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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***
+
+
+                    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
+
+               BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 107.
+
+                   B. T. GALLOWAY, _Chief of Bureau_.
+
+
+
+
+                          AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.
+
+
+                                   BY
+
+                             ALICE HENKEL,
+                 ASSISTANT, DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
+
+
+                        ISSUED OCTOBER 25, 1907.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+                              WASHINGTON:
+
+                      GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
+
+                                 1907.
+
+
+
+
+                       BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
+
+
+  _Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau_, Beverly T.
+     Galloway.
+  _Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau_, Albert
+     F. Woods.
+  _Laboratory of Plant Pathology_, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in
+     Charge.
+  _Investigations of Diseases of Fruits_, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist
+     in Charge.
+  _Laboratory of Forest Pathology_, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in
+     Charge.
+  _Plant Life History Investigations_, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist
+     in Charge.
+  _Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations_, Archibald D. Shamel,
+     Physiologist in Charge.
+  _Corn Investigations_, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge.
+  _Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations_, Thomas
+     H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge.
+  _Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations_, Karl F.
+     Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.
+  _Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants_, Orator
+     F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.
+  _Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture
+     Investigations_, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge.
+  _Physical Laboratory_, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.
+  _Crop Technology Investigations_, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge.
+  _Taxonomic Investigations_, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.
+  _Farm Management Investigations_, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist
+     in Charge.
+  _Grain Investigations_, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.
+  _Arlington Experimental Farm_, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in
+     Charge.
+  _Sugar-Beet Investigations_, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in
+     Charge.
+  _Western Agricultural Extension Investigations_, Carl S. Scofield,
+     Agriculturist in Charge.
+  _Dry Land Agriculture Investigations_, E. Channing Chilcott,
+     Agriculturist in Charge.
+  _Pomological Collections_, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.
+  _Field Investigations in Pomology_, William A. Taylor and G. Harold
+     Powell, Pomologists in Charge.
+  _Experimental Gardens and Grounds_, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.
+  _Vegetable Testing Gardens_, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent.
+  _Seed and Plant Introduction_, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer
+     in Charge.
+  _Forage Crop Investigations_, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in
+     Charge.
+  _Seed Laboratory_, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.
+  _Grain Standardization_, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge.
+  _Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla._, Ernst A. Bessey,
+     Pathologist in Charge.
+  _Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal._, August Mayer, Expert in
+     Charge.
+  _South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex._, Edward C. Green, Pomologist
+     in Charge.
+  _Cotton Culture Farms_, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special
+     Agent in Charge.
+
+
+                     _Editor_, J. E. Rockwell.
+                     _Chief Clerk_, James E. Jones.
+
+
+                       DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
+
+                           SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
+
+    Rodney H. True, _Physiologist in Charge_.
+    W. W. Stockberger, Frank Rabak, _Experts_.
+    Alice Henkel, _Assistant_.
+    G. Fred Klugh, T. B. Young, S. C. Hood, _Scientific Assistants_.
+
+
+
+
+                         LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
+
+
+                        U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
+                                  BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
+                                            OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
+                                    _Washington, D. C., April 16, 1907_.
+
+SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for
+publication as Bulletin No. 107 of the series of this Bureau the
+accompanying manuscript, entitled “American Root Drugs.” This paper was
+prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant Investigations,
+and has been submitted by the Physiologist in charge with a view to its
+publication.
+
+The fifty drugs described include all the “official” roots found in this
+country, besides such “nonofficial” drugs as are most frequently quoted
+in drug catalogues.
+
+There is a steady demand for information concerning the medicinal plants
+of this country, and this bulletin on American root drugs has been
+prepared as a first installment on the subject. It is intended as a
+guide and reference book for farmers, drug collectors, druggists,
+students, and others who may be interested in one way or another in the
+collection or study of our medicinal flora.
+
+                              Respectfully,
+                                                  B. T. GALLOWAY,
+                                                      _Chief of Bureau_.
+
+  Hon. JAMES WILSON,
+      _Secretary of Agriculture_.
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                 Page.
+ Introduction                                                        9
+ The Collection of root drugs                                       10
+ Plants furnishing root drugs                                       11
+    Male-fern (_Dryopteris filix-mas_ and _D. marginalis_)          11
+    Couch-grass (_Agropyron repens_)                                12
+    Wild turnip (_Arisaema triphyllum_)                             13
+    Skunk-cabbage (_Spathyema foetida_)                             15
+    Sweet-flag (_Acorus calamus_)                                   16
+    Chamaelirium, or Helonias (_Chamaelirium luteum_)               17
+    American hellebore (_Veratrum viride_)                          18
+    Aletris (_Aletris farinosa_)                                    19
+    Bethroot (_Trillium erectum_)                                   20
+    Wild yam (_Dioscorea villosa_)                                  21
+    Blue flag (_Iris versicolor_)                                   22
+    Lady’s-slipper (_Cypripedium hirsutum_ and _C. parviflorum_)    23
+    Crawley-root (_Corallorhiza odontorhiza_)                       24
+    Canada snakeroot (_Asarum canadense_)                           25
+    Serpentaria (_Aristolochia serpentaria_ and _A. reticulata_)    26
+    Yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_)                                   27
+    Pokeweed (_Phytolacca decandra_)                                29
+    Soapwort (_Saponaria officinalis_)                              31
+    Goldenseal (_Hydrastis canadensis_)                             31
+    Goldthread (_Coptis trifolia_)                                  34
+    Black cohosh (_Cimicifuga racemosa_)                            35
+    Oregon grape (_Berberis aquifolium_)                            36
+    Blue cohosh (_Caulophyllum thalictroides_)                      37
+    Twinleaf (_Jeffersonia diphylla_)                               38
+    May-apple (_Podophyllum peltatum_)                              39
+    Canada moonseed (_Menispermum canadense_)                       40
+    Bloodroot (_Sanguinaria canadensis_)                            40
+    Hydrangea (_Hydrangea arborescens_)                             41
+    Indian-physic (_Porteranthus trifoliatus_)                      42
+    Wild indigo (_Baptisia tinctoria_)                              43
+    Crane’s-bill (_Geranium maculatum_)                             44
+    Seneca snakeroot (_Polygala senega_)                            45
+    Stillingia (_Stillingia sylvatica_)                             47
+    Wild sarsaparilla (_Aralia nudicaulis_)                         48
+    Ginseng (_Panax quinquefolium_)                                 49
+    Water-eryngo (_Eryngium yuccifolium_)                           50
+    American angelica (_Angelica atropurpurea_)                     51
+    Yellow jasmine or jessamine (_Gelsemium sempervirens_)          51
+    Pinkroot (_Spigelia marilandica_)                               52
+    American colombo (_Frasera carolinensis_)                       53
+    Black Indian hemp (_Apocynum cannabinum_)                       55
+    Pleurisy-root (_Asclepias tuberosa_)                            56
+    Comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_)                                57
+    Stoneroot (_Collinsonia canadensis_)                            58
+    Culver’s-root (_Veronica virginica_)                            59
+    Dandelion (_Taraxacum officinale_)                              60
+    Queen-of-the-meadow (_Eupatorium purpureum_)                    61
+    Elecampane (_Inula helenium_)                                   62
+    Echinacea (_Brauneria angustifolia_)                            63
+    Burdock (_Arctium lappa_)                                       64
+ Explanation of plates                                              68
+ Index                                                              69
+
+
+
+
+                             ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                 PLATES.
+                                                                   Page.
+ PLATE I. Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (_Dryopteris
+            marginalis_). Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage (_Spathyema
+            foetida_). Fig. 3.—Sweet-flag (_Acorus calamus_). Fig.
+            4.—Bethroot (_Trillium erectum_).                         68
+      II. Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (_Chamaelirium luteum_). Fig.
+            2.—Aletris (_Aletris farinosa_). Fig. 3.—Wild yam
+            (_Dioscorea villosa_). Fig. 4.—Blue flag (_Iris
+            versicolor_).                                             68
+     III. Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (_Cypripedium
+            hirsutum_). Fig. 2.—Canada snakeroot (_Asarum
+            canadense_). Fig. 3.—Virginia serpentaria
+            (_Aristolochia serpentaria_). Fig. 4.—Soapwort
+            (_Saponaria officinalis_).                                68
+      IV. Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (_Berberis aquifolium_). Fig.
+            2.—Blue cohosh (_Caulophyllum thalictroides_). Fig.
+            3.—Canada moonseed (_Menispermum canadense_). Fig.
+            4.—Hydrangea (_Hydrangea arborescens_).                   68
+       V. Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (_Porteranthus trifoliatus_). Fig.
+            2.—Wild sarsaparilla (_Aralia nudicaulis_). Fig.
+            3.—Ginseng (_Panax quinquefolium_). Fig.
+            4.—Water-eryngo (_Eryngium yuccifolium_).                 68
+      VI. Fig. 1.—American angelica (_Angelica atropurpurea_).
+            Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (_Spigelia marilandica_). Fig.
+            3.—Pleurisy-root (_Asclepias tuberosa_). Fig.
+            4.—Comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_).                      68
+     VII. Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (_Collinsonia canadensis_). Fig.
+            2.—Queen-of-the-meadow (_Eupatorium purpureum_). Fig.
+            3.—Elecampane (_Inula helenium_). Fig. 4.—Echinacea
+            (_Brauneria angustifolia_).                               68
+
+
+                              TEXT FIGURES.
+
+  FIG. 1. Couch-grass (_Agropyron repens_)                            13
+       2. Wild turnip (_Arisaema triphyllum_)                         14
+       3. American hellebore (_Veratrum viride_)                      19
+       4. Crawley-root (_Corallorhiza odontorhiza_)                   25
+       5. Yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_), first year’s growth          27
+       6. Broad-leaved dock (_Rumex obtusifolius_), leaf, fruiting
+            spike, and root                                           28
+       7. Pokeweed (_Phytolacca decandra_), flowering and fruiting
+            branch                                                    30
+       8. Pokeweed root                                               30
+       9. Goldenseal (_Hydrastis canadensis_), flowering plant and
+            fruit                                                     32
+      10. Goldenseal rootstock                                        33
+      11. Goldthread (_Coptis trifolia_)                              34
+      12. Black cohosh (_Cimicifuga racemosa_), leaves, flowering
+            spikes, and rootstock                                     35
+      13. Twinleaf (_Jeffersonia diphylla_), plant and seed
+            capsule                                                   38
+      14. May-apple (_Podophyllum peltatum_), upper portion of
+            plant with flower, and rootstock                          39
+      15. Bloodroot (_Sanguinaria canadensis_), flowering plant
+            with rootstock                                            41
+      16. Wild indigo (_Baptisia tinctoria_), branch showing
+            flowers and seed pods                                     43
+      17. Crane’s-bill (_Geranium maculatum_), flowering plant,
+            showing also seed pods and rootstock                      45
+      18. Seneca snakeroot (_Polygala senega_), flowering plant
+            with root                                                 46
+      19. Stillingia (_Stillingia sylvatica_), upper portion of
+            plant and part of spike showing male flowers              47
+      20. Yellow jasmine (_Gelsemium sempervirens_)                   52
+      21. American colombo (_Frasera carolinensis_), leaves,
+            flowers, and seed pods                                    54
+      22. Black Indian hemp (_Apocynum cannabinum_), flowering
+            portion, pods, and rootstock                              55
+      23. Culver’s-root (_Veronica virginica_), flowering top and
+            rootstock                                                 59
+      24. Dandelion (_Taraxacum officinale_)                          61
+      25. Burdock (_Arctium lappa_), flowering branch and root        64
+
+  B. P. I.—283.
+
+
+
+
+                          AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.
+
+
+
+
+                             INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+More than half of the root drugs recognized in the Eighth Decennial
+Revision of the United States Pharmacopœia occur in this country, some
+native and not growing elsewhere and others introduced. All of the
+official root drugs found in the United States have been included in
+this bulletin, as well as such native and introduced “nonofficial” roots
+(those not at present recognized in the United States Pharmacopœia) as
+seemed to be most generally quoted in the trade lists of the country,
+the total number of root drugs described being 50. While the most
+important root drugs thus given are limited to 50, there are included
+under each of these, wherever required, brief descriptions of related
+species. It would be impossible to include within the limits of this
+paper all of the root drugs that are used in this country, but the aim
+has been to give information concerning those which seem to be the most
+important commercially, according to the numerous drug lists that have
+been consulted.
+
+All of the root drugs herein mentioned occur in quantities sufficient
+for commercial purposes, but the roots of many of the species that also
+occur in other countries are nevertheless largely imported.
+
+In speaking of “root drugs” in this paper only those are included of
+which the underground portion is found in commerce, whether in the form
+of root, rootstock, bulb, or corm, excluding the roots that are used
+solely for their bark or for their gums or resins.
+
+Except in the botanical descriptions, the term “roots” is generally
+used, regardless of the fact that the part under consideration may be a
+rootstock, root, or bulb. In this the commercial practice is followed,
+which makes no distinction as to the form of the underground portion as
+classified by botanists, but catalogues them all under the general term
+“roots.”
+
+The medicinal uses are referred to in only the briefest and most general
+manner, for it is clearly not within the province of a publication of
+this character to go into details regarding these matters. The
+statements made are based on the information contained in various
+dispensatories and other works relating to materia medica.
+
+The illustrations are for the most part made from a collection of
+photographs taken from nature by C. L. Lochman. A few have been taken
+from various publications, mention of which is made under the
+illustrations in question.
+
+
+
+
+                     THE COLLECTION OF ROOT DRUGS.
+
+
+Generally speaking, the roots of annual plants should be dug just before
+flowering, and those of biennial or perennial plants late in autumn or
+early in spring, the object being to collect them at a period when there
+is a cessation of growth; for besides shrinking more and weighing less
+if collected during the growing season, they are also deficient in
+medicinal properties. Very frequently a drug is of inferior quality
+simply because the collector has neglected to gather it in the proper
+season.
+
+It is unfortunate that so much confusion exists with regard to the
+common names of American plants. The common name of a plant in one
+locality may be the same as that of an entirely different plant in
+another locality, and on account of this confusion the collector is not
+always sure of the identity of the plant he is collecting, nor the drug
+dealer as to what he will receive, unless a sample is submitted to him.
+If more care were exercised in this respect it would mean a saving of
+time and money to both collector and dealer.
+
+Another important matter that the collector sometimes overlooks is the
+proper cleaning and drying of the roots. To insure a good market for his
+crude drugs the collector should be certain not only that he has the
+right plant, but that it is collected at the proper season of the year,
+and that he has a clean and thoroughly dried article.
+
+After the roots have been dug they should be freed from dirt and all
+foreign particles, such as stones and bits of other plants. If the
+adherent soil can not be removed by shaking the roots, they may, in most
+instances, be washed in clean water, after which they should be
+carefully dried. In some cases the roots are sliced or split when green
+in order to facilitate drying, and wherever this is necessary it will be
+indicated under the descriptions of the different plants.
+
+For the purpose of drying, the roots should be spread out in thin layers
+on racks or shelves, or on clean, well-ventilated barn floors or lofts,
+exposed to light and air but not direct sunlight, and turned
+occasionally each day until thoroughly dry. If the roots are dried out
+of doors, they should be placed under shelter at night or upon the
+approach of damp or rainy weather. Thoroughly dried roots snap readily
+when bent, and it requires from three to six weeks to cure roots,
+depending upon the weather conditions and the character of the roots.
+
+Burlap or gunny sacks, or dry, clean barrels may be used for packing the
+roots for shipment.
+
+The collector should always communicate with the dealers concerning the
+drugs to be disposed of, sending them a representative sample, plainly
+marked as to contents, with the name and address of the sender, and
+stating how large a quantity can be furnished.
+
+The prices per pound mentioned in this bulletin will serve to give the
+collector an idea as to what he may expect to receive from dealers, but,
+as with other commodities, depending for their prices upon supply and
+demand, fluctuations are likely to occur from year to year. An increased
+demand or a shortage will send prices upward and stimulate collection,
+which in turn may result in glutting the market, and a decline in prices
+naturally follows. It is possible, therefore, to give only an
+approximate range of prices.
+
+
+
+
+                     PLANTS FURNISHING ROOT DRUGS.
+
+
+Under each plant will be found synonyms and pharmacopœial name, if any,
+the common names, habitat, range, descriptions of the plant and root,
+and information concerning collection, prices, and uses, while in the
+case of goldenseal and ginseng the methods of culture are included.
+
+
+                               MALE-FERN.
+
+ (1) _Dryopteris filix-mas_ (L.) Schott and (2) _Dryopteris marginalis_
+                              (L.) A. Gray.
+
+_Synonyms._—(1) _Aspidium filix-mas_ Sw. (2) _Aspidium marginale_ Sw.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Aspidium.
+
+_Other common names._—(1) Male shield-fern, sweet brake, knotty brake,
+basket-fern, bear’s-paw root; (2) marginal-fruited shield-fern,
+evergreen wood-fern.
+
+_Habitat and range._—These ferns are found in rocky woods, the male
+shield-fern inhabiting the region from Canada westward to the Rocky
+Mountains and Arizona. It is widely distributed also through Europe,
+northern Asia, northern Africa, and South America. The marginal-fruited
+shield-fern (Pl. I, fig. 1), one of our most common ferns, occurs from
+Canada southward to Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+_Description of plants._—Both of these species are tall, handsome ferns,
+the long, erect fronds, or leaves, arising from a chaffy, scaly base,
+and consisting of numerous crowded stemless leaflets, which are
+variously divided and notched. There is but little difference between
+these two species. The male shield-fern is perhaps a trifle stouter, the
+leaves growing about 3 feet in length and having a bright-green color,
+whereas the marginal-fruited shield-fern has lighter green leaves, about
+2½ feet in length, and is of more slender appearance. The principal
+difference, however, is found in the arrangement of the “sori,” or
+“fruit dots.” These are the very small, round, tawny dots that are found
+on the backs of fern leaves, and in the male shield-fern these will be
+found arranged in short rows near the midrib, while in the
+marginal-fruited shield-fern, as this name indicates, the fruit dots are
+placed on the margins of the fronds. Both plants are perennials and
+members of the fern family (Polypodiaceæ).
+
+_Description of the rootstock._—These ferns have stout ascending or
+erect chaffy rootstocks, or rhizomes (Pl. I, fig. 1) as they are
+technically known. As taken from the ground the rootstock is from 6 to
+12 inches in length and 1 to 2 inches thick, covered with closely
+overlapping, brown, slightly curved stipe bases or leaf bases and soft,
+brown, chaffy scales. The inside of the rootstock is pale green. As
+found in the stores, however, male-fern with the stipe bases and roots
+removed measures about 3 to 6 inches in length and about one-half to 1
+inch in thickness, rough where the stipe bases have been removed, brown
+outside, pale green and rather spongy inside.
+
+The stipe bases remain green for a very long period, and these small,
+claw-shaped, furrowed portions, or “fingers” as they are called, form a
+large proportion of the drug found on the American market and, in fact,
+are said to have largely superseded the rootstock. Male-fern has a
+disagreeable odor, and the taste is described as bitter-sweet,
+astringent, acrid, and nauseous.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The best time for collecting male-fern
+root is from July to September. The root should be carefully cleaned,
+but not washed, dried out of doors in the shade as quickly as possible,
+and shipped to druggists at once. The United States Pharmacopœia directs
+that “the chaff, together with the dead portions of the rhizome and
+stipes, should be removed, and only such portions used as have retained
+their internal green color.”
+
+Great care is necessary in the preservation of this drug in order to
+prevent it from deteriorating. If kept too long, its activity will be
+impaired, and it is said that it will retain its qualities much longer
+if it is not peeled until required for use. The unreliability sometimes
+attributed to this drug can in most instances be traced to the presence
+of the rootstocks of other ferns with which it is often adulterated, or
+it will be found to be due to improper storing or to the length of time
+that it has been kept.
+
+The prices paid for male-fern root range from 5 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+Male-fern, official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been used
+since the remotest times as a remedy for worms. Grave results are
+sometimes caused by overdoses.
+
+
+                              COUCH-GRASS.
+
+                     _Agropyron repens_ (L.) Beauv.
+
+_Synonym._—_Triticum repens_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Triticum.
+
+_Other common names._—Dog-grass, quick-grass, quack-grass, quitch-grass,
+quake-grass, scutch-grass, twitch-grass, witch-grass, wheat-grass,
+creeping wheat-grass, devil’s-grass, durfa-grass, Durfee-grass,
+Dutch-grass, Fin’s-grass, Chandler’s-grass.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Like many of our weeds, couch-grass was introduced
+from Europe, and is now one of the worst pests the farmer has to contend
+with, taking possession of cultivated ground and crowding out valuable
+crops. It occurs most abundantly from Maine to Maryland, westward to
+Minnesota and Missouri, and is spreading on farms on the Pacific slope,
+but is rather sparingly distributed in the South.
+
+_Description of plant._—Couch-grass is rather coarse, 1 to 3 feet high,
+and when in flower very much resembles rye or beardless wheat (fig. 1).
+Several round, smooth, hollow stems, thickened at the joints, are
+produced from the long, creeping, jointed rootstock. The stems bear 5 to
+7 leaves from 3 to 12 inches long, rough on the upper surface and smooth
+beneath, while the long, cleft leaf sheaths are smooth. The solitary
+terminal flowering heads or spikes are compressed, and consist of two
+rows of spikelets on a wavy and flattened axis. These heads are produced
+from July to September. Couch-grass belongs to the grass family
+(Poaceæ).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—Couch-grass (_Agropyron repens_).]
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The pale-yellow, smooth rootstock is long,
+tough, and jointed, creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in
+every direction. As found in the stores, it consists of short, angular
+pieces, from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, of a shining
+straw color, and hollow. These pieces are odorless, but have a somewhat
+sweetish taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Couch-grass, which is official in the
+United States Pharmacopœia, should be collected in spring, carefully
+cleaned, and the rootlets removed. The rootstock (not the rootlets) is
+then cut into short pieces, about two-fifths of an inch in length, for
+which purpose an ordinary feed-cutting machine may be used, and
+thoroughly dried.
+
+Couch-grass is usually destroyed by plowing up and burning, for if any
+of the joints are permitted to remain in the soil new plants will be
+produced. But, instead of burning, the rootstocks may be saved and
+prepared for the drug market in the manner above stated. The prices
+range from 3 to 5 cents a pound. At present couch-grass is collected
+chiefly in Europe.
+
+A fluid extract is prepared from couch-grass, which is used in
+affections of the kidney and bladder.
+
+
+                              WILD TURNIP.
+
+                    _Arisaema triphyllum_ (L.) Torr.
+
+_Synonym._—_Arum triphyllum_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Arum, three-leaved arum, Indian turnip,
+jack-in-the-pulpit, wake-robin, wild pepper, dragon-turnip, brown
+dragon, devil’s-ear, marsh-turnip, swamp-turnip, meadow-turnip,
+pepper-turnip, starchwort, bog-onion, priest’s-pintle, lords-and-ladies.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Wild turnip inhabits moist woods from Canada to
+Florida and westward to Kansas and Minnesota.
+
+_Description of plant._—Early in April the quaint green and brownish
+purple hooded flowers of the wild turnip may be seen in the shady depths
+of the woods.
+
+It is a perennial plant belonging to the arum family (Araceæ), and
+reaches a height of from 10 inches to 3 feet. The leaves, of which there
+are only one or two, unfold with the flowers; they are borne on long,
+erect, sheathing stalks, and consist of three smooth, oval leaflets; the
+latter are 3 to 6 inches long, and from 1½ to 3½ inches wide, net
+veined, and with one vein running parallel with the margins. The
+“flower” is curiously formed, somewhat like the calla lily, consisting
+of what is known botanically as a spathe, within which is inclosed the
+spadix. The spathe is an oval, leaflike part, the lower portion of
+which, in the flower under consideration, is rolled together so as to
+form a tube, while the upper, pointed part is usually bent forward, thus
+forming a flap or hood over the tube-shaped part which contains the
+spadix. (Fig. 2.) In fact it is very similar to the familiar flower of
+the calla lily of the gardens, except that, instead of being white, the
+wild turnip is either all green or striped with very dark purple,
+sometimes seeming almost black, and in the calla lily the “flap” is
+turned back, whereas in the wild turnip it is bent forward over the
+tube. Inside of the spathe is the spadix, also green or purple, which is
+club shaped, rounded at the summit, and narrowly contracted at the base,
+where it is surrounded by either the male or female flowers or both, in
+the latter case (the most infrequent) the male flowers being placed
+below the female flowers. In autumn the fruit ripens in the form of a
+bunch of bright scarlet, shining berries. The entire plant is acrid, but
+the root more especially so.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Wild turnip (_Arisaema triphyllum_).]
+
+_Description of “root.”_—The underground portion of this plant is known
+botanically as a “corm,” and is somewhat globular and shaped like a
+turnip. The lower part of the corm is flat and wrinkled, while the upper
+part is surrounded by coarse, wavy rootlets. The outside is brownish
+gray and the inside white and mealy. It has no odor, but an intensely
+acrid, burning taste, and to those who may have been induced in their
+school days to taste of this root wild turnip will be familiar chiefly
+on account of its never-to-be-forgotten acrid, indeed caustic,
+properties. The dried article of commerce consists of round, white
+slices, with brown edges, only slightly shrunken, and breaking with a
+starchy fracture.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The partially dried corm is used in
+medicine. It is dug in summer, transversely sliced, and dried. When
+first dug it is intensely acrid, but drying and heat diminish the
+acridity. It loses its acridity rapidly with age. Wild turnip brings
+from 7 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+The corm of wild turnip, which was official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1870, is used as a stimulant, diaphoretic,
+expectorant, and irritant.
+
+
+                             SKUNK-CABBAGE.
+
+                     _Spathyema foetida_ (L.) Raf.
+
+_Synonyms._—_Dracontium foetidum_ L.; _Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt.
+
+_Other common names._—Dracontium, skunkweed, polecat-weed,
+swamp-cabbage, meadow-cabbage, collard, fetid hellebore, stinking poke,
+pockweed.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Swamps and other wet places from Canada to Florida,
+Iowa, and Minnesota abound with this ill-smelling herb.
+
+_Description of plant._—Most of the common names applied to this plant,
+as well as the scientific names, are indicative of the most striking
+characteristic of this early spring visitor, namely, the rank,
+offensive, carrion odor that emanates from it. Skunk-cabbage is one of
+the very earliest of our spring flowers, appearing in February or March,
+but it is safe to say that it is not likely to suffer extermination at
+the hands of the enthusiastic gatherer of spring flowers. In the
+latitude of Washington skunk-cabbage has been known to be in flower in
+December.
+
+It is a curious plant, with its hood-shaped, purplish striped flowers
+appearing before the leaves. It belongs to the arum family (Araceæ) and
+is a perennial. The “flower” is in the form of a thick, ovate, swollen
+spathe, about 3 to 6 inches in height, the top pointed and curved
+inward, spotted and striped with purple and yellowish green. The spathe
+is not open like that of the wild turnip or calla lily, to which family
+this plant also belongs, but the edges are rolled inward, completely
+hiding the spadix. In this plant the spadix is not spikelike, as in the
+wild turnip, but is generally somewhat globular, entirely covered with
+the numerous, dull-purple flowers. (Pl. I, fig. 2.) After the fruit has
+ripened the spadix will be found to have grown considerably, the spathe
+meantime having decayed.
+
+The leaves, which appear after the flower, are numerous and very large,
+about 1 to 3 feet in length and about 1 foot in width; they are thin in
+texture, but prominently nerved with fleshy nerves, and are borne on
+deeply channeled stems.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Skunk-cabbage has a thick, straight, reddish
+brown rootstock, from 3 to 5 inches long, and about 2 inches in
+diameter, and having a whorl of crowded fleshy roots (Pl. I, fig. 2)
+which penetrate the soil to considerable depth. The dried article of
+commerce consists of either the entire rootstock and roots, which are
+dark brown and wrinkled on the outside, whitish and starchy within, or
+of very much compressed, wrinkled, transverse slices. When bruised, the
+root has the characteristic fetid odor of the plant and possesses a
+sharp acrid taste, both of which become less the longer the root is
+kept.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The rootstock of skunk-cabbage should be
+collected early in spring, soon after the appearance of the flower, or
+after the seeds have ripened, in August or September. It should be
+carefully dried, either in its entire state or deprived of the roots and
+cut into transverse slices. Skunk-cabbage loses its odor and acridity
+with age, and should therefore not be kept longer than one season. The
+range of prices is from 4 to 7 cents a pound.
+
+Skunk-cabbage, official from 1820 to 1880, is used in affections of the
+respiratory organs, in nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsical
+complaints.
+
+
+                              SWEET-FLAG.
+
+                          _Acorus calamus_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Calamus.
+
+_Other common names._—Sweet cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet rush,
+sweet sedge, sweet segg, sweetroot, cinnamon-sedge, myrtle-flag,
+myrtle-grass, myrtle-sedge, beewort.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This plant frequents wet and muddy places and
+borders of streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida
+and Texas, also occurring in Europe and Asia. It is usually partly
+immersed in water, and is generally found in company with the cat-tail
+and other water-loving species of flag.
+
+_Description of plant._—The swordlike leaves of the sweet-flag resemble
+those of other flags so much that before the plant is in flower it is
+difficult to recognize simply by the appearance of its leaves. The
+leaves of the blue flag or “poison-flag,” as it has been called, are
+very similar to those of the sweet-flag, and this resemblance often
+leads to cases of poisoning among children who thus mistake one for the
+other. However, as the leaves of the sweet-flag are fragrant, the odor
+will be a means of recognizing it. Of course when the sweet-flag is in
+flower the identification of the plant is easy.
+
+The sheathing leaves of this native perennial, which belongs to the arum
+family (Araceæ), are from 2 to 6 feet in height and about 1 inch in
+width; they are sharp pointed and have a ridged midrib running their
+entire length. The flowering head, produced from the side of the stalk,
+consists of a fleshy spike sometimes 3½ inches long and about one-half
+inch in thickness, closely covered with very small greenish yellow
+flowers, which appear from May to July. (Pl. 1, fig. 3.)
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The long, creeping rootstock of the
+sweet-flag is thick and fleshy, somewhat spongy, and producing numerous
+rootlets. (Pl. I, fig. 3.) The odor is very aromatic and agreeable, and
+the taste pungent and bitter. The dried article, as found in the stores,
+consists of entire or split pieces of various lengths, from 3 to 6
+inches, light brown on the outside with blackish spots, sharply wrinkled
+lengthwise, the upper surface marked obliquely with dark leaf scars, and
+the lower surface showing many small circular scars, which, at first
+glance, give one the impression that the root is worm-eaten, but which
+are the remains of rootlets that have been removed from the rootstock.
+Internally the rootstock is whitish and of a spongy texture. The
+aromatic odor and pungent, bitter taste are retained in the dried
+article.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The United States Pharmacopœia directs
+that the unpeeled rhizome, or rootstock, be used. It is collected either
+in early spring or late in autumn. It is pulled or grubbed from the soft
+earth, freed from adhering dirt, and the rootlets removed, as these are
+not so aromatic and more bitter. The rootstock is then carefully dried,
+sometimes by means of moderate heat. Sweet-flag deteriorates with age
+and is subject to the attacks of worms. It loses about three-fourths of
+its weight in drying.
+
+Some of the sweet-flag root found in commerce consists of handsome white
+pieces. These usually come from Germany, and have been peeled before
+drying, but they are not so strong and aromatic as the unpeeled roots.
+Unpeeled sweet-flag root brings from 3 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+Sweet-flag is employed as an aromatic stimulant and tonic in feeble
+digestion. The dried root is frequently chewed for the relief of
+dyspepsia.
+
+
+                       CHAMAELIRIUM, OR HELONIAS.
+
+                  _Chamaelirium luteum_ (L.) A. Gray.
+
+_Synonym._—_Helonias dioica_ Pursh.
+
+_Other common names._—Unicorn-root, false unicorn-root, blazingstar,
+drooping starwort, starwort, devil’s-bit, unicorn’s-horn.
+
+In order to avoid the existing confusion of common names of this plant,
+it is most desirable to use the scientific names Chamaelirium or
+Helonias exclusively. Chamaelirium is the most recent botanical
+designation and will be used throughout this article, but the synonym
+Helonias is a name very frequently employed by the drug trade. The plant
+with which it is so much confused, _Aletris farinosa_, will also be
+designated throughout by its generic name, Aletris.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This native plant is found in open woods from
+Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—Chamaelirium and Aletris (_Aletris farinosa_)
+have long been confused by drug collectors and others, owing undoubtedly
+to the transposition of some of their similar common names, such as
+“starwort” and “stargrass.” The plants can scarcely be said to resemble
+each other, however, except perhaps in their general habit of growth.
+(See Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2.)
+
+The male and female flowers of Chamaelirium are borne on separate
+plants, and in this respect are entirely different from Aletris; neither
+do the flowers resemble those of Aletris.
+
+Chamaelirium is an erect, somewhat fleshy herb, perennial, and belongs
+to the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ). The male plant grows to a
+height of from 1½ to 2½ feet, and the female plant is sometimes 4 feet
+tall and is also more leafy.
+
+The plants have both basal and stem leaves, whereas Aletris has only the
+basal leaves. The basal leaves of Chamaelirium are broad and blunt at
+the top, narrowing toward the base into a long stem; they are sometimes
+so much broadened at the top that they may be characterized as spoon
+shaped, and are from 2 to 8 inches long and from one-half to 1½ inches
+wide. The stem leaves are lance shaped and sharp pointed, on short stems
+or stemless. (Pl. II, fig. 1.)
+
+The white starry flowers of Chamaelirium are produced from June to July,
+those of the male plant being borne in nodding, graceful, plumelike
+spikes 3 to 9 inches long (Pl. II, fig. 1) and those of the female plant
+in erect spikes. The many-seeded capsule is oblong, opening by three
+valves at the apex.
+
+Another species is now recognized, _Chamaelirium obovale_ Small, which
+seems to differ chiefly in having larger flowers and obovoid capsules.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock of Chamaelirium does not in
+the least resemble that of Aletris, with which it is so generally
+confused. It is from one-half to 2 inches in length, generally curved
+upward at one end in the form of a horn (whence the common name,
+“unicorn”) and having the appearance of having been bitten off. (Pl. II,
+fig. 1.) It is of a dark-brown color, with fine transverse wrinkles,
+rough, on the upper surface showing a few stem scars, and giving off
+from all sides numerous brown fibrous rootlets. The more recent rootlets
+have a soft outer covering, which in the older rootlets has worn away,
+leaving the fine but tough and woody whitish center. The rootlets
+penetrate to the central part of the rootstock, and this serves as a
+distinguishing character from Aletris, as a transverse section of
+Chamaelirium very plainly shows these fibers extending some distance
+within the rootstock. Furthermore, the rootstock of Chamaelirium
+exhibits a number of small holes wherever these rootlets have broken
+off, giving it the appearance of having become “wormy.” It is hard and
+horny within and has a peculiar odor and a very bitter, disagreeable
+taste, whereas Aletris is not at all bitter.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Chamaelirium should be collected in
+autumn. The prices paid to collectors may be said to range from about 30
+to 45 cents a pound. In the fall of 1906 a scarcity of this root was
+reported. As already indicated, Chamaelirium and Aletris are often
+gathered and mistaken for each other by collectors, but, as will be seen
+from the preceding description, there is really no excuse for such
+error.
+
+From the confusion that has existed properties peculiar to the one plant
+have also been attributed to the other, but it seems now generally
+agreed that Chamaelirium is of use especially as a tonic in derangements
+of women.
+
+
+                          AMERICAN HELLEBORE.
+
+                         _Veratrum viride_ Ait.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Veratrum.
+
+_Other common names._—True veratrum, green veratrum, American veratrum,
+green hellebore, swamp-hellebore, big hellebore, false hellebore,
+bear-corn, bugbane, bugwort, devil’s-bite, earth-gall, Indian poke,
+itchweed, tickleweed, duckretter.
+
+_Habitat and range._—American hellebore is native in rich wet woods,
+swamps, and wet meadows, its range extending from Canada, Alaska, and
+Minnesota south to Georgia.
+
+_Description of plant._—Early in spring, usually in company with the
+skunk-cabbage, the large, bright-green leaves of American hellebore make
+their way through the soil, their straight, erect leaf spears forming a
+conspicuous feature of the yet scanty spring vegetation. Later in the
+season a stout and erect leafy stem is sent up, sometimes growing as
+tall as 6 feet. It is solid and round, pale green, very leafy, and
+closely surrounded by the sheathing bases of the leaves, unbranched
+except in the flowering head. The leaves are hairy, prominently nerved,
+folded or pleated like a fan. They have no stems, but their bases
+encircle or sheathe the main stalk, and are very large, especially the
+lower ones, which are from 6 to 12 inches in length, from 3 to 6 inches
+in width, and broadly oval. As they approach the top of the plant the
+leaves become narrower. The flowers, which appear from May to July, are
+greenish yellow and numerous, and are borne in rather open clusters.
+American hellebore belongs to the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ) and
+is a perennial.
+
+This species is a very near relative of the European white hellebore
+(_Veratrum album_ L.), and in fact has by some been regarded as
+identical with it, or at least as a variety of it. It is taller than _V.
+album_ and has narrower leaves and greener flowers. Both species are
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The fresh rootstock of American hellebore is
+ovoid or obconical, upright, thick, and fleshy, the upper part of it
+arranged in layers, the lower part of it more solid, and producing
+numerous whitish roots from all sides. In the fresh state it has a
+rather strong, disagreeable odor. As found in commerce, American
+hellebore rootstock is sometimes entire, but more generally sliced, and
+is of a light-brown or dark-brown color externally and internally
+yellowish white; the roots, which are from 4 to 8 inches long, have a
+shriveled appearance, and are brown or yellowish. There is no odor to
+the dried rootstock, but when powdered it causes violent sneezing. The
+rootstock, which has a bitter and very acrid taste, is poisonous.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—American hellebore should be dug in
+autumn after the leaves have died, and washed and carefully dried,
+either in the whole state or sliced in various ways. It deteriorates
+with age, and should therefore not be kept longer than a year.
+
+The adulterations sometimes met with are the rootstocks of related
+plants, and the skunk-cabbage is also occasionally found mixed with it,
+but this is probably unintentional, as the two plants usually grow close
+together.
+
+Collectors of American hellebore root receive from about 3 to 10 cents a
+pound.
+
+American hellebore, official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is an
+acrid, narcotic poison, and has emetic, diaphoretic, and sedative
+properties.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—American hellebore (_Veratrum viride_).]
+
+
+                                ALETRIS.
+
+                         _Aletris farinosa_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Stargrass, blazingstar, mealy starwort, starwort,
+unicorn-root, true unicorn-root, unicorn-plant, unicorn’s-horn,
+colicroot, devil’s-bit, ague-grass, agueroot, aloe-root, crow-corn,
+huskwort.
+
+A glance at these common names will show many that have been applied to
+other plants, especially to Chamaelirium, with which Aletris is so much
+confused. In order to guard against this confusion as much as possible,
+it is best not to use the common names of this plant at all, referring
+to it only by its generic name, Aletris.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Aletris occurs in dry, generally sandy soil, from
+Maine to Minnesota, Florida, and Tennessee.
+
+_Description of plant._—As stated under Chamaelirium, this plant is
+often confused with the former by collectors and others, although there
+seems to be no good reason why this should be so. The plants do not
+resemble each other except in habit of growth (see Pl. II, figs. 1 and
+2), and the trouble undoubtedly arose from a confusion of the somewhat
+similar common names of the plants, as, for instance, “stargrass” and
+“starwort.”
+
+Aletris may be at once distinguished by the grasslike leaves, which
+spread out on the ground in the form of a star, and by the slender
+spikes of rough, mealy flowers.
+
+This native perennial, belonging to the lily family (Liliaceæ), is an
+erect, slender herb, 1½ to 3 feet tall, with basal leaves only. These
+leaves are grasslike, from 2 to 6 inches long, and have a yellowish
+green or willowgreen color. As already stated, they surround the base of
+the stem in the form of a star. Instead of stem leaves, there are very
+small, leaflike bracts placed at some distance apart on the stem. From
+May to July the erect flowering spike, from 4 to 12 inches long, is
+produced, bearing white, urn-shaped flowers, sometimes tinged with
+yellow at the apex, and having a rough, wrinkled and mealy appearance.
+(Pl. II, fig. 2.) The seed capsule is ovoid, opening by three valves,
+and containing many seeds. When the flowers in the spike are still in
+bud, there is a suggestion of resemblance to the female spike of
+Chamaelirium with its fruit half formed.
+
+Several other species are recognized by botanists, namely, _Aletris
+aurea_ Walt., _A. lutea_ Small, and _A. obovata_ Nash, but aside from
+the flowers, which in _aurea_ and _lutea_ are yellow, and slight
+variations in form, such as a more contracted perianth, the differences
+are not so pronounced that the plants would require a detailed
+description here. They have undoubtedly been collected with _Aletris
+farinosa_ for years, and are sufficiently like it to be readily
+recognized.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Not only have the plants of Aletris and
+Chamaelirium been confused, but the rootstocks as well. There is,
+however, no resemblance between them.
+
+Aletris has a horizontal rootstock from one-half to 1½ inches in length,
+rough and scaly, and almost completely hidden by the fibrous roots and
+remains of the basal leaves. Upon close examination the scars of former
+leaf stems may be seen along the upper surface. The rootlets are from 2
+to 10 inches in length, those of recent growth whitish and covered with
+several layers of epidermis which gradually peel off, and the older
+rootlets of the rootstock showing this epidermis already scaled off,
+leaving only the hard, brown, woody center. The rootstock in commerce
+almost invariably shows at one end a tuft of the remains of the basal
+leaves, which do not lose their green color. It is grayish brown
+outside, whitish within, and breaks with a mealy fracture. It has no
+odor, and a starchy taste, followed by some acridity, _but no
+bitterness_.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Aletris should be collected in autumn,
+and there is no reason why collectors should make the common mistake of
+confusing Aletris with Chamaelirium. By comparing the description of
+Aletris with that of Chamaelirium, it will be seen that there is
+scarcely any resemblance. Aletris ranges from 30 to 40 cents a pound.
+
+As indicated under Chamaelirium, the medicinal properties have also been
+considered the same in both plants, but Aletris is now regarded of value
+chiefly in digestive troubles. Aletris was official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1870.
+
+
+                               BETHROOT.
+
+                         _Trillium erectum_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Trillium, red trillium, purple trillium,
+ill-scented trillium, birthroot, birthwort, bathwort, bathflower, red
+wake-robin, purple wake-robin, ill-scented wake-robin, red-benjamin,
+bumblebee-root, daffydown-dilly, dishcloth, Indian balm, Indian
+shamrock, nosebleed, squawflower, squawroot, wood-lily, true-love,
+orange-blossom. Many of these names are applied also to other species of
+Trillium.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Bethroot is a native plant growing in rich soil in
+damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—This plant is a perennial belonging to the
+lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceæ). It is a low growing plant,
+from about 8 to 16 inches in height, with a rather stout stem, having
+three leaves arranged in a whorl near the top. These leaves are broadly
+ovate, almost circular in outline, sharp pointed at the apex and
+narrowed at the base, 3 to 7 inches long and about as wide, and
+practically stemless.
+
+Not only the leaves of this plant, but the flowers and parts of the
+flowers are arranged in threes, and this feature will serve to identify
+the plant. (Pl. I, fig. 4.) The solitary terminal flower of bethroot has
+three sepals and three petals, both more or less lance shaped and
+spreading, the former greenish, and the petals, which are 1¼ inches long
+and one-half inch wide, are sometimes dark purple, pink, greenish, or
+white. The flower has an unpleasant odor. It appears from April to June
+and is followed later in the season by an oval, reddish berry.
+
+Various other species of Trillium are used in medicine, possessing
+properties similar to those of the species under consideration. These
+are also very similar in appearance to _Trillium erectum_.
+
+_Description of root._—Bethroot (Pl. I, fig. 4), as found in the stores,
+is short and thick, of a light-brown color externally, whitish or
+yellowish inside, somewhat globular or oblong in shape, and covered all
+around with numerous palebrown, shriveled rootlets. The top of the root
+generally shows a succession of fine circles or rings, and usually bears
+the remains of stem bases.
+
+The root has a slight odor, and is at first sweetish and astringent,
+followed by a bitter and acrid taste. When chewed it causes a flow of
+saliva.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Bethroot is generally collected toward
+the close of summer. The price ranges from 7 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+It was much esteemed as a remedy among the Indians and early settlers.
+Its present use is that of an astringent, tonic, and alterative, and
+also that of an expectorant.
+
+
+                               WILD YAM.
+
+                         _Dioscorea villosa_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Dioscorea, colicroot, rheumatism-root,
+devil’s-bones.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Wild yam grows in moist thickets, trailing over
+adjacent shrubs and bushes, its range extending from Rhode Island to
+Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. It is most common in the central
+and southern portions of the United States.
+
+_Description of plant._—This native perennial vine is similar to and
+belongs to the same family as the well-known cinnamon vine of the
+gardens—namely, the yam family (Dioscoreaceæ). It attains a length of
+about 15 feet, the stem smooth, the leaves heart shaped and 2 to 6
+inches long by 1 to 4 inches wide.
+
+The leaves, which are borne on long, slender stems, are thin, green, and
+smooth on the upper surface, paler and rather thickly hairy on the under
+surface. The small greenish yellow flowers are produced from June to
+July, the male flowers borne in drooping clusters about 3 to 6 inches
+long, and the female flowers in drooping spikelike heads. The fruit,
+which is in the form of a dry, membranous, 3-winged, yellowish green
+capsule, ripens about September and remains on the vine for some time
+during the winter. (Pl. II, fig. 3.)
+
+Growing farther south than the species above mentioned is a variety for
+which the name _glabra_ has been suggested.
+
+According to C. G. Lloyd (King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898),
+there is a variety of _Dioscorea villosa_ the root of which first made
+its appearance among the true yam roots of commerce, and which was so
+different in form that it was rejected as an adulteration. The plant,
+however, from which the false root was derived was found upon
+investigation to be almost identical with the true yam, except that the
+leaves were perfectly smooth, lacking the hairiness on the under surface
+of the leaf which is characteristic of the true wild yam. The false
+variety also differs in its habit of growth, not growing in dense clumps
+like the true wild yam, but generally isolated. The root of the variety,
+however, is quite distinct from that of the true wild yam, being much
+more knotty. Lloyd states further that the hairiness or lack of
+hairiness on the under side of the leaf is a certain indication as to
+the form of the root.
+
+Lloyd, recognizing the necessity of classifying these two yam roots of
+commerce, has designated the smooth-leaved variety as _Dioscorea
+villosa_ var. _glabra_.
+
+_Description of rootstocks._—The rootstock of the true wild yam (Pl. II,
+fig. 3) runs horizontally underneath the surface of the ground. As found
+in commerce, it consists of very hard pieces, 6 inches and sometimes 2
+feet in length, but only about one-fourth or one-half of an inch in
+diameter, twisted, covered with a thin brown bark, whitish within, and
+showing stem scars almost an inch apart on the upper surface, small
+protuberances on the sides, and numerous rather wiry rootlets on the
+lower surface.
+
+The false wild yam, on the other hand, has a much heavier, rough, knotty
+rootstock, with thick branches from 1 inch to 3 inches long, the upper
+surface covered with crowded stem scars and the lower side furnished
+with stout wiry rootlets. Within it is similar to the true yam root.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The roots are generally collected in
+autumn, and bring from 2½ to 4 cents a pound. Wild yam is said to
+possess expectorant properties and to promote perspiration, and in large
+doses proving emetic. It has been employed in bilious colic, and by the
+negroes in the South in the treatment of muscular rheumatism.
+
+
+                               BLUE FLAG.
+
+                          _Iris versicolor_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Iris, flag-lily, liver-lily, snake-lily,
+poison-flag, water-flag, American fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Blue flag delights in wet, swampy localities,
+making its home in marshes, thickets, and wet meadows from Newfoundland
+to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—The flowers of all of the species belonging to
+this genus are similar, and are readily recognized by their rather
+peculiar form, the three outer segments or parts reflexed or turned back
+and the three inner segments standing erect.
+
+Blue flag is about 2 to 3 feet in height, with an erect stem sometimes
+branched near the top, and sword-shaped leaves which are shorter than
+the stem, from one-half to 1 inch in width, showing a slight grayish
+“bloom,” and sheathing at the base. This plant is a perennial belonging
+to the iris family (Iridaceæ), and is a native of this country. June is
+generally regarded as the month for the flowering of the blue flag,
+although it may be said to be in flower from May to July, depending on
+the locality. The flowers are large and very handsome, each stem bearing
+from two to six or more. They consist of six segments or parts, the
+three outer ones turned back and the three inner ones erect and much
+smaller. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) The flowers are usually purplish blue, the
+“claw,” or narrow base of the segments, variegated with yellow, green,
+or white and marked with purple veins.
+
+All of the species belonging to this genus are more or less variegated
+in color; hence the name “iris,” meaning “rainbow,” and the specific
+name “versicolor,” meaning “various colors.” The name “poison-flag” has
+been applied to it on account of the poisonous effect it has produced in
+children, who, owing to the close resemblance of the plants before
+reaching the flowering stage, sometimes mistake it for sweet-flag.
+
+The seed capsule is oblong, about 1½ inches long, and contains numerous
+seeds.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Blue flag has a thick, fleshy, horizontal
+rootstock, branched, and producing long fibrous roots. (Pl. II, fig. 4.)
+It resembles sweet-flag (Calamus), and has been mistaken for it. The
+sections of the rootstock of blue flag, however, are flattened above and
+rounded below; the scars of the leaf sheaths are in the form of rings,
+whereas in sweet-flag the rootstock is cylindrical and the scars left by
+the leaf sheaths are obliquely transverse. Furthermore, there is a
+difference in the arrangement of the roots on the rootstock, the scars
+left by the roots in blue flag being close together generally nearer the
+larger end, while in sweet-flag the disposition of the roots along the
+rootstock is quite regular. Blue flag is grayish brown on the outside
+when dried, and sweet-flag is light brown or fawn colored. Blue flag has
+no well-marked odor, and the taste is acrid and nauseous, and in
+sweet-flag there is a pleasant odor and bitter, pungent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Blue flag is collected in autumn, and
+usually brings from about 7 to 10 cents a pound. Great scarcity of blue
+flag root was reported from the producing districts in the autumn of
+1906. It is an old remedy, the Indians esteeming it highly in stomach
+troubles, and it is said that it was sometimes cultivated by them in
+near-by ponds on account of its medicinal value. It has also been used
+as a domestic remedy, and is regarded as an alterative, diuretic, and
+purgative. It was official in the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890.
+
+
+                            LADY’S-SLIPPER.
+
+   (1) _Cypripedium hirsutum_ Mill. and (2) _Cypripedium parviflorum_
+                                 Salisb.
+
+_Synonym._—(1) _Cypripedium pubescens_ Willd.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Cypripedium.
+
+_Other common names._—(1) Large yellow lady’s-slipper, yellow
+lady’s-slipper, yellow moccasin-flower, Venus’-shoe, Venus’-cup, yellow
+Indian-shoe, American valerian, nerve-root, male nervine, yellow
+Noah’s-ark, yellows, monkey-flower, umbil-root, yellow umbil; (2) small
+yellow lady’s-slipper.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Both of these native species frequent bogs and wet
+places in deep shady woods and thickets. The large yellow lady’s-slipper
+may be found from Nova Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and
+Missouri. The range for the small yellow lady’s-slipper extends from
+Newfoundland south along the mountains to Georgia, and west to Missouri,
+Washington, and British Columbia.
+
+_Description of plants._—The orchid family (Orchidaceæ), to which the
+lady’s-slippers belong, boasts of many beautiful, showy, and curious
+species, and the lady’s-slipper is no exception. There are several other
+plants to which the name lady’s-slipper has been applied, but one glance
+at the peculiar structure of the flowers in the species under
+consideration, as shown in the illustration (Pl. III, fig. 1), will
+enable anyone to recognize them as soon as seen.
+
+The particular species of lady’s-slipper under consideration in this
+article do not differ very materially from each other. Both are
+perennials, growing from 1 to about 2 feet in height, with rather large
+leaves and with yellow flowers more or less marked with purple, the main
+difference being that in _hirsutum_ the flower is larger and pale
+yellow, while in _parviflorum_ the flower is small, bright yellow, and
+perhaps more prominently striped and spotted with purple. The stem,
+leaves, and inside of corolla or lip are somewhat hairy in the large
+yellow lady’s-slipper, but not in the small yellow lady’s-slipper. These
+hairs are said to be irritating to some people, in whom they cause an
+eruption of the skin.
+
+The leaves of the lady’s-slipper vary in size from 2 to 6 inches in
+length and from 1 to 3 inches in width, and are broadly oval or
+elliptic, sharp pointed, with numerous parallel veins, and sheathing at
+the base, somewhat hairy in the large lady’s-slipper. The solitary
+terminal flower, which appears from May to June, is very showy and
+curiously formed, the lip being the most prominent part. This lip looks
+like an inflated bag (1 to 2 inches long in the large lady’s-slipper),
+pale yellow or bright yellow in color, variously striped and blotched
+with purple. The other parts of the flower are greenish or yellowish,
+with purple stripes, and the petals are usually twisted.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock is of horizontal growth,
+crooked, fleshy, and with numerous wavy, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig.
+1.) As found in commerce, the rootstocks are from 1 to 4 inches in
+length, about an eighth of an inch in thickness, dark brown, the upper
+surface showing numerous round cup-shaped scars, the remains of former
+annual stems, and the lower surface thickly covered with wavy, wiry, and
+brittle roots, the latter breaking off with a short, white fracture. The
+odor is rather heavy and disagreeable, and the taste is described as
+sweetish, bitter, and somewhat pungent.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Both rootstock and roots are used, and
+these should be collected in autumn, freed from dirt, and carefully
+dried in the shade. These beautiful plants are becoming rare in many
+localities. Sometimes such high-priced drugs as goldenseal and senega
+are found mixed with the lady’s-slipper, but as these are more expensive
+than the lady’s-slipper, it is not likely that they are included with
+fraudulent intent, and they can be readily distinguished. The prices
+paid to collectors of this root range from 32 to 35 cents a pound.
+
+The principal use of lady’s-slipper, which is official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia, is as an antispasmodic and nerve tonic, and it has
+been used for the same purposes as valerian.
+
+
+                             CRAWLEY-ROOT.
+
+               _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_ (Willd.) Nutt.
+
+_Other common names._—Corallorhiza, crawley, coralroot, small coralroot,
+small-flowered coralroot, late coralroot, dragon’s-claw, chickentoe,
+turkey-claw, feverroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Rich, shady woods having an abundance of leaf mold
+produce this curious little plant. It may be found in such situations
+from Maine to Florida, westward to Michigan and Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—This peculiar native perennial, belonging to the
+orchid family (Orchidaceæ), is unlike most other plants, being leafless,
+and instead of a green stem it has a purplish brown, sheathed scape,
+somewhat swollen or bulbous at the base and bearing a clustered head of
+purplish flowers 2 to 4 inches long. It does not grow much taller than
+about a foot in height. (Fig. 4.)
+
+The flowers, 6 to 20 in a head, appear from July to September, and
+consist of lance-shaped sepals and petals striped with purple and a
+broad, whitish, oval lip, generally marked with purple and narrowed at
+the base. The seed capsule is large, oblong, or somewhat globular.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock of this plant is also curious,
+resembling in its formation a piece of coral (fig. 4), on account of
+which it is known by the name “coralroot.” The other common names, such
+as chickentoe, turkey-claw, etc., all have reference to the form of the
+rootstock. As found in commerce, crawley-root consists of small,
+dark-brown wrinkled pieces, the larger ones branched like coral. The
+taste at first is sweetish, becoming afterwards slightly bitter. It has
+a peculiar odor when fresh, but when dry it is without odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Crawley-root should be collected in July
+or August. The price ranges from 20 to 50 cents a pound. Other species
+of Corallorhiza are sometimes collected and are said to probably possess
+similar properties. This root is said to be very effective for promoting
+perspiration, and it is also used as a sedative and in fever.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Crawley-root (_Corallorhiza odontorhiza_). After
+Torrey’s Flora of New York.]
+
+
+                           CANADA SNAKEROOT.
+
+                         _Asarum canadense_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Asarum, wild ginger, Indian ginger, Vermont
+snakeroot, heart-snakeroot, southern snakeroot, black snakeroot,
+colt’s-foot snakeroot, black snakeweed, broad-leaved asarabacca, false
+colt’s-foot, cat’s-foot, colicroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This inconspicuous little plant frequents rich
+woods or rich soil along roadsides from Canada south to North Carolina
+and Kansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—Canada snakeroot is a small, apparently stemless
+perennial, not more than 6 to 12 inches in height, and belongs to the
+birthwort family (Aristolochiaceæ). It usually has but two leaves, which
+are borne on slender, finely hairy stems; they are kidney shaped or
+heart shaped, thin, dark green above and paler green on the lower
+surface, strongly veined, and from 4 to 7 inches broad.
+
+The solitary bell-shaped flower is of an unassuming dull brown or
+brownish purple, and this modest color, together with its position on
+the plant, renders it so inconspicuous as to escape the notice of the
+casual observer. It droops from a short, slender stalk produced between
+the two leaf stems and is almost hidden under the two leaves, growing so
+close to the ground that it is sometimes buried beneath old leaves, and
+sometimes the soil must be removed before the flower can be seen. It is
+bell shaped, woolly, the inside darker in color than the outside and of
+a satiny texture. The fruit which follows is in the form of a leathery
+6-celled capsule. (Pl. III, fig. 2.)
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Canada snakeroot has a creeping, yellowish
+rootstock, slightly jointed, with thin rootlets produced from joints
+which occur about every half inch or so. (Pl. III, fig. 2.) In the drug
+trade the rootstock is usually found in pieces a few inches in length
+and about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. These are four-angled,
+crooked, brownish and wrinkled on the outside, whitish inside and
+showing a large central pith, hard and brittle, and breaking with a
+short fracture. The odor is fragrant and the taste spicy and aromatic,
+and has been said to be intermediate between ginger and serpentaria.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The aromatic root of Canada snakeroot is
+collected in autumn, and the price ranges from 10 to 15 cents a pound.
+It was reported as very scarce in the latter part of the summer of 1906.
+Canada snakeroot, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1880, is used as an aromatic, diaphoretic, and carminative.
+
+
+                              SERPENTARIA.
+
+   (1) _Aristolochia serpentaria_ L. and (2) _Aristolochia reticulata_
+                                  Nutt.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Serpentaria.
+
+_Other common names._—(1) Virginia serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot,
+serpentary, snakeweed, pelican-flower, snagrel, sangrel, sangree-root;
+(2) Texas serpentaria, Texas snakeroot, Red River snakeroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Virginia serpentaria is found in rich woods from
+Connecticut to Michigan and southward, principally along the
+Alleghenies, and Texas serpentaria occurs in the Southwestern States,
+growing along river banks from Arkansas to Louisiana.
+
+_Description of Virginia serpentaria._—About midsummer the queerly
+shaped flowers of this native perennial are produced. They are very
+similar to those of the better known “Dutchman’s-pipe,” another species
+of this genus, which is quite extensively grown as an ornamental vine
+for covering porches and trellises. Virginia serpentaria and Texas
+serpentaria both belong to the birthwort family (Aristolochiaceæ). The
+Virginia serpentaria is nearly erect, the slender, wavy stem sparingly
+branched near the base, and usually growing to about a foot in height,
+sometimes, however, even reaching 3 feet. The leaves are thin, ovate,
+ovate lance shaped or oblong lance shaped, and usually heart shaped at
+the base; they are about 2½ inches long and about 1 or 1½ inches in
+width. The flowers are produced from near the base of the plant, similar
+to its near relative, the Canada snakeroot. They are solitary and
+terminal, borne on slender, scaly branches, dull brownish purple in
+color, and of a somewhat leathery texture; the calyx tube is curiously
+bent or contorted in the shape of the letter S. The fruit is a roundish
+6-celled capsule, about half an inch in diameter, and containing
+numerous seeds. (Pl. III, fig. 3.)
+
+_Description of Texas serpentaria._—This species has a very wavy stem,
+with oval, heart-shaped, clasping leaves, which are rather thick and
+strongly reticulated or marked with a network of veins; hence the
+specific name _reticulata_. The entire plant is hairy, with numerous
+long, coarse hairs. The small, densely hairy purplish flowers are also
+produced from the base of the plant.
+
+_Description of rootstocks._—Serpentaria has a short rootstock with many
+thin, branching, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig. 3.) In the dried state it
+is thin and bent, the short remains of stems showing on the upper
+surface and the under surface having numerous thin roots about 4 inches
+in length, all of a dull yellowish brown color, internally white. It has
+a very agreeable aromatic odor, somewhat like camphor, and the taste is
+described as warm, bitterish, and camphoraceous.
+
+The Texas serpentaria has a larger rootstock, with fewer roots less
+interlaced than the Virginia serpentaria.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The roots of serpentaria are collected
+in autumn. Various other roots are sometimes mixed with serpentaria, but
+as they are mostly high-priced drugs, such as goldenseal, pinkroot,
+senega, and ginseng, their presence in a lot of serpentaria is probably
+accidental, due simply to proximity of growth of these plants.
+Abscess-root (_Polemonium reptans_ L.) is another root with which
+serpentaria is often adulterated. It is very similar to serpentaria,
+except that it is nearly white. The price of serpentaria ranges from 35
+to 40 cents a pound.
+
+Serpentaria is used for its stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic
+properties. Both species are official in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+
+                              YELLOW DOCK.
+
+                           _Rumex crispus_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Rumex, curled dock, narrow dock, sour dock. (Fig.
+5.)
+
+_Habitat and range._—This troublesome weed, introduced from Europe, is
+now found throughout the United States, occurring in cultivated as well
+as in waste ground, among rubbish heaps, and along roadsides.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_), first year’s
+growth.]
+
+_Description of plant._—Yellow dock is a perennial plant belonging to
+the buckwheat family (Polygonaceæ), and has a deep, spindle-shaped root,
+from which arises an erect, angular, and furrowed stem, attaining a
+height of from 2 to 4 feet. The stem is branched near the top and leafy,
+bearing numerous long dense clusters formed by drooping groups of
+inconspicuous green flowers placed in circles around the stem. The
+flowers are produced from June to August, and the fruits which follow
+are in the form of small triangular nuts, like the grain of buckwheat,
+to which family the dock belongs. So long as the fruits are green and
+immature they can scarcely be distinguished from the flowers, but as
+they ripen the clusters take on a rusty-brown color. The leaves of the
+yellow dock are lance shaped, acute, with the margins strongly waved and
+crisped, the lower long-stalked leaves being blunt or heart shaped at
+the base and from 6 to 8 inches in length, while those nearer the top
+are narrower and shorter, only 3 to 6 inches in length, short stemmed or
+stemless.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Broad-leaved dock (_Rumex obtusifolius_), leaf,
+fruiting spike, and root.]
+
+The broad-leaved dock (_Rumex obtusifolius_ L.) known also as bitter
+dock, common dock, blunt-leaved dock, and butter-dock, is a very common
+weed found in waste places from the New England States to Oregon and
+south to Florida and Texas. It grows to about the same height as the
+yellow dock, to which it bears a close resemblance, differing
+principally in its more robust habit of growth. The stem is stouter than
+in yellow dock, and the leaves, which likewise are wavy along the
+margin, are much broader and longer. The green flowers appear from June
+to August and are in rather long, open clusters, the groups rather loose
+and far apart. (Fig. 6.)
+
+_Description of roots._—Yellow dock root is large and fleshy, usually
+from 8 to 12 inches long, tapering or spindle shaped, with few or no
+rootlets. When dry it is usually twisted and prominently wrinkled, the
+rather thick, dark, reddish brown bark marked with small scars. The
+inside of the root is whitish at first, becoming yellowish. The fracture
+is short, but shows some splintery fibers. The root, as it occurs in
+commerce, is either entire or occasionally split lengthwise.
+
+The darker colored root of the broad-leaved dock has a number of smaller
+branches near the crown and more rootlets. (Fig. 6.) Dock roots have but
+a very faint odor and a bitter, astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The roots should be collected in late
+summer or autumn, after the fruiting tops have turned brown, then
+washed, either left entire or split lengthwise into halves or quarters,
+and carefully dried. Yellow dock root ranges from 4 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+In the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890 “the roots of _Rumex crispus_
+and of some other species of Rumex” were official, and both of the
+above-named species are used, but the yellow dock (_Rumex crispus_) is
+the species most commonly employed in medicine. The docks are largely
+used for purifying the blood and in the treatment of skin diseases.
+
+The young root leaves of both of the species mentioned are sometimes
+used in spring as pot herbs.
+
+
+                               POKEWEED.
+
+                      _Phytolacca decandra_ L.[1]
+
+_Synonym._—_Phytolacca americana_ L.[1]
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Phytolacca.
+
+_Other common names._—Poke, pigeon-berry, garget, scoke, pocan, coakum,
+Virginian poke, inkberry, red inkberry, American nightshade,
+cancer-jalap, redweed.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Pokeweed, a common, familiar, native weed, is found
+in rich, moist soil along fence rows, fields, and uncultivated land from
+the New England States to Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.
+
+_Description of plant._—In Europe, where pokeweed has become naturalized
+from this country, it is regarded as an ornamental garden plant, and,
+indeed, it is very showy and attractive with its reddish purple stems,
+rich green foliage, and clusters of white flowers and dark-purple
+berries.
+
+The stout, smooth stems, arising from a very large perennial root,
+attain a height of from 3 to 9 feet, and are erect and branched, green
+at first, then reddish. If a piece of the stem is examined, the pith
+will be seen to be divided into disk-shaped parts with hollow spaces
+between them. The smooth leaves are borne on short stems and are about 5
+inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, ovate or ovate oblong, acute at the
+apex, and the margins entire. The long-stalked clusters of whitish
+flowers, which appear from July to September, are from 3 to 4 inches in
+length, the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems. In about two
+months the berries will have matured and assumed a rich dark-purple
+color. These smooth and shining purple berries are globular, flattened
+at both ends, and contain black seeds embedded in a rich crimson juice.
+(Fig. 7.) This plant belongs to the pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceæ).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Pokeweed (_Phytolacca decandra_), flowering and
+fruiting branch.]
+
+_Description of root._—Pokeweed has a very thick, long, fleshy root,
+conical in shape and branched (fig. 8), very much resembling that of
+horseradish, and poisonous. In commerce it usually occurs in transverse
+or lengthwise slices, the outside a yellowish brown and finely wrinkled
+lengthwise, and thickly encircled with lighter colored ridges. It breaks
+with a fibrous fracture and is yellowish gray within. The transverse
+slices show many concentric rings. There is a slight odor and the taste
+is sweetish and acrid. The root when powdered causes sneezing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Pokeweed root.]
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of the pokeweed, which is
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is collected in the latter
+part of autumn, thoroughly cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise
+slices, and carefully dried. It brings from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.
+
+The root is used for its alterative properties in treating various
+diseases of the skin and blood, and in certain cases in relieving pain
+and allaying inflammation. It also acts upon the bowels and causes
+vomiting.
+
+The berries when fully matured are also used in medicine.
+
+The young and tender shoots of the pokeweed are eaten in spring, like
+asparagus, but bad results may follow if they are not thoroughly cooked
+or if they are cut too close to the root.
+
+
+                               SOAPWORT.
+
+                       _Saponaria officinalis_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Saponaria, saponary, common soapwort,
+bouncing-bet, soaproot, bruisewort, Boston pink, chimney-pink,
+crow-soap, hedge-pink, oldmaid’s-pink, fuller’s-herb, lady-by-the-gate,
+London-pride, latherwort, mock-gilliflower, scourwort, sheepweed,
+sweet-betty, wild sweet-william, woods-phlox, world’s-wonder.
+
+_Habitat and range._—By one or another of its many common names this
+plant, naturalized from Europe, is known almost everywhere, occurring
+along roadsides and in waste places.
+
+_Description of plant._—Soapwort is a rather pretty herbaceous
+perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, and belonging to the pink family
+(Silenaceæ). Its smooth, stout, and erect stem is leafy and only
+sparingly branched, the leaves ovate, 2 to 3 inches long, smooth,
+prominently ribbed, and pointed at the apex. The bright-looking, crowded
+clusters of pink (or in shady localities whitish) flowers appear from
+about June until far along in September. The five petals of the corolla
+are furnished with long “claws,” or, in other words, they are narrowly
+lengthened toward the base and inserted within the tubular and
+pale-green calyx. The seed capsule is oblong and one-celled. (Pl. III,
+fig. 4.)
+
+_Description of root._—Soapwort spreads by means of its stolons, or
+underground runners. But the roots, which are rather long, are the parts
+employed in medicine. These are cylindrical, tapering toward the apex,
+more or less branched, and wrinkled lengthwise. (Pl. III, fig. 4.) The
+whitish wood is covered with a brownish red, rather thick bark, and the
+root breaks with a short, smooth fracture. It is at first sweetish,
+bitter, and mucilaginous, followed by a persistently acrid taste, but it
+has no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—As already indicated, the roots, without
+the runners, should be collected either in spring or autumn. With water
+they form a lather, like soap, whence the common names soapwort,
+soaproot, latherwort, etc., are derived. The price ranges from 5 to 10
+cents a pound. The roots are employed in medicine for their tonic,
+alterative, and diaphoretic properties. The leaves are also used.
+
+
+                              GOLDENSEAL.
+
+                       _Hydrastis canadensis_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Hydrastis.
+
+_Other common names._—Yellowroot, yellow puccoon, orange-root, yellow
+Indian-paint, turmeric-root, Indian turmeric, Ohio curcuma,
+ground-raspberry, eyeroot, eye-balm, yellow-eye, jaundice-root,
+Indian-dye.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This native forest plant occurs in patches in high,
+open woods, and usually on hillsides or bluffs affording natural
+drainage, from southern New York to Minnesota and western Ontario, south
+to Georgia and Missouri.
+
+Goldenseal is now becoming scarce throughout its range. Ohio, Indiana,
+Kentucky, and West Virginia have been the greatest goldenseal-producing
+States.
+
+_Description of plant._—Goldenseal is a perennial plant belonging to the
+same family as the buttercup, namely, the crowfoot family
+(Ranunculaceæ). It has a thick yellow rootstock, which sends up an erect
+hairy stem about 1 foot in height, surrounded at the base by 2 or 3
+yellowish scales. The yellow color of the roots and scales extends up
+the stem so far as it is covered by soil, while the portion of the stem
+above ground has a purplish color. The stem, which has only two leaves,
+seems to fork at the top, one branch bearing a large leaf and the other
+a smaller one and a flower. A third leaf, which is much smaller than the
+other two and stemless, is occasionally produced. The leaves are
+palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally
+toothed; they are prominently veined on the lower surface, and at
+flowering time, when they are very much wrinkled, they are only
+partially developed, but they continue to expand until they are from 6
+to 8 inches in diameter, becoming thinner in texture and smoother. The
+upper leaf subtends or incloses the flower bud. The greenish white
+flower appears about April or May, but it is of short duration, lasting
+only five or six days. It is less than half an inch in diameter and,
+instead of petals, has three small petal-like sepals, which fall away as
+soon as the flower expands, leaving only the numerous stamens (as many
+as 40 or 50), in the center of which are about a dozen pistils, which
+finally develop into a round, fleshy, berry-like head which ripens in
+July or August. The fruit when ripe turns a bright red and resembles a
+large raspberry, whence the common name “ground-raspberry” is derived.
+It contains from 10 to 20 small, black, shining, hard seeds. (Fig. 9.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Goldenseal (_Hydrastis canadensis_), flowering
+plant and fruit.]
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The fresh rootstock of goldenseal, which has
+a rank, nauseating odor, is bright yellow, both internally and
+externally, with fibrous yellow rootlets produced from the sides. It is
+from 1½ to 2½ inches in length, from one-fourth to three-fourths of an
+inch in thickness, and contains a large amount of yellow juice. (Fig.
+10.)
+
+In the dried state the rootstock is crooked, knotty, and wrinkled, from
+1 to 2 inches in length, and from one-eighth to one-third of an inch in
+diameter. It is of a dull-brown color on the outside and breaks with a
+clean, short, resinous fracture, showing a lemon-yellow color inside.
+After the rootstock has been kept for some time it will become greenish
+yellow or brown internally and its quality impaired. The cup-like
+depressions or stem scars on the upper surface of the rootstock resemble
+the imprint of a seal, whence the most popular name of the plant,
+goldenseal, is derived. The rootstock as found in commerce is almost
+bare, the fibrous rootlets, which in drying become very wiry and
+brittle, breaking off readily and leaving only small protuberances.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Goldenseal rootstock.]
+
+The odor of the dried rootstock, while not so pronounced as in the fresh
+material, is peculiar, narcotic, and disagreeable. The taste is
+exceedingly bitter, and when the rootstock is chewed there is a
+persistent acridity, which causes an abundant flow of saliva.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root should be collected in autumn
+after the seeds have ripened, freed from soil, and carefully dried.
+After a dry season goldenseal dies down soon after the fruit is mature,
+so that it often happens that by the end of September not a trace of the
+plant remains above ground; but if the season has been moist, the plant
+sometimes persists to the beginning of winter. The price of goldenseal
+ranges from $1 to $1.50 a pound.
+
+Goldenseal, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is a
+useful drug in digestive disorders and in certain catarrhal affections
+of the mucous membranes, in the latter instance being administered both
+internally and locally.
+
+_Cultivation._—Once so abundant in certain parts of the country,
+especially in the Ohio Valley, goldenseal is now becoming scarce
+throughout its range, and in consequence of the increased demand for the
+root, both at home and abroad, its cultivation must sooner or later be
+more generally undertaken in order to satisfy the needs of medicine. In
+some parts of the country the cultivation of goldenseal is already under
+way.
+
+The first thing to be considered in growing this plant is to furnish it,
+as nearly as possible, the conditions to which it has been accustomed in
+its native forest home. This calls for a well-drained soil, rich in
+humus, and partially shaded. Goldenseal stands transplanting well, and
+the easiest way to propagate it is to bring the plants in from the
+forest and transplant them to a properly prepared location, or to
+collect the rootstocks and to cut them into as many pieces as there are
+buds, planting these pieces in a deep, loose, well-prepared soil, and
+mulching, adding new mulch each year to renew the humus. With such a
+soil the cultivation of goldenseal is simple, and it will be necessary
+chiefly to keep down the weeds.
+
+The plants may be grown in rows 1 foot apart and 6 inches apart in the
+row, or they may be grown in beds 4 to 8 feet wide, with walks between.
+Artificial shade will be necessary, and this is supplied by the erection
+of lath sheds. The time required to obtain a marketable crop is from two
+to three years.
+
+Detailed information regarding the experiments made by the Department
+will be found in another publication.[2]
+
+
+                              GOLDTHREAD.
+
+                     _Coptis trifolia_ (L.) Salisb.
+
+_Other common names._—Coptis, cankerroot, mouthroot, yellowroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This pretty little perennial is native in damp,
+mossy woods and bogs from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and
+Minnesota. It is most common in the New England States, northern New
+York and Michigan, and in Canada, where it frequents the dark sphagnum
+swamps, cold bogs, and the shade of dense forests of cedars, pines, and
+other evergreens.
+
+_Description of plant._—Anyone familiar with this attractive little
+plant will agree that it is well named. The roots of goldthread, running
+not far beneath the surface of the ground, are indeed like so many
+tangled threads of gold. The plant in the general appearance of its
+leaves and flowers very closely resembles the strawberry plant. It is of
+low growth, only 3 to 6 inches in height, and belongs to the crowfoot
+family (Ranunculaceæ). The leaves are all basal, and are borne on long,
+slender stems; they are evergreen, dark green and shining on the upper
+surface and lighter green beneath, divided into three parts, which are
+prominently veined and toothed. A single small, white, star-shaped
+flower is borne at the ends of the flowering stalks, appearing from May
+to August. (Fig. 11.) The 5 to 7 sepals or lobes of the calyx are white
+and like petals, and the petals of the corolla, 5 to 7 in number, are
+smaller, club shaped, and yellow at the base. The seed pods are stalked,
+oblong, compressed, spreading, tipped with the persistent style, and
+containing small black seeds.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.—Goldthread (_Coptis trifolia_). After Lloyd’s
+Drugs and Medicines of North America.]
+
+_Description of root._—Goldthread has a long, slender, creeping root,
+which is much branched and frequently matted. (Fig. 11.) The color of
+these roots is a bright golden yellow. As found in the stores,
+goldthread consists usually of tangled masses of these golden-yellow
+roots, mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant, but the root is the
+part prescribed for use. The root is bitter and has no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The time for collecting goldthread is in
+autumn. After removing the covering of dead leaves and moss, the
+creeping yellow roots of goldthread will be seen very close to the
+surface of the ground, from which they can be very easily pulled. They
+should, of course, be carefully dried. As already stated, although the
+roots and rootlets are the parts to be used, the commercial article is
+freely mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant. Evidences of the
+pine-woods home of this plant, in the form of pine needles and bits of
+moss, are often seen in the goldthread received for market. Goldthread
+brings from 60 to 70 cents a pound.
+
+The Indians and early white settlers used this little root as a remedy
+for various forms of ulcerated and sore mouth, and it is still used as a
+wash or gargle for affections of this sort. It is also employed as a
+bitter tonic.
+
+Goldthread was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to
+1880.
+
+
+                             BLACK COHOSH.
+
+                    _Cimicifuga racemosa_ (L.) Nutt.
+
+_Synonym._—_Actaea racemosa_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Cimicifuga.
+
+_Other common names._—Black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort,
+rattle-snakeroot, rattleroot, rattleweed, rattletop, richweed,
+squawroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Although preferring the shade of rich woods, black
+cohosh will grow occasionally in sunny situations in fence corners and
+woodland pastures. It is most abundant in the Ohio Valley, but it occurs
+from Maine to Wisconsin, south along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia,
+and westward to Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—Rising to a height of 3 to 8 feet, the showy,
+delicate-flowered spikes of the black cohosh tower above most of the
+other woodland flowers, making it a conspicuous plant in the woods and
+one that can be easily recognized.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.—Black cohosh (_Cimicifuga racemosa_), leaves,
+flowering spikes, and rootstock.]
+
+Black cohosh is an indigenous perennial plant belonging to the same
+family as the goldenseal, namely, the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceæ).
+The tall stem, sometimes 8 feet in height, is rather slender and leafy,
+the leaves consisting of three leaflets, which are again divided into
+threes. The leaflets are about 2 inches long, ovate, sharp pointed at
+the apex, thin and smooth, variously lobed, and the margins sharply
+toothed. The graceful, spikelike terminal cluster of flowers, which is
+produced from June to August, is from 6 inches to 2 feet in length.
+(Fig. 12.) Attractive as these flower clusters are to the eye, they
+generally do not prove attractive very long to those who may gather them
+for their beauty, since the flowers emit an offensive odor, which
+accounts for some of the common names applied to this plant, namely,
+bugbane and bugwort, it having been thought that this odor was
+efficacious in driving away bugs. The flowers do not all open at one
+time, and thus there may be seen buds, blossoms, and seed pods on one
+spike. The buds are white and globular, and as they expand in flower
+there is practically nothing to the flower but very numerous white
+stamens and the pistil, but the stamens spread out around the pistil in
+such a manner as to give to the spike a somewhat feathery or fluffy
+appearance which is very attractive. The seed pods are dry, thick and
+leathery, ribbed, and about one-fourth of an inch long, with a small
+beak at the end. The smooth brown seeds are inclosed within the pods in
+two rows. Anyone going through the woods in winter may find the seed
+pods, full of seeds, still clinging to the dry, dead stalk, and the
+rattling of the seeds in the pods as the wind passes over them has given
+rise to the common names rattle-snakeroot (not “rattlesnake”-root),
+rattleweed, rattletop, and rattleroot.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock (fig. 12) is large,
+horizontal, and knotty or rough and irregular in appearance. The upper
+surface of the rootstock is covered with numerous round scars and
+stumps, the remains of former leaf stems, and on the fresh rootstocks
+may be seen the young, pinkish white buds which are to furnish the next
+season’s growth. From the lower part of the rootstock long, fleshy roots
+are produced. The fresh rootstock is very dark reddish brown on the
+outside, white within, showing a large central pith from which radiate
+rays of a woody texture, and on breaking the larger roots also the woody
+rays will be seen in the form of a cross. On drying, the rootstock
+becomes hard and turns much darker, both internally and externally, but
+the peculiar cross formation of the woody rays in both rootstock and
+roots, being lighter in color, is plainly seen without the aid of a
+magnifying glass. The roots in drying become wiry and brittle and break
+off very readily. Black cohosh has a heavy odor and a bitter, acrid
+taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root should be collected after the
+fruit has ripened, usually in September. The price ranges from 2 to 3
+cents a pound.
+
+The Indians had long regarded black cohosh as a valuable medicinal
+plant, not only for the treatment of snake bites, but it was also a very
+popular remedy among their women, and it is to-day considered of value
+as an alterative, emmenagogue, and sedative, and is recognized as
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+
+                             OREGON GRAPE.
+
+                      _Berberis aquifolium_ Pursh.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Berberis.
+
+_Other common names._—Rocky Mountain grape, holly-leaved barberry,
+California barberry, trailing Mahonia.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This shrub is native in woods in rich soil among
+rocks from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean, but it is especially abundant
+in Oregon and northern California.
+
+_Description of plant._—Oregon grape is a low-growing shrub, resembling
+somewhat the familiar Christmas holly of the Eastern States, and, in
+fact, was first designated as “mountain-holly” by members of the Lewis
+and Clark expedition on their way through the western country. It
+belongs to the barberry family (Berberidaceæ), and grows about 2 to 6
+feet in height, the branches sometimes trailing. The leaves consist of
+from 5 to 9 leaflets, borne in pairs, with an odd leaflet at the summit.
+They are from 2 to 3 inches long and about 1 inch wide, evergreen,
+thick, leathery, oblong or oblong ovate in outline, smooth and shining
+above, the margins provided with thorny spines or teeth. The numerous
+small yellow flowers appear in April or May and are borne in erect,
+clustered heads. The fruit consists of a cluster of blue or bluish
+purple berries, having a pleasant taste, and each containing from three
+to nine seeds. (Pl. IV, fig. 1.)
+
+_Other species._—While _Berberis aquifolium_ is generally designated as
+the source of Oregon grape root, other species of Berberis are met with
+in the market under the name grape root, and their use is sanctioned by
+the United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+The species most commonly collected with _Berberis aquifolium_ is _B.
+nervosa_ Pursh, which is also found in woods from California northward
+to Oregon and Washington. This is 9 to 16 inches in height, with a
+conspicuously jointed stem and 11 to 17 bright-green leaflets.
+
+Another species of Berberis, _B. pinnata_ Lag., attains a height of from
+a few inches to 5 feet, with from 5 to 9, but sometimes more, leaflets,
+which are shining above and paler beneath. This resembles _aquifolium_
+very closely and is often mistaken for it, but it is said that it has
+not been used by the medical profession, unless in local practice.[3]
+The root also is about the same size as that of _aquifolium_, while the
+root of _nervosa_ is smaller.
+
+Some works speak of _Berberis repens_ Lindl. as another species often
+collected with _aquifolium_, but in the latest botanical manuals no such
+species is recognized, _B. repens_ being given simply as a synonym for
+_B. aquifolium_.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock and roots of Oregon grape are
+more or less knotty, in irregular pieces of varying lengths, and about
+an inch or less in diameter, with brownish bark and hard and tough
+yellow wood, showing a small pith and narrow rays. Oregon grape root has
+a very bitter taste and very slight odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Oregon grape root is collected in autumn
+and brings from 10 to 12 cents a pound. The bark should _not_ be removed
+from the rootstocks, as the Pharmacopœia directs that such roots be
+rejected.
+
+This root has long been used in domestic practice throughout the West as
+a tonic and blood purifier, and is now official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia.
+
+The berries are used in making preserves and cooling drinks.
+
+
+                              BLUE COHOSH.
+
+                _Caulophyllum thalictroides_ (L.) Michx.
+
+_Other common names._—Caulophyllum, pappoose-root, squawroot,
+blueberry-root, blue ginseng, yellow ginseng. (Pl. IV, fig. 2.)
+
+_Habitat and range._—Blue cohosh is found in the deep rich loam of shady
+woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska, being
+abundant especially throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.
+
+_Description of plant._—This member of the barberry family
+(Berberidaceæ) is a perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet in height, and
+indigenous to this country. It bears at the top one large, almost
+stemless leaf, which is triternately compound—that is, the main leaf
+stem divides into three stems, which again divide into threes, and each
+division bears three leaflets. Sometimes there is a smaller leaf, but
+similar to the other, at the base of the flowering branch. The leaflets
+are thin in texture, oval, oblong, or obovate, and 3 to 5 lobed.
+
+In the early stage of its growth this plant is covered with a sort of
+bluish green bloom, but it gradually loses this and becomes smooth. The
+flowers are borne in a small terminal panicle or head, and are small and
+greenish yellow. They appear from April to May, while the leaf is still
+small. The globular seeds, which ripen about August, are borne on stout
+stalks in membranous capsules and resemble dark-blue berries.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The thick crooked rootstock of blue cohosh
+is almost concealed by the mass of matted roots which surrounds it.
+There are numerous cup-shaped scars and small branches on the upper
+surface of the rootstock, while the lower surface gives off numerous
+long, crooked, matted roots. Some of the scars are depressed below the
+surface of the rootstock, while others are raised above it. The outside
+is brownish and the inside tough and woody. Blue cohosh possesses a
+slight odor and a sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid taste. In the
+powdered state it causes sneezing.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root is dug in the fall. Very often
+the roots of goldenseal or twinleaf are found mixed with those of blue
+cohosh. The price of blue cohosh root ranges from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.
+
+Blue cohosh, official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890, is
+used as a demulcent, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diuretic.
+
+
+                               TWINLEAF.
+
+                   _Jeffersonia diphylla_ (L.) Pers.
+
+_Other common names._—Jeffersonia, rheumatism-root, helmetpod,
+ground-squirrel pea, yellowroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Twinleaf inhabits rich shady woods from New York to
+Virginia and westward to Wisconsin.
+
+_Description of plant._—This native herbaceous perennial is only about 6
+to 8 inches in height when in flower. At the fruiting stage it is
+frequently 18 inches in height. It is one of our early spring plants,
+and its white flower, resembling that of bloodroot, is produced as early
+as April.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Twinleaf (_Jeffersonia diphylla_), plant and
+seed capsule. (After Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora.)]
+
+The long-stemmed, smooth leaves, produced in pairs and arising from the
+base of the plant, are rather oddly formed. They are about 3 to 6 inches
+long, 2 to 4 inches wide, heart shaped or kidney shaped, but parted
+lengthwise into two lobes or divisions, really giving the appearance of
+two leaves; hence the common name “twinleaf.” The flower with its eight
+oblong, spreading white petals measures about 1 inch across, and is
+borne at the summit of a slender stalk arising from the root. The
+many-seeded capsule is about 1 inch long, leathery, somewhat pear
+shaped, and opening halfway around near the top, the upper part forming
+a sort of lid. (Fig. 13.) Twinleaf belongs to the barberry family
+(Berberidaceæ).
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Twinleaf has a horizontal rootstock, with
+many fibrous, much-matted roots, and is very similar to that of blue
+cohosh, but not so long. It is thick, knotty, yellowish brown
+externally, with a resinous bark, and internally yellowish. The inner
+portion is nearly tasteless, but the bark has a bitter and acrid taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The rootstock is collected in autumn,
+and is used as a diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a stimulating
+diaphoretic. Large doses are said to be emetic and smaller doses tonic
+and expectorant. The price paid for twinleaf root ranges from about 5 to
+7 cents a pound.
+
+
+                               MAY-APPLE.
+
+                       _Podophyllum peltatum_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Podophyllum.
+
+_Other common names._—Mandrake, wild mandrake, American mandrake, wild
+lemon, ground-lemon, hog-apple, devil’s-apple, Indian apple,
+raccoon-berry, duck’s-foot, umbrella-plant, vegetable calomel.
+
+_Habitat and range._—The May-apple is an indigenous plant, found in low
+woods, usually growing in patches, from western Quebec to Minnesota,
+south to Florida and Texas.
+
+_Description of plant._—A patch of May-apple can be distinguished from
+afar, the smooth, dark-green foliage and close and even stand making it
+a conspicuous feature of the woodland vegetation.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.—May-apple (_Podophyllum peltatum_), upper
+portion of plant with flower, and rootstock.]
+
+May-apple is a perennial plant, and belongs to the barberry family
+(Berberidaceæ). It is erect, and grows about 1 foot in height. The
+leaves are only two in number, circular in outline, but with five to
+seven deep lobes, the lobes 2 cleft, and toothed at the apex; they are
+dark green above, the lower surface lighter green and somewhat hairy or
+smooth, sometimes 1 foot in diameter, and borne on long leafstalks which
+are fixed to the center of the leaf, giving it an umbrella-like
+appearance. The waxy-white, solitary flower, sometimes 2 inches in
+diameter, appears in May, nodding on its short stout stalk, generally
+right between the two large umbrella-like leaves, which shade it and
+hide it from view. (Fig. 14.) The fruit which follows is lemon shaped,
+at first green, then yellow, about 2 inches in length, and edible,
+although when eaten immoderately it is known to have produced bad
+effects.
+
+In a patch of May-apple plants there are always a number of sterile or
+flowerless stalks, which bear leaves similar to those of the flowering
+plants.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The horizontally creeping rootstock of
+May-apple (fig. 14), when taken from the ground, is from 1 to 6 feet or
+more in length, flexible, smooth, and round, dark brown on the outside
+and whitish and fleshy within; at intervals of a few inches are
+thickened joints, on the upper surface of which are round stem scars and
+on the lower side a tuft of rather stout roots. Sometimes the rootstock
+bears lateral branches. The dried rootstock, as it occurs in the stores,
+is in irregular, somewhat cylindrical pieces, smooth or somewhat
+wrinkled, yellowish brown or dark brown externally, whitish to pale
+brown internally, breaking with a short, sharp fracture, the surface of
+which is mealy. The odor is slight and the taste at first sweetish,
+becoming very bitter and acrid.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The proper time for collecting the
+rootstock is in the latter half of September or in October. The price
+paid for May-apple root ranges from 3 to 6 cents a pound.
+
+May-apple root, which is recognized as official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, is an active cathartic, and was known as such to the
+Indians.
+
+
+                            CANADA MOONSEED.
+
+                       _Menispermum canadense_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Menispermum, yellow parilla, Texas sarsaparilla,
+yellow sarsaparilla, vine-maple. (Pl. IV, fig. 3.)
+
+_Habitat and range._—Canada moonseed is usually found along streams in
+woods, climbing over bushes, its range extending from Canada to Georgia
+and Arkansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—This native perennial woody climber reaches a
+length of from 6 to 12 feet, the round, rather slender stem bearing very
+broad, slender-stalked leaves. These leaves are from 4 to 8 inches wide,
+smooth and green on the upper surface and paler beneath, roundish in
+outline and entire, or sometimes lobed and resembling the leaves of some
+of our maples, whence the common name “vine-maple” is probably derived.
+The bases of the leaves are generally heart shaped and the apex pointed
+or blunt. In July the loose clusters of small yellowish or greenish
+white flowers are produced, followed in September by bunches of black
+one-seeded fruit, covered with a “bloom” and very much resembling
+grapes. Canada moonseed belongs to the moonseed family (Menispermaceæ).
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock and roots are employed in
+medicine. In the stores it will be found in long, straight pieces,
+sometimes 3 feet in length, only about one-fourth of an inch in
+thickness, yellowish brown or grayish brown, finely wrinkled lengthwise,
+and giving off fine, hairlike, branched, brownish roots from joints
+which occur every inch or so. The inside shows a distinct white pith of
+variable thickness and a yellowish white wood with broad, porous wood
+rays, the whole breaking with a tough, woody fracture. It has
+practically no odor, but a bitter taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Canada moonseed is collected in autumn,
+and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound. It is used as a tonic, alterative,
+and diuretic, and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia for
+1890.
+
+
+                               BLOODROOT.
+
+                      _Sanguinaria canadensis_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Sanguinaria.
+
+_Other common names._—Redroot, red puccoon, red Indian-paint,
+puccoon-root, coonroot, white puccoon, pauson, snakebite, sweet-slumber,
+tetterwort, turmeric.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Bloodroot is found in rich, open woods from Canada
+south to Florida and west to Arkansas and Nebraska.
+
+_Description of plant._—This indigenous plant is among the earliest of
+our spring flowers, the waxy-white blossom, enfolded by the grayish
+green leaf, usually making its appearance early in April. The stem and
+root contain a blood-red juice. Bloodroot is a perennial, and belongs to
+the same family as the opium poppy, the Papaveraceæ. Each bud on the
+thick, horizontal rootstock produces but a single leaf and a flowering
+scape, reaching about 6 inches in height (fig. 15). The plant is smooth,
+and both stem and leaves, especially when young, present a grayish green
+appearance, being covered with a “bloom” such as is found on some
+fruits. The leaves are palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the lobes either cleft at
+the apex or having a wavy margin, and are borne on leaf stems about 6 to
+14 inches long. After the plants have ceased flowering the leaves, at
+first only 3 inches long and 4 to 5 inches broad, continue to expand
+until they are about 4 to 7 inches long and 6 to 12 inches broad. The
+under side of the leaf is paler than the upper side and shows prominent
+veins. The flower measures about 1 inch across, is white, rather waxlike
+in appearance, with numerous golden-yellow stamens in the center. The
+petals soon fall off, and the oblong, narrow seed pod develops,
+attaining a length of about an inch.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—When dug out of the ground bloodroot is
+rather thick, round, and fleshy, slightly curved at the ends, and
+contains a quantity of blood-red juice. It is from 1 to 4 inches in
+length, from ½ to 1 inch in thickness, externally reddish brown,
+internally a bright-red blood color, and produces many thick,
+orange-colored rootlets. (Fig. 15.)
+
+The rootstock shrinks considerably in drying, the outside turning dark
+brown and the inside orange-red or yellowish with numerous small red
+dots, and it breaks with a short, sharp fracture. It has but a slight
+odor, and the taste is bitter and acrid and very persistent. The
+powdered root causes sneezing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Bloodroot (_Sanguinaria canadensis_), flowering
+plant with rootstock.]
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The rootstock should be collected in
+autumn, after the leaves have died, and after curing it should be stored
+in a dry place, as it rapidly deteriorates if allowed to become moist.
+Age also impairs its activity. The price paid to collectors for this
+root ranges from about 5 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+Bloodroot was well known to the American Indians, who used the red juice
+as a dye for skins and baskets and for painting their faces and bodies.
+It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, and is used as a
+tonic, alterative, stimulant, and emetic.
+
+
+                               HYDRANGEA.
+
+                       _Hydrangea arborescens_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Wild hydrangea, seven-barks.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Hydrangea frequents rocky river banks and ravines
+from the southern part of New York to Florida, and westward to Iowa and
+Missouri, being especially abundant in the valley of the Delaware and
+southward.
+
+_Description of plant._—Hydrangea is an indigenous shrub, 5 to 6 feet or
+more in height, with weak twigs, slender leaf stems and thin leaves. It
+belongs to the hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceæ). The leaves are oval or
+sometimes heart shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, sharply toothed, green on
+both sides, the upper smooth and the lower sometimes hairy. The shrub is
+in flower from June to July, producing loose, branching, terminal heads
+of small, greenish white flowers, followed by membranous, usually
+2-celled capsules, which contain numerous seeds. (Pl. IV, fig. 4.)
+Sometimes hydrangea will flower a second time, early in fall.
+
+A peculiar characteristic of this shrub, and one that has given rise to
+the common name “seven-barks,” is the peeling off of the stem bark,
+which comes off in several successive layers of thin, different colored
+bark.
+
+_Description of root._—The root is roughly branched and when first taken
+from the ground is very juicy, but after drying it becomes hard. The
+smooth white and tough wood is covered with a thin, pale-yellow or
+light-brown bark, which readily scales off. The wood is tasteless, but
+the bark has a pleasant aromatic taste, becoming somewhat pungent.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Hydrangea root is collected in autumn,
+and as it becomes very tough after drying and difficult to bruise it is
+best to cut the root in short transverse pieces while it is fresh and
+still juicy and dry it in this way. The price ranges from 2 to 7 cents a
+pound.
+
+Hydrangea has diuretic properties and is said to have been much used by
+the Cherokees and early settlers in calculous complaints.
+
+
+                             INDIAN-PHYSIC.
+
+                _Porteranthus trifoliatus_ (L.) Britton.
+
+_Synonym._—_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench.
+
+_Other common names._—Gillenia, bowman’s-root, false ipecac, western
+dropwort, Indian-hippo.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Indian-physic is native in rich woods from New York
+to Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—The reddish stems of this slender, graceful
+perennial of the rose family (Rosaceæ) are about 2 to 3 feet high,
+several erect and branched stems being produced from the same root. The
+leaves are almost stemless and trifoliate; that is, composed of three
+leaflets. They are ovate or lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long, narrowed at
+the base, smooth, and toothed. The nodding, white or pinkish flowers are
+few, produced in loose terminal clusters from May to July. (Pl. V, fig.
+1.) The five petals are long, narrowed or tapering toward the base,
+white or pinkish, and inserted in the tubular, somewhat bell-shaped,
+red-tinged calyx. The seed pods are slightly hairy.
+
+At the base of the leaf stems are small leaflike parts, called stipules,
+which in this species are very small, linear, and entire. In the
+following species, which is very similar to _trifoliatus_ and collected
+with it, the stipules, however, are so much larger that they form a
+prominent character, which has given rise to its specific name,
+_stipulatus_.
+
+_Porteranthus stipulatus_ (Muhl.) Britton (Syn. _Gillenia stipulacea_
+Nutt.) is found in similar situations as _P. trifoliatus_, but generally
+farther west, its range extending from western New York to Indiana and
+Kansas, south to Alabama, Louisiana, and Indian Territory. The general
+appearance of this plant is very similar to that of _P. trifoliatus_. It
+grows to about the same height, but is generally more hairy, the
+leaflets narrower and more deeply toothed, and the flowers perhaps a
+trifle smaller. The stipules, however, will generally serve to
+distinguish it. These are large, broad, ovate, acute at the apex,
+sharply and deeply notched, and so much like leaves that but for their
+position at the base of the leaf stems they might easily be mistaken for
+them.
+
+With the exception of the name American ipecac applied to this plant,
+the common names of _Porteranthus trifoliatus_ are also used for _P.
+stipulatus_. The roots of both species are collected and used for the
+same purposes.
+
+_Description of roots._—The root of _Porteranthus trifoliatus_ is thick
+and knotty, with many smoothish, reddish brown rootlets (Pl. V, fig. 1),
+the latter in drying becoming wrinkled lengthwise and showing a few
+transverse fissures or breaks in the bark, and the interior white and
+woody. There is practically no odor, and the woody portion is tasteless,
+but the bark, which is readily separable, is bitter, increasing the flow
+of saliva.
+
+_Porteranthus stipulatus_ has a larger, more knotty root, with rootlets
+that are more wavy, constricted, or marked with numerous transverse
+rings, and the bark fissured or breaking from the white woody portion at
+frequent intervals.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The roots of both species are collected
+in autumn. The price ranges from 2 to 4 cents a pound.
+
+Indian-physic or bowman’s root, as these names imply, was a popular
+remedy with the Indians, who used it as an emetic. From them the white
+settlers learned of its properties, and it is still used for its emetic
+action. This drug was at one time official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, from 1820 to 1880. Its action is said to resemble that of
+ipecac.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Wild indigo (_Baptisia tinctoria_), branch
+showing flowers and seed pods. (Modified from Barton’s Vegetable Materia
+Medica.)]
+
+
+                              WILD INDIGO.
+
+                    _Baptisia tinctoria_ (L.) R. Br.
+
+_Other common names._—Baptisia, indigo-weed, yellow indigo, American
+indigo, yellow broom, indigo-broom, clover-broom, broom-clover,
+horsefly-weed, shoofly, rattlebush.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This native herb grows on dry, poor land, and is
+found from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.
+
+_Description of plant._—Many who have been brought up in the country
+will recognize in the wild indigo the plant so frequently used by
+farmers, especially in Virginia and Maryland, to keep flies away from
+horses, bunches of it being fastened to the harness for this purpose.
+
+Wild indigo grows about 2 to 3 feet in height, and the cloverlike
+blossoms and leaves will show at once that it belongs to the same family
+as the common clover, namely, the pea family (Fabaceæ). It is an erect,
+much-branched, very leafy plant, of compact growth, the 3-leaved, bluish
+green foliage somewhat resembling clover leaves. The flowers, as already
+stated, are like common clover flowers—that is, not like clover heads,
+but the single flowers composing these; they are bright yellow, about
+one-half inch in length, and are produced in numerous clusters which
+appear from June to September. The seed pods, on stalks longer than the
+calyx, are nearly globular or ovoid and are tipped with an awl-shaped
+style. (Fig. 16.)
+
+Another species, said to possess properties similar to those of
+_Baptisia tinctoria_, and substituted for it, is _B. alba_ R. Br.,
+called the white wild indigo. This plant has white flowers and is found
+in the Southern States and on the plains of the Western States.
+
+_Description of root._—Wild indigo has a thick, knotty crown or head,
+with several stem scars, and a round, fleshy root, sending out
+cylindrical branches and rootlets almost 2 feet in length. The white
+woody interior is covered with a thick, dark-brown bark, rather scaly or
+dotted with small, wartlike excrescences. The root breaks with a tough,
+fibrous fracture. There is a scarcely perceptible odor, and the taste,
+which resides chiefly in the bark, is nauseous, bitter, and acrid.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of wild indigo is collected in
+autumn, and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+Large doses of wild indigo are emetic and cathartic and may prove
+dangerous. It also has stimulant, astringent, and antiseptic properties,
+and is used as a local application to sores, ulcers, etc.
+
+The herb is sometimes employed like the root, and the entire plant was
+official from 1830 to 1840.
+
+In some sections the young tender shoots are used for greens, like those
+of the pokeweed, but great care must be exercised to gather them before
+they are too far advanced in growth, as otherwise bad results will
+follow.
+
+A blue coloring matter has been prepared from the plant and used as a
+substitute for indigo, to which, however, it is very much inferior.
+
+
+                             CRANE’S-BILL.
+
+                        _Geranium maculatum_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Geranium.
+
+_Other common names._—Spotted crane’s-bill, wild crane’s-bill,
+stork’s-bill, spotted geranium, wild geranium, alumroot, alumbloom,
+chocolate-flower, crowfoot, dovefoot, old-maid’s-nightcap, shameface.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Crane’s-bill flourishes in low grounds and open
+woods from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—This pretty perennial plant belongs to the
+geranium family (Geraniaceæ), and will grow sometimes to a height of 2
+feet, but more generally it is only about a foot in height. The entire
+plant is more or less covered with hairs, and is erect and usually
+unbranched. The leaves are nearly circular or somewhat heart shaped in
+outline, 3 to 6 inches wide, deeply parted into three or five parts,
+each division again cleft and toothed. The basal leaves are borne on
+long stems, while those above have shorter stems. The flowers, which
+appear from April to June, are borne in a loose cluster; they are rose
+purple, pale or violet purple in color, about 1 inch or 1½ inches wide,
+the petals delicately veined and woolly at the base, and the sepals or
+calyx lobes with a bristle-shaped point, soft-hairy, the margins having
+a fringe of more bristly hairs. The fruit consists of a beaked capsule,
+springing open elastically, and dividing into five cells, each cell
+containing one seed. (Fig. 17.)
+
+_Description of rootstock._—When removed from the earth, the rootstock
+of crane’s-bill (fig. 17) is about 2 to 4 inches long, thick, with
+numerous branches bearing the young buds for next season’s growth, and
+scars showing the remains of stems of previous years, brown outside,
+white and fleshy internally, and with several stout roots. When dry, the
+rootstock turns a darker brown, is finely wrinkled externally, and has a
+rough, spiny appearance, caused by the shrinking of the buds and
+branches and the numerous stem scars with which the root is studded.
+Internally it is of a somewhat purplish color. Crane’s-bill root is
+without odor and the taste is very astringent.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Crane’s-bill (_Geranium maculatum_), flowering
+plant, showing also seed pods and rootstock.]
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Crane’s-bill root depends for its
+medicinal value on its astringent properties, and as its astringency is
+due to the tannin content, the root should, of course, be collected at
+that season of the year when it is richest in that constituent.
+Experiments have proved that the yield of tannin in crane’s-bill is
+greatest just before flowering, which is in April or May, according to
+locality. It should, therefore, be collected just before the flowering
+period, and not, as is commonly the case, in autumn. The price of this
+root ranges from 4 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+Crane’s-bill root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia,
+is used as a tonic and astringent.
+
+
+                           SENECA SNAKEROOT.
+
+                          _Polygala senega_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Senega.
+
+_Other common names._—Senega snakeroot, Seneca-root, rattlesnake-root,
+mountain-flax.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Rocky woods and hillsides are the favorite haunts
+of this indigenous plant. It is found in such situations from New
+Brunswick and western New England to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky
+Mountains, and south along the Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina and
+Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—The perennial root of this useful little plant
+sends up a number of smooth, slender, erect stems (as many as 15 to 20
+or more), sometimes slightly tinged with red, from 6 inches to a foot in
+height, and generally unbranched. The leaves alternate on the stem, are
+lance shaped or oblong lance shaped, thin in texture, 1 to 2 inches
+long, and stemless. The flowering spikes are borne on the ends of the
+stems and consist of rather crowded, small, greenish white,
+insignificant flowers. The flowering period of Seneca snakeroot is from
+May to June. The spike blossoms gradually, and when the lowermost
+flowers have already fruited the upper part of the spike is still in
+flower. The seed capsules are small and contain two black, somewhat
+hairy seeds. (Fig. 18.) The short slender stalks supporting these seed
+capsules have a tendency to break off from the main axis before the seed
+is fully mature, leaving the spike in a rather ragged-looking condition,
+and the yield of seed, therefore, is not very large. Seneca snakeroot
+belongs to the milkwort family (Polygalaceæ).
+
+A form of Seneca snakeroot, growing mostly in the North-Central States
+and distinguished by its taller stems and broader leaves, has been
+called _Polygala senega_ var. _latifolia_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Seneca snakeroot (_Polygala senega_), flowering
+plant with root.]
+
+_Description of root._—Seneca snakeroot (fig. 18) is described in the
+United States Pharmacopœia as follows: “Somewhat cylindrical, tapering,
+more or less flexuous, 3 to 15 cm. long and 2 to 8 mm. thick, bearing
+several similar horizontal branches and a few rootlets; crown knotty
+with numerous buds and short stem remnants; externally yellowish gray or
+brownish yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, usually marked by a keel which
+is more prominent in perfectly dry roots near the crown; fracture short,
+wood light yellow, usually excentrically developed; odor slight,
+nauseating; taste sweetish, afterwards acrid.”
+
+The Seneca snakeroots found in commerce vary greatly in size, that
+obtained from the South, which is really the official drug, being
+usually light colored and small. The principal supply of Seneca
+snakeroot now comes from Minnesota, Wisconsin, and farther northward,
+and this western Seneca snakeroot has a much larger, darker root, with a
+crown or head sometimes measuring 2 or 3 inches across and the upper
+part of the root very thick. It is also less twisted and not so
+distinctly keeled.
+
+Seneca snakeroot is often much adulterated with the roots of other
+species of Polygala and of other plants.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The time for collecting Seneca snakeroot
+is in autumn. Labor conditions play a great part in the rise and fall of
+prices for this drug. It is said that very little Seneca snakeroot has
+been dug in the Northwest during 1906, due to the fact that the Indians
+and others who usually engage in this work were so much in demand as
+farm hands and railroad laborers, which paid them far better than the
+digging of Seneca snakeroot. Collectors receive from about 55 to 70
+cents a pound for this root.
+
+This drug, first brought into prominence as a cure for snake bite among
+the Indians, is now employed as an expectorant, emetic, and diuretic. It
+is official in the Pharmacopœia of the United States.
+
+
+                              STILLINGIA.
+
+                       _Stillingia sylvatica_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Stillingia.
+
+_Other common names._—Queen’s-delight, queen’s-root, silverleaf,
+nettle-potato.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This plant is found in dry, sandy soil and in pine
+barrens from Maryland to Florida west to Kansas and Texas.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Stillingia (_Stillingia sylvatica_), upper
+portion of plant and part of spike showing male flowers. (After Bentley
+and Trimen, Medicinal Plants.)]
+
+_Description of plant._—Like most of the other members of the spurge
+family (Euphorbiaceæ) stillingia also contains a milky juice. This
+indigenous, herbaceous perennial is about 1 to 3 feet in height, bright
+green and somewhat fleshy, with crowded leaves of a somewhat leathery
+texture. The leaves are practically stemless and vary greatly in form,
+from lance shaped, oblong, to oval and elliptical, round toothed or saw
+toothed. The pale-yellow flowers, which appear from April to October,
+are borne in a dense terminal spike and consist of two kinds, male and
+female, the male flowers arranged in dense clusters around the upper
+part of the stalk and the female flowers occurring at the base of the
+spike. (Fig. 19.) The seeds are contained in a roundish 3-lobed capsule.
+
+_Description of root._—Stillingia consists of somewhat cylindrical or
+slenderly spindle-shaped roots from 6 inches to a foot in length,
+slightly branched, the yellowish white, porous wood covered with a
+rather thick, reddish brown, wrinkled bark, the whole breaking with a
+fibrous fracture. As found in commerce, stillingia is usually in short
+transverse sections, the ends of the sections pinkish and fuzzy with
+numerous fine, silky bast fibers, and the bark showing scattered
+yellowish brown resin cells and milk ducts. It has a peculiar unpleasant
+odor, and a bitter, acrid, and pungent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Stillingia root is collected late in
+autumn or early in spring, usually cut into short, transverse sections
+and dried. The price ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.
+
+This root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been
+a popular drug in the South for more than a century, and is employed
+principally as an alterative.
+
+
+                           WILD SARSAPARILLA.
+
+                         _Aralia nudicaulis_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—False sarsaparilla, Virginian sarsaparilla,
+American sarsaparilla, small spikenard, rabbit’s-root, shotbush, wild
+licorice.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Wild sarsaparilla grows in rich, moist woods from
+Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to
+the ginseng family (Araliaceæ), produces a single, long-stalked leaf and
+flowering stalk from a very short stem, both surrounded or sheathed at
+the base by thin, dry scales. The leafstalk is about 12 inches long,
+divided at the top into three parts, each division bearing five oval,
+toothed leaflets from 2 to 5 inches long, the veins on the lower surface
+sometimes hairy.
+
+The naked flowering stalk bears three spreading clusters of small,
+greenish flowers, each cluster consisting of from 12 to 30 flowers,
+produced from May to June, followed later in the season by purplish
+black roundish berries, about the size of the common elderberries. (Pl.
+V, fig. 2.)
+
+_Description of rootstock._—Wild sarsaparilla rootstock has a very
+fragrant, aromatic odor. Rabbits are said to be very fond of it, whence
+one of the common names, “rabbit’s-root,” is derived. The rootstock is
+rather long, horizontally creeping, somewhat twisted, and yellowish
+brown on the outside. (Pl. V, fig. 2.) The taste is warm and aromatic.
+The dried rootstock is brownish gray and wrinkled lengthwise on the
+outside, about one-fourth of an inch in thickness, the inside whitish
+with a spongy pith. The taste is sweetish and somewhat aromatic.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of wild sarsaparilla is
+collected in autumn, and brings from 5 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+This has long been a popular remedy, both among the Indians and in
+domestic practice, and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1880. Its use is that of an alterative, stimulant, and
+diaphoretic, and in this it resembles the official sarsaparilla obtained
+from tropical America.
+
+_Similar species._—The American spikenard (_Aralia racemosa_ L.), known
+also as spignet, spiceberry, Indian-root, petty-morrel, life-of-man, and
+old-man’s-root, is employed like _Aralia nudicaulis_. It is
+distinguished from this by its taller, herbaceous habit, its
+much-branched stem from 3 to 6 feet high, and very large leaves
+consisting of thin, oval, heart-shaped, double saw-toothed leaflets. The
+small greenish flowers are arranged in numerous clusters, instead of
+only three as in _nudicaulis_, and also appear somewhat later, namely,
+from July to August. The berries are roundish, reddish brown, or dark
+purple.
+
+The rootstock is shorter than that of _nudicaulis_, and much thicker,
+with prominent stem scars, and furnished with numerous, very long,
+rather thick roots. The odor and taste are stronger than in
+_nudicaulis_. It is also collected in autumn, and brings from 4 to 8
+cents a pound.
+
+The American spikenard occurs in similar situations as _nudicaulis_, but
+its range extends somewhat farther south, Georgia being given as the
+southern limit.
+
+The California spikenard (_Aralia californica_ Wats.) may be used for
+the same purposes as the other species. The plant is larger than _Aralia
+racemosa_, but otherwise is very much like it. The root is also larger
+than that of _A. racemosa_.
+
+
+                                GINSENG.
+
+                        _Panax quinquefolium_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—American ginseng, sang, red-berry, five-fingers.
+(Pl. V, fig. 3.)
+
+_Habitat and range._— Ginseng is a native of this country, its favorite
+haunts being the rich, moist soil in hardwood forests from Maine to
+Minnesota southward to the mountains of northern Georgia and Arkansas.
+For some years ginseng has been cultivated in small areas from central
+New York to Missouri.
+
+_Description of plant._—Ginseng is an erect perennial plant growing from
+8 to 15 inches in height, and bearing three leaves at the summit, each
+leaf consisting of five thin, stalked, ovate leaflets, long pointed at
+the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the margins toothed; the
+three upper leaflets are largest and the two lower ones smaller. From 6
+to 20 greenish yellow flowers are produced in a cluster during July and
+August, followed later in the season by bright crimson berries. It
+belongs to the ginseng family (Araliaceæ).
+
+_Description of root._—Ginseng has a thick, spindle-shaped root, 2 to 3
+inches long or more, and about one-half to 1 inch in thickness, often
+branched, the outside prominently marked with circles or wrinkles. (Pl.
+V, fig. 3.) The spindle-shaped root is simple at first, but after the
+second year it usually becomes forked or branched, and it is the
+branched root, especially if it resembles the human form, that finds
+particular favor in the eyes of the Chinese, who are the principal
+consumers of this root.
+
+Ginseng root has a thick, pale yellowish white or brownish yellow bark,
+prominently marked with transverse wrinkles, the whole root fleshy and
+somewhat flexible. If properly dried, it is solid and firm. Ginseng has
+a slight aromatic odor, and the taste is sweetish and mucilaginous.
+
+_Collection and uses._—The proper time for digging ginseng root is in
+autumn, and it should be carefully washed, sorted, and dried. If
+collected at any other season of the year, it will shrink more and not
+have the fine plump appearance of the fall-dug root.
+
+The National Dispensatory contains an interesting item concerning the
+collection of the root by the Indians. They gather the root only after
+the fruit has ripened, and it is said that they bend down the stem of
+ripened fruit before digging the root, covering the fruit with earth,
+and thus providing for future propagation. The Indians claim that a
+large percentage of the seeds treated in this way will germinate.
+
+Although once official in the United States Pharmacopœia, from 1840 to
+1880, it is but little used medicinally in this country except by the
+Chinese residents, most of the ginseng produced in this country being
+exported to China. The Chinese regard ginseng root as a panacea. It is
+on account of its commercial prominence that it is included in this
+paper.
+
+_Cultivation._—There is probably no plant that has become better known,
+at least by name, during the past ten years or more than ginseng. It has
+been heralded from north to south and east to west as a money-making
+crop. The prospective ginseng grower must not fail to bear in mind,
+however, that financial returns are by no means immediate. Special
+conditions and unusual care are required in ginseng cultivation,
+diseases must be contended with, and a long period of waiting is in
+store for him before he can realize on his crop.
+
+Either roots or seeds may be planted, and the best success with ginseng
+is obtained by following as closely as possible the conditions of its
+native habitat. Ginseng needs a deep, rich soil, and, being a plant
+accustomed to the shade of forest trees, will require shade, which can
+be supplied by the erection of lath sheds over the beds. A heavy mulch
+of leaves or similar well-rotted vegetable material should be applied to
+the beds in autumn.
+
+If roots are planted, they are set in rows about 8 inches apart and 8
+inches apart in the row. In this way a marketable product will be
+obtained sooner than if grown from seed. The seed is sown in spring or
+autumn in drills 6 inches apart and about 2 inches apart in the row. The
+plants remain in the seed bed for two years and are then transplanted,
+being set about 8 by 8 inches apart. It requires from five to seven
+years to obtain a marketable crop from the seed. Seed intended for
+sowing should not be allowed to dry out, as this is supposed to destroy
+its vitality.
+
+_Price._—The price of wild ginseng roots ranges from $5 a pound upward.
+The cultivated root generally brings a lower price than the wild root,
+and southern ginseng roots are worth less than those from northern
+localities.
+
+_Exports._—The exports of ginseng for the year ended June 30, 1906,
+amounted to 160,949 pounds, valued at $1,175,844.
+
+
+                             WATER-ERYNGO.
+
+                     _Eryngium yuccifolium_ Michx.
+
+_Synonym._—_Eryngium aquaticum_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Eryngium, eryngo, button-snakeroot,
+corn-snakeroot, rattlesnake-master, rattlesnake-weed, rattlesnake-flag.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Although sometimes occurring on dry land,
+water-eryngo usually inhabits swamps and low, wet ground, from the pine
+barrens of New Jersey westward to Minnesota and south to Texas and
+Florida.
+
+_Description of plant._—The leaves of this plant are grasslike in form,
+rigid, 1 to 2 feet long, and about one-half inch or a trifle more in
+width; they are linear, with parallel veins, pointed, generally clasping
+at the base, and the margins bristly with soft, slender spines. The
+stout, furrowed stem reaches a height of from 2 to 6 feet, and is
+generally unbranched except near the top. The insignificant whitish
+flowers are borne in dense, ovate-globular, stout-stemmed heads,
+appearing from June to September, and the seed heads that follow are
+ovate and scaly. (Pl. V, fig. 4.) Water-eryngo belongs to the parsley
+family (Apiaceæ) and is native in this country.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The stout rootstock is very knotty, with
+numerous short branches, and produces many thick, rather straight roots
+(Pl. V, fig. 4), both rootstock and roots of a dark-brown color, the
+latter wrinkled lengthwise. The inside of the rootstock is yellowish
+white. Water-eryngo has a somewhat peculiar, slightly aromatic odor, and
+a sweetish, mucilaginous taste at first, followed by some bitterness and
+pungency.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of this plant is collected in
+autumn and brings from 5 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+Water-eryngo is an old remedy, and one of its early uses, as the several
+common names indicate, was for the treatment of snake bites. It was
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1860, and is
+employed now as a diuretic and expectorant, and for promoting
+perspiration. In large doses it acts as an emetic, and the root, when
+chewed, excites a flow of saliva. It is said to resemble Seneca
+snakeroot in action.
+
+
+                           AMERICAN ANGELICA.
+
+                       _Angelica atropurpurea_ L.
+
+_Synonym._—_Archangelica atropurpurea_ Hoffm.
+
+_Other common names._—Angelica, purple-stemmed angelica, great angelica,
+high angelica, purple angelica, masterwort.
+
+_Habitat and range._—American angelica is a native herb, common in
+swamps and damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.
+
+_Description of plant._—This strong-scented, tall, stout perennial
+reaches a height of from 4 to 6 feet, with a smooth, dark-purple, hollow
+stem 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The leaves are divided into three parts,
+each of which is again divided into threes; the rather thin segments are
+oval or ovate, somewhat acute, sharply toothed and sometimes deeply cut,
+and about 2 inches long. The lower leaves sometimes measure 2 feet in
+width, while the upper ones are smaller, but all have very broad
+expanded stalks. The greenish white flowers are produced from June to
+July in somewhat roundish, many-rayed umbels or heads, which sometimes
+are 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The fruits are smooth, compressed, and
+broadly oval. (Pl. VI, fig. 1.) American angelica belongs to the parsley
+family (Apiaceæ).
+
+_Description of root._—American angelica root is branched, from 3 to 6
+inches long, and less than an inch in diameter. The outside is light
+brownish gray, with deep furrows, and the inside nearly white, the whole
+breaking with a short fracture and the thick bark showing fine resin
+dots. It has an aromatic odor, and the taste at first is sweetish and
+spicy, afterwards bitter. The fresh root is said to possess poisonous
+properties.
+
+The root of the European or garden angelica (_Angelica officinalis_
+Moench) supplies much of the angelica root of commerce. This is native
+in northern Europe and is very widely cultivated, especially in Germany,
+for the root.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root is dug in autumn and carefully
+dried. Care is also necessary in preserving the root, as it is very
+liable to the attacks of insects. American angelica root ranges from 6
+to 10 cents a pound.
+
+American angelica root, which was official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1860, is used as an aromatic, tonic,
+stimulant, carminative, diuretic, and diaphoretic. In large doses it
+acts as an emetic.
+
+The seeds are also employed medicinally.
+
+
+                      YELLOW JASMINE OR JESSAMINE.
+
+                 _Gelsemium sempervirens_ (L.) Ait. f.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Gelsemium.
+
+_Other common names._—Carolina jasmine or jessamine, Carolina wild
+woodbine, evening trumpet-flower.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Yellow jasmine is a plant native to the South,
+found along banks of streams, in woods, lowlands, and thickets,
+generally near the coast, from the eastern part of Virginia to Florida
+and Texas, south to Mexico and Guatemala.
+
+_Description of plant._—This highly ornamental climbing or trailing
+plant is abundantly met with in the woods of the Southern States, its
+slender stems festooned over trees and fences and making its presence
+known by the delightful perfume exhaled by its flowers, filling the air
+with a fragrance that is almost overpowering wherever the yellow jasmine
+is very abundant.
+
+The smooth shining stems of this beautiful vine sometimes reach a length
+of 20 feet. The leaves are evergreen, lance shaped, entire, 1½ to 3
+inches long, rather narrow, borne on short stems, and generally
+remaining on the vine during the winter. The flowers, which appear from
+January to April, are bright yellow, about 1 to 1½ inches long, the
+corolla funnel shaped. (Fig. 20.) They are very fragrant, but poisonous,
+and it is stated that the eating of honey derived from jasmine flowers
+has brought about fatal results.
+
+Yellow jasmine is a perennial, and belongs to a family that is noted for
+its poisonous properties, namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), which
+numbers among its members such powerful poisonous agents as the
+strychnine-producing tree.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock of the yellow jasmine is
+horizontal and runs near the surface of the ground, attaining great
+length, 15 feet or more; it is branched, and here and there produces
+fibrous rootlets. When freshly removed from the ground it is very
+yellow, with a peculiar odor and bitter taste. For the drug trade it is
+generally cut into pieces varying from 1 inch to 6 inches in length, and
+when dried consists of cylindrical sections about 1 inch in thickness,
+the roots, of course, thinner. The bark is thin, yellowish brown, with
+fine silky bast fibers, and the wood is tough and pale yellow, breaking
+with a splintery fracture and showing numerous fine rays radiating from
+a small central pith. Yellow jasmine has a bitter taste and a pronounced
+heavy odor.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Yellow jasmine (_Gelsemium sempervirens_).]
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of yellow jasmine is usually
+collected just after the plant has come into flower and is cut into
+pieces from 1 to 6 inches long. It is often adulterated with portions of
+the stems, but these can be distinguished by their thinness and dark
+purplish color. The prices range from 3 to 5 cents a pound.
+
+Yellow jasmine, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is
+used for its powerful effect on the nervous system.
+
+
+                               PINKROOT.
+
+                       _Spigelia marilandica_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Spigelia.
+
+_Other common names._—Carolina pinkroot, Carolina pink, Maryland pink,
+Indian pink, starbloom, wormgrass, wormweed, American wormroot.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This pretty little plant is found in rich woods
+from New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin, but occurring
+principally in the Southern States. It is fast disappearing, however,
+from its native haunts.
+
+_Description of plant._—Pinkroot belongs to the same family as the
+yellow jasmine, namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), noted for its
+poisonous species. It is a native perennial herb, with simple, erect
+stem 6 inches to 1½ feet high, nearly smooth. The leaves are stemless,
+generally ovate, pointed at the apex and rounded or narrowed at the
+base; they are from 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide,
+smooth on the upper surface, and only slightly hairy on the veins on the
+lower surface. The rather showy flowers are produced from May to July in
+a terminal one-sided spike; they are from 1 to 2 inches in length,
+somewhat tube shaped, narrowed below, slightly inflated toward the
+center, and again narrowed or contracted toward the top, and terminating
+in five lance-shaped lobes; the flowers are very showy, with their
+brilliant coloring—bright scarlet on the outside, and the inside of the
+tube and the lobes a bright yellow. The seed capsule is double,
+consisting of two globular portions more or less united, and containing
+numerous seeds. (Pl. VI, fig. 2.)
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The rootstock is rather small, from 1 to 2
+inches in length and about one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. It is
+somewhat crooked or bent, dark brown, with a roughened appearance of the
+upper surface caused by cup-shaped scars, the remains of former annual
+stems. The lower surface and the sides have numerous long, finely
+branched, lighter colored roots, which are rather brittle. Pinkroot has
+a pleasant, aromatic odor, and the taste is described as sweetish,
+bitter, and pungent.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Pinkroot is collected after the
+flowering period. It is said to be scarce, and was reported as becoming
+scarce as long ago as 1830. The price paid to collectors ranges from 25
+to 40 cents a pound.
+
+The roots of other plants, notably those of the East Tennessee pinkroot
+(_Ruellia ciliosa_ Pursh), are often found mixed with the true pinkroot,
+and the _Ruellia ciliosa_ is even substituted for it. This adulteration
+or substitution probably accounts for the inertness which has sometimes
+been attributed to the true pinkroot and which has caused it to fall
+into more or less disuse. It has long been known that the true pinkroot
+was adulterated, but this adulteration was supposed to be caused by the
+admixture of Carolina phlox (_Phlox carolina_ L., now known as _Phlox
+ovata_ L.), but this is said now to be no part of the substitution.[4]
+
+The rootstock of _Ruellia ciliosa_ is larger and not as dark as that of
+the Maryland pinkroot and has fewer and coarser roots, from which the
+bark readily separates, leaving the whitish wood exposed.
+
+Pinkroot was long known by the Indians, and its properties were made
+known to physicians by them. It is official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, and is used principally as an anthelmintic.
+
+
+                           AMERICAN COLOMBO.
+
+                      _Frasera carolinensis_ Walt.
+
+_Synonym._—_Frasera walteri_ Michx.
+
+_Other common names._—Frasera, meadowpride, pyramid-flower,
+pyramid-plant, Indian lettuce, yellow gentian, ground-centaury.
+
+_Habitat and range._—American colombo occurs in dry soil from the
+western part of New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.
+
+_Description of plant._—During the first and second year of the growth
+of this plant only the root leaves are produced. These are generally
+somewhat rounded at the summit, narrowed toward the base, and larger
+than the stem leaves, which develop in the third year. The leaves are
+deep green and produced mostly in whorls of four, the stem leaves being
+3 to 6 inches in length and oblong or lance shaped. In the third year
+the stem is developed and the flowers are produced from June to August.
+The stem is stout, erect, cylindrical, and 3 to 8 feet in height. The
+flowers of American colombo are borne in large terminal, handsome
+pyramidal clusters sometimes 2 feet in length, and are greenish yellow
+or yellowish white, dotted with brown purple. They are slender stemmed,
+about 1 inch across, with a wheelshaped, 4-parted corolla. The seeds are
+contained in a much compressed capsule. (Fig. 21.) American colombo is
+an indigenous perennial, and belongs to the gentian family
+(Gentianaceæ).
+
+[Illustration: FIG 21.—American colombo (_Frasera carolinensis_),
+leaves, flowers, and seed pods.]
+
+_Description of root._—The root is long, horizontal, spindle shaped,
+yellow, and wrinkled. In the fresh state it is fleshy and quite heavy.
+The American colombo root of commerce, formerly in transverse slices,
+now generally occurs in lengthwise slices. The outside is yellowish or
+pale orange and the inside spongy and pale yellow. The taste is bitter.
+American colombo root resembles the official gentian root in taste and
+odor, and the uses are also similar.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The proper time for collecting American
+colombo root is in the autumn of the second year or in March or April of
+the third year. It is generally cut into lengthwise slices before
+drying. The price of American colombo root ranges from 3 to 5 cents a
+pound.
+
+The dried root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1880, is used as a simple tonic. In the fresh state the
+root possesses emetic and cathartic properties.
+
+
+                           BLACK INDIAN HEMP.
+
+                        _Apocynum cannabinum_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Apocynum.
+
+_Other common names._—Canadian hemp, American hemp, amy-root,
+bowman’s-root, bitterroot, Indian-physic, rheumatism-weed, milkweed,
+wild cotton, Choctaw-root.
+
+The name “Indian hemp” is often applied to this plant, but it should
+never be used without the adjective “black.” “Indian hemp” is a name
+that properly belongs to _Cannabis indica_, a true hemp plant, from
+which the narcotic drug “hashish” is obtained.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Black Indian hemp is a native of this country, and
+may be found in thickets and along the borders of old fields throughout
+the United States.
+
+_Description of plant._—This is a common herbaceous perennial about 2 to
+4 feet high, with erect or ascending branches, and, like most of the
+plants belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceæ), contains a milky
+juice. The short-stemmed opposite leaves are oblong, lance-shaped oblong
+or ovate-oblong, about 2 to 6 inches long, usually sharp pointed, the
+upper surface smooth and the lower sometimes hairy. The plant is in
+flower from June to August and the small greenish white flowers are
+borne in dense heads, followed later by the slender pods, which are
+about 4 inches in length and pointed at the apex. (Fig. 22.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Black Indian hemp (_Apocynum cannabinum_),
+flowering portion, pods, and rootstock. (After King’s American
+Dispensatory.)]
+
+_Other species._—Considerable confusion seems to exist in regard to
+which species yields the root which has proved of greatest value
+medicinally. The Pharmacopœia directs that “the dried rhizome and roots
+of _Apocynum cannabinum_ or of closely allied species of Apocynum” be
+used.
+
+In the older botanical works and medical herbals only two species of
+Apocynum were recognized, namely, _A. cannabinum_ L. and _A.
+androsaemifolium_ L., although it was known that both of these were very
+variable. In the newer botanical manuals both of these species still
+hold good, but the different forms and variations are now recognized as
+distinct species, those formerly referred to _cannabinum_ being
+distinguished by the erect or nearly erect lobes of the corolla, and
+those of the _androsaemifolium_ group being distinguished by the
+spreading or recurved lobes of the corolla.
+
+Among the plants that were formerly collected as _Apocynum cannabinum_
+or varietal forms of it, and which are now considered as distinct
+species, may be mentioned the following:
+
+Riverbank-dogbane (_A. album_ Greene), which frequents the banks of
+rivers and similar moist locations from Maine to Wisconsin, Virginia,
+and Missouri. This plant is perfectly smooth and has white flowers and
+relatively smaller leaves than _A. cannabinum_.
+
+Velvet dogbane (_A. pubescens_ R. Br.), which is common from Virginia to
+Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. The entire plant has a soft, hairy or
+velvety appearance, which renders identification easy. According to the
+latest edition of the National Standard Dispensatory it is not unlikely
+that this is the plant that furnishes the drug that has been so
+favorably reported upon.
+
+_Apocynum androsaemifolium_ is also gathered by drug collectors for
+_Apocynum cannabinum_. Its root is likewise employed in medicine, but
+its action is not the same as that of _cannabinum_, and it should
+therefore not be substituted for it. It closely resembles _cannabinum_.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—The following description of the drug as
+found in commerce is taken from the United States Pharmacopœia: “Of
+varying length, 3 to 8 mm. thick, cylindrical or with a few angles
+produced by drying, lightly wrinkled longitudinally, and usually more or
+less fissured transversely; orange-brown, becoming gray-brown on
+keeping; brittle; fracture sharply transverse, exhibiting a thin brown
+layer of cork, the remainder of the bark nearly as thick as the radius
+of the wood, white or sometimes pinkish, starchy, containing
+laticiferous ducts; the wood yellowish, having several rings, finely
+radiate and very coarsely porous; almost inodorous, the taste starchy,
+afterwards becoming bitter and somewhat acrid.”
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of black Indian hemp is
+collected in autumn and brings from 8 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia and has emetic,
+cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant, and diuretic properties, and on
+account of the last-named action it is used in dropsical affections.
+
+The tough fibrous bark of the stalks of black Indian hemp was employed
+by the Indians as a substitute for hemp in making twine, fishing nets,
+etc.
+
+
+                             PLEURISY-ROOT.
+
+                        _Asclepias tuberosa_ L.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Asclepias.
+
+_Other common names._—Butterfly-weed, Canada-root, Indian-posy,
+orange-root, orange swallowwort, tuberroot, whiteroot, windroot, yellow
+or orange milkweed.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Pleurisy-root flourishes in the open or in pine
+woods, in dry sandy or gravelly soil, usually along the banks of
+streams. Its range extends from Ontario and Maine to Minnesota, south to
+Florida, Texas, and Arizona, but it is found in greatest abundance in
+the South.
+
+_Description of plant._—This is a very showy and ornamental perennial
+plant, indigenous to this country, and belonging to the milkweed family
+(Asclepiadaceæ); it is erect and rather stiff in habit, but with
+brilliant heads of bright orange-colored flowers that attract attention
+from afar.
+
+The stems are rather stout, erect, hairy, about 1 to 2 feet in height,
+sometimes branched near the top, and bearing a thick growth of leaves.
+These are either stemless or borne on short stems, are somewhat rough to
+the touch, 2 to 6 inches long, lance shaped or oblong, the apex either
+sharp pointed or blunt, with a narrow, rounded, or heart-shaped base.
+The flower heads, borne at the ends of the stem and branches, consist of
+numerous, oddly shaped orange-colored flowers. The corolla is composed
+of five segments, which are reflexed or turned back, and the crown has
+five erect or spreading “hoods,” within each of which is a slender
+incurved horn. The plant is in flower for some time, usually from June
+to September, followed late in fall by pods, which are from 4 to 5
+inches long, green, tinged with red, finely hairy on the outside, and
+containing the seeds with their long silky hairs. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.)
+Unlike the other milkweeds, the pleurisy-root contains little or no
+milky juice.
+
+_Description of root._—The root of this plant is large, white and
+fleshy, spindle shaped, branching. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) As found in
+commerce it consists of lengthwise or crosswise pieces from 1 to 6
+inches in length and about three-fourths of an inch in thickness. It is
+wrinkled lengthwise and also transversely and has a knotty head. The
+thin bark is orange brown and the wood yellowish, with white rays. It
+has no odor, and a somewhat bitter, acrid taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root, which is usually found rather
+deep in the soil, is collected in autumn, cut into transverse or
+lengthwise slices, and dried. The price ranges from 6 to 10 cents a
+pound.
+
+Pleurisy-root was much esteemed by the Indians, has long been used in
+domestic practice, and is official in the United States Pharmacopœia. It
+is used in disordered digestion and in affections of the lungs, in the
+last-named instance to promote expectoration, relieve pains in the
+chest, and induce easier breathing. It is also useful in producing
+perspiration.
+
+_Other species._—Besides the official pleurisy-root there are two other
+species of Asclepias which are employed to some extent for the same
+purposes, namely, the common milkweed and the swamp-milkweed.
+
+The common milkweed (_Asclepias syriaca_ L.) is a perennial, native in
+fields and waste places from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas. It has
+a stout, usually simple stem 3 to 5 feet in height and oblong or oval
+leaves, smooth on the upper surface and densely hairy beneath. The
+flowers, similar in form to those of _Asclepias tuberosa_, are pinkish
+purple and appear from June to August, followed by erect pods 3 to 5
+inches long, wooly with matted hairs and covered with prickles and borne
+on recurved stems. The plant contains an abundance of milky juice.
+
+The root of the common milkweed is from 1 to 6 feet long, cylindrical,
+and finely wrinkled. The short branches and scars left by former stems
+give the root a rough, knotty appearance. The bark is thick, grayish
+brown, and the inside white, the root breaking with a short, splintery
+fracture. Common milkweed root has a very bitter taste, but no odor.
+
+It is collected in autumn and cut into transverse slices before drying.
+Common milkweed root ranges from 6 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+Swamp-milkweed (_Asclepias incarnata_ L.) is a native perennial herb
+found in swamps from Canada to Tennessee and Kansas. The slender stem,
+leafy to the top, is 1 to 2 feet in height, branched above, the leaves
+lance shaped or oblong lance shaped. The flowers, also similar to those
+of _tuberosa_, appear from July to September, and are flesh colored or
+rose colored. The pods are 2 to 3½ inches long, erect, and very
+sparingly hairy.
+
+The root of the swamp-milkweed, which is also collected in autumn, is
+not quite an inch in length, hard and knotty, with several light-brown
+rootlets. The tough white wood, which has a thick central pith, is
+covered with a thin, yellowish brown bark. It is practically without
+odor, and the taste, sweetish at first, finally becomes bitter. This
+root brings about 3 cents a pound.
+
+
+                                COMFREY.
+
+                       _Symphytum officinale_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Symphytum, healing-herb, knitback, ass-ear,
+backwort, blackwort, bruisewort, gum-plant, slippery-root.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Comfrey is naturalized from Europe, and occurs in
+waste places from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland.
+
+_Description of plant._—This coarse, rough, hairy perennial herb is from
+2 to 3 feet high, erect and branched, with thick, rough leaves, the
+lower ones ovate lance shaped, 3 to 10 inches long, pointed at the apex,
+and narrowed at the base into margined stems. The uppermost leaves are
+lance shaped, smaller, and stemless. Comfrey is in flower from June to
+August, the purplish or dirty-white, tubular, bell-shaped flowers
+numerous and borne in dense terminal clusters. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The
+nutlets which follow are brown, shining, and somewhat wrinkled. Comfrey
+belongs to the borage family (Boraginaceæ).
+
+_Description of root._—Comfrey has a large, deep, spindle-shaped root,
+thick and fleshy at the top, white inside, and covered with a thin,
+blackish brown bark. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The dried root is hard, black,
+and very deeply and roughly wrinkled, breaking with a smooth, white,
+waxy fracture. As it occurs in commerce it is in pieces ranging from
+about an inch to several inches in length, only about one-fourth of an
+inch in thickness, and usually considerably bent. It has a very
+mucilaginous, somewhat sweetish and astringent taste, but no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root is dug in autumn, or sometimes
+in early spring. Comfrey root when first dug is very fleshy and juicy,
+but about four-fifths of its weight is lost in drying. The price ranges
+from 4 to 8 cents a pound.
+
+The mucilaginous character of comfrey root renders it useful in coughs
+and diarrheal complaints. Its action is demulcent and slightly
+astringent.
+
+The leaves are also used to some extent.
+
+
+                               STONEROOT.
+
+                      _Collinsonia canadensis_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Collinsonia, knobroot, knobgrass, knobweed,
+knotroot, horse-balm, horseweed, richweed, richleaf, ox-balm,
+citronella.
+
+_Habitat and range._—Stoneroot is found in moist, shady woods from Maine
+to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.
+
+_Description of plant._—Like most of the other members of the mint
+family (Menthaceæ), stoneroot is aromatic also, the fresh flowering
+plant possessing a very pleasant, lemon-like odor. It is a tall,
+perennial herb, growing as high as 5 feet. The stem is stout, erect,
+branched, smooth, or the upper part hairy.
+
+The leaves are opposite, about 3 to 8 inches long, thin, ovate, pointed
+at the apex, narrowed or sometimes heart shaped at the base, and
+coarsely toothed; the lower leaves are largest and are borne on slender
+stems, while the upper ones are smaller and almost stemless. Stoneroot
+is in flower from July to October, producing large, loose, open terminal
+panicles or heads of small, pale-yellow lemon-scented flowers. The
+flowers have a funnel-shaped 2-lipped corolla, the lower lip larger,
+pendent, and fringed, with two very much protruding stamens. (Pl. VII,
+fig. 1.)
+
+_Description of root._—Even the fresh root of this plant is very hard.
+It is horizontal, large, thick, and woody, and the upper side is rough
+and knotty and branched irregularly. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.) The odor of the
+root is rather disagreeable, and the taste pungent and spicy. In the
+fresh state, as well as when dry, the root is extremely hard, whence the
+common name “stoneroot.” The dried root is grayish brown externally,
+irregularly knotty on the upper surface from the remains of branches and
+the scars left by former stems, and the lower surface showing a few thin
+roots. The inside of the root is hard and whitish.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Stoneroot, which is collected in autumn,
+is employed for its tonic, astringent, diuretic, and diaphoretic
+effects. The price of the root ranges from 2 to 3½ cents a pound.
+
+The leaves are used by country people as an application to bruises.
+
+
+                             CULVER’S-ROOT.
+
+                       _Veronica virginica_ L.[5]
+
+_Synonym._—_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt.[5]
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Leptandra.
+
+_Other common names._—Culver’s-physic, blackroot, bowman’s-root,
+Beaumont-root, Brinton-root, tall speedwell, tall veronica, physic-root,
+whorlywort.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This common indigenous herb is found abundantly in
+moist, rich woods, mountain valleys, meadows, and thickets from British
+Columbia south to Alabama, Missouri, and Nebraska.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Culver’s-root (_Veronica virginica_), flowering
+top and rootstock.]
+
+_Description of plant._—Culver’s-root is a tall, slender-stemmed
+perennial belonging to the figwort family (Scrophulariaceæ). It is from
+3 to 7 feet in height, with the leaves arranged around the simple stems
+in whorls of three to nine. The leaves are borne on very short stems,
+are lance shaped, long pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, and
+sharply toothed, 3 to 6 inches in length, and 1 inch or less in width.
+The white tube-shaped flowers, with two long protruding stamens, are
+produced from June to September and are borne in several terminal,
+densely crowded, slender, spikelike heads from 3 to 9 inches long. (Fig.
+23.) The flowers, as stated, are usually white, though the color may
+vary from a pink to bluish or purple, and on account of its graceful
+spikes of pretty flowers it is often cultivated in gardens as an
+ornamental plant. The fruits are small, oblong, compressed, many-seeded
+capsules.
+
+_Description of rootstock._—After they are dried the rootstocks have a
+grayish brown appearance on the outside, and the inside is hard and
+yellowish, either with a hollow center or a brownish or purplish pith.
+When broken the fracture is tough and woody. The rootstock measures from
+4 to 6 inches in length, is rather thick and bent, with branches
+resembling the main rootstock. The upper surface has a few stem scars,
+and from the sides and underneath numerous coarse, brittle roots are
+produced, which have the appearance of having been artificially inserted
+into the rootstock. (Fig. 23.) Culver’s-root has a bitter and acrid
+taste, but no odor.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The rootstock and roots should be
+collected in the fall of the second year. When fresh these have a faint
+odor, resembling somewhat that of almonds, which is lost in drying. The
+bitter, acrid taste of Culver’s-root also becomes less the longer it is
+kept, and it is said that it should be kept at least a year before being
+used. The price paid to collectors ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.
+
+Culver’s-root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is
+used as an alterative, cathartic, and in disorders of the liver.
+
+
+                               DANDELION.
+
+                    _Taraxacum officinale_ Weber.[6]
+
+_Synonyms._—_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst.;[6] _Taraxacum
+dens-leonis_ Desf.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Taraxacum.
+
+_Other common names._—Blow-ball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock,
+fortune-teller, horse gowan, Irish daisy, yellow gowan, one-o’clock.
+(Fig. 24.)
+
+_Habitat and range._—With the exception, possibly, of a few localities
+in the South, the dandelion is at home almost everywhere in the United
+States, being a familiar weed in meadows and waste places, and
+especially in lawns. It has been naturalized in this country from Europe
+and is distributed as a weed in all civilized parts of the world.
+
+_Description of plant._—It is hardly necessary to give a description of
+the dandelion, as almost everyone is familiar with the coarsely toothed,
+smooth, shining green leaves, the golden-yellow flowers which open in
+the morning and only in fair weather, and the round, fluffy seed heads
+of this only too plentiful weed of the lawns. In spring the young,
+tender leaves are much sought after by the colored market women about
+Washington, who collect them by the basketful and sell them for greens
+or salad.
+
+Dandelion is a perennial belonging to the chicory family (Cichoriaceæ),
+and is in flower practically throughout the year. The entire plant
+contains a white milky juice.
+
+_Description of root._—The dandelion has a large, thick, and fleshy
+taproot, sometimes measuring 20 inches in length. In commerce, dandelion
+root is usually found in pieces 3 to 6 inches long, dark brown on the
+outside and strongly wrinkled lengthwise. It breaks with a short
+fracture and shows the thick whitish bark marked with circles of milk
+ducts and a thin woody center, which is yellow and porous. It is
+practically without odor and has a bitter taste.
+
+_Collection and uses._—Late in summer and in fall the milky juice
+becomes thicker and the bitterness increases, and this is the time to
+collect dandelion root. It should be carefully washed and thoroughly
+dried. Dandelion roots lose considerably in drying, weighing less than
+half as much as the fresh roots. The dried root should not be kept too
+long, as drying diminishes its medicinal activity. It is official in the
+United States Pharmacopœia.
+
+Dandelion is used as a tonic in diseases of the liver and in dyspepsia.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Dandelion (_Taraxacum officinale_).]
+
+_Imports and prices._—Most of the dandelion root found on the market is
+collected in central Europe. There has been an unusually large demand
+for dandelion root during the season of 1907, and according to the
+weekly records contained in the “Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter,” the
+imports entered at the port of New York from January 1, 1907, to the end
+of May amounted to about 47,000 pounds. The price ranges from 4 to 10
+cents a pound.
+
+
+                          QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOW.
+
+                       _Eupatorium purpureum_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Gravelroot, Indian gravelroot, joe-pye-weed,
+purple boneset, tall boneset, kidneyroot, king-of-the-meadow,
+marsh-milkweed, motherwort, niggerweed, quillwort, slunkweed,
+trumpetweed.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This common native perennial herb occurs in low
+grounds and dry woods and meadows from Canada to Florida and Texas.
+
+_Description of plant._—The stout, erect, green or purple stem of this
+plant grows from 3 to 10 feet in height, and is usually smooth, simple
+or branched at the top. The thin, veiny leaves are 4 to 12 inches long,
+1 to 3 inches wide, ovate or ovate lance shaped, sharp pointed, toothed,
+and placed around the stem in whorls of three to six. While the upper
+surface of the leaves is smooth, there is usually a slight hairiness
+along the veins on the lower surface, otherwise smooth. Toward the
+latter part of the summer and in early fall queen-of-the-meadow is in
+flower, producing 5 to 15 flowered pink or purplish heads, all
+aggregated in large compound clusters, which present a rather showy
+appearance. (Pl. VII, fig. 2.) This plant belongs to the aster family
+(Asteraceæ).
+
+Another species which is collected with this and for similar purposes,
+and by some regarded as only a variety, is the spotted boneset or
+spotted joe-pye-weed (_Eupatorium maculatum_ L.). This is very similar
+to _E. purpureum_, but it does not grow so tall, is rough-hairy, and has
+the stem spotted with purple. The thicker leaves are coarsely toothed
+and in whorls of three to five, and the flower clusters are flattened at
+the top rather than elongated as in _E. purpureum_.
+
+It is found in moist soil from New York to Kentucky, westward to Kansas,
+New Mexico, Minnesota, and as far up as British Columbia.
+
+_Description of root._—Queen-of-the-meadow root, as it occurs in
+commerce, is blackish and woody, furnished with numerous long dark-brown
+fibers, which are furrowed or wrinkled lengthwise and whitish within. It
+has a bitter, aromatic, and astringent taste.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root is collected in autumn and is
+used for its astringent and diuretic properties. It was official in the
+United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1840. The price ranges from 2½
+to 4 cents a pound.
+
+
+                              ELECAMPANE.
+
+                          _Inula helenium_ L.
+
+_Other common names._—Inula, inul, horseheal, elf-dock, elfwort,
+horse-elder, scabwort, yellow starwort, velvet dock, wild sunflower.
+
+_Habitat and range._—This perennial herb has been naturalized from
+Europe, and is found along roadsides and in fields and damp pastures
+from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota.
+It is native also in Asia.
+
+_Description of plant._—When in flower elecampane resembles the
+sunflower on a small scale. Like the sunflower, it is a member of the
+aster family (Asteraceæ). It is a rough plant, growing from 3 to 6 feet
+in height, but producing during the first year only root leaves, which
+attain considerable size. In the following season the stout densely
+hairy stem develops, attaining a height of from 3 to 6 feet.
+
+The leaves are broadly oblong in form, toothed, the upper surface rough
+and the under side densely soft-hairy. The basal or root leaves are
+borne on long stems, and are from 10 to 20 inches long and 4 to 8 inches
+wide, while the upper leaves are smaller and stemless or clasping.
+
+About July to September the terminal flower heads are produced, either
+singly or a few together. As already stated, these flower heads look
+very much like small sunflowers, 2 to 4 inches broad, and consist of
+long, narrow, yellow rays, 3 toothed at the apex, and the disk also is
+yellow. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.)
+
+_Description of root._—Elecampane has a large, long, branching root,
+pale yellow on the outside and whitish and fleshy within. (Pl. VII, fig.
+3.) When dry the outside turns a grayish brown or dark brown, and is
+generally finely wrinkled lengthwise. As found in commerce, elecampane
+is usually in transverse or lengthwise slices, light yellow or grayish
+and fleshy internally, dotted with numerous shining resin cells, and
+with overlapping brown and wrinkled bark. These slices become flexible
+in damp weather, and tough, but when they are dry they break with a
+short fracture. The root has at first a strongly aromatic odor, which
+has been described by some as resembling a violet odor, but this
+diminishes in drying. The taste is aromatic, bitterish, and pungent.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The best time for collecting elecampane
+is in the fall of the second year. If collected later than that the
+roots are apt to be stringy and woody. Owing to the interlacing habit of
+the rootlets, much dirt adheres to the root, but it should be well
+cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise slices, and carefully dried
+in the shade. Collectors receive from 3 to 5 cents a pound for this
+root.
+
+Elecampane, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia of
+1890, is much used in affections of the respiratory organs, in digestive
+and liver disorders, catarrhal discharges, and in skin diseases.
+
+
+                               ECHINACEA.
+
+                 _Brauneria angustifolia_ (DC.) Heller.
+
+_Synonym._—_Echinacea angustifolia_ DC.
+
+_Other common names._—Pale-purple coneflower, Sampson-root, niggerhead
+(in Kansas).
+
+_Habitat and range._—Echinacea is found in scattered patches in rich
+prairie soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and northwestward,
+being most abundant in Kansas and Nebraska. Though not growing wild in
+the Eastern States, it has succeeded well under cultivation in the
+testing gardens of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C.
+
+_Description of plant._—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to
+the aster family (Asteraceæ), grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet. It
+sends up a rather stout bristly-hairy stem, bearing thick rough-hairy
+leaves, which are broadly lance shaped or linear lance shaped, entire, 3
+to 8 inches long, narrowed at each end, and strongly three nerved. The
+lower leaves have slender stems, but as they approach the top of the
+plant the stems become shorter and some of the upper leaves are
+stemless.
+
+The flower heads, appearing from July to October, are very pretty, and
+the plant would do well as an ornamental in gardens. The flowers remain
+on the plant for a long time, and the color varies from whitish rose to
+pale purple. The heads consist of ray flowers and disk flowers, the
+former constituting the “petals” surrounding the disk, and the disk
+itself being composed of small, tubular, greenish yellow flowers. When
+the flowers first appear the disk is flattened or really concave, but as
+the flowering progresses it becomes conical in shape. The brown fruiting
+heads are conical, chaffy, stiff, and wiry. (Pl. VII, fig. 4.)
+
+_Description of root._—Echinacea has a thick, blackish root (Pl. VII,
+fig. 4), which in commerce occurs in cylindrical pieces of varying
+length and thickness. The dried root is grayish brown on the outside,
+the bark wrinkled lengthwise and sometimes spirally twisted. It breaks
+with a short, weak fracture, showing yellow or greenish yellow wood
+wedges, which give the impression that the wood is decayed.
+
+The odor is scarcely perceptible, and the taste is mildly aromatic,
+afterwards becoming acrid and inducing a flow of saliva.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—The root of echinacea is collected in
+autumn and brings from 20 to 30 cents a pound. It is said that echinacea
+varies greatly in quality, due chiefly to the locality in which it
+grows. According to J. U. Lloyd, the best quality comes from the prairie
+lands of Nebraska, and that from marshy places is inferior.
+
+Echinacea is said to be an alterative, and to promote perspiration and
+induce a flow of saliva. The Indians used the freshly scraped roots for
+the cure of snake bites.
+
+
+                                BURDOCK.
+
+                           _Arctium lappa_ L.
+
+_Synonym._—_Lappa major_ Gaertn.
+
+_Pharmacopœial name._—Lappa.
+
+_Other common names._—Cockle-button, cuckold-dock, beggar’s-buttons,
+hurr-bur, stick-button, hardock, bardane. (Fig. 25.)
+
+_Habitat and range._—Burdock, one of our most common weeds, was
+introduced from the Old World. It grows along roadsides, in fields,
+pastures, and waste places, being very abundant in the Eastern and
+Central States and in some scattered localities in the West.
+
+_Description of plant._—Farmers are only too well acquainted with this
+coarse, unsightly weed. During the first year of its growth this plant,
+which is a biennial belonging to the aster family (Asteraceæ), produces
+only a rosette of large, thin leaves from a long tapering root. In the
+second year a round, fleshy, and branched stem is produced, the plant
+when full grown measuring from 3 to 7 feet in height. This stem is
+branched, grooved, and hairy, bearing very large leaves, the lower ones
+often measuring 18 inches in length. The leaves are placed alternately
+on the stem, on long, solid, deeply furrowed leafstalks; they are thin
+in texture, smooth on the upper surface, pale and woolly underneath;
+usually heart shaped, but sometimes roundish or oval, with even, wavy,
+or toothed margins.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Burdock (_Arctium lappa_), flowering branch and
+root.]
+
+The flowers are not produced until the second year, appearing from July
+until frost. Burdock flowers are purple, in small, clustered heads armed
+with hooked tips, and the spiny burs thus formed are a great pest,
+attaching themselves to clothing and to the wool and hair of animals.
+Burdock is a very prolific seed producer, one plant bearing as many as
+400,000 seeds.
+
+_Description of root._—Burdock has a large, fleshy taproot (fig. 25),
+which, when dry, becomes scaly and wrinkled lengthwise and has a
+blackish brown or grayish brown color on the outside, hard, breaking
+with a short, somewhat fleshy fracture, and showing the yellowish wood
+with a whitish spongy center. Sometimes there is a small, white, silky
+tuft at the top of the root, which is formed by the remains of the bases
+of the leafstalks. The odor of the root is weak and unpleasant, the
+taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter.
+
+While the root is met with in commerce in its entire state, it is more
+frequently in broken pieces or in lengthwise slices, the edges of which
+are turned inward. The roots of other species of Arctium are also
+employed.
+
+_Collection, prices, and uses._—Burdock root is official, and the United
+States Pharmacopœia directs that it be collected from plants of the
+first year’s growth, either of _Arctium lappa_ or of other species of
+Arctium. As burdock has a rather large, fleshy root, it is difficult to
+dry and is apt to become moldy, and for this reason it is better to
+slice the root lengthwise, which will facilitate the drying process. The
+price ranges from 5 to 10 cents a pound. The best root is said to come
+from Belgium, where great care is exercised in its collection and
+curing.
+
+Burdock root is used as an alterative in blood and skin diseases. The
+seeds and fresh leaves are also used medicinally to a limited extent.
+
+
+
+
+                                PLATES.
+
+
+                         EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
+
+  PLATE I. Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (_Dryopteris
+  marginalis_), showing upper surface of leaf, the lower surface with
+  the “sori,” or “fruit dots,” arranged on the margins, and the erect,
+  chaffy rootstock. Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage (_Spathyema foetida_), showing
+  flowering plant with thick rootstock and whorl of crowded roots;
+  unfolded leaf and spathe laid open to show rounded spadix; also
+  seedling, and transverse section of rootstock. Fig. 3.—Sweet-flag
+  (_Acorus calamus_), showing swordlike leaves, flowering head produced
+  from the side of the stalk, and long, creeping rootstock. Fig.
+  4.—Bethroot (_Trillium erectum_), showing leaves, various views of the
+  flower, and root. Arrangement of the different parts of the plant is
+  in threes.
+
+  PLATE II. Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (_Chamaelirium luteum_), showing the
+  male plant. Note the arrangement of the long-stemmed leaves along the
+  entire stem and the graceful spike of feathery flowers, as compared
+  with the grasslike basal leaves and the erect flowering spikes of
+  Aletris (fig. 2), with which it is often confused. The rootstock of
+  Chamaelirium, with the slightly curved upward end, is also shown. Fig.
+  2.—Aletris (_Aletris farinosa_). Note the grasslike leaves at the base
+  of the stem and the erect spikes of urn-shaped flowers, as compared
+  with the arrangement of the leaves all along the stem and the drooping
+  plumelike spikes of Chamaelirium (fig. 1), with which Aletris is
+  frequently confused. The rootstock of Aletris, which is rough and
+  scaly and almost completely hidden by the fibrous roots, is,
+  unfortunately, not well shown in the illustration. Fig. 3.—Wild yam
+  (_Dioscorea villosa_), showing part of the vine, with its drooping
+  clusters of flowers and 3-winged seed capsules; also the long,
+  horizontal rootstock. Fig. 4.—Blue flag (_Iris versicolor_), showing
+  sword-shaped leaves, the flowers, and part of the rootstock.
+
+  PLATE III. Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (_Cypripedium
+  hirsutum_), showing plant with its broad, parallel-veined leaves, and
+  curious, baglike flower, and also rootstock with wavy roots. Fig.
+  2.—Canada snakeroot (_Asarum canadense_), showing, to the right, the
+  flowering plant, and to the left the fruiting plant, together with the
+  creeping rootstocks. Fig. 3.—Virginia serpentaria (_Aristolochia
+  serpentaria_), plant showing seed capsules and rootstock. Fig.
+  4.—Soapwort (_Saponaria officinalis_), showing the upper flowering
+  portion and seed pods; also the runners and roots.
+
+  PLATE IV. Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (_Berberis aquifolium_), showing a
+  branch with the leathery, holly-like leaves, and clusters of berries.
+  Fig. 2.—Blue cohosh (_Caulophyllum thalictroides_), showing upper
+  portion of the plant, with flowering head. Fig. 3.—Canada moonseed
+  (_Menispermum canadense_), showing a portion of the vine in flower.
+  Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (_Hydrangea arborescens_), showing a flowering and
+  fruiting branch.
+
+  PLATE V. Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (_Porteranthus trifoliatus_), showing
+  upper flowering portion, and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Wild
+  sarsaparilla (_Aralia nudicaulis_), showing flowering plant with
+  rootstock, and to the left a fruiting head. Fig. 3.—Ginseng (_Panax
+  quinquefolium_), showing the upper portion in flower, and the root.
+  Fig. 4.—Water-eryngo (_Eryngium yuccifolium_), showing the long,
+  grasslike leaves, stout-stemmed flowering heads, and rootstock.
+
+  PLATE VI. Fig. 1.—American angelica (_Angelica atropurpurea_), showing
+  leaves, fruiting head, and to the right a portion of the stem with
+  broad, expanded leafstalk. Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (_Spigelia marilandica_),
+  showing flowering top and seed capsules. Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-root
+  (_Asclepias tuberosa_), showing flowering top, pods with escaping
+  hairy seeds, and root. Fig. 4.—Comfrey (_Symphytum officinale_),
+  showing the thick, rough leaves, the clusters of flowers, lower
+  portion of plant with root, and sections of root.
+
+  PLATE VII. Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (_Collinsonia canadensis_), showing
+  flowering top and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-meadow
+  (_Eupatorium purpureum_), showing leaves and flowers. Fig.
+  3.—Elecampane (_Inula helenium_), showing leaves, flowers, and root.
+  Fig. 4.—Echinacea (_Brauneria angustifolia_), showing flowering plant.
+
+
+                                PLATE I.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—MARGINAL-FRUITED SHIELD-FERN (DRYOPTERIS
+MARGINALIS).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—SKUNK-CABBAGE (SPATHYEMA FOETIDA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—SWEET-FLAG (ACORUS CALAMUS).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—BETHROOT (TRILLIUM ERECTUM).]
+
+
+                               PLATE II.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—CHAMAELIRIUM (CHAMAELIRIUM LUTEUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—ALETRIS (ALETRIS FARINOSA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—WILD YAM (DIOSCOREA VILLOSA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—BLUE FLAG (IRIS VERSICOLOR).]
+
+
+                               PLATE III.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—LARGE YELLOW LADY’S-SLIPPER (CYPRIPEDIUM
+HIRSUTUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—CANADA SNAKEROOT (ASARUM CANADENSE).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—VIRGINIA SERPENTARIA (ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—SOAPWORT (SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS).]
+
+
+                               PLATE IV.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—OREGON GRAPE (BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—BLUE COHOSH (CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—CANADA MOONSEED (MENISPERMUM CANADENSE).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—HYDRANGEA (HYDRANGEA ARBORESCENS).]
+
+
+                                PLATE V.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—INDIAN-PHYSIC (PORTERANTHUS TRIFOLIATUS).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—WILD SARSAPARILLA (ARALIA NUDICAULIS).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—GINSENG (PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—WATER-ERYNGO (ERYNGIUM YUCCIFOLIUM).]
+
+
+                               PLATE VI.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—AMERICAN ANGELICA (ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—PINKROOT (SPIGELIA MARILANDICA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—PLEURISY-ROOT (ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—COMFREY (SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE).]
+
+
+                               PLATE VII.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.—STONEROOT (COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.—QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOW (EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.—ELECAMPANE (INULA HELENIUM).]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.—ECHINACEA (BRAUNERIA ANGUSTIFOLIA).]
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+ Acorus calamus. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Actaea racemosa. _See_ Cohosh, black, 35–36
+
+ Agropyron repens. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Ague-grass. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   root. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+
+ Aletris, A. aurea, A. farinosa, A. lutea, and A. obovata. _See_
+    Aletris, description, 19–20
+   description, 19–20
+   _See also under_ Chamaelirium.
+
+ Aloe-root. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+
+ Alumbloom. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+   root. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Amy-root. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Angelica, American, description, 51
+   atropurpurea and A. officinalis, European, garden, great, high,
+      purple, and purple-stemmed. _See_ Angelica, American, 51
+
+ Apocynum, A. album, A. androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, and A.
+    pubescens. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Apple, devil’s, hog, and Indian. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+   May, description, 39–40
+
+ Aralia californica, A. nudicaulis, and A. racemosa. _See_ Sarsaparilla,
+    wild, 48–49
+
+ Archangelica atropurpurea. _See_ Angelica, American, 51
+
+ Arctium lappa. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Arisaema triphyllum. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Aristolochia reticulata and A. serpentaria. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Arum, three-leaved, and A. triphyllum. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Asarabacca, broad-leaved. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Asarum and A. canadense. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Asclepias, A. incarnata, A. syriaca, and A. tuberosa. _See_
+    Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Aspidium, A. filix-mas, and A. marginale. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Ass-ear. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+
+ Backwort. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Balm, horse, and ox. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+   Indian. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Baptisia, B. alba, and B. tinctoria. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Barberry, California, and holly-leaved. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Bardane. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Basket-fern. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Bathflower. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   wort. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Bear-corn. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+ Bear’s-paw root. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Beaumont-root. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Beewort. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Beggar’s-buttons. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Berberis, B. aquifolium, B. nervosa, B. pinnata, and B. repens. _See_
+    Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Bethroot, description, 20–21
+
+ Birthroot. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   wort. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Bitterroot. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Blackroot. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+   wort. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Blazingstar. _See_ Chamaelirium and Aletris, 17–18, 19–20
+
+ Bloodroot, description, 40–41
+
+ Blow-ball. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Blueberry-root. _See_ Cohosh, blue, 37–38
+
+ Bog-onion. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Boneset, purple, spotted, and tall. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Bouncing-bet. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Bowman’s-root. _See_ Indian-physic; Indian hemp, black; and
+    Culver’s-root, 42–43, 55–56, 59–60
+
+ Brake, knotty, and sweet. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Brauneria augustifolia. _See_ Echinacea, 63
+
+ Brinton-root. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Broom, clover, indigo, and yellow. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Brown dragon. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Bruisewort. _See_ Soapwort and Comfrey, 31, 57–58
+
+ Bugbane. _See_ Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, 18–19, 35–36
+   wort. _See_ Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, 18–19, 35–36
+
+ Bumblebee-root. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Burdock, description, 64–65
+
+ Butter-dock. _See_ Dock, yellow, 27–29
+
+ Butterfly-weed. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Button-snakeroot. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+
+
+ Cabbage, meadow, and swamp. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+   skunk, description, 15
+
+ Calamus. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+   _See also under_ Flag, blue.
+
+ Calomel, vegetable. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Canada-root. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Cancer-jalap. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Cane, sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Cankerroot. _See_ Goldthread, 34
+   wort. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Cat’s-foot. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Caulophyllum and C. thalictroides. _See_ Cohosh, blue, 37–38
+
+ Centaury, ground. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+
+ Chamaelirium, description, 17–18
+   luteum and C. obovale. _See_ Chamaelirium, description, 17–18
+   _See also under_ Aletris.
+
+ Chandler’s-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Chickentoe. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Chimney-pink. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Chocolate-flower. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Choctaw-root. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Cimicifuga and C. racemosa. _See_ Cohosh, black, 35–36
+
+ Cinnamon-sedge. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Citronella. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+ Clover-broom. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Coakum. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Cockle-button. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Cohosh, black, description, 35–36
+   blue, description, 37–38
+
+ Colicroot. _See_ Aletris; Yam, wild; and Snakeroot, Canada, 19–20,
+    21–22, 25–26
+
+ Collard. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Collection of root drugs, 10–11
+
+ Collinsonia and C. canadensis. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+ Colombo, American, description, 53–54
+
+ Colt’s-foot, false, and colt’s-foot snakeroot. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada,
+    25–26
+
+ Comfrey, description, 57–58
+
+ Common names of plants, confusion, 10
+
+ Coneflower, pale-purple. _See_ Echinacea, 63
+
+ Coonroot. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Coptis and C. trifolia. _See_ Goldthread, 34
+
+ Corallorhiza and C. odontorhiza. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Coralroot, late, small, and small-flowered. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Corn, bear. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   crow. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   snakeroot. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+
+ Cotton, wild. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Couch-grass, description, 12–13
+
+ Crane’s-bill, description, 44–45
+   spotted, and wild. _See_ Crane’s-bill, description, 44–45
+
+ Crawley. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Crawley-root, description, 24–25
+
+ Crow-corn. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   foot. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+   soap. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Cuckold-dock. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Culver’s-physic. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+   root, description, 59–60
+
+ Curcuma, Ohio. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+ Cypripedium, C. hirsutum, C. parviflorum, and C. pubescens. _See_
+    Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+
+ Daffydown-dilly. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Daisy, Irish. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Dandelion, description, 60–61
+
+ Dealers in root drugs, communication necessary, 11
+   samples to be sent, 11
+
+ Descriptions of plants furnishing root drugs, 11–65
+   root drugs, 11–65
+   scope of, 11
+
+ Devils-apple. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+   bit. _See_ Chamaelirium and Aletris, 17–18, 19–20
+   bite. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   bones. _See_ Yam, wild, 21–22
+   ear. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+   grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Dioscorea, D. villosa, and D. villosa var. glabra. _See_ Yam, wild,
+    21–22
+
+ Dishcloth. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Dock, bitter, blunt-leaved, broad-leaved, butter, common, curled,
+    narrow, and sour. _See_ Dock, yellow, 27–29
+   cuckold. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+   elf, and velvet. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+   yellow, description, 27–29
+
+ Dogbane, riverbank, and velvet. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+   grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Doon-head-clock. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Dovefoot. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Dracontium and D. foetidum. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Dragon, brown, and dragon-turnip. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Dragon’s-claw. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Dropwort, western. _See_ Indian-physic, 42–43
+
+ Dryopteris filix-mas and D. marginalis. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Duckretter. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+ Duck’s-foot. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Durfa-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Durfee-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Dutch-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+
+ Earth-gall. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+ Echinacea angustifolia. _See_ Echinacea, description, 63
+   description, 63
+
+ Elder, horse. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Elecampane, description, 62–63
+
+ Elf-dock. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+   wort. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Eryngium, E. aquaticum, and E. yuccifolium. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+
+ Eryngo. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+
+ Eryngo, water, description, 50–51
+
+ Eupatorium maculatum and E. purpureum. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Explanation of plates, 68
+   term “root drugs”, 9
+
+ Eye-balm. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+   root. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+
+ Fern, basket, evergreen wood, male shield, and marginal-fruited shield.
+    _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+   male, description, 11–12
+
+ Feverroot. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Fin’s-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Five-fingers. _See_ Ginseng, 49–50
+
+ Flag, blue, description, 22–23
+   _See also under_ Sweet-flag.
+   lily, and water. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+   myrtle. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+   poison. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+   _See also under_ Sweet-flag.
+   rattlesnake. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+   sweet, description, 16
+   _See also under_ Flag, blue.
+
+ Flax, mountain. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+
+ Fleur-de-lis, American. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+
+ Flower-de-luce, American. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+
+ Fluctuation in prices of drugs, 11
+
+ Fortune-teller. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Frasera, F. carolinensis, and F. walteri. _See_ Colombo, American,
+    53–54
+
+ Fuller’s-herb. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+
+ Garget. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Gelsemium and G. sempervirens. _See_ Jasmine, yellow, 51–52
+
+ Gentian, yellow. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+
+ Geranium and G. maculatum, spotted, and wild. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Gillenia, G. stipulacea, and G. trifoliata. _See_ Indian-physic, 42–43
+
+ Gilliflower, mock. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Ginger, Indian, and wild. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Ginseng, American. _See_ Ginseng, description, 49–50
+   blue, and yellow. _See_ Cohosh, blue, 37–38
+   description, 49–50
+
+ Goldenseal, description, 31–33
+
+ Goldthread, description, 34
+
+ Gowan, horse, and yellow. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Grape, Oregon, description, 36–37
+   Rocky Mountain. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Grass, Chandler’s, creeping wheat, devil’s, dog, durfa, Durfee, Dutch,
+    Fin’s, quack, quake, quick, quitch, scutch, twitch, wheat, and
+    witch. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+   couch, description, 12–13
+   myrtle, and sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Gravelroot and Indian gravelroot. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Ground-centaury. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+   lemon. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+   raspberry. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+   squirrel pea. _See_ Twinleaf, 38–39
+
+ Gum-plant. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+
+ Hardock. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Healing-herb. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Heart-snakeroot. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Hedge-pink. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Hellebore, American, description, 18–19
+   big, false, green, swamp, and white. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   fetid. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Helmetpod. _See_ Twinleaf, 38–39
+
+ Helonias, description, 17–18
+   dioica. _See_ Chamaelirium or Helonias, description, 17–18
+
+ Hemp, American, and Canadian. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+   black Indian, description, 55–56
+
+ Hog-apple. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Holly, mountain. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Horse-balm and horseweed. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+   elder and horseheal. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+   gowan. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Horsefly-weed. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Hurr-bur. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Huskwort. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+
+ Hydrangea arborescens and wild hydrangea. _See_ Hydrangea, description,
+    41–42
+   description, 41–42
+
+ Hydrastis and H. canadensis. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+
+ Indian apple. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+   balm and Indian shamrock. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   dye, Indian turmeric, and Indian-paint, yellow. _See_ Goldenseal,
+      31–33
+   ginger. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+   gravelroot. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+   hemp, black, description, 55–56
+   hippo. _See_ Indian-physic, 42–43
+   lettuce. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+   paint, red. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+   physic, description, 42–43
+   _See also_ Indian hemp, black.
+   pink. _See_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+   poke. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   posy. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+   root. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+   shoe, yellow. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+   turnip. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Indigo, American, white wild, and yellow: indigo-broom and indigo-weed.
+    _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+   wild, description, 43–44
+
+ Inkberry and red inkberry. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Introduction to bulletin, 9–10
+
+ Inul. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Inula and I. helenium. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Ipecac, American, and false. _See_ Indian-physic, 42–43
+
+ Iris and I. versicolor. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+
+ Itchweed. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+
+ Jack-in-the-pulpit. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Jalap, cancer. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Jasmine, Carolina. _See_ Jasmine, yellow, 51–52
+   yellow, description, 51–52
+
+ Jaundice-root. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+ Jeffersonia and J. diphylla. _See_ Twinleaf, 38–39
+
+ Jessamine, Carolina. _See_ Jasmine, yellow, 51–52
+   yellow, description, 51–52
+
+ Joe-pye-weed and spotted joe-pye-weed. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+
+ Kidneyroot. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ King-of-the-meadow. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Knitback. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Knobgrass. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+   root. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+   weed. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+ Knotroot. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+ Lady-by-the-gate. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Lady’s-slipper, description, 23–24
+   large yellow, small yellow, and yellow. _See_ Lady’s-slipper,
+      description, 23–24
+
+ Lappa and L. major. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Latherwort. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Lemon, ground, and wild. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Leptandra and L. virginica. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Lettuce, Indian. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+
+ Licorice, wild. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Life-of-man. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Lily, flag, liver, and snake. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+   wood. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Liver-lily. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+
+ London-pride. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Lords-and-ladies. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+
+ Mahonia, trailing. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Male-fern, description, 11–12
+   nervine. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+   shield-fern. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Mandrake, American, and wild. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Maple, vine. _See_ Moonseed, Canada, 40
+
+ Marsh-milkweed. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+   turnip. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Masterwort. _See_ Angelica, American, 51
+
+ May-apple, description, 39–40
+
+ Meadow-cabbage. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+   pride. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+   turnip. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Medicinal uses of root drugs, 9
+
+ Menispermum and M. canadense. _See_ Moonseed, Canada, 40
+
+ Methods of cleaning and drying root drugs, 10
+
+ Milkweed, common, orange, swamp, and yellow. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+   marsh. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+   _See also_ Indian hemp, black.
+
+ Moccasin-flower, yellow. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Mock-gilliflower. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Monkey-flower. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Moonseed, Canada, description, 40
+
+ Motherwort. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Mountain-flax. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+   holly. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Mouthroot. _See_ Goldthread, 34
+
+ Myrtle-flag, myrtle-grass, and myrtle-sedge. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+   sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+
+ Names of plants, confusion, 10
+
+ Nerve-root. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Nervine, male. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Nettle-potato. _See_ Stillingia, 47–48
+
+ Niggerhead. _See_ Echinacea, 63
+   weed. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Nightshade, American. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Noah’s-ark, yellow. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Nosebleed. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+
+ Old-maid’s-nightcap. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+   pink. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+   man’s-root. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ One-o’clock. _See_ Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Onion, bog. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Orange-blossom. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   root. _See_ Goldenseal and Pleurisy-root, 31, 56–57
+
+ Oregon grape, description, 36–37
+
+ Ox-balm. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+
+ Panax quinquefolium. _See_ Ginseng, 49–50
+
+ Pappoose-root. _See_ Cohosh, blue, 37–38
+
+ Parilla, yellow. _See_ Moonseed, Canada, 40
+
+ Pauson. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Pea, ground-squirrel. _See_ Twinleaf, 38–39
+
+ Pelican-flower. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Pepper-turnip and wild pepper. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Petty-morrel. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Phlox, Carolina, and P. ovata. _See under_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+   woods. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Physic-root. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Phytolacca, P. americana, and P. decandra. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Pigeon-berry. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Pink, Boston, chimney, hedge, and old-maid’s. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+   Carolina, Indian, and Maryland. _See_ Pinkroot, description, 52–53
+
+ Pinkroot, Carolina, and East Tennessee. _See_ Pinkroot, description,
+    52–53
+   description, 52–53
+
+ Plant names, confusion, 10
+
+ Plants furnishing root drugs, 11–65
+   descriptions, 11–65
+
+ Plates, explanation, 68
+
+ Pleurisy-root, description, 56–57
+
+ Pocan. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Pockweed. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Podophyllum and P. peltatum. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Poison-flag. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+   _See also under_ Sweet-flag.
+
+ Poke and Virginian poke. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+   Indian. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   stinking. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Pokeweed, description, 29–30
+
+ Polecat-weed. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Polygala senega and P. senega var. latifolia. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca,
+    45–47
+
+ Porteranthus stipulatus and P. trifoliatus. _See_ Indian-physic, 42–43
+
+ Potato, nettle. _See_ Stillingia, 47–48
+
+ Preparation of root drugs for market, 10–11
+
+ Prices, approximate range, 11
+   conditions affecting, 11
+   fluctuations, 11
+   paid to collectors, 11
+
+ Priest’s-pintle. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Puccoon, red, white, and puccoon-root. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+   yellow. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+ Pyramid-flower and pyramid-plant. _See_ Colombo, American, 53–54
+
+
+ Quack-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Quake-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Queen-of-the-meadow, description, 61–62
+
+ Queen’s-delight and queen’s-root. _See_ Stillingia, 47–48
+
+ Quick-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Quillwort. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Quitch-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+
+ Rabbit’s-root. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Raccoon-berry. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Raspberry, ground. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+ Rattlebush. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Rattleroot. _See_ Cohosh, black, 35–36
+
+ Rattle-snakeroot, rattletop, and rattleweed. _See_ Cohosh, black, 35–36
+
+ Rattlesnake-flag, rattlesnake-master, and rattlesnake-weed. _See_
+    Water-eryngo, 50–51
+   root. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+
+ Red-benjamin. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   berry. _See_ Ginseng, 49–50
+   root. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+   weed. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Rheumatism-root. _See_ Yam, wild, and Twinleaf, 21–22, 38–39
+   weed. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Richleaf. _See_ Stoneroot, 58–59
+
+ Richweed. _See_ Cohosh, black, and Stoneroot, 35–36, 58–59
+
+ Riverbank-dogbane. _See_ Indian hemp, black, 55–56
+
+ Rocky Mountain grape. _See_ Oregon grape, 36–37
+
+ Root drugs, cleaning, 10
+   collection, 10–11
+   dealers, communication necessary, 11
+   samples to be sent, 10–11
+   descriptions, 11–65
+   drying, method, 10
+   time required, 10
+   explanation of term, 9
+   medicinal uses, 9
+   methods of cleaning and drying, 10
+   number described, 9
+   official and nonofficial, 9
+   packing for shipment, 10
+   plants furnishing, 11–65
+   preparation for market, 10–11
+
+ Root drugs, samples for dealers, 10, 11
+   time for collecting, 10
+   required for drying, 10
+
+ Ruellia ciliosa. _See under_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+
+ Rumex, R. crispus, and R. obtusifolius. _See_ Dock, yellow, 27–29
+
+ Rush, sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+
+ Sampson-root. _See_ Echinacea, 63
+
+ Sang. _See_ Ginseng, 49–50
+
+ Sangree-root. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Sangrel. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Sanguinaria and S. canadensis. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Saponaria and S. officinalis. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Saponary. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Sarsaparilla, American, false, and Virginian. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild,
+    48–49
+   Texas, and yellow. _See_ Moonseed, Canada, 40
+   wild, description, 48–49
+
+ Scabwort. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Scoke. _See_ Pokeweed, 29–30
+
+ Scourwort. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Scutch-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Sedge, cinnamon, myrtle, and sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Segg, sweet. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+
+ Seneca-root. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+
+ Senega. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+
+ Serpentaria, description, 26–27
+   Texas and Virginia. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Serpentary. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Seven-barks. _See_ Hydrangea, 41–42
+
+ Shameface. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Shamrock, Indian. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Sheepweed. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Shield-fern, male, and marginal-fruited. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+
+ Shoofly. _See_ Indigo, wild, 43–44
+
+ Shotbush. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Silverleaf. _See_ Stillingia, 47–48
+
+ Skunk-cabbage, description, 15
+   weed. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Slippery-root. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Slunkweed. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Snagrel. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+
+ Snakebite. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+   lily. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+   root, black. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, and Cohosh, black, 25–26, 35–36
+   button, and corn. _See_ Water-eryngo, 50–51
+   Canada, description, 25–26
+   colt’s-foot, heart, southern, and Vermont. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada,
+      25–26
+   rattle. _See_ Cohosh, black, 35–36
+   Red River, Texas, and Virginia. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+   Seneca, description, 45–47
+   Senega. _See_ Snakeroot, Seneca, 45–47
+
+ Snakeweed. _See_ Serpentaria, 26–27
+   weed, black. _See_ Snakeroot, Canada, 25–26
+
+ Soaproot. _See_ Soapwort, description, 31
+   wort, common. _See_ Soapwort, description, 31
+   description, 31
+
+ Spathyema foetida. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+ Speedwell, tall. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Spiceberry. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Spigelia and S. marilandica. _See_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+
+ Spignet. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild, 48–49
+
+ Spikenard, American, California, and small. _See_ Sarsaparilla, wild,
+    48–49
+
+ Squawflower. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+   root. _See_ Bethroot; Cohosh, black; and Cohosh, blue 20–21, 35–36,
+      37–38
+
+ Starbloom. _See_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+   grass. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   wort. _See_ Chamaelirium and Aletris, 17–18, 19–20
+   wort, drooping. _See_ Chamaelirium, 17–18
+   mealy. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   yellow. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Starchwort. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Stick-button. _See_ Burdock, 64–65
+
+ Stillingia, description, 47–48
+   sylvatica. _See_ Stillingia, description, 47–48
+
+ Stoneroot, description, 58–59
+
+ Stork’s-bill. _See_ Crane’s-bill, 44–45
+
+ Sunflower, wild. _See_ Elecampane, 62–63
+
+ Swallowwort, orange. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Swamp-cabbage. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+   hellebore. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+   milkweed. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+   turnip. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+
+ Sweet-betty, and sweet-william, wild. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+   cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweetroot, sweet rush, sweet sedge,
+      and sweet segg. _See_ Sweet-flag, 16
+   flag, description, 16
+   _See also under_ Flag, blue.
+   slumber. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Symphytum and S. officinale. _See_ Comfrey, 57–58
+
+ Symplocarpus foetidus. _See_ Skunk-cabbage, 15
+
+
+ Taraxacum, T. dens-leonis, T. officinale, and T. taraxacum. _See_
+    Dandelion, 60–61
+
+ Tetterwort. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Tickleweed. _See_ Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+ Trillium and T. erectum, ill-scented, purple, and red. _See_ Bethroot,
+    20–21
+
+ Triticum and T. repens. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ True-love. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Trumpet-flower, evening. _See_ Jasmine, yellow, 51–52
+   weed. _See_ Queen-of-the-meadow, 61–62
+
+ Tuberroot. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Turkey-claw. _See_ Crawley-root, 24–25
+
+ Turmeric. _See_ Bloodroot, 40–41
+
+ Turmeric, Indian, and turmeric-root. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+
+ Turnip, dragon, Indian, marsh, meadow, pepper, and swamp. _See_ Turnip,
+    wild, 13–14
+   wild, description, 13–14
+
+ Twinleaf, description, 38–39
+
+ Twitch-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+
+ Umbil-root and yellow umbil. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Umbrella-plant. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Unicorn-plant. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+   root. _See_ Chamaelirium and Aletris, 17–18, 19–20
+   root, false. _See_ Chamaelirium, 17–18
+   true. _See_ Aletris, 19–20
+
+ Unicorn’s-horn. _See_ Chamaelirium and Aletris, 17–18, 19–20
+
+
+ Valerian, American. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Vegetable calomel. _See_ May-apple, 39–40
+
+ Venus’-cup and Venus’-shoe. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+ Veratrum, V. album, and V. viride, American, green, and true. _See_
+    Hellebore, American, 18–19
+
+ Veronica, tall, and V. virginica. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Vine-maple. _See_ Moonseed, Canada, 40
+
+
+ Wake-robin. _See_ Turnip, wild, 13–14
+   robin, ill-scented, purple, and red. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Water-eryngo, description, 50–51
+   flag. _See_ Flag, blue, 22–23
+
+ Wheat-grass and creeping wheat-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Whiteroot. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Whorlywort. _See_ Culver’s-root, 59–60
+
+ Windroot. _See_ Pleurisy-root, 56–57
+
+ Witch-grass. _See_ Couch-grass, 12–13
+
+ Woodbine, Carolina wild. _See_ Jasmine, yellow, 51–52
+
+ Wood-fern, evergreen. _See_ Male-fern, 11–12
+   lily. _See_ Bethroot, 20–21
+
+ Woods-phlox. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ World’s-wonder. _See_ Soapwort, 31
+
+ Wormgrass, wormweed, and American wormroot. _See_ Pinkroot, 52–53
+
+
+ Yam, wild, description, 21–22
+
+ Yellow-eve. _See_ Goldenseal, 31–33
+   root. _See_ Goldenseal, Goldthread, and Twinleaf, 31–33, 34, 38–39
+
+ Yellows. _See_ Lady’s-slipper, 23–24
+
+-----
+
+Footnote 1:
+
+  _Phytolacca americana_ L. by right of priority should be accepted, but
+  _P. decandra_ L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.
+
+Footnote 2:
+
+  Bulletin 51, Part VI, Bureau of Plant Industry, “Goldenseal.”
+
+Footnote 3:
+
+  King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898, from Berberidaceæ, by C.
+  G. and J. U. Lloyd, 1878.
+
+Footnote 4:
+
+  Bulletin 100, Part V, Bureau of Plant Industry, “The Drug Known as
+  Pinkroot.”
+
+Footnote 5:
+
+  Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra and
+  that its name should be _Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. The
+  Pharmacopœia is here followed.
+
+Footnote 6:
+
+  Although the combination _Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. should be
+  accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is
+  followed.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+ ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+ ● Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final
+     chapter.
+ ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+ ● Images without captions use the HTML alt text supplied by the
+     transcriber in place of a caption.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***
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+  <body>   
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class='tnotes covernote'>
+
+<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p>
+
+<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='titlepage'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='xlarge'>U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.</span></div>
+    <div class='c002'>BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY—BULLETIN NO. 107.</div>
+    <div class='c002'>B. T. GALLOWAY, <i>Chief of Bureau</i>.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <h1 class='c003'>AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.</h1>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div>
+    <div class='c002'><span class='large'>ALICE HENKEL,</span></div>
+    <div><span class='sc'>Assistant, Drug-Plant Investigations</span>.</div>
+    <div class='c001'><span class='small'><span class='sc'>Issued October 25, 1907.</span></span></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id001'>
+<img src='images/i_a01.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+  <div class='nf-center'>
+    <div>WASHINGTON:</div>
+    <div class='c002'>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.</div>
+    <div class='c002'>1907.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l c001'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau</i>, Beverly T. Galloway.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Pathologist and Physiologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau</i>, Albert F. Woods.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Laboratory of Plant Pathology</i>, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Investigations of Diseases of Fruits</i>, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Laboratory of Forest Pathology</i>, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Plant Life History Investigations</i>, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Cotton and Tobacco Breeding Investigations</i>, Archibald D. Shamel, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Corn Investigations</i>, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations</i>, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations</i>, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants</i>, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations and Tea Culture Investigations</i>, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Physical Laboratory</i>, Lyman J. Briggs, Physicist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Crop Technology Investigations</i>, Nathan A. Cobb, Expert in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Taxonomic Investigations</i>, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Farm Management Investigations</i>, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Grain Investigations</i>, Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Arlington Experimental Farm</i>, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Sugar-Beet Investigations</i>, Charles O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Western Agricultural Extension Investigations</i>, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Dry Land Agriculture Investigations</i>, E. Channing Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Pomological Collections</i>, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Field Investigations in Pomology</i>, William A. Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Experimental Gardens and Grounds</i>, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Vegetable Testing Gardens</i>, William W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Seed and Plant Introduction</i>, David Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Forage Crop Investigations</i>, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Seed Laboratory</i>, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Grain Standardization</i>, John D. Shanahan, Expert in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Subtropical Laboratory and Garden, Miami, Fla.</i>, Ernst A. Bessey, Pathologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal.</i>, August Mayer, Expert in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex.</i>, Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Cotton Culture Farms</i>, Seaman A. Knapp, Lake Charles, La., Special Agent in Charge.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b c001'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><i>Editor</i>, J. E. Rockwell.</div>
+      <div class='line'><i>Chief Clerk</i>, James E. Jones.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c001'>
+    <div><span class='sc'>Drug-Plant Investigations.</span></div>
+    <div class='c002'>SCIENTIFIC STAFF.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-b'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Rodney H. True, <i>Physiologist in Charge</i>.</div>
+      <div class='line'>W. W. Stockberger, Frank Rabak, <i>Experts</i>.</div>
+      <div class='line'>Alice Henkel, <i>Assistant</i>.</div>
+      <div class='line'>G. Fred Klugh, T. B. Young, S. C. Hood, <i>Scientific Assistants</i>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r c001'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'><span class='sc'>U. S. Department of Agriculture,</span></div>
+      <div class='line in10'><span class='sc'>Bureau of Plant Industry,</span></div>
+      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>Office of the Chief</span>,</div>
+      <div class='line in12'><i>Washington, D. C., April 16, 1907</i>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='sc'>Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend
+for publication as Bulletin No. 107 of the series of this Bureau
+the accompanying manuscript, entitled “American Root Drugs.”
+This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in Drug-Plant
+Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist
+in charge with a view to its publication.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The fifty drugs described include all the “official” roots found
+in this country, besides such “nonofficial” drugs as are most frequently
+quoted in drug catalogues.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>There is a steady demand for information concerning the medicinal
+plants of this country, and this bulletin on American root drugs
+has been prepared as a first installment on the subject. It is intended
+as a guide and reference book for farmers, drug collectors, druggists,
+students, and others who may be interested in one way or
+another in the collection or study of our medicinal flora.</p>
+
+<div class='lg-container-r'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Respectfully,</div>
+      <div class='line in20'><span class='sc'>B. T. Galloway</span>,</div>
+      <div class='line in24'><i>Chief of Bureau</i>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='lg-container-l'>
+  <div class='linegroup'>
+    <div class='group'>
+      <div class='line'>Hon. <span class='sc'>James Wilson</span>,</div>
+      <div class='line in4'><i>Secretary of Agriculture</i>.</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>CONTENTS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'></td>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <th class='c007'>Page.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Introduction</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006' colspan='2'>The Collection of root drugs</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Plants furnishing root drugs</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Male-fern (<i>Dryopteris filix-mas</i> and <i>D. marginalis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Skunk-cabbage (<i>Spathyema foetida</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Chamaelirium, or Helonias (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_18'>18</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Bethroot (<i>Trillium erectum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_20'>20</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i> and <i>C. parviflorum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum canadense</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i> and <i>A. reticulata</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Blue cohosh (<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild sarsaparilla (<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_49'>49</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Yellow jasmine or jessamine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_51'>51</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_53'>53</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium purpureum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Elecampane (<i>Inula helenium</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Echinacea (<i>Brauneria angustifolia</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_63'>63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Explanation of plates</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c006' colspan='2'>Index</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class='table0'>
+  <tr><th class='c008' colspan='3'>PLATES.</th></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'></td>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <th class='c007'>Page.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Plate</span> I.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (<i>Dryopteris marginalis</i>). Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage (<i>Spathyema foetida</i>). Fig. 3.—Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>). Fig. 4.—Bethroot (<i>Trillium erectum</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>II.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>). Fig. 2.—Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>). Fig. 3.—Wild yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>). Fig. 4.—Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>III.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i>). Fig. 2.—Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum canadense</i>). Fig. 3.—Virginia serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>). Fig. 4.—Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>IV.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>). Fig. 2.—Blue cohosh (<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>). Fig. 3.—Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>). Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>V.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>). Fig. 2.—Wild sarsaparilla (<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>). Fig. 3.—Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>). Fig. 4.—Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>VI.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>). Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>). Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>). Fig. 4.—Comfrey (<i>Symphytum officinale</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>VII.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>). Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium purpureum</i>). Fig. 3.—Elecampane (<i>Inula helenium</i>). Fig. 4.—Echinacea (<i>Brauneria angustifolia</i>).</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c007'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c007'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr><th class='c008' colspan='3'>TEXT FIGURES.</th></tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c006'>&#160;</td>
+    <td class='c007'>&#160;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='sc'>Fig.</span> 1.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>2.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>3.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_19'>19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>4.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>5.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), first year’s growth</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>6.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i>), leaf, fruiting spike, and root</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>7.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>), flowering and fruiting branch</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>8.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Pokeweed root</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_30'>30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>9.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>), flowering plant and fruit</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>10.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Goldenseal rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>11.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>12.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>), leaves, flowering spikes, and rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>13.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>), plant and seed capsule</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>14.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>), upper portion of plant with flower, and rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>15.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>), flowering plant with rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_41'>41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>16.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>), branch showing flowers and seed pods</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_43'>43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>17.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>), flowering plant, showing also seed pods and rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_45'>45</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>18.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>), flowering plant with root</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_46'>46</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>19.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>), upper portion of plant and part of spike showing male flowers</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>20.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Yellow jasmine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_52'>52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>21.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>), leaves, flowers, and seed pods</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_54'>54</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>22.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>), flowering portion, pods, and rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_55'>55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>23.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>), flowering top and rootstock</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_59'>59</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>24.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>)</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_61'>61</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class='c009'>25.</td>
+    <td class='c006'>Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>), flowering branch and root</td>
+    <td class='c007'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class='c010'>B. P. I.—283.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter ph1'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c011'>
+    <div>AMERICAN ROOT DRUGS.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>INTRODUCTION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>More than half of the root drugs recognized in the Eighth Decennial
+Revision of the United States Pharmacopœia occur in this
+country, some native and not growing elsewhere and others introduced.
+All of the official root drugs found in the United States
+have been included in this bulletin, as well as such native and introduced
+“nonofficial” roots (those not at present recognized in the
+United States Pharmacopœia) as seemed to be most generally quoted
+in the trade lists of the country, the total number of root drugs
+described being 50. While the most important root drugs thus
+given are limited to 50, there are included under each of these,
+wherever required, brief descriptions of related species. It would
+be impossible to include within the limits of this paper all of the
+root drugs that are used in this country, but the aim has been to
+give information concerning those which seem to be the most important
+commercially, according to the numerous drug lists that
+have been consulted.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>All of the root drugs herein mentioned occur in quantities sufficient
+for commercial purposes, but the roots of many of the species that
+also occur in other countries are nevertheless largely imported.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In speaking of “root drugs” in this paper only those are
+included of which the underground portion is found in commerce,
+whether in the form of root, rootstock, bulb, or corm, excluding the
+roots that are used solely for their bark or for their gums or resins.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Except in the botanical descriptions, the term “roots” is generally
+used, regardless of the fact that the part under consideration
+may be a rootstock, root, or bulb. In this the commercial practice
+is followed, which makes no distinction as to the form of the underground
+portion as classified by botanists, but catalogues them all
+under the general term “roots.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The medicinal uses are referred to in only the briefest and most
+general manner, for it is clearly not within the province of a publication
+of this character to go into details regarding these matters.
+The statements made are based on the information contained in
+various dispensatories and other works relating to materia medica.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The illustrations are for the most part made from a collection of
+photographs taken from nature by C. L. Lochman. A few have
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>been taken from various publications, mention of which is made
+under the illustrations in question.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c004'>THE COLLECTION OF ROOT DRUGS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Generally speaking, the roots of annual plants should be dug just
+before flowering, and those of biennial or perennial plants late in
+autumn or early in spring, the object being to collect them at a period
+when there is a cessation of growth; for besides shrinking more and
+weighing less if collected during the growing season, they are also
+deficient in medicinal properties. Very frequently a drug is of
+inferior quality simply because the collector has neglected to gather
+it in the proper season.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is unfortunate that so much confusion exists with regard to the
+common names of American plants. The common name of a plant
+in one locality may be the same as that of an entirely different plant
+in another locality, and on account of this confusion the collector is
+not always sure of the identity of the plant he is collecting, nor the
+drug dealer as to what he will receive, unless a sample is submitted to
+him. If more care were exercised in this respect it would mean a
+saving of time and money to both collector and dealer.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Another important matter that the collector sometimes overlooks
+is the proper cleaning and drying of the roots. To insure a good
+market for his crude drugs the collector should be certain not only
+that he has the right plant, but that it is collected at the proper season
+of the year, and that he has a clean and thoroughly dried article.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>After the roots have been dug they should be freed from dirt and
+all foreign particles, such as stones and bits of other plants. If the
+adherent soil can not be removed by shaking the roots, they may, in
+most instances, be washed in clean water, after which they should be
+carefully dried. In some cases the roots are sliced or split when green
+in order to facilitate drying, and wherever this is necessary it will be
+indicated under the descriptions of the different plants.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>For the purpose of drying, the roots should be spread out in thin
+layers on racks or shelves, or on clean, well-ventilated barn floors or
+lofts, exposed to light and air but not direct sunlight, and turned
+occasionally each day until thoroughly dry. If the roots are dried
+out of doors, they should be placed under shelter at night or upon
+the approach of damp or rainy weather. Thoroughly dried roots
+snap readily when bent, and it requires from three to six weeks to
+cure roots, depending upon the weather conditions and the character
+of the roots.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Burlap or gunny sacks, or dry, clean barrels may be used for packing
+the roots for shipment.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>The collector should always communicate with the dealers concerning
+the drugs to be disposed of, sending them a representative sample,
+plainly marked as to contents, with the name and address of the
+sender, and stating how large a quantity can be furnished.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The prices per pound mentioned in this bulletin will serve to give
+the collector an idea as to what he may expect to receive from
+dealers, but, as with other commodities, depending for their prices
+upon supply and demand, fluctuations are likely to occur from year to
+year. An increased demand or a shortage will send prices upward
+and stimulate collection, which in turn may result in glutting the
+market, and a decline in prices naturally follows. It is possible,
+therefore, to give only an approximate range of prices.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <h2 class='c004'>PLANTS FURNISHING ROOT DRUGS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c012'>Under each plant will be found synonyms and pharmacopœial name,
+if any, the common names, habitat, range, descriptions of the plant
+and root, and information concerning collection, prices, and uses,
+while in the case of goldenseal and ginseng the methods of culture
+are included.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>MALE-FERN.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>(1) <i>Dryopteris filix-mas</i> (L.) Schott and (2) <i>Dryopteris marginalis</i> (L.) A. Gray.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—(1) <i>Aspidium filix-mas</i> Sw. (2) <i>Aspidium marginale</i> Sw.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Aspidium.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Male shield-fern, sweet brake, knotty brake,
+basket-fern, bear’s-paw root; (2) marginal-fruited shield-fern, evergreen wood-fern.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—These ferns are found in rocky woods, the male shield-fern
+inhabiting the region from Canada westward to the Rocky Mountains and
+Arizona. It is widely distributed also through Europe, northern Asia, northern
+Africa, and South America. The marginal-fruited shield-fern (Pl. I, fig. 1),
+one of our most common ferns, occurs from Canada southward to Alabama and
+Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plants.</i>—Both of these species are tall, handsome ferns, the
+long, erect fronds, or leaves, arising from a chaffy, scaly base, and consisting of
+numerous crowded stemless leaflets, which are variously divided and notched.
+There is but little difference between these two species. The male shield-fern
+is perhaps a trifle stouter, the leaves growing about 3 feet in length and
+having a bright-green color, whereas the marginal-fruited shield-fern has lighter
+green leaves, about 2½ feet in length, and is of more slender appearance. The
+principal difference, however, is found in the arrangement of the “sori,” or
+“fruit dots.” These are the very small, round, tawny dots that are found on
+the backs of fern leaves, and in the male shield-fern these will be found arranged
+in short rows near the midrib, while in the marginal-fruited shield-fern,
+as this name indicates, the fruit dots are placed on the margins of the fronds.
+Both plants are perennials and members of the fern family (Polypodiaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span><i>Description of the rootstock.</i>—These ferns have stout ascending or erect
+chaffy rootstocks, or rhizomes (Pl. I, fig. 1) as they are technically known. As
+taken from the ground the rootstock is from 6 to 12 inches in length and 1 to 2
+inches thick, covered with closely overlapping, brown, slightly curved stipe
+bases or leaf bases and soft, brown, chaffy scales. The inside of the rootstock
+is pale green. As found in the stores, however, male-fern with the stipe bases
+and roots removed measures about 3 to 6 inches in length and about one-half to
+1 inch in thickness, rough where the stipe bases have been removed, brown outside,
+pale green and rather spongy inside.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The stipe bases remain green for a very long period, and these small, claw-shaped,
+furrowed portions, or “fingers” as they are called, form a large proportion
+of the drug found on the American market and, in fact, are said to have
+largely superseded the rootstock. Male-fern has a disagreeable odor, and the
+taste is described as bitter-sweet, astringent, acrid, and nauseous.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The best time for collecting male-fern root is
+from July to September. The root should be carefully cleaned, but not washed,
+dried out of doors in the shade as quickly as possible, and shipped to druggists
+at once. The United States Pharmacopœia directs that “the chaff, together
+with the dead portions of the rhizome and stipes, should be removed, and only
+such portions used as have retained their internal green color.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Great care is necessary in the preservation of this drug in order to prevent
+it from deteriorating. If kept too long, its activity will be impaired, and it is
+said that it will retain its qualities much longer if it is not peeled until required
+for use. The unreliability sometimes attributed to this drug can in most instances
+be traced to the presence of the rootstocks of other ferns with which
+it is often adulterated, or it will be found to be due to improper storing or to
+the length of time that it has been kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The prices paid for male-fern root range from 5 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Male-fern, official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been used since
+the remotest times as a remedy for worms. Grave results are sometimes
+caused by overdoses.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>COUCH-GRASS.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Agropyron repens</i> (L.) Beauv.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Triticum repens</i> L.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Triticum.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dog-grass, quick-grass, quack-grass, quitch-grass,
+quake-grass, scutch-grass, twitch-grass, witch-grass, wheat-grass, creeping wheat-grass,
+devil’s-grass, durfa-grass, Durfee-grass, Dutch-grass, Fin’s-grass,
+Chandler’s-grass.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Like many of our weeds, couch-grass was introduced
+from Europe, and is now one of the worst pests the farmer has to contend with,
+taking possession of cultivated ground and crowding out valuable crops. It
+occurs most abundantly from Maine to Maryland, westward to Minnesota and
+Missouri, and is spreading on farms on the Pacific slope, but is rather sparingly
+distributed in the South.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Couch-grass is rather coarse, 1 to 3 feet high, and
+when in flower very much resembles rye or beardless wheat (fig. 1). Several
+round, smooth, hollow stems, thickened at the joints, are produced from the
+long, creeping, jointed rootstock. The stems bear 5 to 7 leaves from 3 to 12
+inches long, rough on the upper surface and smooth beneath, while the long,
+cleft leaf sheaths are smooth. The solitary terminal flowering heads or spikes
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>are compressed, and consist of two rows of spikelets on a wavy and flattened
+axis. These heads are produced from July to September. Couch-grass belongs
+to the grass family (Poaceæ).</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a13.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.</span>—Couch-grass (<i>Agropyron repens</i>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The pale-yellow, smooth rootstock is long, tough,
+and jointed, creeping along underneath the ground and pushing in every direction.
+As found in the stores, it consists of short, angular pieces, from one-eighth
+to one-fourth of an inch long, of a shining straw color, and hollow. These
+pieces are odorless, but have a somewhat sweetish taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Couch-grass, which is official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, should be collected
+in spring, carefully cleaned, and the
+rootlets removed. The rootstock (not
+the rootlets) is then cut into short
+pieces, about two-fifths of an inch
+in length, for which purpose an
+ordinary feed-cutting machine may
+be used, and thoroughly dried.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Couch-grass is usually destroyed
+by plowing up and burning, for if
+any of the joints are permitted to
+remain in the soil new plants will
+be produced. But, instead of burning,
+the rootstocks may be saved
+and prepared for the drug market
+in the manner above stated. The
+prices range from 3 to 5 cents a
+pound. At present couch-grass is
+collected chiefly in Europe.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A fluid extract is prepared from
+couch-grass, which is used in affections
+of the kidney and bladder.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>WILD TURNIP.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Arisaema triphyllum</i> (L.) Torr.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Arum triphyllum</i> L.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Arum,
+three-leaved arum, Indian turnip,
+jack-in-the-pulpit, wake-robin, wild
+pepper, dragon-turnip, brown dragon,
+devil’s-ear, marsh-turnip, swamp-turnip, meadow-turnip, pepper-turnip, starchwort,
+bog-onion, priest’s-pintle, lords-and-ladies.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild turnip inhabits moist woods from Canada to
+Florida and westward to Kansas and Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Early in April the quaint green and brownish purple
+hooded flowers of the wild turnip may be seen in the shady depths of the
+woods.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is a perennial plant belonging to the arum family (Araceæ), and reaches
+a height of from 10 inches to 3 feet. The leaves, of which there are only one or
+two, unfold with the flowers; they are borne on long, erect, sheathing stalks,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>and consist of three smooth, oval leaflets; the latter are 3 to 6 inches long, and
+from 1½ to 3½ inches wide, net veined, and with one vein running parallel with
+the margins. The “flower” is curiously formed, somewhat like the calla lily,
+consisting of what is known botanically as a spathe, within which is inclosed the
+spadix. The spathe is an oval, leaflike part, the lower portion of which, in the
+flower under consideration, is rolled together so as to form a tube, while the
+upper, pointed part is usually bent forward, thus forming a flap or hood over
+the tube-shaped part which contains the spadix. (Fig. 2.) In fact it is very
+similar to the familiar flower of the calla lily of the gardens, except that,
+instead of being white, the wild turnip is either all green or striped with very
+dark purple, sometimes seeming almost black, and in the calla lily the “flap” is
+turned back, whereas in the wild turnip it is bent forward over the tube.
+Inside of the spathe is the
+spadix, also green or purple,
+which is club shaped, rounded
+at the summit, and narrowly
+contracted at the base, where it
+is surrounded by either the male
+or female flowers or both, in the
+latter case (the most infrequent)
+the male flowers being placed
+below the female flowers. In
+autumn the fruit ripens in the
+form of a bunch of bright scarlet,
+shining berries. The entire
+plant is acrid, but the root more
+especially so.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a14.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.</span>—Wild turnip (<i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of “root.”</i>—The
+underground portion of this
+plant is known botanically as a
+“corm,” and is somewhat globular
+and shaped like a turnip.
+The lower part of the corm is
+flat and wrinkled, while the upper
+part is surrounded by coarse,
+wavy rootlets. The outside is
+brownish gray and the inside
+white and mealy. It has no
+odor, but an intensely acrid,
+burning taste, and to those who may have been induced in their school days to
+taste of this root wild turnip will be familiar chiefly on account of its never-to-be-forgotten
+acrid, indeed caustic, properties. The dried article of commerce consists
+of round, white slices, with brown edges, only slightly shrunken, and
+breaking with a starchy fracture.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The partially dried corm is used in medicine.
+It is dug in summer, transversely sliced, and dried. When first dug it is intensely
+acrid, but drying and heat diminish the acridity. It loses its acridity
+rapidly with age. Wild turnip brings from 7 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The corm of wild turnip, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1870, is used as a stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, and
+irritant.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>SKUNK-CABBAGE.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Spathyema foetida</i> (L.) Raf.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—<i>Dracontium foetidum</i> L.; <i>Symplocarpus foetidus</i> Nutt.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dracontium, skunkweed, polecat-weed, swamp-cabbage,
+meadow-cabbage, collard, fetid hellebore, stinking poke, pockweed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Swamps and other wet places from Canada to Florida,
+Iowa, and Minnesota abound with this ill-smelling herb.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Most of the common names applied to this plant, as
+well as the scientific names, are indicative of the most striking characteristic
+of this early spring visitor, namely, the rank, offensive, carrion odor that emanates
+from it. Skunk-cabbage is one of the very earliest of our spring flowers,
+appearing in February or March, but it is safe to say that it is not likely to
+suffer extermination at the hands of the enthusiastic gatherer of spring flowers.
+In the latitude of Washington skunk-cabbage has been known to be in flower in
+December.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is a curious plant, with its hood-shaped, purplish striped flowers appearing
+before the leaves. It belongs to the arum family (Araceæ) and is a perennial.
+The “flower” is in the form of a thick, ovate, swollen spathe, about 3 to 6
+inches in height, the top pointed and curved inward, spotted and striped with
+purple and yellowish green. The spathe is not open like that of the wild turnip
+or calla lily, to which family this plant also belongs, but the edges are rolled
+inward, completely hiding the spadix. In this plant the spadix is not spikelike,
+as in the wild turnip, but is generally somewhat globular, entirely covered
+with the numerous, dull-purple flowers. (Pl. I, fig. 2.) After the fruit has
+ripened the spadix will be found to have grown considerably, the spathe meantime
+having decayed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves, which appear after the flower, are numerous and very large,
+about 1 to 3 feet in length and about 1 foot in width; they are thin in texture,
+but prominently nerved with fleshy nerves, and are borne on deeply channeled
+stems.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Skunk-cabbage has a thick, straight, reddish brown
+rootstock, from 3 to 5 inches long, and about 2 inches in diameter, and having
+a whorl of crowded fleshy roots (Pl. I, fig. 2) which penetrate the soil to considerable
+depth. The dried article of commerce consists of either the entire
+rootstock and roots, which are dark brown and wrinkled on the outside,
+whitish and starchy within, or of very much compressed, wrinkled, transverse
+slices. When bruised, the root has the characteristic fetid odor of the plant
+and possesses a sharp acrid taste, both of which become less the longer the root
+is kept.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock of skunk-cabbage should be collected
+early in spring, soon after the appearance of the flower, or after the
+seeds have ripened, in August or September. It should be carefully dried,
+either in its entire state or deprived of the roots and cut into transverse
+slices. Skunk-cabbage loses its odor and acridity with age, and should therefore
+not be kept longer than one season. The range of prices is from 4 to 7
+cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Skunk-cabbage, official from 1820 to 1880, is used in affections of the respiratory
+organs, in nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsical complaints.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>SWEET-FLAG.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Acorus calamus</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Calamus.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Sweet cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet rush,
+sweet sedge, sweet segg, sweetroot, cinnamon-sedge, myrtle-flag, myrtle-grass,
+myrtle-sedge, beewort.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This plant frequents wet and muddy places and borders
+of streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas,
+also occurring in Europe and Asia. It is usually partly immersed in water, and
+is generally found in company with the cat-tail and other water-loving species
+of flag.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The swordlike leaves of the sweet-flag resemble those
+of other flags so much that before the plant is in flower it is difficult to recognize
+simply by the appearance of its leaves. The leaves of the blue flag or
+“poison-flag,” as it has been called, are very similar to those of the sweet-flag,
+and this resemblance often leads to cases of poisoning among children who
+thus mistake one for the other. However, as the leaves of the sweet-flag are
+fragrant, the odor will be a means of recognizing it. Of course when the sweet-flag
+is in flower the identification of the plant is easy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The sheathing leaves of this native perennial, which belongs to the arum
+family (Araceæ), are from 2 to 6 feet in height and about 1 inch in width;
+they are sharp pointed and have a ridged midrib running their entire length.
+The flowering head, produced from the side of the stalk, consists of a fleshy
+spike sometimes 3½ inches long and about one-half inch in thickness, closely
+covered with very small greenish yellow flowers, which appear from May to
+July. (Pl. 1, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The long, creeping rootstock of the sweet-flag is
+thick and fleshy, somewhat spongy, and producing numerous rootlets. (Pl. I,
+fig. 3.) The odor is very aromatic and agreeable, and the taste pungent and
+bitter. The dried article, as found in the stores, consists of entire or split
+pieces of various lengths, from 3 to 6 inches, light brown on the outside with
+blackish spots, sharply wrinkled lengthwise, the upper surface marked obliquely
+with dark leaf scars, and the lower surface showing many small circular scars,
+which, at first glance, give one the impression that the root is worm-eaten, but
+which are the remains of rootlets that have been removed from the rootstock.
+Internally the rootstock is whitish and of a spongy texture. The aromatic odor
+and pungent, bitter taste are retained in the dried article.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The United States Pharmacopœia directs that
+the unpeeled rhizome, or rootstock, be used. It is collected either in early
+spring or late in autumn. It is pulled or grubbed from the soft earth, freed
+from adhering dirt, and the rootlets removed, as these are not so aromatic and
+more bitter. The rootstock is then carefully dried, sometimes by means of
+moderate heat. Sweet-flag deteriorates with age and is subject to the attacks
+of worms. It loses about three-fourths of its weight in drying.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Some of the sweet-flag root found in commerce consists of handsome white
+pieces. These usually come from Germany, and have been peeled before drying,
+but they are not so strong and aromatic as the unpeeled roots. Unpeeled sweet-flag
+root brings from 3 to 6 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Sweet-flag is employed as an aromatic stimulant and tonic in feeble digestion.
+The dried root is frequently chewed for the relief of dyspepsia.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>CHAMAELIRIUM, OR HELONIAS.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Chamaelirium luteum</i> (L.) A. Gray.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Helonias dioica</i> Pursh.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Unicorn-root, false unicorn-root, blazingstar, drooping
+starwort, starwort, devil’s-bit, unicorn’s-horn.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In order to avoid the existing confusion of common names of this plant, it is
+most desirable to use the scientific names Chamaelirium or Helonias exclusively.
+Chamaelirium is the most recent botanical designation and will be used
+throughout this article, but the synonym Helonias is a name very frequently
+employed by the drug trade. The plant with which it is so much confused,
+<i>Aletris farinosa</i>, will also be designated throughout by its generic name, Aletris.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native plant is found in open woods from Massachusetts
+to Michigan, south to Florida and Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Chamaelirium and Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>) have long
+been confused by drug collectors and others, owing undoubtedly to the transposition
+of some of their similar common names, such as “starwort” and
+“stargrass.” The plants can scarcely be said to resemble each other, however,
+except perhaps in their general habit of growth. (See Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The male and female flowers of Chamaelirium are borne on separate plants,
+and in this respect are entirely different from Aletris; neither do the flowers
+resemble those of Aletris.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Chamaelirium is an erect, somewhat fleshy herb, perennial, and belongs to
+the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ). The male plant grows to a height
+of from 1½ to 2½ feet, and the female plant is sometimes 4 feet tall and is also
+more leafy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The plants have both basal and stem leaves, whereas Aletris has only the
+basal leaves. The basal leaves of Chamaelirium are broad and blunt at the
+top, narrowing toward the base into a long stem; they are sometimes so much
+broadened at the top that they may be characterized as spoon shaped, and are
+from 2 to 8 inches long and from one-half to 1½ inches wide. The stem leaves
+are lance shaped and sharp pointed, on short stems or stemless. (Pl. II, fig. 1.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The white starry flowers of Chamaelirium are produced from June to July,
+those of the male plant being borne in nodding, graceful, plumelike spikes 3 to
+9 inches long (Pl. II, fig. 1) and those of the female plant in erect spikes.
+The many-seeded capsule is oblong, opening by three valves at the apex.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Another species is now recognized, <i>Chamaelirium obovale</i> Small, which seems
+to differ chiefly in having larger flowers and obovoid capsules.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock of Chamaelirium does not in the
+least resemble that of Aletris, with which it is so generally confused. It is from
+one-half to 2 inches in length, generally curved upward at one end in the form
+of a horn (whence the common name, “unicorn”) and having the appearance
+of having been bitten off. (Pl. II, fig. 1.) It is of a dark-brown color, with
+fine transverse wrinkles, rough, on the upper surface showing a few stem scars,
+and giving off from all sides numerous brown fibrous rootlets. The more recent
+rootlets have a soft outer covering, which in the older rootlets has worn away,
+leaving the fine but tough and woody whitish center. The rootlets penetrate
+to the central part of the rootstock, and this serves as a distinguishing character
+from Aletris, as a transverse section of Chamaelirium very plainly shows these
+fibers extending some distance within the rootstock. Furthermore, the rootstock
+of Chamaelirium exhibits a number of small holes wherever these rootlets
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>have broken off, giving it the appearance of having become “wormy.” It
+is hard and horny within and has a peculiar odor and a very bitter, disagreeable
+taste, whereas Aletris is not at all bitter.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Chamaelirium should be collected in autumn.
+The prices paid to collectors may be said to range from about 30 to 45 cents a
+pound. In the fall of 1906 a scarcity of this root was reported. As already
+indicated, Chamaelirium and Aletris are often gathered and mistaken for each
+other by collectors, but, as will be seen from the preceding description, there is
+really no excuse for such error.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>From the confusion that has existed properties peculiar to the one plant have
+also been attributed to the other, but it seems now generally agreed that
+Chamaelirium is of use especially as a tonic in derangements of women.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN HELLEBORE.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Veratrum viride</i> Ait.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Veratrum.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—True veratrum, green veratrum, American veratrum,
+green hellebore, swamp-hellebore, big hellebore, false hellebore, bear-corn,
+bugbane, bugwort, devil’s-bite, earth-gall, Indian poke, itchweed, tickleweed,
+duckretter.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American hellebore is native in rich wet woods, swamps,
+and wet meadows, its range extending from Canada, Alaska, and Minnesota
+south to Georgia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Early in spring, usually in company with the skunk-cabbage,
+the large, bright-green leaves of American hellebore make their
+way through the soil, their straight, erect leaf spears forming a conspicuous
+feature of the yet scanty spring vegetation. Later in the season a stout and
+erect leafy stem is sent up, sometimes growing as tall as 6 feet. It is solid and
+round, pale green, very leafy, and closely surrounded by the sheathing bases of
+the leaves, unbranched except in the flowering head. The leaves are hairy,
+prominently nerved, folded or pleated like a fan. They have no stems, but
+their bases encircle or sheathe the main stalk, and are very large, especially the
+lower ones, which are from 6 to 12 inches in length, from 3 to 6 inches in width,
+and broadly oval. As they approach the top of the plant the leaves become
+narrower. The flowers, which appear from May to July, are greenish yellow
+and numerous, and are borne in rather open clusters. American hellebore belongs
+to the bunchflower family (Melanthiaceæ) and is a perennial.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This species is a very near relative of the European white hellebore (<i>Veratrum
+album</i> L.), and in fact has by some been regarded as identical with it, or
+at least as a variety of it. It is taller than <i>V. album</i> and has narrower leaves
+and greener flowers. Both species are official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The fresh rootstock of American hellebore is ovoid
+or obconical, upright, thick, and fleshy, the upper part of it arranged in layers,
+the lower part of it more solid, and producing numerous whitish roots from all
+sides. In the fresh state it has a rather strong, disagreeable odor. As found
+in commerce, American hellebore rootstock is sometimes entire, but more generally
+sliced, and is of a light-brown or dark-brown color externally and internally
+yellowish white; the roots, which are from 4 to 8 inches long, have a
+shriveled appearance, and are brown or yellowish. There is no odor to the
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>dried rootstock, but when powdered it causes violent sneezing. The rootstock,
+which has a bitter and very acrid taste, is poisonous.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—American hellebore should be dug in autumn
+after the leaves have died, and washed and carefully dried, either in the whole
+state or sliced in various ways. It deteriorates with age, and should therefore
+not be kept longer than a year.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The adulterations sometimes met with are the rootstocks of related plants,
+and the skunk-cabbage is also occasionally found mixed with it, but this is probably
+unintentional, as the two plants usually grow close together.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Collectors of American hellebore
+root receive from about 3 to 10 cents
+a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>American hellebore, official in the
+United States Pharmacopœia, is an
+acrid, narcotic poison, and has
+emetic, diaphoretic, and sedative
+properties.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a19.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.</span>—American hellebore (<i>Veratrum viride</i>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>ALETRIS.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Aletris farinosa</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Stargrass,
+blazingstar, mealy starwort, starwort,
+unicorn-root, true unicorn-root,
+unicorn-plant, unicorn’s-horn, colicroot,
+devil’s-bit, ague-grass, agueroot,
+aloe-root, crow-corn, huskwort.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A glance at these common names
+will show many that have been applied
+to other plants, especially to
+Chamaelirium, with which Aletris is
+so much confused. In order to guard
+against this confusion as much as
+possible, it is best not to use the common
+names of this plant at all, referring
+to it only by its generic name,
+Aletris.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Aletris occurs in
+dry, generally sandy soil, from Maine
+to Minnesota, Florida, and Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—As stated under Chamaelirium, this plant is often
+confused with the former by collectors and others, although there seems to
+be no good reason why this should be so. The plants do not resemble each
+other except in habit of growth (see Pl. II, figs. 1 and 2), and the trouble
+undoubtedly arose from a confusion of the somewhat similar common names
+of the plants, as, for instance, “stargrass” and “starwort.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Aletris may be at once distinguished by the grasslike leaves, which spread
+out on the ground in the form of a star, and by the slender spikes of rough,
+mealy flowers.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This native perennial, belonging to the lily family (Liliaceæ), is an erect,
+slender herb, 1½ to 3 feet tall, with basal leaves only. These leaves are
+grasslike, from 2 to 6 inches long, and have a yellowish green or willowgreen
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>color. As already stated, they surround the base of the stem in the
+form of a star. Instead of stem leaves, there are very small, leaflike bracts
+placed at some distance apart on the stem. From May to July the erect
+flowering spike, from 4 to 12 inches long, is produced, bearing white, urn-shaped
+flowers, sometimes tinged with yellow at the apex, and having a rough,
+wrinkled and mealy appearance. (Pl. II, fig. 2.) The seed capsule is ovoid,
+opening by three valves, and containing many seeds. When the flowers in
+the spike are still in bud, there is a suggestion of resemblance to the female
+spike of Chamaelirium with its fruit half formed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Several other species are recognized by botanists, namely, <i>Aletris aurea</i> Walt.,
+<i>A. lutea</i> Small, and <i>A. obovata</i> Nash, but aside from the flowers, which in <i>aurea</i>
+and <i>lutea</i> are yellow, and slight variations in form, such as a more contracted
+perianth, the differences are not so pronounced that the plants would require a
+detailed description here. They have undoubtedly been collected with <i>Aletris
+farinosa</i> for years, and are sufficiently like it to be readily recognized.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Not only have the plants of Aletris and Chamaelirium
+been confused, but the rootstocks as well. There is, however, no resemblance
+between them.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Aletris has a horizontal rootstock from one-half to 1½ inches in length, rough
+and scaly, and almost completely hidden by the fibrous roots and remains of the
+basal leaves. Upon close examination the scars of former leaf stems may be
+seen along the upper surface. The rootlets are from 2 to 10 inches in length,
+those of recent growth whitish and covered with several layers of epidermis
+which gradually peel off, and the older rootlets of the rootstock showing this
+epidermis already scaled off, leaving only the hard, brown, woody center. The
+rootstock in commerce almost invariably shows at one end a tuft of the remains
+of the basal leaves, which do not lose their green color. It is grayish brown
+outside, whitish within, and breaks with a mealy fracture. It has no odor, and
+a starchy taste, followed by some acridity, <i>but no bitterness</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Aletris should be collected in autumn, and there
+is no reason why collectors should make the common mistake of confusing
+Aletris with Chamaelirium. By comparing the description of Aletris with that
+of Chamaelirium, it will be seen that there is scarcely any resemblance.
+Aletris ranges from 30 to 40 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>As indicated under Chamaelirium, the medicinal properties have also been
+considered the same in both plants, but Aletris is now regarded of value chiefly
+in digestive troubles. Aletris was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1870.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>BETHROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Trillium erectum</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Trillium, red trillium, purple trillium, ill-scented trillium,
+birthroot, birthwort, bathwort, bathflower, red wake-robin, purple wake-robin,
+ill-scented wake-robin, red-benjamin, bumblebee-root, daffydown-dilly,
+dishcloth, Indian balm, Indian shamrock, nosebleed, squawflower, squawroot,
+wood-lily, true-love, orange-blossom. Many of these names are applied also to
+other species of Trillium.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Bethroot is a native plant growing in rich soil in damp,
+shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This plant is a perennial belonging to the lily-of-the-valley
+family (Convallariaceæ). It is a low growing plant, from about 8 to
+16 inches in height, with a rather stout stem, having three leaves arranged in
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>a whorl near the top. These leaves are broadly ovate, almost circular in outline,
+sharp pointed at the apex and narrowed at the base, 3 to 7 inches long
+and about as wide, and practically stemless.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Not only the leaves of this plant, but the flowers and parts of the flowers
+are arranged in threes, and this feature will serve to identify the plant.
+(Pl. I, fig. 4.) The solitary terminal flower of bethroot has three sepals and
+three petals, both more or less lance shaped and spreading, the former greenish,
+and the petals, which are 1¼ inches long and one-half inch wide, are sometimes
+dark purple, pink, greenish, or white. The flower has an unpleasant odor. It
+appears from April to June and is followed later in the season by an oval,
+reddish berry.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Various other species of Trillium are used in medicine, possessing properties
+similar to those of the species under consideration. These are also very similar
+in appearance to <i>Trillium erectum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Bethroot (Pl. I, fig. 4), as found in the stores, is short
+and thick, of a light-brown color externally, whitish or yellowish inside, somewhat
+globular or oblong in shape, and covered all around with numerous palebrown,
+shriveled rootlets. The top of the root generally shows a succession of
+fine circles or rings, and usually bears the remains of stem bases.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The root has a slight odor, and is at first sweetish and astringent, followed by
+a bitter and acrid taste. When chewed it causes a flow of saliva.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Bethroot is generally collected toward the close
+of summer. The price ranges from 7 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It was much esteemed as a remedy among the Indians and early settlers.
+Its present use is that of an astringent, tonic, and alterative, and also that of
+an expectorant.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>WILD YAM.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Dioscorea villosa</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Dioscorea, colicroot, rheumatism-root, devil’s-bones.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild yam grows in moist thickets, trailing over adjacent
+shrubs and bushes, its range extending from Rhode Island to Minnesota, south
+to Florida and Texas. It is most common in the central and southern portions
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native perennial vine is similar to and belongs
+to the same family as the well-known cinnamon vine of the gardens—namely,
+the yam family (Dioscoreaceæ). It attains a length of about 15 feet, the
+stem smooth, the leaves heart shaped and 2 to 6 inches long by 1 to 4 inches
+wide.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves, which are borne on long, slender stems, are thin, green, and
+smooth on the upper surface, paler and rather thickly hairy on the under surface.
+The small greenish yellow flowers are produced from June to July, the
+male flowers borne in drooping clusters about 3 to 6 inches long, and the female
+flowers in drooping spikelike heads. The fruit, which is in the form of a dry,
+membranous, 3-winged, yellowish green capsule, ripens about September and
+remains on the vine for some time during the winter. (Pl. II, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Growing farther south than the species above mentioned is a variety for
+which the name <i>glabra</i> has been suggested.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>According to C. G. Lloyd (King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898),
+there is a variety of <i>Dioscorea villosa</i> the root of which first made its appearance
+among the true yam roots of commerce, and which was so different in
+form that it was rejected as an adulteration. The plant, however, from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>which the false root was derived was found upon investigation to be almost
+identical with the true yam, except that the leaves were perfectly smooth, lacking
+the hairiness on the under surface of the leaf which is characteristic of
+the true wild yam. The false variety also differs in its habit of growth, not
+growing in dense clumps like the true wild yam, but generally isolated. The
+root of the variety, however, is quite distinct from that of the true wild yam,
+being much more knotty. Lloyd states further that the hairiness or lack of
+hairiness on the under side of the leaf is a certain indication as to the form
+of the root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Lloyd, recognizing the necessity of classifying these two yam roots of commerce,
+has designated the smooth-leaved variety as <i>Dioscorea villosa</i> var.
+<i>glabra</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstocks.</i>—The rootstock of the true wild yam (Pl. II, fig. 3)
+runs horizontally underneath the surface of the ground. As found in commerce,
+it consists of very hard pieces, 6 inches and sometimes 2 feet in length, but
+only about one-fourth or one-half of an inch in diameter, twisted, covered with a
+thin brown bark, whitish within, and showing stem scars almost an inch apart
+on the upper surface, small protuberances on the sides, and numerous rather
+wiry rootlets on the lower surface.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The false wild yam, on the other hand, has a much heavier, rough, knotty
+rootstock, with thick branches from 1 inch to 3 inches long, the upper surface
+covered with crowded stem scars and the lower side furnished with stout wiry
+rootlets. Within it is similar to the true yam root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots are generally collected in autumn,
+and bring from 2½ to 4 cents a pound. Wild yam is said to possess expectorant
+properties and to promote perspiration, and in large doses proving emetic. It
+has been employed in bilious colic, and by the negroes in the South in the
+treatment of muscular rheumatism.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>BLUE FLAG.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Iris versicolor</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Iris, flag-lily, liver-lily, snake-lily, poison-flag, water-flag,
+American fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Blue flag delights in wet, swampy localities, making its
+home in marshes, thickets, and wet meadows from Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+south to Florida and Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The flowers of all of the species belonging to this
+genus are similar, and are readily recognized by their rather peculiar form, the
+three outer segments or parts reflexed or turned back and the three inner segments
+standing erect.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Blue flag is about 2 to 3 feet in height, with an erect stem sometimes branched
+near the top, and sword-shaped leaves which are shorter than the stem, from
+one-half to 1 inch in width, showing a slight grayish “bloom,” and sheathing
+at the base. This plant is a perennial belonging to the iris family (Iridaceæ),
+and is a native of this country. June is generally regarded as the month for
+the flowering of the blue flag, although it may be said to be in flower from May
+to July, depending on the locality. The flowers are large and very handsome,
+each stem bearing from two to six or more. They consist of six segments or
+parts, the three outer ones turned back and the three inner ones erect and
+much smaller. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) The flowers are usually purplish blue, the
+“claw,” or narrow base of the segments, variegated with yellow, green, or
+white and marked with purple veins.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>All of the species belonging to this genus are more or less variegated in color;
+hence the name “iris,” meaning “rainbow,” and the specific name “versicolor,”
+meaning “various colors.” The name “poison-flag” has been applied to it on
+account of the poisonous effect it has produced in children, who, owing to the
+close resemblance of the plants before reaching the flowering stage, sometimes
+mistake it for sweet-flag.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The seed capsule is oblong, about 1½ inches long, and contains numerous
+seeds.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Blue flag has a thick, fleshy, horizontal rootstock,
+branched, and producing long fibrous roots. (Pl. II, fig. 4.) It resembles
+sweet-flag (Calamus), and has been mistaken for it. The sections of the rootstock
+of blue flag, however, are flattened above and rounded below; the scars
+of the leaf sheaths are in the form of rings, whereas in sweet-flag the rootstock
+is cylindrical and the scars left by the leaf sheaths are obliquely transverse.
+Furthermore, there is a difference in the arrangement of the roots on
+the rootstock, the scars left by the roots in blue flag being close together generally
+nearer the larger end, while in sweet-flag the disposition of the roots
+along the rootstock is quite regular. Blue flag is grayish brown on the outside
+when dried, and sweet-flag is light brown or fawn colored. Blue flag has no
+well-marked odor, and the taste is acrid and nauseous, and in sweet-flag there
+is a pleasant odor and bitter, pungent taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Blue flag is collected in autumn, and usually
+brings from about 7 to 10 cents a pound. Great scarcity of blue flag root was
+reported from the producing districts in the autumn of 1906. It is an old
+remedy, the Indians esteeming it highly in stomach troubles, and it is said that
+it was sometimes cultivated by them in near-by ponds on account of its medicinal
+value. It has also been used as a domestic remedy, and is regarded as
+an alterative, diuretic, and purgative. It was official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia of 1890.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>LADY’S-SLIPPER.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>(1) <i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i> Mill. and (2) <i>Cypripedium parviflorum</i> Salisb.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—(1) <i>Cypripedium pubescens</i> Willd.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Cypripedium.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Large yellow lady’s-slipper, yellow lady’s-slipper,
+yellow moccasin-flower, Venus’-shoe, Venus’-cup, yellow Indian-shoe, American
+valerian, nerve-root, male nervine, yellow Noah’s-ark, yellows, monkey-flower,
+umbil-root, yellow umbil; (2) small yellow lady’s-slipper.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Both of these native species frequent bogs and wet
+places in deep shady woods and thickets. The large yellow lady’s-slipper may
+be found from Nova Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri.
+The range for the small yellow lady’s-slipper extends from Newfoundland
+south along the mountains to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Washington,
+and British Columbia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plants.</i>—The orchid family (Orchidaceæ), to which the lady’s-slippers
+belong, boasts of many beautiful, showy, and curious species, and the
+lady’s-slipper is no exception. There are several other plants to which the
+name lady’s-slipper has been applied, but one glance at the peculiar structure of
+the flowers in the species under consideration, as shown in the illustration
+(Pl. III, fig. 1), will enable anyone to recognize them as soon as seen.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The particular species of lady’s-slipper under consideration in this article do
+not differ very materially from each other. Both are perennials, growing from
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>1 to about 2 feet in height, with rather large leaves and with yellow flowers
+more or less marked with purple, the main difference being that in <i>hirsutum</i> the
+flower is larger and pale yellow, while in <i>parviflorum</i> the flower is small, bright
+yellow, and perhaps more prominently striped and spotted with purple. The
+stem, leaves, and inside of corolla or lip are somewhat hairy in the large yellow
+lady’s-slipper, but not in the small yellow lady’s-slipper. These hairs are said
+to be irritating to some people, in whom they cause an eruption of the skin.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves of the lady’s-slipper vary in size from 2 to 6 inches in length
+and from 1 to 3 inches in width, and are broadly oval or elliptic, sharp pointed,
+with numerous parallel veins, and sheathing at the base, somewhat hairy in the
+large lady’s-slipper. The solitary terminal flower, which appears from May to
+June, is very showy and curiously formed, the lip being the most prominent
+part. This lip looks like an inflated bag (1 to 2 inches long in the large lady’s-slipper),
+pale yellow or bright yellow in color, variously striped and blotched
+with purple. The other parts of the flower are greenish or yellowish, with
+purple stripes, and the petals are usually twisted.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock is of horizontal growth, crooked,
+fleshy, and with numerous wavy, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig. 1.) As found in
+commerce, the rootstocks are from 1 to 4 inches in length, about an eighth of an
+inch in thickness, dark brown, the upper surface showing numerous round
+cup-shaped scars, the remains of former annual stems, and the lower surface
+thickly covered with wavy, wiry, and brittle roots, the latter breaking off
+with a short, white fracture. The odor is rather heavy and disagreeable, and
+the taste is described as sweetish, bitter, and somewhat pungent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Both rootstock and roots are used, and these
+should be collected in autumn, freed from dirt, and carefully dried in the shade.
+These beautiful plants are becoming rare in many localities. Sometimes such
+high-priced drugs as goldenseal and senega are found mixed with the lady’s-slipper,
+but as these are more expensive than the lady’s-slipper, it is not likely
+that they are included with fraudulent intent, and they can be readily distinguished.
+The prices paid to collectors of this root range from 32 to 35 cents
+a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The principal use of lady’s-slipper, which is official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, is as an antispasmodic and nerve tonic, and it has been used for
+the same purposes as valerian.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>CRAWLEY-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i> (Willd.) Nutt.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Corallorhiza, crawley, coralroot, small coralroot,
+small-flowered coralroot, late coralroot, dragon’s-claw, chickentoe, turkey-claw,
+feverroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Rich, shady woods having an abundance of leaf mold
+produce this curious little plant. It may be found in such situations from Maine
+to Florida, westward to Michigan and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This peculiar native perennial, belonging to the orchid
+family (Orchidaceæ), is unlike most other plants, being leafless, and instead
+of a green stem it has a purplish brown, sheathed scape, somewhat swollen or
+bulbous at the base and bearing a clustered head of purplish flowers 2 to 4
+inches long. It does not grow much taller than about a foot in height. (Fig. 4.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The flowers, 6 to 20 in a head, appear from July to September, and consist
+of lance-shaped sepals and petals striped with purple and a broad, whitish,
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>oval lip, generally marked with purple and narrowed at the base. The seed
+capsule is large, oblong, or somewhat globular.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock of this plant is also curious, resembling
+in its formation a piece of coral (fig. 4), on account of which it is known
+by the name “coralroot.” The other common names, such as chickentoe,
+turkey-claw, etc., all have reference to the form of the rootstock. As found in
+commerce, crawley-root consists of small, dark-brown wrinkled pieces, the larger
+ones branched like coral. The taste at first is sweetish, becoming afterwards
+slightly bitter. It has a peculiar odor when fresh, but when dry it is without
+odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Crawley-root should be collected in July or
+August. The price ranges from 20 to 50 cents a pound. Other species of
+Corallorhiza are sometimes collected and are said to probably
+possess similar properties. This root is said to be very
+effective for promoting perspiration, and it is also used as a
+sedative and in fever.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a25.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.</span>—Crawley-root (<i>Corallorhiza odontorhiza</i>). After Torrey’s Flora of New York.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>CANADA SNAKEROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Asarum canadense</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Asarum, wild ginger, Indian ginger,
+Vermont snakeroot, heart-snakeroot, southern snakeroot, black
+snakeroot, colt’s-foot snakeroot, black snakeweed, broad-leaved
+asarabacca, false colt’s-foot, cat’s-foot, colicroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This inconspicuous little plant frequents
+rich woods or rich soil along roadsides from Canada
+south to North Carolina and Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Canada snakeroot is a small, apparently
+stemless perennial, not more than 6 to 12 inches in
+height, and belongs to the birthwort family (Aristolochiaceæ).
+It usually has but two leaves, which are borne
+on slender, finely hairy stems; they are kidney shaped or
+heart shaped, thin, dark green above and paler green on the
+lower surface, strongly veined, and from 4 to 7 inches broad.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The solitary bell-shaped flower is of an unassuming dull
+brown or brownish purple, and this modest color, together
+with its position on the plant, renders it so inconspicuous as
+to escape the notice of the casual observer. It droops from
+a short, slender stalk produced between the two leaf stems
+and is almost hidden under the two leaves, growing so close to the ground that
+it is sometimes buried beneath old leaves, and sometimes the soil must be
+removed before the flower can be seen. It is bell shaped, woolly, the inside
+darker in color than the outside and of a satiny texture. The fruit which
+follows is in the form of a leathery 6-celled capsule. (Pl. III, fig. 2.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Canada snakeroot has a creeping, yellowish rootstock,
+slightly jointed, with thin rootlets produced from joints which occur
+about every half inch or so. (Pl. III, fig. 2.) In the drug trade the rootstock
+is usually found in pieces a few inches in length and about one-eighth of an
+inch in diameter. These are four-angled, crooked, brownish and wrinkled on
+the outside, whitish inside and showing a large central pith, hard and brittle,
+and breaking with a short fracture. The odor is fragrant and the taste spicy
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>and aromatic, and has been said to be intermediate between ginger and serpentaria.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The aromatic root of Canada snakeroot is collected
+in autumn, and the price ranges from 10 to 15 cents a pound. It was
+reported as very scarce in the latter part of the summer of 1906. Canada snakeroot,
+which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880, is
+used as an aromatic, diaphoretic, and carminative.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>SERPENTARIA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div>(1) <i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i> L. and (2) <i>Aristolochia reticulata</i> Nutt.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Serpentaria.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—(1) Virginia serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot, serpentary,
+snakeweed, pelican-flower, snagrel, sangrel, sangree-root; (2) Texas serpentaria,
+Texas snakeroot, Red River snakeroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Virginia serpentaria is found in rich woods from Connecticut
+to Michigan and southward, principally along the Alleghenies, and
+Texas serpentaria occurs in the Southwestern States, growing along river banks
+from Arkansas to Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of Virginia serpentaria.</i>—About midsummer the queerly shaped
+flowers of this native perennial are produced. They are very similar to those
+of the better known “Dutchman’s-pipe,” another species of this genus, which
+is quite extensively grown as an ornamental vine for covering porches and
+trellises. Virginia serpentaria and Texas serpentaria both belong to the birthwort
+family (Aristolochiaceæ). The Virginia serpentaria is nearly erect, the
+slender, wavy stem sparingly branched near the base, and usually growing to about
+a foot in height, sometimes, however, even reaching 3 feet. The leaves are thin,
+ovate, ovate lance shaped or oblong lance shaped, and usually heart shaped at
+the base; they are about 2½ inches long and about 1 or 1½ inches in width. The
+flowers are produced from near the base of the plant, similar to its near relative,
+the Canada snakeroot. They are solitary and terminal, borne on slender, scaly
+branches, dull brownish purple in color, and of a somewhat leathery texture;
+the calyx tube is curiously bent or contorted in the shape of the letter S. The
+fruit is a roundish 6-celled capsule, about half an inch in diameter, and containing
+numerous seeds. (Pl. III, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of Texas serpentaria.</i>—This species has a very wavy stem, with
+oval, heart-shaped, clasping leaves, which are rather thick and strongly reticulated
+or marked with a network of veins; hence the specific name <i>reticulata</i>.
+The entire plant is hairy, with numerous long, coarse hairs. The small, densely
+hairy purplish flowers are also produced from the base of the plant.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstocks.</i>—Serpentaria has a short rootstock with many
+thin, branching, fibrous roots. (Pl. III, fig. 3.) In the dried state it is thin and
+bent, the short remains of stems showing on the upper surface and the under
+surface having numerous thin roots about 4 inches in length, all of a dull
+yellowish brown color, internally white. It has a very agreeable aromatic odor,
+somewhat like camphor, and the taste is described as warm, bitterish, and
+camphoraceous.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Texas serpentaria has a larger rootstock, with fewer roots less interlaced
+than the Virginia serpentaria.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots of serpentaria are collected in autumn.
+Various other roots are sometimes mixed with serpentaria, but as they are
+mostly high-priced drugs, such as goldenseal, pinkroot, senega, and ginseng, their
+presence in a lot of serpentaria is probably accidental, due simply to proximity
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>of growth of these plants. Abscess-root (<i>Polemonium reptans</i> L.) is another
+root with which serpentaria is often adulterated. It is very similar to serpentaria,
+except that it is nearly white. The price of serpentaria ranges from
+35 to 40 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Serpentaria is used for its stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic properties. Both
+species are official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>YELLOW DOCK.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Rumex crispus</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Rumex, curled dock, narrow dock, sour dock. (Fig. 5.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This troublesome weed, introduced from Europe, is now
+found throughout the United States, occurring in cultivated as well as in waste
+ground, among rubbish heaps, and along roadsides.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a27.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 5.</span>—Yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>), first year’s growth.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Yellow dock is a perennial plant belonging to the
+buckwheat family (Polygonaceæ), and has a deep, spindle-shaped root, from
+which arises an erect, angular, and furrowed stem, attaining a height of from 2
+to 4 feet. The stem is branched near the top and leafy, bearing numerous long
+dense clusters formed by drooping groups of inconspicuous green flowers placed
+in circles around the stem. The flowers are produced from June to August, and
+the fruits which follow are in the form of small triangular nuts, like the grain
+of buckwheat, to which family the dock belongs. So long as the fruits are
+green and immature they can scarcely be distinguished from the flowers, but
+as they ripen the clusters take on a rusty-brown color. The leaves of the yellow
+dock are lance shaped, acute, with the margins strongly waved and crisped, the
+lower long-stalked leaves being blunt or heart shaped at the base and from 6 to
+8 inches in length, while those nearer the top are narrower and shorter, only 3
+to 6 inches in length, short stemmed or stemless.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>
+<img src='images/i_a28.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 6.</span>—Broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i>), leaf, fruiting spike, and root.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The broad-leaved dock (<i>Rumex obtusifolius</i> L.) known also as bitter dock,
+common dock, blunt-leaved dock, and butter-dock, is a very common weed found
+in waste places from the New England States to Oregon and south to Florida
+and Texas. It grows to about the same height as the yellow dock, to which it
+bears a close resemblance, differing principally in its more robust habit of
+growth. The stem is stouter than in yellow dock, and the leaves, which likewise
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>are wavy along the margin, are much broader and longer. The green
+flowers appear from June to August and are in rather long, open clusters, the
+groups rather loose and far apart. (Fig. 6.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of roots.</i>—Yellow dock root is large and fleshy, usually from 8
+to 12 inches long, tapering or spindle shaped, with few or no rootlets. When
+dry it is usually twisted and prominently wrinkled, the rather thick, dark,
+reddish brown bark marked with small scars. The inside of the root is whitish
+at first, becoming yellowish. The fracture is short, but shows some splintery
+fibers. The root, as it occurs in commerce, is either entire or occasionally split
+lengthwise.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The darker colored root of the broad-leaved dock has a number of smaller
+branches near the crown and more rootlets. (Fig. 6.) Dock roots have but a
+very faint odor and a bitter, astringent taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The roots should be collected in late summer or
+autumn, after the fruiting tops have turned brown, then washed, either left
+entire or split lengthwise into halves or quarters, and carefully dried. Yellow
+dock root ranges from 4 to 6 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890 “the roots of <i>Rumex crispus</i> and
+of some other species of Rumex” were official, and both of the above-named
+species are used, but the yellow dock (<i>Rumex crispus</i>) is the species most commonly
+employed in medicine. The docks are largely used for purifying the
+blood and in the treatment of skin diseases.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The young root leaves of both of the species mentioned are sometimes used
+in spring as pot herbs.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>POKEWEED.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Phytolacca decandra</i> L.<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c014'><sup>[1]</sup></a></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Phytolacca americana</i> L.<a href='#f1' class='c014'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Phytolacca.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Poke, pigeon-berry, garget, scoke, pocan, coakum,
+Virginian poke, inkberry, red inkberry, American nightshade, cancer-jalap,
+redweed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Pokeweed, a common, familiar, native weed, is found in
+rich, moist soil along fence rows, fields, and uncultivated land from the New
+England States to Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—In Europe, where pokeweed has become naturalized
+from this country, it is regarded as an ornamental garden plant, and, indeed,
+it is very showy and attractive with its reddish purple stems, rich green foliage,
+and clusters of white flowers and dark-purple berries.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The stout, smooth stems, arising from a very large perennial root, attain a
+height of from 3 to 9 feet, and are erect and branched, green at first, then reddish.
+If a piece of the stem is examined, the pith will be seen to be divided
+into disk-shaped parts with hollow spaces between them. The smooth leaves are
+borne on short stems and are about 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, ovate
+or ovate oblong, acute at the apex, and the margins entire. The long-stalked
+clusters of whitish flowers, which appear from July to September, are from 3 to
+4 inches in length, the flowers numerous and borne on reddish stems. In about
+two months the berries will have matured and assumed a rich dark-purple color.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>These smooth and shining purple berries are globular, flattened at both ends,
+and contain black seeds embedded in a rich crimson juice. (Fig. 7.) This plant
+belongs to the pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceæ).</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a30a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 7.</span>—Pokeweed (<i>Phytolacca decandra</i>), flowering and fruiting branch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Pokeweed has a very thick, long, fleshy root, conical in
+shape and branched (fig. 8), very much resembling that of horseradish, and
+poisonous. In commerce it usually occurs in transverse or lengthwise slices,
+the outside a yellowish brown and finely wrinkled
+lengthwise, and thickly encircled with lighter colored
+ridges. It breaks with a fibrous fracture and is yellowish
+gray within. The transverse slices show many
+concentric rings. There is a slight odor and the taste
+is sweetish and acrid. The root when powdered causes
+sneezing.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a30b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 8.</span>—Pokeweed root.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of the pokeweed,
+which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia,
+is collected in the latter part of autumn, thoroughly
+cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise slices,
+and carefully dried. It brings from 2½ to 4 cents a
+pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The root is used for its alterative properties in
+treating various diseases of the skin and blood, and in
+certain cases in relieving pain and allaying inflammation.
+It also acts upon the bowels and causes vomiting.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The berries when fully matured are also used in medicine.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The young and tender shoots of the pokeweed are eaten in spring, like asparagus,
+but bad results may follow if they are not thoroughly cooked or if
+they are cut too close to the root.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>SOAPWORT.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Saponaria officinalis</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Saponaria, saponary, common soapwort, bouncing-bet,
+soaproot, bruisewort, Boston pink, chimney-pink, crow-soap, hedge-pink, oldmaid’s-pink,
+fuller’s-herb, lady-by-the-gate, London-pride, latherwort, mock-gilliflower,
+scourwort, sheepweed, sweet-betty, wild sweet-william, woods-phlox,
+world’s-wonder.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—By one or another of its many common names this plant,
+naturalized from Europe, is known almost everywhere, occurring along roadsides
+and in waste places.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Soapwort is a rather pretty herbaceous perennial, 1 to
+2 feet high, and belonging to the pink family (Silenaceæ). Its smooth, stout,
+and erect stem is leafy and only sparingly branched, the leaves ovate, 2 to 3
+inches long, smooth, prominently ribbed, and pointed at the apex. The bright-looking,
+crowded clusters of pink (or in shady localities whitish) flowers appear
+from about June until far along in September. The five petals of the corolla
+are furnished with long “claws,” or, in other words, they are narrowly lengthened
+toward the base and inserted within the tubular and pale-green calyx.
+The seed capsule is oblong and one-celled. (Pl. III, fig. 4.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Soapwort spreads by means of its stolons, or underground
+runners. But the roots, which are rather long, are the parts employed
+in medicine. These are cylindrical, tapering toward the apex, more or less
+branched, and wrinkled lengthwise. (Pl. III, fig. 4.) The whitish wood is
+covered with a brownish red, rather thick bark, and the root breaks with a
+short, smooth fracture. It is at first sweetish, bitter, and mucilaginous, followed
+by a persistently acrid taste, but it has no odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—As already indicated, the roots, without the runners,
+should be collected either in spring or autumn. With water they form a
+lather, like soap, whence the common names soapwort, soaproot, latherwort, etc.,
+are derived. The price ranges from 5 to 10 cents a pound. The roots are
+employed in medicine for their tonic, alterative, and diaphoretic properties. The
+leaves are also used.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>GOLDENSEAL.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Hydrastis canadensis</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Hydrastis.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Yellowroot, yellow puccoon, orange-root, yellow Indian-paint,
+turmeric-root, Indian turmeric, Ohio curcuma, ground-raspberry, eyeroot,
+eye-balm, yellow-eye, jaundice-root, Indian-dye.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native forest plant occurs in patches in high, open
+woods, and usually on hillsides or bluffs affording natural drainage, from
+southern New York to Minnesota and western Ontario, south to Georgia and
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Goldenseal is now becoming scarce throughout its range. Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky,
+and West Virginia have been the greatest goldenseal-producing States.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Goldenseal is a perennial plant belonging to the same
+family as the buttercup, namely, the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceæ). It
+has a thick yellow rootstock, which sends up an erect hairy stem about 1 foot
+in height, surrounded at the base by 2 or 3 yellowish scales. The yellow color
+of the roots and scales extends up the stem so far as it is covered by soil, while
+the portion of the stem above ground has a purplish color. The stem, which
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>has only two leaves, seems to fork at the top, one branch bearing a large leaf
+and the other a smaller one and a flower. A third leaf, which is much smaller
+than the other two and stemless, is occasionally produced. The leaves are
+palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the lobes broad, acute, sharply and unequally toothed;
+they are prominently veined on the lower surface, and at flowering time, when
+they are very much wrinkled, they are only partially developed, but they continue
+to expand until they are from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, becoming thinner
+in texture and smoother. The upper leaf subtends or incloses the flower bud.
+The greenish white
+flower appears about
+April or May, but it is
+of short duration, lasting
+only five or six
+days. It is less than
+half an inch in diameter
+and, instead of petals,
+has three small
+petal-like sepals, which
+fall away as soon as
+the flower expands,
+leaving only the numerous
+stamens (as
+many as 40 or 50), in
+the center of which
+are about a dozen pistils,
+which finally develop
+into a round,
+fleshy, berry-like head
+which ripens in July
+or August. The fruit
+when ripe turns a
+bright red and resembles
+a large raspberry,
+whence the common
+name “ground-raspberry”
+is derived. It
+contains from 10 to 20
+small, black, shining,
+hard seeds. (Fig. 9.)</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a32.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 9.</span>—Goldenseal (<i>Hydrastis canadensis</i>), flowering plant and fruit.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The
+fresh rootstock
+of goldenseal,
+which has a rank,
+nauseating odor, is bright yellow, both internally and externally, with fibrous
+yellow rootlets produced from the sides. It is from 1½ to 2½ inches in length,
+from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and contains a large
+amount of yellow juice. (Fig. 10.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In the dried state the rootstock is crooked, knotty, and wrinkled, from 1 to
+2 inches in length, and from one-eighth to one-third of an inch in diameter. It
+is of a dull-brown color on the outside and breaks with a clean, short, resinous
+fracture, showing a lemon-yellow color inside. After the rootstock has been
+kept for some time it will become greenish yellow or brown internally and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>its quality impaired. The cup-like depressions or stem scars on the upper
+surface of the rootstock resemble the imprint of a seal, whence the most popular
+name of the plant, goldenseal, is derived. The rootstock as found in commerce
+is almost bare, the fibrous rootlets, which in drying become very wiry and
+brittle, breaking off readily and leaving only small protuberances.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a33.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 10.</span>—Goldenseal rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The odor of the dried rootstock, while not so pronounced as in the fresh
+material, is peculiar, narcotic, and disagreeable. The taste is exceedingly
+bitter, and when the rootstock is chewed there is a persistent acridity, which
+causes an abundant flow of saliva.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root should be collected in autumn after
+the seeds have ripened, freed from soil, and carefully dried. After a dry season
+goldenseal dies down soon after the fruit is mature, so that it often happens
+that by the end of September not a trace of the plant remains above
+ground; but if the season has been moist, the plant
+sometimes persists to the beginning of winter. The
+price of goldenseal ranges from $1 to $1.50 a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Goldenseal, which is official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia, is a useful drug in digestive disorders
+and in certain catarrhal affections of the mucous
+membranes, in the latter instance being administered
+both internally and locally.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Cultivation.</i>—Once so abundant in certain parts
+of the country, especially in the Ohio Valley, goldenseal
+is now becoming scarce throughout its range,
+and in consequence of the increased demand for the
+root, both at home and abroad, its cultivation must
+sooner or later be more generally undertaken in
+order to satisfy the needs of medicine. In some
+parts of the country the cultivation of goldenseal is
+already under way.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The first thing to be considered in growing this
+plant is to furnish it, as nearly as possible, the conditions
+to which it has been accustomed in its native
+forest home. This calls for a well-drained soil,
+rich in humus, and partially shaded. Goldenseal
+stands transplanting well, and the easiest way to
+propagate it is to bring the plants in from the forest
+and transplant them to a properly prepared location, or to collect the rootstocks
+and to cut them into as many pieces as there are buds, planting these pieces in a
+deep, loose, well-prepared soil, and mulching, adding new mulch each year to
+renew the humus. With such a soil the cultivation of goldenseal is simple, and
+it will be necessary chiefly to keep down the weeds.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The plants may be grown in rows 1 foot apart and 6 inches apart in the row,
+or they may be grown in beds 4 to 8 feet wide, with walks between. Artificial
+shade will be necessary, and this is supplied by the erection of lath sheds. The
+time required to obtain a marketable crop is from two to three years.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Detailed information regarding the experiments made by the Department will
+be found in another publication.<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c014'><sup>[2]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>GOLDTHREAD.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Coptis trifolia</i> (L.) Salisb.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Coptis, cankerroot, mouthroot, yellowroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This pretty little perennial is native in damp, mossy
+woods and bogs from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota. It
+is most common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan,
+and in Canada, where it frequents the dark sphagnum swamps, cold bogs, and
+the shade of dense forests of cedars, pines, and other evergreens.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Anyone familiar with this attractive little plant will
+agree that it is well named. The roots of goldthread, running not far beneath
+the surface of the ground, are indeed like so many tangled threads of gold.
+The plant in the general appearance of its leaves and flowers very closely resembles
+the strawberry plant. It is of low growth, only 3 to 6 inches in height,
+and belongs to the crowfoot family (Ranunculaceæ). The leaves are all basal,
+and are borne on long, slender stems; they are evergreen, dark green and shining
+on the upper surface and lighter green beneath, divided into three parts, which
+are prominently veined and toothed. A single small, white, star-shaped flower
+is borne at the ends of
+the flowering stalks, appearing
+from May to August.
+(Fig. 11.) The 5
+to 7 sepals or lobes of the
+calyx are white and like
+petals, and the petals of
+the corolla, 5 to 7 in
+number, are smaller, club
+shaped, and yellow at
+the base. The seed pods
+are stalked, oblong,
+compressed, spreading,
+tipped with the persistent
+style, and containing
+small black seeds.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a34.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 11.</span>—Goldthread (<i>Coptis trifolia</i>). After Lloyd’s Drugs and Medicines of North America.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Goldthread
+has a long, slender, creeping root, which is much branched and frequently
+matted. (Fig. 11.) The color of these roots is a bright golden yellow.
+As found in the stores, goldthread consists usually of tangled masses of these
+golden-yellow roots, mixed with the leaves and stems of the plant, but the root is
+the part prescribed for use. The root is bitter and has no odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The time for collecting goldthread is in autumn.
+After removing the covering of dead leaves and moss, the creeping
+yellow roots of goldthread will be seen very close to the surface of the
+ground, from which they can be very easily pulled. They should, of course, be
+carefully dried. As already stated, although the roots and rootlets are the
+parts to be used, the commercial article is freely mixed with the leaves and
+stems of the plant. Evidences of the pine-woods home of this plant, in the form
+of pine needles and bits of moss, are often seen in the goldthread received for
+market. Goldthread brings from 60 to 70 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Indians and early white settlers used this little root as a remedy for
+various forms of ulcerated and sore mouth, and it is still used as a wash or
+gargle for affections of this sort. It is also employed as a bitter tonic.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Goldthread was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>BLACK COHOSH.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i> (L.) Nutt.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Actaea racemosa</i> L.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Cimicifuga.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, rattle-snakeroot,
+rattleroot, rattleweed, rattletop, richweed, squawroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Although preferring the shade of rich woods, black
+cohosh will grow occasionally in sunny situations in fence corners and woodland
+pastures. It is most abundant in the Ohio Valley, but it occurs from Maine
+to Wisconsin, south
+along the Allegheny
+Mountains to Georgia,
+and westward to
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of
+plant.</i>—Rising to a
+height of 3 to 8 feet,
+the showy, delicate-flowered
+spikes of the
+black cohosh tower
+above most of the
+other woodland
+flowers, making it a
+conspicuous plant in
+the woods and one
+that can be easily
+recognized.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a35.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 12.</span>—Black cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga racemosa</i>), leaves, flowering spikes, and rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>Black cohosh is
+an indigenous perennial
+plant belonging
+to the same family
+as the goldenseal,
+namely, the crowfoot
+family (Ranunculaceæ).
+The tall stem,
+sometimes 8 feet in
+height, is rather
+slender and leafy, the
+leaves consisting of
+three leaflets, which
+are again divided
+into threes. The leaflets
+are about 2 inches long, ovate, sharp pointed at the apex, thin and smooth,
+variously lobed, and the margins sharply toothed. The graceful, spikelike terminal
+cluster of flowers, which is produced from June to August, is from 6 inches
+to 2 feet in length. (Fig. 12.) Attractive as these flower clusters are to the eye,
+they generally do not prove attractive very long to those who may gather them
+for their beauty, since the flowers emit an offensive odor, which accounts for
+some of the common names applied to this plant, namely, bugbane and bugwort,
+it having been thought that this odor was efficacious in driving away bugs.
+The flowers do not all open at one time, and thus there may be seen buds, blossoms,
+and seed pods on one spike. The buds are white and globular, and as
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>they expand in flower there is practically nothing to the flower but very numerous
+white stamens and the pistil, but the stamens spread out around the pistil
+in such a manner as to give to the spike a somewhat feathery or fluffy appearance
+which is very attractive. The seed pods are dry, thick and leathery, ribbed,
+and about one-fourth of an inch long, with a small beak at the end. The
+smooth brown seeds are inclosed within the pods in two rows. Anyone going
+through the woods in winter may find the seed pods, full of seeds, still clinging
+to the dry, dead stalk, and the rattling of the seeds in the pods as the wind
+passes over them has given rise to the common names rattle-snakeroot (not
+“rattlesnake”-root), rattleweed, rattletop, and rattleroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock (fig. 12) is large, horizontal, and
+knotty or rough and irregular in appearance. The upper surface of the rootstock
+is covered with numerous round scars and stumps, the remains of former
+leaf stems, and on the fresh rootstocks may be seen the young, pinkish white
+buds which are to furnish the next season’s growth. From the lower part of the
+rootstock long, fleshy roots are produced. The fresh rootstock is very dark
+reddish brown on the outside, white within, showing a large central pith from
+which radiate rays of a woody texture, and on breaking the larger roots also
+the woody rays will be seen in the form of a cross. On drying, the rootstock
+becomes hard and turns much darker, both internally and externally, but the
+peculiar cross formation of the woody rays in both rootstock and roots, being
+lighter in color, is plainly seen without the aid of a magnifying glass. The
+roots in drying become wiry and brittle and break off very readily. Black
+cohosh has a heavy odor and a bitter, acrid taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root should be collected after the fruit has
+ripened, usually in September. The price ranges from 2 to 3 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Indians had long regarded black cohosh as a valuable medicinal plant,
+not only for the treatment of snake bites, but it was also a very popular remedy
+among their women, and it is to-day considered of value as an alterative,
+emmenagogue, and sedative, and is recognized as official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>OREGON GRAPE.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Berberis aquifolium</i> Pursh.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Berberis.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Rocky Mountain grape, holly-leaved barberry, California
+barberry, trailing Mahonia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This shrub is native in woods in rich soil among rocks
+from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean, but it is especially abundant in Oregon
+and northern California.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Oregon grape is a low-growing shrub, resembling somewhat
+the familiar Christmas holly of the Eastern States, and, in fact, was first
+designated as “mountain-holly” by members of the Lewis and Clark expedition
+on their way through the western country. It belongs to the barberry
+family (Berberidaceæ), and grows about 2 to 6 feet in height, the branches
+sometimes trailing. The leaves consist of from 5 to 9 leaflets, borne in pairs,
+with an odd leaflet at the summit. They are from 2 to 3 inches long and about
+1 inch wide, evergreen, thick, leathery, oblong or oblong ovate in outline, smooth
+and shining above, the margins provided with thorny spines or teeth. The
+numerous small yellow flowers appear in April or May and are borne in erect,
+clustered heads. The fruit consists of a cluster of blue or bluish purple
+berries, having a pleasant taste, and each containing from three to nine seeds.
+(Pl. IV, fig. 1.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span><i>Other species.</i>—While <i>Berberis aquifolium</i> is generally designated as the
+source of Oregon grape root, other species of Berberis are met with in the
+market under the name grape root, and their use is sanctioned by the United
+States Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The species most commonly collected with <i>Berberis aquifolium</i> is <i>B. nervosa</i>
+Pursh, which is also found in woods from California northward to Oregon and
+Washington. This is 9 to 16 inches in height, with a conspicuously jointed
+stem and 11 to 17 bright-green leaflets.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Another species of Berberis, <i>B. pinnata</i> Lag., attains a height of from a few
+inches to 5 feet, with from 5 to 9, but sometimes more, leaflets, which are shining
+above and paler beneath. This resembles <i>aquifolium</i> very closely and is often
+mistaken for it, but it is said that it has not been used by the medical profession,
+unless in local practice.<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c014'><sup>[3]</sup></a> The root also is about the same size as that of
+<i>aquifolium</i>, while the root of <i>nervosa</i> is smaller.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Some works speak of <i>Berberis repens</i> Lindl. as another species often collected
+with <i>aquifolium</i>, but in the latest botanical manuals no such species is recognized,
+<i>B. repens</i> being given simply as a synonym for <i>B. aquifolium</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock and roots of Oregon grape are more
+or less knotty, in irregular pieces of varying lengths, and about an inch or less
+in diameter, with brownish bark and hard and tough yellow wood, showing a
+small pith and narrow rays. Oregon grape root has a very bitter taste and
+very slight odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Oregon grape root is collected in autumn and
+brings from 10 to 12 cents a pound. The bark should <i>not</i> be removed from the
+rootstocks, as the Pharmacopœia directs that such roots be rejected.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This root has long been used in domestic practice throughout the West as a
+tonic and blood purifier, and is now official in the United States Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The berries are used in making preserves and cooling drinks.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>BLUE COHOSH.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> (L.) Michx.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Caulophyllum, pappoose-root, squawroot, blueberry-root,
+blue ginseng, yellow ginseng. (Pl. IV, fig. 2.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Blue cohosh is found in the deep rich loam of shady
+woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska, being
+abundant especially throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This member of the barberry family (Berberidaceæ) is
+a perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet in height, and indigenous to this country. It bears
+at the top one large, almost stemless leaf, which is triternately compound—that
+is, the main leaf stem divides into three stems, which again divide into
+threes, and each division bears three leaflets. Sometimes there is a smaller
+leaf, but similar to the other, at the base of the flowering branch. The leaflets
+are thin in texture, oval, oblong, or obovate, and 3 to 5 lobed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In the early stage of its growth this plant is covered with a sort of bluish
+green bloom, but it gradually loses this and becomes smooth. The flowers are
+borne in a small terminal panicle or head, and are small and greenish yellow.
+They appear from April to May, while the leaf is still small. The globular
+seeds, which ripen about August, are borne on stout stalks in membranous
+capsules and resemble dark-blue berries.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The thick crooked rootstock of blue cohosh is almost
+concealed by the mass of matted roots which surrounds it. There are numerous
+cup-shaped scars and small branches on the upper surface of the rootstock,
+while the lower surface gives off numerous long, crooked, matted roots. Some
+of the scars are depressed below the surface of the rootstock, while others are
+raised above it. The outside is brownish and the inside tough and woody.
+Blue cohosh possesses a slight odor and a sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid
+taste. In the powdered state it causes sneezing.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in the fall. Very often the roots
+of goldenseal or twinleaf are found mixed with those of blue cohosh. The price
+of blue cohosh root ranges from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Blue cohosh, official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia for 1890, is used as a demulcent,
+antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and diuretic.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>TWINLEAF.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i> (L.) Pers.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Jeffersonia, rheumatism-root,
+helmetpod, ground-squirrel pea, yellowroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Twinleaf inhabits rich
+shady woods from New York to Virginia and
+westward to Wisconsin.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous
+perennial is only about 6 to 8 inches in height
+when in flower. At the fruiting stage it is
+frequently 18 inches in height. It is one of our
+early spring plants, and its white flower, resembling
+that of bloodroot, is produced as early as
+April.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a38.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 13.</span>—Twinleaf (<i>Jeffersonia diphylla</i>), plant and seed capsule. (After Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The long-stemmed, smooth leaves, produced in
+pairs and arising from the base of the plant,
+are rather oddly formed. They are about 3 to
+6 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, heart shaped
+or kidney shaped, but parted lengthwise into two
+lobes or divisions, really giving the appearance
+of two leaves; hence the common name “twinleaf.” The flower with its eight
+oblong, spreading white petals measures about 1 inch across, and is borne
+at the summit of a slender stalk arising from the root. The many-seeded
+capsule is about 1 inch long, leathery, somewhat pear shaped, and opening
+halfway around near the top, the upper part forming a sort of lid. (Fig. 13.)
+Twinleaf belongs to the barberry family (Berberidaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Twinleaf has a horizontal rootstock, with many
+fibrous, much-matted roots, and is very similar to that of blue cohosh, but not
+so long. It is thick, knotty, yellowish brown externally, with a resinous bark,
+and internally yellowish. The inner portion is nearly tasteless, but the bark
+has a bitter and acrid taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock is collected in autumn, and is used
+as a diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a stimulating diaphoretic. Large
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>doses are said to be emetic and smaller doses tonic and expectorant. The price
+paid for twinleaf root ranges from about 5 to 7 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>MAY-APPLE.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Podophyllum peltatum</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Podophyllum.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Mandrake, wild mandrake, American mandrake,
+wild lemon, ground-lemon, hog-apple, devil’s-apple, Indian apple, raccoon-berry,
+duck’s-foot, umbrella-plant, vegetable calomel.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—The May-apple is an indigenous plant, found in low
+woods, usually growing
+in patches, from
+western Quebec to
+Minnesota, south to
+Florida and Texas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of
+plant.</i>—A patch of
+May-apple can be distinguished
+from afar,
+the smooth, dark-green
+foliage and close and
+even stand making it
+a conspicuous feature
+of the woodland vegetation.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a39.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 14.</span>—May-apple (<i>Podophyllum peltatum</i>), upper portion of plant with flower, and rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>May-apple is a perennial
+plant, and belongs
+to the barberry
+family (Berberidaceæ).
+It is erect, and
+grows about 1 foot in
+height. The leaves are
+only two in number,
+circular in outline, but
+with five to seven deep
+lobes, the lobes 2 cleft,
+and toothed at the
+apex; they are dark
+green above, the lower surface lighter green and somewhat hairy or smooth, sometimes
+1 foot in diameter, and borne on long leafstalks which are fixed to the center
+of the leaf, giving it an umbrella-like appearance. The waxy-white, solitary
+flower, sometimes 2 inches in diameter, appears in May, nodding on its short stout
+stalk, generally right between the two large umbrella-like leaves, which shade
+it and hide it from view. (Fig. 14.) The fruit which follows is lemon shaped,
+at first green, then yellow, about 2 inches in length, and edible, although
+when eaten immoderately it is known to have produced bad effects.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In a patch of May-apple plants there are always a number of sterile or
+flowerless stalks, which bear leaves similar to those of the flowering plants.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The horizontally creeping rootstock of May-apple
+(fig. 14), when taken from the ground, is from 1 to 6 feet or more in length,
+flexible, smooth, and round, dark brown on the outside and whitish and
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>fleshy within; at intervals of a few inches are thickened joints, on the upper
+surface of which are round stem scars and on the lower side a tuft of rather
+stout roots. Sometimes the rootstock bears lateral branches. The dried
+rootstock, as it occurs in the stores, is in irregular, somewhat cylindrical
+pieces, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, yellowish brown or dark brown externally,
+whitish to pale brown internally, breaking with a short, sharp fracture,
+the surface of which is mealy. The odor is slight and the taste at first
+sweetish, becoming very bitter and acrid.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The proper time for collecting the rootstock
+is in the latter half of September or in October. The price paid for May-apple
+root ranges from 3 to 6 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>May-apple root, which is recognized as official in the United States Pharmacopœia,
+is an active cathartic, and was known as such to the Indians.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>CANADA MOONSEED.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Menispermum canadense</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Menispermum, yellow parilla, Texas sarsaparilla, yellow
+sarsaparilla, vine-maple. (Pl. IV, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Canada moonseed is usually found along streams in
+woods, climbing over bushes, its range extending from Canada to Georgia and
+Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native perennial woody climber reaches a length
+of from 6 to 12 feet, the round, rather slender stem bearing very broad, slender-stalked
+leaves. These leaves are from 4 to 8 inches wide, smooth and green on
+the upper surface and paler beneath, roundish in outline and entire, or sometimes
+lobed and resembling the leaves of some of our maples, whence the common
+name “vine-maple” is probably derived. The bases of the leaves are
+generally heart shaped and the apex pointed or blunt. In July the loose clusters
+of small yellowish or greenish white flowers are produced, followed in September
+by bunches of black one-seeded fruit, covered with a “bloom” and very much
+resembling grapes. Canada moonseed belongs to the moonseed family (Menispermaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock and roots are employed in medicine.
+In the stores it will be found in long, straight pieces, sometimes 3 feet in length,
+only about one-fourth of an inch in thickness, yellowish brown or grayish brown,
+finely wrinkled lengthwise, and giving off fine, hairlike, branched, brownish
+roots from joints which occur every inch or so. The inside shows a distinct
+white pith of variable thickness and a yellowish white wood with broad, porous
+wood rays, the whole breaking with a tough, woody fracture. It has practically
+no odor, but a bitter taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Canada moonseed is collected in autumn, and
+brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound. It is used as a tonic, alterative, and diuretic,
+and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia for 1890.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>BLOODROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Sanguinaria.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Redroot, red puccoon, red Indian-paint, puccoon-root,
+coonroot, white puccoon, pauson, snakebite, sweet-slumber, tetterwort, turmeric.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Bloodroot is found in rich, open woods from Canada
+south to Florida and west to Arkansas and Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span><i>Description of plant.</i>—This indigenous plant is among the earliest of our
+spring flowers, the waxy-white blossom, enfolded by the grayish green leaf,
+usually making its appearance early in April. The stem and root contain a
+blood-red juice. Bloodroot is a perennial, and belongs to the same family as
+the opium poppy, the Papaveraceæ. Each bud on the thick, horizontal rootstock
+produces but a single leaf and a flowering scape, reaching about 6 inches
+in height (fig. 15). The plant is smooth, and both stem and leaves, especially
+when young, present a grayish green appearance, being covered with a “bloom”
+such as is found on some fruits. The leaves are palmately 5 to 9 lobed, the
+lobes either cleft at the apex or having a wavy margin, and are borne on leaf
+stems about 6 to 14 inches long. After the plants have
+ceased flowering the leaves, at first only 3 inches long
+and 4 to 5 inches broad, continue to expand until they
+are about 4 to 7 inches long and 6 to 12 inches broad.
+The under side of the leaf is paler than the upper side
+and shows prominent veins. The flower measures about
+1 inch across, is white, rather waxlike in appearance,
+with numerous golden-yellow stamens in the center. The
+petals soon fall off, and the oblong, narrow seed pod develops,
+attaining a length of about an inch.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—When dug out of the ground
+bloodroot is rather thick, round, and fleshy, slightly
+curved at the ends, and contains a quantity of blood-red
+juice. It is from 1 to 4 inches in length, from ½ to 1
+inch in thickness, externally reddish brown, internally a
+bright-red blood color, and produces many thick, orange-colored
+rootlets. (Fig. 15.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The rootstock shrinks considerably in drying, the outside
+turning dark brown and the inside orange-red or
+yellowish with numerous small red dots, and it breaks
+with a short, sharp fracture. It has but a slight odor,
+and the taste is bitter and acrid and very persistent.
+The powdered root causes sneezing.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a41.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 15.</span>—Bloodroot (<i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i>), flowering plant with rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock should be
+collected in autumn, after the leaves have died, and after
+curing it should be stored in a dry place, as it rapidly
+deteriorates if allowed to become moist. Age also impairs
+its activity. The price paid to collectors for this root ranges from about
+5 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Bloodroot was well known to the American Indians, who used the red juice
+as a dye for skins and baskets and for painting their faces and bodies. It is
+official in the United States Pharmacopœia, and is used as a tonic, alterative,
+stimulant, and emetic.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>HYDRANGEA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Wild hydrangea, seven-barks.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Hydrangea frequents rocky river banks and ravines
+from the southern part of New York to Florida, and westward to Iowa and Missouri,
+being especially abundant in the valley of the Delaware and southward.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Hydrangea is an indigenous shrub, 5 to 6 feet or more
+in height, with weak twigs, slender leaf stems and thin leaves. It belongs to the
+hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceæ). The leaves are oval or sometimes heart
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, sharply toothed, green on both sides, the upper smooth
+and the lower sometimes hairy. The shrub is in flower from June to July, producing
+loose, branching, terminal heads of small, greenish white flowers, followed
+by membranous, usually 2-celled capsules, which contain numerous seeds.
+(Pl. IV, fig. 4.) Sometimes hydrangea will flower a second time, early in fall.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A peculiar characteristic of this shrub, and one that has given rise to the
+common name “seven-barks,” is the peeling off of the stem bark, which comes
+off in several successive layers of thin, different colored bark.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The root is roughly branched and when first taken from
+the ground is very juicy, but after drying it becomes hard. The smooth white
+and tough wood is covered with a thin, pale-yellow or light-brown bark, which
+readily scales off. The wood is tasteless, but the bark has a pleasant aromatic
+taste, becoming somewhat pungent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Hydrangea root is collected in autumn, and as it
+becomes very tough after drying and difficult to bruise it is best to cut the
+root in short transverse pieces while it is fresh and still juicy and dry it in
+this way. The price ranges from 2 to 7 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Hydrangea has diuretic properties and is said to have been much used by
+the Cherokees and early settlers in calculous complaints.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>INDIAN-PHYSIC.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> (L.) Britton.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Gillenia trifoliata</i> Moench.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Gillenia, bowman’s-root, false ipecac, western dropwort,
+Indian-hippo.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Indian-physic is native in rich woods from New York to
+Michigan, south to Georgia and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The reddish stems of this slender, graceful perennial of
+the rose family (Rosaceæ) are about 2 to 3 feet high, several erect and branched
+stems being produced from the same root. The leaves are almost stemless and
+trifoliate; that is, composed of three leaflets. They are ovate or lanceolate, 2
+to 3 inches long, narrowed at the base, smooth, and toothed. The nodding, white
+or pinkish flowers are few, produced in loose terminal clusters from May to
+July. (Pl. V, fig. 1.) The five petals are long, narrowed or tapering toward the
+base, white or pinkish, and inserted in the tubular, somewhat bell-shaped, red-tinged
+calyx. The seed pods are slightly hairy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>At the base of the leaf stems are small leaflike parts, called stipules, which
+in this species are very small, linear, and entire. In the following species,
+which is very similar to <i>trifoliatus</i> and collected with it, the stipules, however,
+are so much larger that they form a prominent character, which has given rise
+to its specific name, <i>stipulatus</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Porteranthus stipulatus</i> (Muhl.) Britton (Syn. <i>Gillenia stipulacea</i> Nutt.) is
+found in similar situations as <i>P. trifoliatus</i>, but generally farther west, its range
+extending from western New York to Indiana and Kansas, south to Alabama,
+Louisiana, and Indian Territory. The general appearance of this plant is very
+similar to that of <i>P. trifoliatus</i>. It grows to about the same height, but is generally
+more hairy, the leaflets narrower and more deeply toothed, and the
+flowers perhaps a trifle smaller. The stipules, however, will generally serve to
+distinguish it. These are large, broad, ovate, acute at the apex, sharply and
+deeply notched, and so much like leaves that but for their position at the base
+of the leaf stems they might easily be mistaken for them.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>With the exception of the name American ipecac applied to this plant, the
+common names of <i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> are also used for <i>P. stipulatus</i>.
+The roots of both species are collected and used for the same purposes.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span><i>Description of roots.</i>—The root of <i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i> is thick and
+knotty, with many smoothish, reddish brown rootlets (Pl. V, fig. 1), the latter
+in drying becoming wrinkled lengthwise and showing a few transverse fissures
+or breaks in the bark,
+and the interior white
+and woody. There is
+practically no odor, and
+the woody portion is
+tasteless, but the bark,
+which is readily separable,
+is bitter, increasing
+the flow of saliva.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Porteranthus stipulatus</i>
+has a larger, more knotty
+root, with rootlets that
+are more wavy, constricted,
+or marked with
+numerous transverse
+rings, and the bark fissured
+or breaking from
+the white woody portion
+at frequent intervals.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and
+uses.</i>—The roots of both
+species are collected in
+autumn. The price ranges
+from 2 to 4 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Indian-physic or bowman’s
+root, as these
+names imply, was a popular
+remedy with the Indians,
+who used it as an
+emetic. From them the
+white settlers learned of
+its properties, and it is
+still used for its emetic
+action. This drug was at
+one time official in the United States Pharmacopœia, from 1820 to 1880. Its
+action is said to resemble that of ipecac.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a43.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 16.</span>—Wild indigo (<i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>), branch showing flowers and seed pods. (Modified from Barton’s Vegetable Materia Medica.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>WILD INDIGO.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Baptisia tinctoria</i> (L.) R. Br.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Baptisia, indigo-weed, yellow indigo, American indigo,
+yellow broom, indigo-broom, clover-broom, broom-clover, horsefly-weed, shoofly,
+rattlebush.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This native herb grows on dry, poor land, and is found
+from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Many who have been brought up in the country will
+recognize in the wild indigo the plant so frequently used by farmers, especially
+in Virginia and Maryland, to keep flies away from horses, bunches of it being
+fastened to the harness for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Wild indigo grows about 2 to 3 feet in height, and the cloverlike blossoms and
+leaves will show at once that it belongs to the same family as the common
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>clover, namely, the pea family (Fabaceæ). It is an erect, much-branched,
+very leafy plant, of compact growth, the 3-leaved, bluish green foliage somewhat
+resembling clover leaves. The flowers, as already stated, are like common
+clover flowers—that is, not like clover heads, but the single flowers
+composing these; they are bright yellow, about one-half inch in length, and
+are produced in numerous clusters which appear from June to September.
+The seed pods, on stalks longer than the calyx, are nearly globular or ovoid
+and are tipped with an awl-shaped style. (Fig. 16.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Another species, said to possess properties similar to those of <i>Baptisia tinctoria</i>,
+and substituted for it, is <i>B. alba</i> R. Br., called the white wild indigo.
+This plant has white flowers and is found in the Southern States and on the
+plains of the Western States.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Wild indigo has a thick, knotty crown or head, with
+several stem scars, and a round, fleshy root, sending out cylindrical branches
+and rootlets almost 2 feet in length. The white woody interior is covered with
+a thick, dark-brown bark, rather scaly or dotted with small, wartlike excrescences.
+The root breaks with a tough, fibrous fracture. There is a scarcely
+perceptible odor, and the taste, which resides chiefly in the bark, is nauseous,
+bitter, and acrid.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of wild indigo is collected in autumn,
+and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Large doses of wild indigo are emetic and cathartic and may prove dangerous.
+It also has stimulant, astringent, and antiseptic properties, and is used as a
+local application to sores, ulcers, etc.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The herb is sometimes employed like the root, and the entire plant was
+official from 1830 to 1840.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In some sections the young tender shoots are used for greens, like those of
+the pokeweed, but great care must be exercised to gather them before they are
+too far advanced in growth, as otherwise bad results will follow.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A blue coloring matter has been prepared from the plant and used as a substitute
+for indigo, to which, however, it is very much inferior.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>CRANE’S-BILL.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Geranium maculatum</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Geranium.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Spotted crane’s-bill, wild crane’s-bill, stork’s-bill,
+spotted geranium, wild geranium, alumroot, alumbloom, chocolate-flower, crowfoot,
+dovefoot, old-maid’s-nightcap, shameface.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Crane’s-bill flourishes in low grounds and open woods
+from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This pretty perennial plant belongs to the geranium
+family (Geraniaceæ), and will grow sometimes to a height of 2 feet, but more
+generally it is only about a foot in height. The entire plant is more or less
+covered with hairs, and is erect and usually unbranched. The leaves are nearly
+circular or somewhat heart shaped in outline, 3 to 6 inches wide, deeply parted
+into three or five parts, each division again cleft and toothed. The basal
+leaves are borne on long stems, while those above have shorter stems. The
+flowers, which appear from April to June, are borne in a loose cluster; they
+are rose purple, pale or violet purple in color, about 1 inch or 1½ inches wide,
+the petals delicately veined and woolly at the base, and the sepals or calyx lobes
+with a bristle-shaped point, soft-hairy, the margins having a fringe of more
+bristly hairs. The fruit consists of a beaked capsule, springing open elastically,
+and dividing into five cells, each cell containing one seed. (Fig. 17.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—When removed from the earth, the rootstock of
+crane’s-bill (fig. 17) is about 2 to 4 inches long, thick, with numerous branches
+bearing the young buds for next season’s growth, and scars showing the remains
+of stems of previous years, brown outside, white and fleshy internally, and with
+several stout roots. When dry, the rootstock turns a darker brown, is finely
+wrinkled externally, and has a rough, spiny appearance, caused by the shrinking
+of the buds and branches and the numerous stem scars with which the root is
+studded. Internally it
+is of a somewhat purplish
+color. Crane’s-bill
+root is without
+odor and the taste is
+very astringent.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a45.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 17.</span>—Crane’s-bill (<i>Geranium maculatum</i>), flowering plant, showing also seed pods and rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and
+uses.</i>—Crane’s-bill root
+depends for its medicinal
+value on its astringent
+properties, and
+as its astringency is
+due to the tannin content,
+the root should, of
+course, be collected at
+that season of the year
+when it is richest in
+that constituent. Experiments
+have proved
+that the yield of tannin
+in crane’s-bill is
+greatest just before
+flowering, which is in
+April or May, according
+to locality. It
+should, therefore, be
+collected just before
+the flowering period,
+and not, as is commonly
+the case, in autumn.
+The price of this
+root ranges from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Crane’s-bill root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is
+used as a tonic and astringent.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>SENECA SNAKEROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Polygala senega</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Senega.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Senega snakeroot, Seneca-root, rattlesnake-root,
+mountain-flax.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Rocky woods and hillsides are the favorite haunts of
+this indigenous plant. It is found in such situations from New Brunswick
+and western New England to Minnesota and the Canadian Rocky Mountains,
+and south along the Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The perennial root of this useful little plant sends
+up a number of smooth, slender, erect stems (as many as 15 to 20 or more),
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>sometimes slightly tinged with red, from 6 inches to a foot in height, and
+generally unbranched. The leaves alternate on the stem, are lance shaped
+or oblong lance shaped, thin in texture, 1 to 2 inches long, and stemless.
+The flowering spikes are borne on the ends of the stems and consist of rather
+crowded, small, greenish white, insignificant flowers. The flowering period
+of Seneca snakeroot is from May to June. The spike blossoms gradually,
+and when the lowermost flowers have already fruited the upper part of the
+spike is still in flower. The seed capsules are small and contain two black,
+somewhat hairy seeds. (Fig. 18.) The short slender stalks supporting these
+seed capsules have a tendency to break off from the main axis before the
+seed is fully mature, leaving the spike in a rather ragged-looking condition,
+and the yield of seed, therefore, is not very large. Seneca snakeroot belongs to
+the milkwort family
+(Polygalaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>A form of Seneca
+snakeroot, growing
+mostly in the North-Central
+States and
+distinguished by its
+taller stems and
+broader leaves, has
+been called <i>Polygala
+senega</i> var. <i>latifolia</i>.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a46.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 18.</span>—Seneca snakeroot (<i>Polygala senega</i>), flowering plant with root.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of
+root.</i>—Seneca snakeroot
+(fig. 18) is described
+in the United
+States Pharmacopœia
+as follows:
+“Somewhat cylindrical,
+tapering, more
+or less flexuous, 3 to
+15 cm. long and 2 to
+8 mm. thick, bearing
+several similar horizontal
+branches and
+a few rootlets; crown
+knotty with numerous
+buds and short
+stem remnants; externally
+yellowish
+gray or brownish
+yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, usually marked by a keel which is more prominent
+in perfectly dry roots near the crown; fracture short, wood light yellow,
+usually excentrically developed; odor slight, nauseating; taste sweetish, afterwards
+acrid.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The Seneca snakeroots found in commerce vary greatly in size, that obtained
+from the South, which is really the official drug, being usually light colored and
+small. The principal supply of Seneca snakeroot now comes from Minnesota,
+Wisconsin, and farther northward, and this western Seneca snakeroot has a
+much larger, darker root, with a crown or head sometimes measuring 2 or 3
+inches across and the upper part of the root very thick. It is also less twisted
+and not so distinctly keeled.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>Seneca snakeroot is often much adulterated with the roots of other species
+of Polygala and of other plants.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The time for collecting Seneca snakeroot is in
+autumn. Labor conditions play a great part in the rise and fall of prices for
+this drug. It is said that very little Seneca snakeroot has been dug in the
+Northwest during 1906, due to the fact that the Indians and others who usually
+engage in this work were so much in demand as farm hands and railroad
+laborers, which paid them far better than the digging of Seneca snakeroot.
+Collectors receive from about 55 to 70 cents a pound for this root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This drug, first brought into prominence as a cure for snake bite among the
+Indians, is now employed as an expectorant, emetic, and diuretic. It is official
+in the Pharmacopœia of the United States.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>STILLINGIA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Stillingia sylvatica</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Stillingia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Queen’s-delight, queen’s-root, silverleaf, nettle-potato.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This plant is found in dry, sandy soil and in pine
+barrens from Maryland to
+Florida west to Kansas and
+Texas.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a47.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 19.</span>—Stillingia (<i>Stillingia sylvatica</i>), upper portion of plant and part of spike showing male flowers. (After Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Like
+most of the other members of
+the spurge family (Euphorbiaceæ)
+stillingia also contains
+a milky juice. This indigenous,
+herbaceous perennial is about
+1 to 3 feet in height, bright
+green and somewhat fleshy,
+with crowded leaves of a somewhat
+leathery texture. The
+leaves are practically stemless
+and vary greatly in form,
+from lance shaped, oblong, to
+oval and elliptical, round
+toothed or saw toothed. The
+pale-yellow flowers, which appear
+from April to October,
+are borne in a dense terminal
+spike and consist of two kinds,
+male and female, the male
+flowers arranged in dense
+clusters around the upper
+part of the stalk and the
+female flowers occurring at
+the base of the spike. (Fig.
+19.) The seeds are contained
+in a roundish 3-lobed capsule.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Stillingia consists of somewhat cylindrical or slenderly
+spindle-shaped roots from 6 inches to a foot in length, slightly branched, the
+yellowish white, porous wood covered with a rather thick, reddish brown,
+wrinkled bark, the whole breaking with a fibrous fracture. As found in commerce,
+stillingia is usually in short transverse sections, the ends of the sections
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>pinkish and fuzzy with numerous fine, silky bast fibers, and the bark showing
+scattered yellowish brown resin cells and milk ducts. It has a peculiar
+unpleasant odor, and a bitter, acrid, and pungent taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Stillingia root is collected late in autumn or
+early in spring, usually cut into short, transverse sections and dried. The price
+ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, has been a
+popular drug in the South for more than a century, and is employed principally
+as an alterative.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>WILD SARSAPARILLA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Aralia nudicaulis</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—False sarsaparilla, Virginian sarsaparilla, American
+sarsaparilla, small spikenard, rabbit’s-root, shotbush, wild licorice.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Wild sarsaparilla grows in rich, moist woods from Newfoundland
+west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to the ginseng
+family (Araliaceæ), produces a single, long-stalked leaf and flowering
+stalk from a very short stem, both surrounded or sheathed at the base by thin,
+dry scales. The leafstalk is about 12 inches long, divided at the top into three
+parts, each division bearing five oval, toothed leaflets from 2 to 5 inches long,
+the veins on the lower surface sometimes hairy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The naked flowering stalk bears three spreading clusters of small, greenish
+flowers, each cluster consisting of from 12 to 30 flowers, produced from May to
+June, followed later in the season by purplish black roundish berries, about
+the size of the common elderberries. (Pl. V, fig. 2.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—Wild sarsaparilla rootstock has a very fragrant,
+aromatic odor. Rabbits are said to be very fond of it, whence one of the common
+names, “rabbit’s-root,” is derived. The rootstock is rather long, horizontally
+creeping, somewhat twisted, and yellowish brown on the outside. (Pl.
+V, fig. 2.) The taste is warm and aromatic. The dried rootstock is brownish
+gray and wrinkled lengthwise on the outside, about one-fourth of an inch in
+thickness, the inside whitish with a spongy pith. The taste is sweetish and
+somewhat aromatic.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of wild sarsaparilla is collected in
+autumn, and brings from 5 to 8 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>This has long been a popular remedy, both among the Indians and in domestic
+practice, and was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1880.
+Its use is that of an alterative, stimulant, and diaphoretic, and in this it resembles
+the official sarsaparilla obtained from tropical America.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Similar species.</i>—The American spikenard (<i>Aralia racemosa</i> L.), known also
+as spignet, spiceberry, Indian-root, petty-morrel, life-of-man, and old-man’s-root,
+is employed like <i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>. It is distinguished from this by its taller,
+herbaceous habit, its much-branched stem from 3 to 6 feet high, and very large
+leaves consisting of thin, oval, heart-shaped, double saw-toothed leaflets. The
+small greenish flowers are arranged in numerous clusters, instead of only three
+as in <i>nudicaulis</i>, and also appear somewhat later, namely, from July to August.
+The berries are roundish, reddish brown, or dark purple.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The rootstock is shorter than that of <i>nudicaulis</i>, and much thicker, with
+prominent stem scars, and furnished with numerous, very long, rather thick
+roots. The odor and taste are stronger than in <i>nudicaulis</i>. It is also collected
+in autumn, and brings from 4 to 8 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>The American spikenard occurs in similar situations as <i>nudicaulis</i>, but its
+range extends somewhat farther south, Georgia being given as the southern
+limit.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The California spikenard (<i>Aralia californica</i> Wats.) may be used for the
+same purposes as the other species. The plant is larger than <i>Aralia racemosa</i>,
+but otherwise is very much like it. The root is also larger than that of <i>A.
+racemosa</i>.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>GINSENG.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Panax quinquefolium</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—American ginseng, sang, red-berry, five-fingers. (Pl.
+V, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>— Ginseng is a native of this country, its favorite haunts
+being the rich, moist soil in hardwood forests from Maine to Minnesota southward
+to the mountains of northern Georgia and Arkansas. For some years
+ginseng has been cultivated in small areas from central New York to Missouri.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Ginseng is an erect perennial plant growing from 8 to
+15 inches in height, and bearing three leaves at the summit, each leaf consisting
+of five thin, stalked, ovate leaflets, long pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed
+at the base, the margins toothed; the three upper leaflets are largest
+and the two lower ones smaller. From 6 to 20 greenish yellow flowers are
+produced in a cluster during July and August, followed later in the season by
+bright crimson berries. It belongs to the ginseng family (Araliaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Ginseng has a thick, spindle-shaped root, 2 to 3 inches
+long or more, and about one-half to 1 inch in thickness, often branched, the
+outside prominently marked with circles or wrinkles. (Pl. V, fig. 3.) The
+spindle-shaped root is simple at first, but after the second year it usually becomes
+forked or branched, and it is the branched root, especially if it resembles
+the human form, that finds particular favor in the eyes of the Chinese, who are
+the principal consumers of this root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Ginseng root has a thick, pale yellowish white or brownish yellow bark, prominently
+marked with transverse wrinkles, the whole root fleshy and somewhat
+flexible. If properly dried, it is solid and firm. Ginseng has a slight aromatic
+odor, and the taste is sweetish and mucilaginous.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection and uses.</i>—The proper time for digging ginseng root is in autumn,
+and it should be carefully washed, sorted, and dried. If collected at any other
+season of the year, it will shrink more and not have the fine plump appearance
+of the fall-dug root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The National Dispensatory contains an interesting item concerning the collection
+of the root by the Indians. They gather the root only after the fruit has
+ripened, and it is said that they bend down the stem of ripened fruit before
+digging the root, covering the fruit with earth, and thus providing for future
+propagation. The Indians claim that a large percentage of the seeds treated in
+this way will germinate.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Although once official in the United States Pharmacopœia, from 1840 to 1880,
+it is but little used medicinally in this country except by the Chinese residents,
+most of the ginseng produced in this country being exported to China. The
+Chinese regard ginseng root as a panacea. It is on account of its commercial
+prominence that it is included in this paper.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Cultivation.</i>—There is probably no plant that has become better known, at
+least by name, during the past ten years or more than ginseng. It has been
+heralded from north to south and east to west as a money-making crop. The
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>prospective ginseng grower must not fail to bear in mind, however, that financial
+returns are by no means immediate. Special conditions and unusual care
+are required in ginseng cultivation, diseases must be contended with, and a
+long period of waiting is in store for him before he can realize on his crop.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Either roots or seeds may be planted, and the best success with ginseng is
+obtained by following as closely as possible the conditions of its native habitat.
+Ginseng needs a deep, rich soil, and, being a plant accustomed to the shade of
+forest trees, will require shade, which can be supplied by the erection of lath
+sheds over the beds. A heavy mulch of leaves or similar well-rotted vegetable
+material should be applied to the beds in autumn.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>If roots are planted, they are set in rows about 8 inches apart and 8 inches
+apart in the row. In this way a marketable product will be obtained sooner
+than if grown from seed. The seed is sown in spring or autumn in drills 6
+inches apart and about 2 inches apart in the row. The plants remain in the
+seed bed for two years and are then transplanted, being set about 8 by 8
+inches apart. It requires from five to seven years to obtain a marketable crop
+from the seed. Seed intended for sowing should not be allowed to dry out,
+as this is supposed to destroy its vitality.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Price.</i>—The price of wild ginseng roots ranges from $5 a pound upward. The
+cultivated root generally brings a lower price than the wild root, and southern
+ginseng roots are worth less than those from northern localities.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Exports.</i>—The exports of ginseng for the year ended June 30, 1906, amounted
+to 160,949 pounds, valued at $1,175,844.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>WATER-ERYNGO.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Eryngium yuccifolium</i> Michx.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Eryngium aquaticum</i> L.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Eryngium, eryngo, button-snakeroot, corn-snakeroot,
+rattlesnake-master, rattlesnake-weed, rattlesnake-flag.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Although sometimes occurring on dry land, water-eryngo
+usually inhabits swamps and low, wet ground, from the pine barrens of New
+Jersey westward to Minnesota and south to Texas and Florida.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The leaves of this plant are grasslike in form, rigid,
+1 to 2 feet long, and about one-half inch or a trifle more in width; they are
+linear, with parallel veins, pointed, generally clasping at the base, and the
+margins bristly with soft, slender spines. The stout, furrowed stem reaches a
+height of from 2 to 6 feet, and is generally unbranched except near the top.
+The insignificant whitish flowers are borne in dense, ovate-globular, stout-stemmed
+heads, appearing from June to September, and the seed heads that
+follow are ovate and scaly. (Pl. V, fig. 4.) Water-eryngo belongs to the
+parsley family (Apiaceæ) and is native in this country.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The stout rootstock is very knotty, with numerous
+short branches, and produces many thick, rather straight roots (Pl. V, fig. 4),
+both rootstock and roots of a dark-brown color, the latter wrinkled lengthwise.
+The inside of the rootstock is yellowish white. Water-eryngo has a somewhat
+peculiar, slightly aromatic odor, and a sweetish, mucilaginous taste at first,
+followed by some bitterness and pungency.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of this plant is collected in autumn and
+brings from 5 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Water-eryngo is an old remedy, and one of its early uses, as the several
+common names indicate, was for the treatment of snake bites. It was official in
+the United States Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1860, and is employed now as a
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>diuretic and expectorant, and for promoting perspiration. In large doses it acts
+as an emetic, and the root, when chewed, excites a flow of saliva. It is said to
+resemble Seneca snakeroot in action.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN ANGELICA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Angelica atropurpurea</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Archangelica atropurpurea</i> Hoffm.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Angelica, purple-stemmed angelica, great angelica, high
+angelica, purple angelica, masterwort.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American angelica is a native herb, common in swamps
+and damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This strong-scented, tall, stout perennial reaches a
+height of from 4 to 6 feet, with a smooth, dark-purple, hollow stem 1 to 2 inches
+in diameter. The leaves are divided into three parts, each of which is again
+divided into threes; the rather thin segments are oval or ovate, somewhat acute,
+sharply toothed and sometimes deeply cut, and about 2 inches long. The lower
+leaves sometimes measure 2 feet in width, while the upper ones are smaller, but
+all have very broad expanded stalks. The greenish white flowers are produced
+from June to July in somewhat roundish, many-rayed umbels or heads, which
+sometimes are 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The fruits are smooth, compressed,
+and broadly oval. (Pl. VI, fig. 1.) American angelica belongs to the parsley
+family (Apiaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—American angelica root is branched, from 3 to 6 inches
+long, and less than an inch in diameter. The outside is light brownish gray,
+with deep furrows, and the inside nearly white, the whole breaking with a short
+fracture and the thick bark showing fine resin dots. It has an aromatic odor,
+and the taste at first is sweetish and spicy, afterwards bitter. The fresh root is
+said to possess poisonous properties.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The root of the European or garden angelica (<i>Angelica officinalis</i> Moench)
+supplies much of the angelica root of commerce. This is native in northern
+Europe and is very widely cultivated, especially in Germany, for the root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in autumn and carefully dried.
+Care is also necessary in preserving the root, as it is very liable to the attacks of
+insects. American angelica root ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>American angelica root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia
+from 1820 to 1860, is used as an aromatic, tonic, stimulant, carminative, diuretic,
+and diaphoretic. In large doses it acts as an emetic.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The seeds are also employed medicinally.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>YELLOW JASMINE OR JESSAMINE.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i> (L.) Ait. f.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Gelsemium.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Carolina jasmine or jessamine, Carolina wild woodbine,
+evening trumpet-flower.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Yellow jasmine is a plant native to the South, found
+along banks of streams, in woods, lowlands, and thickets, generally near the
+coast, from the eastern part of Virginia to Florida and Texas, south to Mexico
+and Guatemala.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This highly ornamental climbing or trailing plant is
+abundantly met with in the woods of the Southern States, its slender stems
+festooned over trees and fences and making its presence known by the delightful
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>perfume exhaled by its flowers, filling the air with a fragrance that is almost
+overpowering wherever the yellow jasmine is very abundant.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The smooth shining stems of this beautiful vine sometimes reach a length of
+20 feet. The leaves are evergreen, lance shaped, entire, 1½ to 3 inches long,
+rather narrow, borne on short stems, and generally remaining on the vine during
+the winter. The flowers, which appear from January to April, are bright
+yellow, about 1 to 1½ inches long, the corolla funnel shaped. (Fig. 20.) They
+are very fragrant, but poisonous, and it is stated that the eating of honey
+derived from jasmine flowers has brought about fatal results.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Yellow jasmine is a perennial, and belongs to a family that is noted for its
+poisonous properties, namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), which numbers
+among its members such powerful
+poisonous agents as the strychnine-producing
+tree.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock
+of the yellow jasmine is horizontal
+and runs near the surface of
+the ground, attaining great length, 15
+feet or more; it is branched, and here
+and there produces fibrous rootlets.
+When freshly removed from the
+ground it is very yellow, with a peculiar
+odor and bitter taste. For the
+drug trade it is generally cut into
+pieces varying from 1 inch to 6 inches
+in length, and when dried consists of
+cylindrical sections about 1 inch in
+thickness, the roots, of course, thinner.
+The bark is thin, yellowish
+brown, with fine silky bast fibers, and
+the wood is tough and pale yellow,
+breaking with a splintery fracture
+and showing numerous fine rays radiating
+from a small central pith. Yellow
+jasmine has a bitter taste and a
+pronounced heavy odor.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a52.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 20.</span>—Yellow jasmine (<i>Gelsemium sempervirens</i>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The
+root of yellow jasmine is usually collected
+just after the plant has come
+into flower and is cut into pieces from
+1 to 6 inches long. It is often adulterated with portions of the stems, but these
+can be distinguished by their thinness and dark purplish color. The prices range
+from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Yellow jasmine, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is used
+for its powerful effect on the nervous system.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>PINKROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Spigelia marilandica</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Spigelia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Carolina pinkroot, Carolina pink, Maryland pink,
+Indian pink, starbloom, wormgrass, wormweed, American wormroot.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This pretty little plant is found in rich woods from New
+Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin, but occurring principally in the
+Southern States. It is fast disappearing, however, from its native haunts.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Pinkroot belongs to the same family as the yellow jasmine,
+namely, the Logania family (Loganiaceæ), noted for its poisonous species.
+It is a native perennial herb, with simple, erect stem 6 inches to 1½ feet high,
+nearly smooth. The leaves are stemless, generally ovate, pointed at the apex
+and rounded or narrowed at the base; they are from 2 to 4 inches long, one-half
+to 2 inches wide, smooth on the upper surface, and only slightly hairy on the
+veins on the lower surface. The rather showy flowers are produced from May
+to July in a terminal one-sided spike; they are from 1 to 2 inches in length,
+somewhat tube shaped, narrowed below, slightly inflated toward the center, and
+again narrowed or contracted toward the top, and terminating in five lance-shaped
+lobes; the flowers are very showy, with their brilliant coloring—bright
+scarlet on the outside, and the inside of the tube and the lobes a bright yellow.
+The seed capsule is double, consisting of two globular portions more or less
+united, and containing numerous seeds. (Pl. VI, fig. 2.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The rootstock is rather small, from 1 to 2 inches
+in length and about one-sixteenth of an inch in thickness. It is somewhat
+crooked or bent, dark brown, with a roughened appearance of the upper surface
+caused by cup-shaped scars, the remains of former annual stems. The lower
+surface and the sides have numerous long, finely branched, lighter colored roots,
+which are rather brittle. Pinkroot has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and the taste
+is described as sweetish, bitter, and pungent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Pinkroot is collected after the flowering period.
+It is said to be scarce, and was reported as becoming scarce as long ago as 1830.
+The price paid to collectors ranges from 25 to 40 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The roots of other plants, notably those of the East Tennessee pinkroot
+(<i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> Pursh), are often found mixed with the true pinkroot, and the
+<i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> is even substituted for it. This adulteration or substitution probably
+accounts for the inertness which has sometimes been attributed to the
+true pinkroot and which has caused it to fall into more or less disuse. It has
+long been known that the true pinkroot was adulterated, but this adulteration
+was supposed to be caused by the admixture of Carolina phlox (<i>Phlox carolina</i>
+L., now known as <i>Phlox ovata</i> L.), but this is said now to be no part of the
+substitution.<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c014'><sup>[4]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The rootstock of <i>Ruellia ciliosa</i> is larger and not as dark as that of the Maryland
+pinkroot and has fewer and coarser roots, from which the bark readily
+separates, leaving the whitish wood exposed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Pinkroot was long known by the Indians, and its properties were made
+known to physicians by them. It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia,
+and is used principally as an anthelmintic.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>AMERICAN COLOMBO.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Frasera carolinensis</i> Walt.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Frasera walteri</i> Michx.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Frasera, meadowpride, pyramid-flower, pyramid-plant,
+Indian lettuce, yellow gentian, ground-centaury.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—American colombo occurs in dry soil from the western
+part of New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—During the first and second year of the growth of this
+plant only the root leaves are produced. These are generally somewhat rounded
+at the summit, narrowed toward the base, and larger than the stem leaves,
+which develop in the third year. The leaves are deep green and produced
+mostly in whorls of four, the stem leaves being 3 to 6 inches in length and
+oblong or lance shaped. In the third year the stem is developed and the
+flowers are produced from June to August. The stem is stout, erect, cylindrical,
+and 3 to 8 feet in height. The flowers of American colombo are borne in large
+terminal, handsome pyramidal
+clusters sometimes
+2 feet in length,
+and are greenish yellow
+or yellowish white,
+dotted with brown purple.
+They are slender
+stemmed, about 1 inch
+across, with a wheelshaped,
+4-parted corolla.
+The seeds are
+contained in a much
+compressed capsule.
+(Fig. 21.) American
+colombo is an indigenous
+perennial, and belongs
+to the gentian
+family (Gentianaceæ).</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a54.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig 21.</span>—American colombo (<i>Frasera carolinensis</i>), leaves, flowers, and seed pods.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The
+root is long, horizontal,
+spindle shaped,
+yellow, and wrinkled.
+In the fresh state it is
+fleshy and quite heavy.
+The American colombo
+root of commerce, formerly
+in transverse
+slices, now generally
+occurs in lengthwise
+slices. The outside is
+yellowish or pale orange and the inside spongy and pale yellow. The taste is
+bitter. American colombo root resembles the official gentian root in taste and
+odor, and the uses are also similar.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The proper time for collecting American colombo
+root is in the autumn of the second year or in March or April of the third
+year. It is generally cut into lengthwise slices before drying. The price of
+American colombo root ranges from 3 to 5 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The dried root, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia from
+1820 to 1880, is used as a simple tonic. In the fresh state the root possesses
+emetic and cathartic properties.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>BLACK INDIAN HEMP.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Apocynum.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Canadian hemp, American hemp, amy-root, bowman’s-root,
+bitterroot, Indian-physic, rheumatism-weed, milkweed, wild cotton, Choctaw-root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The name “Indian hemp” is often applied to this plant, but it should never
+be used without the adjective “black.” “Indian hemp” is a name that properly
+belongs to <i>Cannabis indica</i>, a true hemp plant, from which the narcotic drug
+“hashish” is obtained.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Black Indian hemp is a native of this country, and
+may be found in thickets and along the
+borders of old fields throughout the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This is a common
+herbaceous perennial about 2 to
+4 feet high, with erect or ascending
+branches, and, like most of the plants
+belonging to the dogbane family (Apocynaceæ),
+contains a milky juice. The
+short-stemmed opposite leaves are oblong,
+lance-shaped oblong or ovate-oblong,
+about 2 to 6 inches long, usually
+sharp pointed, the upper surface smooth
+and the lower sometimes hairy. The
+plant is in flower from June to August
+and the small greenish white flowers
+are borne in dense heads, followed later
+by the slender pods, which are about
+4 inches in length and pointed at the
+apex. (Fig. 22.)</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a55.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 22.</span>—Black Indian hemp (<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i>), flowering portion, pods, and rootstock. (After King’s American Dispensatory.)</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other species.</i>—Considerable confusion
+seems to exist in regard to
+which species yields the root which
+has proved of greatest value medicinally.
+The Pharmacopœia directs
+that “the dried rhizome and roots of
+<i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> or of closely allied species of Apocynum” be used.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>In the older botanical works and medical herbals only two species of Apocynum
+were recognized, namely, <i>A. cannabinum</i> L. and <i>A. androsaemifolium</i> L.,
+although it was known that both of these were very variable. In the newer
+botanical manuals both of these species still hold good, but the different forms
+and variations are now recognized as distinct species, those formerly referred
+to <i>cannabinum</i> being distinguished by the erect or nearly erect lobes of the corolla,
+and those of the <i>androsaemifolium</i> group being distinguished by the spreading
+or recurved lobes of the corolla.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Among the plants that were formerly collected as <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> or
+varietal forms of it, and which are now considered as distinct species, may be
+mentioned the following:</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Riverbank-dogbane (<i>A. album</i> Greene), which frequents the banks of rivers
+and similar moist locations from Maine to Wisconsin, Virginia, and Missouri.
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>This plant is perfectly smooth and has white flowers and relatively smaller
+leaves than <i>A. cannabinum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Velvet dogbane (<i>A. pubescens</i> R. Br.), which is common from Virginia to
+Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. The entire plant has a soft, hairy or velvety appearance,
+which renders identification easy. According to the latest edition of
+the National Standard Dispensatory it is not unlikely that this is the plant
+that furnishes the drug that has been so favorably reported upon.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Apocynum androsaemifolium</i> is also gathered by drug collectors for <i>Apocynum
+cannabinum</i>. Its root is likewise employed in medicine, but its action is not
+the same as that of <i>cannabinum</i>, and it should therefore not be substituted for it.
+It closely resembles <i>cannabinum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—The following description of the drug as found in
+commerce is taken from the United States Pharmacopœia: “Of varying length,
+3 to 8 mm. thick, cylindrical or with a few angles produced by drying, lightly
+wrinkled longitudinally, and usually more or less fissured transversely; orange-brown,
+becoming gray-brown on keeping; brittle; fracture sharply transverse,
+exhibiting a thin brown layer of cork, the remainder of the bark nearly as thick
+as the radius of the wood, white or sometimes pinkish, starchy, containing laticiferous
+ducts; the wood yellowish, having several rings, finely radiate and
+very coarsely porous; almost inodorous, the taste starchy, afterwards becoming
+bitter and somewhat acrid.”</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of black Indian hemp is collected in
+autumn and brings from 8 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is official in the United States Pharmacopœia and has emetic, cathartic,
+diaphoretic, expectorant, and diuretic properties, and on account of the last-named
+action it is used in dropsical affections.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The tough fibrous bark of the stalks of black Indian hemp was employed by
+the Indians as a substitute for hemp in making twine, fishing nets, etc.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>PLEURISY-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Asclepias tuberosa</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Asclepias.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Butterfly-weed, Canada-root, Indian-posy, orange-root,
+orange swallowwort, tuberroot, whiteroot, windroot, yellow or orange
+milkweed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Pleurisy-root flourishes in the open or in pine woods, in
+dry sandy or gravelly soil, usually along the banks of streams. Its range
+extends from Ontario and Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, Texas, and
+Arizona, but it is found in greatest abundance in the South.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This is a very showy and ornamental perennial plant,
+indigenous to this country, and belonging to the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceæ);
+it is erect and rather stiff in habit, but with brilliant heads of bright
+orange-colored flowers that attract attention from afar.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The stems are rather stout, erect, hairy, about 1 to 2 feet in height, sometimes
+branched near the top, and bearing a thick growth of leaves. These are either
+stemless or borne on short stems, are somewhat rough to the touch, 2 to 6
+inches long, lance shaped or oblong, the apex either sharp pointed or blunt,
+with a narrow, rounded, or heart-shaped base. The flower heads, borne at the
+ends of the stem and branches, consist of numerous, oddly shaped orange-colored
+flowers. The corolla is composed of five segments, which are reflexed
+or turned back, and the crown has five erect or spreading “hoods,” within
+each of which is a slender incurved horn. The plant is in flower for some
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>time, usually from June to September, followed late in fall by pods, which
+are from 4 to 5 inches long, green, tinged with red, finely hairy on the outside,
+and containing the seeds with their long silky hairs. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) Unlike
+the other milkweeds, the pleurisy-root contains little or no milky juice.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The root of this plant is large, white and fleshy,
+spindle shaped, branching. (Pl. VI, fig. 3.) As found in commerce it consists
+of lengthwise or crosswise pieces from 1 to 6 inches in length and
+about three-fourths of an inch in thickness. It is wrinkled lengthwise and
+also transversely and has a knotty head. The thin bark is orange brown and
+the wood yellowish, with white rays. It has no odor, and a somewhat bitter,
+acrid taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root, which is usually found rather deep in
+the soil, is collected in autumn, cut into transverse or lengthwise slices, and
+dried. The price ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Pleurisy-root was much esteemed by the Indians, has long been used in domestic
+practice, and is official in the United States Pharmacopœia. It is used
+in disordered digestion and in affections of the lungs, in the last-named instance
+to promote expectoration, relieve pains in the chest, and induce easier breathing.
+It is also useful in producing perspiration.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other species.</i>—Besides the official pleurisy-root there are two other species
+of Asclepias which are employed to some extent for the same purposes, namely,
+the common milkweed and the swamp-milkweed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The common milkweed (<i>Asclepias syriaca</i> L.) is a perennial, native in fields
+and waste places from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas. It has a stout,
+usually simple stem 3 to 5 feet in height and oblong or oval leaves, smooth on
+the upper surface and densely hairy beneath. The flowers, similar in form to
+those of <i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>, are pinkish purple and appear from June to August,
+followed by erect pods 3 to 5 inches long, wooly with matted hairs and
+covered with prickles and borne on recurved stems. The plant contains an
+abundance of milky juice.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The root of the common milkweed is from 1 to 6 feet long, cylindrical, and
+finely wrinkled. The short branches and scars left by former stems give the
+root a rough, knotty appearance. The bark is thick, grayish brown, and the
+inside white, the root breaking with a short, splintery fracture. Common milkweed
+root has a very bitter taste, but no odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is collected in autumn and cut into transverse slices before drying. Common
+milkweed root ranges from 6 to 8 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Swamp-milkweed (<i>Asclepias incarnata</i> L.) is a native perennial herb found in
+swamps from Canada to Tennessee and Kansas. The slender stem, leafy to
+the top, is 1 to 2 feet in height, branched above, the leaves lance shaped or
+oblong lance shaped. The flowers, also similar to those of <i>tuberosa</i>, appear
+from July to September, and are flesh colored or rose colored. The pods are
+2 to 3½ inches long, erect, and very sparingly hairy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The root of the swamp-milkweed, which is also collected in autumn, is not
+quite an inch in length, hard and knotty, with several light-brown rootlets.
+The tough white wood, which has a thick central pith, is covered with a thin,
+yellowish brown bark. It is practically without odor, and the taste, sweetish
+at first, finally becomes bitter. This root brings about 3 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>COMFREY.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Symphytum officinale</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Symphytum, healing-herb, knitback, ass-ear, backwort,
+blackwort, bruisewort, gum-plant, slippery-root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Comfrey is naturalized from Europe, and occurs in
+waste places from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Maryland.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This coarse, rough, hairy perennial herb is from 2
+to 3 feet high, erect and branched, with thick, rough leaves, the lower ones
+ovate lance shaped, 3 to 10 inches long, pointed at the apex, and narrowed at
+the base into margined stems. The uppermost leaves are lance shaped, smaller,
+and stemless. Comfrey is in flower from June to August, the purplish or dirty-white,
+tubular, bell-shaped flowers numerous and borne in dense terminal clusters.
+(Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The nutlets which follow are brown, shining, and somewhat
+wrinkled. Comfrey belongs to the borage family (Boraginaceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Comfrey has a large, deep, spindle-shaped root, thick
+and fleshy at the top, white inside, and covered with a thin, blackish brown
+bark. (Pl. VI, fig. 4.) The dried root is hard, black, and very deeply and
+roughly wrinkled, breaking with a smooth, white, waxy fracture. As it occurs
+in commerce it is in pieces ranging from about an inch to several inches in
+length, only about one-fourth of an inch in thickness, and usually considerably
+bent. It has a very mucilaginous, somewhat sweetish and astringent taste, but
+no odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is dug in autumn, or sometimes in
+early spring. Comfrey root when first dug is very fleshy and juicy, but about
+four-fifths of its weight is lost in drying. The price ranges from 4 to 8 cents a
+pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The mucilaginous character of comfrey root renders it useful in coughs and
+diarrheal complaints. Its action is demulcent and slightly astringent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves are also used to some extent.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>STONEROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Collinsonia canadensis</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Collinsonia, knobroot, knobgrass, knobweed, knotroot,
+horse-balm, horseweed, richweed, richleaf, ox-balm, citronella.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Stoneroot is found in moist, shady woods from Maine to
+Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Like most of the other members of the mint family
+(Menthaceæ), stoneroot is aromatic also, the fresh flowering plant possessing a
+very pleasant, lemon-like odor. It is a tall, perennial herb, growing as high as
+5 feet. The stem is stout, erect, branched, smooth, or the upper part hairy.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves are opposite, about 3 to 8 inches long, thin, ovate, pointed at the
+apex, narrowed or sometimes heart shaped at the base, and coarsely toothed;
+the lower leaves are largest and are borne on slender stems, while the upper
+ones are smaller and almost stemless. Stoneroot is in flower from July to
+October, producing large, loose, open terminal panicles or heads of small, pale-yellow
+lemon-scented flowers. The flowers have a funnel-shaped 2-lipped
+corolla, the lower lip larger, pendent, and fringed, with two very much protruding
+stamens. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Even the fresh root of this plant is very hard. It is
+horizontal, large, thick, and woody, and the upper side is rough and knotty and
+branched irregularly. (Pl. VII, fig. 1.) The odor of the root is rather disagreeable,
+and the taste pungent and spicy. In the fresh state, as well as when
+dry, the root is extremely hard, whence the common name “stoneroot.” The
+dried root is grayish brown externally, irregularly knotty on the upper surface
+from the remains of branches and the scars left by former stems, and the lower
+surface showing a few thin roots. The inside of the root is hard and whitish.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Stoneroot, which is collected in autumn, is employed
+for its tonic, astringent, diuretic, and diaphoretic effects. The price of
+the root ranges from 2 to 3½ cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves are used by country people as an application to bruises.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>CULVER’S-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Veronica virginica</i> L.<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c014'><sup>[5]</sup></a></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Leptandra virginica</i> (L.) Nutt.<a href='#f5' class='c014'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Leptandra.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Culver’s-physic, blackroot, bowman’s-root, Beaumont-root,
+Brinton-root, tall
+speedwell, tall veronica,
+physic-root, whorlywort.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This
+common indigenous
+herb is found
+abundantly in moist,
+rich woods, mountain
+valleys, meadows, and
+thickets from British
+Columbia south to Alabama,
+Missouri, and
+Nebraska.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a59.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 23.</span>—Culver’s-root (<i>Veronica virginica</i>), flowering top and rootstock.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Culver’s-root
+is a tall,
+slender-stemmed perennial
+belonging to the
+figwort family (Scrophulariaceæ).
+It is from
+3 to 7 feet in height,
+with the leaves arranged
+around the simple
+stems in whorls of
+three to nine. The
+leaves are borne on
+very short stems, are
+lance shaped, long
+pointed at the apex,
+narrowed at the base,
+and sharply toothed, 3
+to 6 inches in length,
+and 1 inch or less in
+width. The white tube-shaped
+flowers, with
+two long protruding stamens,
+are produced from
+June to September and
+are borne in several terminal,
+densely crowded, slender, spikelike heads from 3 to 9 inches long. (Fig. 23.)
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>The flowers, as stated, are usually white, though the color may vary from
+a pink to bluish or purple, and on account of its graceful spikes of pretty flowers
+it is often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. The fruits are small,
+oblong, compressed, many-seeded capsules.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of rootstock.</i>—After they are dried the rootstocks have a grayish
+brown appearance on the outside, and the inside is hard and yellowish, either
+with a hollow center or a brownish or purplish pith. When broken the fracture
+is tough and woody. The rootstock measures from 4 to 6 inches in length,
+is rather thick and bent, with branches resembling the main rootstock. The
+upper surface has a few stem scars, and from the sides and underneath numerous
+coarse, brittle roots are produced, which have the appearance of having
+been artificially inserted into the rootstock. (Fig. 23.) Culver’s-root has a
+bitter and acrid taste, but no odor.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The rootstock and roots should be collected in
+the fall of the second year. When fresh these have a faint odor, resembling
+somewhat that of almonds, which is lost in drying. The bitter, acrid taste
+of Culver’s-root also becomes less the longer it is kept, and it is said that it
+should be kept at least a year before being used. The price paid to collectors
+ranges from 6 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Culver’s-root, which is official in the United States Pharmacopœia, is used as
+an alterative, cathartic, and in disorders of the liver.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>DANDELION.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Taraxacum officinale</i> Weber.<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c014'><sup>[6]</sup></a></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonyms.</i>—<i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst.;<a href='#f6' class='c014'><sup>[6]</sup></a> <i>Taraxacum dens-leonis</i>
+Desf.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Taraxacum.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Blow-ball, cankerwort, doon-head-clock, fortune-teller,
+horse gowan, Irish daisy, yellow gowan, one-o’clock. (Fig. 24.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—With the exception, possibly, of a few localities in the
+South, the dandelion is at home almost everywhere in the United States, being
+a familiar weed in meadows and waste places, and especially in lawns. It has
+been naturalized in this country from Europe and is distributed as a weed in
+all civilized parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—It is hardly necessary to give a description of the
+dandelion, as almost everyone is familiar with the coarsely toothed, smooth,
+shining green leaves, the golden-yellow flowers which open in the morning and
+only in fair weather, and the round, fluffy seed heads of this only too plentiful
+weed of the lawns. In spring the young, tender leaves are much sought after
+by the colored market women about Washington, who collect them by the basketful
+and sell them for greens or salad.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Dandelion is a perennial belonging to the chicory family (Cichoriaceæ), and is
+in flower practically throughout the year. The entire plant contains a white
+milky juice.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—The dandelion has a large, thick, and fleshy taproot,
+sometimes measuring 20 inches in length. In commerce, dandelion root is usually
+found in pieces 3 to 6 inches long, dark brown on the outside and strongly
+wrinkled lengthwise. It breaks with a short fracture and shows the thick
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>whitish bark marked with circles of milk ducts and a thin woody center, which
+is yellow and porous. It is practically without odor and has a bitter taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection and uses.</i>—Late in summer and in fall the milky juice becomes
+thicker and the bitterness increases, and this is the time to collect dandelion
+root. It should be carefully washed and thoroughly dried. Dandelion roots lose
+considerably in drying, weighing less than half as much as the fresh roots. The
+dried root should not
+be kept too long, as
+drying diminishes its
+medicinal activity. It
+is official in the United
+States Pharmacopœia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Dandelion is used
+as a tonic in diseases
+of the liver and in
+dyspepsia.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a61.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 24.</span>—Dandelion (<i>Taraxacum officinale</i>).</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Imports and prices.</i>—Most
+of the dandelion
+root found on the market
+is collected in central
+Europe. There
+has been an unusually
+large demand for dandelion
+root during the
+season of 1907, and
+according to the
+weekly records contained
+in the “Oil,
+Paint, and Drug Reporter,”
+the imports
+entered at the port of New York from January 1, 1907, to the end of May
+amounted to about 47,000 pounds. The price ranges from 4 to 10 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>QUEEN-OF-THE-MEADOW.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Eupatorium purpureum</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Gravelroot, Indian gravelroot, joe-pye-weed, purple
+boneset, tall boneset, kidneyroot, king-of-the-meadow, marsh-milkweed, motherwort,
+niggerweed, quillwort, slunkweed, trumpetweed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This common native perennial herb occurs in low grounds
+and dry woods and meadows from Canada to Florida and Texas.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—The stout, erect, green or purple stem of this plant
+grows from 3 to 10 feet in height, and is usually smooth, simple or branched
+at the top. The thin, veiny leaves are 4 to 12 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide,
+ovate or ovate lance shaped, sharp pointed, toothed, and placed around the
+stem in whorls of three to six. While the upper surface of the leaves is smooth,
+there is usually a slight hairiness along the veins on the lower surface, otherwise
+smooth. Toward the latter part of the summer and in early fall queen-of-the-meadow
+is in flower, producing 5 to 15 flowered pink or purplish heads,
+all aggregated in large compound clusters, which present a rather showy
+appearance. (Pl. VII, fig. 2.) This plant belongs to the aster family (Asteraceæ).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>Another species which is collected with this and for similar purposes, and by
+some regarded as only a variety, is the spotted boneset or spotted joe-pye-weed
+(<i>Eupatorium maculatum</i> L.). This is very similar to <i>E. purpureum</i>, but it does
+not grow so tall, is rough-hairy, and has the stem spotted with purple. The
+thicker leaves are coarsely toothed and in whorls of three to five, and the
+flower clusters are flattened at the top rather than elongated as in <i>E. purpureum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>It is found in moist soil from New York to Kentucky, westward to Kansas,
+New Mexico, Minnesota, and as far up as British Columbia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Queen-of-the-meadow root, as it occurs in commerce, is
+blackish and woody, furnished with numerous long dark-brown fibers, which
+are furrowed or wrinkled lengthwise and whitish within. It has a bitter,
+aromatic, and astringent taste.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root is collected in autumn and is used
+for its astringent and diuretic properties. It was official in the United States
+Pharmacopœia from 1820 to 1840. The price ranges from 2½ to 4 cents a pound.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>ELECAMPANE.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Inula helenium</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Inula, inul, horseheal, elf-dock, elfwort, horse-elder,
+scabwort, yellow starwort, velvet dock, wild sunflower.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—This perennial herb has been naturalized from Europe,
+and is found along roadsides and in fields and damp pastures from Nova Scotia
+to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota. It is native also in
+Asia.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—When in flower elecampane resembles the sunflower on
+a small scale. Like the sunflower, it is a member of the aster family (Asteraceæ).
+It is a rough plant, growing from 3 to 6 feet in height, but producing
+during the first year only root leaves, which attain considerable size. In the
+following season the stout densely hairy stem develops, attaining a height of
+from 3 to 6 feet.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The leaves are broadly oblong in form, toothed, the upper surface rough and
+the under side densely soft-hairy. The basal or root leaves are borne on long
+stems, and are from 10 to 20 inches long and 4 to 8 inches wide, while the upper
+leaves are smaller and stemless or clasping.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>About July to September the terminal flower heads are produced, either singly
+or a few together. As already stated, these flower heads look very much like
+small sunflowers, 2 to 4 inches broad, and consist of long, narrow, yellow rays,
+3 toothed at the apex, and the disk also is yellow. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Elecampane has a large, long, branching root, pale yellow
+on the outside and whitish and fleshy within. (Pl. VII, fig. 3.) When
+dry the outside turns a grayish brown or dark brown, and is generally finely
+wrinkled lengthwise. As found in commerce, elecampane is usually in transverse
+or lengthwise slices, light yellow or grayish and fleshy internally, dotted
+with numerous shining resin cells, and with overlapping brown and wrinkled
+bark. These slices become flexible in damp weather, and tough, but when they
+are dry they break with a short fracture. The root has at first a strongly
+aromatic odor, which has been described by some as resembling a violet odor,
+but this diminishes in drying. The taste is aromatic, bitterish, and pungent.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The best time for collecting elecampane is in
+the fall of the second year. If collected later than that the roots are apt to
+<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>be stringy and woody. Owing to the interlacing habit of the rootlets, much dirt
+adheres to the root, but it should be well cleaned, cut into transverse or lengthwise
+slices, and carefully dried in the shade. Collectors receive from 3 to 5
+cents a pound for this root.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Elecampane, which was official in the United States Pharmacopœia of 1890,
+is much used in affections of the respiratory organs, in digestive and liver
+disorders, catarrhal discharges, and in skin diseases.</p>
+
+<h3 class='c013'>ECHINACEA.</h3>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Brauneria angustifolia</i> (DC.) Heller.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Echinacea angustifolia</i> DC.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Pale-purple coneflower, Sampson-root, niggerhead (in
+Kansas).</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Echinacea is found in scattered patches in rich prairie
+soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and northwestward, being most
+abundant in Kansas and Nebraska. Though not growing wild in the Eastern
+States, it has succeeded well under cultivation in the testing gardens of the
+Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—This native herbaceous perennial, belonging to the
+aster family (Asteraceæ), grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet. It sends up
+a rather stout bristly-hairy stem, bearing thick rough-hairy leaves, which are
+broadly lance shaped or linear lance shaped, entire, 3 to 8 inches long, narrowed
+at each end, and strongly three nerved. The lower leaves have slender
+stems, but as they approach the top of the plant the stems become shorter and
+some of the upper leaves are stemless.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The flower heads, appearing from July to October, are very pretty, and the
+plant would do well as an ornamental in gardens. The flowers remain on the
+plant for a long time, and the color varies from whitish rose to pale purple.
+The heads consist of ray flowers and disk flowers, the former constituting the
+“petals” surrounding the disk, and the disk itself being composed of small,
+tubular, greenish yellow flowers. When the flowers first appear the disk is
+flattened or really concave, but as the flowering progresses it becomes conical
+in shape. The brown fruiting heads are conical, chaffy, stiff, and wiry. (Pl.
+VII, fig. 4.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Echinacea has a thick, blackish root (Pl. VII, fig. 4),
+which in commerce occurs in cylindrical pieces of varying length and thickness.
+The dried root is grayish brown on the outside, the bark wrinkled lengthwise
+and sometimes spirally twisted. It breaks with a short, weak fracture,
+showing yellow or greenish yellow wood wedges, which give the impression that
+the wood is decayed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>The odor is scarcely perceptible, and the taste is mildly aromatic, afterwards
+becoming acrid and inducing a flow of saliva.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—The root of echinacea is collected in autumn
+and brings from 20 to 30 cents a pound. It is said that echinacea varies greatly
+in quality, due chiefly to the locality in which it grows. According to J. U.
+Lloyd, the best quality comes from the prairie lands of Nebraska, and that
+from marshy places is inferior.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Echinacea is said to be an alterative, and to promote perspiration and induce
+a flow of saliva. The Indians used the freshly scraped roots for the cure of
+snake bites.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>BURDOCK.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c002'>
+    <div><i>Arctium lappa</i> L.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Synonym.</i>—<i>Lappa major</i> Gaertn.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Pharmacopœial name.</i>—Lappa.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Other common names.</i>—Cockle-button, cuckold-dock, beggar’s-buttons, hurr-bur,
+stick-button, hardock, bardane. (Fig. 25.)</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Habitat and range.</i>—Burdock, one of our most common weeds, was introduced
+from the Old World. It grows along roadsides, in fields, pastures, and waste
+places, being very abundant in
+the Eastern and Central States
+and in some scattered localities
+in the West.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of plant.</i>—Farmers
+are only too well acquainted
+with this coarse, unsightly weed.
+During the first year of its
+growth this plant, which is a biennial
+belonging to the aster
+family (Asteraceæ), produces
+only a rosette of large, thin leaves
+from a long tapering root. In
+the second year a round, fleshy,
+and branched stem is produced,
+the plant when full grown measuring
+from 3 to 7 feet in height.
+This stem is branched, grooved,
+and hairy, bearing very large
+leaves, the lower ones often
+measuring 18 inches in length.
+The leaves are placed alternately
+on the stem, on long, solid,
+deeply furrowed leafstalks;
+they are thin in texture, smooth
+on the upper surface, pale and
+woolly underneath; usually
+heart shaped, but sometimes
+roundish or oval, with even,
+wavy, or toothed margins.</p>
+
+<div  class='figcenter id002'>
+<img src='images/i_a64.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 25.</span>—Burdock (<i>Arctium lappa</i>), flowering branch and root.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c005'>The flowers are not produced
+until the second year, appearing from July until frost. Burdock flowers are purple,
+in small, clustered heads armed with hooked tips, and the spiny burs thus
+formed are a great pest, attaching themselves to clothing and to the wool and
+hair of animals. Burdock is a very prolific seed producer, one plant bearing as
+many as 400,000 seeds.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Description of root.</i>—Burdock has a large, fleshy taproot (fig. 25), which,
+when dry, becomes scaly and wrinkled lengthwise and has a blackish brown or
+grayish brown color on the outside, hard, breaking with a short, somewhat
+fleshy fracture, and showing the yellowish wood with a whitish spongy center.
+Sometimes there is a small, white, silky tuft at the top of the root, which is
+formed by the remains of the bases of the leafstalks. The odor of the root is
+weak and unpleasant, the taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>While the root is met with in commerce in its entire state, it is more frequently
+in broken pieces or in lengthwise slices, the edges of which are turned
+inward. The roots of other species of Arctium are also employed.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'><i>Collection, prices, and uses.</i>—Burdock root is official, and the United States
+Pharmacopœia directs that it be collected from plants of the first year’s growth,
+either of <i>Arctium lappa</i> or of other species of Arctium. As burdock has a rather
+large, fleshy root, it is difficult to dry and is apt to become moldy, and for this
+reason it is better to slice the root lengthwise, which will facilitate the drying
+process. The price ranges from 5 to 10 cents a pound. The best root is said to
+come from Belgium, where great care is exercised in its collection and curing.</p>
+
+<p class='c005'>Burdock root is used as an alterative in blood and skin diseases. The seeds
+and fresh leaves are also used medicinally to a limited extent.</p>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>PLATES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'>EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Plate I.</span> Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited shield-fern (<i>Dryopteris marginalis</i>), showing
+upper surface of leaf, the lower surface with the “sori,” or “fruit dots,”
+arranged on the margins, and the erect, chaffy rootstock. Fig. 2.—Skunk-cabbage
+(<i>Spathyema foetida</i>), showing flowering plant with thick rootstock
+and whorl of crowded roots; unfolded leaf and spathe laid open to show
+rounded spadix; also seedling, and transverse section of rootstock. Fig.
+3.—Sweet-flag (<i>Acorus calamus</i>), showing swordlike leaves, flowering head
+produced from the side of the stalk, and long, creeping rootstock. Fig. 4.—Bethroot
+(<i>Trillium erectum</i>), showing leaves, various views of the flower,
+and root. Arrangement of the different parts of the plant is in threes.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate II.</span> Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (<i>Chamaelirium luteum</i>), showing the male
+plant. Note the arrangement of the long-stemmed leaves along the entire
+stem and the graceful spike of feathery flowers, as compared with the
+grasslike basal leaves and the erect flowering spikes of Aletris (fig. 2),
+with which it is often confused. The rootstock of Chamaelirium, with the
+slightly curved upward end, is also shown. Fig. 2.—Aletris (<i>Aletris farinosa</i>).
+Note the grasslike leaves at the base of the stem and the erect
+spikes of urn-shaped flowers, as compared with the arrangement of the
+leaves all along the stem and the drooping plumelike spikes of Chamaelirium
+(fig. 1), with which Aletris is frequently confused. The rootstock of
+Aletris, which is rough and scaly and almost completely hidden by the
+fibrous roots, is, unfortunately, not well shown in the illustration. Fig. 3.—Wild
+yam (<i>Dioscorea villosa</i>), showing part of the vine, with its drooping
+clusters of flowers and 3-winged seed capsules; also the long, horizontal
+rootstock. Fig. 4.—Blue flag (<i>Iris versicolor</i>), showing sword-shaped
+leaves, the flowers, and part of the rootstock.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate III.</span> Fig. 1.—Large yellow lady’s-slipper (<i>Cypripedium hirsutum</i>), showing
+plant with its broad, parallel-veined leaves, and curious, baglike flower,
+and also rootstock with wavy roots. Fig. 2.—Canada snakeroot (<i>Asarum
+canadense</i>), showing, to the right, the flowering plant, and to the left the
+fruiting plant, together with the creeping rootstocks. Fig. 3.—Virginia
+serpentaria (<i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>), plant showing seed capsules and
+rootstock. Fig. 4.—Soapwort (<i>Saponaria officinalis</i>), showing the upper
+flowering portion and seed pods; also the runners and roots.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate IV.</span> Fig. 1.—Oregon grape (<i>Berberis aquifolium</i>), showing a branch with
+the leathery, holly-like leaves, and clusters of berries. Fig. 2.—Blue cohosh
+(<i>Caulophyllum thalictroides</i>), showing upper portion of the plant, with
+flowering head. Fig. 3.—Canada moonseed (<i>Menispermum canadense</i>),
+showing a portion of the vine in flower. Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (<i>Hydrangea
+arborescens</i>), showing a flowering and fruiting branch.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate V.</span> Fig. 1.—Indian-physic (<i>Porteranthus trifoliatus</i>), showing upper
+flowering portion, and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Wild sarsaparilla
+(<i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>), showing flowering plant with rootstock, and to the left
+a fruiting head. Fig. 3.—Ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>), showing the
+upper portion in flower, and the root. Fig. 4.—Water-eryngo (<i>Eryngium
+yuccifolium</i>), showing the long, grasslike leaves, stout-stemmed flowering
+heads, and rootstock.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate VI.</span> Fig. 1.—American angelica (<i>Angelica atropurpurea</i>), showing leaves,
+fruiting head, and to the right a portion of the stem with broad, expanded
+leafstalk. Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (<i>Spigelia marilandica</i>), showing flowering top
+and seed capsules. Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-root (<i>Asclepias tuberosa</i>), showing
+flowering top, pods with escaping hairy seeds, and root. Fig. 4.—Comfrey
+(<i>Symphytum officinale</i>), showing the thick, rough leaves, the clusters of
+flowers, lower portion of plant with root, and sections of root.</p>
+
+<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Plate VII.</span> Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (<i>Collinsonia canadensis</i>), showing flowering top
+and base of stem with root. Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-meadow (<i>Eupatorium
+purpureum</i>), showing leaves and flowers. Fig. 3.—Elecampane (<i>Inula
+helenium</i>), showing leaves, flowers, and root. Fig. 4.—Echinacea (<i>Brauneria
+angustifolia</i>), showing flowering plant.</p>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate I.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Marginal-fruited Shield-fern (Dryopteris marginalis).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate1b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Skunk-Cabbage (Spathyema foetida).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate1c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Sweet-Flag (Acorus calamus).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate1d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Bethroot (Trillium erectum).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate II.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate2.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Chamaelirium (Chamaelirium luteum).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate2b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Aletris (Aletris farinosa).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate2c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate2d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Blue Flag (Iris versicolor).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate III.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate3.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Large Yellow Lady’s-Slipper (Cypripedium hirsutum).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate3b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Canada Snakeroot (Asarum canadense).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate3c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Virginia Serpentaria (Aristolochia serpentaria).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate3d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate IV.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate4.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Oregon Grape (Berberis aquifolium).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate4b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate4c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Canada Moonseed (Menispermum canadense).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate4d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate V.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate5.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Indian-Physic (Porteranthus trifoliatus).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate5b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate5c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate5d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Water-Eryngo (Eryngium yuccifolium).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate VI.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate6.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—American Angelica (Angelica atropurpurea).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate6b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Pinkroot (Spigelia marilandica).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate6c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Pleurisy-Root (Asclepias tuberosa).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate6d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Comfrey (Symphytum officinale).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>
+  <h3 class='c013'><span class='sc'>Plate VII.</span></h3>
+</div>
+
+<div class='c002 figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate7.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 1.—Stoneroot (Collinsonia canadensis).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate7b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 2.—Queen-of-the-Meadow (Eupatorium purpureum).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figleft id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate7c.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 3.—Elecampane (Inula helenium).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div  class='figright id003'>
+<img src='images/i_plate7d.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'>
+<div class='ic002'>
+<p><span class='sc'>Fig. 4.—Echinacea (Brauneria angustifolia).</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class='chapter'>
+  <span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>
+  <h2 class='c004'>INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<ul class='index c001'>
+  <li class='c016'>Acorus calamus. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Actaea racemosa. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Agropyron repens. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ague-grass. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Aletris, A. aurea, A. farinosa, A. lutea, and A. obovata. <i>See</i> Aletris, description, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20
+    <ul>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Chamaelirium.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Aloe-root. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Alumbloom. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Amy-root. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Angelica, American, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>atropurpurea and A. officinalis, European, garden, great, high, purple, and purple-stemmed. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Apocynum, A. album, A. androsaemifolium, A. cannabinum, and A. pubescens. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Apple, devil’s, hog, and Indian. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40
+    <ul>
+      <li>May, description, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Aralia californica, A. nudicaulis, and A. racemosa. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Archangelica atropurpurea. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Arctium lappa. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Arisaema triphyllum. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Aristolochia reticulata and A. serpentaria. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Arum, three-leaved, and A. triphyllum. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Asarabacca, broad-leaved. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Asarum and A. canadense. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Asclepias, A. incarnata, A. syriaca, and A. tuberosa. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Aspidium, A. filix-mas, and A. marginale. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ass-ear. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Backwort. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Balm, horse, and ox. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59
+    <ul>
+      <li>Indian. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Baptisia, B. alba, and B. tinctoria. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Barberry, California, and holly-leaved. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bardane. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Basket-fern. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bathflower. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bear-corn. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bear’s-paw root. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Beaumont-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Beewort. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Beggar’s-buttons. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>Berberis, B. aquifolium, B. nervosa, B. pinnata, and B. repens. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bethroot, description, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Birthroot. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bitterroot. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Blackroot. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Blazingstar. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bloodroot, description, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Blow-ball. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Blueberry-root. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bog-onion. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Boneset, purple, spotted, and tall. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bouncing-bet. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bowman’s-root. <i>See</i> Indian-physic; Indian hemp, black; and Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Brake, knotty, and sweet. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Brauneria augustifolia. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Brinton-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Broom, clover, indigo, and yellow. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Brown dragon. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bruisewort. <i>See</i> Soapwort and Comfrey, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bugbane. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Bumblebee-root. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Burdock, description, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Butter-dock. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Butterfly-weed. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Button-snakeroot. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Cabbage, meadow, and swamp. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>skunk, description, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Calamus. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Calomel, vegetable. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Canada-root. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cancer-jalap. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cane, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cankerroot. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cat’s-foot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Caulophyllum and C. thalictroides. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Centaury, ground. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Chamaelirium, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18
+    <ul>
+      <li>luteum and C. obovale. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Aletris.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Chandler’s-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Chickentoe. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Chimney-pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Chocolate-flower. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Choctaw-root. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cimicifuga and C. racemosa. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>Cinnamon-sedge. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Citronella. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Clover-broom. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Coakum. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cockle-button. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cohosh, black, description, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36
+    <ul>
+      <li>blue, description, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Colicroot. <i>See</i> Aletris; Yam, wild; and Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Collard. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Collection of root drugs, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Collinsonia and C. canadensis. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Colombo, American, description, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Colt’s-foot, false, and colt’s-foot snakeroot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Comfrey, description, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Common names of plants, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Coneflower, pale-purple. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Coonroot. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Coptis and C. trifolia. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Corallorhiza and C. odontorhiza. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Coralroot, late, small, and small-flowered. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Corn, bear. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19
+    <ul>
+      <li>crow. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>snakeroot. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cotton, wild. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Couch-grass, description, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Crane’s-bill, description, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45
+    <ul>
+      <li>spotted, and wild. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, description, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Crawley. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Crawley-root, description, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Crow-corn. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20
+    <ul>
+      <li>foot. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+      <li>soap. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cuckold-dock. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Culver’s-physic. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60
+    <ul>
+      <li>root, description, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Curcuma, Ohio. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Cypripedium, C. hirsutum, C. parviflorum, and C. pubescens. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Daffydown-dilly. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Daisy, Irish. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dandelion, description, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dealers in root drugs, communication necessary, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>samples to be sent, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Descriptions of plants furnishing root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65
+    <ul>
+      <li>root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li>
+      <li>scope of, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Devils-apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40
+    <ul>
+      <li>bit. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>bite. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+      <li>bones. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li>
+      <li>ear. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+      <li>grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>Dioscorea, D. villosa, and D. villosa var. glabra. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dishcloth. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dock, bitter, blunt-leaved, broad-leaved, butter, common, curled, narrow, and sour. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29
+    <ul>
+      <li>cuckold. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+      <li>elf, and velvet. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+      <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dogbane, riverbank, and velvet. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56
+    <ul>
+      <li>grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Doon-head-clock. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dovefoot. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dracontium and D. foetidum. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dragon, brown, and dragon-turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dragon’s-claw. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dropwort, western. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dryopteris filix-mas and D. marginalis. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Duckretter. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Duck’s-foot. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Durfa-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Durfee-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Dutch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Earth-gall. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Echinacea angustifolia. <i>See</i> Echinacea, description, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Elder, horse. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Elecampane, description, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Elf-dock. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Eryngium, E. aquaticum, and E. yuccifolium. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Eryngo. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Eryngo, water, description, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Eupatorium maculatum and E. purpureum. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Explanation of plates, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>term “root drugs”, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Eye-balm. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c001'>Fern, basket, evergreen wood, male shield, and marginal-fruited shield. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12
+    <ul>
+      <li>male, description, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Feverroot. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Fin’s-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Five-fingers. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Flag, blue, description, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li>
+      <li>lily, and water. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+      <li>myrtle. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+      <li>poison. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li>
+      <li>rattlesnake. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+      <li>sweet, description, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>Flax, mountain. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Fleur-de-lis, American. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Flower-de-luce, American. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Fluctuation in prices of drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Fortune-teller. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Frasera, F. carolinensis, and F. walteri. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Fuller’s-herb. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c001'>Garget. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gelsemium and G. sempervirens. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gentian, yellow. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Geranium and G. maculatum, spotted, and wild. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gillenia, G. stipulacea, and G. trifoliata. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gilliflower, mock. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ginger, Indian, and wild. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ginseng, American. <i>See</i> Ginseng, description, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50
+    <ul>
+      <li>blue, and yellow. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Goldenseal, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Goldthread, description, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gowan, horse, and yellow. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Grape, Oregon, description, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37
+    <ul>
+      <li>Rocky Mountain. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Grass, Chandler’s, creeping wheat, devil’s, dog, durfa, Durfee, Dutch, Fin’s, quack, quake, quick, quitch, scutch, twitch, wheat, and witch. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13
+    <ul>
+      <li>couch, description, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+      <li>myrtle, and sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gravelroot and Indian gravelroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ground-centaury. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54
+    <ul>
+      <li>lemon. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+      <li>raspberry. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+      <li>squirrel pea. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Gum-plant. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Hardock. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Healing-herb. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Heart-snakeroot. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hedge-pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hellebore, American, description, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19
+    <ul>
+      <li>big, false, green, swamp, and white. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+      <li>fetid. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Helmetpod. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Helonias, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18
+    <ul>
+      <li>dioica. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium or Helonias, description, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hemp, American, and Canadian. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56
+    <ul>
+      <li>black Indian, description, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hog-apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Holly, mountain. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Horse-balm and horseweed. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59
+    <ul>
+      <li>elder and horseheal. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+      <li>gowan. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Horsefly-weed. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Hurr-bur. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Huskwort. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hydrangea arborescens and wild hydrangea. <i>See</i> Hydrangea, description, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42
+    <ul>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Hydrastis and H. canadensis. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Indian apple. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40
+    <ul>
+      <li>balm and Indian shamrock. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+      <li>dye, Indian turmeric, and Indian-paint, yellow. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+      <li>ginger. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+      <li>gravelroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+      <li>hemp, black, description, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+      <li>hippo. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+      <li>lettuce. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+      <li>paint, red. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+      <li>physic, description, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+      <li><i>See also</i> Indian hemp, black.</li>
+      <li>pink. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+      <li>poke. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+      <li>posy. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+      <li>shoe, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+      <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Indigo, American, white wild, and yellow: indigo-broom and indigo-weed. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44
+    <ul>
+      <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Inkberry and red inkberry. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Introduction to bulletin, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>–10</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Inul. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Inula and I. helenium. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ipecac, American, and false. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Iris and I. versicolor. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Itchweed. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Jack-in-the-pulpit. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Jalap, cancer. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Jasmine, Carolina. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52
+    <ul>
+      <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Jaundice-root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Jeffersonia and J. diphylla. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Jessamine, Carolina. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52
+    <ul>
+      <li>yellow, description, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Joe-pye-weed and spotted joe-pye-weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Kidneyroot. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>King-of-the-meadow. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Knitback. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Knobgrass. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Knotroot. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>Lady-by-the-gate. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lady’s-slipper, description, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24
+    <ul>
+      <li>large yellow, small yellow, and yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, description, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lappa and L. major. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Latherwort. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lemon, ground, and wild. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Leptandra and L. virginica. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lettuce, Indian. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Licorice, wild. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Life-of-man. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lily, flag, liver, and snake. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23
+    <ul>
+      <li>wood. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Liver-lily. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+  <li class='c016'>London-pride. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Lords-and-ladies. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Mahonia, trailing. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Male-fern, description, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12
+    <ul>
+      <li>nervine. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+      <li>shield-fern. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Mandrake, American, and wild. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Maple, vine. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Marsh-milkweed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62
+    <ul>
+      <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Masterwort. <i>See</i> Angelica, American, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>May-apple, description, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Meadow-cabbage. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>pride. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+      <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Medicinal uses of root drugs, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Menispermum and M. canadense. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Methods of cleaning and drying root drugs, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Milkweed, common, orange, swamp, and yellow. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57
+    <ul>
+      <li>marsh. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+      <li><i>See also</i> Indian hemp, black.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Moccasin-flower, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Mock-gilliflower. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Monkey-flower. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Moonseed, Canada, description, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Motherwort. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Mountain-flax. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47
+    <ul>
+      <li>holly. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Mouthroot. <i>See</i> Goldthread, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Myrtle-flag, myrtle-grass, and myrtle-sedge. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c001'>Names of plants, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Nerve-root. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Nervine, male. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Nettle-potato. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>Niggerhead. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Nightshade, American. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Noah’s-ark, yellow. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Nosebleed. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Old-maid’s-nightcap. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45
+    <ul>
+      <li>pink. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+      <li>man’s-root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>One-o’clock. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Onion, bog. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Orange-blossom. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal and Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Oregon grape, description, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ox-balm. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Panax quinquefolium. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pappoose-root. <i>See</i> Cohosh, blue, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Parilla, yellow. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pauson. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pea, ground-squirrel. <i>See</i> Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pelican-flower. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pepper-turnip and wild pepper. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Petty-morrel. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Phlox, Carolina, and P. ovata. <i>See under</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53
+    <ul>
+      <li>woods. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Physic-root. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Phytolacca, P. americana, and P. decandra. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pigeon-berry. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pink, Boston, chimney, hedge, and old-maid’s. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>Carolina, Indian, and Maryland. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pinkroot, Carolina, and East Tennessee. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53
+    <ul>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Plant names, confusion, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Plants furnishing root drugs, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65
+    <ul>
+      <li>descriptions, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Plates, explanation, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pleurisy-root, description, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pocan. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pockweed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Podophyllum and P. peltatum. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Poison-flag. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23
+    <ul>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Sweet-flag.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Poke and Virginian poke. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30
+    <ul>
+      <li>Indian. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+      <li>stinking. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pokeweed, description, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Polecat-weed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Polygala senega and P. senega var. latifolia. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Porteranthus stipulatus and P. trifoliatus. <i>See</i> Indian-physic, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>–43</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Potato, nettle. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Preparation of root drugs for market, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>Prices, approximate range, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>conditions affecting, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+      <li>fluctuations, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+      <li>paid to collectors, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Priest’s-pintle. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Puccoon, red, white, and puccoon-root. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41
+    <ul>
+      <li>yellow. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Pyramid-flower and pyramid-plant. <i>See</i> Colombo, American, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>–54</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Quack-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Quake-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Queen-of-the-meadow, description, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Queen’s-delight and queen’s-root. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Quick-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Quillwort. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Quitch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Rabbit’s-root. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Raccoon-berry. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Raspberry, ground. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rattlebush. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rattleroot. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rattle-snakeroot, rattletop, and rattleweed. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rattlesnake-flag, rattlesnake-master, and rattlesnake-weed. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Red-benjamin. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21
+    <ul>
+      <li>berry. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rheumatism-root. <i>See</i> Yam, wild, and Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39
+    <ul>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Richleaf. <i>See</i> Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Richweed. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, and Stoneroot, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Riverbank-dogbane. <i>See</i> Indian hemp, black, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>–56</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rocky Mountain grape. <i>See</i> Oregon grape, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>–37</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Root drugs, cleaning, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>collection, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li>
+      <li>dealers, communication necessary, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li>
+      <li>samples to be sent, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li>
+      <li>descriptions, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li>
+      <li>drying, method, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+      <li>time required, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+      <li>explanation of term, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+      <li>medicinal uses, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+      <li>methods of cleaning and drying, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+      <li>number described, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+      <li>official and nonofficial, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li>
+      <li>packing for shipment, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+      <li>plants furnishing, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–65</li>
+      <li>preparation for market, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>–11</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>Root drugs, samples for dealers, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>time for collecting, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+      <li>required for drying, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Ruellia ciliosa. <i>See under</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rumex, R. crispus, and R. obtusifolius. <i>See</i> Dock, yellow, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>–29</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Rush, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c001'>Sampson-root. <i>See</i> Echinacea, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sang. <i>See</i> Ginseng, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>–50</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sangree-root. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sangrel. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sanguinaria and S. canadensis. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Saponaria and S. officinalis. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Saponary. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sarsaparilla, American, false, and Virginian. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49
+    <ul>
+      <li>Texas, and yellow. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+      <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Scabwort. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Scoke. <i>See</i> Pokeweed, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>–30</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Scourwort. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Scutch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sedge, cinnamon, myrtle, and sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Segg, sweet. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Seneca-root. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Senega. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Serpentaria, description, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27
+    <ul>
+      <li>Texas and Virginia. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Serpentary. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Seven-barks. <i>See</i> Hydrangea, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>–42</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Shameface. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Shamrock, Indian. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sheepweed. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Shield-fern, male, and marginal-fruited. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Shoofly. <i>See</i> Indigo, wild, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>–44</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Shotbush. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Silverleaf. <i>See</i> Stillingia, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Skunk-cabbage, description, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Slippery-root. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Slunkweed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Snagrel. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Snakebite. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41
+    <ul>
+      <li>lily. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+      <li>root, black. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, and Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+      <li>button, and corn. <i>See</i> Water-eryngo, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51</li>
+      <li>Canada, description, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+      <li>colt’s-foot, heart, southern, and Vermont. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+      <li>rattle. <i>See</i> Cohosh, black, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36</li>
+      <li>Red River, Texas, and Virginia. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27</li>
+      <li>Seneca, description, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+      <li>Senega. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Seneca, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>–47</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>Snakeweed. <i>See</i> Serpentaria, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>–27
+    <ul>
+      <li>weed, black. <i>See</i> Snakeroot, Canada, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>–26</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Soaproot. <i>See</i> Soapwort, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>wort, common. <i>See</i> Soapwort, description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+      <li>description, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Spathyema foetida. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Speedwell, tall. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Spiceberry. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Spigelia and S. marilandica. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Spignet. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Spikenard, American, California, and small. <i>See</i> Sarsaparilla, wild, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>–49</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Squawflower. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Bethroot; Cohosh, black; and Cohosh, blue 20–21, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>–36, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>–38</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Starbloom. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53
+    <ul>
+      <li>grass. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>wort. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>wort, drooping. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li>
+      <li>mealy. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>yellow. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Starchwort. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Stick-button. <i>See</i> Burdock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>–65</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Stillingia, description, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48
+    <ul>
+      <li>sylvatica. <i>See</i> Stillingia, description, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>–48</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Stoneroot, description, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>–59</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Stork’s-bill. <i>See</i> Crane’s-bill, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>–45</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sunflower, wild. <i>See</i> Elecampane, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–63</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Swallowwort, orange. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Swamp-cabbage. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>hellebore. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+      <li>milkweed. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+      <li>turnip. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Sweet-betty, and sweet-william, wild. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>
+    <ul>
+      <li>cane, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweetroot, sweet rush, sweet sedge, and sweet segg. <i>See</i> Sweet-flag, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+      <li>flag, description, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li>
+      <li><i>See also under</i> Flag, blue.</li>
+      <li>slumber. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Symphytum and S. officinale. <i>See</i> Comfrey, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>–58</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Symplocarpus foetidus. <i>See</i> Skunk-cabbage, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li>
+  <li class='c001'>Taraxacum, T. dens-leonis, T. officinale, and T. taraxacum. <i>See</i> Dandelion, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>–61</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Tetterwort. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Tickleweed. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Trillium and T. erectum, ill-scented, purple, and red. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Triticum and T. repens. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>True-love. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Trumpet-flower, evening. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52
+    <ul>
+      <li>weed. <i>See</i> Queen-of-the-meadow, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>–62</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Tuberroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Turkey-claw. <i>See</i> Crawley-root, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–25</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Turmeric. <i>See</i> Bloodroot, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>–41</li>
+  <li class='c016'><span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>Turmeric, Indian, and turmeric-root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Turnip, dragon, Indian, marsh, meadow, pepper, and swamp. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14
+    <ul>
+      <li>wild, description, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Twinleaf, description, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Twitch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Umbil-root and yellow umbil. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Umbrella-plant. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Unicorn-plant. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+      <li>root, false. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18</li>
+      <li>true. <i>See</i> Aletris, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Unicorn’s-horn. <i>See</i> Chamaelirium and Aletris, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>–18, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>–20</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Valerian, American. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Vegetable calomel. <i>See</i> May-apple, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>–40</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Venus’-cup and Venus’-shoe. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Veratrum, V. album, and V. viride, American, green, and true. <i>See</i> Hellebore, American, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>–19</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Veronica, tall, and V. virginica. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Vine-maple. <i>See</i> Moonseed, Canada, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a></li>
+  <li class='c001'>Wake-robin. <i>See</i> Turnip, wild, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>–14
+    <ul>
+      <li>robin, ill-scented, purple, and red. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Water-eryngo, description, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>–51
+    <ul>
+      <li>flag. <i>See</i> Flag, blue, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>–23</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Wheat-grass and creeping wheat-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Whiteroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Whorlywort. <i>See</i> Culver’s-root, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>–60</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Windroot. <i>See</i> Pleurisy-root, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>–57</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Witch-grass. <i>See</i> Couch-grass, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>–13</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Woodbine, Carolina wild. <i>See</i> Jasmine, yellow, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–52</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Wood-fern, evergreen. <i>See</i> Male-fern, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>–12
+    <ul>
+      <li>lily. <i>See</i> Bethroot, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>–21</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Woods-phlox. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>World’s-wonder. <i>See</i> Soapwort, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li>
+  <li class='c016'>Wormgrass, wormweed, and American wormroot. <i>See</i> Pinkroot, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>–53</li>
+  <li class='c001'>Yam, wild, description, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>–22</li>
+  <li class='c016'>Yellow-eve. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33
+    <ul>
+      <li>root. <i>See</i> Goldenseal, Goldthread, and Twinleaf, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>–33, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>–39</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+  <li class='c016'>Yellows. <i>See</i> Lady’s-slipper, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>–24</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class='c017'>
+<div class='footnote' id='f1'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. <i>Phytolacca americana</i> L. by right of priority should be accepted, but <i>P.
+decandra</i> L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f2'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Bulletin 51, Part VI, Bureau of Plant Industry, “Goldenseal.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f3'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. King’s American Dispensatory, Vol. I, 1898, from Berberidaceæ, by C. G.
+and J. U. Lloyd, 1878.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f4'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Bulletin 100, Part V, Bureau of Plant Industry, “The Drug Known as Pinkroot.”</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f5'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra and that
+its name should be <i>Leptandra virginica</i> (L.) Nutt. The Pharmacopœia is here
+followed.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote' id='f6'>
+<p class='c005'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Although the combination <i>Taraxacum taraxacum</i> (L.) Karst. should be
+accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is followed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class='pbb'>
+ <hr class='pb c002'>
+</div>
+<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'>
+
+<div class='chapter ph2'>
+
+<div class='nf-center-c0'>
+<div class='nf-center c011'>
+    <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+ <ul class='ul_1 c001'>
+    <li>Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+
+    </li>
+    <li>Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter.
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+
+</div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78958 ***</div>
+</body>
+<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-06-05 16:48:03 GMT -->
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#78958](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78958)