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+ page-break-before: always; } + .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } + </style> + </head> + + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***</div> + + +<div class='tnotes covernote'> + +<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + +<div class='titlepage'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='xlarge'>U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.</span></div> + <div class='c002'>BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 107.</div> + <div class='c002'>B. T. GALLOWAY, <i>Chief of Bureau</i>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div> + <h1 class='c003'>AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.</h1> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div> + <div class='c002'><span class='large'>ALICE HENKEL,</span></div> + <div><span class='sc'>Assistant, Drug-Plant Investigations</span>.</div> + <div class='c001'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Issued October 25, 1907.</span></span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/i_a01.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>WASHINGTON:</div> + <div class='c002'>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.</div> + <div class='c002'>1907.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span> + <h2 class='c004'>BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l c001'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau</i>, Beverly T. Galloway.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau</i>, Albert F. Woods.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Laboratory of Plant Pathology</i>, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Investigations of Diseases of Fruits</i>, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Laboratory of Forest Pathology</i>, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Plant Life History Investigations</i>, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations</i>, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Corn Investigations</i>, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations</i>, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations</i>, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants</i>, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations</i>, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Physical Laboratory</i>, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Crop Technology Investigations</i>, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Taxonomic Investigations</i>, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Farm Management Investigations</i>, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Grain Investigations</i>, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Arlington Experimental Farm</i>, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Sugar-Beet Investigations</i>, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Western Agricultural Extension Investigations</i>, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Dry Land Agriculture Investigations</i>, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Pomological Collections</i>, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Field Investigations in Pomology</i>, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Experimental Gardens and Grounds</i>, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Vegetable Testing Gardens</i>, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Seed and Plant Introduction</i>, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Forage Crop Investigations</i>, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Seed Laboratory</i>, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Grain Standardization</i>, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla.</i>, Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal.</i>, August Mayer, Expert in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex.</i>, Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Cotton Culture Farms</i>, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c001'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Editor</i>, J. E. Rockwell.</div> + <div class='line'><i>Chief Clerk</i>, James E. Jones.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='sc'>Drug-Plant Investigations.</span></div> + <div class='c002'>SCIENTIFIC STAFF.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Rodney H. True, <i>Physiologist in Charge</i>.</div> + <div class='line'>W. W. Stockberger, Frank Rabak, <i>Experts</i>.</div> + <div class='line'>Alice Henkel, <i>Assistant</i>.</div> + <div class='line'>G. Fred Klugh, T. B. Young, S. C. Hood, <i>Scientific Assistants</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span> + <h2 class='c004'>LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.</h2> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-r c001'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><span class='sc'>U. S. Department of Agriculture,</span></div> + <div class='line in10'><span class='sc'>Bureau of Plant Industry,</span></div> + <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Office of the Chief</span>,</div> + <div class='line in12'><i>Washington, D. C., April 16, 1907</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><span class='sc'>Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend +for publication as Bulletin No. 107 of the series of this Bureau +the accompanying manuscript, entitled “American Root Drugs.” +This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant +Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist +in charge with a view to its publication.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The fifty drugs described include all the “official” roots found +in this country, besides such “nonofficial” drugs as are most frequently +quoted in drug catalogues.</p> + +<p class='c005'>There is a steady demand for information concerning the medicinal +plants of this country, and this bulletin on American root drugs +has been prepared as a first installment on the subject. It is intended +as a guide and reference book for farmers, drug collectors, druggists, +students, and others who may be interested in one way or +another in the collection or study of our medicinal flora.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Respectfully,</div> + <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>B. T. Galloway</span>,</div> + <div class='line in24'><i>Chief of Bureau</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-l'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Hon. <span class='sc'>James Wilson</span>,</div> + <div class='line in4'><i>Secretary of Agriculture</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span> + <h2 class='c004'>CONTENTS.</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c006'></td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <th class='c007'>Page.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Introduction</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Collection of root drugs</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Plants furnishing root drugs</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Male-fern (<i>Dryopteris filix-mas</i> and <i>D. marginalis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Skunk-cabbage (<i>Spathyema foetida</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Chamaelirium, or Helonias (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Bethroot (<i>Trillium erectum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Wild yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i> and <i>C. parviflorum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum canadense</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i> and <i>A. reticulata</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Blue cohosh (<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Wild sarsaparilla (<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Yellow jasmine or jessamine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span> </td> + <td class='c006'>Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium purpureum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Elecampane (<i>Inula helenium</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Echinacea (<i>Brauneria angustifolia</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c006'>Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Explanation of plates</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Index</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span> + <h2 class='c004'>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr><th class='c008' colspan='3'>PLATES.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'></td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <th class='c007'>Page.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Plate</span> I.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (<i>Dryopteris marginalis</i>). Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage (<i>Spathyema foetida</i>). Fig. 3.—Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>). Fig. 4.—Bethroot (<i>Trillium erectum</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>II.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>). Fig. 2.—Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>). Fig. 3.—Wild yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>). Fig. 4.—Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>III.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i>). Fig. 2.—Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum canadense</i>). Fig. 3.—Virginia serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>). Fig. 4.—Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>IV.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>). Fig. 2.—Blue cohosh (<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>). Fig. 3.—Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>). Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>V.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>). Fig. 2.—Wild sarsaparilla (<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>). Fig. 3.—Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>). Fig. 4.—Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>VI.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>). Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>). Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>). Fig. 4.—Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>VII.</td> + <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>). Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium purpureum</i>). Fig. 3.—Elecampane (<i>Inula helenium</i>). Fig. 4.—Echinacea (<i>Brauneria angustifolia</i>).</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c007'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c007'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c008' colspan='3'>TEXT FIGURES.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'> </td> + <td class='c006'> </td> + <td class='c007'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fig.</span> 1.</td> + <td class='c006'>Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>2.</td> + <td class='c006'>Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>3.</td> + <td class='c006'>American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>4.</td> + <td class='c006'>Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>5.</td> + <td class='c006'>Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), first year’s growth</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>6.</td> + <td class='c006'>Broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i>), leaf, fruiting spike, and root</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>7.</td> + <td class='c006'>Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>), flowering and fruiting branch</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>8.</td> + <td class='c006'>Pokeweed root</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>9.</td> + <td class='c006'>Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>), flowering plant and fruit</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>10.</td> + <td class='c006'>Goldenseal rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>11.</td> + <td class='c006'>Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>12.</td> + <td class='c006'>Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>), leaves, flowering spikes, and rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>13.</td> + <td class='c006'>Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>), plant and seed capsule</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>14.</td> + <td class='c006'>May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>), upper portion of plant with flower, and rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>15.</td> + <td class='c006'>Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>), flowering plant with rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>16.</td> + <td class='c006'>Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>), branch showing flowers and seed pods</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>17.</td> + <td class='c006'>Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>), flowering plant, showing also seed pods and rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>18.</td> + <td class='c006'>Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>), flowering plant with root</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>19.</td> + <td class='c006'>Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>), upper portion of plant and part of spike showing male flowers</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>20.</td> + <td class='c006'>Yellow jasmine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>21.</td> + <td class='c006'>American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>), leaves, flowers, and seed pods</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>22.</td> + <td class='c006'>Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>), flowering portion, pods, and rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>23.</td> + <td class='c006'>Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>), flowering top and rootstock</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>24.</td> + <td class='c006'>Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>)</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c009'>25.</td> + <td class='c006'>Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>), flowering branch and root</td> + <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c010'>B. P. I.—283.</p> + +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c011'> + <div>AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span> + <h2 class='c004'>INTRODUCTION.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>More than half of the root drugs recognized in the Eighth Decennial +Revision of the United States Pharmacopœia occur in this +country, some native and not growing elsewhere and others introduced. +All of the official root drugs found in the United States +have been included in this bulletin, as well as such native and introduced +“nonofficial” roots (those not at present recognized in the +United States Pharmacopœia) as seemed to be most generally quoted +in the trade lists of the country, the total number of root drugs +described being 50. While the most important root drugs thus +given are limited to 50, there are included under each of these, +wherever required, brief descriptions of related species. It would +be impossible to include within the limits of this paper all of the +root drugs that are used in this country, but the aim has been to +give information concerning those which seem to be the most important +commercially, according to the numerous drug lists that +have been consulted.</p> + +<p class='c005'>All of the root drugs herein mentioned occur in quantities sufficient +for commercial purposes, but the roots of many of the species that +also occur in other countries are nevertheless largely imported.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In speaking of “root drugs” in this paper only those are +included of which the underground portion is found in commerce, +whether in the form of root, rootstock, bulb, or corm, excluding the +roots that are used solely for their bark or for their gums or resins.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Except in the botanical descriptions, the term “roots” is generally +used, regardless of the fact that the part under consideration +may be a rootstock, root, or bulb. In this the commercial practice +is followed, which makes no distinction as to the form of the underground +portion as classified by botanists, but catalogues them all +under the general term “roots.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>The medicinal uses are referred to in only the briefest and most +general manner, for it is clearly not within the province of a publication +of this character to go into details regarding these matters. +The statements made are based on the information contained in +various dispensatories and other works relating to materia medica.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The illustrations are for the most part made from a collection of +photographs taken from nature by C. L. Lochman. A few have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>been taken from various publications, mention of which is made +under the illustrations in question.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c004'>THE COLLECTION OF ROOT DRUGS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Generally speaking, the roots of annual plants should be dug just +before flowering, and those of biennial or perennial plants late in +autumn or early in spring, the object being to collect them at a period +when there is a cessation of growth; for besides shrinking more and +weighing less if collected during the growing season, they are also +deficient in medicinal properties. Very frequently a drug is of +inferior quality simply because the collector has neglected to gather +it in the proper season.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is unfortunate that so much confusion exists with regard to the +common names of American plants. The common name of a plant +in one locality may be the same as that of an entirely different plant +in another locality, and on account of this confusion the collector is +not always sure of the identity of the plant he is collecting, nor the +drug dealer as to what he will receive, unless a sample is submitted to +him. If more care were exercised in this respect it would mean a +saving of time and money to both collector and dealer.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Another important matter that the collector sometimes overlooks +is the proper cleaning and drying of the roots. To insure a good +market for his crude drugs the collector should be certain not only +that he has the right plant, but that it is collected at the proper season +of the year, and that he has a clean and thoroughly dried article.</p> + +<p class='c005'>After the roots have been dug they should be freed from dirt and +all foreign particles, such as stones and bits of other plants. If the +adherent soil can not be removed by shaking the roots, they may, in +most instances, be washed in clean water, after which they should be +carefully dried. In some cases the roots are sliced or split when green +in order to facilitate drying, and wherever this is necessary it will be +indicated under the descriptions of the different plants.</p> + +<p class='c005'>For the purpose of drying, the roots should be spread out in thin +layers on racks or shelves, or on clean, well-ventilated barn floors or +lofts, exposed to light and air but not direct sunlight, and turned +occasionally each day until thoroughly dry. If the roots are dried +out of doors, they should be placed under shelter at night or upon +the approach of damp or rainy weather. Thoroughly dried roots +snap readily when bent, and it requires from three to six weeks to +cure roots, depending upon the weather conditions and the character +of the roots.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Burlap or gunny sacks, or dry, clean barrels may be used for packing +the roots for shipment.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>The collector should always communicate with the dealers concerning +the drugs to be disposed of, sending them a representative sample, +plainly marked as to contents, with the name and address of the +sender, and stating how large a quantity can be furnished.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The prices per pound mentioned in this bulletin will serve to give +the collector an idea as to what he may expect to receive from +dealers, but, as with other commodities, depending for their prices +upon supply and demand, fluctuations are likely to occur from year to +year. An increased demand or a shortage will send prices upward +and stimulate collection, which in turn may result in glutting the +market, and a decline in prices naturally follows. It is possible, +therefore, to give only an approximate range of prices.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <h2 class='c004'>PLANTS FURNISHING ROOT DRUGS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c012'>Under each plant will be found synonyms and pharmacopœial name, +if any, the common names, habitat, range, descriptions of the plant +and root, and information concerning collection, prices, and uses, +while in the case of goldenseal and ginseng the methods of culture +are included.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>MALE-FERN.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div>(1) <i>Dryopteris filix-mas</i> (L.) Schott and (2) <i>Dryopteris marginalis</i> (L.) A. Gray.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—(1) <i>Aspidium filix-mas</i> Sw. (2) <i>Aspidium marginale</i> Sw.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Aspidium.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Male shield-fern, sweet brake, knotty brake, +basket-fern, bear’s-paw root; (2) marginal-fruited shield-fern, evergreen wood-fern.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—These ferns are found in rocky woods, the male shield-fern +inhabiting the region from Canada westward to the Rocky Mountains and +Arizona. It is widely distributed also through Europe, northern Asia, northern +Africa, and South America. The marginal-fruited shield-fern (Pl. I, fig. 1), +one of our most common ferns, occurs from Canada southward to Alabama and +Arkansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plants.</i>—Both of these species are tall, handsome ferns, the +long, erect fronds, or leaves, arising from a chaffy, scaly base, and consisting of +numerous crowded stemless leaflets, which are variously divided and notched. +There is but little difference between these two species. The male shield-fern +is perhaps a trifle stouter, the leaves growing about 3 feet in length and +having a bright-green color, whereas the marginal-fruited shield-fern has lighter +green leaves, about 2½ feet in length, and is of more slender appearance. The +principal difference, however, is found in the arrangement of the “sori,” or +“fruit dots.” These are the very small, round, tawny dots that are found on +the backs of fern leaves, and in the male shield-fern these will be found arranged +in short rows near the midrib, while in the marginal-fruited shield-fern, +as this name indicates, the fruit dots are placed on the margins of the fronds. +Both plants are perennials and members of the fern family (Polypodiaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span><i>Description of the rootstock.</i>—These ferns have stout ascending or erect +chaffy rootstocks, or rhizomes (Pl. I, fig. 1) as they are technically known. As +taken from the ground the rootstock is from 6 to 12 inches in length and 1 to 2 +inches thick, covered with closely overlapping, brown, slightly curved stipe +bases or leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales. The inside of the rootstock +is pale green. As found in the stores, however, male-fern with the stipe bases +and roots removed measures about 3 to 6 inches in length and about one-half to +1 inch in thickness, rough where the stipe bases have been removed, brown outside, +pale green and rather spongy inside.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The stipe bases remain green for a very long period, and these small, claw-shaped, +furrowed portions, or “fingers” as they are called, form a large proportion +of the drug found on the American market and, in fact, are said to have +largely superseded the rootstock. Male-fern has a disagreeable odor, and the +taste is described as bitter-sweet, astringent, acrid, and nauseous.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The best time for collecting male-fern root is +from July to September. The root should be carefully cleaned, but not washed, +dried out of doors in the shade as quickly as possible, and shipped to druggists +at once. The United States Pharmacopœia directs that “the chaff, together +with the dead portions of the rhizome and stipes, should be removed, and only +such portions used as have retained their internal green color.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>Great care is necessary in the preservation of this drug in order to prevent +it from deteriorating. If kept too long, its activity will be impaired, and it is +said that it will retain its qualities much longer if it is not peeled until required +for use. The unreliability sometimes attributed to this drug can in most instances +be traced to the presence of the rootstocks of other ferns with which +it is often adulterated, or it will be found to be due to improper storing or to +the length of time that it has been kept.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The prices paid for male-fern root range from 5 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Male-fern, official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been used since +the remotest times as a remedy for worms. Grave results are sometimes +caused by overdoses.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>COUCH-GRASS.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) Beauv.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Triticum repens</i> L.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Triticum.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dog-grass, quick-grass, quack-grass, quitch-grass, +quake-grass, scutch-grass, twitch-grass, witch-grass, wheat-grass, creeping wheat-grass, +devil’s-grass, durfa-grass, Durfee-grass, Dutch-grass, Fin’s-grass, +Chandler’s-grass.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Like many of our weeds, couch-grass was introduced +from Europe, and is now one of the worst pests the farmer has to contend with, +taking possession of cultivated ground and crowding out valuable crops. It +occurs most abundantly from Maine to Maryland, westward to Minnesota and +Missouri, and is spreading on farms on the Pacific slope, but is rather sparingly +distributed in the South.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Couch-grass is rather coarse, 1 to 3 feet high, and +when in flower very much resembles rye or beardless wheat (fig. 1). Several +round, smooth, hollow stems, thickened at the joints, are produced from the +long, creeping, jointed rootstock. The stems bear 5 to 7 leaves from 3 to 12 +inches long, rough on the upper surface and smooth beneath, while the long, +cleft leaf sheaths are smooth. The solitary terminal flowering heads or spikes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>are compressed, and consist of two rows of spikelets on a wavy and flattened +axis. These heads are produced from July to September. Couch-grass belongs +to the grass family (Poaceæ).</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a13.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.</span>—Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The pale-yellow, smooth rootstock is long, tough, +and jointed, creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in every direction. +As found in the stores, it consists of short, angular pieces, from one-eighth +to one-fourth of an inch long, of a shining straw color, and hollow. These +pieces are odorless, but have a somewhat sweetish taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Couch-grass, which is official in the United States +Pharmacopœia, should be collected +in spring, carefully cleaned, and the +rootlets removed. The rootstock (not +the rootlets) is then cut into short +pieces, about two-fifths of an inch +in length, for which purpose an +ordinary feed-cutting machine may +be used, and thoroughly dried.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Couch-grass is usually destroyed +by plowing up and burning, for if +any of the joints are permitted to +remain in the soil new plants will +be produced. But, instead of burning, +the rootstocks may be saved +and prepared for the drug market +in the manner above stated. The +prices range from 3 to 5 cents a +pound. At present couch-grass is +collected chiefly in Europe.</p> + +<p class='c005'>A fluid extract is prepared from +couch-grass, which is used in affections +of the kidney and bladder.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>WILD TURNIP.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Arisaema triphyllum</i> (L.) Torr.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Arum triphyllum</i> L.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Arum, +three-leaved arum, Indian turnip, +jack-in-the-pulpit, wake-robin, wild +pepper, dragon-turnip, brown dragon, +devil’s-ear, marsh-turnip, swamp-turnip, meadow-turnip, pepper-turnip, starchwort, +bog-onion, priest’s-pintle, lords-and-ladies.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild turnip inhabits moist woods from Canada to +Florida and westward to Kansas and Minnesota.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Early in April the quaint green and brownish purple +hooded flowers of the wild turnip may be seen in the shady depths of the +woods.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is a perennial plant belonging to the arum family (Araceæ), and reaches +a height of from 10 inches to 3 feet. The leaves, of which there are only one or +two, unfold with the flowers; they are borne on long, erect, sheathing stalks, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>and consist of three smooth, oval leaflets; the latter are 3 to 6 inches long, and +from 1½ to 3½ inches wide, net veined, and with one vein running parallel with +the margins. The “flower” is curiously formed, somewhat like the calla lily, +consisting of what is known botanically as a spathe, within which is inclosed the +spadix. The spathe is an oval, leaflike part, the lower portion of which, in the +flower under consideration, is rolled together so as to form a tube, while the +upper, pointed part is usually bent forward, thus forming a flap or hood over +the tube-shaped part which contains the spadix. (Fig. 2.) In fact it is very +similar to the familiar flower of the calla lily of the gardens, except that, +instead of being white, the wild turnip is either all green or striped with very +dark purple, sometimes seeming almost black, and in the calla lily the “flap” is +turned back, whereas in the wild turnip it is bent forward over the tube. +Inside of the spathe is the +spadix, also green or purple, +which is club shaped, rounded +at the summit, and narrowly +contracted at the base, where it +is surrounded by either the male +or female flowers or both, in the +latter case (the most infrequent) +the male flowers being placed +below the female flowers. In +autumn the fruit ripens in the +form of a bunch of bright scarlet, +shining berries. The entire +plant is acrid, but the root more +especially so.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a14.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.</span>—Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of “root.”</i>—The +underground portion of this +plant is known botanically as a +“corm,” and is somewhat globular +and shaped like a turnip. +The lower part of the corm is +flat and wrinkled, while the upper +part is surrounded by coarse, +wavy rootlets. The outside is +brownish gray and the inside +white and mealy. It has no +odor, but an intensely acrid, +burning taste, and to those who may have been induced in their school days to +taste of this root wild turnip will be familiar chiefly on account of its never-to-be-forgotten +acrid, indeed caustic, properties. The dried article of commerce consists +of round, white slices, with brown edges, only slightly shrunken, and +breaking with a starchy fracture.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The partially dried corm is used in medicine. +It is dug in summer, transversely sliced, and dried. When first dug it is intensely +acrid, but drying and heat diminish the acridity. It loses its acridity +rapidly with age. Wild turnip brings from 7 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The corm of wild turnip, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia +from 1820 to 1870, is used as a stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, and +irritant.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> + <h3 class='c013'>SKUNK-CABBAGE.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Spathyema foetida</i> (L.) Raf.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—<i>Dracontium foetidum</i> L.; <i>Symplocarpus foetidus</i> Nutt.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dracontium, skunkweed, polecat-weed, swamp-cabbage, +meadow-cabbage, collard, fetid hellebore, stinking poke, pockweed.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Swamps and other wet places from Canada to Florida, +Iowa, and Minnesota abound with this ill-smelling herb.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Most of the common names applied to this plant, as +well as the scientific names, are indicative of the most striking characteristic +of this early spring visitor, namely, the rank, offensive, carrion odor that emanates +from it. Skunk-cabbage is one of the very earliest of our spring flowers, +appearing in February or March, but it is safe to say that it is not likely to +suffer extermination at the hands of the enthusiastic gatherer of spring flowers. +In the latitude of Washington skunk-cabbage has been known to be in flower in +December.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is a curious plant, with its hood-shaped, purplish striped flowers appearing +before the leaves. It belongs to the arum family (Araceæ) and is a perennial. +The “flower” is in the form of a thick, ovate, swollen spathe, about 3 to 6 +inches in height, the top pointed and curved inward, spotted and striped with +purple and yellowish green. The spathe is not open like that of the wild turnip +or calla lily, to which family this plant also belongs, but the edges are rolled +inward, completely hiding the spadix. In this plant the spadix is not spikelike, +as in the wild turnip, but is generally somewhat globular, entirely covered +with the numerous, dull-purple flowers. (Pl. I, fig. 2.) After the fruit has +ripened the spadix will be found to have grown considerably, the spathe meantime +having decayed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves, which appear after the flower, are numerous and very large, +about 1 to 3 feet in length and about 1 foot in width; they are thin in texture, +but prominently nerved with fleshy nerves, and are borne on deeply channeled +stems.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Skunk-cabbage has a thick, straight, reddish brown +rootstock, from 3 to 5 inches long, and about 2 inches in diameter, and having +a whorl of crowded fleshy roots (Pl. I, fig. 2) which penetrate the soil to considerable +depth. The dried article of commerce consists of either the entire +rootstock and roots, which are dark brown and wrinkled on the outside, +whitish and starchy within, or of very much compressed, wrinkled, transverse +slices. When bruised, the root has the characteristic fetid odor of the plant +and possesses a sharp acrid taste, both of which become less the longer the root +is kept.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock of skunk-cabbage should be collected +early in spring, soon after the appearance of the flower, or after the +seeds have ripened, in August or September. It should be carefully dried, +either in its entire state or deprived of the roots and cut into transverse +slices. Skunk-cabbage loses its odor and acridity with age, and should therefore +not be kept longer than one season. The range of prices is from 4 to 7 +cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Skunk-cabbage, official from 1820 to 1880, is used in affections of the respiratory +organs, in nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsical complaints.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> + <h3 class='c013'>SWEET-FLAG.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Acorus calamus</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Calamus.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Sweet cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet rush, +sweet sedge, sweet segg, sweetroot, cinnamon-sedge, myrtle-flag, myrtle-grass, +myrtle-sedge, beewort.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This plant frequents wet and muddy places and borders +of streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas, +also occurring in Europe and Asia. It is usually partly immersed in water, and +is generally found in company with the cat-tail and other water-loving species +of flag.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The swordlike leaves of the sweet-flag resemble those +of other flags so much that before the plant is in flower it is difficult to recognize +simply by the appearance of its leaves. The leaves of the blue flag or +“poison-flag,” as it has been called, are very similar to those of the sweet-flag, +and this resemblance often leads to cases of poisoning among children who +thus mistake one for the other. However, as the leaves of the sweet-flag are +fragrant, the odor will be a means of recognizing it. Of course when the sweet-flag +is in flower the identification of the plant is easy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The sheathing leaves of this native perennial, which belongs to the arum +family (Araceæ), are from 2 to 6 feet in height and about 1 inch in width; +they are sharp pointed and have a ridged midrib running their entire length. +The flowering head, produced from the side of the stalk, consists of a fleshy +spike sometimes 3½ inches long and about one-half inch in thickness, closely +covered with very small greenish yellow flowers, which appear from May to +July. (Pl. 1, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The long, creeping rootstock of the sweet-flag is +thick and fleshy, somewhat spongy, and producing numerous rootlets. (Pl. I, +fig. 3.) The odor is very aromatic and agreeable, and the taste pungent and +bitter. The dried article, as found in the stores, consists of entire or split +pieces of various lengths, from 3 to 6 inches, light brown on the outside with +blackish spots, sharply wrinkled lengthwise, the upper surface marked obliquely +with dark leaf scars, and the lower surface showing many small circular scars, +which, at first glance, give one the impression that the root is worm-eaten, but +which are the remains of rootlets that have been removed from the rootstock. +Internally the rootstock is whitish and of a spongy texture. The aromatic odor +and pungent, bitter taste are retained in the dried article.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The United States Pharmacopœia directs that +the unpeeled rhizome, or rootstock, be used. It is collected either in early +spring or late in autumn. It is pulled or grubbed from the soft earth, freed +from adhering dirt, and the rootlets removed, as these are not so aromatic and +more bitter. The rootstock is then carefully dried, sometimes by means of +moderate heat. Sweet-flag deteriorates with age and is subject to the attacks +of worms. It loses about three-fourths of its weight in drying.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Some of the sweet-flag root found in commerce consists of handsome white +pieces. These usually come from Germany, and have been peeled before drying, +but they are not so strong and aromatic as the unpeeled roots. Unpeeled sweet-flag +root brings from 3 to 6 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Sweet-flag is employed as an aromatic stimulant and tonic in feeble digestion. +The dried root is frequently chewed for the relief of dyspepsia.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> + <h3 class='c013'>CHAMAELIRIUM, OR HELONIAS.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Chamaelirium luteum</i> (L.) A. Gray.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Helonias dioica</i> Pursh.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Unicorn-root, false unicorn-root, blazingstar, drooping +starwort, starwort, devil’s-bit, unicorn’s-horn.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In order to avoid the existing confusion of common names of this plant, it is +most desirable to use the scientific names Chamaelirium or Helonias exclusively. +Chamaelirium is the most recent botanical designation and will be used +throughout this article, but the synonym Helonias is a name very frequently +employed by the drug trade. The plant with which it is so much confused, +<i>Aletris farinosa</i>, will also be designated throughout by its generic name, Aletris.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native plant is found in open woods from Massachusetts +to Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Chamaelirium and Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>) have long +been confused by drug collectors and others, owing undoubtedly to the transposition +of some of their similar common names, such as “starwort” and +“stargrass.” The plants can scarcely be said to resemble each other, however, +except perhaps in their general habit of growth. (See Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>The male and female flowers of Chamaelirium are borne on separate plants, +and in this respect are entirely different from Aletris; neither do the flowers +resemble those of Aletris.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Chamaelirium is an erect, somewhat fleshy herb, perennial, and belongs to +the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ). The male plant grows to a height +of from 1½ to 2½ feet, and the female plant is sometimes 4 feet tall and is also +more leafy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The plants have both basal and stem leaves, whereas Aletris has only the +basal leaves. The basal leaves of Chamaelirium are broad and blunt at the +top, narrowing toward the base into a long stem; they are sometimes so much +broadened at the top that they may be characterized as spoon shaped, and are +from 2 to 8 inches long and from one-half to 1½ inches wide. The stem leaves +are lance shaped and sharp pointed, on short stems or stemless. (Pl. II, fig. 1.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>The white starry flowers of Chamaelirium are produced from June to July, +those of the male plant being borne in nodding, graceful, plumelike spikes 3 to +9 inches long (Pl. II, fig. 1) and those of the female plant in erect spikes. +The many-seeded capsule is oblong, opening by three valves at the apex.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Another species is now recognized, <i>Chamaelirium obovale</i> Small, which seems +to differ chiefly in having larger flowers and obovoid capsules.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock of Chamaelirium does not in the +least resemble that of Aletris, with which it is so generally confused. It is from +one-half to 2 inches in length, generally curved upward at one end in the form +of a horn (whence the common name, “unicorn”) and having the appearance +of having been bitten off. (Pl. II, fig. 1.) It is of a dark-brown color, with +fine transverse wrinkles, rough, on the upper surface showing a few stem scars, +and giving off from all sides numerous brown fibrous rootlets. The more recent +rootlets have a soft outer covering, which in the older rootlets has worn away, +leaving the fine but tough and woody whitish center. The rootlets penetrate +to the central part of the rootstock, and this serves as a distinguishing character +from Aletris, as a transverse section of Chamaelirium very plainly shows these +fibers extending some distance within the rootstock. Furthermore, the rootstock +of Chamaelirium exhibits a number of small holes wherever these rootlets +<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>have broken off, giving it the appearance of having become “wormy.” It +is hard and horny within and has a peculiar odor and a very bitter, disagreeable +taste, whereas Aletris is not at all bitter.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Chamaelirium should be collected in autumn. +The prices paid to collectors may be said to range from about 30 to 45 cents a +pound. In the fall of 1906 a scarcity of this root was reported. As already +indicated, Chamaelirium and Aletris are often gathered and mistaken for each +other by collectors, but, as will be seen from the preceding description, there is +really no excuse for such error.</p> + +<p class='c005'>From the confusion that has existed properties peculiar to the one plant have +also been attributed to the other, but it seems now generally agreed that +Chamaelirium is of use especially as a tonic in derangements of women.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN HELLEBORE.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Veratrum viride</i> Ait.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Veratrum.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—True veratrum, green veratrum, American veratrum, +green hellebore, swamp-hellebore, big hellebore, false hellebore, bear-corn, +bugbane, bugwort, devil’s-bite, earth-gall, Indian poke, itchweed, tickleweed, +duckretter.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American hellebore is native in rich wet woods, swamps, +and wet meadows, its range extending from Canada, Alaska, and Minnesota +south to Georgia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Early in spring, usually in company with the skunk-cabbage, +the large, bright-green leaves of American hellebore make their +way through the soil, their straight, erect leaf spears forming a conspicuous +feature of the yet scanty spring vegetation. Later in the season a stout and +erect leafy stem is sent up, sometimes growing as tall as 6 feet. It is solid and +round, pale green, very leafy, and closely surrounded by the sheathing bases of +the leaves, unbranched except in the flowering head. The leaves are hairy, +prominently nerved, folded or pleated like a fan. They have no stems, but +their bases encircle or sheathe the main stalk, and are very large, especially the +lower ones, which are from 6 to 12 inches in length, from 3 to 6 inches in width, +and broadly oval. As they approach the top of the plant the leaves become +narrower. The flowers, which appear from May to July, are greenish yellow +and numerous, and are borne in rather open clusters. American hellebore belongs +to the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ) and is a perennial.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This species is a very near relative of the European white hellebore (<i>Veratrum +album</i> L.), and in fact has by some been regarded as identical with it, or +at least as a variety of it. It is taller than <i>V. album</i> and has narrower leaves +and greener flowers. Both species are official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The fresh rootstock of American hellebore is ovoid +or obconical, upright, thick, and fleshy, the upper part of it arranged in layers, +the lower part of it more solid, and producing numerous whitish roots from all +sides. In the fresh state it has a rather strong, disagreeable odor. As found +in commerce, American hellebore rootstock is sometimes entire, but more generally +sliced, and is of a light-brown or dark-brown color externally and internally +yellowish white; the roots, which are from 4 to 8 inches long, have a +shriveled appearance, and are brown or yellowish. There is no odor to the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>dried rootstock, but when powdered it causes violent sneezing. The rootstock, +which has a bitter and very acrid taste, is poisonous.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—American hellebore should be dug in autumn +after the leaves have died, and washed and carefully dried, either in the whole +state or sliced in various ways. It deteriorates with age, and should therefore +not be kept longer than a year.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The adulterations sometimes met with are the rootstocks of related plants, +and the skunk-cabbage is also occasionally found mixed with it, but this is probably +unintentional, as the two plants usually grow close together.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Collectors of American hellebore +root receive from about 3 to 10 cents +a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>American hellebore, official in the +United States Pharmacopœia, is an +acrid, narcotic poison, and has +emetic, diaphoretic, and sedative +properties.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a19.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.</span>—American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<h3 class='c013'>ALETRIS.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Aletris farinosa</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Stargrass, +blazingstar, mealy starwort, starwort, +unicorn-root, true unicorn-root, +unicorn-plant, unicorn’s-horn, colicroot, +devil’s-bit, ague-grass, agueroot, +aloe-root, crow-corn, huskwort.</p> + +<p class='c005'>A glance at these common names +will show many that have been applied +to other plants, especially to +Chamaelirium, with which Aletris is +so much confused. In order to guard +against this confusion as much as +possible, it is best not to use the common +names of this plant at all, referring +to it only by its generic name, +Aletris.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Aletris occurs in +dry, generally sandy soil, from Maine +to Minnesota, Florida, and Tennessee.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—As stated under Chamaelirium, this plant is often +confused with the former by collectors and others, although there seems to +be no good reason why this should be so. The plants do not resemble each +other except in habit of growth (see Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2), and the trouble +undoubtedly arose from a confusion of the somewhat similar common names +of the plants, as, for instance, “stargrass” and “starwort.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>Aletris may be at once distinguished by the grasslike leaves, which spread +out on the ground in the form of a star, and by the slender spikes of rough, +mealy flowers.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This native perennial, belonging to the lily family (Liliaceæ), is an erect, +slender herb, 1½ to 3 feet tall, with basal leaves only. These leaves are +grasslike, from 2 to 6 inches long, and have a yellowish green or willowgreen +<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>color. As already stated, they surround the base of the stem in the +form of a star. Instead of stem leaves, there are very small, leaflike bracts +placed at some distance apart on the stem. From May to July the erect +flowering spike, from 4 to 12 inches long, is produced, bearing white, urn-shaped +flowers, sometimes tinged with yellow at the apex, and having a rough, +wrinkled and mealy appearance. (Pl. II, fig. 2.) The seed capsule is ovoid, +opening by three valves, and containing many seeds. When the flowers in +the spike are still in bud, there is a suggestion of resemblance to the female +spike of Chamaelirium with its fruit half formed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Several other species are recognized by botanists, namely, <i>Aletris aurea</i> Walt., +<i>A. lutea</i> Small, and <i>A. obovata</i> Nash, but aside from the flowers, which in <i>aurea</i> +and <i>lutea</i> are yellow, and slight variations in form, such as a more contracted +perianth, the differences are not so pronounced that the plants would require a +detailed description here. They have undoubtedly been collected with <i>Aletris +farinosa</i> for years, and are sufficiently like it to be readily recognized.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Not only have the plants of Aletris and Chamaelirium +been confused, but the rootstocks as well. There is, however, no resemblance +between them.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Aletris has a horizontal rootstock from one-half to 1½ inches in length, rough +and scaly, and almost completely hidden by the fibrous roots and remains of the +basal leaves. Upon close examination the scars of former leaf stems may be +seen along the upper surface. The rootlets are from 2 to 10 inches in length, +those of recent growth whitish and covered with several layers of epidermis +which gradually peel off, and the older rootlets of the rootstock showing this +epidermis already scaled off, leaving only the hard, brown, woody center. The +rootstock in commerce almost invariably shows at one end a tuft of the remains +of the basal leaves, which do not lose their green color. It is grayish brown +outside, whitish within, and breaks with a mealy fracture. It has no odor, and +a starchy taste, followed by some acridity, <i>but no bitterness</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Aletris should be collected in autumn, and there +is no reason why collectors should make the common mistake of confusing +Aletris with Chamaelirium. By comparing the description of Aletris with that +of Chamaelirium, it will be seen that there is scarcely any resemblance. +Aletris ranges from 30 to 40 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>As indicated under Chamaelirium, the medicinal properties have also been +considered the same in both plants, but Aletris is now regarded of value chiefly +in digestive troubles. Aletris was official in the United States Pharmacopœia +from 1820 to 1870.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>BETHROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Trillium erectum</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Trillium, red trillium, purple trillium, ill-scented trillium, +birthroot, birthwort, bathwort, bathflower, red wake-robin, purple wake-robin, +ill-scented wake-robin, red-benjamin, bumblebee-root, daffydown-dilly, +dishcloth, Indian balm, Indian shamrock, nosebleed, squawflower, squawroot, +wood-lily, true-love, orange-blossom. Many of these names are applied also to +other species of Trillium.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Bethroot is a native plant growing in rich soil in damp, +shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This plant is a perennial belonging to the lily-of-the-valley +family (Convallariaceæ). It is a low growing plant, from about 8 to +16 inches in height, with a rather stout stem, having three leaves arranged in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>a whorl near the top. These leaves are broadly ovate, almost circular in outline, +sharp pointed at the apex and narrowed at the base, 3 to 7 inches long +and about as wide, and practically stemless.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Not only the leaves of this plant, but the flowers and parts of the flowers +are arranged in threes, and this feature will serve to identify the plant. +(Pl. I, fig. 4.) The solitary terminal flower of bethroot has three sepals and +three petals, both more or less lance shaped and spreading, the former greenish, +and the petals, which are 1¼ inches long and one-half inch wide, are sometimes +dark purple, pink, greenish, or white. The flower has an unpleasant odor. It +appears from April to June and is followed later in the season by an oval, +reddish berry.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Various other species of Trillium are used in medicine, possessing properties +similar to those of the species under consideration. These are also very similar +in appearance to <i>Trillium erectum</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Bethroot (Pl. I, fig. 4), as found in the stores, is short +and thick, of a light-brown color externally, whitish or yellowish inside, somewhat +globular or oblong in shape, and covered all around with numerous palebrown, +shriveled rootlets. The top of the root generally shows a succession of +fine circles or rings, and usually bears the remains of stem bases.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The root has a slight odor, and is at first sweetish and astringent, followed by +a bitter and acrid taste. When chewed it causes a flow of saliva.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Bethroot is generally collected toward the close +of summer. The price ranges from 7 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It was much esteemed as a remedy among the Indians and early settlers. +Its present use is that of an astringent, tonic, and alterative, and also that of +an expectorant.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>WILD YAM.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Dioscorea villosa</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dioscorea, colicroot, rheumatism-root, devil’s-bones.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild yam grows in moist thickets, trailing over adjacent +shrubs and bushes, its range extending from Rhode Island to Minnesota, south +to Florida and Texas. It is most common in the central and southern portions +of the United States.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native perennial vine is similar to and belongs +to the same family as the well-known cinnamon vine of the gardens—namely, +the yam family (Dioscoreaceæ). It attains a length of about 15 feet, the +stem smooth, the leaves heart shaped and 2 to 6 inches long by 1 to 4 inches +wide.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves, which are borne on long, slender stems, are thin, green, and +smooth on the upper surface, paler and rather thickly hairy on the under surface. +The small greenish yellow flowers are produced from June to July, the +male flowers borne in drooping clusters about 3 to 6 inches long, and the female +flowers in drooping spikelike heads. The fruit, which is in the form of a dry, +membranous, 3-winged, yellowish green capsule, ripens about September and +remains on the vine for some time during the winter. (Pl. II, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>Growing farther south than the species above mentioned is a variety for +which the name <i>glabra</i> has been suggested.</p> + +<p class='c005'>According to C. G. Lloyd (King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898), +there is a variety of <i>Dioscorea villosa</i> the root of which first made its appearance +among the true yam roots of commerce, and which was so different in +form that it was rejected as an adulteration. The plant, however, from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>which the false root was derived was found upon investigation to be almost +identical with the true yam, except that the leaves were perfectly smooth, lacking +the hairiness on the under surface of the leaf which is characteristic of +the true wild yam. The false variety also differs in its habit of growth, not +growing in dense clumps like the true wild yam, but generally isolated. The +root of the variety, however, is quite distinct from that of the true wild yam, +being much more knotty. Lloyd states further that the hairiness or lack of +hairiness on the under side of the leaf is a certain indication as to the form +of the root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Lloyd, recognizing the necessity of classifying these two yam roots of commerce, +has designated the smooth-leaved variety as <i>Dioscorea villosa</i> var. +<i>glabra</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstocks.</i>—The rootstock of the true wild yam (Pl. II, fig. 3) +runs horizontally underneath the surface of the ground. As found in commerce, +it consists of very hard pieces, 6 inches and sometimes 2 feet in length, but +only about one-fourth or one-half of an inch in diameter, twisted, covered with a +thin brown bark, whitish within, and showing stem scars almost an inch apart +on the upper surface, small protuberances on the sides, and numerous rather +wiry rootlets on the lower surface.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The false wild yam, on the other hand, has a much heavier, rough, knotty +rootstock, with thick branches from 1 inch to 3 inches long, the upper surface +covered with crowded stem scars and the lower side furnished with stout wiry +rootlets. Within it is similar to the true yam root.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots are generally collected in autumn, +and bring from 2½ to 4 cents a pound. Wild yam is said to possess expectorant +properties and to promote perspiration, and in large doses proving emetic. It +has been employed in bilious colic, and by the negroes in the South in the +treatment of muscular rheumatism.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>BLUE FLAG.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Iris versicolor</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Iris, flag-lily, liver-lily, snake-lily, poison-flag, water-flag, +American fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Blue flag delights in wet, swampy localities, making its +home in marshes, thickets, and wet meadows from Newfoundland to Manitoba, +south to Florida and Arkansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The flowers of all of the species belonging to this +genus are similar, and are readily recognized by their rather peculiar form, the +three outer segments or parts reflexed or turned back and the three inner segments +standing erect.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Blue flag is about 2 to 3 feet in height, with an erect stem sometimes branched +near the top, and sword-shaped leaves which are shorter than the stem, from +one-half to 1 inch in width, showing a slight grayish “bloom,” and sheathing +at the base. This plant is a perennial belonging to the iris family (Iridaceæ), +and is a native of this country. June is generally regarded as the month for +the flowering of the blue flag, although it may be said to be in flower from May +to July, depending on the locality. The flowers are large and very handsome, +each stem bearing from two to six or more. They consist of six segments or +parts, the three outer ones turned back and the three inner ones erect and +much smaller. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) The flowers are usually purplish blue, the +“claw,” or narrow base of the segments, variegated with yellow, green, or +white and marked with purple veins.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>All of the species belonging to this genus are more or less variegated in color; +hence the name “iris,” meaning “rainbow,” and the specific name “versicolor,” +meaning “various colors.” The name “poison-flag” has been applied to it on +account of the poisonous effect it has produced in children, who, owing to the +close resemblance of the plants before reaching the flowering stage, sometimes +mistake it for sweet-flag.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The seed capsule is oblong, about 1½ inches long, and contains numerous +seeds.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Blue flag has a thick, fleshy, horizontal rootstock, +branched, and producing long fibrous roots. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) It resembles +sweet-flag (Calamus), and has been mistaken for it. The sections of the rootstock +of blue flag, however, are flattened above and rounded below; the scars +of the leaf sheaths are in the form of rings, whereas in sweet-flag the rootstock +is cylindrical and the scars left by the leaf sheaths are obliquely transverse. +Furthermore, there is a difference in the arrangement of the roots on +the rootstock, the scars left by the roots in blue flag being close together generally +nearer the larger end, while in sweet-flag the disposition of the roots +along the rootstock is quite regular. Blue flag is grayish brown on the outside +when dried, and sweet-flag is light brown or fawn colored. Blue flag has no +well-marked odor, and the taste is acrid and nauseous, and in sweet-flag there +is a pleasant odor and bitter, pungent taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Blue flag is collected in autumn, and usually +brings from about 7 to 10 cents a pound. Great scarcity of blue flag root was +reported from the producing districts in the autumn of 1906. It is an old +remedy, the Indians esteeming it highly in stomach troubles, and it is said that +it was sometimes cultivated by them in near-by ponds on account of its medicinal +value. It has also been used as a domestic remedy, and is regarded as +an alterative, diuretic, and purgative. It was official in the United States +Pharmacopœia of 1890.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>LADY’S-SLIPPER.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div>(1) <i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i> Mill. and (2) <i>Cypripedium parviflorum</i> Salisb.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—(1) <i>Cypripedium pubescens</i> Willd.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Cypripedium.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Large yellow lady’s-slipper, yellow lady’s-slipper, +yellow moccasin-flower, Venus’-shoe, Venus’-cup, yellow Indian-shoe, American +valerian, nerve-root, male nervine, yellow Noah’s-ark, yellows, monkey-flower, +umbil-root, yellow umbil; (2) small yellow lady’s-slipper.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Both of these native species frequent bogs and wet +places in deep shady woods and thickets. The large yellow lady’s-slipper may +be found from Nova Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri. +The range for the small yellow lady’s-slipper extends from Newfoundland +south along the mountains to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Washington, +and British Columbia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plants.</i>—The orchid family (Orchidaceæ), to which the lady’s-slippers +belong, boasts of many beautiful, showy, and curious species, and the +lady’s-slipper is no exception. There are several other plants to which the +name lady’s-slipper has been applied, but one glance at the peculiar structure of +the flowers in the species under consideration, as shown in the illustration +(Pl. III, fig. 1), will enable anyone to recognize them as soon as seen.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The particular species of lady’s-slipper under consideration in this article do +not differ very materially from each other. Both are perennials, growing from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>1 to about 2 feet in height, with rather large leaves and with yellow flowers +more or less marked with purple, the main difference being that in <i>hirsutum</i> the +flower is larger and pale yellow, while in <i>parviflorum</i> the flower is small, bright +yellow, and perhaps more prominently striped and spotted with purple. The +stem, leaves, and inside of corolla or lip are somewhat hairy in the large yellow +lady’s-slipper, but not in the small yellow lady’s-slipper. These hairs are said +to be irritating to some people, in whom they cause an eruption of the skin.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves of the lady’s-slipper vary in size from 2 to 6 inches in length +and from 1 to 3 inches in width, and are broadly oval or elliptic, sharp pointed, +with numerous parallel veins, and sheathing at the base, somewhat hairy in the +large lady’s-slipper. The solitary terminal flower, which appears from May to +June, is very showy and curiously formed, the lip being the most prominent +part. This lip looks like an inflated bag (1 to 2 inches long in the large lady’s-slipper), +pale yellow or bright yellow in color, variously striped and blotched +with purple. The other parts of the flower are greenish or yellowish, with +purple stripes, and the petals are usually twisted.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock is of horizontal growth, crooked, +fleshy, and with numerous wavy, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig. 1.) As found in +commerce, the rootstocks are from 1 to 4 inches in length, about an eighth of an +inch in thickness, dark brown, the upper surface showing numerous round +cup-shaped scars, the remains of former annual stems, and the lower surface +thickly covered with wavy, wiry, and brittle roots, the latter breaking off +with a short, white fracture. The odor is rather heavy and disagreeable, and +the taste is described as sweetish, bitter, and somewhat pungent.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Both rootstock and roots are used, and these +should be collected in autumn, freed from dirt, and carefully dried in the shade. +These beautiful plants are becoming rare in many localities. Sometimes such +high-priced drugs as goldenseal and senega are found mixed with the lady’s-slipper, +but as these are more expensive than the lady’s-slipper, it is not likely +that they are included with fraudulent intent, and they can be readily distinguished. +The prices paid to collectors of this root range from 32 to 35 cents +a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The principal use of lady’s-slipper, which is official in the United States +Pharmacopœia, is as an antispasmodic and nerve tonic, and it has been used for +the same purposes as valerian.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>CRAWLEY-ROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i> (Willd.) Nutt.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Corallorhiza, crawley, coralroot, small coralroot, +small-flowered coralroot, late coralroot, dragon’s-claw, chickentoe, turkey-claw, +feverroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Rich, shady woods having an abundance of leaf mold +produce this curious little plant. It may be found in such situations from Maine +to Florida, westward to Michigan and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This peculiar native perennial, belonging to the orchid +family (Orchidaceæ), is unlike most other plants, being leafless, and instead +of a green stem it has a purplish brown, sheathed scape, somewhat swollen or +bulbous at the base and bearing a clustered head of purplish flowers 2 to 4 +inches long. It does not grow much taller than about a foot in height. (Fig. 4.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>The flowers, 6 to 20 in a head, appear from July to September, and consist +of lance-shaped sepals and petals striped with purple and a broad, whitish, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>oval lip, generally marked with purple and narrowed at the base. The seed +capsule is large, oblong, or somewhat globular.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock of this plant is also curious, resembling +in its formation a piece of coral (fig. 4), on account of which it is known +by the name “coralroot.” The other common names, such as chickentoe, +turkey-claw, etc., all have reference to the form of the rootstock. As found in +commerce, crawley-root consists of small, dark-brown wrinkled pieces, the larger +ones branched like coral. The taste at first is sweetish, becoming afterwards +slightly bitter. It has a peculiar odor when fresh, but when dry it is without +odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Crawley-root should be collected in July or +August. The price ranges from 20 to 50 cents a pound. Other species of +Corallorhiza are sometimes collected and are said to probably +possess similar properties. This root is said to be very +effective for promoting perspiration, and it is also used as a +sedative and in fever.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a25.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.</span>—Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>). After Torrey’s Flora of New York.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<h3 class='c013'>CANADA SNAKEROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Asarum canadense</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Asarum, wild ginger, Indian ginger, +Vermont snakeroot, heart-snakeroot, southern snakeroot, black +snakeroot, colt’s-foot snakeroot, black snakeweed, broad-leaved +asarabacca, false colt’s-foot, cat’s-foot, colicroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This inconspicuous little plant frequents +rich woods or rich soil along roadsides from Canada +south to North Carolina and Kansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Canada snakeroot is a small, apparently +stemless perennial, not more than 6 to 12 inches in +height, and belongs to the birthwort family (Aristolochiaceæ). +It usually has but two leaves, which are borne +on slender, finely hairy stems; they are kidney shaped or +heart shaped, thin, dark green above and paler green on the +lower surface, strongly veined, and from 4 to 7 inches broad.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The solitary bell-shaped flower is of an unassuming dull +brown or brownish purple, and this modest color, together +with its position on the plant, renders it so inconspicuous as +to escape the notice of the casual observer. It droops from +a short, slender stalk produced between the two leaf stems +and is almost hidden under the two leaves, growing so close to the ground that +it is sometimes buried beneath old leaves, and sometimes the soil must be +removed before the flower can be seen. It is bell shaped, woolly, the inside +darker in color than the outside and of a satiny texture. The fruit which +follows is in the form of a leathery 6-celled capsule. (Pl. III, fig. 2.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Canada snakeroot has a creeping, yellowish rootstock, +slightly jointed, with thin rootlets produced from joints which occur +about every half inch or so. (Pl. III, fig. 2.) In the drug trade the rootstock +is usually found in pieces a few inches in length and about one-eighth of an +inch in diameter. These are four-angled, crooked, brownish and wrinkled on +the outside, whitish inside and showing a large central pith, hard and brittle, +and breaking with a short fracture. The odor is fragrant and the taste spicy +<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>and aromatic, and has been said to be intermediate between ginger and serpentaria.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The aromatic root of Canada snakeroot is collected +in autumn, and the price ranges from 10 to 15 cents a pound. It was +reported as very scarce in the latter part of the summer of 1906. Canada snakeroot, +which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880, is +used as an aromatic, diaphoretic, and carminative.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>SERPENTARIA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div>(1) <i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i> L. and (2) <i>Aristolochia reticulata</i> Nutt.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Serpentaria.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Virginia serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot, serpentary, +snakeweed, pelican-flower, snagrel, sangrel, sangree-root; (2) Texas serpentaria, +Texas snakeroot, Red River snakeroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Virginia serpentaria is found in rich woods from Connecticut +to Michigan and southward, principally along the Alleghenies, and +Texas serpentaria occurs in the Southwestern States, growing along river banks +from Arkansas to Louisiana.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of Virginia serpentaria.</i>—About midsummer the queerly shaped +flowers of this native perennial are produced. They are very similar to those +of the better known “Dutchman’s-pipe,” another species of this genus, which +is quite extensively grown as an ornamental vine for covering porches and +trellises. Virginia serpentaria and Texas serpentaria both belong to the birthwort +family (Aristolochiaceæ). The Virginia serpentaria is nearly erect, the +slender, wavy stem sparingly branched near the base, and usually growing to about +a foot in height, sometimes, however, even reaching 3 feet. The leaves are thin, +ovate, ovate lance shaped or oblong lance shaped, and usually heart shaped at +the base; they are about 2½ inches long and about 1 or 1½ inches in width. The +flowers are produced from near the base of the plant, similar to its near relative, +the Canada snakeroot. They are solitary and terminal, borne on slender, scaly +branches, dull brownish purple in color, and of a somewhat leathery texture; +the calyx tube is curiously bent or contorted in the shape of the letter S. The +fruit is a roundish 6-celled capsule, about half an inch in diameter, and containing +numerous seeds. (Pl. III, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of Texas serpentaria.</i>—This species has a very wavy stem, with +oval, heart-shaped, clasping leaves, which are rather thick and strongly reticulated +or marked with a network of veins; hence the specific name <i>reticulata</i>. +The entire plant is hairy, with numerous long, coarse hairs. The small, densely +hairy purplish flowers are also produced from the base of the plant.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstocks.</i>—Serpentaria has a short rootstock with many +thin, branching, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig. 3.) In the dried state it is thin and +bent, the short remains of stems showing on the upper surface and the under +surface having numerous thin roots about 4 inches in length, all of a dull +yellowish brown color, internally white. It has a very agreeable aromatic odor, +somewhat like camphor, and the taste is described as warm, bitterish, and +camphoraceous.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The Texas serpentaria has a larger rootstock, with fewer roots less interlaced +than the Virginia serpentaria.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots of serpentaria are collected in autumn. +Various other roots are sometimes mixed with serpentaria, but as they are +mostly high-priced drugs, such as goldenseal, pinkroot, senega, and ginseng, their +presence in a lot of serpentaria is probably accidental, due simply to proximity +<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>of growth of these plants. Abscess-root (<i>Polemonium reptans</i> L.) is another +root with which serpentaria is often adulterated. It is very similar to serpentaria, +except that it is nearly white. The price of serpentaria ranges from +35 to 40 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Serpentaria is used for its stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic properties. Both +species are official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>YELLOW DOCK.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Rumex crispus</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Rumex, curled dock, narrow dock, sour dock. (Fig. 5.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This troublesome weed, introduced from Europe, is now +found throughout the United States, occurring in cultivated as well as in waste +ground, among rubbish heaps, and along roadsides.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a27.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 5.</span>—Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), first year’s growth.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Yellow dock is a perennial plant belonging to the +buckwheat family (Polygonaceæ), and has a deep, spindle-shaped root, from +which arises an erect, angular, and furrowed stem, attaining a height of from 2 +to 4 feet. The stem is branched near the top and leafy, bearing numerous long +dense clusters formed by drooping groups of inconspicuous green flowers placed +in circles around the stem. The flowers are produced from June to August, and +the fruits which follow are in the form of small triangular nuts, like the grain +of buckwheat, to which family the dock belongs. So long as the fruits are +green and immature they can scarcely be distinguished from the flowers, but +as they ripen the clusters take on a rusty-brown color. The leaves of the yellow +dock are lance shaped, acute, with the margins strongly waved and crisped, the +lower long-stalked leaves being blunt or heart shaped at the base and from 6 to +8 inches in length, while those nearer the top are narrower and shorter, only 3 +to 6 inches in length, short stemmed or stemless.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span> +<img src='images/i_a28.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 6.</span>—Broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i>), leaf, fruiting spike, and root.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i> L.) known also as bitter dock, +common dock, blunt-leaved dock, and butter-dock, is a very common weed found +in waste places from the New England States to Oregon and south to Florida +and Texas. It grows to about the same height as the yellow dock, to which it +bears a close resemblance, differing principally in its more robust habit of +growth. The stem is stouter than in yellow dock, and the leaves, which likewise +<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>are wavy along the margin, are much broader and longer. The green +flowers appear from June to August and are in rather long, open clusters, the +groups rather loose and far apart. (Fig. 6.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of roots.</i>—Yellow dock root is large and fleshy, usually from 8 +to 12 inches long, tapering or spindle shaped, with few or no rootlets. When +dry it is usually twisted and prominently wrinkled, the rather thick, dark, +reddish brown bark marked with small scars. The inside of the root is whitish +at first, becoming yellowish. The fracture is short, but shows some splintery +fibers. The root, as it occurs in commerce, is either entire or occasionally split +lengthwise.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The darker colored root of the broad-leaved dock has a number of smaller +branches near the crown and more rootlets. (Fig. 6.) Dock roots have but a +very faint odor and a bitter, astringent taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots should be collected in late summer or +autumn, after the fruiting tops have turned brown, then washed, either left +entire or split lengthwise into halves or quarters, and carefully dried. Yellow +dock root ranges from 4 to 6 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890 “the roots of <i>Rumex crispus</i> and +of some other species of Rumex” were official, and both of the above-named +species are used, but the yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>) is the species most commonly +employed in medicine. The docks are largely used for purifying the +blood and in the treatment of skin diseases.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The young root leaves of both of the species mentioned are sometimes used +in spring as pot herbs.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>POKEWEED.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Phytolacca decandra</i> L.<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c014'><sup>[1]</sup></a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Phytolacca americana</i> L.<a href='#f1' class='c014'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Phytolacca.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Poke, pigeon-berry, garget, scoke, pocan, coakum, +Virginian poke, inkberry, red inkberry, American nightshade, cancer-jalap, +redweed.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Pokeweed, a common, familiar, native weed, is found in +rich, moist soil along fence rows, fields, and uncultivated land from the New +England States to Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—In Europe, where pokeweed has become naturalized +from this country, it is regarded as an ornamental garden plant, and, indeed, +it is very showy and attractive with its reddish purple stems, rich green foliage, +and clusters of white flowers and dark-purple berries.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The stout, smooth stems, arising from a very large perennial root, attain a +height of from 3 to 9 feet, and are erect and branched, green at first, then reddish. +If a piece of the stem is examined, the pith will be seen to be divided +into disk-shaped parts with hollow spaces between them. The smooth leaves are +borne on short stems and are about 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, ovate +or ovate oblong, acute at the apex, and the margins entire. The long-stalked +clusters of whitish flowers, which appear from July to September, are from 3 to +4 inches in length, the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems. In about +two months the berries will have matured and assumed a rich dark-purple color. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>These smooth and shining purple berries are globular, flattened at both ends, +and contain black seeds embedded in a rich crimson juice. (Fig. 7.) This plant +belongs to the pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceæ).</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a30a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 7.</span>—Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>), flowering and fruiting branch.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Pokeweed has a very thick, long, fleshy root, conical in +shape and branched (fig. 8), very much resembling that of horseradish, and +poisonous. In commerce it usually occurs in transverse or lengthwise slices, +the outside a yellowish brown and finely wrinkled +lengthwise, and thickly encircled with lighter colored +ridges. It breaks with a fibrous fracture and is yellowish +gray within. The transverse slices show many +concentric rings. There is a slight odor and the taste +is sweetish and acrid. The root when powdered causes +sneezing.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a30b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 8.</span>—Pokeweed root.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of the pokeweed, +which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, +is collected in the latter part of autumn, thoroughly +cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise slices, +and carefully dried. It brings from 2½ to 4 cents a +pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The root is used for its alterative properties in +treating various diseases of the skin and blood, and in +certain cases in relieving pain and allaying inflammation. +It also acts upon the bowels and causes vomiting.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The berries when fully matured are also used in medicine.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The young and tender shoots of the pokeweed are eaten in spring, like asparagus, +but bad results may follow if they are not thoroughly cooked or if +they are cut too close to the root.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span> + <h3 class='c013'>SOAPWORT.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Saponaria officinalis</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Saponaria, saponary, common soapwort, bouncing-bet, +soaproot, bruisewort, Boston pink, chimney-pink, crow-soap, hedge-pink, oldmaid’s-pink, +fuller’s-herb, lady-by-the-gate, London-pride, latherwort, mock-gilliflower, +scourwort, sheepweed, sweet-betty, wild sweet-william, woods-phlox, +world’s-wonder.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—By one or another of its many common names this plant, +naturalized from Europe, is known almost everywhere, occurring along roadsides +and in waste places.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Soapwort is a rather pretty herbaceous perennial, 1 to +2 feet high, and belonging to the pink family (Silenaceæ). Its smooth, stout, +and erect stem is leafy and only sparingly branched, the leaves ovate, 2 to 3 +inches long, smooth, prominently ribbed, and pointed at the apex. The bright-looking, +crowded clusters of pink (or in shady localities whitish) flowers appear +from about June until far along in September. The five petals of the corolla +are furnished with long “claws,” or, in other words, they are narrowly lengthened +toward the base and inserted within the tubular and pale-green calyx. +The seed capsule is oblong and one-celled. (Pl. III, fig. 4.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Soapwort spreads by means of its stolons, or underground +runners. But the roots, which are rather long, are the parts employed +in medicine. These are cylindrical, tapering toward the apex, more or less +branched, and wrinkled lengthwise. (Pl. III, fig. 4.) The whitish wood is +covered with a brownish red, rather thick bark, and the root breaks with a +short, smooth fracture. It is at first sweetish, bitter, and mucilaginous, followed +by a persistently acrid taste, but it has no odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—As already indicated, the roots, without the runners, +should be collected either in spring or autumn. With water they form a +lather, like soap, whence the common names soapwort, soaproot, latherwort, etc., +are derived. The price ranges from 5 to 10 cents a pound. The roots are +employed in medicine for their tonic, alterative, and diaphoretic properties. The +leaves are also used.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>GOLDENSEAL.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Hydrastis canadensis</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Hydrastis.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Yellowroot, yellow puccoon, orange-root, yellow Indian-paint, +turmeric-root, Indian turmeric, Ohio curcuma, ground-raspberry, eyeroot, +eye-balm, yellow-eye, jaundice-root, Indian-dye.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native forest plant occurs in patches in high, open +woods, and usually on hillsides or bluffs affording natural drainage, from +southern New York to Minnesota and western Ontario, south to Georgia and +Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Goldenseal is now becoming scarce throughout its range. Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, +and West Virginia have been the greatest goldenseal-producing States.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Goldenseal is a perennial plant belonging to the same +family as the buttercup, namely, the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceæ). It +has a thick yellow rootstock, which sends up an erect hairy stem about 1 foot +in height, surrounded at the base by 2 or 3 yellowish scales. The yellow color +of the roots and scales extends up the stem so far as it is covered by soil, while +the portion of the stem above ground has a purplish color. The stem, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>has only two leaves, seems to fork at the top, one branch bearing a large leaf +and the other a smaller one and a flower. A third leaf, which is much smaller +than the other two and stemless, is occasionally produced. The leaves are +palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally toothed; +they are prominently veined on the lower surface, and at flowering time, when +they are very much wrinkled, they are only partially developed, but they continue +to expand until they are from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, becoming thinner +in texture and smoother. The upper leaf subtends or incloses the flower bud. +The greenish white +flower appears about +April or May, but it is +of short duration, lasting +only five or six +days. It is less than +half an inch in diameter +and, instead of petals, +has three small +petal-like sepals, which +fall away as soon as +the flower expands, +leaving only the numerous +stamens (as +many as 40 or 50), in +the center of which +are about a dozen pistils, +which finally develop +into a round, +fleshy, berry-like head +which ripens in July +or August. The fruit +when ripe turns a +bright red and resembles +a large raspberry, +whence the common +name “ground-raspberry” +is derived. It +contains from 10 to 20 +small, black, shining, +hard seeds. (Fig. 9.)</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a32.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 9.</span>—Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>), flowering plant and fruit.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The +fresh rootstock +of goldenseal, +which has a rank, +nauseating odor, is bright yellow, both internally and externally, with fibrous +yellow rootlets produced from the sides. It is from 1½ to 2½ inches in length, +from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and contains a large +amount of yellow juice. (Fig. 10.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>In the dried state the rootstock is crooked, knotty, and wrinkled, from 1 to +2 inches in length, and from one-eighth to one-third of an inch in diameter. It +is of a dull-brown color on the outside and breaks with a clean, short, resinous +fracture, showing a lemon-yellow color inside. After the rootstock has been +kept for some time it will become greenish yellow or brown internally and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>its quality impaired. The cup-like depressions or stem scars on the upper +surface of the rootstock resemble the imprint of a seal, whence the most popular +name of the plant, goldenseal, is derived. The rootstock as found in commerce +is almost bare, the fibrous rootlets, which in drying become very wiry and +brittle, breaking off readily and leaving only small protuberances.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a33.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 10.</span>—Goldenseal rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The odor of the dried rootstock, while not so pronounced as in the fresh +material, is peculiar, narcotic, and disagreeable. The taste is exceedingly +bitter, and when the rootstock is chewed there is a persistent acridity, which +causes an abundant flow of saliva.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root should be collected in autumn after +the seeds have ripened, freed from soil, and carefully dried. After a dry season +goldenseal dies down soon after the fruit is mature, so that it often happens +that by the end of September not a trace of the plant remains above +ground; but if the season has been moist, the plant +sometimes persists to the beginning of winter. The +price of goldenseal ranges from $1 to $1.50 a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Goldenseal, which is official in the United States +Pharmacopœia, is a useful drug in digestive disorders +and in certain catarrhal affections of the mucous +membranes, in the latter instance being administered +both internally and locally.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Cultivation.</i>—Once so abundant in certain parts +of the country, especially in the Ohio Valley, goldenseal +is now becoming scarce throughout its range, +and in consequence of the increased demand for the +root, both at home and abroad, its cultivation must +sooner or later be more generally undertaken in +order to satisfy the needs of medicine. In some +parts of the country the cultivation of goldenseal is +already under way.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The first thing to be considered in growing this +plant is to furnish it, as nearly as possible, the conditions +to which it has been accustomed in its native +forest home. This calls for a well-drained soil, +rich in humus, and partially shaded. Goldenseal +stands transplanting well, and the easiest way to +propagate it is to bring the plants in from the forest +and transplant them to a properly prepared location, or to collect the rootstocks +and to cut them into as many pieces as there are buds, planting these pieces in a +deep, loose, well-prepared soil, and mulching, adding new mulch each year to +renew the humus. With such a soil the cultivation of goldenseal is simple, and +it will be necessary chiefly to keep down the weeds.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The plants may be grown in rows 1 foot apart and 6 inches apart in the row, +or they may be grown in beds 4 to 8 feet wide, with walks between. Artificial +shade will be necessary, and this is supplied by the erection of lath sheds. The +time required to obtain a marketable crop is from two to three years.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Detailed information regarding the experiments made by the Department will +be found in another publication.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c014'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span> + <h3 class='c013'>GOLDTHREAD.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Coptis trifolia</i> (L.) Salisb.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Coptis, cankerroot, mouthroot, yellowroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This pretty little perennial is native in damp, mossy +woods and bogs from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota. It +is most common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan, +and in Canada, where it frequents the dark sphagnum swamps, cold bogs, and +the shade of dense forests of cedars, pines, and other evergreens.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Anyone familiar with this attractive little plant will +agree that it is well named. The roots of goldthread, running not far beneath +the surface of the ground, are indeed like so many tangled threads of gold. +The plant in the general appearance of its leaves and flowers very closely resembles +the strawberry plant. It is of low growth, only 3 to 6 inches in height, +and belongs to the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceæ). The leaves are all basal, +and are borne on long, slender stems; they are evergreen, dark green and shining +on the upper surface and lighter green beneath, divided into three parts, which +are prominently veined and toothed. A single small, white, star-shaped flower +is borne at the ends of +the flowering stalks, appearing +from May to August. +(Fig. 11.) The 5 +to 7 sepals or lobes of the +calyx are white and like +petals, and the petals of +the corolla, 5 to 7 in +number, are smaller, club +shaped, and yellow at +the base. The seed pods +are stalked, oblong, +compressed, spreading, +tipped with the persistent +style, and containing +small black seeds.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a34.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 11.</span>—Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>). After Lloyd’s Drugs and Medicines of North America.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Goldthread +has a long, slender, creeping root, which is much branched and frequently +matted. (Fig. 11.) The color of these roots is a bright golden yellow. +As found in the stores, goldthread consists usually of tangled masses of these +golden-yellow roots, mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant, but the root is +the part prescribed for use. The root is bitter and has no odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The time for collecting goldthread is in autumn. +After removing the covering of dead leaves and moss, the creeping +yellow roots of goldthread will be seen very close to the surface of the +ground, from which they can be very easily pulled. They should, of course, be +carefully dried. As already stated, although the roots and rootlets are the +parts to be used, the commercial article is freely mixed with the leaves and +stems of the plant. Evidences of the pine-woods home of this plant, in the form +of pine needles and bits of moss, are often seen in the goldthread received for +market. Goldthread brings from 60 to 70 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The Indians and early white settlers used this little root as a remedy for +various forms of ulcerated and sore mouth, and it is still used as a wash or +gargle for affections of this sort. It is also employed as a bitter tonic.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Goldthread was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span> + <h3 class='c013'>BLACK COHOSH.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i> (L.) Nutt.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Actaea racemosa</i> L.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Cimicifuga.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, rattle-snakeroot, +rattleroot, rattleweed, rattletop, richweed, squawroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Although preferring the shade of rich woods, black +cohosh will grow occasionally in sunny situations in fence corners and woodland +pastures. It is most abundant in the Ohio Valley, but it occurs from Maine +to Wisconsin, south +along the Allegheny +Mountains to Georgia, +and westward to +Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of +plant.</i>—Rising to a +height of 3 to 8 feet, +the showy, delicate-flowered +spikes of the +black cohosh tower +above most of the +other woodland +flowers, making it a +conspicuous plant in +the woods and one +that can be easily +recognized.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a35.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 12.</span>—Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>), leaves, flowering spikes, and rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>Black cohosh is +an indigenous perennial +plant belonging +to the same family +as the goldenseal, +namely, the crowfoot +family (Ranunculaceæ). +The tall stem, +sometimes 8 feet in +height, is rather +slender and leafy, the +leaves consisting of +three leaflets, which +are again divided +into threes. The leaflets +are about 2 inches long, ovate, sharp pointed at the apex, thin and smooth, +variously lobed, and the margins sharply toothed. The graceful, spikelike terminal +cluster of flowers, which is produced from June to August, is from 6 inches +to 2 feet in length. (Fig. 12.) Attractive as these flower clusters are to the eye, +they generally do not prove attractive very long to those who may gather them +for their beauty, since the flowers emit an offensive odor, which accounts for +some of the common names applied to this plant, namely, bugbane and bugwort, +it having been thought that this odor was efficacious in driving away bugs. +The flowers do not all open at one time, and thus there may be seen buds, blossoms, +and seed pods on one spike. The buds are white and globular, and as +<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>they expand in flower there is practically nothing to the flower but very numerous +white stamens and the pistil, but the stamens spread out around the pistil +in such a manner as to give to the spike a somewhat feathery or fluffy appearance +which is very attractive. The seed pods are dry, thick and leathery, ribbed, +and about one-fourth of an inch long, with a small beak at the end. The +smooth brown seeds are inclosed within the pods in two rows. Anyone going +through the woods in winter may find the seed pods, full of seeds, still clinging +to the dry, dead stalk, and the rattling of the seeds in the pods as the wind +passes over them has given rise to the common names rattle-snakeroot (not +“rattlesnake”-root), rattleweed, rattletop, and rattleroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock (fig. 12) is large, horizontal, and +knotty or rough and irregular in appearance. The upper surface of the rootstock +is covered with numerous round scars and stumps, the remains of former +leaf stems, and on the fresh rootstocks may be seen the young, pinkish white +buds which are to furnish the next season’s growth. From the lower part of the +rootstock long, fleshy roots are produced. The fresh rootstock is very dark +reddish brown on the outside, white within, showing a large central pith from +which radiate rays of a woody texture, and on breaking the larger roots also +the woody rays will be seen in the form of a cross. On drying, the rootstock +becomes hard and turns much darker, both internally and externally, but the +peculiar cross formation of the woody rays in both rootstock and roots, being +lighter in color, is plainly seen without the aid of a magnifying glass. The +roots in drying become wiry and brittle and break off very readily. Black +cohosh has a heavy odor and a bitter, acrid taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root should be collected after the fruit has +ripened, usually in September. The price ranges from 2 to 3 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The Indians had long regarded black cohosh as a valuable medicinal plant, +not only for the treatment of snake bites, but it was also a very popular remedy +among their women, and it is to-day considered of value as an alterative, +emmenagogue, and sedative, and is recognized as official in the United States +Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>OREGON GRAPE.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Berberis aquifolium</i> Pursh.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Berberis.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Rocky Mountain grape, holly-leaved barberry, California +barberry, trailing Mahonia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This shrub is native in woods in rich soil among rocks +from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean, but it is especially abundant in Oregon +and northern California.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Oregon grape is a low-growing shrub, resembling somewhat +the familiar Christmas holly of the Eastern States, and, in fact, was first +designated as “mountain-holly” by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition +on their way through the western country. It belongs to the barberry +family (Berberidaceæ), and grows about 2 to 6 feet in height, the branches +sometimes trailing. The leaves consist of from 5 to 9 leaflets, borne in pairs, +with an odd leaflet at the summit. They are from 2 to 3 inches long and about +1 inch wide, evergreen, thick, leathery, oblong or oblong ovate in outline, smooth +and shining above, the margins provided with thorny spines or teeth. The +numerous small yellow flowers appear in April or May and are borne in erect, +clustered heads. The fruit consists of a cluster of blue or bluish purple +berries, having a pleasant taste, and each containing from three to nine seeds. +(Pl. IV, fig. 1.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span><i>Other species.</i>—While <i>Berberis aquifolium</i> is generally designated as the +source of Oregon grape root, other species of Berberis are met with in the +market under the name grape root, and their use is sanctioned by the United +States Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The species most commonly collected with <i>Berberis aquifolium</i> is <i>B. nervosa</i> +Pursh, which is also found in woods from California northward to Oregon and +Washington. This is 9 to 16 inches in height, with a conspicuously jointed +stem and 11 to 17 bright-green leaflets.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Another species of Berberis, <i>B. pinnata</i> Lag., attains a height of from a few +inches to 5 feet, with from 5 to 9, but sometimes more, leaflets, which are shining +above and paler beneath. This resembles <i>aquifolium</i> very closely and is often +mistaken for it, but it is said that it has not been used by the medical profession, +unless in local practice.<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c014'><sup>[3]</sup></a> The root also is about the same size as that of +<i>aquifolium</i>, while the root of <i>nervosa</i> is smaller.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Some works speak of <i>Berberis repens</i> Lindl. as another species often collected +with <i>aquifolium</i>, but in the latest botanical manuals no such species is recognized, +<i>B. repens</i> being given simply as a synonym for <i>B. aquifolium</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock and roots of Oregon grape are more +or less knotty, in irregular pieces of varying lengths, and about an inch or less +in diameter, with brownish bark and hard and tough yellow wood, showing a +small pith and narrow rays. Oregon grape root has a very bitter taste and +very slight odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Oregon grape root is collected in autumn and +brings from 10 to 12 cents a pound. The bark should <i>not</i> be removed from the +rootstocks, as the Pharmacopœia directs that such roots be rejected.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This root has long been used in domestic practice throughout the West as a +tonic and blood purifier, and is now official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The berries are used in making preserves and cooling drinks.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>BLUE COHOSH.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> (L.) Michx.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Caulophyllum, pappoose-root, squawroot, blueberry-root, +blue ginseng, yellow ginseng. (Pl. IV, fig. 2.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Blue cohosh is found in the deep rich loam of shady +woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska, being +abundant especially throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This member of the barberry family (Berberidaceæ) is +a perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet in height, and indigenous to this country. It bears +at the top one large, almost stemless leaf, which is triternately compound—that +is, the main leaf stem divides into three stems, which again divide into +threes, and each division bears three leaflets. Sometimes there is a smaller +leaf, but similar to the other, at the base of the flowering branch. The leaflets +are thin in texture, oval, oblong, or obovate, and 3 to 5 lobed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In the early stage of its growth this plant is covered with a sort of bluish +green bloom, but it gradually loses this and becomes smooth. The flowers are +borne in a small terminal panicle or head, and are small and greenish yellow. +They appear from April to May, while the leaf is still small. The globular +seeds, which ripen about August, are borne on stout stalks in membranous +capsules and resemble dark-blue berries.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The thick crooked rootstock of blue cohosh is almost +concealed by the mass of matted roots which surrounds it. There are numerous +cup-shaped scars and small branches on the upper surface of the rootstock, +while the lower surface gives off numerous long, crooked, matted roots. Some +of the scars are depressed below the surface of the rootstock, while others are +raised above it. The outside is brownish and the inside tough and woody. +Blue cohosh possesses a slight odor and a sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid +taste. In the powdered state it causes sneezing.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in the fall. Very often the roots +of goldenseal or twinleaf are found mixed with those of blue cohosh. The price +of blue cohosh root ranges from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Blue cohosh, official in the United States +Pharmacopœia for 1890, is used as a demulcent, +antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diuretic.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>TWINLEAF.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i> (L.) Pers.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Jeffersonia, rheumatism-root, +helmetpod, ground-squirrel pea, yellowroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Twinleaf inhabits rich +shady woods from New York to Virginia and +westward to Wisconsin.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous +perennial is only about 6 to 8 inches in height +when in flower. At the fruiting stage it is +frequently 18 inches in height. It is one of our +early spring plants, and its white flower, resembling +that of bloodroot, is produced as early as +April.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a38.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 13.</span>—Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>), plant and seed capsule. (After Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The long-stemmed, smooth leaves, produced in +pairs and arising from the base of the plant, +are rather oddly formed. They are about 3 to +6 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, heart shaped +or kidney shaped, but parted lengthwise into two +lobes or divisions, really giving the appearance +of two leaves; hence the common name “twinleaf.” The flower with its eight +oblong, spreading white petals measures about 1 inch across, and is borne +at the summit of a slender stalk arising from the root. The many-seeded +capsule is about 1 inch long, leathery, somewhat pear shaped, and opening +halfway around near the top, the upper part forming a sort of lid. (Fig. 13.) +Twinleaf belongs to the barberry family (Berberidaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Twinleaf has a horizontal rootstock, with many +fibrous, much-matted roots, and is very similar to that of blue cohosh, but not +so long. It is thick, knotty, yellowish brown externally, with a resinous bark, +and internally yellowish. The inner portion is nearly tasteless, but the bark +has a bitter and acrid taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock is collected in autumn, and is used +as a diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a stimulating diaphoretic. Large +<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>doses are said to be emetic and smaller doses tonic and expectorant. The price +paid for twinleaf root ranges from about 5 to 7 cents a pound.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>MAY-APPLE.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Podophyllum peltatum</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Podophyllum.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Mandrake, wild mandrake, American mandrake, +wild lemon, ground-lemon, hog-apple, devil’s-apple, Indian apple, raccoon-berry, +duck’s-foot, umbrella-plant, vegetable calomel.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—The May-apple is an indigenous plant, found in low +woods, usually growing +in patches, from +western Quebec to +Minnesota, south to +Florida and Texas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of +plant.</i>—A patch of +May-apple can be distinguished +from afar, +the smooth, dark-green +foliage and close and +even stand making it +a conspicuous feature +of the woodland vegetation.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a39.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 14.</span>—May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>), upper portion of plant with flower, and rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>May-apple is a perennial +plant, and belongs +to the barberry +family (Berberidaceæ). +It is erect, and +grows about 1 foot in +height. The leaves are +only two in number, +circular in outline, but +with five to seven deep +lobes, the lobes 2 cleft, +and toothed at the +apex; they are dark +green above, the lower surface lighter green and somewhat hairy or smooth, sometimes +1 foot in diameter, and borne on long leafstalks which are fixed to the center +of the leaf, giving it an umbrella-like appearance. The waxy-white, solitary +flower, sometimes 2 inches in diameter, appears in May, nodding on its short stout +stalk, generally right between the two large umbrella-like leaves, which shade +it and hide it from view. (Fig. 14.) The fruit which follows is lemon shaped, +at first green, then yellow, about 2 inches in length, and edible, although +when eaten immoderately it is known to have produced bad effects.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In a patch of May-apple plants there are always a number of sterile or +flowerless stalks, which bear leaves similar to those of the flowering plants.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The horizontally creeping rootstock of May-apple +(fig. 14), when taken from the ground, is from 1 to 6 feet or more in length, +flexible, smooth, and round, dark brown on the outside and whitish and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>fleshy within; at intervals of a few inches are thickened joints, on the upper +surface of which are round stem scars and on the lower side a tuft of rather +stout roots. Sometimes the rootstock bears lateral branches. The dried +rootstock, as it occurs in the stores, is in irregular, somewhat cylindrical +pieces, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, yellowish brown or dark brown externally, +whitish to pale brown internally, breaking with a short, sharp fracture, +the surface of which is mealy. The odor is slight and the taste at first +sweetish, becoming very bitter and acrid.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The proper time for collecting the rootstock +is in the latter half of September or in October. The price paid for May-apple +root ranges from 3 to 6 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>May-apple root, which is recognized as official in the United States Pharmacopœia, +is an active cathartic, and was known as such to the Indians.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>CANADA MOONSEED.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Menispermum canadense</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Menispermum, yellow parilla, Texas sarsaparilla, yellow +sarsaparilla, vine-maple. (Pl. IV, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Canada moonseed is usually found along streams in +woods, climbing over bushes, its range extending from Canada to Georgia and +Arkansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native perennial woody climber reaches a length +of from 6 to 12 feet, the round, rather slender stem bearing very broad, slender-stalked +leaves. These leaves are from 4 to 8 inches wide, smooth and green on +the upper surface and paler beneath, roundish in outline and entire, or sometimes +lobed and resembling the leaves of some of our maples, whence the common +name “vine-maple” is probably derived. The bases of the leaves are +generally heart shaped and the apex pointed or blunt. In July the loose clusters +of small yellowish or greenish white flowers are produced, followed in September +by bunches of black one-seeded fruit, covered with a “bloom” and very much +resembling grapes. Canada moonseed belongs to the moonseed family (Menispermaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock and roots are employed in medicine. +In the stores it will be found in long, straight pieces, sometimes 3 feet in length, +only about one-fourth of an inch in thickness, yellowish brown or grayish brown, +finely wrinkled lengthwise, and giving off fine, hairlike, branched, brownish +roots from joints which occur every inch or so. The inside shows a distinct +white pith of variable thickness and a yellowish white wood with broad, porous +wood rays, the whole breaking with a tough, woody fracture. It has practically +no odor, but a bitter taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Canada moonseed is collected in autumn, and +brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound. It is used as a tonic, alterative, and diuretic, +and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>BLOODROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Sanguinaria.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Redroot, red puccoon, red Indian-paint, puccoon-root, +coonroot, white puccoon, pauson, snakebite, sweet-slumber, tetterwort, turmeric.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Bloodroot is found in rich, open woods from Canada +south to Florida and west to Arkansas and Nebraska.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span><i>Description of plant.</i>—This indigenous plant is among the earliest of our +spring flowers, the waxy-white blossom, enfolded by the grayish green leaf, +usually making its appearance early in April. The stem and root contain a +blood-red juice. Bloodroot is a perennial, and belongs to the same family as +the opium poppy, the Papaveraceæ. Each bud on the thick, horizontal rootstock +produces but a single leaf and a flowering scape, reaching about 6 inches +in height (fig. 15). The plant is smooth, and both stem and leaves, especially +when young, present a grayish green appearance, being covered with a “bloom” +such as is found on some fruits. The leaves are palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the +lobes either cleft at the apex or having a wavy margin, and are borne on leaf +stems about 6 to 14 inches long. After the plants have +ceased flowering the leaves, at first only 3 inches long +and 4 to 5 inches broad, continue to expand until they +are about 4 to 7 inches long and 6 to 12 inches broad. +The under side of the leaf is paler than the upper side +and shows prominent veins. The flower measures about +1 inch across, is white, rather waxlike in appearance, +with numerous golden-yellow stamens in the center. The +petals soon fall off, and the oblong, narrow seed pod develops, +attaining a length of about an inch.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—When dug out of the ground +bloodroot is rather thick, round, and fleshy, slightly +curved at the ends, and contains a quantity of blood-red +juice. It is from 1 to 4 inches in length, from ½ to 1 +inch in thickness, externally reddish brown, internally a +bright-red blood color, and produces many thick, orange-colored +rootlets. (Fig. 15.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>The rootstock shrinks considerably in drying, the outside +turning dark brown and the inside orange-red or +yellowish with numerous small red dots, and it breaks +with a short, sharp fracture. It has but a slight odor, +and the taste is bitter and acrid and very persistent. +The powdered root causes sneezing.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a41.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 15.</span>—Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>), flowering plant with rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock should be +collected in autumn, after the leaves have died, and after +curing it should be stored in a dry place, as it rapidly +deteriorates if allowed to become moist. Age also impairs +its activity. The price paid to collectors for this root ranges from about +5 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Bloodroot was well known to the American Indians, who used the red juice +as a dye for skins and baskets and for painting their faces and bodies. It is +official in the United States Pharmacopœia, and is used as a tonic, alterative, +stimulant, and emetic.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>HYDRANGEA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Wild hydrangea, seven-barks.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Hydrangea frequents rocky river banks and ravines +from the southern part of New York to Florida, and westward to Iowa and Missouri, +being especially abundant in the valley of the Delaware and southward.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Hydrangea is an indigenous shrub, 5 to 6 feet or more +in height, with weak twigs, slender leaf stems and thin leaves. It belongs to the +hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceæ). The leaves are oval or sometimes heart +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, sharply toothed, green on both sides, the upper smooth +and the lower sometimes hairy. The shrub is in flower from June to July, producing +loose, branching, terminal heads of small, greenish white flowers, followed +by membranous, usually 2-celled capsules, which contain numerous seeds. +(Pl. IV, fig. 4.) Sometimes hydrangea will flower a second time, early in fall.</p> + +<p class='c005'>A peculiar characteristic of this shrub, and one that has given rise to the +common name “seven-barks,” is the peeling off of the stem bark, which comes +off in several successive layers of thin, different colored bark.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The root is roughly branched and when first taken from +the ground is very juicy, but after drying it becomes hard. The smooth white +and tough wood is covered with a thin, pale-yellow or light-brown bark, which +readily scales off. The wood is tasteless, but the bark has a pleasant aromatic +taste, becoming somewhat pungent.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Hydrangea root is collected in autumn, and as it +becomes very tough after drying and difficult to bruise it is best to cut the +root in short transverse pieces while it is fresh and still juicy and dry it in +this way. The price ranges from 2 to 7 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Hydrangea has diuretic properties and is said to have been much used by +the Cherokees and early settlers in calculous complaints.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>INDIAN-PHYSIC.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> (L.) Britton.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Gillenia trifoliata</i> Moench.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Gillenia, bowman’s-root, false ipecac, western dropwort, +Indian-hippo.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Indian-physic is native in rich woods from New York to +Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The reddish stems of this slender, graceful perennial of +the rose family (Rosaceæ) are about 2 to 3 feet high, several erect and branched +stems being produced from the same root. The leaves are almost stemless and +trifoliate; that is, composed of three leaflets. They are ovate or lanceolate, 2 +to 3 inches long, narrowed at the base, smooth, and toothed. The nodding, white +or pinkish flowers are few, produced in loose terminal clusters from May to +July. (Pl. V, fig. 1.) The five petals are long, narrowed or tapering toward the +base, white or pinkish, and inserted in the tubular, somewhat bell-shaped, red-tinged +calyx. The seed pods are slightly hairy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>At the base of the leaf stems are small leaflike parts, called stipules, which +in this species are very small, linear, and entire. In the following species, +which is very similar to <i>trifoliatus</i> and collected with it, the stipules, however, +are so much larger that they form a prominent character, which has given rise +to its specific name, <i>stipulatus</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Porteranthus stipulatus</i> (Muhl.) Britton (Syn. <i>Gillenia stipulacea</i> Nutt.) is +found in similar situations as <i>P. trifoliatus</i>, but generally farther west, its range +extending from western New York to Indiana and Kansas, south to Alabama, +Louisiana, and Indian Territory. The general appearance of this plant is very +similar to that of <i>P. trifoliatus</i>. It grows to about the same height, but is generally +more hairy, the leaflets narrower and more deeply toothed, and the +flowers perhaps a trifle smaller. The stipules, however, will generally serve to +distinguish it. These are large, broad, ovate, acute at the apex, sharply and +deeply notched, and so much like leaves that but for their position at the base +of the leaf stems they might easily be mistaken for them.</p> + +<p class='c005'>With the exception of the name American ipecac applied to this plant, the +common names of <i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> are also used for <i>P. stipulatus</i>. +The roots of both species are collected and used for the same purposes.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span><i>Description of roots.</i>—The root of <i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> is thick and +knotty, with many smoothish, reddish brown rootlets (Pl. V, fig. 1), the latter +in drying becoming wrinkled lengthwise and showing a few transverse fissures +or breaks in the bark, +and the interior white +and woody. There is +practically no odor, and +the woody portion is +tasteless, but the bark, +which is readily separable, +is bitter, increasing +the flow of saliva.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Porteranthus stipulatus</i> +has a larger, more knotty +root, with rootlets that +are more wavy, constricted, +or marked with +numerous transverse +rings, and the bark fissured +or breaking from +the white woody portion +at frequent intervals.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and +uses.</i>—The roots of both +species are collected in +autumn. The price ranges +from 2 to 4 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Indian-physic or bowman’s +root, as these +names imply, was a popular +remedy with the Indians, +who used it as an +emetic. From them the +white settlers learned of +its properties, and it is +still used for its emetic +action. This drug was at +one time official in the United States Pharmacopœia, from 1820 to 1880. Its +action is said to resemble that of ipecac.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a43.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 16.</span>—Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>), branch showing flowers and seed pods. (Modified from Barton’s Vegetable Materia Medica.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<h3 class='c013'>WILD INDIGO.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Baptisia tinctoria</i> (L.) R. Br.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Baptisia, indigo-weed, yellow indigo, American indigo, +yellow broom, indigo-broom, clover-broom, broom-clover, horsefly-weed, shoofly, +rattlebush.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native herb grows on dry, poor land, and is found +from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Many who have been brought up in the country will +recognize in the wild indigo the plant so frequently used by farmers, especially +in Virginia and Maryland, to keep flies away from horses, bunches of it being +fastened to the harness for this purpose.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Wild indigo grows about 2 to 3 feet in height, and the cloverlike blossoms and +leaves will show at once that it belongs to the same family as the common +<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>clover, namely, the pea family (Fabaceæ). It is an erect, much-branched, +very leafy plant, of compact growth, the 3-leaved, bluish green foliage somewhat +resembling clover leaves. The flowers, as already stated, are like common +clover flowers—that is, not like clover heads, but the single flowers +composing these; they are bright yellow, about one-half inch in length, and +are produced in numerous clusters which appear from June to September. +The seed pods, on stalks longer than the calyx, are nearly globular or ovoid +and are tipped with an awl-shaped style. (Fig. 16.)</p> + +<p class='c005'>Another species, said to possess properties similar to those of <i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>, +and substituted for it, is <i>B. alba</i> R. Br., called the white wild indigo. +This plant has white flowers and is found in the Southern States and on the +plains of the Western States.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Wild indigo has a thick, knotty crown or head, with +several stem scars, and a round, fleshy root, sending out cylindrical branches +and rootlets almost 2 feet in length. The white woody interior is covered with +a thick, dark-brown bark, rather scaly or dotted with small, wartlike excrescences. +The root breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture. There is a scarcely +perceptible odor, and the taste, which resides chiefly in the bark, is nauseous, +bitter, and acrid.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of wild indigo is collected in autumn, +and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Large doses of wild indigo are emetic and cathartic and may prove dangerous. +It also has stimulant, astringent, and antiseptic properties, and is used as a +local application to sores, ulcers, etc.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The herb is sometimes employed like the root, and the entire plant was +official from 1830 to 1840.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In some sections the young tender shoots are used for greens, like those of +the pokeweed, but great care must be exercised to gather them before they are +too far advanced in growth, as otherwise bad results will follow.</p> + +<p class='c005'>A blue coloring matter has been prepared from the plant and used as a substitute +for indigo, to which, however, it is very much inferior.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>CRANE’S-BILL.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Geranium maculatum</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Geranium.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Spotted crane’s-bill, wild crane’s-bill, stork’s-bill, +spotted geranium, wild geranium, alumroot, alumbloom, chocolate-flower, crowfoot, +dovefoot, old-maid’s-nightcap, shameface.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Crane’s-bill flourishes in low grounds and open woods +from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This pretty perennial plant belongs to the geranium +family (Geraniaceæ), and will grow sometimes to a height of 2 feet, but more +generally it is only about a foot in height. The entire plant is more or less +covered with hairs, and is erect and usually unbranched. The leaves are nearly +circular or somewhat heart shaped in outline, 3 to 6 inches wide, deeply parted +into three or five parts, each division again cleft and toothed. The basal +leaves are borne on long stems, while those above have shorter stems. The +flowers, which appear from April to June, are borne in a loose cluster; they +are rose purple, pale or violet purple in color, about 1 inch or 1½ inches wide, +the petals delicately veined and woolly at the base, and the sepals or calyx lobes +with a bristle-shaped point, soft-hairy, the margins having a fringe of more +bristly hairs. The fruit consists of a beaked capsule, springing open elastically, +and dividing into five cells, each cell containing one seed. (Fig. 17.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—When removed from the earth, the rootstock of +crane’s-bill (fig. 17) is about 2 to 4 inches long, thick, with numerous branches +bearing the young buds for next season’s growth, and scars showing the remains +of stems of previous years, brown outside, white and fleshy internally, and with +several stout roots. When dry, the rootstock turns a darker brown, is finely +wrinkled externally, and has a rough, spiny appearance, caused by the shrinking +of the buds and branches and the numerous stem scars with which the root is +studded. Internally it +is of a somewhat purplish +color. Crane’s-bill +root is without +odor and the taste is +very astringent.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a45.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 17.</span>—Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>), flowering plant, showing also seed pods and rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and +uses.</i>—Crane’s-bill root +depends for its medicinal +value on its astringent +properties, and +as its astringency is +due to the tannin content, +the root should, of +course, be collected at +that season of the year +when it is richest in +that constituent. Experiments +have proved +that the yield of tannin +in crane’s-bill is +greatest just before +flowering, which is in +April or May, according +to locality. It +should, therefore, be +collected just before +the flowering period, +and not, as is commonly +the case, in autumn. +The price of this +root ranges from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Crane’s-bill root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is +used as a tonic and astringent.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>SENECA SNAKEROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Polygala senega</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Senega.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Senega snakeroot, Seneca-root, rattlesnake-root, +mountain-flax.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Rocky woods and hillsides are the favorite haunts of +this indigenous plant. It is found in such situations from New Brunswick +and western New England to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky Mountains, +and south along the Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The perennial root of this useful little plant sends +up a number of smooth, slender, erect stems (as many as 15 to 20 or more), +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>sometimes slightly tinged with red, from 6 inches to a foot in height, and +generally unbranched. The leaves alternate on the stem, are lance shaped +or oblong lance shaped, thin in texture, 1 to 2 inches long, and stemless. +The flowering spikes are borne on the ends of the stems and consist of rather +crowded, small, greenish white, insignificant flowers. The flowering period +of Seneca snakeroot is from May to June. The spike blossoms gradually, +and when the lowermost flowers have already fruited the upper part of the +spike is still in flower. The seed capsules are small and contain two black, +somewhat hairy seeds. (Fig. 18.) The short slender stalks supporting these +seed capsules have a tendency to break off from the main axis before the +seed is fully mature, leaving the spike in a rather ragged-looking condition, +and the yield of seed, therefore, is not very large. Seneca snakeroot belongs to +the milkwort family +(Polygalaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'>A form of Seneca +snakeroot, growing +mostly in the North-Central +States and +distinguished by its +taller stems and +broader leaves, has +been called <i>Polygala +senega</i> var. <i>latifolia</i>.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a46.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 18.</span>—Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>), flowering plant with root.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of +root.</i>—Seneca snakeroot +(fig. 18) is described +in the United +States Pharmacopœia +as follows: +“Somewhat cylindrical, +tapering, more +or less flexuous, 3 to +15 cm. long and 2 to +8 mm. thick, bearing +several similar horizontal +branches and +a few rootlets; crown +knotty with numerous +buds and short +stem remnants; externally +yellowish +gray or brownish +yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, usually marked by a keel which is more prominent +in perfectly dry roots near the crown; fracture short, wood light yellow, +usually excentrically developed; odor slight, nauseating; taste sweetish, afterwards +acrid.”</p> + +<p class='c005'>The Seneca snakeroots found in commerce vary greatly in size, that obtained +from the South, which is really the official drug, being usually light colored and +small. The principal supply of Seneca snakeroot now comes from Minnesota, +Wisconsin, and farther northward, and this western Seneca snakeroot has a +much larger, darker root, with a crown or head sometimes measuring 2 or 3 +inches across and the upper part of the root very thick. It is also less twisted +and not so distinctly keeled.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>Seneca snakeroot is often much adulterated with the roots of other species +of Polygala and of other plants.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The time for collecting Seneca snakeroot is in +autumn. Labor conditions play a great part in the rise and fall of prices for +this drug. It is said that very little Seneca snakeroot has been dug in the +Northwest during 1906, due to the fact that the Indians and others who usually +engage in this work were so much in demand as farm hands and railroad +laborers, which paid them far better than the digging of Seneca snakeroot. +Collectors receive from about 55 to 70 cents a pound for this root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This drug, first brought into prominence as a cure for snake bite among the +Indians, is now employed as an expectorant, emetic, and diuretic. It is official +in the Pharmacopœia of the United States.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>STILLINGIA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Stillingia sylvatica</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Stillingia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Queen’s-delight, queen’s-root, silverleaf, nettle-potato.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This plant is found in dry, sandy soil and in pine +barrens from Maryland to +Florida west to Kansas and +Texas.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a47.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 19.</span>—Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>), upper portion of plant and part of spike showing male flowers. (After Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Like +most of the other members of +the spurge family (Euphorbiaceæ) +stillingia also contains +a milky juice. This indigenous, +herbaceous perennial is about +1 to 3 feet in height, bright +green and somewhat fleshy, +with crowded leaves of a somewhat +leathery texture. The +leaves are practically stemless +and vary greatly in form, +from lance shaped, oblong, to +oval and elliptical, round +toothed or saw toothed. The +pale-yellow flowers, which appear +from April to October, +are borne in a dense terminal +spike and consist of two kinds, +male and female, the male +flowers arranged in dense +clusters around the upper +part of the stalk and the +female flowers occurring at +the base of the spike. (Fig. +19.) The seeds are contained +in a roundish 3-lobed capsule.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Stillingia consists of somewhat cylindrical or slenderly +spindle-shaped roots from 6 inches to a foot in length, slightly branched, the +yellowish white, porous wood covered with a rather thick, reddish brown, +wrinkled bark, the whole breaking with a fibrous fracture. As found in commerce, +stillingia is usually in short transverse sections, the ends of the sections +<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>pinkish and fuzzy with numerous fine, silky bast fibers, and the bark showing +scattered yellowish brown resin cells and milk ducts. It has a peculiar +unpleasant odor, and a bitter, acrid, and pungent taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Stillingia root is collected late in autumn or +early in spring, usually cut into short, transverse sections and dried. The price +ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been a +popular drug in the South for more than a century, and is employed principally +as an alterative.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>WILD SARSAPARILLA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Aralia nudicaulis</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—False sarsaparilla, Virginian sarsaparilla, American +sarsaparilla, small spikenard, rabbit’s-root, shotbush, wild licorice.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild sarsaparilla grows in rich, moist woods from Newfoundland +west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to the ginseng +family (Araliaceæ), produces a single, long-stalked leaf and flowering +stalk from a very short stem, both surrounded or sheathed at the base by thin, +dry scales. The leafstalk is about 12 inches long, divided at the top into three +parts, each division bearing five oval, toothed leaflets from 2 to 5 inches long, +the veins on the lower surface sometimes hairy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The naked flowering stalk bears three spreading clusters of small, greenish +flowers, each cluster consisting of from 12 to 30 flowers, produced from May to +June, followed later in the season by purplish black roundish berries, about +the size of the common elderberries. (Pl. V, fig. 2.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Wild sarsaparilla rootstock has a very fragrant, +aromatic odor. Rabbits are said to be very fond of it, whence one of the common +names, “rabbit’s-root,” is derived. The rootstock is rather long, horizontally +creeping, somewhat twisted, and yellowish brown on the outside. (Pl. +V, fig. 2.) The taste is warm and aromatic. The dried rootstock is brownish +gray and wrinkled lengthwise on the outside, about one-fourth of an inch in +thickness, the inside whitish with a spongy pith. The taste is sweetish and +somewhat aromatic.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of wild sarsaparilla is collected in +autumn, and brings from 5 to 8 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>This has long been a popular remedy, both among the Indians and in domestic +practice, and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880. +Its use is that of an alterative, stimulant, and diaphoretic, and in this it resembles +the official sarsaparilla obtained from tropical America.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Similar species.</i>—The American spikenard (<i>Aralia racemosa</i> L.), known also +as spignet, spiceberry, Indian-root, petty-morrel, life-of-man, and old-man’s-root, +is employed like <i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>. It is distinguished from this by its taller, +herbaceous habit, its much-branched stem from 3 to 6 feet high, and very large +leaves consisting of thin, oval, heart-shaped, double saw-toothed leaflets. The +small greenish flowers are arranged in numerous clusters, instead of only three +as in <i>nudicaulis</i>, and also appear somewhat later, namely, from July to August. +The berries are roundish, reddish brown, or dark purple.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The rootstock is shorter than that of <i>nudicaulis</i>, and much thicker, with +prominent stem scars, and furnished with numerous, very long, rather thick +roots. The odor and taste are stronger than in <i>nudicaulis</i>. It is also collected +in autumn, and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>The American spikenard occurs in similar situations as <i>nudicaulis</i>, but its +range extends somewhat farther south, Georgia being given as the southern +limit.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The California spikenard (<i>Aralia californica</i> Wats.) may be used for the +same purposes as the other species. The plant is larger than <i>Aralia racemosa</i>, +but otherwise is very much like it. The root is also larger than that of <i>A. +racemosa</i>.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>GINSENG.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Panax quinquefolium</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—American ginseng, sang, red-berry, five-fingers. (Pl. +V, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>— Ginseng is a native of this country, its favorite haunts +being the rich, moist soil in hardwood forests from Maine to Minnesota southward +to the mountains of northern Georgia and Arkansas. For some years +ginseng has been cultivated in small areas from central New York to Missouri.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Ginseng is an erect perennial plant growing from 8 to +15 inches in height, and bearing three leaves at the summit, each leaf consisting +of five thin, stalked, ovate leaflets, long pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed +at the base, the margins toothed; the three upper leaflets are largest +and the two lower ones smaller. From 6 to 20 greenish yellow flowers are +produced in a cluster during July and August, followed later in the season by +bright crimson berries. It belongs to the ginseng family (Araliaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Ginseng has a thick, spindle-shaped root, 2 to 3 inches +long or more, and about one-half to 1 inch in thickness, often branched, the +outside prominently marked with circles or wrinkles. (Pl. V, fig. 3.) The +spindle-shaped root is simple at first, but after the second year it usually becomes +forked or branched, and it is the branched root, especially if it resembles +the human form, that finds particular favor in the eyes of the Chinese, who are +the principal consumers of this root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Ginseng root has a thick, pale yellowish white or brownish yellow bark, prominently +marked with transverse wrinkles, the whole root fleshy and somewhat +flexible. If properly dried, it is solid and firm. Ginseng has a slight aromatic +odor, and the taste is sweetish and mucilaginous.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection and uses.</i>—The proper time for digging ginseng root is in autumn, +and it should be carefully washed, sorted, and dried. If collected at any other +season of the year, it will shrink more and not have the fine plump appearance +of the fall-dug root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The National Dispensatory contains an interesting item concerning the collection +of the root by the Indians. They gather the root only after the fruit has +ripened, and it is said that they bend down the stem of ripened fruit before +digging the root, covering the fruit with earth, and thus providing for future +propagation. The Indians claim that a large percentage of the seeds treated in +this way will germinate.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Although once official in the United States Pharmacopœia, from 1840 to 1880, +it is but little used medicinally in this country except by the Chinese residents, +most of the ginseng produced in this country being exported to China. The +Chinese regard ginseng root as a panacea. It is on account of its commercial +prominence that it is included in this paper.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Cultivation.</i>—There is probably no plant that has become better known, at +least by name, during the past ten years or more than ginseng. It has been +heralded from north to south and east to west as a money-making crop. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>prospective ginseng grower must not fail to bear in mind, however, that financial +returns are by no means immediate. Special conditions and unusual care +are required in ginseng cultivation, diseases must be contended with, and a +long period of waiting is in store for him before he can realize on his crop.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Either roots or seeds may be planted, and the best success with ginseng is +obtained by following as closely as possible the conditions of its native habitat. +Ginseng needs a deep, rich soil, and, being a plant accustomed to the shade of +forest trees, will require shade, which can be supplied by the erection of lath +sheds over the beds. A heavy mulch of leaves or similar well-rotted vegetable +material should be applied to the beds in autumn.</p> + +<p class='c005'>If roots are planted, they are set in rows about 8 inches apart and 8 inches +apart in the row. In this way a marketable product will be obtained sooner +than if grown from seed. The seed is sown in spring or autumn in drills 6 +inches apart and about 2 inches apart in the row. The plants remain in the +seed bed for two years and are then transplanted, being set about 8 by 8 +inches apart. It requires from five to seven years to obtain a marketable crop +from the seed. Seed intended for sowing should not be allowed to dry out, +as this is supposed to destroy its vitality.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Price.</i>—The price of wild ginseng roots ranges from $5 a pound upward. The +cultivated root generally brings a lower price than the wild root, and southern +ginseng roots are worth less than those from northern localities.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Exports.</i>—The exports of ginseng for the year ended June 30, 1906, amounted +to 160,949 pounds, valued at $1,175,844.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>WATER-ERYNGO.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i> Michx.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Eryngium aquaticum</i> L.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Eryngium, eryngo, button-snakeroot, corn-snakeroot, +rattlesnake-master, rattlesnake-weed, rattlesnake-flag.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Although sometimes occurring on dry land, water-eryngo +usually inhabits swamps and low, wet ground, from the pine barrens of New +Jersey westward to Minnesota and south to Texas and Florida.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The leaves of this plant are grasslike in form, rigid, +1 to 2 feet long, and about one-half inch or a trifle more in width; they are +linear, with parallel veins, pointed, generally clasping at the base, and the +margins bristly with soft, slender spines. The stout, furrowed stem reaches a +height of from 2 to 6 feet, and is generally unbranched except near the top. +The insignificant whitish flowers are borne in dense, ovate-globular, stout-stemmed +heads, appearing from June to September, and the seed heads that +follow are ovate and scaly. (Pl. V, fig. 4.) Water-eryngo belongs to the +parsley family (Apiaceæ) and is native in this country.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The stout rootstock is very knotty, with numerous +short branches, and produces many thick, rather straight roots (Pl. V, fig. 4), +both rootstock and roots of a dark-brown color, the latter wrinkled lengthwise. +The inside of the rootstock is yellowish white. Water-eryngo has a somewhat +peculiar, slightly aromatic odor, and a sweetish, mucilaginous taste at first, +followed by some bitterness and pungency.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of this plant is collected in autumn and +brings from 5 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Water-eryngo is an old remedy, and one of its early uses, as the several +common names indicate, was for the treatment of snake bites. It was official in +the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1860, and is employed now as a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>diuretic and expectorant, and for promoting perspiration. In large doses it acts +as an emetic, and the root, when chewed, excites a flow of saliva. It is said to +resemble Seneca snakeroot in action.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN ANGELICA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Angelica atropurpurea</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Archangelica atropurpurea</i> Hoffm.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Angelica, purple-stemmed angelica, great angelica, high +angelica, purple angelica, masterwort.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American angelica is a native herb, common in swamps +and damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This strong-scented, tall, stout perennial reaches a +height of from 4 to 6 feet, with a smooth, dark-purple, hollow stem 1 to 2 inches +in diameter. The leaves are divided into three parts, each of which is again +divided into threes; the rather thin segments are oval or ovate, somewhat acute, +sharply toothed and sometimes deeply cut, and about 2 inches long. The lower +leaves sometimes measure 2 feet in width, while the upper ones are smaller, but +all have very broad expanded stalks. The greenish white flowers are produced +from June to July in somewhat roundish, many-rayed umbels or heads, which +sometimes are 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The fruits are smooth, compressed, +and broadly oval. (Pl. VI, fig. 1.) American angelica belongs to the parsley +family (Apiaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—American angelica root is branched, from 3 to 6 inches +long, and less than an inch in diameter. The outside is light brownish gray, +with deep furrows, and the inside nearly white, the whole breaking with a short +fracture and the thick bark showing fine resin dots. It has an aromatic odor, +and the taste at first is sweetish and spicy, afterwards bitter. The fresh root is +said to possess poisonous properties.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The root of the European or garden angelica (<i>Angelica officinalis</i> Moench) +supplies much of the angelica root of commerce. This is native in northern +Europe and is very widely cultivated, especially in Germany, for the root.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in autumn and carefully dried. +Care is also necessary in preserving the root, as it is very liable to the attacks of +insects. American angelica root ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>American angelica root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia +from 1820 to 1860, is used as an aromatic, tonic, stimulant, carminative, diuretic, +and diaphoretic. In large doses it acts as an emetic.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The seeds are also employed medicinally.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>YELLOW JASMINE OR JESSAMINE.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i> (L.) Ait. f.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Gelsemium.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Carolina jasmine or jessamine, Carolina wild woodbine, +evening trumpet-flower.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Yellow jasmine is a plant native to the South, found +along banks of streams, in woods, lowlands, and thickets, generally near the +coast, from the eastern part of Virginia to Florida and Texas, south to Mexico +and Guatemala.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This highly ornamental climbing or trailing plant is +abundantly met with in the woods of the Southern States, its slender stems +festooned over trees and fences and making its presence known by the delightful +<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>perfume exhaled by its flowers, filling the air with a fragrance that is almost +overpowering wherever the yellow jasmine is very abundant.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The smooth shining stems of this beautiful vine sometimes reach a length of +20 feet. The leaves are evergreen, lance shaped, entire, 1½ to 3 inches long, +rather narrow, borne on short stems, and generally remaining on the vine during +the winter. The flowers, which appear from January to April, are bright +yellow, about 1 to 1½ inches long, the corolla funnel shaped. (Fig. 20.) They +are very fragrant, but poisonous, and it is stated that the eating of honey +derived from jasmine flowers has brought about fatal results.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Yellow jasmine is a perennial, and belongs to a family that is noted for its +poisonous properties, namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), which numbers +among its members such powerful +poisonous agents as the strychnine-producing +tree.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock +of the yellow jasmine is horizontal +and runs near the surface of +the ground, attaining great length, 15 +feet or more; it is branched, and here +and there produces fibrous rootlets. +When freshly removed from the +ground it is very yellow, with a peculiar +odor and bitter taste. For the +drug trade it is generally cut into +pieces varying from 1 inch to 6 inches +in length, and when dried consists of +cylindrical sections about 1 inch in +thickness, the roots, of course, thinner. +The bark is thin, yellowish +brown, with fine silky bast fibers, and +the wood is tough and pale yellow, +breaking with a splintery fracture +and showing numerous fine rays radiating +from a small central pith. Yellow +jasmine has a bitter taste and a +pronounced heavy odor.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a52.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 20.</span>—Yellow jasmine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The +root of yellow jasmine is usually collected +just after the plant has come +into flower and is cut into pieces from +1 to 6 inches long. It is often adulterated with portions of the stems, but these +can be distinguished by their thinness and dark purplish color. The prices range +from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Yellow jasmine, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is used +for its powerful effect on the nervous system.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>PINKROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Spigelia marilandica</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Spigelia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Carolina pinkroot, Carolina pink, Maryland pink, +Indian pink, starbloom, wormgrass, wormweed, American wormroot.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This pretty little plant is found in rich woods from New +Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin, but occurring principally in the +Southern States. It is fast disappearing, however, from its native haunts.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Pinkroot belongs to the same family as the yellow jasmine, +namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), noted for its poisonous species. +It is a native perennial herb, with simple, erect stem 6 inches to 1½ feet high, +nearly smooth. The leaves are stemless, generally ovate, pointed at the apex +and rounded or narrowed at the base; they are from 2 to 4 inches long, one-half +to 2 inches wide, smooth on the upper surface, and only slightly hairy on the +veins on the lower surface. The rather showy flowers are produced from May +to July in a terminal one-sided spike; they are from 1 to 2 inches in length, +somewhat tube shaped, narrowed below, slightly inflated toward the center, and +again narrowed or contracted toward the top, and terminating in five lance-shaped +lobes; the flowers are very showy, with their brilliant coloring—bright +scarlet on the outside, and the inside of the tube and the lobes a bright yellow. +The seed capsule is double, consisting of two globular portions more or less +united, and containing numerous seeds. (Pl. VI, fig. 2.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock is rather small, from 1 to 2 inches +in length and about one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. It is somewhat +crooked or bent, dark brown, with a roughened appearance of the upper surface +caused by cup-shaped scars, the remains of former annual stems. The lower +surface and the sides have numerous long, finely branched, lighter colored roots, +which are rather brittle. Pinkroot has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and the taste +is described as sweetish, bitter, and pungent.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Pinkroot is collected after the flowering period. +It is said to be scarce, and was reported as becoming scarce as long ago as 1830. +The price paid to collectors ranges from 25 to 40 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The roots of other plants, notably those of the East Tennessee pinkroot +(<i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> Pursh), are often found mixed with the true pinkroot, and the +<i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> is even substituted for it. This adulteration or substitution probably +accounts for the inertness which has sometimes been attributed to the +true pinkroot and which has caused it to fall into more or less disuse. It has +long been known that the true pinkroot was adulterated, but this adulteration +was supposed to be caused by the admixture of Carolina phlox (<i>Phlox carolina</i> +L., now known as <i>Phlox ovata</i> L.), but this is said now to be no part of the +substitution.<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c014'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c005'>The rootstock of <i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> is larger and not as dark as that of the Maryland +pinkroot and has fewer and coarser roots, from which the bark readily +separates, leaving the whitish wood exposed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Pinkroot was long known by the Indians, and its properties were made +known to physicians by them. It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, +and is used principally as an anthelmintic.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN COLOMBO.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Frasera carolinensis</i> Walt.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Frasera walteri</i> Michx.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Frasera, meadowpride, pyramid-flower, pyramid-plant, +Indian lettuce, yellow gentian, ground-centaury.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American colombo occurs in dry soil from the western +part of New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—During the first and second year of the growth of this +plant only the root leaves are produced. These are generally somewhat rounded +at the summit, narrowed toward the base, and larger than the stem leaves, +which develop in the third year. The leaves are deep green and produced +mostly in whorls of four, the stem leaves being 3 to 6 inches in length and +oblong or lance shaped. In the third year the stem is developed and the +flowers are produced from June to August. The stem is stout, erect, cylindrical, +and 3 to 8 feet in height. The flowers of American colombo are borne in large +terminal, handsome pyramidal +clusters sometimes +2 feet in length, +and are greenish yellow +or yellowish white, +dotted with brown purple. +They are slender +stemmed, about 1 inch +across, with a wheelshaped, +4-parted corolla. +The seeds are +contained in a much +compressed capsule. +(Fig. 21.) American +colombo is an indigenous +perennial, and belongs +to the gentian +family (Gentianaceæ).</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a54.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig 21.</span>—American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>), leaves, flowers, and seed pods.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The +root is long, horizontal, +spindle shaped, +yellow, and wrinkled. +In the fresh state it is +fleshy and quite heavy. +The American colombo +root of commerce, formerly +in transverse +slices, now generally +occurs in lengthwise +slices. The outside is +yellowish or pale orange and the inside spongy and pale yellow. The taste is +bitter. American colombo root resembles the official gentian root in taste and +odor, and the uses are also similar.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The proper time for collecting American colombo +root is in the autumn of the second year or in March or April of the third +year. It is generally cut into lengthwise slices before drying. The price of +American colombo root ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The dried root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from +1820 to 1880, is used as a simple tonic. In the fresh state the root possesses +emetic and cathartic properties.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span> + <h3 class='c013'>BLACK INDIAN HEMP.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Apocynum.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Canadian hemp, American hemp, amy-root, bowman’s-root, +bitterroot, Indian-physic, rheumatism-weed, milkweed, wild cotton, Choctaw-root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The name “Indian hemp” is often applied to this plant, but it should never +be used without the adjective “black.” “Indian hemp” is a name that properly +belongs to <i>Cannabis indica</i>, a true hemp plant, from which the narcotic drug +“hashish” is obtained.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Black Indian hemp is a native of this country, and +may be found in thickets and along the +borders of old fields throughout the +United States.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This is a common +herbaceous perennial about 2 to +4 feet high, with erect or ascending +branches, and, like most of the plants +belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceæ), +contains a milky juice. The +short-stemmed opposite leaves are oblong, +lance-shaped oblong or ovate-oblong, +about 2 to 6 inches long, usually +sharp pointed, the upper surface smooth +and the lower sometimes hairy. The +plant is in flower from June to August +and the small greenish white flowers +are borne in dense heads, followed later +by the slender pods, which are about +4 inches in length and pointed at the +apex. (Fig. 22.)</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a55.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 22.</span>—Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>), flowering portion, pods, and rootstock. (After King’s American Dispensatory.)</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other species.</i>—Considerable confusion +seems to exist in regard to +which species yields the root which +has proved of greatest value medicinally. +The Pharmacopœia directs +that “the dried rhizome and roots of +<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> or of closely allied species of Apocynum” be used.</p> + +<p class='c005'>In the older botanical works and medical herbals only two species of Apocynum +were recognized, namely, <i>A. cannabinum</i> L. and <i>A. androsaemifolium</i> L., +although it was known that both of these were very variable. In the newer +botanical manuals both of these species still hold good, but the different forms +and variations are now recognized as distinct species, those formerly referred +to <i>cannabinum</i> being distinguished by the erect or nearly erect lobes of the corolla, +and those of the <i>androsaemifolium</i> group being distinguished by the spreading +or recurved lobes of the corolla.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Among the plants that were formerly collected as <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> or +varietal forms of it, and which are now considered as distinct species, may be +mentioned the following:</p> + +<p class='c005'>Riverbank-dogbane (<i>A. album</i> Greene), which frequents the banks of rivers +and similar moist locations from Maine to Wisconsin, Virginia, and Missouri. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>This plant is perfectly smooth and has white flowers and relatively smaller +leaves than <i>A. cannabinum</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Velvet dogbane (<i>A. pubescens</i> R. Br.), which is common from Virginia to +Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. The entire plant has a soft, hairy or velvety appearance, +which renders identification easy. According to the latest edition of +the National Standard Dispensatory it is not unlikely that this is the plant +that furnishes the drug that has been so favorably reported upon.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i> is also gathered by drug collectors for <i>Apocynum +cannabinum</i>. Its root is likewise employed in medicine, but its action is not +the same as that of <i>cannabinum</i>, and it should therefore not be substituted for it. +It closely resembles <i>cannabinum</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The following description of the drug as found in +commerce is taken from the United States Pharmacopœia: “Of varying length, +3 to 8 mm. thick, cylindrical or with a few angles produced by drying, lightly +wrinkled longitudinally, and usually more or less fissured transversely; orange-brown, +becoming gray-brown on keeping; brittle; fracture sharply transverse, +exhibiting a thin brown layer of cork, the remainder of the bark nearly as thick +as the radius of the wood, white or sometimes pinkish, starchy, containing laticiferous +ducts; the wood yellowish, having several rings, finely radiate and +very coarsely porous; almost inodorous, the taste starchy, afterwards becoming +bitter and somewhat acrid.”</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of black Indian hemp is collected in +autumn and brings from 8 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia and has emetic, cathartic, +diaphoretic, expectorant, and diuretic properties, and on account of the last-named +action it is used in dropsical affections.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The tough fibrous bark of the stalks of black Indian hemp was employed by +the Indians as a substitute for hemp in making twine, fishing nets, etc.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>PLEURISY-ROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Asclepias tuberosa</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Asclepias.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Butterfly-weed, Canada-root, Indian-posy, orange-root, +orange swallowwort, tuberroot, whiteroot, windroot, yellow or orange +milkweed.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Pleurisy-root flourishes in the open or in pine woods, in +dry sandy or gravelly soil, usually along the banks of streams. Its range +extends from Ontario and Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas, and +Arizona, but it is found in greatest abundance in the South.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This is a very showy and ornamental perennial plant, +indigenous to this country, and belonging to the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceæ); +it is erect and rather stiff in habit, but with brilliant heads of bright +orange-colored flowers that attract attention from afar.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The stems are rather stout, erect, hairy, about 1 to 2 feet in height, sometimes +branched near the top, and bearing a thick growth of leaves. These are either +stemless or borne on short stems, are somewhat rough to the touch, 2 to 6 +inches long, lance shaped or oblong, the apex either sharp pointed or blunt, +with a narrow, rounded, or heart-shaped base. The flower heads, borne at the +ends of the stem and branches, consist of numerous, oddly shaped orange-colored +flowers. The corolla is composed of five segments, which are reflexed +or turned back, and the crown has five erect or spreading “hoods,” within +each of which is a slender incurved horn. The plant is in flower for some +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>time, usually from June to September, followed late in fall by pods, which +are from 4 to 5 inches long, green, tinged with red, finely hairy on the outside, +and containing the seeds with their long silky hairs. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) Unlike +the other milkweeds, the pleurisy-root contains little or no milky juice.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The root of this plant is large, white and fleshy, +spindle shaped, branching. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) As found in commerce it consists +of lengthwise or crosswise pieces from 1 to 6 inches in length and +about three-fourths of an inch in thickness. It is wrinkled lengthwise and +also transversely and has a knotty head. The thin bark is orange brown and +the wood yellowish, with white rays. It has no odor, and a somewhat bitter, +acrid taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root, which is usually found rather deep in +the soil, is collected in autumn, cut into transverse or lengthwise slices, and +dried. The price ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Pleurisy-root was much esteemed by the Indians, has long been used in domestic +practice, and is official in the United States Pharmacopœia. It is used +in disordered digestion and in affections of the lungs, in the last-named instance +to promote expectoration, relieve pains in the chest, and induce easier breathing. +It is also useful in producing perspiration.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other species.</i>—Besides the official pleurisy-root there are two other species +of Asclepias which are employed to some extent for the same purposes, namely, +the common milkweed and the swamp-milkweed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The common milkweed (<i>Asclepias syriaca</i> L.) is a perennial, native in fields +and waste places from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas. It has a stout, +usually simple stem 3 to 5 feet in height and oblong or oval leaves, smooth on +the upper surface and densely hairy beneath. The flowers, similar in form to +those of <i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>, are pinkish purple and appear from June to August, +followed by erect pods 3 to 5 inches long, wooly with matted hairs and +covered with prickles and borne on recurved stems. The plant contains an +abundance of milky juice.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The root of the common milkweed is from 1 to 6 feet long, cylindrical, and +finely wrinkled. The short branches and scars left by former stems give the +root a rough, knotty appearance. The bark is thick, grayish brown, and the +inside white, the root breaking with a short, splintery fracture. Common milkweed +root has a very bitter taste, but no odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is collected in autumn and cut into transverse slices before drying. Common +milkweed root ranges from 6 to 8 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Swamp-milkweed (<i>Asclepias incarnata</i> L.) is a native perennial herb found in +swamps from Canada to Tennessee and Kansas. The slender stem, leafy to +the top, is 1 to 2 feet in height, branched above, the leaves lance shaped or +oblong lance shaped. The flowers, also similar to those of <i>tuberosa</i>, appear +from July to September, and are flesh colored or rose colored. The pods are +2 to 3½ inches long, erect, and very sparingly hairy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The root of the swamp-milkweed, which is also collected in autumn, is not +quite an inch in length, hard and knotty, with several light-brown rootlets. +The tough white wood, which has a thick central pith, is covered with a thin, +yellowish brown bark. It is practically without odor, and the taste, sweetish +at first, finally becomes bitter. This root brings about 3 cents a pound.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>COMFREY.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Symphytum officinale</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Symphytum, healing-herb, knitback, ass-ear, backwort, +blackwort, bruisewort, gum-plant, slippery-root.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Comfrey is naturalized from Europe, and occurs in +waste places from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This coarse, rough, hairy perennial herb is from 2 +to 3 feet high, erect and branched, with thick, rough leaves, the lower ones +ovate lance shaped, 3 to 10 inches long, pointed at the apex, and narrowed at +the base into margined stems. The uppermost leaves are lance shaped, smaller, +and stemless. Comfrey is in flower from June to August, the purplish or dirty-white, +tubular, bell-shaped flowers numerous and borne in dense terminal clusters. +(Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The nutlets which follow are brown, shining, and somewhat +wrinkled. Comfrey belongs to the borage family (Boraginaceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Comfrey has a large, deep, spindle-shaped root, thick +and fleshy at the top, white inside, and covered with a thin, blackish brown +bark. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The dried root is hard, black, and very deeply and +roughly wrinkled, breaking with a smooth, white, waxy fracture. As it occurs +in commerce it is in pieces ranging from about an inch to several inches in +length, only about one-fourth of an inch in thickness, and usually considerably +bent. It has a very mucilaginous, somewhat sweetish and astringent taste, but +no odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in autumn, or sometimes in +early spring. Comfrey root when first dug is very fleshy and juicy, but about +four-fifths of its weight is lost in drying. The price ranges from 4 to 8 cents a +pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The mucilaginous character of comfrey root renders it useful in coughs and +diarrheal complaints. Its action is demulcent and slightly astringent.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves are also used to some extent.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>STONEROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Collinsonia canadensis</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Collinsonia, knobroot, knobgrass, knobweed, knotroot, +horse-balm, horseweed, richweed, richleaf, ox-balm, citronella.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Stoneroot is found in moist, shady woods from Maine to +Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Like most of the other members of the mint family +(Menthaceæ), stoneroot is aromatic also, the fresh flowering plant possessing a +very pleasant, lemon-like odor. It is a tall, perennial herb, growing as high as +5 feet. The stem is stout, erect, branched, smooth, or the upper part hairy.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves are opposite, about 3 to 8 inches long, thin, ovate, pointed at the +apex, narrowed or sometimes heart shaped at the base, and coarsely toothed; +the lower leaves are largest and are borne on slender stems, while the upper +ones are smaller and almost stemless. Stoneroot is in flower from July to +October, producing large, loose, open terminal panicles or heads of small, pale-yellow +lemon-scented flowers. The flowers have a funnel-shaped 2-lipped +corolla, the lower lip larger, pendent, and fringed, with two very much protruding +stamens. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Even the fresh root of this plant is very hard. It is +horizontal, large, thick, and woody, and the upper side is rough and knotty and +branched irregularly. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.) The odor of the root is rather disagreeable, +and the taste pungent and spicy. In the fresh state, as well as when +dry, the root is extremely hard, whence the common name “stoneroot.” The +dried root is grayish brown externally, irregularly knotty on the upper surface +from the remains of branches and the scars left by former stems, and the lower +surface showing a few thin roots. The inside of the root is hard and whitish.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Stoneroot, which is collected in autumn, is employed +for its tonic, astringent, diuretic, and diaphoretic effects. The price of +the root ranges from 2 to 3½ cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves are used by country people as an application to bruises.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>CULVER’S-ROOT.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Veronica virginica</i> L.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c014'><sup>[5]</sup></a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Leptandra virginica</i> (L.) Nutt.<a href='#f5' class='c014'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Leptandra.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Culver’s-physic, blackroot, bowman’s-root, Beaumont-root, +Brinton-root, tall +speedwell, tall veronica, +physic-root, whorlywort.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This +common indigenous +herb is found +abundantly in moist, +rich woods, mountain +valleys, meadows, and +thickets from British +Columbia south to Alabama, +Missouri, and +Nebraska.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a59.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 23.</span>—Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>), flowering top and rootstock.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Culver’s-root +is a tall, +slender-stemmed perennial +belonging to the +figwort family (Scrophulariaceæ). +It is from +3 to 7 feet in height, +with the leaves arranged +around the simple +stems in whorls of +three to nine. The +leaves are borne on +very short stems, are +lance shaped, long +pointed at the apex, +narrowed at the base, +and sharply toothed, 3 +to 6 inches in length, +and 1 inch or less in +width. The white tube-shaped +flowers, with +two long protruding stamens, +are produced from +June to September and +are borne in several terminal, +densely crowded, slender, spikelike heads from 3 to 9 inches long. (Fig. 23.) +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>The flowers, as stated, are usually white, though the color may vary from +a pink to bluish or purple, and on account of its graceful spikes of pretty flowers +it is often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. The fruits are small, +oblong, compressed, many-seeded capsules.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—After they are dried the rootstocks have a grayish +brown appearance on the outside, and the inside is hard and yellowish, either +with a hollow center or a brownish or purplish pith. When broken the fracture +is tough and woody. The rootstock measures from 4 to 6 inches in length, +is rather thick and bent, with branches resembling the main rootstock. The +upper surface has a few stem scars, and from the sides and underneath numerous +coarse, brittle roots are produced, which have the appearance of having +been artificially inserted into the rootstock. (Fig. 23.) Culver’s-root has a +bitter and acrid taste, but no odor.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock and roots should be collected in +the fall of the second year. When fresh these have a faint odor, resembling +somewhat that of almonds, which is lost in drying. The bitter, acrid taste +of Culver’s-root also becomes less the longer it is kept, and it is said that it +should be kept at least a year before being used. The price paid to collectors +ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Culver’s-root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is used as +an alterative, cathartic, and in disorders of the liver.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>DANDELION.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Taraxacum officinale</i> Weber.<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c014'><sup>[6]</sup></a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—<i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst.;<a href='#f6' class='c014'><sup>[6]</sup></a> <i>Taraxacum dens-leonis</i> +Desf.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Taraxacum.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Blow-ball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, fortune-teller, +horse gowan, Irish daisy, yellow gowan, one-o’clock. (Fig. 24.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—With the exception, possibly, of a few localities in the +South, the dandelion is at home almost everywhere in the United States, being +a familiar weed in meadows and waste places, and especially in lawns. It has +been naturalized in this country from Europe and is distributed as a weed in +all civilized parts of the world.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—It is hardly necessary to give a description of the +dandelion, as almost everyone is familiar with the coarsely toothed, smooth, +shining green leaves, the golden-yellow flowers which open in the morning and +only in fair weather, and the round, fluffy seed heads of this only too plentiful +weed of the lawns. In spring the young, tender leaves are much sought after +by the colored market women about Washington, who collect them by the basketful +and sell them for greens or salad.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Dandelion is a perennial belonging to the chicory family (Cichoriaceæ), and is +in flower practically throughout the year. The entire plant contains a white +milky juice.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The dandelion has a large, thick, and fleshy taproot, +sometimes measuring 20 inches in length. In commerce, dandelion root is usually +found in pieces 3 to 6 inches long, dark brown on the outside and strongly +wrinkled lengthwise. It breaks with a short fracture and shows the thick +<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>whitish bark marked with circles of milk ducts and a thin woody center, which +is yellow and porous. It is practically without odor and has a bitter taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection and uses.</i>—Late in summer and in fall the milky juice becomes +thicker and the bitterness increases, and this is the time to collect dandelion +root. It should be carefully washed and thoroughly dried. Dandelion roots lose +considerably in drying, weighing less than half as much as the fresh roots. The +dried root should not +be kept too long, as +drying diminishes its +medicinal activity. It +is official in the United +States Pharmacopœia.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Dandelion is used +as a tonic in diseases +of the liver and in +dyspepsia.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a61.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 24.</span>—Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Imports and prices.</i>—Most +of the dandelion +root found on the market +is collected in central +Europe. There +has been an unusually +large demand for dandelion +root during the +season of 1907, and +according to the +weekly records contained +in the “Oil, +Paint, and Drug Reporter,” +the imports +entered at the port of New York from January 1, 1907, to the end of May +amounted to about 47,000 pounds. The price ranges from 4 to 10 cents a pound.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOW.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Eupatorium purpureum</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Gravelroot, Indian gravelroot, joe-pye-weed, purple +boneset, tall boneset, kidneyroot, king-of-the-meadow, marsh-milkweed, motherwort, +niggerweed, quillwort, slunkweed, trumpetweed.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This common native perennial herb occurs in low grounds +and dry woods and meadows from Canada to Florida and Texas.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The stout, erect, green or purple stem of this plant +grows from 3 to 10 feet in height, and is usually smooth, simple or branched +at the top. The thin, veiny leaves are 4 to 12 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, +ovate or ovate lance shaped, sharp pointed, toothed, and placed around the +stem in whorls of three to six. While the upper surface of the leaves is smooth, +there is usually a slight hairiness along the veins on the lower surface, otherwise +smooth. Toward the latter part of the summer and in early fall queen-of-the-meadow +is in flower, producing 5 to 15 flowered pink or purplish heads, +all aggregated in large compound clusters, which present a rather showy +appearance. (Pl. VII, fig. 2.) This plant belongs to the aster family (Asteraceæ).</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>Another species which is collected with this and for similar purposes, and by +some regarded as only a variety, is the spotted boneset or spotted joe-pye-weed +(<i>Eupatorium maculatum</i> L.). This is very similar to <i>E. purpureum</i>, but it does +not grow so tall, is rough-hairy, and has the stem spotted with purple. The +thicker leaves are coarsely toothed and in whorls of three to five, and the +flower clusters are flattened at the top rather than elongated as in <i>E. purpureum</i>.</p> + +<p class='c005'>It is found in moist soil from New York to Kentucky, westward to Kansas, +New Mexico, Minnesota, and as far up as British Columbia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Queen-of-the-meadow root, as it occurs in commerce, is +blackish and woody, furnished with numerous long dark-brown fibers, which +are furrowed or wrinkled lengthwise and whitish within. It has a bitter, +aromatic, and astringent taste.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is collected in autumn and is used +for its astringent and diuretic properties. It was official in the United States +Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1840. The price ranges from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>ELECAMPANE.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Inula helenium</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Inula, inul, horseheal, elf-dock, elfwort, horse-elder, +scabwort, yellow starwort, velvet dock, wild sunflower.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This perennial herb has been naturalized from Europe, +and is found along roadsides and in fields and damp pastures from Nova Scotia +to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota. It is native also in +Asia.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—When in flower elecampane resembles the sunflower on +a small scale. Like the sunflower, it is a member of the aster family (Asteraceæ). +It is a rough plant, growing from 3 to 6 feet in height, but producing +during the first year only root leaves, which attain considerable size. In the +following season the stout densely hairy stem develops, attaining a height of +from 3 to 6 feet.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The leaves are broadly oblong in form, toothed, the upper surface rough and +the under side densely soft-hairy. The basal or root leaves are borne on long +stems, and are from 10 to 20 inches long and 4 to 8 inches wide, while the upper +leaves are smaller and stemless or clasping.</p> + +<p class='c005'>About July to September the terminal flower heads are produced, either singly +or a few together. As already stated, these flower heads look very much like +small sunflowers, 2 to 4 inches broad, and consist of long, narrow, yellow rays, +3 toothed at the apex, and the disk also is yellow. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Elecampane has a large, long, branching root, pale yellow +on the outside and whitish and fleshy within. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.) When +dry the outside turns a grayish brown or dark brown, and is generally finely +wrinkled lengthwise. As found in commerce, elecampane is usually in transverse +or lengthwise slices, light yellow or grayish and fleshy internally, dotted +with numerous shining resin cells, and with overlapping brown and wrinkled +bark. These slices become flexible in damp weather, and tough, but when they +are dry they break with a short fracture. The root has at first a strongly +aromatic odor, which has been described by some as resembling a violet odor, +but this diminishes in drying. The taste is aromatic, bitterish, and pungent.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The best time for collecting elecampane is in +the fall of the second year. If collected later than that the roots are apt to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>be stringy and woody. Owing to the interlacing habit of the rootlets, much dirt +adheres to the root, but it should be well cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise +slices, and carefully dried in the shade. Collectors receive from 3 to 5 +cents a pound for this root.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Elecampane, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890, +is much used in affections of the respiratory organs, in digestive and liver +disorders, catarrhal discharges, and in skin diseases.</p> + +<h3 class='c013'>ECHINACEA.</h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Brauneria angustifolia</i> (DC.) Heller.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Echinacea angustifolia</i> DC.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Pale-purple coneflower, Sampson-root, niggerhead (in +Kansas).</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Echinacea is found in scattered patches in rich prairie +soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and northwestward, being most +abundant in Kansas and Nebraska. Though not growing wild in the Eastern +States, it has succeeded well under cultivation in the testing gardens of the +Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to the +aster family (Asteraceæ), grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet. It sends up +a rather stout bristly-hairy stem, bearing thick rough-hairy leaves, which are +broadly lance shaped or linear lance shaped, entire, 3 to 8 inches long, narrowed +at each end, and strongly three nerved. The lower leaves have slender +stems, but as they approach the top of the plant the stems become shorter and +some of the upper leaves are stemless.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The flower heads, appearing from July to October, are very pretty, and the +plant would do well as an ornamental in gardens. The flowers remain on the +plant for a long time, and the color varies from whitish rose to pale purple. +The heads consist of ray flowers and disk flowers, the former constituting the +“petals” surrounding the disk, and the disk itself being composed of small, +tubular, greenish yellow flowers. When the flowers first appear the disk is +flattened or really concave, but as the flowering progresses it becomes conical +in shape. The brown fruiting heads are conical, chaffy, stiff, and wiry. (Pl. +VII, fig. 4.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Echinacea has a thick, blackish root (Pl. VII, fig. 4), +which in commerce occurs in cylindrical pieces of varying length and thickness. +The dried root is grayish brown on the outside, the bark wrinkled lengthwise +and sometimes spirally twisted. It breaks with a short, weak fracture, +showing yellow or greenish yellow wood wedges, which give the impression that +the wood is decayed.</p> + +<p class='c005'>The odor is scarcely perceptible, and the taste is mildly aromatic, afterwards +becoming acrid and inducing a flow of saliva.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of echinacea is collected in autumn +and brings from 20 to 30 cents a pound. It is said that echinacea varies greatly +in quality, due chiefly to the locality in which it grows. According to J. U. +Lloyd, the best quality comes from the prairie lands of Nebraska, and that +from marshy places is inferior.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Echinacea is said to be an alterative, and to promote perspiration and induce +a flow of saliva. The Indians used the freshly scraped roots for the cure of +snake bites.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span> + <h3 class='c013'>BURDOCK.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c002'> + <div><i>Arctium lappa</i> L.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Lappa major</i> Gaertn.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Lappa.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Cockle-button, cuckold-dock, beggar’s-buttons, hurr-bur, +stick-button, hardock, bardane. (Fig. 25.)</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Burdock, one of our most common weeds, was introduced +from the Old World. It grows along roadsides, in fields, pastures, and waste +places, being very abundant in +the Eastern and Central States +and in some scattered localities +in the West.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Farmers +are only too well acquainted +with this coarse, unsightly weed. +During the first year of its +growth this plant, which is a biennial +belonging to the aster +family (Asteraceæ), produces +only a rosette of large, thin leaves +from a long tapering root. In +the second year a round, fleshy, +and branched stem is produced, +the plant when full grown measuring +from 3 to 7 feet in height. +This stem is branched, grooved, +and hairy, bearing very large +leaves, the lower ones often +measuring 18 inches in length. +The leaves are placed alternately +on the stem, on long, solid, +deeply furrowed leafstalks; +they are thin in texture, smooth +on the upper surface, pale and +woolly underneath; usually +heart shaped, but sometimes +roundish or oval, with even, +wavy, or toothed margins.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/i_a64.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 25.</span>—Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>), flowering branch and root.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c005'>The flowers are not produced +until the second year, appearing from July until frost. Burdock flowers are purple, +in small, clustered heads armed with hooked tips, and the spiny burs thus +formed are a great pest, attaching themselves to clothing and to the wool and +hair of animals. Burdock is a very prolific seed producer, one plant bearing as +many as 400,000 seeds.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Burdock has a large, fleshy taproot (fig. 25), which, +when dry, becomes scaly and wrinkled lengthwise and has a blackish brown or +grayish brown color on the outside, hard, breaking with a short, somewhat +fleshy fracture, and showing the yellowish wood with a whitish spongy center. +Sometimes there is a small, white, silky tuft at the top of the root, which is +formed by the remains of the bases of the leafstalks. The odor of the root is +weak and unpleasant, the taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter.</p> + +<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>While the root is met with in commerce in its entire state, it is more frequently +in broken pieces or in lengthwise slices, the edges of which are turned +inward. The roots of other species of Arctium are also employed.</p> + +<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Burdock root is official, and the United States +Pharmacopœia directs that it be collected from plants of the first year’s growth, +either of <i>Arctium lappa</i> or of other species of Arctium. As burdock has a rather +large, fleshy root, it is difficult to dry and is apt to become moldy, and for this +reason it is better to slice the root lengthwise, which will facilitate the drying +process. The price ranges from 5 to 10 cents a pound. The best root is said to +come from Belgium, where great care is exercised in its collection and curing.</p> + +<p class='c005'>Burdock root is used as an alterative in blood and skin diseases. The seeds +and fresh leaves are also used medicinally to a limited extent.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span> + <h2 class='c004'>PLATES.</h2> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span> + <h3 class='c013'>EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</h3> +</div> + +<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Plate I.</span> Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (<i>Dryopteris marginalis</i>), showing +upper surface of leaf, the lower surface with the “sori,” or “fruit dots,” +arranged on the margins, and the erect, chaffy rootstock. Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage +(<i>Spathyema foetida</i>), showing flowering plant with thick rootstock +and whorl of crowded roots; unfolded leaf and spathe laid open to show +rounded spadix; also seedling, and transverse section of rootstock. Fig. +3.—Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>), showing swordlike leaves, flowering head +produced from the side of the stalk, and long, creeping rootstock. Fig. 4.—Bethroot +(<i>Trillium erectum</i>), showing leaves, various views of the flower, +and root. Arrangement of the different parts of the plant is in threes.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate II.</span> Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>), showing the male +plant. Note the arrangement of the long-stemmed leaves along the entire +stem and the graceful spike of feathery flowers, as compared with the +grasslike basal leaves and the erect flowering spikes of Aletris (fig. 2), +with which it is often confused. The rootstock of Chamaelirium, with the +slightly curved upward end, is also shown. Fig. 2.—Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>). +Note the grasslike leaves at the base of the stem and the erect +spikes of urn-shaped flowers, as compared with the arrangement of the +leaves all along the stem and the drooping plumelike spikes of Chamaelirium +(fig. 1), with which Aletris is frequently confused. The rootstock of +Aletris, which is rough and scaly and almost completely hidden by the +fibrous roots, is, unfortunately, not well shown in the illustration. Fig. 3.—Wild +yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>), showing part of the vine, with its drooping +clusters of flowers and 3-winged seed capsules; also the long, horizontal +rootstock. Fig. 4.—Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>), showing sword-shaped +leaves, the flowers, and part of the rootstock.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate III.</span> Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i>), showing +plant with its broad, parallel-veined leaves, and curious, baglike flower, +and also rootstock with wavy roots. Fig. 2.—Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum +canadense</i>), showing, to the right, the flowering plant, and to the left the +fruiting plant, together with the creeping rootstocks. Fig. 3.—Virginia +serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>), plant showing seed capsules and +rootstock. Fig. 4.—Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>), showing the upper +flowering portion and seed pods; also the runners and roots.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate IV.</span> Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>), showing a branch with +the leathery, holly-like leaves, and clusters of berries. Fig. 2.—Blue cohosh +(<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>), showing upper portion of the plant, with +flowering head. Fig. 3.—Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>), +showing a portion of the vine in flower. Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea +arborescens</i>), showing a flowering and fruiting branch.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate V.</span> Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>), showing upper +flowering portion, and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Wild sarsaparilla +(<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>), showing flowering plant with rootstock, and to the left +a fruiting head. Fig. 3.—Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>), showing the +upper portion in flower, and the root. Fig. 4.—Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium +yuccifolium</i>), showing the long, grasslike leaves, stout-stemmed flowering +heads, and rootstock.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate VI.</span> Fig. 1.—American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>), showing leaves, +fruiting head, and to the right a portion of the stem with broad, expanded +leafstalk. Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>), showing flowering top +and seed capsules. Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>), showing +flowering top, pods with escaping hairy seeds, and root. Fig. 4.—Comfrey +(<i>Symphytum officinale</i>), showing the thick, rough leaves, the clusters of +flowers, lower portion of plant with root, and sections of root.</p> + +<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate VII.</span> Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>), showing flowering top +and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium +purpureum</i>), showing leaves and flowers. Fig. 3.—Elecampane (<i>Inula +helenium</i>), showing leaves, flowers, and root. Fig. 4.—Echinacea (<i>Brauneria +angustifolia</i>), showing flowering plant.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate I.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited Shield-fern (Dryopteris marginalis).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate1b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Skunk-Cabbage (Spathyema foetida).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate1c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Sweet-Flag (Acorus calamus).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate1d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Bethroot (Trillium erectum).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate II.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate2.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (Chamaelirium luteum).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate2b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Aletris (Aletris farinosa).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate2c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate2d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Blue Flag (Iris versicolor).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate III.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate3.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Large Yellow Lady’s-Slipper (Cypripedium hirsutum).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate3b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Canada Snakeroot (Asarum canadense).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate3c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Virginia Serpentaria (Aristolochia serpentaria).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate3d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate IV.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate4.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Oregon Grape (Berberis aquifolium).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate4b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate4c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Canada Moonseed (Menispermum canadense).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate4d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate V.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate5.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Indian-Physic (Porteranthus trifoliatus).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate5b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate5c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate5d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Water-Eryngo (Eryngium yuccifolium).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate VI.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate6.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—American Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate6b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (Spigelia marilandica).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate6c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-Root (Asclepias tuberosa).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate6d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Comfrey (Symphytum officinale).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span> + <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate VII.</span></h3> +</div> + +<div class='c002 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate7.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate7b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-Meadow (Eupatorium purpureum).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figleft id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate7c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Elecampane (Inula helenium).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figright id003'> +<img src='images/i_plate7d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic002'> +<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Echinacea (Brauneria angustifolia).</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span> + <h2 class='c004'>INDEX.</h2> +</div> + +<ul class='index c001'> + <li class='c016'>Acorus calamus. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Actaea racemosa. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li class='c016'>Agropyron repens. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Ague-grass. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Aletris, A. aurea, A. farinosa, A. lutea, and A. obovata. <i>See</i> Aletris, description, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20 + <ul> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li><i>See also under</i> Chamaelirium.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Aloe-root. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li class='c016'>Alumbloom. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Amy-root. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Angelica, American, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a> + <ul> + <li>atropurpurea and A. officinalis, European, garden, great, high, purple, and purple-stemmed. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Apocynum, A. album, A. androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, and A. pubescens. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Apple, devil’s, hog, and Indian. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40 + <ul> + <li>May, description, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Aralia californica, A. nudicaulis, and A. racemosa. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Archangelica atropurpurea. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Arctium lappa. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Arisaema triphyllum. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Aristolochia reticulata and A. serpentaria. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Arum, three-leaved, and A. triphyllum. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Asarabacca, broad-leaved. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Asarum and A. canadense. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Asclepias, A. incarnata, A. syriaca, and A. tuberosa. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Aspidium, A. filix-mas, and A. marginale. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Ass-ear. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c001'>Backwort. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Balm, horse, and ox. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59 + <ul> + <li>Indian. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Baptisia, B. alba, and B. tinctoria. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'>Barberry, California, and holly-leaved. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Bardane. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Basket-fern. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Bathflower. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21 + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Bear-corn. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c016'>Bear’s-paw root. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Beaumont-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Beewort. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Beggar’s-buttons. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>Berberis, B. aquifolium, B. nervosa, B. pinnata, and B. repens. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Bethroot, description, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Birthroot. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21 + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Bitterroot. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Blackroot. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60 + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Blazingstar. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li class='c016'>Bloodroot, description, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'>Blow-ball. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Blueberry-root. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + <li class='c016'>Bog-onion. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Boneset, purple, spotted, and tall. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Bouncing-bet. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Bowman’s-root. <i>See</i> Indian-physic; Indian hemp, black; and Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Brake, knotty, and sweet. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Brauneria augustifolia. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Brinton-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Broom, clover, indigo, and yellow. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'>Brown dragon. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Bruisewort. <i>See</i> Soapwort and Comfrey, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Bugbane. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36 + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Bumblebee-root. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Burdock, description, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Butter-dock. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li> + <li class='c016'>Butterfly-weed. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Button-snakeroot. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li class='c001'>Cabbage, meadow, and swamp. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> + <ul> + <li>skunk, description, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Calamus. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a> + <ul> + <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Calomel, vegetable. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Canada-root. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Cancer-jalap. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Cane, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Cankerroot. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a> + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Cat’s-foot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Caulophyllum and C. thalictroides. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + <li class='c016'>Centaury, ground. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c016'>Chamaelirium, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18 + <ul> + <li>luteum and C. obovale. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li> + <li><i>See also under</i> Aletris.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Chandler’s-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Chickentoe. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Chimney-pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Chocolate-flower. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li class='c016'>Choctaw-root. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Cimicifuga and C. racemosa. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>Cinnamon-sedge. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Citronella. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'>Clover-broom. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'>Coakum. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Cockle-button. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Cohosh, black, description, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36 + <ul> + <li>blue, description, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Colicroot. <i>See</i> Aletris; Yam, wild; and Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Collard. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Collection of root drugs, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li> + <li class='c016'>Collinsonia and C. canadensis. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'>Colombo, American, description, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c016'>Colt’s-foot, false, and colt’s-foot snakeroot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Comfrey, description, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Common names of plants, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Coneflower, pale-purple. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Coonroot. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'>Coptis and C. trifolia. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Corallorhiza and C. odontorhiza. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Coralroot, late, small, and small-flowered. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Corn, bear. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19 + <ul> + <li>crow. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>snakeroot. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Cotton, wild. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Couch-grass, description, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Crane’s-bill, description, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45 + <ul> + <li>spotted, and wild. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, description, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Crawley. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Crawley-root, description, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Crow-corn. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20 + <ul> + <li>foot. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li>soap. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Cuckold-dock. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Culver’s-physic. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60 + <ul> + <li>root, description, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Curcuma, Ohio. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c016'>Cypripedium, C. hirsutum, C. parviflorum, and C. pubescens. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c001'>Daffydown-dilly. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Daisy, Irish. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Dandelion, description, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Dealers in root drugs, communication necessary, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a> + <ul> + <li>samples to be sent, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Descriptions of plants furnishing root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65 + <ul> + <li>root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li> + <li>scope of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Devils-apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40 + <ul> + <li>bit. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>bite. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li>bones. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li> + <li>ear. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li>grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>Dioscorea, D. villosa, and D. villosa var. glabra. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li> + <li class='c016'>Dishcloth. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Dock, bitter, blunt-leaved, broad-leaved, butter, common, curled, narrow, and sour. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29 + <ul> + <li>cuckold. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li>elf, and velvet. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Dogbane, riverbank, and velvet. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56 + <ul> + <li>grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Doon-head-clock. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Dovefoot. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li class='c016'>Dracontium and D. foetidum. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Dragon, brown, and dragon-turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Dragon’s-claw. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Dropwort, western. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li class='c016'>Dryopteris filix-mas and D. marginalis. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Duckretter. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c016'>Duck’s-foot. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Durfa-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Durfee-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Dutch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c001'>Earth-gall. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c016'>Echinacea angustifolia. <i>See</i> Echinacea, description, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a> + <ul> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Elder, horse. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Elecampane, description, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Elf-dock. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63 + <ul> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Eryngium, E. aquaticum, and E. yuccifolium. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li class='c016'>Eryngo. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li class='c016'>Eryngo, water, description, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li class='c016'>Eupatorium maculatum and E. purpureum. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Explanation of plates, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a> + <ul> + <li>term “root drugs”, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Eye-balm. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c001'>Fern, basket, evergreen wood, male shield, and marginal-fruited shield. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12 + <ul> + <li>male, description, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Feverroot. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Fin’s-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Five-fingers. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li> + <li class='c016'>Flag, blue, description, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23 + <ul> + <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li> + <li>lily, and water. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li>myrtle. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li>poison. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li> + <li>rattlesnake. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li>sweet, description, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>Flax, mountain. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + <li class='c016'>Fleur-de-lis, American. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li class='c016'>Flower-de-luce, American. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li class='c016'>Fluctuation in prices of drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Fortune-teller. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Frasera, F. carolinensis, and F. walteri. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c016'>Fuller’s-herb. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c001'>Garget. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Gelsemium and G. sempervirens. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li> + <li class='c016'>Gentian, yellow. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c016'>Geranium and G. maculatum, spotted, and wild. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li class='c016'>Gillenia, G. stipulacea, and G. trifoliata. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li class='c016'>Gilliflower, mock. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Ginger, Indian, and wild. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Ginseng, American. <i>See</i> Ginseng, description, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50 + <ul> + <li>blue, and yellow. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Goldenseal, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c016'>Goldthread, description, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Gowan, horse, and yellow. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Grape, Oregon, description, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37 + <ul> + <li>Rocky Mountain. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Grass, Chandler’s, creeping wheat, devil’s, dog, durfa, Durfee, Dutch, Fin’s, quack, quake, quick, quitch, scutch, twitch, wheat, and witch. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13 + <ul> + <li>couch, description, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li>myrtle, and sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Gravelroot and Indian gravelroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Ground-centaury. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54 + <ul> + <li>lemon. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li>raspberry. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li>squirrel pea. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Gum-plant. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c001'>Hardock. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Healing-herb. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Heart-snakeroot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li class='c016'>Hedge-pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Hellebore, American, description, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19 + <ul> + <li>big, false, green, swamp, and white. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li>fetid. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Helmetpod. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + <li class='c016'>Helonias, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18 + <ul> + <li>dioica. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium or Helonias, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Hemp, American, and Canadian. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56 + <ul> + <li>black Indian, description, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Hog-apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Holly, mountain. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Horse-balm and horseweed. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59 + <ul> + <li>elder and horseheal. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li>gowan. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Horsefly-weed. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Hurr-bur. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Huskwort. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li class='c016'>Hydrangea arborescens and wild hydrangea. <i>See</i> Hydrangea, description, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42 + <ul> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Hydrastis and H. canadensis. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c001'>Indian apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40 + <ul> + <li>balm and Indian shamrock. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li>dye, Indian turmeric, and Indian-paint, yellow. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li>ginger. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li>gravelroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li>hemp, black, description, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li>hippo. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li>lettuce. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li>paint, red. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li>physic, description, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li><i>See also</i> Indian hemp, black.</li> + <li>pink. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + <li>poke. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li>posy. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li>shoe, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Indigo, American, white wild, and yellow: indigo-broom and indigo-weed. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44 + <ul> + <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Inkberry and red inkberry. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Introduction to bulletin, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>–10</li> + <li class='c016'>Inul. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Inula and I. helenium. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Ipecac, American, and false. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li class='c016'>Iris and I. versicolor. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li class='c016'>Itchweed. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c001'>Jack-in-the-pulpit. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Jalap, cancer. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Jasmine, Carolina. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52 + <ul> + <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Jaundice-root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c016'>Jeffersonia and J. diphylla. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + <li class='c016'>Jessamine, Carolina. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52 + <ul> + <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Joe-pye-weed and spotted joe-pye-weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c001'>Kidneyroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>King-of-the-meadow. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Knitback. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Knobgrass. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Knotroot. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>Lady-by-the-gate. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Lady’s-slipper, description, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24 + <ul> + <li>large yellow, small yellow, and yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, description, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Lappa and L. major. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Latherwort. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Lemon, ground, and wild. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Leptandra and L. virginica. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Lettuce, Indian. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c016'>Licorice, wild. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Life-of-man. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Lily, flag, liver, and snake. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23 + <ul> + <li>wood. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Liver-lily. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li class='c016'>London-pride. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Lords-and-ladies. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c001'>Mahonia, trailing. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Male-fern, description, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12 + <ul> + <li>nervine. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li>shield-fern. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Mandrake, American, and wild. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Maple, vine. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Marsh-milkweed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62 + <ul> + <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Masterwort. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li> + <li class='c016'>May-apple, description, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Meadow-cabbage. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> + <ul> + <li>pride. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Medicinal uses of root drugs, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Menispermum and M. canadense. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Methods of cleaning and drying root drugs, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Milkweed, common, orange, swamp, and yellow. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57 + <ul> + <li>marsh. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li><i>See also</i> Indian hemp, black.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Moccasin-flower, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Mock-gilliflower. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Monkey-flower. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Moonseed, Canada, description, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Motherwort. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Mountain-flax. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47 + <ul> + <li>holly. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Mouthroot. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Myrtle-flag, myrtle-grass, and myrtle-sedge. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a> + <ul> + <li>sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c001'>Names of plants, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Nerve-root. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Nervine, male. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Nettle-potato. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>Niggerhead. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a> + <ul> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Nightshade, American. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Noah’s-ark, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Nosebleed. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c001'>Old-maid’s-nightcap. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45 + <ul> + <li>pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li>man’s-root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>One-o’clock. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Onion, bog. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Orange-blossom. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal and Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Oregon grape, description, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Ox-balm. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c001'>Panax quinquefolium. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li> + <li class='c016'>Pappoose-root. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + <li class='c016'>Parilla, yellow. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Pauson. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'>Pea, ground-squirrel. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + <li class='c016'>Pelican-flower. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Pepper-turnip and wild pepper. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Petty-morrel. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Phlox, Carolina, and P. ovata. <i>See under</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53 + <ul> + <li>woods. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Physic-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Phytolacca, P. americana, and P. decandra. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Pigeon-berry. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Pink, Boston, chimney, hedge, and old-maid’s. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a> + <ul> + <li>Carolina, Indian, and Maryland. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Pinkroot, Carolina, and East Tennessee. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53 + <ul> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Plant names, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Plants furnishing root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65 + <ul> + <li>descriptions, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Plates, explanation, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Pleurisy-root, description, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Pocan. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Pockweed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Podophyllum and P. peltatum. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Poison-flag. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23 + <ul> + <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Poke and Virginian poke. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30 + <ul> + <li>Indian. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li>stinking. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Pokeweed, description, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Polecat-weed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Polygala senega and P. senega var. latifolia. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + <li class='c016'>Porteranthus stipulatus and P. trifoliatus. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li> + <li class='c016'>Potato, nettle. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li> + <li class='c016'>Preparation of root drugs for market, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>Prices, approximate range, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a> + <ul> + <li>conditions affecting, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + <li>fluctuations, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + <li>paid to collectors, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Priest’s-pintle. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Puccoon, red, white, and puccoon-root. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41 + <ul> + <li>yellow. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Pyramid-flower and pyramid-plant. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li> + <li class='c001'>Quack-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Quake-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Queen-of-the-meadow, description, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Queen’s-delight and queen’s-root. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li> + <li class='c016'>Quick-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Quillwort. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Quitch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c001'>Rabbit’s-root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Raccoon-berry. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Raspberry, ground. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c016'>Rattlebush. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'>Rattleroot. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li class='c016'>Rattle-snakeroot, rattletop, and rattleweed. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li class='c016'>Rattlesnake-flag, rattlesnake-master, and rattlesnake-weed. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Red-benjamin. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21 + <ul> + <li>berry. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Rheumatism-root. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, and Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39 + <ul> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Richleaf. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'>Richweed. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, and Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'>Riverbank-dogbane. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li> + <li class='c016'>Rocky Mountain grape. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li> + <li class='c016'>Root drugs, cleaning, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a> + <ul> + <li>collection, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li> + <li>dealers, communication necessary, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> + <li>samples to be sent, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li> + <li>descriptions, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li> + <li>drying, method, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li>time required, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li>explanation of term, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + <li>medicinal uses, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + <li>methods of cleaning and drying, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li>number described, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + <li>official and nonofficial, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> + <li>packing for shipment, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li>plants furnishing, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li> + <li>preparation for market, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>Root drugs, samples for dealers, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a> + <ul> + <li>time for collecting, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + <li>required for drying, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Ruellia ciliosa. <i>See under</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + <li class='c016'>Rumex, R. crispus, and R. obtusifolius. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li> + <li class='c016'>Rush, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c001'>Sampson-root. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Sang. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li> + <li class='c016'>Sangree-root. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Sangrel. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Sanguinaria and S. canadensis. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'>Saponaria and S. officinalis. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Saponary. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Sarsaparilla, American, false, and Virginian. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49 + <ul> + <li>Texas, and yellow. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Scabwort. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Scoke. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li> + <li class='c016'>Scourwort. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Scutch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Sedge, cinnamon, myrtle, and sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Segg, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Seneca-root. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + <li class='c016'>Senega. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + <li class='c016'>Serpentaria, description, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27 + <ul> + <li>Texas and Virginia. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Serpentary. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Seven-barks. <i>See</i> Hydrangea, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42</li> + <li class='c016'>Shameface. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li class='c016'>Shamrock, Indian. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Sheepweed. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Shield-fern, male, and marginal-fruited. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li> + <li class='c016'>Shoofly. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li> + <li class='c016'>Shotbush. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Silverleaf. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li> + <li class='c016'>Skunk-cabbage, description, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> + <ul> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Slippery-root. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Slunkweed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + <li class='c016'>Snagrel. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li class='c016'>Snakebite. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41 + <ul> + <li>lily. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + <li>root, black. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li>button, and corn. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li> + <li>Canada, description, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li>colt’s-foot, heart, southern, and Vermont. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + <li>rattle. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li> + <li>Red River, Texas, and Virginia. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li> + <li>Seneca, description, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + <li>Senega. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>Snakeweed. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27 + <ul> + <li>weed, black. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Soaproot. <i>See</i> Soapwort, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a> + <ul> + <li>wort, common. <i>See</i> Soapwort, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li>description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Spathyema foetida. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Speedwell, tall. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Spiceberry. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Spigelia and S. marilandica. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + <li class='c016'>Spignet. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Spikenard, American, California, and small. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li> + <li class='c016'>Squawflower. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Bethroot; Cohosh, black; and Cohosh, blue 20–21, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Starbloom. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53 + <ul> + <li>grass. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>wort. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>wort, drooping. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li> + <li>mealy. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>yellow. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Starchwort. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + <li class='c016'>Stick-button. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li> + <li class='c016'>Stillingia, description, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48 + <ul> + <li>sylvatica. <i>See</i> Stillingia, description, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Stoneroot, description, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li> + <li class='c016'>Stork’s-bill. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li> + <li class='c016'>Sunflower, wild. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li> + <li class='c016'>Swallowwort, orange. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Swamp-cabbage. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> + <ul> + <li>hellebore. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li>milkweed. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Sweet-betty, and sweet-william, wild. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a> + <ul> + <li>cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweetroot, sweet rush, sweet sedge, and sweet segg. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li>flag, description, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> + <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li> + <li>slumber. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Symphytum and S. officinale. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li> + <li class='c016'>Symplocarpus foetidus. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> + <li class='c001'>Taraxacum, T. dens-leonis, T. officinale, and T. taraxacum. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li> + <li class='c016'>Tetterwort. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'>Tickleweed. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c016'>Trillium and T. erectum, ill-scented, purple, and red. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Triticum and T. repens. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>True-love. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + <li class='c016'>Trumpet-flower, evening. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52 + <ul> + <li>weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Tuberroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Turkey-claw. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li> + <li class='c016'>Turmeric. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li> + <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Turmeric, Indian, and turmeric-root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li> + <li class='c016'>Turnip, dragon, Indian, marsh, meadow, pepper, and swamp. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14 + <ul> + <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Twinleaf, description, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + <li class='c016'>Twitch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c001'>Umbil-root and yellow umbil. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Umbrella-plant. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Unicorn-plant. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li>root, false. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li> + <li>true. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Unicorn’s-horn. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li> + <li class='c001'>Valerian, American. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Vegetable calomel. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li> + <li class='c016'>Venus’-cup and Venus’-shoe. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> + <li class='c016'>Veratrum, V. album, and V. viride, American, green, and true. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li> + <li class='c016'>Veronica, tall, and V. virginica. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Vine-maple. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li> + <li class='c001'>Wake-robin. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14 + <ul> + <li>robin, ill-scented, purple, and red. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Water-eryngo, description, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51 + <ul> + <li>flag. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Wheat-grass and creeping wheat-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Whiteroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Whorlywort. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li> + <li class='c016'>Windroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li> + <li class='c016'>Witch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li> + <li class='c016'>Woodbine, Carolina wild. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li> + <li class='c016'>Wood-fern, evergreen. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12 + <ul> + <li>lily. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Woods-phlox. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>World’s-wonder. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> + <li class='c016'>Wormgrass, wormweed, and American wormroot. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li> + <li class='c001'>Yam, wild, description, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li> + <li class='c016'>Yellow-eve. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33 + <ul> + <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, Goldthread, and Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c016'>Yellows. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li> +</ul> + +<hr class='c017'> +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. <i>Phytolacca americana</i> L. by right of priority should be accepted, but <i>P. +decandra</i> L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f2'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Bulletin 51, Part VI, Bureau of Plant Industry, “Goldenseal.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f3'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898, from Berberidaceæ, by C. G. +and J. U. Lloyd, 1878.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f4'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Bulletin 100, Part V, Bureau of Plant Industry, “The Drug Known as Pinkroot.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f5'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra and that +its name should be <i>Leptandra virginica</i> (L.) Nutt. The Pharmacopœia is here +followed.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f6'> +<p class='c005'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Although the combination <i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst. should be +accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.</p> +</div> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c002'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c011'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + + <ul class='ul_1 c001'> + <li>Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + + </li> + <li>Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***</div> +</body> +<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-06-05 16:48:03 GMT --> +</html> diff --git a/78958-h/images/cover.jpg b/78958-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0ffff8 --- /dev/null +++ b/78958-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78958-h/images/i_a01.jpg b/78958-h/images/i_a01.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 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