +from the wheel.” Then, driving nails through the strips of wood on +either side of the block, he fastened the merry-go-round in place. “Now +get a piece of tape for the belt, Polly, and we will make her spin,” he +said. “Get cotton tape; linen is too slippery.” + +Polly returned with a piece of cotton tape a little over a quarter of an +inch wide and about twenty-five inches long. Donald passed it over the +belt spool on the wheel shaft and around the belt spool on the +merry-go-round shaft (Figure 11) and pinned the lapped ends together. +Then Polly poured sand in the funnel of the sand tower and Donald +watched the working of the belt, tightening or loosening it as it seemed +to require. When it was in perfect working order Polly sewed the ends of +the tape together, making a lapped seam, as in Figure 11. Then she +proceeded to fasten a piece of thread about a yard and one-quarter long +to each of the winding spools. First she placed one end of the thread +lengthwise on the spool and then glued a strip of paper around the spool +and over the thread. Looking up from her work, she found Donald drawing +a circle on a piece of writing paper. + +“I am making a cone,” he explained, “to fit over the lower spools and +prevent the thread from catching on the block.” + +Donald made the circle for his cone six and one-half inches in diameter, +and at the center he cut a round hole large enough to fit around the +spool. Out of this circle he cut a pie-shaped slice four and +three-quarters inches wide at the outer edge. (Figure 12.) Adjusting the +cone on the lower part of the winding spool, he lapped the edges and +pasted them together. The cone stood out beyond the side edges, but did +not touch the block. + +“I am going to put these on the merry-go-round, they will look so pretty +‘as they sail, as they sail,’” chanted Polly, showing four little boats +she had cut from writing paper and painted in gay colors with watercolor +paints. Polly had made the boats with extensions at the bottom, which +she slit up through the middle. Bending one half out on one side and the +other half out on the other side, she pasted the extensions to the top +of the disk near the edge, placing the boats at equal distances apart. +By this time Donald had begun a little wagon, making it of a match box +by cutting writing paper wheels and pinning them on to the box with +ordinary pins, one pin for each wheel. “The wagon must not be heavy,” he +said, “because our machinery is light.” The children chose a small, +light toy basket to use as a miner’s bucket, and then made two paper +doll miners to put in the bucket and a paper doll lady to ride in the +wagon. The end of the thread hanging from the winding spool on the wheel +shaft they tied to the handle of the basket and the thread fastened to +the winding spool on the shaft of the merry-go-round they tied to the +front of the wagon. Then they carried the whole thing out on the beach +and set it up on an empty box which they had put on top of a little hill +of sand to raise it high above the ground. Donald found a smooth board, +one end of which he propped up directly under the merry-go-round and on +this he set the little wagon, drawing it down the full length of the +thread. Polly scooped a hole in the sand for a mine and dropped the +little basket in it. Then, all being ready, Polly held her hand under +the funnel for a stopper, Donald filled the funnel with _dry_ sand, +Polly took away her hand, the sand began to run out in a steady stream, +the wheel whirled round, the merry-go-round spun merrily, fluttering the +tissue-paper pennants on the little boats and tipping them most +naturally. The miner’s basket emerged from the mine and slowly ascended, +and the little wagon climbed up the incline, bearing its lady passenger. + +[Illustration: A vintage stylized line illustration of a toy electric +trolley car or streetcar, labeled with a large number 7. The muted pink +body of the trolley has small wheels, a row of windows, and a black side +banner reading 'BROADWAY' in white text. A long pole extends from the +roof to meet an overhead wire. At the bottom, text inside a curved line +reads 'Invented by Adelia Belle Beard' and 'All Rights Reserved'.] + + + + + How to Make a Trolley Car + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Things Worth Doing + + [All rights reserved] + + +“Polly!” called Donald, leaning over the banisters, “I’ve a jolly good +idea this morning and I want you to help me.” Polly had been romping +with her two fuzzy little kittens in the lower hall, but she promptly +deserted them and mounted the stairs on a run. + +“What is it?” she cried, appearing at the Kraft Shop door before Donald +had reached his seat at the table. + +“What do you think of making a little trolley car?” he replied. + +“One that will go on a real trolley wire? I think that will be just +loads of fun. How long can we have the line?” + +“As long as we like, but I will use linen thread instead of wire; it is +easier to manage.” + +“And we will use spools for wheels, of course, and bristolboard for the +car,” said Polly. + +[Illustration: The trolley car runs on its own trolley] + +“Yes, and I’m going to make as much of the car in one piece as I can.” + +“Then I don’t see what I can do,” Polly objected. + +“Oh, there will have to be some separate parts,” Donald hastened to say. +“You can make the little top roof and the trolley pole, and you can get +the spools and thread and two little sticks for axles. That will be a +big help. Now look at my pattern; you see, I’ve worked it down until it +fits into an oblong, fourteen inches long and seven and one-half inches +wide. This takes in the main part of the car, but not the platforms. +(Figure 1.) Now I will carry these two lines (J H and J L) down to make +a platform and the upright front of the platform. I don’t suppose it is +called a dashboard.” + +“Where will you put the other platform?” inquired Polly. + +“At the upper right hand corner,” said Donald. Then Donald drew below +the lines H H and above the lines G G the platform which, for lack of +space, is given separately here, but which must be traced and made a +part of the pattern by being fitted out at each end of the car. + +“This projection,” (M) Donald continued, “is to fasten the front of the +platform to the roof.” + +“You haven’t made a place for the wheels,” said Polly. + +“You’re right, I haven’t. We will put them here,” and Donald drew the +axle guards, marked F. “This is the place for the doors,” he went on, +indicating the spaces at either end of the two sides of the car. “The +top part of the door is glass, you know,” he said. On the door at the +upper left-hand corner (Figure 2) he made the catch B and on the middle +line of the lower door he cut the slot B. The inner edge of the slot is +on the line, the outer edge is left of the line. The order was reversed +on the right-hand side. (Figure 2.) Here he put the catch (A) on the +lower door and the slot (A) on the upper door. + +“If you will tell me how large you want the little top roof I’ll make it +now,” said Polly. + +“All right. I’ll draw a place for it, then I’ll know,” and on the top of +the car Donald drew the oblong two and one-quarter inches wide. The top +line of the oblong was three-eighths of an inch below the line I I, and +the bottom line of the oblong was three-eighths of an inch above the +line J J, Figure 2. + +[Illustration: Wheel, axle and hub of the car] + +“Now I have it,” he said. “You must make the little top roof just eight +inches long and two and one-quarter inches wide. Draw an oblong exactly +that size, you know, for the top. I want it to stand up half an inch +above the car, so you must add half an inch at each side and each end, +with bend-overs and catches at each corner to hold the sides and ends +together, and slits in the sides for the catches. Then make large +catches to hold the top roof to the other roof, one catch at each end of +each side and one in the middle of each end. (Figure 3.) Be sure and +make the side catches half an inch from the end of the oblong.” + +“You mean,” said Polly, “that the neck of the catch must be half an inch +from the corner when the sides and ends are bent down.” + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding the main body and roof of a toy trolley car or streetcar. The +unrolled flat layout features a long, central rectangular panel labeled +'Roof' with dimensions '8 inches' by '2 ¼ inch'. Flanking the roof are +two side panels showing a long row of windows and panels labeled 'DOOR'. +The template outlines cutting paths with solid lines and folding creases +with dashed lines. It includes various lettered tabs labeled A, B, C, D, +F, G, H, I, J, N, and O, along with measurement annotations such as '3 +inches', '2 ¼ inches', '1 ½ inches', and '2 inches'.] + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding additional components of a toy trolley car. The diagram features +three distinct flat patterns vertically arranged. The top pattern is a +rectangular piece labeled 'Floor of Platform of Trolley Car' and 'Front +of Platform', including horizontal dashed folding lines, an inner box +marked 'Cut this out' measuring 2 inches by 1 ¼ inches, and a bottom tab +labeled M. The middle pattern is a long, narrow strip labeled 'Trolley +Pole' measuring 7 ¼ inches, terminating in a solid circle on the left +and a hollow ring on the right. The bottom pattern is a small stepped +piece labeled '1 inch Bolt' with a 1 ½ inches base width.] + +“That’s it, and make the neck half an inch wide and the catch about one +inch long from end to end. Don’t forget the hole in the middle of the +roof for the trolley pole,” Donald added. “Make it not quite half an +inch in diameter. (Figure 3.) Then Donald drew slots for the catches in +the oblong on top of his car, placing them to correspond with the +catches on the top roof and making them a little more than half an inch +long. He placed each side slot just half an inch from the ends of the +oblong, and all inside the boundary line. + +“Now I will draw in the windows, eight on each side,” he announced, +spacing them off carefully with a rule. He made each window +three-quarters of an inch wide and seven-eighths of an inch high, +allowing one-quarter of an inch space between. Then on the front of each +platform he drew an opening two inches wide and one and one-quarter +inches high. On a line with the lower edge of the front of the bottom, +in the middle of the projection, he drew a slot a little over one inch +long (Figure 2), and on the roof extension at each end of the car he +made a slot a little over two inches long, C and D, page 41. These slots +are one and one-quarter inches from the end lines of the middle oblong +on the roof. + +“My car is ready to cut out now,” said Donald. + +“So is my top roof,” said Polly. “Is the trolley pole all right?” + +Polly had made the pole seven and one-half inches long and one-quarter +of an inch wide, with a ring at one end five-eighths of an inch in +diameter, and a ball as the other end one-half an inch in diameter. +(Figure 4.) + +Donald pronounced the pole “first rate.” “Put the ball through the hole, +Polly,” he said. So when Polly had cut out the roof according to the +heavy lines and bent down the sides and ends according to the dotted +lines (Figure 3), she turned in one edge of the ball and pushed it +through the round hole in the roof. When she flattened the ball out +again it could not slip through the hole, but the pole could be moved in +any direction. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding additional components of a toy trolley car. The diagram features +three distinct flat patterns vertically arranged. The top pattern is a +rectangular piece labeled 'Floor of Platform of Trolley Car' and 'Front +of Platform', including horizontal dashed folding lines, an inner box +marked 'Cut this out' measuring 2 inches by 1 ¼ inches, and a bottom tab +labeled M. The middle pattern is a long, narrow strip labeled 'Trolley +Pole' measuring 7 ¼ inches, terminating in a solid circle on the left +and a hollow ring on the right. The bottom pattern is a small stepped +piece labeled '1 inch Bolt' with a 1½ inches base width.] + +Donald cut out his car according to the heavy lines and bent it +according to the dotted lines. Both he and Polly remembered to score the +dotted lines lightly with the edge of a pocket knife before bending +them. The sides of the car Donald bent down; the doors he bent inward to +meet under the projecting roof; the platform he turned out and the front +of the platform up. Before fastening the catches and projections in +their slots he fitted the top roof on the car, putting the catches +marked X through the slots marked X. First he bent both ends of each +catch inward, which made them narrow enough to slide through the slots, +then he pushed the catches through the slots, settled the top roof +firmly on the main roof and opened the catches on the inside of the car. +When this was done he fastened the doors by putting the catch B through +the slot B in the opposite half of one door, and the catch A through the +slot A on the opposite half of the other door. The projections at the +top of the fronts of the two platforms he pushed through their +corresponding slots in the roof. + +“Hello! we’ve forgotten the bolts for these projections,” Donald +suddenly exclaimed. + +“I’ll make them while you put on the wheels,” said Polly. Then she cut +two bolts like Figure 5, making them one and one-half inches wide at the +bottom and one inch wide at the top. When the bolts were slipped through +the slots in the projections C and D they held the fronts of the +platforms securely in place. The two spools that Polly had selected for +wheels were like Figure 6, each about two inches high, and the slender, +round sticks, pointed at each end, were four inches long. Donald slipped +a spool on one of the sticks, then pushed one end of the stick through +the middle of one of the axle guards from the inside, and the other end +of the stick through the middle of the opposite axle guard. + +“Here are the hubs,” said Polly, producing four small corks. Then Donald +pushed a cork on each end of the stick. The corks kept the axle from +slipping out of place. He adjusted the other spool in the same way, then +threaded a large needle with a piece of linen thread several yards long +and pushed the needle through the front of the platform below the +opening at the place marked with a dot in Figure 2. A large knot on the +inside of the front of the platform held the string in place and the +needle was again threaded with a long thread to fasten on the other end +of the car. (Figure 7.) + +“Now for the trolley wire,” exclaimed Polly. “How shall we put that up?” + +“This way,” said Donald, and he placed two chairs at opposite ends of +the room, then he cut a piece of thread a little longer than the space +between the chairs and tied one end to the top rung of one chair. The +other end of the thread he passed through the ring in the top of the +trolley pole and then tied it to the top rung of the other chair. + +“There we are. Now, Polly, you sit down by the chair and take hold of +one thread, and I will sit by this chair and hold the other thread. When +you pull your thread the car will run all the way to your chair; when I +pull my thread back it will come to me.” + +The children kept the little car running back and forth for some time +and were vastly entertained. When they wished, they had it make several +stops to allow imaginary passengers to get off and on, and again it was +an express car and went from one end of the line to the other without +stopping. Finally Donald was called away to go an errand and Polly +discovered that she could work the car entirely alone by running the +loose ends of the threads over the lower rungs of the chairs, tying the +two ends together and pulling the thread first one way, then the other. +Figure 8 shows the trolley in working order with the threads tied +together in the way Polly devised. + + + + + Making Toy Furniture Without Glue + + By Adelia Belle Beard + + +“I am going to have a Kraft Shop, a Kraft Shop!” sang Polly, noisily +pulling out the old and much-battered table in the children’s play room +and then skipping excitedly around to hunt up scissors, knife, ruler and +pencils, the tools she thought would be necessary. Donald watched +proceedings over the top of his book. Things were beginning to look +interesting. “What do you know about Kraft Shops?” + +“Everything. Mother told me and, besides, I went through a real Kraft +Shop last summer and saw all the people at work.” + +“What were they making?” + +“Why—er—I am not sure that I quite remember just what they were making, +but I know they do make beau-ti-ful things, and all with their hands, +too. They don’t use machinery at all. That’s what I’m going to do, and +you, too, Donald. I don’t want to be a Krafter all by myself. Mother +said it would be nice if you and I started a home Kraft Shop and made +toys and all sorts of things.” + +Donald’s book closed with a snap. “All right, I’m ready. What shall we +try first?” + +[Illustration: Polly’s chair. Figure 1] + +“Suppose we make toy furniture and call it—oh, I know, we will call it +KraftShop furniture, and pretend that it’s real.” + +“First rate; but I’ll have to get some wood.” + +“No you won’t; we can make it of this cardboard; it will be easier to +cut, anyway.” + +“That is bristolboard, but it is better than cardboard, stronger and +tougher, you know, and we can put the furniture together with pegs, just +as if it were of wood.” + +[Illustration: Donald’s table. Figure 2] + +“Yes, yes!” said Polly, jumping up and down in her enthusiasm. “That’s +it. I was sure you would know how. What will you make?” + +“A table, I think—a library table.” + +“Then I’ll make an armchair, and, Donald, it is going to have rockers, +too.” + +“How about bookshelves, Polly? They would make the library set +complete.” + +“Dear me! Of course we must have the shelves. Now let’s begin this very +minute.” + +“Well, get the furniture advertisements you saved—the pictures, you +know. They will give us ideas, but we won’t have to copy them exactly.” + +After many experiments and alterations, and with much fitting together +of the various parts, Donald finished his table, Polly her chair, and +together they worked out the bookshelves, using bolts for the shelves, +instead of pegs, to hold them together. Here they are, Figures 1, 2, and +16. + +[Illustration: The Kraft Shop table] + +“They are good and strong,” Donald said. + +“And so pretty,” Polly added. + +“And we didn’t use a bit of glue,” continued Donald, proudly. + +“And I can put cushions in my chair if I like—real huffy, puffy +cushions.” + +“And little books on the shelves,” suggested Donald. + +“Oh!” breathed Polly, estatically; “and, Donald, we can take them all +apart and pack them in a flat box. Isn’t that fine?” + +“It just is.” + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding a toy furniture piece. The layout features four distinct flat +patterns. On the left is a large vertical rectangle labeled 'SHELF' with +small tabs marked C at the top and bottom, indexed with a large number +5. On the right is a wide panel labeled 'END' with an arched cutout at +the bottom, vertical dashed fold lines isolating two side sections +labeled 'LEG', a horizontal slot labeled C, and tabs labeled A and B, +indexed with a large number 4. Two small stepped connector keys are +shown below, indexed with the numbers 6 and 7.] + +Donald made the top of his table first. With careful measurements he +drew on the smooth bristolboard an oblong eight and one-quarter inches +long and six inches wide (Fig. 3), which he cut out with the large +shears. Within that oblong he drew another five and three-quarter inches +long and three and one-half inches wide. This left a border one and +one-quarter inches wide all around the center oblong. At the sides and +ends of the inner oblong he drew lines for slits, as shown in Figure 3. +The inside edge of each slit is _on_ the outline of the oblong, and the +outside edge _outside_ of the oblong. The end slits (AA) are two and +one-eighth inches long and the side slits (BB BB) are seven-eighths of +an inch long, and extend a little beyond the end lines of the inner +oblong. He cut these slits with a sharp knife and made them about +one-sixteenth of an inch wide, which is a little more than the thickness +of the bristolboard. The two end supports of the table Donald made like +Figure 4, which is cut from an oblong five inches wide and four inches +high. The real end of the table, from dotted line to dotted line, is +three and one-half inches wide, just the width of the inner oblong on +the top of the table, under which it must fit. The parts to the right +and left of these dotted lines are the table legs. The projection in the +middle, at the top, is two inches long and three-eighths of an inch +high. The projections at the ends just over the table legs are the same +height. Slits are cut in these projections one-half an inch long, with +the _lower_ edge of each slit on a line with the top edge of the end +pieces, as shown in Figure 4. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out toy +furniture components, featuring two distinct flat patterns. On the left +is a profiled piece labeled 'SIDE' and indexed with a large number 8, +shaped like the side panel of a rocking chair with a curved rocker blade +at the bottom, a cut-out handle arch, and slot markings labeled F, I, +and E. On the right is a tall rectangular piece labeled 'BACK' and +indexed with a large number 9, featuring side tabs with slots labeled I +and F, and a horizontal bottom slot labeled D.] + +In the middle of each end piece, two inches from the bottom, there is +another slit, two and one-eighth inches long, for holding the shelf, and +the bottom is cut in a half-circle arch. When the end pieces were +completed Donald scored the dotted lines by lightly drawing the blade of +his knife down their entire length. Then he bent the bristolboard along +these lines so that the table legs faced the sides. + +Without the projections CC the shelf (Figure 5) is formed of an oblong +exactly the size of the inner oblong on the table top. The projections +are two inches long and a quarter of an inch wide. In these are cut +slits seven-eighths of an inch long, and the slits are outside of the +lines of the oblong, just as the slits are outside of the lines of the +oblong on the table top. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting and +folding additional components of a toy furniture piece. The layout +features two distinct flat patterns against a plain white background. On +the left is a wide, blocky panel labeled 'SEAT' and indexed with a large +number 10, featuring a top tab labeled D, side tabs with vertical slots +labeled E, and a horizontal dashed fold line near the bottom edge. On +the right is a small stepped piece labeled 'PEG' and indexed with a bold +number 11.] + +Donald put all these parts together, slipping the projections A through +the slits A, the projections B through the slits B, and the projections +C through the slits C, and was delighted to find they fit perfectly. +Then he made pegs like Figures 6 and 7; two like Figure 6, which is +three-quarters of an inch wide at the bottom, one and one-eighth inches +wide at the top and one inch high; and four like Figure 7, which is +three-eighths of an inch wide at the bottom, five-eighths of an inch +wide at the top and three-quarters of an inch high. He slid the two pegs +(Figure 6) through the slits in the shelf, and the four pegs (Figure 7) +through the slits in the projections above the table legs, and the +stanch little table (Figure 1) was complete. He dropped it on the floor; +it did not break. He tossed it into the air; its joints held firmly. +Then Donald was satisfied with his work. + +Polly made her chair in three parts, not counting the pegs. First she +drew the two sides (Figure 8), which are six and three-quarter inches +high, and three inches wide from front of arm to back edge. The rockers +are five inches long from end to end and one-half an inch wide. +One-quarter of an inch from the back edge Polly drew a straight line, +extending it from the top edge of the chair to the top of the rocker +(Figure 8), and along this line she cut three slits, each slit just one +inch long. The top of the first slit is half an inch from the top edge +of the chair; the top of the second slit one inch below the first slit; +and the top of the third slit is three-quarters of an inch below the +second slit. Just above the rocker she cut an arch half an inch high, +and half an inch above the arch she made a horizontal slit one inch +long. This finished the two sides of the chair. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out a toy +furniture component. The flat pattern features a large rectangle divided +horizontally into four equal panels. The word 'BACK' is written in +stylized capital letters across the center of the second panel from the +top. Small vertical slots or holes labeled with the letter O are placed +near the left and right outer borders of the top and bottom panels. A +large, bold index number 13 accompanied by a small letter O is +positioned in the lower-right corner.] + +For the back Polly drew an oblong six inches long and three inches wide. +To this she added three projections on either side one-quarter of an +inch wide. She spaced the projections exactly as she did the slits in +the sides of the chair, making them each one inch long. Then, to allow +them to pass easily through the slits, she cut a fraction off each end +of each projection, which left the projections seven-eighths of an inch +long. In the two top and two bottom projections there are slits for the +pegs half an inch long, and three-quarters of an inch above the bottom +edge there is a horizontal slit one and one-half inches long (Figure 9.) + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out a +small toy connector component, labeled with a large number 12. The flat +pattern outlines a small, stepped shape with a wide, chamfered upper +section and a narrower rectangular bottom section. The word 'PEG' is +handwritten in uppercase letters across the center of the shape, which +features a cross-hatched drop shadow on its right side.] + +Figure 10 shows the seat which Polly made, three inches square, then +added three projections one-quarter of an inch wide. The side +projections are seven-eighths of an inch long and the back projection +one and three-eighths inches long. Slits five-eighths of an inch long +are cut in the side projections. The dotted line one-half inch above the +bottom edge (Fig. 10) shows where the seat is scored to be bent down in +front (Figure 2.) Of the six pegs needed for the chair, four are +three-eighths of an inch wide at the bottom, not quite an inch wide at +the top and three-quarters of an inch high (Figure 11.) The other two +pegs are half an inch wide at the bottom, one inch wide at the top and +one and one-quarter inches high (Figure 12.) Polly fitted the two sides +of the chair to the back, sliding the projections on the back (II FF) +through their corresponding slits (I F) in the sides, and fitted the +seat to the back and sides, slipping the projection D through the slit D +and the projections EE through the slits EE. Then she pegged them all +together, using the pegs (Figure 11) for the slits II FF, and the pegs +(Figure 12) for the slits EE. When it was finished she set the chair to +rocking and clapped her hands with delight to see how perfect it was. + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out a toy +furniture component. The flat pattern features a wide rectangle labeled +'SHELF' across the center. Small interlocking tabs labeled with the +letter L project from the middle of the left and right side edges. A +large, bold index number 14 is positioned in the lower-right section, +and a cross-hatched drop shadow runs along the bottom and right borders +of the shape.] + +[Illustration: A mechanical craft template diagram for cutting out a toy +furniture component. The flat pattern features a wide rectangle labeled +'SHELF' across the center. Small interlocking tabs labeled with the +letter L project from the middle of the left and right side edges. A +large, bold index number 14 is positioned in the lower-right section, +and a cross-hatched drop shadow runs along the bottom and right borders +of the shape.] + +When the children made the bookshelves (Figure 16) they cut an oblong +for the back piece six and one-quarter inches high and five inches wide +(Figure 13.) On either side of this oblong, one-quarter of an inch from +the edge, they drew straight lines from top to bottom; then, between +these lines, they marked the position of the shelves with five +horizontal lines one and one-half inches apart, making the first line +one-quarter of an inch from the top edge. On either side of the back +piece they made slits to hold the bolts on the side pieces (OO OO) +(Figure 13.) The inner edge of these slits is _on_ the side lines and +the outer edge _outside_ the side lines, and the slits are each +three-quarters of an inch long. The top slits are five-eighths of an +inch from the top edge and the bottom slits are one inch from the bottom +edge of the back piece. + +Of course the side pieces had to be made exactly as high as the back +piece, six and three-quarters inches, and the children decided that one +and three-quarters inches was a good width, but this width does not +include the bolts (OO) (Figure 15.) The bolts are three-eighths of an +inch wide at their widest part and a trifle less than three-quarters of +an inch long, so that they will slip easily through the slits. The necks +of the bolts measure three-eighths of an inch from top to bottom. + +“Look out, Polly!” exclaimed Donald, suddenly. “You are not getting +those in the right places. The lower edge of the neck of the top bolt +_has_ to be the same distance from the top edge of the side piece as the +lower end of the top slit is from the top edge of the back piece, +because it rests upon it. Don’t you see?” + +[Illustration: A vintage stylized line illustration of a completed toy +bookcase or shelving unit built from flat craft components. The +structure is rendered with a pale pink color block fill and features +five horizontal shelves enclosed by a tall backing and two side panels. +On the exterior of the right side panel, the rectangular interlocking +tabs of the shelves are visible projecting through vertical slots. Fine +cross-hatched lines create shading inside the right corners of each +shelf and along the ground beneath the unit.] + +“Yes, I see,” said Polly. “That will make it one and three-eighths +inches from the top edge. And by the same token the bottom edge of the +neck of the lower bolt must be just one inch above the bottom edge of +the side piece, for the lower slit is one inch from the bottom edge of +the back piece. Is that right?” + +“You’ve got it,” answered Donald. + +“That is the way it works; now draw the shelf lines across your side +pieces to correspond to those on the back piece, and make them exactly +the same distance apart. The top line must be one-quarter of an inch +from the top edge, remember.” + +Along the shelf lines Polly made slits for holding the shelves (L, +Figure 15); the lower edge of each slit is _on_ the line, the upper edge +of the slit _above_ the line. Each slit is three-quarters of an inch +long. The left-hand ends of the slits are five-eighths of an inch from +the left edge of the side piece. + +Figure 14 is the shelf. Donald made five of these shelves. They are four +and one-half inches long; not including the bolts, and one and +three-quarter inches wide, just the width of the side pieces. The bolts +LL are the same size as the bolts OO on the side pieces. The lower edge +of the neck of each bolt is five-eighths of an inch from the bottom edge +of the shelf. The bottom edge of Figure 14 is the front edge of the +shelf when it is put up. + +When all the parts were finished the children first fitted the shelves +to the side-pieces, sliding the bolts L through the slits L and pushing +them forward until the bolts held fast and each shelf fitted the sides +exactly. Then they slid the slits O in the back over the bolts O on the +sides, pushed the sides down, the bolts slid into place and the little +bookshelves were securely fastened together. + + + + +[Illustration: The giraffe is long-necked and awkward] + + Wild Animals for the Menagerie + + Invented by Adelia Belle Beard + + One of the Authors of Things Worth Doing + + +“‘The giraffe belongs to the ru-minant group of the—’” “Skip that, +Polly. What I want is to know the kind of horns he has and how many +toes. This picture doesn’t show; it’s no good for that, and while we are +making the animals for our menagerie we may as well have them as nearly +right as we can.” + +“To be sure, little brother. Well, here it is: ‘The giraffe possesses +two solid, bony ap-pen-da-ges’—that means horns, I suppose—‘which are +completely covered with the skin of the forehead, and are ter-mi-na-ted +by a tuft of bristles.’ Queer kind of horns, aren’t they, Donald, with +bristles sprouting out of the top?” + +“That’s all right. What about his feet?” + +“Why—wait a minute, I’ve lost my place. Oh, yes: ‘It’s feet ter-mi-nate +in a divided hoof.’ There, he hasn’t any toes, after all; just hoofs +like a cow.” + +“How big does it say he is? We want our animals in the right proportion +to one another.” + +Polly fluttered the leaves of her book; she had been taking a peep at +some of the other animals. “It says this: ‘The giraffe is the tallest of +existing animals, and is usually from fifteen to sixteen feet high.’” + +“That’s measuring from the ground to the top of his head,” commented +Donald. + +[Illustration: You cut out the giraffe according to these patterns] + +“It must be,” returned Polly, “because he slopes so you would never know +where else to stop in the measurement.” + +Donald worked away in silence, and Polly, with elbows on table, +continued to read aloud. “It’s dreadfully interesting, isn’t it?” she +said when she had finished the description of the giraffe given in +Donald’s natural history, “and it really would be a shame to make all +the animals and not know anything about them except their names. I feel +quite intimate and friendly with the giraffe now that I know what +country he comes from and what he likes for dinner.” + +“There is your friend, then,” said Donald, standing his little giraffe +on the table (Figure 1.) + +The various parts of the giraffe are shown in Figure 2. They are cut +from cardboard and made to be put together by means of the slots. You +can trace the patterns and make the animals without trouble. + +The slot A of the fore legs fits into the slot A of the body, and the +slot B of the hind legs fits into the slot B in the body. D is the +pattern of the ears. The ears are to be put through the slit D in the +head and then bent back, as in Figure 1. C is the pattern of the queer +horns, the points on the ends represent the bristles. The horns are to +be slipped through the slit C at the top of the head, and then bent in +the middle to make them stand upright. + +“He is just fascinating, Donald,” exclaimed the ever enthusiastic Polly. +“Don’t you think it is quite as easy to make wild animals as farm +animals?” + +“Polly, you do ask a lot of questions. Go on and make the elephant now +and let me read about him.” + +“All right,” said Polly, quite ready to change occupations. “Where is +that picture I saved? There, that is about the right size, isn’t it?” + +“Yes, it will do. Here we are,” Donald continued, bending over his book. +“‘The elephant belongs to the order of Proboscidea—’” + +“Now, Donald,” Polly interrupted, “I don’t want to hear that.” “Yes you +do; it means creatures with long noses, and the elephant has the longest +nose on record.” + +“How long?” + +[Illustration: “Isn’t he a dear old fellow?” said Polly] + +“It says here: ‘They are from six to eight feet long, and almost wholly +composed of muscles, numbering nearly forty thousand.’” + +“Forty thousand muscles in the poor thing’s nose! Why, it makes me want +to sneeze just to think of it. What else does it say?” + +But Donald was watching Polly’s scissors. “Don’t make the hind legs so +big, Polly; they don’t look right.” + +“An elephant’s legs are big, Donald.” + +“Not like that. Let me trim them off for you. His back must slope more, +too. Don’t you remember how most elephants look, as though they were +just going to sit down?” + +“I think I will make the ears and tusks of writing paper instead of +cardboard,” Polly ventured, “they will be easier to manage.” + +“That’s a good scheme. Have the ears large, for this elephant comes from +Africa; and they can flop or stand out straight, and if you cut the +tusks crescent shape they will turn up at the points.” + +“Isn’t he a dear old fellow?” said Polly, standing her elephant on the +table beside the giraffe. (Figure 3.) + +[Illustration: There are just five parts to the elephant] + +The different parts of the elephant are given in Figure 4. They are +lettered, and by putting the corresponding letters together the parts +will fit perfectly. E fits E, F fits F. The ears G slip through the slit +G, and the tusks H through the slit H. + +The kangaroo (Figure 5) was the next animal the children made, and they +were both delighted with its absurdly unequal legs and immense tail, +which takes the place of another leg. Polly giggled a good deal over its +great, long feet, and persisted in calling its fore legs arms. + +“See how short they are, and since it doesn’t use them for walking, they +must be arms,” she argued. + +“Whatever they are, we will make them of writing paper and hitch them on +as we did the elephant’s tusks,” said Donald. + +Figure 6 gives the patterns for the kangaroo as Polly and Donald made +it. They put the parts together according to the letters and bent the +hind legs at the dotted lines for the feet, as shown in Figure 5. + +Figure 7 is the camel, “whose legs are as humpy as its back,” Polly +said. Then she looked it up in the natural history and found out why it +had such peculiar legs, and also many more interesting things about this +patient traveler. Figure 8 shows the various parts of the camel. + +[Illustration: These are the parts of the kangaroo] + +Donald made the rhinoceros (Figure 9.) Polly said she liked either +pretty or funny animals. “I think the old duffer is funny,” Donald +returned. “See the horn on the end of his nose; doesn’t it look just as +though it had slipped down his head and he had caught it there?” Figure +10 gives all the parts of the rhinoceros. + +“The lion is a handsome fellow. You can make him, Polly, and I will see +what I can do with the polar bear.” + +Polly made the lion (Figure 11.) + +[Illustration: The children thought the kangaroo very funny] + +“He is switching his tail very angrily. Be careful not to get too near +him, Donald,” she laughed. Figure 12 gives the four parts of the lion. +Figure 13 is Donald’s polar bear, and Figure 14 gives his body, legs and +ears. + +[Illustration: “The camel, whose legs are as humpy as its back”] + +[Illustration: A vintage stylized line illustration of a completed toy +bookcase or shelving unit built from flat craft components. The +structure is rendered with a pale pink color block fill and features +five horizontal shelves enclosed by a tall backing and two side panels. +On the exterior of the right side panel, the rectangular interlocking +tabs of the shelves are visible projecting through vertical slots. Fine +cross-hatched lines create shading inside the right corners of each +shelf and along the ground beneath the unit.] + +“He is a clumsy-looking creature, isn’t he?” Polly remarked, “but I +would love to see him roll up in a ball and tumble about in the water +just for the fun of it, as your book says he does, sometimes.” + +[Illustration: Here is the funny rhinoceros Donald made] + +[Illustration: The rhinoceros takes but four parts] + +[Illustration: Polly made the lion] + +[Illustration: The lion is easily made in this way] + +[Illustration: The polar bear was left for Donald] + +[Illustration: The body, ears, fore and hind legs of the polar bear] + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES + + + ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + ● This book was printed in landscape format. + ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. + ● Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=. + ● Images without captions use the HTML alt text supplied by the + transcriber in place of a caption. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78973 *** |