diff options
Diffstat (limited to '7882-h/7882-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | 7882-h/7882-h.htm | 7783 |
1 files changed, 7783 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/7882-h/7882-h.htm b/7882-h/7882-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..795533d --- /dev/null +++ b/7882-h/7882-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7783 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + The Life of Kit Carson, by Edward S. Ellis. + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life of Kit Carson, by Edward S. Ellis + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life of Kit Carson + +Author: Edward S. Ellis + +Release Date: July 26, 2009 [EBook #7882] +Last Updated: January 26, 2013 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF KIT CARSON *** + + + + +Produced by Martin Robb, and David Widger + + + + + + +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + THE LIFE OF KIT CARSON, + </h1> + <h2> + Hunter, Trapper, Guide, Indian Agent and Colonel U.S.A. + </h2> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Edward S. Ellis. + </h2> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <blockquote> + <p class="toc"> + <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big> + </p> + <p> + <br /> <a href="#link2H_INTR"> INTRODUCTION </a><br /> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0001"> CHAPTER I. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0002"> CHAPTER II. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0003"> CHAPTER III. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0004"> CHAPTER IV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0005"> CHAPTER V. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0006"> CHAPTER VI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0007"> CHAPTER VII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0008"> CHAPTER VIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0009"> CHAPTER IX </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0010"> CHAPTER X. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0011"> CHAPTER XI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0012"> CHAPTER XII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0013"> CHAPTER XIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0014"> CHAPTER XIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0015"> CHAPTER XV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0016"> CHAPTER XVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0017"> CHAPTER XVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0018"> CHAPTER XVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0019"> CHAPTER XIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0020"> CHAPTER XX </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0021"> CHAPTER XXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0022"> CHAPTER XXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0023"> CHAPTER XXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0024"> CHAPTER XXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0025"> CHAPTER XXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0026"> CHAPTER XXVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0027"> CHAPTER XXVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0028"> CHAPTER XXVIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0029"> CHAPTER XXIX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0030"> CHAPTER XXX. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0031"> CHAPTER XXXI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0032"> CHAPTER XXXII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0033"> CHAPTER XXXIII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0034"> CHAPTER XXXIV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0035"> CHAPTER XXXV. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0036"> CHAPTER XXXVI. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0037"> CHAPTER XXXVII. </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2HCH0038"> CHAPTER XXXVIII. </a> + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_INTR" id="link2H_INTR"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + INTRODUCTION + </h2> + <p> + Christopher Carson, or as he was familiarly called, Kit Carson, was a man + whose real worth was understood only by those with whom he was associated + or who closely studied his character. He was more than hunter, trapper, + guide, Indian agent and Colonel in the United States Army. He possessed in + a marked degree those mental and moral qualities which would have made him + prominent in whatever pursuit or profession he engaged. + </p> + <p> + His lot was cast on the extreme western frontier, where, when but a youth, + he earned the respect of the tough and frequently lawless men with whom he + came in contact. Integrity, bravery, loyalty to friends, marvelous + quickness in making right decisions, in crisis of danger, consummate + knowledge of woodcraft, a leadership as skilful as it was daring; all + these were distinguishing traits in the composition of Carson and were the + foundations of the broader fame which he acquired as the friend and + invaluable counselor of Fremont, the Pathfinder, in his expeditions across + the Rocky Mountains. + </p> + <p> + Father Kit, as he came to be known among the Indians, risked his life + scores of times for those who needed, but had no special claim upon his + services. The red men were quick to learn that he always spoke with a + "single tongue," and that he was their unselfish friend. He went among his + hostiles when no one of his race dare follow him; he averted more than one + outbreak; he secured that which is impossible to secure—justice for + the Indian—and his work from the time when a mere boy he left his + native Kentucky, was always well done. His memory will forever remain + fragrant with those who appreciate true manhood and an unswerving devotion + to the good of those among whom he lived and died. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0001" id="link2HCH0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER I. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Kit Carson's Youth—His Visit to New Mexico—Acts as Interpreter and in + Various Other Employments—Joins a Party of Trappers and Engages in a + Fight with Indians—Visits the Sacramento Valley. +</pre> + <p> + "Kit Carson," the most famous hunter, scout and guide ever known in this + country, was a native of Kentucky, the scene of the principal exploits of + Daniel Boone, Simon Kenton, the Wetzel brothers and other heroic pioneers + whose names are identified with the history of the settlement of the West. + </p> + <p> + Christopher Carson was born in Madison county, December 24, 1809, and, + while he was still an infant, his father removed to Central Missouri, + which at that day was known as Upper Louisiana. It was an immense + wilderness, sparsely settled and abounding with wild animals and + treacherous Indians. The father of Carson, like most of the early + pioneers, divided his time between cultivating the land and hunting the + game in the forests. His house was made strong and was pierced with + loopholes, so as to serve him in his defence against the red men that were + likely to attack him and his family at any hour of the day or night. In + such a school was trained the wonderful scout, hunter and guide. + </p> + <p> + No advantages in the way of a common school education were within reach of + the youth situated as was Kit Carson. It is to be believed, however, that + under the tutelage of his father and mother, he picked up a fair knowledge + of the rudimentary branches, for his attainments in that respect were + above the majority of those with whom he was associated in after life. + </p> + <p> + While a mere stripling, Kit became known as one of the most skilful rifle + shots in that section of Missouri which produced some of the finest + marksmen in the world. It was inevitable that he should form a passion for + the woods, in which, like the great Boone, he would have been happy to + wander for days and weeks at a time. + </p> + <p> + When fifteen years old, he was apprenticed to a saddler, where he stayed + two years. At the end of that time, however, the confinement had become so + irksome that he could stand it no longer. He left the shop and joined a + company of traders, preparing to start for Santa Fe, the capital of New + Mexico, one of the most interesting towns in the southwest. The majority + of its population are of Spanish and Mexican origin and speak Spanish. It + is the centre of supplies for the surrounding country, and is often a + scene of great activity. It stands on a plateau, more than a mile above + the sea level, with another snow capped mountain rising a mile higher. The + climate is delightful and the supply of water from the springs and + mountains is of the finest quality. + </p> + <p> + Santa Fe, when first visited by the Spaniards in 1542, was a populous + Indian pueblo. It has been the capital of New Mexico for nearly two + hundred and fifty years. The houses of the ancient town are made of adobe, + one story high, and the streets are unpaved, narrow, crooked and ill + looking. The inhabitants are of a low order, scarcely entitled to be + ranked above the half civilized, though of late years the infusion of + western life and rugged civilization has given an impetus and character to + the place for which, through three centuries, it waited in vain. + </p> + <p> + The company to which young Kit Carson attached himself, was strongly armed + and it made the perilous journey, across rivers, mountains and prairies, + through a country infested with fierce Indians, without the loss of one of + their number. This immunity was due to their vigilance and knowledge of + the ways of the hostiles who, it may be said, were on all sides, from the + beginning to the end of their journey. + </p> + <p> + After reaching Santa Fe, Carson left the party and went to Taos, a small + station to the north of Santa Fe. There he stayed through the winter of + 1826-27, at the home of a veteran pioneer, from whom he gained not only a + valuable knowledge of the country and its people, but became familiar with + the Spanish language—an attainment which proved invaluable to him in + after years. In the spring, he joined a party which set out for Missouri, + but before reaching its destination, another company of traders were met + on their way to Santa Fe. Young Carson joined them, and some days later + was back again in the quaint old capital of New Mexico. + </p> + <p> + The youth's engagement ended with his arrival in the town, but there was + nothing indolent in the nature of Carson, who immediately engaged himself + as teamster to a company about to start to El Paso, on the Rio Grande, + near the frontier of New Mexico. He did not stay long before drifting back + to Santa Fe, and finally to Taos, where he hired out as a cook during the + following winter, but had not wrought long, when a wealthy trader, + learning how well Carson understood the Spanish language, engaged him as + interpreter. + </p> + <p> + This duty compelled the youth to make another long journey to El Paso and + Chihuahua, the latter being the capital of the province of the same name, + and another of those ancient towns whose history forms one of the most + interesting features of the country. It was founded in 1691 and a quarter + of a century later, when the adjoining silver mines were in full + operation, had a population of 70,000, though today it has scarcely a + fifth of that number. + </p> + <p> + The position of interpreter was more dignified than any yet held by + Carson, and it was at his command, as long as he chose to hold it; but to + one of his restless nature it soon grew monotonous and he threw it up, + making his way once more to Taos. The employment most congenial to + Carson's nature, and the one which he had been seeking ever since he left + home, was that of hunter and trapper. The scarred veterans whom he met in + the frontier and frontier posts gave him many accounts of their trapping + experiences among the mountains and in the gloomy fastnesses where, while + they hunted the bear, deer, beaver and other animals, the wild Indian + hunted them. + </p> + <p> + Carson had been in Taos a short time only when he gained the opportunity + for which he was searching. A party of trappers in the employ of Kit's old + friend had just come to Taos, having been driven from their trapping + grounds by the Indians. The employer set about raising a party strong + enough to return to the trapping grounds, chastise the hostiles and resume + business. Knowing the skill and bravery of the young Kentuckian, the + gentleman made him an offer to join the party and Kit eagerly accepted it. + </p> + <p> + The Mexicans have never been particularly friendly toward their neighbors + north of the Rio Grande, and at that time a very strict law was in force + which forbade the issuance of any license to American citizens to trap + within Mexican territory. The company which mounted their horses and rode + out of Taos gave the authorities to understand that their errand was + simply to chastise the red men, whereas their real purpose was to engage + in trapping. With a view of misleading the officers, they took a + roundabout route which delayed their arrival in the section. Nevertheless, + the hunters were desirous of punishing the Indians who had taken such + liberties with the small party that preceded them. On one of the + tributaries of the Gila, the trappers came upon the identical band whom + they attacked with such fierceness that more than a dozen were killed and + the rest put to flight. The fight was a desperate one, but young as Carson + was, he acquitted himself in a manner which won the warmest praise of + those with him. He was unquestionably daring, skilful and sagacious, and + was certain, if his life was spared, to become one of the most valuable + members of the party. + </p> + <p> + Having driven the savages away, the Americans began or rather resumed + their regular business of trapping. The beavers were so abundant that they + met with great success. When the rodents seemed to diminish in number, the + hunters shifted their quarters, pursuing their profession along the + numerous streams until it was decided to divide into two parties, one of + which returned to New Mexico, while the other pushed on toward the + Sacramento Valley in California. Carson accompanied the latter, entering + the region at that early day when no white man dreamed of the vast wealth + of gold and precious metals which so crowded her soil and river beds that + the wonder is the gleaming particles had not been detected many years + before; but, as the reader knows, they lay quietly at rest until that + eventful day in 1848, when the secret was revealed by Captain Sutter's + raceway and the frantic multitudes flocked thither from the four quarters + of the earth. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0002" id="link2HCH0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER II. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + California—Sufferings of the Hunters—The Mission of San Gabriel—The + Hudson Bay Trappers—Characteristics of Carson—He Leads the Party which + Captures an Indian Village and Secures some Criminals. +</pre> + <p> + California, one of the most magnificent regions of the earth, with its + amazing mineral wealth, its rich soil and "glorious climate," has its + belts of sterility and desolation, where the bones of many a traveller and + animal lie bleaching in the sun, just as they fell years ago, when the + wretched victim sank down and perished for want of food and water. + </p> + <p> + The hunting party to which Carson was attached numbered eighteen, and they + entered one of those forbidding wastes, where they suffered intensely. All + their skill in the use of the rifle was of no avail, when there was no + game to shoot and it was not long before they were forced to live on horse + flesh to escape starvation. This, however, was not so trying as might be + supposed, provided it did not last until the entire party were dismounted. + </p> + <p> + Fortunately, in their straits, they encountered a party of Mohave Indians, + who sold them enough food to remove all danger. These Indians form a part + of the Yuma nation of the Pima family, and now make their home on the + Mohave and Colorado rivers in Arizona. They are tall, well formed, warlike + and industrious cultivators of the soil. Had they chosen to attack the + hunters, it would have gone ill with the whites, but the latter showed + commendable prudence which might have served as a model to the hundreds + who came after them, when they gained the good will of the red men. + </p> + <p> + Extricating themselves from the dangerous stretch of country, the trappers + turned westward until they reached the mission of San Gabriel, one of + those extensive establishments formed by the Roman Catholic clergy a + hundred years ago. There were over a score, San Diego being the oldest. + Each mission had its priests, a few Spanish or Mexican soldiers, and + scores, hundreds and sometimes thousands of Indian converts who received a + scant support and some religious instruction. + </p> + <p> + The Mission of San Gabriel was by no means the largest in California, and + yet at the time of Carson's visit it owned 70,000 head of cattle, 200 + horses, 3,000 mares, hundreds of mules, oxen and sheep, while the + vineyards produced 600 barrels of wine every year. + </p> + <p> + Those old sovereigns of the soil dispensed hospitality without stint to + all who knocked at their gates. When the trappers caught sight of the + Mission, as they rode out from the wilderness, they knew what awaited them + in the way of entertainment. They were treated right royally, but remained + only one day. + </p> + <p> + Not far away they reached another Mission of less extent than the former, + but, without halt, they pressed steadily forward toward the Sacramento + River. The character of the section changed altogether. It was exceedingly + fertile and game was so abundant that they feasted to their heart's + content. When fully rested, they proceeded to the San Joaquin river down + which they began trapping. + </p> + <p> + While thus employed, they were surprised to discover signs of another + trapping party near them. They wondered where they came from and it did + not take them long to learn that their neighbors were a company of + trappers belonging to the Hudson Bay Company—that enormous + corporation, founded two centuries before, whose agents and employees + tramp over British America, far to the northward of the frozen circle, and + until a recent date hunted through Oregon. + </p> + <p> + The two parties were rivals in business, but they showed excellent sense + by meeting on good terms and treating each other as friends. They trapped + near each other until they came to the Sacramento once more, when they + parted company. The Hudson Bay trappers started for the Columbia River, + while the one to which Carson was attached went into camp where they were + for the rest of the summer. With the approach of warm weather the trapping + season ended and they devoted themselves to hunting and making ready for + cold weather. + </p> + <p> + It will be borne in mind that Kit Carson was still a youth, not having + reached his majority. He was of short, compact stature, no more than five + feet, six inches tall, with light brown hair, gray eyes, large head, high + forehead, broad shoulders, full chest, strong and possessing remarkable + activity. Even at that early age, he had impressed the veteran hunters and + trappers around him as one possessing such remarkable abilities, that, if + his life was spared, he was certain to become a man of mark. If we should + attempt to specify the particular excellencies in which he surpassed those + around him, it would be said that while Carson was one of the most + fearless men who lived, yet he possessed splendid judgment. He seemed to + know instinctively what could be accomplished by himself and friends in + positions of extreme peril, and he saw on the moment precisely how to do + that which often was impossible to others. + </p> + <p> + His knowledge of woodcraft and the peculiarities of the savage tribes + around him was as perfect as it could be. He was a matchless hunter, and + no man could handle a rifle with greater skill. The wilderness, the + mountains, the Indians, the wild animals—these constituted the + sphere in which nature intended Kit Carson should move and serve his + fellow men as no one before or after him has done. + </p> + <p> + Added to these extraordinary qualifications, was the crowning one of all—modesty. + Alas, how often transcendent merit is made repelling by overweening + conceit. Kit Carson would have given his life before he would have + travelled through the eastern cities, with his long hair dangling about + his shoulders, his clothing bristling with pistols and knives, while he + strutted on the mimic stage as a representative of the untamed + civilization of the great west. + </p> + <p> + Carson was a superior hunter when a boy in Missouri, and the experience + gained among the experienced hunters and trappers, soon caused him to + become noted by those who had fought red men, trapped beaver and shot + grizzly bears before he was born. And yet it could not have been that + alone: it must have been his superior mental capacity which caused those + heroes of a hundred perils to turn instinctively to him for counsel and + guidance in situations of extreme peril. Among them all was no one with + such masterful resources in that respect as he. + </p> + <p> + While the trappers were encamped at this place, a messenger visited them + from the Mission of San Rafael, with a request that they would help + chastise a party of Indians, who, after committing some outrages at the + Mission, had fled to an Indian village. When a demand was made for the + surrender of the refugees, the villagers not only refused to give them up, + but attacked the party and drove them off. Appreciating the importance of + upholding their authority, the priests sent to the trappers for assistance + in bringing the guilty ones and their friends to terms. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the request was made known, Carson and eleven of his companions + volunteered to help their visitors. Thus reinforced, the company from the + Mission set out again for the Indian village. + </p> + <p> + Nothing can attest more strongly the skill and bravery of Kit Carson, than + the fact that he was at once selected to lead the party on its dangerous + errand. While he was as modest as a woman and with a voice as gentle and + persuasive, he could not be ignorant of his own capacities, and he assumed + charge without any pretense of unfitness. + </p> + <p> + It is easy to understand the great care required in this expedition, for + the warriors in the village, having beaten off their assailants, naturally + looked for their return with reinforcements, and, in order to insure + success, it was necessary that the attack should be a surprise. + </p> + <p> + Having brought his men quite close to the village unperceived, Kit gave + the signal and the whole company swept through the place like a cyclone. + There were a few minutes of terrific fighting, during which a score of + warriors were killed, and then the entire village was captured. Carson as + the leader of the assailants, demanded the surrender of the offenders + against the Mission. Not daring to disobey such a summons, they were + delivered up to the authorities, and Carson, seeing nothing more to do for + his friends, returned with his companions to camp and resumed hunting and + their preparations for cold weather. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0003" id="link2HCH0003"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER III. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The Trapper's Life—Indian Horse Thieves—Carson's Skilful Pursuit + and Surprise of the Savages—Arrival at Los Angeles—Trouble with the + Authorities—A Singular Escape. +</pre> + <p> + The trappers being in the heart of the Indian country, with hostile on + every hand, were cautious in all their movements. When one of the grizzled + hunters in the depths of the wilderness fired his gun at some deer, + antelope or bear, he hastily reloaded his rifle, listening meanwhile for + sounds of the stealthy footprints of his enemy. He knew not when the + treacherous shot would be sent from behind the rock or clump of bushes, + but he had learned long before, that, when he penetrated the western wilds + and followed the calling of trapper, he took his life in his hands and he + was ready to "go under," whenever the fate so decreed. + </p> + <p> + The most flagrant crime on the frontier is horse stealing. He who shoots + one of his fellow men has a chance of escaping punishment almost as good + as that afforded in civilized communities, but if he steals a horse and is + caught, his case is hopeless. It may be said that the value of the animal + to the hunter or trapper is beyond all calculation, and, inasmuch as the + red man is equally appreciative, Carson always warned his friends to be on + the watch against the dusky thieves. Sentinels were on guard while others + slept, but the very calamity against which they thus sought to protect + themselves overtook them. + </p> + <p> + One dark night a number of Indians stole by the sentinels and before their + presence was discovered, drove off the major part of the horses. In the + morning, when the alarming truth became known, the employer of the + trappers asked Carson to take twelve of the men and do his utmost to + recover those that were stolen. Carson assented at once, and, in his + quiet, self possessed fashion, collected his comrades who were speedily in + the saddle and galloping along the trail of the thieves. + </p> + <p> + It may strike the reader that an offhand statement like the foregoing + relates to a proceeding of no special difficulty or peril. A party of + brave white men were pursuing a company of Indian horse thieves and the + chances of escape and capture were about equal. Thus the matter presents + itself to the ordinary spectator, whereas the truth was far different. + </p> + <p> + In the first place, the savages, being as well mounted as their pursuers, + were sure to maintain a swift pace, so long as they believed any danger + threatened. They would keep a keen watch of the back trail and would be + quick to detect the approach of enemies. If pressed hard, they would act + as the Apaches and Comanches do, when they find the United States troops + at their heels—break up in so many small parties that it is + impossible to follow them. + </p> + <p> + First of all, therefore, Carson had two achievements before him—and + the accomplishment of either seemed to render the other impossible: he + must travel at a faster rate than the thieves, and, at the same time keep + them in ignorance of his pursuit. It is on such occasions that a man's + woodcraft and knowledge of the country serve him so well. Many a time, + during the career of Kit Carson, did he outwit the red men and white + criminals, not by galloping along with his eye upon their footprints, but + by reasoning out with unerring skill, the destination or refuge which the + criminals had in mind. Having settled that all important question, he + aimed at the same point and frequently reached it first. Thus it came + about that often the fugitive, while hurrying along and glancing furtively + behind him, suddenly found himself face to face with his pursuer, whose + acquaintance with the country enabled him to find the shorter route. + </p> + <p> + It took Carson only a few minutes to satisfy himself that the criminals + were heading for the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but, inasmuch as they were + following a direct course, he could only take their trail. Where there + were so many animals in flight, it was impossible to hide their tracks and + the thieves made no attempt to do so. They struck the horses into a + sweeping gallop, which with a few interruptions they maintained until they + were a hundred miles from the camp of the white men and among the + fastnesses of the Sierras. + </p> + <p> + Then it was the red men made a careful survey of the trail behind them. + The black penetrating eyes scanned the country with a piercing keenness + which it would seem shut out all possibility of concealment. Nowhere could + they detect the faint smoke climbing toward the sky from among the trees + nor could they gain sight of the line of horsemen winding around the rocks + in the distance. Nothing resembling a human being was visible. Surely they + were warranted in believing themselves perfectly secure. + </p> + <p> + Such being their conclusion, they prepared for a great feast. Six of the + stolen horses were killed and the red men became as ardent hipophagi as + was the club of advanced Parisians a short time ago. The roasted meat + tasted as fine to them as though it was the choicest slices from the bison + or deer, and they ate and frolicked like so many children let loose for a + holiday. + </p> + <p> + But in the midst of their feast was heard a series of frightful yells and + whoops. The appalled Indians had scarcely time to turn their eyes when a + dozen horsemen, that seemed to have risen from the very ground, thundered + down upon them. Carson and his men had overtaken the thieves and they now + swept down upon them with resistless fury. The fight was as short as it + was fierce. The red men fell on the right and left, and those who escaped + the wrath of the trappers, scattered and ran as if a hundred bomb shells + were exploding around them. Every horse stolen (except the six killed for + the feast) were recovered and Carson took them back to camp without the + loss of a man. + </p> + <p> + The hunters stayed until early autumn, when their employer decided to go + to New Mexico. The journey led for a great portion of the way through a + country over which they had travelled, and which therefore was familiar to + them. After halting a brief while at the Mission of San Fernando, they + arrived at Los Angeles, which like the rest of the country as the reader + knows, belonged to Mexico. As it was apparent that the horsemen were + hunters and trappers, the authorities demanded their written license to + pursue their calling in Mexican territory. Such was the law and the + officials were warranted in making the demand, but it need not be said + that the party were compelled to admit they had nothing of the kind in + their possession. + </p> + <p> + The authorities thereupon determined to arrest the hunters, but knowing + their desperate nature, hesitated as to the safe means of doing so. They + finally hit upon a rather ingenious, though unfair means of disarming the + white men: they began giving them "fire water" to drink, refusing to + accept pay therefor. Those who lead lives of hardship and peril are + generally fond of such indulgence, and, though the trappers could not fail + to understand the purpose of the Mexicans, and though they knew the + disastrous consequences of giving away to temptation, they yielded and + took in their mouths the enemy which stole away their brains. + </p> + <p> + The employer became alarmed and saw that something must be done at once or + everything would be lost. Carson had been too wise to fall into the snare, + and he turned to him. + </p> + <p> + "Take three of the soberest men," said he, "and the loose animals and camp + equipage and push out of the place. I will join you as soon as I can, but + you mustn't linger for me. If I fail to join you, hasten to New Mexico and + make known that I and the rest of my men have been massacred." + </p> + <p> + These instructions were definite and they showed the gravity of the + situation. Carson did as directed, while the employer gave his attention + to the rest of the men. It was high time that he did so, for they were + fast succumbing to their appetites. Despite the indignant protests and + efforts of the employer they would have undoubtedly fallen victims but for + an unlooked for occurrence. + </p> + <p> + One of the trappers who was so much under the influence of liquor as to + become reckless, fired upon and slightly wounded a native of the place. + The act threw the Mexicans into a panic of terror, and they fled from the + presence of the dreaded Americans who seemed eager for any sanguinary + deed. + </p> + <p> + The employer was wise enough to take advantage of the occurrence and he + succeeded, after much labor, in getting his half intoxicated men together + and out of the place. The horses were forced to their utmost and the same + night they overtook Carson and his anxious companions. All danger from + that source was ended. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0004" id="link2HCH0004"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + An Alarming Visit—Carson's Resources—On the Colorado and + Gila—Capturing a Herd of Horses and Mules—The Raiders—Turning the + Tables—Caching their Peltries—Return to Santa Fe—Carson Goes upon + a Second Trapping Expedition—Hunting with an Old Mountaineer—A Visit + from Crow Indians. +</pre> + <p> + A week or more later, the trappers again reached the Colorado River. They + had traveled at a leisurely pace and once more they went into camp, where + they were familiar with the country. Men leading such lives as they, were + accustomed to all kinds of surprises, but it may be doubted whether the + trappers were more amazed in all their existence than when five hundred + Indian warriors made their appearance and with signs of friendship overran + the camp before they could be prevented or checked. + </p> + <p> + The hunters did not know what to make of the proceeding, and looked to + Carson for advice. He had already discovered that the situation was one of + the gravest danger. Despite the professions of friendship, Kit saw that + each warrior had his weapons under his dress, where he hoped they were not + noticed by the whites. Still worse, most of the hunters were absent + visiting their traps, only Kit and a few of his companions being in camp. + The occasion was where it was necessary to decide at once what to do and + then to do it without flinching. + </p> + <p> + Among the red men was one who spoke Spanish and to him Carson addressed + himself: + </p> + <p> + "You must leave the camp at once; if you don't do so without a minute's + delay, we shall attack you and each of us is sure to kill one warrior if + not more." + </p> + <p> + These brave words accompanied by such determination of manner were in such + contrast to the usual course of the cowardly Mexicans that the Indians + were taken all aback. They could not suspect the earnestness of the short, + sturdy framed leader, nor could they doubt that though the Indians would + be sure to overwhelm the little band, yet they would have to pay dearly + for the privilege. It took them but a few minutes to conclude the price + was altogether too high and they drew off without making a hostile + demonstration against the brave Carson and his men. + </p> + <p> + The trappers worked their way down the Colorado until they arrived at + tidewater, when they moved to the Gila, along which they trapped until + they reached the mouth of the San Pedro. They were in sore need of horses + with which to transport their furs and peltries, that had become numerous + and bulky. While in this neighborhood, they discovered a large herd of + horses and mules in the possession of a few Indians. According to the + morality of the border this property was legitimate prey, but in point of + fact when the trappers determined to take the animals from the aborigines, + they became thieves and robbers. However, it is not to be hoped that a + single member of the company felt the slightest twinge of conscience when + he rode at full speed, yelling to the highest bent, and helped scatter the + terrified red men to the winds. The entire herd fell into the hands of the + whites, and, congratulating themselves on their good fortune, they kindled + a huge fire and encamped for the night. + </p> + <p> + Most of the men had lain down with the intention of sleeping until + morning, and Kit sat looking in the fire, when his trained ear caught a + peculiar sound. At first, it seemed to be the faint roll of distant + thunder, but he knew it was not. He listened carefully and was able to + tell the direction whence came the singular noise, but remained uncertain + as to its cause. Then, as he had done many a time, he leaned over and + pressed his ear to the solid earth. Immediately the rumbling became more + distinct and he recognized what it meant: it was the tramp of numerous + hoofs galloping forward. + </p> + <p> + Carson and several of his men stole noiselessly out to reconnaissance and + found a half dozen warriors hurrying along a drove of more than a hundred + horses. They had been on a raid among the Mexican settlements in Sonora + and were now returning home with their plunder. + </p> + <p> + The temptation was one which Carson and his companions could not resist. + They sent a volley from their rifles among the thieves, which threw them + into such a panic that they dashed off at full speed without giving the + least thought to their valuable property. The latter as a matter of course + was taken charge of by the trappers, who were glad of the opportunity to + chastise the cowardly marauders. + </p> + <p> + Under the circumstances, however, the animals were of little value to the + hunters, who had all they needed. It was beyond their power to return them + to their owners, but the best were selected, several of the plumpest + killed and cured, and the rest turned loose to go whither they chose. + </p> + <p> + The trappers continued up the Gila until near the copper mines of New + Mexico, where they found a party of white men trading with the Indians. + The peltries were cached and placed in charge of their friends, while + Carson and his companions continued on until they reached Santa Fe. There + their employer bought a license to trade with the Indians who lived near + the copper mines. Then they went back and procuring their furs, returned + once more to Santa Fe, where they were sold for more than twenty thousand + dollars. This being equitably divided among the hunters, furnished each a + goodly sum. Like so many sailors just ashore from a long voyage, most of + the trappers went on a prolonged carousal, which caused their money to + melt like snow in the sun. When their pockets were empty, they had aching + heads, weak frames and only the memory of their feverish pleasures. + </p> + <p> + Kit Carson did not go through this trial unscathed. He drank and spreed + with the rest, but he awoke to the folly and madness of his course sooner + than they and the sad lesson learned at the time lasted him through life. + The baneful habit was not fastened upon him, and he not only acquired the + mastery over self, but was able more than once to save others from falling + into the whirlpool which has swept unnumbered multitudes to wretchedness + and death. + </p> + <p> + Carson found little in the way of congenial employment until the fall of + the year, when he joined a second trapping expedition. The first had won + him such a reputation for sagacity, daring and skill, that his services + were always in demand, and those who were forming such enterprises sought + him out among the very first. + </p> + <p> + The new party was in charge of an experienced mountaineer, who told Kit + his intention was to trap along the principal streams of the Rocky + Mountains. He was well acquainted with the region and was confident that + the expedition would not only be enjoyable and thrilling in the highest + degree, but would prove profitable to all. + </p> + <p> + The party travelled northward until they reached the Platte River where + the business began. They moved from stream to stream, as necessity + demanded, shooting such game as they needed, exchanging shots with the + watchful red men, who killed four of the trappers while hunting bison, and + steadily adding to their stock of furs until the close of the season in + the spring of 1831. Learning that an old mountaineer, named Captain Gaunt, + had spent the winter at Laramie River and was then at New Park, Kit Carson + and four of his friends set out to join him. It was a long and perilous + journey, but they made it in safety and the Captain gave them glad + welcome. They hunted together for many months following until the Captain + went to Taos to sell his peltries. On his return, operations were resumed + until the weather became so cold they were forced into winter quarters. + </p> + <p> + The winter proved very severe. The snow was so deep that only by cutting + down numerous cottonwoods and using the bark and twigs for fodder were the + animals saved from starvation. Fortunately, they had laid in a good stock + of bison meat so that the trappers themselves underwent no suffering for + food. In fact, they found little to do except to pass the time in + idleness. With abundant food, plenty of tobacco and the means of engaging + in certain games, they whiled away the long winter days and evenings until + the signs of spring appeared. + </p> + <p> + But while the winds were moaning around their hut, in which they made + their home, and the snow rattled like fine sand against the logs, they + were taught again that no weather is severe enough to keep the wily red + man within his wigwam. A party of Crow Indians discovered the camp of the + trappers and one tempestuous night made them a stealthy visit. They + departed during the darkness, and, when they went away, took with them + nine of the very best horses of the hunters—a loss too serious to be + borne without using every recourse to prevent it. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0005" id="link2HCH0005"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER V. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Kit Carson's Decision—A Hot Pursuit an and Unexpected Discovery—Weary + Waiting—A Snow Balling Party—A Daring Attack—Brilliant Exploit. +</pre> + <p> + Instinctively every one turned to Carson to learn what he had to advise + and yet each was certain what he would say. + </p> + <p> + "It'll never do, boys, to let them steal our horses in that style," he + remarked in his quiet fashion, compressing his lips and shaking his head, + while his eyes flashed with a dangerous light. + </p> + <p> + All knew what his words and manner meant, and in a twinkling the thirteen + men were in their saddles, and, with their gallant leader at their head, + galloped forth off in pursuit. + </p> + <p> + It would be supposed where the ground was covered with snow to such a + depth, that it was the easiest matter imaginable to follow the trail, and + yet Kit and his companions found it one of the most difficult tasks they + had ever undertaken. Hundreds of bison had repeatedly crossed the tracks + since they were made and less experienced eyes than those of the trappers + would have given over the search in despair. + </p> + <p> + But no one thought of turning back, and the pursuit was pushed + unflaggingly for fully forty miles. Not the first glimpse had been + obtained of the Indians, and the horses that had been pushed so hard + finally gave out. They were in poor condition, and, when the company came + to a halt, showed such exhaustion that it was evident they could not be + forced much further. It was decided, therefore, to go into camp. + Accordingly, they turned the heads of their panting animals toward a piece + of woods a short distance away. + </p> + <p> + Before the shelter was reached, the trappers were astonished to observe a + column of smoke rising above the trees. They looked in each others' faces + with a smile of gratification: inasmuch as the trail led into the grove + and it was evident a camp fire was burning there, it followed that they + were close to the thieves whom they had followed such a long distance. + </p> + <p> + The discovery infused new warmth into the blood of the hunters, who were + fairly atremble with eagerness to attack the unsuspecting Indians. + </p> + <p> + But all were too experienced in the ways of the wilderness to allow their + impatience to betray them into any indiscretion. They deemed it necessary + their assault should be a surprise and they, therefore, withdrew to a + secluded place in the woods and waited for night. + </p> + <p> + This was trying to a painful degree. The weather which had been bitterly + cold during the day, grew still colder, until the animals shivered as if + with the ague. They were carefully tied where the trees partly sheltered + them from the cutting wind and the hunters made sure their arms were + ready. Then, when the sun went down and darkness crept over the snowy + landscape, the men moved around so as to approach the camp from the + direction opposite to that from which the Indians would naturally look for + pursuit. + </p> + <p> + When close enough to catch sight of the flames among the trees, the + hunters sank on their knees and crept noiselessly forward until able to + gain a full view of the dusky thieves. They were surprised at what they + saw. The savages had thrown some logs and stones together so as to make a + couple of rude forts and had divided themselves into two parties. It was + characteristic of them that they were holding a dance and feast in honor + of the brilliant style in which they had outwitted the trappers forty + miles away. + </p> + <p> + The scene was quite interesting, especially when our friends plainly saw + their stolen animals tied near one of the forts. The sight of their + property was anything but soothing to the wrathful trappers, who were + resolved not to go back to their own camp without taking the horses along. + </p> + <p> + But the Crows were strong in numbers, well armed and ready to fight on the + briefest notice. It would have been an act of the greatest rashness to + charge upon their camp, while they were excited to an unusual degree by + the rejoicing in which all took a hilarious part. The whites decided to + wait several hours longer until most of their enemies would be unconscious + in slumber. + </p> + <p> + All this time the weather was growing colder, and, toughened as the + trappers had become by years of exposure, they suffered greatly. They dare + not move about to keep up the circulation of their blood, for the + slightest noise was liable to attract the suspicion of some of the Crows + who might be prowling through the grove. More than once Carson feared his + limbs were freezing, but he held out like the genuine hero he was, and his + companions were all worthy of him. + </p> + <p> + At last the dance was over and the tired warriors wrapped their blankets + around their forms and stretched out to rest. Their manner showed they had + no thought that a foe was anywhere in the neighborhood. Although such men + sleep lightly, they do not remain long awake when courting sleep, and in a + brief while all were unconscious except the sentinels on duty. Even they + were so confident that nothing threatened, that they became less vigilant + than usual. + </p> + <p> + "Sh! now is the time," whispered the youthful leader. They had decided + long before upon their plan of action, so that no time was now lost in + consultation. Kit and five of his men began slowly creeping toward their + horses. This was anything but a pleasant occupation, for the snow, it will + be remembered, was deep on the ground; but such veterans cared nothing for + a trifle like that, and they speedily reached their animals. + </p> + <p> + Such an attempt is always a dangerous one, for the horse of the Indian or + white hunter often proves his most skilful sentinel. He is able to detect + the stealthy approach of a scout, long before the straining ear of his + master can catch the slightest sound. If the beasts should become + frightened by the shadowy figures crawling over the snow, they would be + likely to alarm the camp; but Carson and his companions managed it so well + that there was not a single neigh or stamp of a hoof. + </p> + <p> + Silently rising to their feet, they cut the halters which held the horses + fast, and then, withdrawing a slight distance, began throwing snowballs at + them. These feathery missiles fell among and struck against them, until, + to escape the mimic bombardment they moved out the wood altogether, where + they were taken charge by the others who were waiting. All this was + accomplished without attracting the attention of a single Indian. + </p> + <p> + Having met with such success, common prudence and sense suggested that the + trappers should make all haste to their own comfortable quarters, so many + long miles away; but they had scarcely joined each other when they fell + into an earnest discussion as to what the next step should be. + </p> + <p> + Some were in favor of withdrawing with the least possible delay, but Kit + Carson and a couple of daring spirits were bent on going back and + punishing the thieves who had given them so much trouble. As they could + not be argued out of their purpose, the others, as a matter of course, + agreed to give them their aid. + </p> + <p> + Three of the trappers were sent to take the recaptured animals to where + the saddle horses were secured while the others advanced directly upon the + Indian camp. They moved cautiously as was their custom and were almost + upon the Crows, when one of their dogs gave notice of danger by a vigorous + barking. On the instant, the warriors leaped to their feet and the fight + opened. So many of the Indians were shot down and the advantage was so + strongly against them, that the survivors hastily ran into the nearest + fort, from which they returned the fire of their assailants. The latter, + however, had stationed themselves behind trees, where they were safe + against the whistling bullets, and in their attack they threw away very + few shots indeed. + </p> + <p> + It began growing light in the east, and, as soon as the Crows discovered + how few composed the besieging force, they in turn became the assailants, + and rushed out of their fort with their frightful war whoops, but they + were met by such a destructive fire that they scurried back again. + </p> + <p> + The second attack of the savages was so furious that the trappers were + forced to fall back, but the reserve, as it may be called, speedily joined + them, and once more drove the Indians into their fort. Several of the + whites had been wounded though not dangerously, and both parties having + had enough of fighting, the battle ended. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0006" id="link2HCH0006"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The British and American Trapper—Hunting on the Laramie—The + Deserters—The Vain Pursuit—Arrival of Friends—The Return Journey—The + Night Alarm—The Attack Upon the Camp—Pursuit and Recovery of Horses. +</pre> + <p> + A half century ago the vast region beyond the Rocky Mountains was + comparatively unknown and unexplored. Its general features of course were + understood, but the interior was like the central portion of Australia or + Africa. Clarke and Lewis made their famous expedition to Oregon during the + early days of the century, and helped to turn general attention in that + direction. Its growth and development since then is one of the wonders of + the age. + </p> + <p> + But there was one class (if the word may be used), who never hesitated to + penetrate the wildest and most dangerous recesses of the far West and + Northwest: those were the hunters and trappers. As we have already stated, + the employees of the venerable and all embracing Hudson Bay Company ranged + over British America and through Oregon, to which vast territory they + possessed the clear legal right, besides which they and the trappers of + the American Fur Company frequently trespassed on each others reserves, + and not infrequently came in bloody collision with each other. + </p> + <p> + Far to the northward, the Indian drove his birch canoe across the silent + Athabasca and Great Bear Lakes, on his way with his peltries to the + distant factory or post of the Company; along the frozen shores of the + lone Mackenzie (the only American river flowing into the Arctic Ocean), + the trapper glided on his snow shoes, or with his sturdy dogs and sleigh, + fought his way over the snowy wastes of Prince Rupert's Land; the brigades + in their boats rounded the curves of the Saskatchewan, keeping time with + their paddles to their own cheery songs; their camp fires were kindled in + the land of the Assiniboine and they set their traps in the wildest + recesses of the Rocky Mountains where the whirling snow storms almost + carried them off their feet; but north of the dividing line, the hunters + had little if anything to fear from the red men. Though they encountered + in the loneliest and most desolate distant regions, they generally met and + separated as friends. Among the perils of the trapper's life in British + America was not reckoned that from the hostile natives. + </p> + <p> + It was far different within our own territory. Those who left our frontier + States and pushed westward, and those who penetrated northward and + eastward from the Mexican country, knew they were invading the hunting + grounds of the fiercest Indians on the American continent. We have already + told enough to show the intense hostility of the red men; between them and + the hunters and trappers raged a war that never ceased or slackened, + except when policy held it for a time in check. + </p> + <p> + The little group of horsemen, who rode out from Independence or Westport, + or who took steamer at St. Louis up the Missouri, often came back with + several of their number missing. Up among the mountains, they had gone out + to visit their traps and had never come back to camp. The lurking + Blackfoot, or Sioux, or Crow, had aimed all too well, and, as he bounded + whooping away, he swung aloft the scalp of his victim whose trapping days + were ended forever. + </p> + <p> + After recovering their horses from the band of Crows, Carson and his + companions returned to camp, where they remained until spring, when they + cached their furs and made their way to the Laramie River on another + hunting expedition. While thus employed, a couple of the men deserted + taking several of the best animals. Kit Carson and a single companion were + sent in pursuit, the rascals having a good day's start. A desperate fight + was sure to follow a meeting between the parties, for Carson would never + forgive such treachery, and the deserters were not the ones to permit + themselves to be despoiled of their booty without doing their utmost to + prevent it. + </p> + <p> + It was suspected that they were on their way to the place where the beaver + had been cached; and disregarding the trail, therefore Carson made all + haste thither. It need not be said that he lost no time on the road, but + when he reached their old camp, he found the deserters had preceded him. + They had stolen several thousand dollars worth of furs and departed. + </p> + <p> + Carson was more anxious than ever to overtake the scoundrels. He and his + companion made diligent search, but failed utterly to find them. They were + never seen or heard of again, and Carson was convinced they had fallen + victims to the Indians who in turn made off with the stolen peltries. + </p> + <p> + It will be borne in mind that Kit and his friend were several hundred + miles from the main body of hunters, and in one of the most dangerous + countries they had ever visited. So dangerous, indeed, did they consider + an attempt to return to them, that they decided not to make it, but to + stay in the old camp. Inasmuch as it would be impossible to keep their + presence from the knowledge of the Indians, they threw up some rude + fortifications and never relaxed their vigilance. When Carson wrapped his + blanket around him, and lay down to rest, he knew his companion was on + guard and would not slumber. It was the same with his friend, their + watchfulness undoubtedly preventing the attack which scarcely could have + failed to be effectual. + </p> + <p> + It was needful now and then that one of them should venture out to procure + game, but that was so plentiful that he was never compelled to go far, and + he used such extreme care that he was not even so much as fired upon. + </p> + <p> + Thus the time passed, until at the end of several weeks, the hunters were + surprised and delighted by the arrival of more than a dozen men on their + way with a complete outfit to join the main body. Carson and his friend + were glad enough to go with them and the long journey was begun. They had + not gone far, when they exchanged shots with hostiles and there were + almost daily skirmishes with them. By sunset they had travelled a long + distance, and went into camp, feeling certain that though Indians had not + shown themselves, they were in the vicinity. To prevent a stampede of + their animals, the long ropes around their necks were fastened to stakes + driven deep into the earth. This arrangement allowed them to graze over + sufficient ground and opposed an almost insuperable obstacle to the + success of the dusky thieves prowling around. + </p> + <p> + It was yet early in the evening when one of the dogs belonging to the camp + began barking. A score of causes might have caused this but Carson + believed the incitement in that instance was the one most dreaded. Several + men were added to the guard and the rest lay down, too uneasy to gain much + slumber, however. + </p> + <p> + The trappers were right in their suspicion that savages were near but they + could not have failed to note what precautions had been taken by the + whites against surprise and they withdrew without molesting them. The + party were in a beaver country, and Carson and three of his men went up + the stream some distance to learn whether it was worth their while to set + the traps. + </p> + <p> + They had not been gone long when a party of Indians, who were probably + awaiting such an opportunity, charged upon the camp and drove off all the + loose horses. Four of the hunters instantly saddled the swiftest of those + remaining and started in hot pursuit. So hot indeed was the pursuit that + they speedily came up with the marauders and opened a running fight. One + of the hunters was badly wounded, while a warrior was shot from his horse + pitching headlong to the earth with a screech of agony. The remaining ones + were pressed so hard that they were glad enough to abandon the property + which came back to the rightful owners, probably before an animal was able + to comprehend what had taken place. + </p> + <p> + The promptness and daring of the hunters had prevented a serious loss, and + though one of their number was severely hurt, his wound was not mortal. It + may be said that he suffered much but fully recovered in time. Men with + such iron constitutions and rugged frames rallied from injuries that would + have swept off those accustomed to less stirring lives. + </p> + <p> + Having righted matters, so far as possible, the trappers picketed their + horses and awaited the return of Carson and his companions. They were much + disturbed by fears for their safety, as in truth they had good cause to + be. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0007" id="link2HCH0007"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + An Unexpected Meeting—The Ambush—A Daring and Perilous Ride—Return to + Camp—Disappointments—The Beaver. +</pre> + <p> + Meanwhile the Indians made it exceedingly lively for Kit Carson and his + three companions. + </p> + <p> + The latter had heard so much of the abundance of beavers in a certain + section that they determined to visit it and make a thorough exploration. + To do this, it was necessary to ride over a lofty Rocky Mountain peak or + take many hours to pass around it. Very naturally they concluded to "cut + across lots," confident of their ability to take care of themselves, no + matter what danger threatened. + </p> + <p> + The ascent proved very exhausting to men and animals, for the trappers did + not compel the weary beasts to bear them up the steep slope where it tired + them to force their own way. They rested many times, but finally + accomplished the ascent and passed over into the valley beyond. There, + disappointment awaited them. The most careful search failed to show the + first sign of a beaver and they had their labor for their pains. The toil + of climbing the mountain peak was so severe that the hunters concluded to + take the longer route home. Their steeds had been pushed so hard, that + they were permitted to set their own pace on the return. This naturally + enough was a deliberate walk, while their riders talked, laughed, jested + and occasionally made some remark on the magnificent scenery by which they + were surrounded. There was no call for haste, and they knew nothing of + what had taken place in camp after their departure; otherwise, they might + have felt more impatience to rejoin their friends. + </p> + <p> + All at once, the hunters descried four Indian warriors in the path in + front. They were splendidly mounted, their hair ornamented with stained + eagle feathers, their ugly countenances daubed with yellow, black and + crimson paint, and they were fully armed. Their appearance showed they + were on the war path. + </p> + <p> + Such undoubtedly being the case, a sight of the braves was a challenge to + the hunters who accepted it without a second's hesitation. + </p> + <p> + Pausing not a moment to consult on their plan of action, Kit and his + companions spurred their horses to a dead run, with the purpose of + bringing them within range of their rifles, but the steeds of the dusky + foes were fleet of foot and they sped away like the wind. + </p> + <p> + The pursuit was a furious one, until the flying fugitives shot by a hill, + when more than fifty warriors similarly mounted and accoutred, dashed out + to intercept the enthusiastic hunters. Just then it dawned upon Kit and + his companions that the whole proceeding was a trap arranged by the + Indians into which he and his friends had dashed at headlong speed. + </p> + <p> + It was in such crises that Kit Carson displayed his marvelous resources + and lightning-like perception of the best course to adopt. The discovery + of the ambush would have thrown almost any company of men, no matter how + brave into a panic, or at least into temporary confusion which would have + been equally disastrous. Most probably they would have reined up or + wheeled about and fled in the opposite direction. The whole band would + have dashed in pursuit and the running fight between four men and more + than twelve times their number, every one of whom it is fair to presume + was thoroughly familiar with the country, could have resulted in but one + way. Skilled and daring as were Carson and his comrades, they could not + accomplish the impossible, as they would have had to do in order to escape + the yelling band behind them. + </p> + <p> + Kit was slightly in advance of the others, and he did not check his animal + in the least. On the contrary, he urged him to his utmost, and the four + sped straight ahead on a dead run, seemingly as if they meant to charge + the entire war party. + </p> + <p> + Such, however, was not their intention: they shied off as much as they + could, and, throwing themselves forward and over the side of their horses, + ran the terrible gauntlet. No one of the trappers fired a shot, for if + dismounted by the bullets of their enemies, each wished to have his loaded + rifle in hand, with which to make his last defense. + </p> + <p> + The very audacity of the movement amazed the Indians. By the time they + comprehended what the white men were doing, they were thundering in front + of them. Then the warriors opened fire, and the bullets whistled about the + horses and riders, who kept their steeds to the highest bent and finally + passed beyond danger—their escape one of the most extraordinary on + record. + </p> + <p> + The Indians did not pursue the hunters, two of whom had been struck by + their bullets, and Carson and his friends drew their horses down to a more + moderate pace. The great scout admitted that he was never more utterly + deceived and entrapped by the red man in all his life. But he saw in the + occurrence a deeper significance than appeared on the surface. The ambush + into which he and his friends had been led was only a part of the campaign + against the entire party, who, weakened by the absence of Carson and his + companions were likely to fall victims to such a large band of warriors. + Trembling with fear for their comrades, they again forced their animals to + a high speed and lost no time in making their way back to camp. They found + everything in good shape, much to their relief, and were not at all + surprised to learn of the visit that had been made by the savages during + the absence of Kit and his companions. + </p> + <p> + The wounds of the two trappers who were shot while running the fiery + gauntlet, were found to be of such a serious nature that the party had not + gone far when they were obliged to go into camp again. One of them + especially, was in such a bad way that it was found necessary to carry him + on a litter until the main camp was reached. There he was allowed to rest + and everything possible was done to make him comfortable. When he had + fully recovered, the entire company headed for Old Park, once famous on + account of the immense numbers of beavers found there. Disappointment, + however, awaited them, for other trappers had preceded them, and made such + thorough work that it was useless for the last arrivals to unload and set + their traps. + </p> + <p> + The party visited other sections but in every instance they appeared to be + "a day too late for the fair;" the beaver runs had been worked so + thoroughly by others that it was useless for them to expect success. + </p> + <p> + The beaver, as the reader probably knows, aside from its great value in + producing fur and perfume, possesses a most wonderful instinct. They live + in communities and prefer to build their houses by small clear rivers and + creeks or close to springs. Sometimes they are found on the banks of + lakes. + </p> + <p> + The dams which they construct with the skill of a professional civil + engineer, are built for the purpose of making sure of a full supply of + water at all times and seasons. These dams are composed of stones, mud and + tree branches, the base being ten or twelve feet in thickness sloping + gradually upward to the summit. + </p> + <p> + In building their dams, the beaver does not thrust the ends of the stakes + into the bed of the river, but lays them down horizontally, holding them + in place by piling mud and stones upon them. The logs which compose the + dams are mostly from six to eight inches in diameter, though some have + been found nearly two feet through. The enormous number of such logs used + may be imagined perhaps, when the ponderous character of the dams is + remembered, and when it is stated that some of them are more than an + eighth of a mile wide. Every log, after being gnawed off the proper + length, is stripped of its bark which is stored away for use as food + during the winter. + </p> + <p> + The lodges of the beavers are composed principally of mud, moss and + branches, circular in shape, the space within being seven feet in width + and about half as high. The walls are so thick that on the outside the + corresponding dimensions are nearly three times as great as within. The + roof is finished off with a thick layer of mud, laid on with wonderful + smoothness and renewed every year. The severe frosts of winter freeze the + lodge into such a solid structure that the beaver is safe against the + wolverine, which is unable to break through the wall, resembling the adobe + structures found in Mexico and the Southwest. Even the trapper who + attempts to demolish one of the structures finds it tiresome labor, even + with the help of iron implements. + </p> + <p> + The beavers excavate a ditch around their lodges too deep to be frozen. + Into this opens all their dwellings, the door being far below the surface, + so that free ingress and egress are secured. + </p> + <p> + The half dozen beavers occupying a lodge arrange their beds against the + wall, each separate from the other, while the centre of the chamber is + unoccupied. During summer they secure their stock of food by gnawing down + hundreds of trees, the trunks or limbs of which are sunk and fastened in + some peculiar manner to the bottom of the stream. During the winter when + the beaver feels hungry, he dives down, brings up one of the logs, drags + it to a suitable spot and nibbles off the bark. + </p> + <p> + It is impossible fully to understand how this remarkable animal does its + work, for as it never toils in the day time, it is out of the power of any + one to watch its method. + </p> + <p> + The peculiar odoriferous substance, secreted in two glandular sacs near + the root of the tail, is "castoreum," more generally known as "bark stone" + among the trappers. The odor is powerful and is so attractive to the + animals themselves, that the trapper has only to smear some of it near the + trap which is hidden under water. Any beaver which catches the scent, is + sure to hasten to the spot and is almost certain to be caught in the trap. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0008" id="link2HCH0008"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER VIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson and two Companions set out on a Trapping Expedition of Their + Own—They Meet With Great Success—Is Engaged by Captain Lee—Carson's + Pursuit of an Indian Thief. +</pre> + <p> + Kit Carson finally grew tired of wandering over the country without + gaining sight of a beaver. He proposed to two of his companions that they + start on a private expedition of their own. They were as disgusted as he + and eagerly agreed to the proposition. + </p> + <p> + The employers of the men commended the enterprise of the little company + and gave them their best wishes. Cordial farewells were exchanged all + around, and Kit and his comrades left the camp on their perilous errand. + </p> + <p> + On this occasion, as on innumerable other ones, Carson showed most + excellent judgment. His scheme was to keep entirely to the streams never + once venturing upon the plains. Several advantages were likely to flow + from this course. During the summer season the mountain Indians generally + placed their women and children in charge of the old men and a few + warriors and came down from their retreats to engage in hunting bison or + in marching on the war path. Occasionally they are at peace with the + Indians of the plains, which was a bad thing for the Mexican settlements, + for they left a track of desolation among them. + </p> + <p> + Few of the trappers ventured far into the mountains, where game was + abundant, so that Carson was confident of finding plenty of beavers. In + this he was not mistaken. The fur bearing animals seemed to be overrunning + the country, while the Indians acted not only as if unaware of the fact + but as if entirely ignorant of the little party of visitors, who, making + hay while the sun shines, were not long in finding themselves with as + large a supply as they could carry home. + </p> + <p> + This was the ordeal more to be dreaded than all the others. While on their + way to the beaver runs, they had nothing to do beyond taking care of + themselves; but now their valuable peltries were liable to be captured by + the Indians, who could compel their abandonment by pressing the owners + hard. + </p> + <p> + But extreme and altogether unexpected good fortune attended them, and they + reached Taos, without receiving a scratch or losing a fur. They found on + arriving at that quaint town, that there was great demand for peltries and + prices were correspondingly high. They sold out their stock for a very + liberal price, and Kit's friend, despite his advice, went on a carousal + which soon squandered all their hard earned wages. Kit himself, however, + had not lost the lesson he learned under somewhat similar circumstances, + and he laid away his funds, against the proverbial rainy day. + </p> + <p> + By this time the character of Carson was fairly formed. He was resolute, + self reliant, sober, thoughtful, cool headed, wonderfully quick to grasp + all the points of a situation, chivalrous, agile as a panther, a perfect + master of woodcraft, and withal, charmingly modest. + </p> + <p> + While Carson was in Taos, waiting for some favorable opening to present + itself, he met Captain Lee, formerly of the United States Army, but who + was then a member of the firm of Bent and St. Vrain, engaged for so many + years in furnishing supplies to those who visited the mountains and + plains. Captain Lee at that time was thus employed and knowing the value + of a man like Carson, he made him so liberal an offer that he accepted it + on the spot. + </p> + <p> + In the Autumn of 1832, with a train of mules loaded with such goods as + were needed by trappers, Captain Lee, Carson and a number of men started + northward to find their purchasers. They followed the well worn mule path + leading from New Mexico to California and which had been known for years + as the "Old Spanish Trail." + </p> + <p> + They reached White River without mishap, and made their way down it until + Green River was forded, when they struck across the country to Winty + River, where they came upon a party of twenty hunters, who were engaged in + trading and trapping as opportunity offered. They affiliated at once, for + there is something in the presence of a common danger which draws men + closely together. + </p> + <p> + The weather became very cold and snow began to fall. It was decided, + therefore, to go into winter quarters near the mouth of Winty River. There + they erected skin lodges, such as are used by many tribes of American + Indians, and were content to wait the coming of spring. + </p> + <p> + The skill and address of Carson seemed to create a call for his services, + no matter where he happened to be, and it was not long before he became + involved in a most remarkable adventure. + </p> + <p> + Among the employees of the other party, was a shrewd civilized Indian, who + was held in high regard by the whites on account of his native keenness, + and who stood well in the confidence of his employer; but one day he + disappeared, simultaneously with several of the very best horses. The + circumstances were such that there could be no doubt the two occurrences + were inseparably connected. + </p> + <p> + The loss was too serious to be borne, and the angered leader of the other + company (though he had not the least claim upon young Carson), appealed to + him to help him to recover his property. Carson said he was perfectly + willing, provided Captain Lee would give his consent, and as the Captain + was more willing to help his friend, he directed Carson to do as he saw + fit. + </p> + <p> + The matchless hunter made sure his weapons were in the best order, and, + mounting one of the fleetest horses in camp, he waved a merry farewell to + his friends and galloped off. He had not ridden far when he turned off + toward an Indian village, whose people were on friendly terms with the + hunters, and, riding directly among the red men, whose lingo he + understood, he asked for one of their bravest warriors to join him in + hunting down a California Indian that had run off with their best horses. + </p> + <p> + Such a request coming from any other hunter would have received little + notice; but those dusky barbarians not only knew Carson by name, but + looked upon him as the greatest white warrior they had ever seen. He could + have secured a score of braves had he wanted them, but he desired only one—a + sinewy, daring fellow whom he knew could be relied on in any emergency. + This Indian required no more time than Carson himself to make ready, and, + shortly after Kit's arrival in the village, he rode forth again with his + faithful friend at his elbow. + </p> + <p> + It was impossible for the thief to conceal the trail of the stolen horses + and he made no attempt to do so. A slight examination showed the pursuers + that it led down the Green River, the general course being such that + Carson was confident the thief was making for California—a long + distance away. + </p> + <p> + As the fugitive was well mounted and all his horses were fleet, and as he + must have been quite certain he would be pursued, he lost no time on the + road. The trail showed he was going at a full gallop, and, under the most + favorable circumstances, the chase was sure to be a long one. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0009" id="link2HCH0009"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER IX + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + A Hot Pursuit—An Unexpected Calamity—Carson Continues the Chase + Alone—The Result. +</pre> + <p> + Everything now depended on speed. Not only was the dusky thief pushing his + animals to the utmost, but Kit Carson knew he would give them little rest + night or day. He was familiar with the route to California and the pursuit + would be no child's play. + </p> + <p> + There could be no doubt, however, of the destination of the redskin, and + Carson and his brave warrior were equally persistent with their horses. + The ground flew beneath their hoofs. Across the stretch of prairie, along + the bank of the rushing streams, around the rocks, over mountains, through + torrents, they forced their way, with no thought of turning back or + checking the speed of their animals. Occasionally the bright eyes of the + pursuers glanced at the ground in front, when the displaced gravel or the + indentation in the soft earth showed they had not lost the trail. + </p> + <p> + In this headlong fashion the friends galloped forward until they had + placed a full hundred miles behind them. They were a long distance from + home and camp, but in spite of the speed of the fugitive, Carson was + confident they had gained considerably upon him. If everything went well, + they ought to catch sight of him on the morrow. At this juncture, when the + prospect was so encouraging, an unlooked for calamity occurred. + </p> + <p> + Carson's steed stood the great strain admirably, but the one bestrode by + the Indian succumbed. He suddenly slackened his pace, staggered and + trembled so violently, that, when the warrior leaped from his back, he saw + he was fearfully ill. If he did not die, he would not recover for hours + and even then could not be forced hard. + </p> + <p> + Carson contemplated the situation with dismay. He had not counted on + anything like this, and the help of the Indian was beyond all price to + him. He was unusually strong, active and experienced, and would not + hesitate to attack any person single handed. + </p> + <p> + Seeing the condition of the exhausted steed, Kit proposed to his dusky + companion that he should abandon him and continue the pursuit on foot, but + the brave shook his head. He was equal to the exploit of running ten or + twenty miles at a high pace, but a great deal more was likely to be + required and he needed all his powers when the shock of the battle should + come. He not only refused to continue the chase, but, knowing the + character of the thief, tried to dissuade Carson from going further. They + had certainly done all that could be asked of them and no one could find + fault if, in the face of such difficulty, they should withdraw and return + to their friends. + </p> + <p> + "No," said Carson, "I have set out to recover those horses and nothing + shall turn me back. I am sorry to lose you, but it can't be helped; so + good bye and good luck attend you." + </p> + <p> + And putting spurs to his steed, he dashed over the trail with compressed + lips and flashing eye, determined on running down the fugitive if he had + to follow him to the bank of the Pacific itself. This single act of the + famous mountaineer shows his character in its true light. + </p> + <p> + In the first place, it must be remembered that Kit Carson was a man of + slight figure and was never noted for his strength. Many of his companions + were much more powerful, though none was so quick and active in his + movements. His wonderful success lay in his coolness, agility, skill and + bravery, which never "overleaped itself." As we have stated, he was below + the medium stature, and never could have attained a tithe of his renown, + had his muscular strength formed a necessary part of his requirements. + </p> + <p> + On the other hand, the Indian thief whom he was pursuing, was + exceptionally powerful, athletic and one of the most desperate men on the + whole frontier. He cared nothing for Carson, nor for any single member of + the company he had left. He would expect pursuit and would be on the watch + for it. Whenever he caught sight of those who were seeking him, he would + not abandon the horses and flee. Far from it: he would stand his ground, + and if his booty should be wrested from him the men who did it would be + compelled to the fiercest kind of fight. He would not run from the attack + of two or three persons: much less from one of the most insignificant men + in the entire company. + </p> + <p> + The course of Carson illustrated another marked feature of his character—that + of loyalty to his friends and resolution in carrying through any task he + undertook. Where scarcely one man in a multitude would have pushed + forward, he advanced without hesitation. He deliberately resolved to + attack a fierce criminal who was as fully armed as he, as daring and + perfect in his knowledge of woodcraft, and much his superior in strength. + </p> + <p> + Carson had proven the mettle of his steed, and he now showed him no mercy. + The trail indicated he was gaining rapidly and he was anxious to force + matters to an issue before night. Among the horses the Indian was running + off were one or two whose endurance was less than the others. Their + tardiness moderated the pace of the rest, and thus gave Kit a chance of + lessening the distance between him and the fugitive. + </p> + <p> + At the end of the ten miles he scanned the ground in front, but nothing + was seen of the thief or his horses; but the hoof prints were fresh and + the scout knew he was closer to him than at any time since the chase + began. The flanks of his steed shone with perspiration and froth, but it + would not do to lag now. The lips were compressed and the gray eye flashed + fire as before. + </p> + <p> + Ten more miles were speedily thrown behind him, and he knew he was not far + from the dusky desperado, who doubtless was continually glancing backward + in quest of pursuers; but the keen vision which swept around every portion + of the visible horizon, discovered no sign of the thief. + </p> + <p> + Carson anticipated some attempt on the part of the fugitive to confuse + pursuit and he, therefore, watched the hoof prints more closely than ever. + The eagle eye continually glanced from the ground to the country in front, + and then to the right and left. Nothing escaped his vision, but when his + foamy steed had thundered over another ten miles the fugitive was still + beyond sight. + </p> + <p> + "He can't be far off," was the thought of Carson, "I'm bound to overtake + him before long." + </p> + <p> + At that moment, he caught sight of the Indian galloping leisurely forward, + amid the stolen horses. The cunning savage, as the scout had suspected, + was constantly on the alert, and detected Carson the same moment that he + himself was discovered. Quick as a flash, he leaped from the back of his + horses and started on a swift run for a clump of trees between him and his + pursuer. The latter understood his purpose on the instant. If the Indian + could secure the shelter of the grove, he would have his enemy at his + mercy; for not only would he be able to protect his body, while loading + and firing, but Carson himself, being in an open space, would be without + the slightest protection against his deadly aim. + </p> + <p> + Carson cocked his rifle and driving his spurs into the flanks of his high + spirited steed, charged at full speed for the same shelter. Whoever should + reach it first would be the master. + </p> + <p> + The Indian had much less distance to run, and was as fleet of foot as a + deer. He bounded forward with such tremendous strides, that while the + horseman was still some distance away, he plunged in among the trees; but + for the last few seconds the foes had approached each other at a terrific + pace, a result that was not only inevitable, but desirable, to the + pursuer. + </p> + <p> + The very second the savage arrived on the margin of the grove, he made a + leap for the nearest tree from behind which he meant to shoot his enemy; + but in the very act of doing so, he was smitten by his bullet. Without + checking his animal in the slightest, Carson had aimed and fired. + </p> + <p> + The death screech of the savage rang out, as he leaped in the air and + tumbled prostrate to the earth, killed by the shot that was unerring in + its accuracy. The Indian himself was so near firing his gun, that his + piece was also discharged, the ball whizzing harmlessly above the head of + his pursuer. A couple of seconds delay on the part of Carson must have + proved fatal to him, for the savage was a good marksman, and was standing + still, with such a brief space intervening, that he could not have missed. + It is hard to conceive of any escape more narrow than that of the daring + mountaineer. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0010" id="link2HCH0010"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER X. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson Returns with the Recovered Property—Journey to Snake + River—Starts on a Trapping Expedition with Three Companions—Carson's + Stirring Adventure with Two Grizzly Bears. +</pre> + <p> + Carson gathered the horses together and set out on his return. The + distance was considerable and he was compelled to encamp more than once on + the road, while he was continually exposed to attack from Indians, but + with that remarkable skill and foresight which distinguished him when a + boy, he reached home without the slightest mishap and turned over the + recovered animals to their owner. Some days later, several trappers + entered camp with the statement that a large body of hunters were on Snake + River, a fortnight's journey distant. Captain Lee at once set out with his + men and found the company who gave them a warm welcome. They purchased all + the supplies Captain Lee had for sale, and then, as Carson's engagement + with the Captain was ended, he attached himself to the other body. He + remained, however, only a few weeks, for he saw there were so many that + they could never take enough peltries to bring much money to the + individual members. He decided to do as he had done before—arrange + an expedition of his own. He had but to make known his intentions, when he + had more applicants than he could accept. He selected three, who it is + needless to say had no superiors in the whole party. The little company + then turned the heads of their horses toward Laramie River. + </p> + <p> + At that day, the section abounded with beaver, and although the summer is + not the time when their fur is in the best condition, the party trapped on + the stream and its tributaries until cold weather set in. They met with + far greater success than could have come to them had they stayed with the + principal company of trappers. But they had no wish to spend the winter + alone in the mountains and gathering their stock together, they set out to + rejoin their old companions. + </p> + <p> + One day, after they had gone into camp, Carson, leaving his horse in + charge of his friends, set out on foot to hunt some game for their evening + meal. They had seen no signs of Indians, though they never forgot to be on + their guard against them. Game was not very abundant and Carson was + obliged to go a long ways before he caught sight of some elk grazing on + the side of a hill. Well aware of the difficulty of getting within gunshot + of the timid animals, the hunter advanced by a circuitous course toward a + clump of trees, which would give him the needed shelter; but while + creeping toward the point he had fixed upon as the one from which to fire, + the creatures scented danger and began moving off. This compelled him to + fire at long range, but he was successful and brought down the finest of + the group. + </p> + <p> + The smoke was curling upward from the rifle of Carson, when he was + startled by a tremendous crashing beside him, and, turning his head, he + saw two enormous grizzly bears making for him at full speed. They were + infuriated at this invasion of their home, and were evidently resolved on + teaching the hunter better manners by making their supper upon him. + </p> + <p> + Carson had no time to reload his gun: had it been given him he would have + made short work of one of the brutes at least, but as it was, he was + deprived of even that privilege. Fortunate indeed would he be if he could + escape their fury. + </p> + <p> + The grizzly bear is the most dreaded animal found on this continent. He + does not seem to feel the slightest fear of the hunter, no matter whether + armed or not, and, while other beasts are disposed to give man a wide + berth, old "Ephraim," as the frontiersmen call him, always seems eager to + attack him. His tenacity of life is extraordinary. Unless pierced in the + head or heart, he will continue his struggles after a dozen or score of + rifle balls have been buried in his body. So terrible is the grizzly bear, + that an Indian can be given no higher honor than the privilege of wearing + a necklace made from his claws—that distinction being permitted only + to those who have slain one of the animals in single handed combat. + </p> + <p> + No one understood the nature of these beasts better than Kit Carson and he + knew that if either of the animals once got his claws upon him, there + would not be the faintest chance of escape. The only thing therefore that + could be done was to run. + </p> + <p> + There were not wanting men who were fleeter of foot than Carson, but few + could have overtaken him when he made for the trees on which all his hopes + depended. Like the blockade runner, closely pursued by the man of war, he + threw overboard all the cargo that could impede his speed. His long, heavy + rifle was flung aside, and the short legs of the trapper doubled under him + with amazing quickness as he strove as never before to reach the grove. + </p> + <p> + Fortunately the latter was not far off, and, though the fierce beasts + gained rapidly upon him, Carson arrived among the timber a few steps in + advance. He had no time even to select the tree, else he would have chosen + a different one, but making a flying leap, he grasped the lowermost limb + and swung upward, at the moment the foremost grizzly was beneath him. So + close in truth was his pursuer that the hunter distinctly felt the + sweeping blow of his paw aimed at the leg which whisked beyond his reach + just in the nick of time. + </p> + <p> + But the danger was not over by any means. The enthusiastic style in which + the bears entered into the proceedings proved they did not mean that any + trifles should stop them. They were able to climb the tree which supported + Carson, and he did not lose sight of the fact. Whipping out his hunting + knife, he hurriedly cut off a short thick branch and trimmed it into a + shape that would have made a most excellent shillelagh for a native of the + Green Isle. + </p> + <p> + He had hardly done so, when the heads of the bruins were thrust upward + almost against his feet. Carson grasped the club with both hands and + raising it above his shoulders brought it down with all his might upon the + nose of the foremost. The brute sniffed with pain, threw up his head and + drew back a few inches—just enough to place the other nose in front. + At that instant, a resounding whack landed on the rubber snout and the + second bear must have felt a twinge all through his body. + </p> + <p> + Though each blow caused the recipient to recoil, yet he instantly + returned, so that Carson was kept busy pounding the noses as if he was an + old fashioned farmer threshing wheat with a flail. + </p> + <p> + It was a question with Carson which would last the longer—the club + or the snouts, but in the hope of getting beyond their reach, he climbed + to the topmost bough, where he crouched into the smallest possible space. + It was idle, however, to hope they would overlook him, for they pushed on + up the tree which swayed with their weight. + </p> + <p> + The nose of the grizzly bear is one of the most sensitive portions of his + body, and the vigorous thumps which the hunter brought down upon them, + brought tears of pain to their eyes. But while they suffered, they were + roused to fury by the repeated rebuffs, and seemed all the more set on + crunching the flesh and bones of the insignificant creature who defied + them. + </p> + <p> + It must have been exasperating beyond imagination to the gigantic beasts, + who feared neither man nor animal to find themselves repeatedly baffled by + a miserable being whom they could rend to pieces with one blow of their + paws, provided they could approach nigh enough to reach him. + </p> + <p> + They came up again and again; they would draw back so as to avoid those + stinging strokes, sniff, growl and push upward, more eager than ever to + clutch the poor fellow, who was compressing himself between the limb and + the trunk, and raining his blows with the persistency of a pugilist. + </p> + <p> + They were finally forced to desist for a few minutes in order to give + their snouts time to regain their tone. The bulky creatures looked at each + other and seemed to say, "That's a mighty queer customer up there; he + doesn't fight fairly, but we'll fetch him yet." + </p> + <p> + Once more and for the last time, they returned to the charge, but the + plucky scout was awaiting them, and his club whizzed through the air like + the piston rod of a steam engine. The grizzlies found it more than they + could stand, and tumbling back to solid earth they gave up the contract in + disgust. Carson tarried where he was until they were beyond sight, when he + descended and hastily caught up and reloaded his rifle, having escaped, as + he always declared, by the narrowest chance of all his life. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0011" id="link2HCH0011"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + On the Green River—In the Blackfoot Country—The Blackfeet—An + Unwelcome Visit—The Pursuit and Parley—Dissolution of the Peace + Congress. +</pre> + <p> + The day was drawing to a close when Carson set out for camp, which was not + reached until after dark. His companions did not feel any special alarm + over his continued absence, for the good reason that they were confident + he could take care of himself no matter in what labyrinth of peril he + might become involved. + </p> + <p> + It was too late to send for the carcass of the elk and more than likely it + had already been devoured by wolves. So the trappers made their breakfast + on one of the beavers found in their traps, and went into camp to await + the arrival of the main body of trappers, which Carson was confident would + come that way. Some days later they put in an appearance, and the company + proceeded to the general rendezvous on Green River, where were found + assembled the principal trappers of the Rocky Mountains. There were fully + two hundred divided into two camps. What a history could have been written + from the thrilling experiences of such a body of men! + </p> + <p> + They had gathered at the rendezvous to buy what supplies they needed and + to dispose of their peltries. It was several weeks before the negotiations + were over, when the assemblage broke up into smaller companies which + started for their destinations hundreds of miles apart. + </p> + <p> + Carson joined a party numbering about fifty who intended to trap near the + headwaters of the Missouri. Hundreds of beavers had been taken in that + section, but poor success went with the large band of which Carson was a + member. That was bad enough, but they were in a neighborhood which, it may + be said, was the very heart of the Blackfoot country, and those hostiles + were never more active and vigilant in their warfare against the invaders. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfeet or Satsika today, are the most westerly tribe of the + Algonquin family of Indians, extending from the Hudson Bay to the Missouri + and Yellowstone. They number over 12,000 warriors about equally divided + between Montana and British America. They have always been a daring and + warlike people, and the early explorers of the Far West probably met with + more trouble from them than from any other tribe on the continent. + </p> + <p> + Carson and his companions ran in difficulty at once. The Blackfeet seemed + to swarm through the woods, and sent in their treacherous shots from the + most unexpected quarters. Whoever made the round of the traps in the + morning was almost certain to be fired upon. Matters became so bad that + after a time the trappers decided to leave the country. Accordingly they + made their way to the Big Snake River where they went into quarters for + the winter. Even there they were not safe from molestation at the hands of + their old enemies the Blackfeet. + </p> + <p> + One night, when there was no moon or stars, a band of warriors stole into + camp and ran off about twenty of the best horses. This outrage touched the + hunters in the most sensitive part of their nature, and the truth no + sooner became known than they unanimously agreed that the animals not only + should be recovered but the audacious aggressors should be chastised. + </p> + <p> + Twelve men were selected for the most difficult and dangerous task and + need we give the name of the youth who was made the leader? + </p> + <p> + With his usual promptness, Carson took the trail which was followed + without trouble over the snow. The Blackfeet had reason to fear some such + demonstration, and they hurried off with such speed that they were not + overtaken until fifty miles from camp. + </p> + <p> + The situation was a novel one. The Indians had come to a halt and the + horses were grazing on the side of a hill where the wind had blown away + the snow. The Blackfeet had on snowshoes which gave them an advantage over + the trappers. The latter galloped in the direction of their horses, the + moment they caught sight of them. The Blackfeet fired at the trappers, who + returned a scattering volley but no one was hurt on either side. Then + followed skirmishing and manoeuvering for several minutes, without either + party gaining advantage. Finally the Blackfeet asked for a parley to which + the trappers assented. + </p> + <p> + In accordance with the usual custom, one of the Indians advanced to a + point midway between the two parties and halted. At the same time, one of + the trappers went forward, the rest of the whites and red men keeping + their distance and watching them. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfoot opened business by what might be termed an apology which was + no more genuine than many made by his civilized brethren under somewhat + similar circumstances. He expressed great surprise to learn that the + horses belonged to their good friends the trappers. They had supposed all + along that they were the property of the Snake Indians whom the Blackfeet + considered it their duty to despoil on every suitable occasion. + </p> + <p> + This glaring misrepresentation did not deceive the man who was acting as + spokesman for his side. By way of reply, he asked that if such was the + case, why had not the Blackfeet come forward on discovering their mistake, + greeted their white brothers as friends and returned their property to + them. + </p> + <p> + The replies were evasive and the hunters became convinced that the Indians + were seeking to gain time for some sinister purpose; but a full parley + having been agreed upon, both parties left their guns behind and advanced + to where their representatives were holding their interview. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfeet still professed the most ardent friendship, and as an + emphatic token of the same, produced the calumet and began smoking the + pipe of peace. The tobacco having been lit, each took several whiffs and + then passed it to his neighbor, who did the same until the round was + completed. This solemn pledge of good will having been exchanged, the + convention or peace congress was opened as may be said, in due and ancient + form. + </p> + <p> + Carson and his companions were distrustful from the start, though it was + hard for them to decide the meaning of the prolonged negotiations, since + no one could see what the Blackfeet were to gain by such a course. They + may have hoped to deceive the hunters and throw them off their guard, but, + if such was the case, they failed. + </p> + <p> + First of all, the leading warriors indulged in several long speeches which + were without point, but what was said in reply could admit of no doubt as + to its meaning. The trappers understood the Blackfoot tongue well enough + to make their responses models in the way of brevity and force. They said + that it was idle to talk of friendship or peace until the stolen property + was returned to its owners. The Indians still attempted to postpone or + evade, but the complainants were in no mood for trifling and they repeated + their declaration more positively than before. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfeet were much more numerous than the whites, and confident of + their strength, began to bluster and to assert that whatever they did + would be dictated by their own wishes and not by any fear of their + visitors. Whether they desired to avoid a fight or not can only be + conjectured, but they finally sent back to where the horses were tethered + and caused five of the worst to be picked out and brought forward. + </p> + <p> + When the trappers inquired the meaning of this proceeding, the Indians + said that it was the best they could do and the hunters must be content. + </p> + <p> + This last insult was the spark which exploded the magazine. Instantly + every white man ran for his gun, and the Blackfeet did the same. A few + seconds after they wheeled about and the sanguinary fight began. + </p> + <p> + Kit Carson and a companion were the first to obtain their guns and as a + consequence they led the advance. Each selected a warrior who was + partially hidden by the trunk of a tree. Carson was in the act of firing, + when he observed that his friend was examining the lock of his gun all + unmindful of the fact that one of the Blackfeet had levelled his weapon + directly at his breast. On the instant, Kit changed his aim and shot the + savage dead, thereby saving the life of his friend, who could not have + escaped had the weapon of his adversary been discharged. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0012" id="link2HCH0012"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson Badly Wounded—A Drawn Battle—An Ineffectual Pursuit—The Summer + Rendezvous—Carson's Duel. +</pre> + <p> + This act of chivalry on the part of Carson simply transferred the peril of + his friend to himself, for the Indian whom he had selected for his target + was carefully sighting at him, at the very moment the gun was discharged. + Kit saw what was coming and bounded to one side in the hope of dodging the + bullet. Quick as he was, however, he did not entirely succeed, though the + act doubtless saved his life. The ball from the rifle of his adversary + grazed his neck and buried itself in his shoulder, shattering the head of + one of the bones. + </p> + <p> + Carson though badly hurt, did not fall or retreat. On the contrary, he + tried desperately to reload his gun, but found it impossible to raise his + arm. He was hors de combat beyond all question, and bleeding so fast that + his weakness compelled him to lie down on the ground while the conflict + went on about him. The fight was very hot for a time, the result being + what may be called a drawn battle, with the advantage inclining to the + side of the Indians. The trappers fell back to the safest place that + presented itself and went into camp. They dared not start a fire; for they + knew it would bring an attack from the Indians, but wrapping their saddle + blankets around them, they bore the intense cold as best they could. + </p> + <p> + The sufferings of Carson were great. His wounds continued bleeding and + froze upon the dressings, which were of the most primitive character. And + yet not once through those hours of anguish did he utter a word of + complaint. Many a strong man would have cried out in his agony, but one + might have sat within arm's length of the mountaineer without knowing he + was hurt at all. + </p> + <p> + More than that, Carson took his part in the council which was held in the + cold and darkness. The conclusion reached was that the party of trappers + were not strong enough to pursue the Blackfeet, and the proper course to + pursue was to rejoin the main body and report what had been done. It would + then be time enough to decide upon their future action. + </p> + <p> + When this programme was carried out, a larger party of hunters under the + lead of an experienced mountaineer resumed the pursuit; but nothing could + be found of the savages. They had utilized the grace allowed them so well + that it was impossible to overtake or trace them, and the indignant + trappers were obliged to submit to their loss. + </p> + <p> + The severe cold moderated, and, as spring was close at hand the hunters + pushed their trapping operations along the Green and Snake Rivers, meeting + with unbounded success. They gathered more peltries than they had dared to + hope for, and when warm weather approached, went into quarters where they + remained until the following fall, a party of traders having brought them + all the supplies they needed. + </p> + <p> + The rugged constitution of Carson and his temperate habits caused him + speedily to recover from his severe wound. He again became the active, + vigilant, keen witted guide and hunter who was looked up to by all as the + most consummate master of woodcraft that had ever been known in the west. + </p> + <p> + Such a large party as were gathered at the summer rendezvous was certain + to include many varieties of people. The frank, brave and open hearted, + the sly and treacherous, the considerate and courteous, the quarrelsome + and overbearing—indeed the temperaments of the individuals composing + the company were as varied as it is possible to imagine. + </p> + <p> + Among them was a powerful Frenchman known as Captain Shunan. He had won + his title by hard fighting, possessed a magnificent physique, was brave + and skilled in the use of arms, and was the most quarrelsome individual in + camp. It is impossible to picture a more irascible and disagreeable + personage than Captain Shunan, who appeared to spend all his spare time in + trying to provoke quarrels with those around him. Sometimes he succeeded, + but more often his insolence was submitted to by men as brave as he, but + who wished to avoid trouble with him. + </p> + <p> + The activity and strength of the Frenchman were so great that a skilful + pugilist would have found difficulty in handling him. The only ground upon + which he could be met with anything like fairness was where firearms were + used. + </p> + <p> + On one of these occasions, the bully became unbearable in his behavior. He + knocked down several weak and inoffensive persons, and swaggered back and + forth through camp, boasting that he could trounce any one there. In the + midst of his bluster, Carson walked up in front of him and said in a voice + loud enough to be heard by those around: + </p> + <p> + "Captain Shunan, there are plenty here who can easily chastise you, but + they prefer to submit to your impudence for the sake of peace: however, we + have had enough and now I notify you to stop at once or I shall kill you!" + </p> + <p> + These were astounding words, and, as may be supposed, when uttered by a + man six inches shorter and many pounds lighter than the blustering + Captain, they fairly took away his breath. Carson spoke in his quiet, soft + voice, as though there was not the least cause for excitement; but those + who knew him, noted the flash of his clear, gray eye and understood his + deadly earnestness. + </p> + <p> + Captain Shunan was infuriated by the words of Carson. As soon as he could + recover himself, he turned about and without speaking a word, walked to + his quarters. Kit did not need be told what that meant. He did the same, + walking to his own lodge, from which he speedily emerged holding a single + barrel pistol. He was so anxious to be on the ground in time, that he + caught up the first weapon that presented itself. + </p> + <p> + Almost at the same moment, Captain Shunan appeared with his rifle. Carson + observed him, and, though he could have secured without difficulty a + similar weapon, he did not do so. He was willing to give his burly + antagonist the advantage, if it should prove such. The other trappers as + may be supposed, watched the actions of the two men with breathless + interest. The quarrel had taken such a course that they were convinced + that one or the other of the combatants would be killed. Captain Shunan + had been so loud in his boasts that he did not dare swallow the insult, + put on him by the fragile Kit Carson. Had he done so, he would have been + hooted out of camp and probably lynched. + </p> + <p> + As for Kit, his courage was beyond suspicion. He feared no man and was + sure to acquit himself creditably no matter in what circumstances he was + placed. He was the most popular member of the large company, while his + antagonist was the most detested; but the love of fair play was such that + no one would interfere, no matter how great the need for doing so. + </p> + <p> + The duellists, as they may be called, mounted each his horse and circling + about the plain, speedily headed toward each other and dashed forward on a + dead run. As they approached, they reined up and halted face to face, + within arm's length. + </p> + <p> + Looking his antagonist straight in the eye, Carson demanded: + </p> + <p> + "Are you looking for me?" + </p> + <p> + "Have you any business with me?" + </p> + <p> + "No," growled the savage Frenchman; but, while the words were in his + mouth, brought his rifle to his shoulder, and, pointing it at the breast + of Carson, pulled the trigger; but Kit expected some such treacherous act, + and, before the gun could be fired, he threw up his pistol and discharged + it as may be said, across the barrel of the leveled weapon. + </p> + <p> + The ball broke the forearm of Captain Shunan, at the very moment he + discharged his gun. The shock diverted the aim so that the bullet grazed + his scalp, inflicting a trifling wound; but the combatants were so close + that the powder of the rifle scorched the face of the mountaineer. + </p> + <p> + Captain Shunan had been badly worsted, and was disabled for weeks + afterward. He accepted his fate without complaint and was effectually + cured of his overbearing manner toward his associates. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0013" id="link2HCH0013"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + On the Yellowstone—Repeated Disappointments—Carson Enters the Employ + of a Hudson Bay Trader—Poor Success—A Trying Journey—Arrival at Fort + Hall—The American Buffalo or Bison. +</pre> + <p> + With the approach of cool weather, preparations were made for the fall + hunt. When all was ready, the trappers headed for the Yellowstone, which + was reached without mishap, and they immediately set their traps. The + country as a rule, was a good one for those valuable animals, but the + visitors were disappointed to learn they were unusually scarce. + </p> + <p> + When it became evident that it was useless to work on the Yellowstone, + they gathered up their traps and made their way to the Big Horn, but, + failing again, tried their fortunes on other rivers in that vicinity with + no better results. + </p> + <p> + It was while engaged in this discouraging work that they met a trader + belonging to the Hudson Bay Company. He had been pushing operations in + every direction, but the stories he told were of the same general tenor as + those of the larger party. He had been as unsuccessful in the way of trade + as they had been in catching the fur bearing animals. + </p> + <p> + The Hudson Bay trader, however, was confident he could succeed where they + had failed, and he made such liberal offers to Carson that he and several + of his companions accepted them on the spot. + </p> + <p> + The first point which they visited was the Humboldt River, from which had + come reports of the abundance of beavers. They began near the head waters + of the stream, and carefully trapped down to the Great Basin. Meeting with + only moderate success, they made their way to Big Snake River. After + remaining there a considerable time, the party divided, the Hudson Bay + trader and his friends going northward toward Fort Walla Walla, while + Carson and the larger number set out for Fort Hall. + </p> + <p> + The journey thither was one of the most distressing which Kit Carson ever + undertook. The country through which most of the march led is one of the + most dismal wastes on the American continent. Except in extent, a journey + across it is similar to that of the parched caravans across the flaming + sands of Sahara. Carson and his companions were accustomed to all manner + of privations, but more than once their endurance was tried to the utmost + point. + </p> + <p> + The trappers had gathered some nutritious roots upon which they managed to + subsist for a time, but these soon gave out, and their situation grew + desperate. When almost famishing they bled their mules and drank the warm + current. They would have killed one of the animals, but for the fact that + they could not spare it, and, as there was no calculating how long the + others would last, they were afraid to take the step, which was likely to + cripple them fatally. + </p> + <p> + This strange source of nourishment served them for the time, but a + repetition would endanger the lives of their animals, who were also in + sore straits, inasmuch as the grass was not only poor but very scanty. + Matters rapidly grew worse, and soon became so desperate that Carson said + they would have to kill one of their animals or else lie down and perish + themselves. + </p> + <p> + At this trying crisis, they discovered a band of Indians approaching. + Perhaps the hapless situation in which all were placed left no room for + enmity, for the red men showed a friendly disposition. The high hopes of + Carson and his friends were chilled when it was found that the Indians + were in about as bad a plight as themselves. They had barely a mouthful of + food among them, and, when besought to barter with the whites, they shook + their heads. They had nothing to trade, and, while they felt no hostility + toward the suffering trappers, they gave them to understand they could not + afford any help at all. + </p> + <p> + But Carson had fixed his eyes on a plump old horse, and never did a shrewd + New Englander apply himself more persistently to secure a prize than did + he. Kit's companions put forth all their powers of persuasion, but in + vain, and they advised Carson that he was throwing away his efforts in + attempting the impossible. + </p> + <p> + But Carson succeeded, and when the equine was slaughtered and broiled, the + trappers enjoyed one of the most delicious feasts of their lives. They + filled themselves to repletion and felt that the enjoyment it brought was + almost worth the suffering they had undergone to obtain it. + </p> + <p> + When their strength was recruited, they resumed their journey and a few + days later reached Fort Hall. There they found abundance of food and + received a cordial welcome. In a brief while they were as strong as ever + and eager for any new enterprise. + </p> + <p> + Hundreds of bisons were in the neighborhood of the fort and Carson and his + friends slew them by the score. Indeed they kept the post well supplied + with fresh meet as long as they remained there. + </p> + <p> + The animal almost universally known as the "buffalo" is miscalled, his + correct name being the "bison," of which there are droves numbering, it is + said, as high as a hundred thousand. The flesh is held in high repute by + hunters, and not only is nourishing but possesses the valuable quality of + not cloying the appetite. The most delicate portion of the animal is the + hump which gives the peculiar appearance to his back. That and the tongue + and marrow bones are frequently the only portions made use of by the + hunter. + </p> + <p> + The hide answers many useful purposes. All know how much a "buffalo robe" + is appreciated in wintry weather by those exposed to cold. It serves to + form the Indian's tents, his bed, parts of his dress and is sometimes made + into a shield which will turn aside a rifle ball that does not strike it + fairly. + </p> + <p> + Hundreds of thousands of bisons are killed annually—myriads of them + in pure wantonness—and yet enormous droves may be encountered today + in many portions of the west, where it is hard for the experienced hunters + to detect any decrease in their numbers. + </p> + <p> + Some of the methods employed to slay bisons are cruel in the extreme. Many + a time a large herd has been stampeded in the direction of some precipice. + When the leaders found themselves on the edge, they have endeavored to + recoil; but there was no stemming the tide behind them. The terrified + animals literally pushed the leaders over the rocks and then tumbled upon + them. In a little while the gully or stream would be choked with the + furiously struggling creatures and hundreds would be killed within a few + minutes. + </p> + <p> + The bison is as fond as the hog of wallowing in mud. When he comes upon a + marshy spot he lies down and rolls about until he has worn out a large and + shallow excavation into which the water oozes through the damp soil. Lying + down again he rolls and turns until he is plastered from head to tail with + mud. Though it cannot be said that it adds to his attractiveness, yet the + coating no doubt serves well as a protection against the swarms of + insects, which are sometimes terrible enough to sting animals to death. + </p> + <p> + Those who have viewed the scraggy specimens in the menageries and + zoological gardens would scarcely suspect the activity and power of + running possessed by them. The body is covered with such an abundance of + hair that it looks larger than it really is, while the legs appear + smaller. But the bison not only can run swiftly, but possesses great + endurance. They will often dash at full speed over ground so rough that + the more graceful horse will stumble. + </p> + <p> + When wounded by the hunters, a bull will sometimes turn in desperation on + his persecutor. Then, unless the horse is well trained, serious + consequences are likely to follow. The plunging thrust of his stumpy horns + perhaps rips open the steed, sending the rider flying over the back of the + furious bison, who may turn upon him and slay him before he can escape. + </p> + <p> + This rarely happens, however, the bison being a huge, cowardly creature + which prefers to run rather than fight, and a hunt of the game in these + days often takes the character of wholesale butchery in which no true + sportsman would engage. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0014" id="link2HCH0014"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + A Strange Occurrence—Arrival of Friends—Carson Joins a Large + Company—Trapping on the Yellowstone—The Blackfeet—A Dreadful + Scourge—In Winter Quarters—The Friendly Crow Indians—Loss of Two + Trappers—On the Head Waters of the Missouri. +</pre> + <p> + A singular occurrence took place a few nights after the return of Carson + and his friends from an extended bison hunt. Their horses and mules were + corralled near the post and a sentinel was on duty at all hours of the + night to prevent the animals being stolen by the Indians who were always + prowling through the neighborhood. + </p> + <p> + In the dim uncertain light, just beyond midnight, the sentinel saw two men + walk forward from the darkness, and without any appearance of haste, let + down the bars and drive out the stock. Very naturally he concluded they + were his friends who intended to take out the animals to graze. As there + was nothing more for him to do, he sought his quarters, lay down and went + to sleep. + </p> + <p> + In the morning not a horse or a mule was to be found. The two individuals + who had let down the bars and driven them out, were Blackfeet Indians, + whose complete success was due to their amazing audacity. Had they shown + any hesitation or haste, the suspicions of the sentinel would have been + aroused, but when the truth became known, he was the most astonished man + at the fort. + </p> + <p> + The hunters were in a most sorry plight, for the Blackfeet having made a + clean sweep, they were without the means of pursuing and recovering their + property. The parties who belonged at the fort had suffered a somewhat + similar trick a short time before from the same tribe, so that only a few + rickety horses remained in their possession. + </p> + <p> + Under the circumstances, the trappers were compelled to accept their + misfortune with grim philosophy, and await the arrival of the rest of the + party, who had promised to rejoin them after completing their business at + Fort Walla Walla. + </p> + <p> + Sure enough, a few weeks later, their friends appeared and providentially + indeed they brought with them an extra supply of excellent horses. The + trappers were in overflowing spirits once more and soon started for the + general rendezvous on Green River. + </p> + <p> + Other trappers continued to arrive for a number of days, until about all + that were expected had come in. Trade and barter then began and lasted + some three weeks. The scene was picturesque and stirring and there was + much hand shaking and pleasant wishes when the time came to separate. + </p> + <p> + Kit Carson left the employ of the Hudson Bay Company trader and attached + himself to a party numbering fully a hundred who had determined to trap + along the Yellowstone. It will be recalled that Carson once quit a company + of trappers because it was too large, and it may be wondered why he should + join one that was still more numerous. The reason he did so was because + they were going into the very heart of the Blackfoot country. They had + suffered so much from these daring marauders that they knew there would be + no safety unless they went in strong force. Furthermore, the whites had so + many old scores to settle with those redskins that they meant to invite + attack from them. If the Blackfeet would only offer the opportunity for + battle, the trappers meant to give them their fill. + </p> + <p> + The formidable company arranged matters according to a system. Dividing + into two equal parties, the duty of one was made to trap beaver, while the + other furnished food and guarded the property. By this means, they would + always be in shape to meet their sworn foes, while the real business which + brought them into the country would not be neglected. + </p> + <p> + The hunters were confident they would not be left alone very long. The + Blackfeet would resent the invasion of their hunting grounds, and to say + the least, would take measures to prevent the time hanging heavily on the + hands of the pale faces. + </p> + <p> + But, to the astonishment of the trappers, the days passed without bringing + a glimpse of the savages. No hostile shot awoke the impressive stillness + of the wilderness. Could it be the Blackfeet were seeking to throw the + whites off their guard? Did they expect to induce a degree of carelessness + that would enable the Blackfeet to gather their warriors and overwhelm + them before they could reply? + </p> + <p> + It was not reasonable to suppose that the sagacious tribe held any such + belief, for they could not have failed to know that any such hope was + idle. + </p> + <p> + But the explanation came one day by a party of friendly Crow Indians, who + stated that the small pox was raging with such awful virulence among the + Blackfeet that they were dying by hundreds and thousands. Indeed, the + havoc was so dreadful that there was reason to believe the whole tribe + would be swept away. + </p> + <p> + It would not be the first time that such an annihilation has taken place + among the American Indians. The treatment required by that frightful + disease is precisely the opposite of that which the red man in his + ignorance pursues. When small pox breaks out among them, therefore, the + mortality becomes appalling. + </p> + <p> + The Crow Indians affiliated with the trappers and guided them to a + secluded valley, where they established themselves for the winter. The + lodges were made strong and substantial, and it was fortunate that such + precautions were taken, for the winter proved one of the severest known + for many years. With their abundance of fuel, they kept enormous fires + going and passed the days and nights in comparative comfort. + </p> + <p> + But it was far different with their stock. During the severe weather, the + only food that could be obtained was the bark of the cottonwood. The inner + lining of this is quite palatable to animals and in cases of extremity it + affords temporary sustenance to men. With its help actual starvation was + kept away, though it came very close. + </p> + <p> + Unusual weather always brings unusual experience, and the intense cold + developed an annoyance to the trappers upon which they had not counted. + The difficulty of finding food was felt by the wild animals as well as + domestic, and the bisons became desperate. When they saw the horses eating + their fodder, they rushed forward and with lowered heads drove them away. + If a horse or mule refused, he was likely to be gored to death. + </p> + <p> + The beasts finally became so numerous and fierce they would have killed + all the stock of our friends if they had not kindled large fires and + mounted constant guard. When the weather moderated those annoyances ended. + </p> + <p> + Had any explorer of the west found his way to the secluded valley where + the trappers were in winter quarters, he would have looked upon a striking + scene. The Crow Indians and white men engaged in numerous athletic sports + in friendly rivalry. They maintained the best of terms, and when the + bisons departed, the strange community enjoyed themselves far better than + would be supposed. In truth where they were favored with such rugged + health and where they had plenty of food and comfortable quarters, it + would have been remarkable had they not been comparatively happy. They + were not disturbed by political discussions or diversity of views on any + public questions and were satisfied that the glorious Union was safe + without any worriment on their part. + </p> + <p> + When spring came, two of their party were sent to Fort Laramie to procure + needed supplies. They went off well mounted and armed and were never heard + of again. Somewhere in the recesses of the forest or mountain, the + Blackfeet had probably killed them as they had done with many a brave man + before, and as they have done with multitudes since. + </p> + <p> + When it became certain the messengers had been slain, the company began + the spring hunt without them. After trapping a brief while on the + Yellowstone, they worked their way to the head waters of the Missouri. + They met with fair success and while engaged in that section, learned that + the reports of the ravages of the small pox among the Blackfeet had been + greatly exaggerated. Instead of being decimated, the tribe had not + suffered to any serious extent and were as strong and aggressive as ever. + </p> + <p> + The trappers were not displeased to learn that such was the case, for they + desired a settlement of accounts with them. Under such circumstances it + was impossible that hostilities should be long delayed. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0015" id="link2HCH0015"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + A Fierce Battle with the Blackfeet—Daring Act of Kit Carson—Arrival of + the Reserves and End of the Battle. +</pre> + <p> + When near the head waters of the Missouri, the trappers discovered they + were approaching the principal village of the Blackfeet. They determined + to attack and punish the Indians who had caused them so much trouble and + suffering; but the whites were so numerous and powerful that extreme care + was necessary to prevent their presence becoming known. + </p> + <p> + When a number of miles from the village, the trappers came to a halt, and + Kit Carson with several men was sent forward to reconnoitre. With extreme + caution they made their way to a point from which they could overlook the + village. + </p> + <p> + A glance showed the Indians hurriedly making ready to move elsewhere. The + shrewd red men had discovered their danger before their enemies caught + sight of them. Carson galloped back as rapidly as he could, and made known + what had been seen. A council was hastily called and about half the + company advanced to give the Blackfeet battle. Kit Carson, as might be + supposed, was made the leader. The others were to guard the property, + advance slowly and act as reserve, which could be hurried forward should + it become necessary. + </p> + <p> + As agreed upon, Kit Carson galloped ahead, and the moment his men came in + sight of the village, they dashed through it, killing a number of + warriors. The others slowly fell back, fighting as they went, and without + showing the least panic. They received charge after charge of the white + men, with the steadiness of veterans. By and by the eagerness of the + trappers reduced their ammunition and their firing became less + destructive. The Blackfeet were quick to perceive the cause, and in turn + they charged upon their assailants who became immediately involved in a + desperate hand to hand fight. It was then the small arms in the possession + of the whites played their part. They were used with such effect, that the + fierce warriors were compelled once more to retreat. + </p> + <p> + But the courageous red men recoiled a short distance only, when they + halted and then, with exultant yells, dashed toward the trappers, who + despite all they could do, were forced back until it looked as if the + whole party would be overwhelmed and destroyed. + </p> + <p> + On this retreat, one of the horses belonging to the hunters was shot, and + plunged to the ground so suddenly that his rider was caught before he + could spring from the saddle. Several of the warriors were quick to + perceive his sore straits, and dashed toward him, eager to secure his + scalp. The poor fellow struggled desperately, but could not extricate + himself, and his expression of horrified despair when he perceived the + fierce red men running a race with each other to reach him, would have + melted the heart of almost any one. + </p> + <p> + Carson was several rods distant, but seeing the danger of his friend, he + bounded out of his saddle, and shouted to the others to rally to the + defence of their imperilled comrade. Kit raised his rifle while on the run + and shot the leading warrior dead. The other whites were so close behind + that the remaining Blackfeet whirled and ran for their lives. Several of + them were shot down before they could reach the shelter of the rocks from + behind which they sprang after the fallen white man. + </p> + <p> + Carson's devotion to his friend now placed him in an unpleasant if not + dangerous situation. His steed being without restraint, galloped off + beyond his reach, and the commander was thus left on foot, when there was + urgent need that he should be mounted. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile the mountaineer who was caught under the body of his horse, was + struggling desperately to withdraw his imprisoned leg, for there was no + saying when the Blackfeet would be upon him again. He succeeded at last, + and, standing upon his feet, shook himself together, as may be said, and + he found that though pretty badly bruised, no bones were broken, and he + was able to do his full part in the serious duty before him. + </p> + <p> + The exciting episode benefited the trappers in one respect: it served to + check the seemingly resistless rush of the Blackfeet and gave the others a + chance to rally and fix upon some course of action. + </p> + <p> + Carson ran rapidly toward the nearest horseman and sprang upon the back of + his animal behind him. The steed was forced to his best and speedily + joined the main body a short distance off. It was fortunate that just at + that moment there came a lull in the furious fighting, else Carson could + scarcely have escaped so well. The runaway horse was pursued by one of the + mountaineers who finally cornered and brought him back to their leader. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfeet did not follow the whites, nor did the latter return to + their charge against them. Both parties had gained a thorough taste of + each other's mettle, and the conclusion reached was like that of two + trained pugilists—their strength was so nearly equal that neither + could afford to throw away his advantage by leading in the assault. + </p> + <p> + Undoubtedly Carson and his men would have withdrawn but for the hope that + the reserves were close at hand. The trappers had fought valiantly but not + more so than the Indians, who still possessed plenty ammunition while that + of the whites was nearly exhausted. Had they advanced and encountered the + warriors again, the latter would have swept everything before them. As it + was, the mountaineers were by no means safe even when acting on the + defensive. If the red men should charge upon them with their old time + fierceness, it was by no means certain they would not destroy the whites. + The fight would necessarily be of the most sanguinary nature, but when + guns and small arms were useless for lack of ammunition, nothing short of + a miracle could save them from annihilation. + </p> + <p> + Several hours had gone and Carson and his men wondered what could delay + the reserves. Time always passes slowly to those in waiting, and to some + of the hunters the tardiness of their friends was unaccountable. Carson + was on the point of sending messengers back to hurry them forward, when + the whole party appeared and the situation changed. + </p> + <p> + But those who expected the Blackfeet to flee in panic when they observed + the doubling of the assailing forces, were much mistaken. The feeling + among the Indians could not be described as in the least "panicky." They + quietly surveyed the new arrivals and prepared with the coolness of + veterans for the conflict that was sure to come, within the next few + minutes. + </p> + <p> + The powder was distributed among the trappers, who were more eager than + ever to attack their old enemies, who were as ready as they for the + conflict. Nearly two hundred yards separated the combatants, when the + mountaineers, leaving their horses behind, advanced on foot. The Blackfeet + stationed themselves behind rocks and trees and defiantly awaited the + attack. + </p> + <p> + In a few minutes the most savage fight of the day was raging. A hundred + rifles were flashing in every direction and the yells of the red men + mingled with the shouts of the excited mountaineers. + </p> + <p> + As the warriors had used every means to shelter themselves, it was + necessary to dislodge them before they could be driven back. Without + remaining together in a compact mass, the trappers made for them with the + fierceness of tigers. + </p> + <p> + The result of this charge were a number of remarkable combats. A hunter + would dash at a warrior crouching behind some rock, and the two would + begin dodging, advancing, retreating, firing, striking and manoeuvering + against each other. Sometimes one would succeed and sometimes the other. + The Blackfoot, finding the situation becoming too hot, would break for + other cover and probably would be shot on the run or would escape + altogether. Again, it would be the white man who would be just a second + too late in discharging his gun and would pay the penalty with his life. + </p> + <p> + At last the Indians began falling back and the mountaineers pushing them + hard, they finally broke and fled in a wild panic, leaving many dead + behind them. On the part of the trappers three had been killed and quite a + number badly wounded. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0016" id="link2HCH0016"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + At Brown's Hole—Trading in the Navajoe Country—Carson Serves as Hunter + at Brown's Hole—Trapping in the Black Hills—On the Yellowstone—Fight + with the Blackfeet—Their Retreat to an Island—Their Flight During the + Night—An Imposing Array of Warriors. +</pre> + <p> + The fight between the Blackfeet and trappers was one of the most important + in which Kit Carson, previous to the late war, was ever engaged. The + forces must have included several hundred, and the lesson administered to + the aggressive red men was remembered by them a long time. + </p> + <p> + After burying their dead, looking after the wounded and setting matters to + rights, the hunters resumed trapping through the Blackfoot country. They + were scarcely disturbed by their old enemies who dreaded rousing the + resentment of such a formidable body of daring and unerring marksmen. + </p> + <p> + Our friends were very successful, and, when they made their way to the + rendezvous, a week's journey away, they carried with them an immense stock + of peltries. When the trading was finished, the parties made new + combinations and departed in different directions. Instead of attaching + himself to a large company, Kit Carson and seven choice spirits started + for a trading post known at that time as Brown's Hole. They reached there + just in time for the leader to join an expedition, numbering only two + beside himself, which went into the Navajoe country for purposes of + barter. The venture proved a great success and Carson drifted back again + to Brown's Hole. There such liberal offers were made him to serve as + hunter for the fort, that he accepted and entered upon his rather + singular, but exceedingly congenial duties. + </p> + <p> + These, as the reader must know, simply consisted of keeping the garrison + supplied with all the meat they needed. Though the country was noted for + its fine game, it required much time, skill and patience for Carson to + make sure that none of the vigorous appetites at the post suffered. No one + could have done better and very few as well as he. When spring came, and + he gave up his position, he was complimented by those whom he left behind + on the admirable manner in which he had met all requirements. + </p> + <p> + During those years there was much similarity in the life and experience of + Kit Carson. He had become known all through the west and southwest as the + most daring, sagacious and brilliant leader in that country. His services + were in demand wherever he went, and as he was in the enjoyment of perfect + health, overrunning with life and activity, he made money rapidly and + showed his wisdom by laying aside a respectable sum for a rainy day. + </p> + <p> + In the spring following his engagement at Brown's Hole, he went with a + small party to the Black Hills, where they were quite successful in + hunting. Later in the summer they joined the main body of trappers on + Green River. All meeting at the general rendezvous on a branch of the Wind + River. Still later, the majority of the trappers went into winter quarters + on the Yellowstone. They were again in the country of their bitter + enemies, the Blackfeet, and were certain of a fight with them; but several + months passed without molestation. + </p> + <p> + One day, however, several of the trappers who were making the rounds of + the traps, came upon signs which showed they were close to a strong force + of the Blackfeet. The men lost no time in hurrying back to camp with the + news, where it was agreed that trouble was at hand. + </p> + <p> + Forty men were selected at once to hunt out the Indians and engage them in + battle. It goes without saying, that Kit Carson was made the leader and + there was not a moment's unnecessary delay in starting out to find the + enemy. + </p> + <p> + They were successful in their search. They suddenly found themselves in + the presence of a scouting party, who were undoubtedly looking for them; + but perceiving the strength of the whites, they began retreating. Carson + and his men pressed them hotly, when, as anticipated, they fell back on + the main body and one of the old fashioned battles between trappers and + Indians began. + </p> + <p> + The Blackfeet always fight bravely, and, for a time, they held their + ground well, but they were forced to give way and retired to a small + island in the Yellowstone, where they had thrown up rude fortifications + and felt able to hold their own against a much superior force. + </p> + <p> + Darkness closed in upon the contending forces, and the assailants ceased + firing and encamped for the night on the bank of the river. They were on + the qui vive through the still hours, and so eager for the attack that + with the earliest streakings of light in the east, they plunged into the + stream and made for the barricades. It was not to be supposed that the + Blackfeet would be taken off their guard, and the trappers expected to + reach the defences through a hot fusillade from the dusky defenders. + </p> + <p> + To their surprise, however, not a single gun was discharged and they + rushed pell mell over the rugged fortifications to engage the enemy in + hand to hand conflict. To their chagrin, however, not a solitary Blackfoot + was visible. Despite the watchfulness of the white men, the entire Indian + force had withdrawn during the night without arousing the least suspicion + on the part of the watchers. + </p> + <p> + But the trappers were too wise to misconstrue the action of the Blackfeet. + Their withdrawal was a strategic movement, and did not by any means + signify they were afraid of the large force or that they would prefer not + to molest them. The signs around the fortifications showed that the + Indians had suffered severely and they would never content themselves + until full retaliation had been made. + </p> + <p> + The trappers returned to camp, where a long council was held. The + conclusion was that the Blackfoot village was near by, and when they + learned of the severe punishment received by the scouting party, they + would lose no time in entering upon a campaign of revenge. As the + Blackfeet nation included several thousand warriors, there was reason to + fear they would overwhelm the trappers, despite their bravery and skill. + Barricades were thrown up and the best men stationed as sentinels. One of + them hastened to the top of an adjoining hill, which commanded an + extensive view of the surrounding country. + </p> + <p> + The sentinel had been in position but a short time when he signalled to + his friends the approach of a large body of Indians. The hunters + immediately began strengthening their defences, and before the redskin + arrived, they had rendered their position almost impregnable against any + force that could be gathered in the country. + </p> + <p> + As the Blackfeet approached, the sentinel hurried down from the hill and + joined the main body. Shortly after, the advance party of Blackfeet came + in sight and made a reconnaissance which apprised them of the nature of + the defences. They did not fire a shot but waited until the arrival of the + main band. + </p> + <p> + When that came in sight, it was enough to strike dismay into every heart. + There were few if any less than a thousand warriors. Dr. Peters, the + biographer of Carson, says: + </p> + <p> + "It was a sight which few white men of the American nation have looked + upon. Arrayed in their fantastic war costume and bedaubed with paint, + armed with lances, bows and arrows, rifles, tomahawks, knives, etc., some + mounted and some on foot, they presented a wild and fearful scene of + barbaric fancy. + </p> + <p> + "Soon after their last company had reported, the frightful war dance, + peculiar to the American savages, was enacted in sight of the trappers' + position. The battle songs and shouts which accompanied the dance reached + the ears of the whites with fearful distinctness. Any other than hearts of + oak with courage of steel would have quailed before this terrible display + of savage enmity and ferocity. This dance, to men well skilled in the ways + of the Indian warrior, was a sure signal that the next day would be + certain to have a fearful history for one party or the other and doubtless + for both. The odds, most assuredly, were apparently greatly in favor of + the savage host and against the little band of hardy mountaineers." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0017" id="link2HCH0017"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The Morrow—Withdrawal of the Indian Army—At Fort Hall—In the + Blackfoot Country—The Ambush—The Trappers Decide to Withdraw—Trapping + in Other Localities—Carson Decides to Abandon the Business—Visits + Bent's Fort Where He Serves as Hunter for Eight Years. +</pre> + <p> + Having gone through what the red men consider the necessary preliminaries + of such a grand campaign, the vast number of warriors awaited the dawn + that was to witness the annihilation of the entire force that had dared to + venture upon their hunting grounds without so much as asking permission. + </p> + <p> + It was scarcely light when the imposing array advanced upon the + mountaineers, who coolly awaited their approach. When the Blackfeet came + close enough to see the fortifications thrown up by the whites, they were + astonished. They knew from previous experience the strength of such means + of defence and suddenly lost their eagerness to make the attack. + </p> + <p> + After a full survey of the work before them, they concluded the task was + beyond accomplishment. The magnificent force, therefore, began + withdrawing. It was the turn of the trappers to feel disappointed. They + had not thought of any such issue and were enraged. They shouted and made + tantalizing gestures to the Blackfeet, in the hope of goading them to + stand their ground, but they were too wise to do so. They retreated to a + safe point where a council of war was held. It was not to be expected that + after such an abrupt withdrawal, they could summon enough courage to make + the assault. + </p> + <p> + When the conference was over, the Indian army, as it may be called, broke + into two divisions, one of which went back toward their own village while + the other set their faces toward the Crow country. Uncertain whether they + would not reappear when they believed there was hope of surprising the + mountaineers, the latter maintained their vigilance day and night. + </p> + <p> + It may have been that the red men made several reconnaissances, but, if + so, they concluded it would be imprudent to attack the mountaineers who + held their position and continued trapping as opportunity presented + through the winter. + </p> + <p> + After trapping in various localities, Kit Carson and several friends + visited Fort Hall, where they joined a party in the employ of the + Northwest Fur Company. They trapped around the head of Salmon River and + other streams, and finally returned to Fort Hall, where the peltries were + sold for a fair valuation. Then Carson and a few others set out to join a + party which he knew was trapping in the Blackfoot country. Upon coming up + with them, he was told that they had had several sharp skirmishes with the + Indians, in one of which a trapper was severely wounded. The following + morning, Carson and his comrades parted from the rest and were trapping + slowly up stream, when they were fired upon by Blackfeet and compelled to + retreat. They hurried back and succeeded in escaping a serious danger; but + the pursuit was so close that Carson hastily stationed his men in ambush. + A hot fire dropped several of the warriors and caused the others to + hesitate. + </p> + <p> + The halt was just long enough to allow the trappers to reload their + pieces, when the Blackfeet made a fiercer rush than before; but with that + pertinacious courage for which the tribe is noted, they kept up the fight + through the rest of the day, determined to throw away no advantage they + might gain. Had Carson chosen his position with less judgment, he and his + command must have been overwhelmed, for nothing could have exceeded the + daring of their assailants, who in their desperation set fire to the + thicket in which the mountaineers had ensconced themselves; but the + shrubbery was too green to burn well, and, after a little while, it died + out. Then it must have been the red men concluded it was useless to strive + further, and, learning that the main body of the trappers were not far + off, they departed. + </p> + <p> + The annoyance from these Indians was so great that it was decided to leave + the country. While the trappers were able to hold their own against them, + yet it was impossible to make much progress in taking furs, when their + attention was mainly taken up in fighting the warriors, who varied their + shooting by destroying the traps that were set for the beavers. + </p> + <p> + The next scene of operations was the North Fork of the Missouri where they + had been engaged only a short time when they came upon an extensive + village of Flathead Indians. These showed their friendliness to the + trappers by sending one of their chiefs and a number of warriors who + helped them hunt along the different streams. + </p> + <p> + The following spring Carson and a single companion set their traps in the + vicinity of Big Snake River. This was the country of the Utah Indians, who + were well disposed towards the whites. Thus, while furs were plenty, the + couple were enabled to devote their whole time to taking them, without + fear of being fired upon every time they ventured out of sight of camp. As + a consequence, they succeeded beyond their own expectations, and, making + their way to the nearest post, sold the stock for a fair sum. + </p> + <p> + The peltries were scarcely disposed of, when Carson organized another + expedition which visited the Grand River, over which they trapped until + winter, when they returned to Brown's Hole, where Carson remained until + spring. Then he trapped once more in the land of the Utahs and at New + Park, taking their furs to the post where he was obliged to sell them for + a much less sum than he had ever received before. + </p> + <p> + The transaction had an important bearing on the fortunes of Kit Carson, + for it was proof of an unpleasant truth that had been forcing itself for a + number of months upon him: the days of remunerative trapping were ended. + </p> + <p> + For years, the demand had been growing steadily less both in Europe and + America. The ingenuity of the manufacturer showed itself in the make of + cheaper substitutes, while the beavers that had been hunted so + persistently were becoming scarce: there were few regions in which + trapping could be pursued with any success. + </p> + <p> + Nothing could be plainer, therefore, to Carson than the fact that he must + soon give up the business and engage in something else to gain a + livelihood. What should it be? + </p> + <p> + Carson and several veteran trappers started for Bent's Fort, located on + the Arkansas, near an immense forest of cottonwoods, known as the Big + Timbers. Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain, the proprietors, no sooner learned + that Carson contemplated a change of occupation, than they offered him the + position of hunter for the fort, his duties being to keep it supplied with + all the game that was required. + </p> + <p> + Carson was more willing to accept the offer than he would have been under + other circumstances. He agreed that the large number of men should never + want for animal food, and, having given his promise, he kept it most + faithfully for a period of eight years. + </p> + <p> + This statement includes a great deal, for it means that his wonderful + rifle brought down thousands of deer, antelope, elk and bisons; that he + tramped over hundreds of leagues of wilderness; that his splendid health + never failed him, and that his knowledge of the woods and its inhabitants + was as full and complete as it could be. + </p> + <p> + Furthermore, it is stated by Dr. Peters, that during that entire period, + not a single impatient word passed between Carson and his employers. He + attended to his duties with such regularity, promptness and skill that the + only comments they could make on his work were in the nature of strong + compliments. + </p> + <p> + Inasmuch as we have claimed that Carson was the superior in every respect + of those with whom he was associated, we must dwell for a moment on this + fact. Let the reader ask himself how many cases he knows where the term of + service has been so long, in which not a single unkind word has passed + between employer and employee. + </p> + <p> + His occupation as hunter was not monotonous, for where there were so many + to provide for, difficult and dangerous work was required and the journeys + which he often made through the long stretches of wilderness were + sometimes attended with much personal danger. + </p> + <p> + But the surrounding tribes, including the Arapahoes, Kiowas, Cheyennes, + Comanches and others, looked upon the great hunter with affectionate + admiration and no guest was more welcome and honored in their lodges than + he. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0018" id="link2HCH0018"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XVIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson Visits his Old Home in Missouri—He Goes to St. Louis—Voyage up + the Missouri—Makes the Acquaintance of Lieutenant John C. Fremont—Is + engaged as a Guide for Fremont's First Expedition—The Start + Westward—Various Mishaps—The Emigrants—The False Alarm. +</pre> + <p> + Kit Carson had left his home in Missouri when only a boy and he was now in + the prime of a vigorous young manhood. The years since he turned his back + upon his old home had been busy and eventful ones and now, as is often the + case with those placed as was he, he longed to visit the scenes of his + childhood, and to meet and shake the hands of those of his old friends who + were still among the living. + </p> + <p> + In the spring of 1842, Carson went eastward with a train of wagons, + carrying goods to the States. When the borders of Missouri were reached, + he bade his companions goodbye and made his way back to his old home. His + experience was touching. His parents were dead, the old building which + would ever linger in his memory, had tumbled down and nearly every one + whom he met was a stranger. The cheeks of the hardy mountaineer were wet + with tears, and with a sigh, he turned his face away forever. + </p> + <p> + Carson had never seen a large city, and he made his way to St. Louis, + where he spent more than a week in sight seeing. Before the end of that + time, the old yearning for the mountains, prairies and streams of the West + came back to him, and he engaged passage on a steamer up the Missouri. + </p> + <p> + On the same boat John C. Fremont was a passenger. He was two years younger + than Carson and had been commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Corps of + Topographical Engineers, in 1838. Four years later he projected a + geographical survey of the entire territory of the United States from the + Missouri River to the Pacific. + </p> + <p> + Carson was attracted by the fine, manly and intellectual appearance of + Fremont, and, learning he was in search of a skilful mountaineer, he + introduced himself, referring in a modest fashion to his experience in the + west and expressing the belief that he could be of service to the + explorer. + </p> + <p> + Fremont was an excellent judge of character and was favorably impressed + with Carson from the first. The answers to the inquiries which he made + concerning the famous guide and mountaineer, were satisfactory in the + highest degree. He engaged Carson as his guide, agreeing to pay him a + salary of one hundred dollars a month. + </p> + <p> + The party of explorers were mainly gathered in St. Louis. It was composed + mostly of Creole and Canadian voyageurs, Charles Preuss, a learned German, + a young son of Colonel Benton (which statesman was the father in law of + Fremont), several other friends, including a noted mountaineer named + Maxwell, who was employed as the hunter of the party. Including the + commander, the entire company numbered twenty-eight. + </p> + <p> + With this party of explorers Fremont ascended the Missouri until the mouth + of the Kansas was reached, when they disembarked and made their + preparations for the long and dangerous journey before them. The march + westward began June 10, 1842. + </p> + <p> + The course lay along the banks of the Kansas. All the party were well + armed and well mounted, excepting eight men, each of whom drove a cart, + drawn by two mules. These carts contained the stores, baggage and + instruments of the expedition. A number of spare horses were taken along, + so as to provide against loss in that respect. In addition, they had four + oxen intended to serve as a reserve in the event of provisions running + short. + </p> + <p> + It was the custom to arouse the camp at daybreak and turn out the animals + to graze; breakfast followed and the march was begun. The noon halt lasted + from one to two hours and the afternoon's march ended a short time before + sunset. The tents were then pitched, horses hobbled and turned out to + graze, and the evening meal prepared. When it became dark, all the animals + were brought in and picketed, the carts arranged so as to serve as + barricades and guard mounted. + </p> + <p> + An Indian guide conducted the expedition for the first forty miles along + the Kansas, when he departed and the responsibility was turned over to + Carson. The pilot had guided the steamer out of the harbor and upon the + great ocean, and henceforth the hand of Carson was to be at the helm. + </p> + <p> + The soil over which they journeyed for many miles was of the most fertile + character. Numbers of Indian farms were seen, and one could not but + reflect on the possibilities of the future for the red man, who should + abandon war and give his energies to the cultivation of the ground. + </p> + <p> + Such an expedition could not go far without a taste of the trials that + awaited them. On the second night, the four spare horses seemed to become + disgusted with the whole enterprise, and turning their heads eastward + started on a rapid gallop for the States. Their loss was too serious to be + borne, and a number of men were dispatched in pursuit. The chase was a + long one and the animals were not recovered for several hours. One of the + men lost his way and was forced to spend the night on the open prairie. At + midnight it began to rain, and then the exceedingly unpleasant discovery + was made that the tents on which the explorers relied for protection and + shelter were so thin that they were drenched as if the water came through + a sieve. + </p> + <p> + The morning, however, brought clear weather and bright sunlight, and all + were in high spirits. The scenery for a time was of a pleasing and + picturesque character, and they pushed contentedly forward, until they + arrived at the ford of the Kansas, one hundred miles from the point where + it emptied into the Missouri. + </p> + <p> + The stream was found so swollen from recent rains that it could not be + forded. Accordingly several of the mounted men forced their animals into + the stream and swam them across to serve as guides for the rest. They + succeeded quite well, excepting the oxen, which, after floundering awhile, + landed on the same side from which they started. The following morning + they succeeded in crossing. + </p> + <p> + Among the useful articles with which Fremont had provided himself, was an + India rubber boat, twenty feet long and five feet wide. This was very + buoyant and the carts and baggage were carried over piecemeal in it, with + the exception of the last two carts. Laden with these the boat left the + shore but had not gone far when the man at the helm, who was exceedingly + nervous, managed to capsize the craft, with all its precious cargo. The + hunters were so dismayed over the prospect of losing their stores that + nearly all plunged into the stream and made frantic efforts to save what + they could. Several did not stop to remember that they could not swim, so + that the principal efforts of some of the others were directed to saving + them. + </p> + <p> + Most of the goods were recovered, but nearly all the sugar dissolved and + every grain of coffee was lost. It would be hard to imagine any + deprivation greater than that to which this misfortune condemned the + explorers. Carson and one of the others made such strenuous efforts in the + water that they were ill the next day, and Fremont remained in camp for + twenty-four hours with a view of giving them time to recruit. + </p> + <p> + The journey westward progressed without any special incident. A large + party of emigrants on their way to Oregon were several weeks in advance of + the explorers. Bad fortune seemed to have followed them from the start, + and numerous freshly made graves were seen. One of the emigrants who had + been peculiarly unfortunate, came into camp with a hunter on his way home. + He took charge of the letters which the explorers desired to send to their + families. + </p> + <p> + The party soon reached the Pawnee country where they were forced to + unusual vigilance, for those Indians have long been noted as most + persistent horse thieves. Game was abundant. Large flocks of wild turkeys + were found roosting in the trees along the streams; elk, antelope and deer + were plentiful, and as for bisons, they were beyond all computation. + </p> + <p> + One day a member of the company happened to be riding at the rear galloped + up in hot haste, shouting, "Indians!" He declared that he had seen them + distinctly and counted twenty-seven. An immediate halt was called, and + Carson, leaping on one of the fleetest horses, crossed the river and + galloped over the prairie. + </p> + <p> + "Mounted on a fine horse without a saddle," says Fremont, "and scouring, + bareheaded, over the prairies, Kit was one of the finest pictures of a + horseman I have ever seen. He soon returned quite leisurely, and informed + them that the party of twenty-seven Indians had resolved itself into a + herd of six elk who, having discovered us, had scampered off at full + speed." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0019" id="link2HCH0019"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XIX. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + On the Platte—A False Alarm—The Cheyennes—Fremont's Account of his + Buffalo Hunt—Division of the Party—Fremont's Journey up the South + Fork—The Band of Indians—Arrival at St. Vrain's Fort—The Journey to + Fort Laramie. +</pre> + <p> + Fremont and his party, after traveling something over three hundred miles + from the mouth of the Kansas reached the Platte river, where they encamped + in a charming place near Grand Island. The country was most beautiful, + though they suffered somewhat from the violent storms which frequently + broke over them. + </p> + <p> + The noon halt was made and all were lounging about the camp, when one of + the men on guard called an alarm. Everybody sprang to his feet and grasped + his rifle, expecting an attack from Indians. A strange wild looking + company were seen approaching, but, as they came closer, they were + discovered to be white men. They were a striking sight, numbering + fourteen, in the most ragged and woebegone condition imaginable. They had + been on a trapping expedition, but having met with nothing but disasters + from the beginning, were now straggling back to St. Louis on foot. + </p> + <p> + The explorers proceeded at a leisurely pace that day and having gone into + camp, observed three Indians drawing near, one of whom was a boy about a + dozen years of age. They were Cheyennes that had been out among the + Pawnees to steal horses, but having met with no success, were returning + home. Catching sight of the white men, they unhesitatingly entered camp, + confident of being treated well, as of course proved to be the case. After + supper one of the warriors drew a rude but correct map of the country + around them, and gave it to Fremont. + </p> + <p> + On the first of July, while riding over a delightful prairie country, on + the right bank of the river, a herd of buffaloes, numbering nearly a + thousand, came up from the water and began slowly crossing the plain, + cropping the grass as they went. As the prairie was three miles broad + only, a fine opportunity was given the hunters to charge before the + animals could scatter among the hills. + </p> + <p> + The fleetest horses were quickly saddled and Carson, Fremont, and Maxwell + prepared for the chase. By that time the herd was a half mile away and + they did not notice the hunters until they were within three hundred + yards. Then followed an agitation of the animals, quickly followed by + their precipitate flight. The horses dashed after them. A crowd of bulls + brought up the rear, they having stationed themselves there to defend the + females. Every once in a while they would whirl about and stare, snorting + at the horsemen, as if they had made up their minds to fight; but when the + hunters came nigher, they turned about and plunged after the herd. + Describing the exciting incident, Fremont wrote; + </p> + <p> + "In a few moments, during which we had been quickening our pace, we were + going over the ground like a hurricane. When at about thirty yards we gave + the usual shout and broke into the herd. We entered on the side, the mass + giving away in every direction in their heedless course. Many of the + bulls, less fleet than the cows, paying no heed to the ground, and + occupied solely with the hunters, were precipitated to the earth with + great force, rolling over and over with the violence of the shock, and + hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated, on entering, each + singling out his game. + </p> + <p> + "My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the west under the name of + Proveau, and with his eyes flashing and the foam flying from his mouth, he + sprang on after the cow like a tiger. In a few moments he brought me + alongside of her. Rising in the stirrups, I fired, at the distance of a + yard, the ball entering at the termination of the long hair, passing near + the heart. She fell headlong at the report of the gun. Checking my horse, + I looked around for my companions. + </p> + <p> + "At a little distance Kit was on the ground engaged in tying his horse to + the horns of a cow, which he was preparing to cut up. Among the scattered + band at some distance, I caught a glimpse of Maxwell. While I was looking, + a light wreath of white smoke curled away from his gun, from which I was + too far to hear the report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, toward + which they were directing their course, was the body of the herd. Giving + my horse the rein, we dashed after them. A thick cloud of dust hung upon + their rear, which filled my mouth and eyes and nearly smothered me. In the + midst of this I could see nothing, and the buffaloes were not + distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together more + densely still, as I came upon them, and rushed along in such a compact + body that I could not obtain an entrance, the horse almost leaping upon + them. + </p> + <p> + "In a few moments the mass divided to the right and left, the horns + clattering with a noise heard above everything else, and my horse darted + into the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we dashed along the + line, but were left far behind. Singling out a cow, I gave her my fire but + struck too high. She gave a tremendous leap and scoured on swifter than + before. I reined up my horse, and the band swept on like a torrent, and + left the place quiet and clear. Our chase had led us into dangerous + ground. A prairie dog village, so thickly settled that there were three or + four holes in twenty yards square, occupied the whole bottom for nearly + two miles in length." + </p> + <p> + The stirring buffalo hunt ended, the company advanced over the prairie for + more than twenty miles, and encamped on the banks of a stream, where they + enjoyed a fine feast on choice bison steaks. While they were thus + employed, the wolves were attracted thither by the smell of broiling meat + and prowled around camp, licking their chops, impatient for the time when + they would be permitted to gorge themselves upon what should be left. + </p> + <p> + For several days there was little variation in the experience of the + explorers, and no special incident took place. At the junction of the + north and south fork of the Platte, Fremont, who wished to explore the + south branch and to secure some astronomical observations, set out with + nine men intending to advance to St. Vrain's fort, where he was hopeful of + obtaining some mules. The rest of the party followed the north fork to + fort Laramie, where it was agreed they would wait for the others to join + them. + </p> + <p> + Fremont's experience in going up the south branch was in strong contrast + to the pleasant scenes of the previous. It was midsummer and the weather + was suffocatingly hot. Fierce storms of wind and gusts of rain swept the + country, while the bisons were everywhere. They literally numbered + hundreds of thousands, and, look in whatsoever direction the men chose, + they were sure to see the huge creatures cropping the grass or lumbering + across the prairie. + </p> + <p> + On the fourth day a band of three hundred mounted Indians suddenly + appeared. The chief proved to be an old acquaintance of Maxwell and showed + genuine pleasure in meeting him. They shook hands and the sachem conducted + the little party to his village, where they received most hospitable + treatment. + </p> + <p> + Resuming their journey, they encamped in a cottonwood grove in a chilly + drizzling rain. The next morning dawned bright and clear, and they caught + their first glimpse of the Rocky Mountains. They gazed long on the snowy + peaks outlined in the far distance like fleecy clouds against the blue + sky. + </p> + <p> + St. Vrain's Fort was reached on the tenth day. They were made welcome by + Mr. St. Vrain, who was much interested in the expedition westward and did + everything he could to assist Lieutenant Fremont in the enterprise. The + needed horses and mules were secured, and three men were hired to + accompany them across the country to Fort Laramie. + </p> + <p> + This station was a hundred and twenty-five miles distant, and the new + hands engaged, as a matter of course, were so familiar with it, that there + was no possibility of going astray. The journey was resumed on the second + day after reaching the fort, and without meeting with any particular + incident they arrived at their destination, three days later. + </p> + <p> + Fort Laramie, at that time, was one of the most important posts of the far + west. It had large bastions at the corners, and its high walls were + whitewashed and picketed. + </p> + <p> + Several lodges of Sioux Indians were pitched close by, and the division + under charge of Kit Carson having arrived several days before, had also + gone into camp with the appearance of the commander of the expedition. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0020" id="link2HCH0020"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XX + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Alarming News—Fremont Presses Forward and is Not Molested—Arrival at + South Pass—Fremont's Account of the Ascent of the Highest Peak of + the Rocky Mountains—The Return to Fort Laramie—Carson Starts for New + Mexico—End of Fremont's First Exploring Expedition. +</pre> + <p> + Alarming news awaited Fremont at Fort Laramie. A number of trappers + informed them that the Sioux, through whose country their route lay, were + excited to exasperation by several recent conflicts with hunters in which + the red men were worsted. The Sioux warriors were gathered in large + numbers and would attack any white men who ventured beyond the fort. They + had already massacred a number and it was impossible for Fremont and his + party to get through without a battle in which they were likely to be + overwhelmed. + </p> + <p> + Carson looked upon the situation as so serious that he made his will and + left it at the fort. When consulted by Fremont, he said he considered the + prospect full of peril, but he was ready to go the moment required. The + commander was confident the danger was greatly exaggerated, and, without + much misgiving, he resumed his journey westward, following up the north + fork of the Platte. Game and water were found, and, at the end of three + weeks, they arrived at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains without + having exchanged a shot with a red man on the way. + </p> + <p> + They had now reached their destination and Lieutenant Fremont at once + began his observations. When they were concluded he undertook the ascent + of the highest mountain peak. The situation was anything but encouraging: + they were in the country of the hostile Blackfeet, some of whom were + observed hovering in the vicinity; men and animals were worn out and it + was hard to procure game. But the ascent was begun, Fremont taking + fourteen men with him. Those who were left in camp erected a rude but + strong fort, behind which they were confident they could sustain + themselves against any force the Indians were likely to muster. + </p> + <p> + The ascent of the mountain was laborious in the extreme. Kit Carson + climbed to one of the loftiest peaks from which he gained a full view of + the very highest elevation. The next day Fremont sent Carson and several + of the men back. He unquestionably intended that no one should share with + him the honor of climbing the most elevated point. This exploit is worthy + of description at the hands of the Pathfinder himself. + </p> + <p> + "At intervals we reached places where a number of springs gushed from the + rocks, and about 1,800 feet above the lakes came to the snow line. From + this point our progress was uninterrupted climbing. Hitherto, I had worn a + pair of thick moccasins, with soles of parfleche but here I put on a light + thin pair, which I had brought for the purpose, as now the use of our toes + became necessary to a further advance. I availed myself of a sort of comb + of the mountain, which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which + the wind and solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth rock, + had kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this I made my way rapidly. + Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my strength; + and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt no + remains of yesterday's illness. In a few minutes we reached a point where + the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of surmounting + the difficulty than by passing around one side of it, which was the face + of a vertical precipice of several hundred feet." + </p> + <p> + Parfleche is the name given to buffalo hide. The Indian women prepare it + by scraping and drying. It is exceedingly tough and hard, and receives its + name from the circumstance that it cannot be pierced by arrows or spears. + </p> + <p> + The entire dress of Fremont and his party, on their ascent to the "top of + America," consisted of a blue flannel shirt, free and open at the neck, + the collar turning down over a black silk handkerchief tied loosely, blue + cloth pantaloons, a slouched broad brimmed hat, and moccasins as above + described. It was well adapted to climbing, quite light, and at the same + time warm, and every way comfortable. + </p> + <p> + "Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the blocks, I succeeded in + getting over it, and when I reached the top, found my companions in a + small valley below. Descending to them, we continued climbing, and in a + short time reached the crest. I sprang upon the summit and another step + would have precipitated me into an immense snow field five hundred feet + below. To the edge of this field was a sheer icy precipice; and then, with + a gradual fall, the field sloped off for about a mile, until it struck the + foot of another lower ridge. I stood on a narrow crest about three feet in + width, with an inclination of about 20 degrees N. 51 degrees E. As soon as + I had gratified the first feelings of curiosity I descended, and each man + ascended in turn, for I would only allow one at a time to mount the + unstable and precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the + abyss below. We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit, and, + fixing a ramrod in a crevice, unfurled the national flag, to wave in the + breeze, where never flag waved before. During our morning's ascent, we met + no sign of animal life, except a small bird having the appearance of a + sparrow. A stillness the most profound, and a terrible solitude forced + themselves constantly on the mind as the great features of the place. + Here, on the summit, where the stillness was absolute, unbroken by any + sound, and the solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond the region + of animated life; but while we were sitting on the rock, a solitary bee + (bombus terrestris, the humble bee) came winging his flight from the + eastern valley, and lit on the knee of one of the men. + </p> + <p> + "Around us the whole scene had one main striking feature, which was that + of terrible convulsion. Parallel to its length, the ridge was split into + chasms and fissures, between which rose the thin, lofty walls, terminated + with slender minarets and columns, which are correctly represented in the + view from the camp on Island Lake. According to the barometer, the little + crest of the wall on which we stood was three thousand five hundred and + seventy feet above that place, and two thousand seven hundred and eighty + feet above the little lakes at the bottom, immediately at our feet. + </p> + <p> + "Our camp at the Two Hills (an astronomical station) bore south 30 east, + which, with a bearing afterward obtained from a fixed position, enabled us + to locate the peak. The bearing of the Trois Tetons was north 50 degrees + west, and the direction of the central ridge of the Wind River Mountains + south 39 degrees east. The summit rock was gneiss. Sienite and feldspar + succeeded in our descent to the snow line, where we found a felspathic + granite. I had remarked that the noise produced by the explosion of our + pistols had the usual degree of loudness, but was not in the least + prolonged, expiring almost instantaneously. Having now made what + observations our means afforded, we proceeded to descend. We had + accomplished an object of laudable ambition, and beyond the strict order + of our instructions. We had climbed the loftiest peak of the Rocky + Mountains and looked down upon the snow a thousand feet below, and, + standing where human foot had never stood before, felt the exultation of + first explorers. It was about two o'clock when we left the summit; and + when we reached the bottom the sun had already sunk behind the wall, and + the day was drawing to a close. It would have been pleasant to linger here + and on the summit longer; but we hurried away as rapidly as the ground + would permit, for it was an object to regain our party as soon as + possible, not knowing what accident the next hour might bring forth." + </p> + <p> + This mountain which bears the name of Fremont's Peak, in honor of the + great Pathfinder, was found to be 13,570 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. + </p> + <p> + The object of the expedition was accomplished and preparations were made + for the return to the states. No accident worth the mention had befallen + the explorers, and the Blackfeet, from whom so much was feared, did not + molest them. It may have been that when their scouts reconnoitred the + camp, they found the barricades so strong and the garrison so watchful + that they decided it would be too costly to make an attack upon them. It + is not impossible that some one or more of them recognized the daring + mountaineer who more than once years before had given their warriors such + severe defeat and punishment. If such was the truth, we cannot but respect + the discretion they showed. + </p> + <p> + Fort Laramie was reached in the month of September 1842. There as Kit + Carson's labors were ended, he bade his commander and friends goodbye and + started for New Mexico. Fremont and his men reached the states in safety + and thus ended his first exploring expedition. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0021" id="link2HCH0021"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson Starts for the States—The Encampment of Captain Cook and his + Dragoons—Carson Undertakes a Delicate and Dangerous Mission—The + Perilous Journey—Return of Carson and the Mexican Boy—Encounter with + Four Utah Indians—Arrival at Bent's Fort. +</pre> + <p> + Early in the year 1843, Kit Carson married his second wife and shortly + after agreed to accompany an expedition of Bent & St. Vrain's wagons + to the States. When part way across the plains, they struck the old Santa + Fe trail and came upon an encampment of Captain Cook with four companies + of United States Dragoons. + </p> + <p> + They were engaged in escorting a train of Mexican wagons to the boundary + line between New Mexico and the United States. The train was a very + valuable one and an escort of a hundred men were hired to accompany it + through the Indian country. + </p> + <p> + The situation of this train was an alarming one. It was the duty of + Captain Cook and his soldiers to guard it as far as the fording of the + Arkansas, at that time the boundary line between the two countries. There + was good reason for believing that a strong band of Texan rangers were + waiting beyond, with the intention of attacking and plundering the train. + Indeed the Mexican who had it in charge had received information that left + no possible doubt of the fact. + </p> + <p> + His face lighted up when he recognized Kit Carson. Hardly waiting until + they had greeted each other, he offered him a liberal reward if he would + ride post haste to Santa Fe and deliver a letter to the Governor, + containing an urgent request to send a strong force to escort the train + thither. + </p> + <p> + Carson unhesitatingly accepted the offer and with his usual promptness + started almost immediately on his delicate and dangerous business. The + journey was one of several hundred miles through a country swarming with + Indians, and all the skill, cunning and vigilance of the great scout would + be required to succeed. But he never faltered in the face of peril. + </p> + <p> + A veteran mountaineer agreed to keep him company, but, when Bent's Fort + was reached he refused to go further, and Carson, as he had often done + before in critical situations, went on alone. + </p> + <p> + The news which he heard at the fort was of a startling nature. The Utah + Indians were hostile and his long journey led him directly through their + country. He could not censure his friend for declining to go further, nor + could he blame others whom he asked to accompany him, when they shook + their heads. Mr. Bent understood the peculiar danger in which Kit would be + placed, and though he was splendidly mounted, he loaned him a magnificent + steed which he led, ready to mount whenever the necessity should arise for + doing so. + </p> + <p> + That journey was one of the most remarkable of the many made by Kit + Carson. It would have been less so, had he possessed a companion of + experience, for they could have counselled together, and one would have + kept watch while the other slept. As it was, Carson was compelled to scan + every portion of the plain before him, on the constant lookout for + Indians, who would have spared no effort to circumvent and slay him, had + they known of his presence in their country. He was so placed, indeed, + that only by the most consummate skill could he hope to run the continuous + gauntlet, hundreds of miles in length. + </p> + <p> + He had gone but a short distance when he detected the trails of his + enemies, showing they were numerous and liable to be encountered at any + moment. When night came, he picketed his horses and lay down on the + prairie or in some grove, ready to leap to his feet, bound upon one of his + steeds and gallop away on a dead run. Where the hunter has no friend to + mount guard, he is often compelled to depend upon his horses, who + frequently prove the best kind of sentinels. They are quick to detect the + approach of strangers, and a slight neigh or stamp of the foot is enough + to give the saving warning. + </p> + <p> + A large portion of the country over which he rode, was a treeless plain + and the keen blue eyes of the matchless mountaineer were kept on a + continual strain. A moving speck in the distant horizon, the faint column + of thin smoke rising from the far off grove, or a faint yellow dust + against the blue sky, could only mean one thing—the presence of + enemies, for he was in a region which contained not a single friend. + </p> + <p> + One afternoon Carson discovered an Indian village directly ahead of him + and on the trail which he was following. He instantly withdrew beyond + sight of any who might be on guard, and, hunting a sparse grove of timber, + kept within it until dark; then he made a long circuit, and came back to + the trail far beyond it. He travelled a long distance that night and by + daylight was in no danger of detection. + </p> + <p> + By using such extreme caution and watchfulness, he succeeded in passing + the entire distance without exchanging a hostile shot with anyone. He + reached Taos, where he waited as agreed upon, until his message could be + sent to the Governor at Santa Fe. While in Taos he learned that one + hundred men had been sent out to meet the caravan and the Governor himself + was about ready to follow with six hundred more. It may be stated in this + place that the smaller company, while looking for the train was attacked + by the Texan rangers and with a single exception every man was killed; but + venturing into American territory, the rangers were disarmed by Captain + Cook and his dragoons, and the wealthy wagon train, with its valuable + cargo reached its destination in safety. + </p> + <p> + Having accomplished his mission, Carson set out on his return to Bent's + Fort. This time he took a Mexican boy with him. The mountaineer had become + strongly attached to the youth, who was a noble, high minded lad, the fit + companion of the prince among plainsmen. + </p> + <p> + Two days out from Taos, both were surprised to find themselves confronted + by four Utah Indians on the war path. They appeared so suddenly, that the + two friends were given little time to make preparation; but, as some + distance separated the parties, Kit and the lad hastily consulted over + what was best to do. + </p> + <p> + "It is you whom they are seeking," said the youth, "and your life is worth + a great deal more than mine; you have a swift horse; mount him and dash + off; perhaps they will spare me, but you cannot help me by staying." + </p> + <p> + "Your offer is a kind one," said Carson much touched by the words of his + young friend; "but nothing in the world would induce me to leave you. We + will stick together and if we must die, why let's each take a warrior with + us." + </p> + <p> + The leading warrior sauntered toward the couple, while they were hastily + consulting together, after the manner of one who felt he was master of the + situation. A broad grin stretched across his painted face, as he extended + one hand to salute Carson, while he reached for his rifle with the other. + Just as his fingers were closing around the weapon of the mountaineer, the + latter struck him a violent blow in the face, which sent him staggering + several paces backward. The other Utahs instantly ran forward to the help + of their comrade. + </p> + <p> + When they were within a few rods, Carson brought his gun to his shoulder + and peremptorily ordered them to halt. They hesitated, as if uncertain + what to do, when he told them that if they advanced another step or made + any hostile demonstration, both he and his companion would fire. They + would be sure of hitting two of the warriors, when it would become + something like an even fight, with two on each side, and with the prospect + that the red men might suffer still further. + </p> + <p> + But the Indians were not to be bluffed in such an easy fashion. They + brandished their guns, shook powder in the pans and talked boastingly of + what they meant to do. They were double the number of their enemies and + they would teach them how brave Utah warriors were. + </p> + <p> + Neither Carson nor the lad was disturbed by these demonstrations, which + meant to intimidate them. The mountaineer whispered to his brave young + companion to keep on his guard against any sudden rush or demonstration. + But the lad scarcely needed the warning. He was as alert and vigilant as + his friend. Had the red men attempted anything hostile, the two would have + fired instantly and then drawn their pistols and been ready for the + others. + </p> + <p> + The Utahs finally saw it was useless to attempt to bluff the man and boy, + and they rode away without offering them the least harm. Carson and his + young companion instantly resumed their journey, still watchful and alert; + but they reached Bent's Fort without molestation, and the dangerous + venture was over. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0022" id="link2HCH0022"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Kit Carson Hears Surprising News—He Visits Fremont—Is Re-engaged as + Guide—Fremont's Account of his Visit to Salt Lake. +</pre> + <p> + Kit Carson was astonished on reaching Bent's Fort to learn that Lieutenant + Fremont had gone by on his second exploring expedition but a few days + before. Carson felt a strong attachment for his old leader and galloped + nearly a hundred miles to overtake him. Fremont gave the mountaineer most + cordial greeting and insisted so strongly on his accompanying him that + Carson could not refuse. + </p> + <p> + The object of Fremont's second exploration was to connect the survey of + the previous year with those of Commander Wilkes on the Pacific coast. The + first objective point was the Great Salt Lake of Utah, of which very + little was known at that time. + </p> + <p> + Carson was sent back to the fort to procure a number of mules. He did as + directed and rejoined Fremont at St. Vrain's Fort. The region traversed by + these explorers is so well known today that it is hard to realize what a + terra incognita it was but a short time since. Perhaps it will be most + instructive at this point to quote the words of the great Pathfinder + himself. The party arrived on the 21st of August on the Bear River, one of + the principal tributaries of Great Salt Lake. The narrative of Fremont + proceeds: + </p> + <p> + "We were now entering a region, which for us possessed a strange and + extraordinary interest. We were upon the waters of the famous lake which + forms a salient point among the remarkable geographical features of the + country, and around which the vague and superstitious accounts of the + trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated pleasure + in dispelling, but which, in the meantime, left a crowded field for the + exercise of our imagination. + </p> + <p> + "In our occasional conversations with the few old hunters who had visited + the region, it had been a subject of frequent speculation; and the wonders + which they related were not the less agreeable because they were highly + exaggerated and impossible. + </p> + <p> + "Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers, who were wandering + through the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very little + for geography; its islands had never been visited; and none were to be + found who had entirely made the circuit of its shores, and no instrumental + observations, or geographical survey of any description, had ever been + made anywhere in the neighboring region. It was generally supposed that it + had no visible outlet; but, among the trappers, including those in my own + camp, were many who believed that somewhere on its surface was a terrible + whirlpool, through which its waters found their way to the ocean by some + subterranean communication. All these things had been made a frequent + subject of discussion in our desultory conversations around the fires at + night; and my own mind had become tolerably well filled with their + indefinite pictures, and insensibly colored with their romantic + descriptions, which, in the pleasure of excitement, I was well disposed to + believe, and half expected to realize. + </p> + <p> + "In about six miles' travel from our encampment we reached one of the + points in our journey to which we had always looked forward with great + interest—the famous Beer Springs, which, on account of the + effervescing gas and acid taste, had received their name from the + voyageurs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude and + hard lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the luxuries + they rarely have the good fortune to enjoy. + </p> + <p> + "Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations which various + descriptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and + scenery, I found it altogether a place of very great interest; and a + traveller for the first time in a volcanic region remains in a constant + excitement, and at every step is arrested by something remarkable and new. + There is a confusion of interesting objects gathered together in a small + space. Around the place of encampment the Beer Springs were numerous but, + as far as we could ascertain, were entirely confined to that locality in + the bottom. In the bed of the river in front, for a space of several + hundred yards, they were very abundant; the effervescing gas rising up and + agitating the water in countless bubbling columns. In the vicinity round + about were numerous springs of an entirely different and equally marked + mineral character. In a rather picturesque spot, about 1,300 yards below + our encampment and immediately on the river bank, is the most remarkable + spring of the place. In an opening on the rock, a white column of + scattered water is thrown up, in form, like a jet d'eau, to a variable + height of about three feet, and, though it is maintained in a constant + supply, its greatest height is attained only at regular intervals, + according to the action of the force below. It is accompanied by a + subterranean noise, which, together with the motion of the water, makes + very much the impression of a steamboat in motion; and, without knowing + that it had been already previously so called, we gave to it the name of + the Steamboat Spring. The rock through which it is forced is slightly + raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the opening into an urn mouthed + form, and is evidently formed by continued deposition from the water, and + colored bright red by oxide of iron. + </p> + <p> + "It is a hot spring, and the water has a pungent, disagreeable metallic + taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue. Within perhaps two yards of + the jet d'eau, is a small hole of about an inch in diameter, through + which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air with a light + wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise. + </p> + <p> + "As they approached the lake, they passed over a country of bold and + striking scenery, and through several 'gates,' as they called certain + narrow valleys. The 'standing rock' is a huge column, occupying the centre + of one of these passes. It fell from a height of perhaps 3,000 feet, and + happened to remain in its present upright position. + </p> + <p> + "At last, on the 6th of September, the object for which their eyes had + long been straining was brought to view. + </p> + <p> + "September 6.—This time we reached the butte without any difficulty; + and ascending to the summit, immediately at our feet beheld the object of + our anxious search, the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching in still and + solitary grandeur, far beyond the limit of our vision. It was one of the + great points of the exploration; and as we looked eagerly over the lake in + the first emotions of excited pleasure, I am doubtful if the followers of + Balboa felt more enthusiasm when, from the heights of the Andes, they saw + for the first time the great Western Ocean. It was certainly a magnificent + object, and a noble terminus to this part of our expedition; and to + travellers so long shut up among mountain ranges, a sudden view over the + expanse of silent waters had in it something sublime. Several large + islands raised their high rocky heads out of the waves; but whether or not + they were timbered was still left to our imagination, as the distance was + too great to determine if the dark hues upon them were woodland or naked + rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering black over the + mountains to the westward, and while we were looking, a storm burst down + with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid the islands from our + view. + </p> + <p> + "On the edge of the stream a favorable spot was selected in a grove, and + felling the timber, we made a strong corral, or horse pen, for the + animals, and a little fort for the people who were to remain. We were now + probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though none reside upon the + lake. The India rubber boat was repaired with prepared cloth and gum, and + filled with air, in readiness for the next day. + </p> + <p> + "The provisions which Carson had brought with him being now exhausted, and + our stock reduced to a small quantity of roots, I determined to retain + with me only a sufficient number of men for the execution of our design; + and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort Hall, under the guidance of + Francois Lajeunesse, who, having been for many years a trapper in the + country, was an experienced mountaineer. + </p> + <p> + "We formed now but a small family. With Mr. Preuss and myself, Carson, + Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse had been selected for the boat expedition—the + first ever attempted on this interior sea; and Badau, with Derosier, and + Jacob (the colored man), were to be left in charge of the camp. We were + favored with most delightful weather. Tonight there was a brilliant sunset + of golden orange and green, which left the western sky clear and + beautifully pure; but clouds in the east made me lose an occulation. The + summer frogs were singing around us, and the evening was very pleasant, + with a temperature of 60 degrees—a night of a more southern autumn. + For our supper, we had yampak, the most agreeably flavored of the roots, + seasoned by a small fat duck, which had come in the way of Jacob's rifle. + Around our fire tonight were many speculations on what tomorrow would + bring forth; and in our busy conjectures we fancied that we should find + every one of the large islands a tangled wilderness of trees and + shrubbery, teeming with game of every description that the neighboring + region afforded, and which the foot of a white man or Indian had never + violated. Frequently, during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of + their lofty mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams + and springs of fresh water; and we indulged in anticipations of the + luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past + privations. Neither, in our discussions, were the whirlpool and other + mysterious dangers forgotten, which Indian and hunter's stories attributed + to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that, instead of being + strongly sewed, (like that of the preceding year, which had so + triumphantly rode the canons of the Upper Great Platte), our present boat + was only pasted together in a very insecure manner, the maker having been + allowed so little time in the construction that he was obliged to crowd + the labor of two months into several days. The insecurity of the boat was + sensibly felt by us; and mingled with the enthusiasm and excitement that + we all felt at the prospect of an undertaking which had never before been + accomplished was a certain impression of danger, sufficient to give a + serious character to our conversation. The momentary view which had been + had of the lake the day before, its great extent and rugged islands, dimly + seen amidst the dark waters in the obscurity of the sudden storm, were + well calculated to heighten the idea of undefined danger with which the + lake was generally associated." + </p> + <p> + "September 8.—A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41 + degrees. In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the + boat had been made to consist of three airtight bags, about three feet + long, and capable each of containing five gallons. These had been filled + with water the night before, and were now placed in the boat, with our + blankets and instruments, consisting of a sextant, telescope, spyglass, + thermometer, and barometer. + </p> + <p> + "In the course of the morning we discovered that two of the cylinders + leaked so much as to require one man constantly at the bellows, to keep + them sufficiently full of air to support the boat. Although we had made a + very early start, we loitered so much on the way—stopping every now + and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at a goose or a duck—that + it was late in the day when he reached the outlet. The river here divided + into several branches, filled with fluvials, and so very shallow that it + was with difficulty we could get the boat along, being obliged to get out + and wade. We encamped on a low point among rushes and young willows, where + there was a quantity of driftwood, which served for our fires. The evening + was mild and clear; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows; and geese + and ducks enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for + breakfast next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by + millions of waterfowl. + </p> + <p> + "September. 9.—The day was clear and calm; the thermometer at + sunrise at 49 degrees. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any + enterprise, our people had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad + one—one which always preceded evil—and consequently they + looked very gloomy this morning; but we hurried through our breakfast, in + order to make an early start, and have all the day before us for our + adventure. The channel in a short distance became so shallow that our + navigation was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few + inches of water, and sometimes none at all, forming the low water shore of + the lake. All this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming + plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting overboard, commenced + dragging the boat—making, by this operation, a very curious trail, + and a very disagreeable smell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above the + knee at every step. The water here was still fresh, with only an insipid + and disagreeable taste, probably derived from the bed of fetid mud. After + proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to a small black ridge on the + bottom, beyond which the water became suddenly salt, beginning gradually + to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and firm. It was a remarkable + division, separating the fresh water of the rivers from the briny water of + the lake, which was entirely saturated with common salt. Pushing our + little vessel across the narrow boundary, we sprang on board, and at + length were afloat on the waters of the unknown sea. + </p> + <p> + "We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but directed our course + towards a lower one, which it had been decided we should first visit, the + summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of Bear River + Valley. So long as we could touch the bottom with our paddles, we were + very gay; but gradually, as the water deepened, we became more still in + our frail bateau of gum cloth distended with air, and with pasted seams. + Although the day was very calm, there was a considerable swell on the + lake; and there were white patches of foam on the surface, which were + slowly moving to the southward, indicating the set of a current in that + direction, and recalling the recollection of the whirlpool stories. The + water continued to deepen as we advanced; the lake becoming almost + transparently clear, of an extremely beautiful bright green color; and the + spray which was thrown into the boat and over our clothes, was directly + converted into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and + arms. 'Captain,' said Carson, who for sometime had been looking + suspiciously at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands, + 'what are those yonder?—won't you just take a look with the glass?' + We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the + waves that were beginning to break under the force of a strong breeze that + was coming up the lake. The form of the boat seemed to be an admirable + one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird; but, at the same time, it + was extremely slow in its progress. When we were a little more than half + way across the reach, two of the divisions between the cylinders gave way, + and it required the constant use of the bellows to keep in a sufficient + quantity of air. For a long time we scarcely seemed to approach our + island, but gradually we worked across the rougher sea of the open + channel, into the smoother water under the lee of the island, and began to + discover that what we took for a long row of pelicans, ranged on the + beach, were only low cliffs whitened with salt by the spray of the waves; + and about noon we reached the shore, the transparency of the water + enabling us to see the bottom at a considerable depth. + </p> + <p> + "The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were whitened by an + incrustation of salt where the waves dashed up against them; and the + evaporating water, which had been left in holes and hollows on the surface + of the rocks, was covered with a crust of salt about one eighth of an inch + in thickness. + </p> + <p> + "Carrying with us the barometer and other instruments, in the afternoon we + ascended to the highest point of the island—a bare, rocky peak, 800 + feet above the lake. Standing on the summit, we enjoyed an extended view + of the lake, inclosed in a basin of rugged mountains, which sometimes left + marshy flats and extensive bottoms between them and the shore, and in + other places came directly down into the water with bold and precipitous + bluffs. + </p> + <p> + "As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath us, and + strained our eyes along the silent shores over which hung so much doubt + and uncertainty, and which were so full of interest to us, I could hardly + repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our exploration; but + the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain indication of the + advancing season, and our frail linen boat appeared so insecure that I was + unwilling to trust our lives to the uncertainties of the lake. I therefore + unwillingly resolved to terminate our survey here, and remain satisfied + for the present with what we had been able to add to the unknown geography + of the region. We felt pleasure also in remembering that we were the first + who, in the traditionary annals of the country, had visited the islands, + and broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the long solitude of + the place. + </p> + <p> + "I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the object end of my + spyglass and as it will probably remain there undisturbed by Indians, it + will furnish matter of speculation to some future traveller. In our + excursions about the island, we did not meet with any kind of animal: a + magpie, and another larger bird, probably attracted by the smoke of our + fire, paid us a visit from the shore, and were the only living things seen + during our stay. The rock constituting the cliffs along the shore where we + were encamped, is a talcous rock, or steatite, with brown spar. + </p> + <p> + "At sunset, the temperature was 70 degrees. We had arrived just in time to + obtain a meridian altitude of the sun, and other observations were + obtained this evening, which placed our camp in latitude 41 degrees 10' + 42" and longitude 112 degrees 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion of + the barometrical observations made during our stay on the shores of the + lake, we have adopted 4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of + Mexico. In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation of our + dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment Island. + </p> + <p> + "Out of the driftwood, we made ourselves pleasant little lodges, open to + the water, and, after having kindled large fires to excite the wonder of + any straggling savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the first time in + a long journey, in perfect security; no one thinking about his arms. The + evening was extremely bright and pleasant; but the wind rose during the + night, and the waves began to break heavily on the shore, making our + island tremble. I had not expected in our inland journey to hear the roar + of an ocean surf; and the strangeness of our situation, and the excitement + we felt in the associated interests of the place, made this one of the + most interesting nights I remember during our long expedition. + </p> + <p> + "In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore, and we were + up early. The lake was dark and agitated, and we hurried through our + scanty breakfast, and embarked—having first filled one of the + buckets with water from which it was intended to make salt. The sun had + risen by the time we were ready to start; and it was blowing a strong gale + of wind, almost directly off the shore, and raising a considerable sea, in + which our boat strained very much. It roughened as we got away from the + island, and it required all the efforts of the men to make any head + against the wind and sea; the gale rising with the sun; and there was + danger of being blown into one of the open reaches beyond the island. At + the distance of half a mile from the beach, the depth of water was sixteen + feet, with a clay bottom; but, as the working of the boat was very severe + labor, and during the operation of sounding, it was necessary to cease + paddling, during which the boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling to + discourage the men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of ascertaining + the depth and character of the bed. There was a general shout in the boat + when we found ourselves in one fathom, and we soon after landed on a low + point of mud, where we unloaded the boat, and carried the baggage to + firmer ground." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0023" id="link2HCH0023"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The Return—Suffering for Food—A Royal Feast—On the Lewis + Fork—Fort Hall—Division of the Party—Arrival at Dalles—The Sierra + Nevada—Preparations for the Passage Through the Mountains—Fremont's + Account. +</pre> + <p> + The explorers remained in camp the next day and boiled down some of the + water from the lake, thereby obtaining considerable salt. The following + morning was clear and beautiful and they returned by the same route, + ascending the valley of Bear River toward the north. + </p> + <p> + The expected Fitzpatrick and the provisions did not show themselves and + the party began to suffer for food. When their situation became serious, + Fremont permitted a horse to be killed and then all enjoyed one of their + old fashioned feasts. + </p> + <p> + But this supply could not last long, and still they failed to meet their + expected friends. After a time they encountered an Indian who had killed + an antelope, which they quickly purchased and another feast made every + heart glad. By way of dessert, a messenger galloped into camp with the + news that Fitzpatrick was close at hand with an abundant supply of + provisions. + </p> + <p> + The next morning the two parties united and continued the journey + together. After leaving the Bear River Valley they crossed over to Lewis's + Fork of the Columbia. At night the camp fires of the Indian twinkled like + so many stars along the mountain side; but they were all friendly and the + tired explorers slept peacefully. + </p> + <p> + Pushing onward they reached the upper waters of Lewis's Fork, where snow + began to fall. However, they were quite near Fort Hall and they therefore + went into camp, while Fremont rode to the fort and procured several horses + and oxen. + </p> + <p> + The weather continued severe, but Fremont determined to push on, despite + the hardships which he knew awaited them all. As a matter of prudence, + however, he sent back eleven of his men, leaving about twenty with which + he pursued his journey down the river valley in the direction of the + Columbia. The Dalles was reached in safety where Kit Carson was left in + command of the party, while Fremont with a few companions pushed on to + Vancouver Island, where he procured some provisions. On his return, the + whole party united and made their way to Klamath Lake, in what was then + Oregon Territory. When their observations were completed, they took up + their march in the direction of California. + </p> + <p> + After a long and wearisome journey, attended by much suffering for the + lack of food, they came in sight of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which + were seen to be covered with snow. The men were in a sorry plight. The + provisions were nearly gone; they could not turn back, and there seemed + but two alternatives before them: to push on through the mountains or + remain where they were and starve to death. Such men were not the ones to + fold their hands and lie down in helpless despair. Accordingly, they made + their preparations for the terrible venture. + </p> + <p> + The snow was so deep that it was impossible to get forward without the aid + of snowshoes. Devoting themselves to the manufacture of these + indispensable articles, a few were sent ahead to learn how far it was + necessary to break a path for the animals. After a laborious passage, it + was found that nine miles would have to be prepared in that fashion. + Carson was with this advance and when they halted, he saw in the distance + the green Sacramento Valley. Although nearly twenty years had passed since + he visited that section, he recognized it at once. Away beyond towered the + white peaks of the Coast Range. Carson was the only man in the party who + really knew where they were. + </p> + <p> + This passage of Fremont and his men through the Sierra Nevada Mountains is + one of the most extraordinary achievements in American history. Carson + himself took such a prominent part in it, that it seems only just that + Fremont's thrilling account should be quoted. + </p> + <p> + "The people were unusually silent; for every man knew that our enterprise + was hazardous, and the issue doubtful. + </p> + <p> + "The snow deepened rapidly, and it soon became necessary to break a road. + For this service, a party of ten was formed, mounted on the strongest + horses; each man in succession opening the road on foot, or on horseback, + until himself and his horse became fatigued, when he stepped aside; and, + the remaining number passing ahead, he took his station in the rear. + </p> + <p> + "The camp had been all the day occupied in endeavoring to ascend the hill, + but only the best horses had succeeded; the animals, generally, not having + sufficient strength to bring themselves up without the packs; and all the + line of road between this and the springs was strewed with camp stores and + equipage, and horses floundering in snow. I therefore immediately encamped + on the ground with my own mess, which was in advance, and directed Mr. + Fitzpatrick to encamp at the springs, and send all the animals, in charge + of Tabeau, with a strong guard, back to the place where they had been + pastured the night before. Here was a small spot of level ground, + protected on one side by the mountain, and on the other sheltered by a + little ridge of rock. It was an open grove of pines, which assimilated in + size to the grandeur of the mountain, being frequently six feet in + diameter. + </p> + <p> + "Tonight we had no shelter, but we made a large fire around the trunk of + one of the huge pines; and covering the snow with small boughs, on which + we spread our blankets, soon made ourselves comfortable. The night was + very bright and clear, though the thermometer was only at 10 degrees. A + strong wind which sprang up at sundown, made it intensely cold; and this + was one of the bitterest nights during the journey. + </p> + <p> + "Two Indians joined our party here; and one of them, an old man, + immediately began to harangue us, saying that ourselves and animals would + perish in the snow; and that, if we would go back, he would show us + another and a better way across the mountain. He spoke in a very loud + voice, and there was a singular repetition of phrases and arrangement of + words, which rendered his speech striking, and not unmusical. + </p> + <p> + "We had now begun to understand some words, and, with the aid of signs, + easily comprehended the old man's simple ideas. 'Rock upon rock—rock + upon rock—snow upon snow—snow upon snow,' said he; 'even if + you get over the snow, you will not be able to get down from the + mountains.' He made us the sign of precipices, and showed us how the feet + of the horses would slip, and throw them off from the narrow trails led + along their sides. Our Chinook, who comprehended even more readily than + ourselves, and believed our situation hopeless, covered his head with his + blanket, and began to weep and lament. 'I wanted to see the whites,' said + he; 'I came away from my own people to see the whites, and I wouldn't care + to die among them; but here'—and he looked around into the cold + night and gloomy forest, and, drawing his blanket over his head, began + again to lament. + </p> + <p> + "Seated around the tree, the fire illuminating the rocks and the tall + boils of the pines round about, and the old Indian haranguing, we + presented a group of very serious faces. + </p> + <p> + "February 5.—The night had been too cold to sleep, and we were up + very early. Our guide was standing by the fire with all his finery on; and + seeing him shiver in the cold, I threw on his shoulders one of my + blankets. We missed him a few minutes afterwards, and never saw him again. + He had deserted. His bad faith and treachery were in perfect keeping with + the estimate of Indian character, which a long intercourse with this + people had gradually forced upon my mind. + </p> + <p> + "While a portion of the camp were occupied in bringing up the baggage to + this point, the remainder were busied in making sledges and snowshoes. I + had determined to explore the mountain ahead, and the sledges were to be + used in transporting the baggage. + </p> + <p> + "Crossing the open basin, in a march of about ten miles we reached the top + of one of the peaks, to the left of the pass indicated by our guide. Far + below us, dimmed by the distance, was a large, snowless valley, bounded on + the western side, at the distance of about a hundred miles, by a low range + of mountains, which Carson recognized with delight as the mountains + bordering the coast. 'There,' said he, 'is the little mountain—it is + fifteen years ago since I saw it; but I am just as sure as if I had seen + it yesterday.' Between us, then, and this low coast range, was the valley + of the Sacramento; and no one who had not accompanied us through the + incidents of our life for the last few months, could realize the delight + with which at last we looked down upon it. At the distance of apparently + thirty miles beyond us were distinguished spots of prairie; and a dark + line, which could be traced with the glass, was imagined to be the course + of the river; but we were evidently at a great height above the valley, + and between us and the plains extended miles of snowy fields and broken + ridges of pine covered mountains. + </p> + <p> + "It was late in the day when we turned towards the camp; and it grew + rapidly cold as it drew towards night. One of the men became fatigued and + his feet began to freeze, and building a fire in the trunk of a dry old + cedar, Mr. Fitzpatrick remained with him until his clothes could be dried, + and he was in a condition to come on. After a day's march of twenty miles, + we straggled into camp, one after another, at nightfall; the greater + number excessively fatigued, only two of the party having ever travelled + on snowshoes before. + </p> + <p> + "All our energies were now directed to getting our animals across the + snow; and it was supposed that, after all the baggage had been drawn with + the sleighs over the trail we had made, it would be sufficiently hard to + bear our animals. + </p> + <p> + "At several places, between this point and the ridge, we had discovered + some grassy spots, where the wind and sun had dispersed the snow from the + sides of the hills, and these were to form resting place to support the + animals for a night in their passage across. On our way across, we had set + on fire several broken stumps and dried trees, to melt holes in the snow + for the camp. Its general depth was five feet; but we passed over places + where it was twenty feet deep, as shown by the trees. + </p> + <p> + "With one party drawing sleighs loaded with baggage, I advanced today + about four miles along the trail, and encamped at the first grassy spot, + where we expected to bring our horses. Mr. Fitzpatrick, with another + party, remained behind, to form an intermediate station between us and the + animals. + </p> + <p> + "Putting on our snowshoes, we spent the afternoon in exploring a road + ahead. The glare of the snow, combined with great fatigue, had rendered + many of the people nearly blind; but we were fortunate in having some + black silk handkerchiefs, which, worn as veils, very much relieved the + eye. + </p> + <p> + "In the evening I received a message from Mr. Fitzpatrick, acquainting me + with the utter failure of his attempt to get our mules and horses over the + snow—the half hidden trail had proved entirely too slight to support + them, and they had broken through, and were plunging about or lying half + buried in snow. He was occupied in endeavoring to get them back to his + camp; and in the mean time sent to me for further instructions. I wrote to + him to send the animals immediately back to their old pastures; and, after + having made mauls and shovels, turn in all the strength of his party to + open and beat a road through the snow, strengthening it with branches and + boughs of the pines. + </p> + <p> + "February 12.—We made mauls, and worked hard at our end of the road + all the day. The wind was high, but the sun bright, and the snow thawing. + We worked down the face of the hill, to meet the people at the other end. + Towards sundown it began to grow cold, and we shouldered our mauls, and + trudged back to camp. + </p> + <p> + "February 13.—We continued to labor on the road; and in the course + of the day had the satisfaction to see the people working down the face of + the opposite hill, about three miles distant. During the morning we had + the pleasure of a visit from Mr. Fitzpatrick, with the information that + all was going on well. A party of Indians had passed on snowshoes, who + said they were going to the western side of the mountain after fish. This + was an indication that the salmon were coming up the streams; and we could + hardly restrain our impatience as we thought of them, and worked with + increased vigor. + </p> + <p> + "I was now perfectly satisfied that we had struck the stream on which Mr. + Sutter lived, and turning about, made a hard push, and reached the camp at + dark. Here we had the pleasure to find all the remaining animals, + fifty-seven in number, safely arrived at the grassy hill near the camp; + and here, also, we were agreeably surprised with the sight of an abundance + of salt. Some of the horse guard had gone to a neighboring hut for pine + nuts, and discovered unexpectedly a large cake of very white fine grained + salt, which the Indians told them they had brought from the other side of + the mountain; they used it to eat with their pine nuts, and readily sold + it for goods. + </p> + <p> + "On the 19th, the people were occupied in making a road and bringing up + the baggage; and, on the afternoon of the next day, February 20, 1844, we + encamped with all the materiel of the camp, on the summit of the pass in + the dividing ridge, 1,000 miles by our travelled road from the Dalles of + the Columbia. + </p> + <p> + "February 21.—We now considered ourselves victorious over the + mountain; having only the descent before us, and the valley under our + eyes, we felt strong hope that we should force our way down. But this was + a case in which the descent was not facile. Still, deep fields of snow lay + between, and there was a large intervening space of rough looking + mountains, through which we had yet to wind our way. Carson roused me this + morning with an early fire, and we were all up long before day, in order + to pass the snow fields before the sun should render the crust soft. We + enjoyed this morning a scene at sunrise, which, even here, was unusually + glorious and beautiful. Immediately above the eastern mountains was + repeated a cloud formed mass of purple ranges, bordered with bright yellow + gold; the peaks shot up into a narrow line of crimson cloud, above which + the air was filled with a greenish orange; and over all was the singular + beauty of the blue sky. Passing along a ridge which commanded the lake on + our right, of which we began to discover an outlet through a chasm on the + west, we passed over alternating open ground and hard crusted snow fields + which supported the animals, and encamped on the ridge after a journey of + six miles. The grass was better than we had yet seen, and we were encamped + in a clump of trees, twenty or thirty feet high, resembling white pine." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0024" id="link2HCH0024"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Continuation of Fremont's Account of the Passage Through the Mountains. +</pre> + <p> + "We had hard and doubtful labor yet before us, as the snow appeared to be + heavier where the timber began further down, with few open spots. + Ascending a height, we traced out the best line we could discover for the + next day's march, and had at least the consolation to see that the + mountain descended rapidly. The day had been one of April; gusty, with a + few occasional flakes of snow; which, in the afternoon enveloped the upper + mountains in clouds. We watched them anxiously, as now we dreaded a snow + storm. Shortly afterwards we heard the roll of thunder, and looking toward + the valley, found it all enveloped in a thunderstorm. For us, as connected + with the idea of summer, it had a singular charm; and we watched its + progress with excited feelings until nearly sunset, when the sky cleared + off brightly, and we saw a shining line of water directing its course + towards another, a broader and larger sheet. We knew that these could be + no other than the Sacramento and the bay of San Francisco; but, after our + long wandering in rugged mountains, where so frequently we had met with + disappointments, and where the crossing of every ridge displayed some + unknown lake or river, we were yet almost afraid to believe that we were + at last to escape into the genial country of which we have heard so many + glowing descriptions, and dreaded again to find some vast interior lake, + whose bitter waters would bring us disappointment. On the southern shore + of what appeared to be the bay, could be traced the gleaming line where + entered another large stream; and again the Buenaventura rose up in our + mind. + </p> + <p> + "Carson had entered the valley along the southern side of the bay, but the + country then was so entirely covered with water from snow and rain, that + he had been able to form no correct impression of watercourses. + </p> + <p> + "We had the satisfaction to know that at least there were people below. + Fires were lit up in the valley just at night, appearing to be in answer + to ours; and these signs of life renewed, in some measure, the gayety of + the camp. They appeared so near, that we judged them to be among the + timber of some of the neighboring ridges; but, having them constantly in + view day after day, and night after night, we afterwards found them to be + fires that had been kindled by the Indians among the tulares, on the shore + of the bay, eighty miles distant. + </p> + <p> + "Axes and mauls were necessary today to make a road through the snow. + Going ahead with Carson to reconnoitre the road, we reached in the + afternoon the river which made the outlet of the lake. Carson sprang over, + clear across a place where the stream was compressed among rocks, but the + parfleche sole of my moccasin glanced from the icy rock, and precipitated + me into the river. It was some few seconds before I could recover myself + in the current, and Carson, thinking me hurt, jumped in after me, and we + both had an icy bath. We tried to search a while for my gun, which had + been lost in the fall, but the cold drove us out; and making a large fire + on the bank, after we had partially dried ourselves we went back to meet + the camp. We afterwards found that the gun had been slung under the ice + which lined the banks of the creek. + </p> + <p> + "The sky was clear and pure, with a sharp wind from the northeast, and the + thermometer 20 below the freezing point. + </p> + <p> + "We continued down the south face of the mountain; our road leading over + dry ground, we were able to avoid the snow almost entirely. In the course + of the morning we struck a foot path, which we were generally able to + keep; and the ground was soft to our animals feet, being sandy or covered + with mould. Green grass began to make its appearance, and occasionally we + passed a hill scatteringly covered with it. The character of the forest + continued the same; and, among the trees, the pine with sharp leaves and + very large cones was abundant, some of them being noble trees. We measured + one that had ten feet diameter, though the height was not more than one + hundred and thirty feet. All along, the river was a roaring torrent, its + fall very great; and, descending with a rapidity to which we had long been + strangers, to our great pleasure oak trees appeared on the ridge, and soon + became very frequent; on these I remarked unusually great quantities of + mistletoe. + </p> + <p> + "The opposite mountain side was very steep and continuous—unbroken + by ravines, and covered with pines and snow; while on the side we were + travelling, innumerable rivulets poured down from the ridge. Continuing + on, we halted a moment at one of these rivulets, to admire some beautiful + evergreen trees, resembling live oak, which shaded the little stream. They + were forty to fifty feet high, and two in diameter, with a uniform tufted + top; and the summer green of their beautiful foliage, with the singing + birds, and the sweet summer wind which was whirling about the dry oak + leaves, nearly intoxicated us with delight; and we hurried on, filled with + excitement, to escape entirely from the horrid region of inhospitable + snow, to the perpetual spring of the Sacramento. + </p> + <p> + "February 25.—Believing that the difficulties of the road were + passed, and leaving Mr. Fitzpatrick to follow slowly, as the condition of + the animals required, I started ahead this morning with a party of eight, + consisting (with myself) of Mr. Preuss, and Mr. Talbot, Carson, Derosier, + Towns, Proue, and Jacob. We took with us some of the best animals, and my + intention was to proceed as rapidly as possible to the house of Mr. + Sutter, and return to meet the party with a supply of provisions and fresh + animals. + </p> + <p> + "Near night fall we descended into the steep ravine of a handsome creek + thirty feet wide, and I was engaged in getting the horses up the opposite + hill, when I heard a shout from Carson, who had gone ahead a few hundred + yards. 'Life yet,' said he, as he came up, 'life yet; I have found a + hillside sprinkled with grass enough for the night.' We drove along our + horses, and encamped at the place about dark, and there was just room + enough to make a place for shelter on the edge of the stream. Three horses + were lost today—Proveau; a fine young horse from the Columbia, + belonging to Charles Towns; and another Indian horse which carried our + cooking utensils; the two former gave out, and the latter strayed off into + the woods as we reached the camp: and Derosier knowing my attachment to + Proveau, volunteered to go and bring him in. + </p> + <p> + "Carson and I climbed one of the nearest mountains; the forest land still + extended ahead, and the valley appeared as far as ever. The pack horse was + found near the camp, but Derosier did not get in. + </p> + <p> + "We began to be uneasy at Derosier's absence, fearing he might have been + bewildered in the woods. Charles Towns, who had not yet recovered his + mind, went to swim in the river, as if it was summer, and the stream + placid, when it was a cold mountain torrent foaming among the rocks. We + were happy to see Derosier appear in the evening. He came in, and sitting + down by the fire, began to tell us where he had been. He imagined he had + been gone several days, and thought we were still at the camp where he had + left us; and we were pained to see that his mind was deranged. It appeared + that he had been lost in the mountain, and hunger and fatigue, joined to + weakness of body, and fear of perishing in the mountains had crazed him. + The times were severe when stout men lost their minds from extremity of + suffering—when horses died—and when mules and horses, ready to + die of starvation, were killed for food. Yet there was no murmuring or + hesitation. In the meantime Mr. Preuss continued on down the river, and + unaware that we had encamped so early in the day, was lost. When night + arrived and he did not come in, we began to understand what had happened + to him; but it was too late to make any search. + </p> + <p> + "March 3.—We followed Mr. Preuss's trail for a considerable distance + along the river, until we reached a place where he had descended to the + stream below and encamped. Here we shouted and fired guns, but received no + answer; and we concluded that he had pushed on down the stream. I + determined to keep out from the river, along which it was nearly + impracticable to travel with animals, until it should form a valley. At + every step the country improved in beauty; the pines were rapidly + disappearing, and oaks became the principal trees of the forest. Among + these, the prevailing tree was the evergreen oak (which, by way of + distinction, we shall call the live oak); and with these, occurred + frequently a new species of oak, bearing a long, slender acorn, from an + inch to an inch and a half in length, which we now began to see formed the + principal vegetable food of the inhabitants of this region. In a short + distance we crossed a little rivulet, where were two old huts and near by + were heaps of acorn hulls. The ground round about was very rich, covered + with an exuberant sward of grass; and we sat down for a while in the shade + of the oaks to let the animals feed. We repeated our shouts for Mr. + Preuss; and this time we were gratified with an answer. The voice grew + rapidly nearer, ascending from the river, but when we expected to see him + emerge, it ceased entirely. We had called up some straggling Indian—the + first we had met, although for two days back we had seen tracks—who, + mistaking us for his fellows, had been only undeceived by getting close + up. It would have been pleasant to witness his astonishment; he would not + have been more frightened had some of the old mountain spirits they are so + much afraid of suddenly appeared in his path. Ignorant of the character of + these people, we had now additional cause of uneasiness in regard to Mr. + Preuss; he had no arms with him, and we began to think his chance + doubtful. Occasionally we met deer, but had not the necessary time for + hunting. At one of these orchard grounds, we encamped about noon to make + an effort for Mr. Preuss. One man took his way along a spur leading into + the river, in hope to cross his trail, and another took our own back. Both + were volunteers; and to the successful man was promised a pair of pistols—not + as a reward, but as a token of gratitude for a service which would free us + all from much anxiety." + </p> + <p> + At the end of four days, Mr. Preuss surprised and delighted his friends by + walking into camp. He had lived on roots and acorns and was in the last + stages of exhaustion. + </p> + <p> + Shortly the advance party reached Sutter's Fort where they received the + most hospitable treatment. All their wants were abundantly supplied, and + provisions were sent back to Fitzpatrick and his party. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0025" id="link2HCH0025"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The Start Homeward—The Visitors in Camp and Their Story—Carson and + Godey Start to the Rescue—Trailing the Enemy by Night—In Camp—The + Attack—An Amazing Success—The Return. +</pre> + <p> + Fremont and his command remained at Sutter's Fort about a month, when + their preparations were completed for their return to the States. They + journeyed leisurely up the valley of the San Joaquin, crossing over the + Sierra Nevada and Coast Range by means of an easily travelled pass. The + latter chain was followed until they came upon the Spanish trail, along + which they passed to the Mohave River. Where the Trail diverges from that + stream, Carson became involved in a characteristic adventure. + </p> + <p> + While in camp two Mexicans, a man and a boy, rode up and told a sad story. + They belonged to a party of Mexican traders from New Mexico. Six of them, + including two women who acted as cooks, were left in charge of a band of + horses while the rest were away, engaged in barter. When endeavoring to + find better grazing for their animals and while the man and boy were on + guard, they were attacked by a band of thirty Indians. The warriors were + after the horses and their first demonstration was a flight of arrows. The + only chance of escape was to make off with the animals and the two started + them on a dead run straight toward the Indians. The charge was so + impetuous, that they forced their way through, and continued their flight, + while the warriors remained behind to massacre the others. + </p> + <p> + When the couple had gone a long distance, they left the horses and turned + back to look for their friends. While they were doing so, they came upon + Fremont's camp. When it is added that among those who were left behind by + the Mexicans, were the wife of the man and the father and mother of the + boy, their pitiful situation must touch the hearts of all. They were + overcome with grief, and Carson was so stirred that he volunteered to go + back with the couple and help rescue their friends if alive, or punish the + Indians, if it should prove that they had been massacred. + </p> + <p> + Richard Godey, a mountaineer almost the equal with Carson, willingly + agreed to accompany him. The two were perfectly familiar with the country, + which was an immense advantage. When the Mexicans described the spring, a + long ways distant, where they had abandoned the horses to hunt for their + friends, Carson recalled its exact location. It was about thirty miles + away and he said that that was the point toward which they must push with + all speed. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly they turned the heads of their horses thither and struck into + a sweeping gallop, resting only when compelled to do so, and reaching the + spring at daylight the next morning. Not a horse was visible, but an + examination of the ground showed that the Indians had followed the fleeing + Mexicans and stock to the spring, where, finding the animals, they had + captured and driven them off in another direction. + </p> + <p> + It seems like a piece of madness for three men to pursue ten times as many + Indian warriors; but the blood of Carson was up and he told Godey it was + too soon for them to turn back. The eyes of both flashed, when they + reflected upon the shameful outrage, and they meant that the marauders + should not get off scot free. + </p> + <p> + As the boy was only an incumbrance, he was left behind, and, taking the + trail of the warriors, the three put their horses to their best, confident + the chase would be a long one. On such occasions, the red men are + accustomed to travel a long distance before making a halt. With so much + booty in their hands, they were liable to be set upon by others as savage + as themselves, and they had every cause, therefore, to get out of the + country with the least possible delay. + </p> + <p> + The three were riding in this furious fashion, when most unexpectedly the + steed of the Mexican gave out. A minute's examination showed he was as + thoroughly used up and useless as the horse of the Ute Indian, years + before, who started out with Kit to pursue the thief that was running off + with the animals. There was no course but to leave the Mexican behind, for + time was too precious to ride back to camp after another horse. He, + therefore was told to go back to Fremont's camp and await their return. + </p> + <p> + The exploit of Carson and Godey, when calmly told, seems incredible. There + was no one in Fremont's command who would go with them, and though they + knew there were a score and a half of savage wild men to encounter, they + did not hesitate, but pressed their steeds to the utmost, eager to join in + the fierce hand to hand conflict. + </p> + <p> + When night shut in upon them, the Indians were not in sight and the signs + indicated they were a good many miles ahead. There was no moon or stars + and they could see only a few feet in advance of their horses' ears, but + it would not do to linger. If they should go into camp, they would lose so + much ground that pursuit was likely to be hopeless. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly, they dismounted and leading their steeds, continued the + pursuit on foot. Where it was impossible to see the ground, they depended + on the sense of feeling. Quite certain of the general direction taken by + the red men, they occasionally stooped down and passed their hands over + the earth. The trail was so distinct that it could be readily detected in + this manner, provided they had not gone astray. Several times they + wandered to the right or left, but found their way back without + difficulty, and the chase was continued for several hours in this singular + fashion. + </p> + <p> + After a time, the trail became so fresh that it could be readily detected + and no doubt was left in their minds that they were close upon the + marauders. Inasmuch as Carson and Godey had pushed their horses to the + utmost, and they were showing signs of weariness, they concluded, in view + of these facts, to halt and wait until daylight. + </p> + <p> + The night was unusually cold, but they dared not start a fire, lest it + should apprise their enemies of their presence. So they suffered in + silence, miserable, wretched and as uncomfortable as it was possible to + be, while watching for the growing light in the east. + </p> + <p> + When at last, morning appeared, they were so chilled that they could + hardly walk; but making their way to the bottom of a ravine, they kindled + a fire, and with the help of some violent exercise, managed to start their + blood in circulation. + </p> + <p> + In a very brief time, their horses were resaddled and they were galloping + along the trail again. Within an hour, they caught sight of the Indians + and the stolen animals. The warriors were in camp and were enjoying a + breakfast of horse meat, several of the stock having been killed to + furnish the food. + </p> + <p> + Before the Indians could detect their pursuers, the latter dismounted and + hid their steeds where they were not likely to attract notice. They then + started to crawl in among the stolen animals, which were grazing a short + distance from camp. This was an exceedingly delicate task, for the horses + were likely to give the alarm, even if the warriors did not detect their + presence; but patience and skill succeeded, and, after a time, they were + among the drove. + </p> + <p> + But the very thing they dreaded took place. They had scarcely reached the + animals, when one of them became frightened by the appearance of the + strangers, and began rearing and snorting. This caused such confusion + among the others that the Indians became alarmed and sprang to their feet. + Carson and Godey emitted a series of yells that must have made the red men + envious, and dashed at full speed toward the thirty Indians. The moment + they were within range, both fired. Carson killed his man, but Godey + missed. The latter reloaded with great quickness and fired again, bringing + down his man. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile, the warriors were thrown into a sort of panic by the amazing + audacity of their assailants. They could not have suspected the truth—that + is that no others were near. They must have believed that a strong reserve + was close at hand and that if they tarried in camp they would be + overwhelmed by a party of avengers. Accordingly they broke and ran, + leaving the daring mountaineers masters of the field. + </p> + <p> + In accordance with the savage spirit of the border, Godey scalped the two + Indians who had been shot, after which the horses were gathered together + and driven to where the steeds of the mountaineers had been left. + </p> + <p> + But when this point was reached, Carson expressed himself as not + satisfied: they had not ascertained the fate of the captives and they now + proceeded to do so. + </p> + <p> + In the camp of the Mexicans were found the mangled bodies of the two men. + These were buried by Carson and Godey who made search for the women. + Though nothing of them was discovered, it was afterwards learned that + they, too, had been killed. Having done all that was possible, Carson and + Godey made their way back to Fremont's camp, where the stolen property was + turned over to the Mexicans, the daring mountaineers refusing to accept + the slightest payment for their extraordinary services. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0026" id="link2HCH0026"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Arrival at Bent's Fort—Carson goes to Taos and Decides to Become a + Farmer—Arrival of a Messenger from Fremont—Carson and Owens Repair + Again to Bent's Fort—Carson Engages as Guide for Fremont's Third + Exploring Expedition—On the Great Divide—Division of the Parties—The + Journey Across the Desert—A Singular Meeting—Aboriginal Horse Thieves. +</pre> + <p> + After a tedious journey of many miles, the exploring party reached Bent's + Fort July 2, 1844. The labors were considered finished, and bidding his + old commander goodbye, Carson made his way to Taos, where he had a most + happy reunion with his family. He was cordially welcomed by hundreds of + old friends who had learned years before the rare courage and worth of the + man, and who were proud to possess such a neighbor. + </p> + <p> + Carson had led a wild and adventurous career, and, after talking much with + those in whom he had confidence, he decided to adopt the life of a farmer. + In this conclusion he was joined by Richard Owens, an old mountaineer and + an intimate associate for many years. + </p> + <p> + It did not take them long to fix upon a desirable site, and, in the spring + of 1845, stock and animals were bought, building commenced and everything + was fairly under way. At the moment when the scarred mountaineers were + counting with pleasure on the complete arrangements made, an express + messenger galloped up and handed Carson a letter. + </p> + <p> + The contents were of an important character. Captain Fremont had written + to notify Kit that he had started on his third exploring expedition, and, + inasmuch as the mountaineer had given his promise months before, that in + the event of doing so, he (Carson) would serve again as guide, Fremont + reminded him that he should hold him to his pledge and would expect to + meet him at Bent's Fort on his arrival there. + </p> + <p> + It was a considerable pecuniary sacrifice for Carson to keep his promise, + but he never failed to do so, when it was not absolutely impossible. + Besides, it is fair to presume that the old life could never lose its + charm for one of his disposition, and, contrasted with the humdrum + existence of a farmer, he could not have been much grieved over the + reception of the message. But it must be stated that both Owens and Carson + sold out at much loss, and, putting their affairs in the best shape + possible, bade families and friends goodbye, mounted their horses and set + out for Bent's Fort which was safely reached some days later. + </p> + <p> + There they were warmly welcomed by Fremont, who had entered upon his third + exploring expedition, the last under the authority of the United States + government, though two others were afterwards undertaken on his own + responsibility. As was to be supposed, Fremont taking lessons from his + previous experiences, was much better equipped for his third than for + either of the other preceding expeditions. He had about fifty men, among + them in addition to Carson and Owens, being Maxwell, the famous + mountaineer, Walker who was a member of Captain Bonneville's expedition to + the Columbia, besides other hunters and scouts less known but not less + skilful and daring than they. + </p> + <p> + We have already given tolerably full accounts of the two exploring + expeditions of Fremont, and it is not our purpose to narrate the + particulars of the one which followed. There is a sameness in many of the + occurrences but the third time the Pathfinder penetrated into the recesses + of the far west, he became involved in a series of experiences totally + different from the preceding and deeply interesting of themselves. + </p> + <p> + Several months were spent on what may be called the Great Divide—that + is the region where the waters flow east or west to either ocean, and in + the autumn of the year they encamped on the southwestern shore of the + Great Salt Lake. + </p> + <p> + Before them stretched a vast arid plain to which the trappers referred + with a shudder of terror. They had heard of it many a time and the common + legend was that no man white or Indian who had ever attempted to cross it, + succeeded. These stories, however, added to the eagerness of Captain + Fremont to explore its secrets, and, when he proposed it to his men, they + expressed as strong a desire as he to do so. They felt a mutual trust and + confidence impossible under other circumstances. + </p> + <p> + Some seventy miles away, a mountain peak held out the promise of wood and + water. Four men under the guidance of an Indian, were sent forward to + explore the place, and, in the event of finding water, they were + instructed to apprise the watchful commander by means of the smoke from a + camp fire. + </p> + <p> + When the second day closed without sight of the signal, Fremont became so + uneasy that he moved forward with the rest of the party and travelled all + night. At daylight, one of the smaller party approached them. He said that + running water and grass existed at the mountains, but their Indian guide + was wholly ignorant of the country. This was good news and the next day + the party reached the stream. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after, the expedition was divided into two parties, Walker (of + whom mention has been made), taking charge of the larger while Fremont led + the smaller. It was the purpose of Walker to pass around to the foot of + the Sierra Nevada, by a route with which he was familiar, while Fremont + with Carson and less than a dozen men, among whom were several Delaware + Indians, headed straight across the desert. + </p> + <p> + While advancing over this arid tract, they detected a volume of smoke + rising from a ravine. Cautiously approaching, they discovered an Indian + warrior perfectly nude, standing by a fire and watching an earthen pot in + which something was simmering. He was greatly frightened and offered them + his food. They smiled, treated him kindly and gave him several trifling + presents which he received with childish delight. + </p> + <p> + One of the singular incidents of the journey took place while the + exploring party were making their way along the foot of the Sierras. + Passing around a point on the lake shore, they unexpectedly met a dozen + Indian warriors. They were walking directly behind each other in what is + known as Indian file, their heads bent forward and their eyes fixed on the + ground. The whites turned aside to allow them to pass and naturally + watched them with much interest. The Indians neither halted, deviated from + the path, spoke nor looked up, but walked straight forward with their + silent, measured tread until they disappeared. The explorers did not + interfere with them or speak to them. Thus the representatives of the + different races encountered. + </p> + <p> + The division under charge of Walker joined Fremont at the appointed + rendezvous, but winter was upon them, the mountains were sure to be choked + with snow and no one was familiar with the route. As a matter of prudence, + therefore, Walker was directed to continue southward with the principal + party, while Fremont and a few picked men pushed on directly through the + Sierras to Sutter's Fort, with a view of obtaining the necessary animals + and supplies. + </p> + <p> + The smaller division was advancing as best it could, when a number of + plainly marked trails were observed showing they were in the vicinity of + some of the most notorious horse thieves in the world. They were daring + and skilful, went long distances, plundered ranches and hastened to the + mountains with their booty. The exasperated Californians often organized + and went in pursuit, but it was rare they overtook the dusky thieves, and + when they succeeded in doing so, were invariably defeated. + </p> + <p> + This sort of people were undesirable neighbors, and Fremont sent forward + two Delawares and two mountaineers to make an investigation. They had not + gone far, when the company following them found the signs so threatening + that they were alarmed for the scouts. A short distance further they came + upon such an excellent camping site that they decided to halt for the + night. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0027" id="link2HCH0027"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Alarming Sounds—Danger of the Scouts—Fremont Goes to Their + Rescue—Arrival at Sutter's Fort—Ordered out of California by + the Mexican Governor—Fremont's Refusal—Withdrawal to Sacramento + River—Arrival of Despatches from Washington—War with Mexico—Meeting + with Lieutenant Gillespie—Night Attack by Klamath Indians. +</pre> + <p> + While preparing to go into camp, the explorers were mystified by hearing a + number of peculiar sounds like the barking of dogs. Attentive listening, + however, satisfied them that it came from an Indian village close by, + whose women and children were calling out and lamenting. This constituted + positive proof that the friends in advance were in trouble with the red + men and there was not a minute to lose in going to their rescue. + </p> + <p> + A half mile further, the explorers galloped over a slight ridge, when they + suddenly came in sight of several hundred Indians, who were making their + way up two sides of a knoll, on the crest of which the four scouts had + entrenched themselves among the rocks and trees and were coolly awaiting + the attack of their enemies. + </p> + <p> + The little party had run so suddenly into danger that they were compelled + to make a flying leap from their horses, in order to secure a suitable + shelter. The assailants had almost captured the abandoned horses, when + relief came. The two Delawares made a dash to recover their animals, their + companions shooting the foremost of the thieves. The property was saved + and then all fell back to their own camp. + </p> + <p> + As the aboriginal horse thieves were so numerous, Fremont kept up an + unremitting watch all through the night. Singular noises were continually + heard and there could be no doubt that the women and children were + retreating further into the mountains. + </p> + <p> + One of the Delawares on guard was sure he saw an Indian leap over a log, + and firing quickly, brought him to the ground; but it proved to be a + prowling wolf. None of their enemies appeared, and when morning came, + Fremont withdrew from his perilous position. + </p> + <p> + Sutter's Fort at last was safely reached, and the other party having + become lost, Carson was sent to find them. He succeeded with little + difficulty and the companies reunited. + </p> + <p> + Their course was now directed toward Monterey on the sea coast, where they + were confident of securing all they needed, but before reaching the place, + a messenger arrived from General Castro, the Mexican commander of the + territory, ordering the Americans to leave at once or they would be driven + out. + </p> + <p> + Fremont immediately intrenched himself and waited for the Mexicans to + carry out their threat. He waited three days, and then, as no attempt was + made, withdrew to the Sacramento, which stream was followed to Lawson's + Trading Post, where the commander hoped to purchase the outfit for the + journey homeward. + </p> + <p> + Moving northward toward the Columbia, they encountered an enormous force + of marauding Indians with whom a fierce battle was fought. The savages + were defeated and lost a large number of warriors. + </p> + <p> + While encamped near Klamath Lake, two horsemen galloped up with despatches + to Fremont from Washington, forwarded by Lieutenant Gillespie, of the + United States Marines. This officer was making his way through the Indian + country with six men as an escort, when his animals began to succumb. + Fearing he would not be able to intercept the Captain, the Lieutenant + selected two of his best men and sent them ahead with the despatches. He + begged Fremont to forward him assistance, as he doubted his ability to + reach him without such help. + </p> + <p> + But the most startling news brought to camp was that war had been declared + between the United States and Mexico. When Fremont had read his despatches + from his Government, he appreciated the imminent danger in which the + Lieutenant was placed, and, without any tarrying, perfected measures for + his rescue. + </p> + <p> + He immediately selected ten of his men, Carson, as a matter of course + being among them, and pushed on with all haste, leaving directions for the + rest to follow as rapidly as they could. + </p> + <p> + Fremont and his little company had journeyed something over fifty miles + when they met the officer and his companions. The meeting was of the + happiest nature, for the Lieutenant, in fact, was in greater danger than + he suspected, the Indians around him being among the most treacherous of + their race. + </p> + <p> + Those who have been placed in a situation resembling in a slight degree + that of Fremont, can appreciate the interest with which he perused the + letters and papers from his distant home. After the parties had gone into + camp, the Captain sat up till after midnight reading by the light of the + camp fire. Tired out at last, he stretched out with his blanket about him + and sank soon into heavy slumber. + </p> + <p> + The night was cold, and Carson and Owens, with their saddle blankets + wrapped around them, lay down close to the fire. All at once Carson heard + a peculiar noise, as though some one had struck a quick blow with an axe. + Wondering what it could mean, he called to one of the mountaineers. + </p> + <p> + "What's the matter over there?" + </p> + <p> + There was no answer, for the head of the poor fellow had been cleft by an + axe in the hands of one of the Klamath Indians who had crept into camp. A + Delaware had already been killed by the treacherous redskins, that night + being the second among all those spent in the west, when the explorers had + no sentinel on duty. + </p> + <p> + Carson and Owens called out "Indians!" and springing to their feet, + hurried away from the fire whose strong light was sure to tempt the aim of + their enemies. + </p> + <p> + One of the other Delawares who leaped to his feet snatched up the nearest + rifle which unfortunately was not his own, and was unloaded. Unaware of + the fact, he tried to fire it over again and again, without suspecting the + cause, while a Klamath launched arrow after arrow into his body. The first + penetrated his left breast and was fatal; but he bravely kept his feet + trying to discharge the useless gun, until four other missiles were also + buried within a few inches of the first. + </p> + <p> + Kit Carson had been quick to detect the danger of the brave Delaware, and, + in the hope of saving his life, he brought his unerring rifle to his + shoulder. Just as his finger pressed the trigger, he recollected that + that, too, was unloaded. + </p> + <p> + By one of those singular fatalities which sometimes occur, Carson had + broken the tube the night before, and left the weapon unloaded. Without + trifling with it, he threw it down, drew his single barrelled pistol and + ran toward the Klamath, who was coolly launching his arrows into the + breast of the poor Delaware. + </p> + <p> + The Indian leaped from side to side, so as to distract the aim of his + enemies, and, instead of hitting him, Carson only cut the string which + held a tomahawk to the warrior's arm. The mountaineer had no other shot at + command, and Maxwell tried his hand, but in the uncertain light, inflicted + only a slight wound. The Indian at that moment wheeled to run, when one of + the whites shot him dead. By this time the alarm was general and the + assailants fled. + </p> + <p> + There was good reason to believe that the Klamath Indians had set the + snare for Lieutenant Gillespie and his escort. As it was, the wonder was + that Fremont's command did not suffer to a greater extent; for having no + sentinels on duty, the warriors might have perfected their schemes in + security and killed a large number. + </p> + <p> + The Indian who drove five arrows into the left breast of the Delaware, + three of which pierced his heart, was the leader of the attacking party. + He had an English half axe slung to his wrist by a cord, and forty arrows + were left in his quiver. Carson pronounced them the most beautiful and + warlike missiles he had ever seen. + </p> + <p> + As may be supposed the explorers "slept on their arms" for the rest of the + night, but the assailants had fled. + </p> + <p> + They had killed three of the explorers, besides wounding another of the + Delawares, who took characteristic revenge by scalping the leader that had + been left where he fell. The dead were given the best burial possible. As + illustrating the ingratitude and perfidy of these red men, it may be + stated that it was only a few days before that they had visited Fremont's + camp, and, though provisions were very scarce, they had been given + considerable food, besides tobacco and a number of presents. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0028" id="link2HCH0028"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXVIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Retaliatory Measures—Fremont's Return to California—Capture of + Sonoma—Sutter's Fort Placed Under Military Rule—Monterey Taken + by Commodore Sloat—Capture of Los Angeles by Fremont and Commodore + Stockton—Carson Sent East as a Bearer of Despatches—The Meeting with + Apaches—General Kearney—Bravery of the California Mexicans. +</pre> + <p> + The indignation over the action of the Indians was so great that + retaliatory measures were determined upon. Fremont moved around Lake + Klamath until nearly opposite where his command had been attacked. The + following morning, Carson and ten men were sent forward to search for the + Indian village that was believed to be somewhere in the neighborhood. If + the discovery could be made without detection on the part of the Indians, + Carson was instructed to signal to Fremont who would hasten forward with + reinforcements. + </p> + <p> + The mountaineer had not gone far, when he struck a broad, clear trail, + which speedily carried him in sight of a village of some fifty lodges. As + it was evident that the Indians had detected their danger, Carson and his + companions made an impetuous attack before which the red men fled in + wildest panic. A number were shot, when, finding pursuit useless, Carson + returned to the village where all the lodges were destroyed. + </p> + <p> + Because of the war with Mexico, Fremont decided to return to California. + On his way thither, the Tlamath Indians continually dogged them and a + number of collisions followed, though none was of particular moment. After + suffering many hardships, Lawson's Fort was reached and several days were + spent in hunting, while Fremont awaited instructions as to the course he + was to take in the war then going on between the United States and Mexico. + </p> + <p> + As the days went by without bringing him any despatches, he wearied of + inactivity and decided to assume the aggressive. Accordingly he sent a + force to a Mexican military post known as Sonoma, which with little + trouble was taken. + </p> + <p> + Fremont sent out a couple of messengers to inform the American settlers of + what had taken place, but the messengers fell into the hands of General + Castro who put both to death. + </p> + <p> + General Castro sent one of his captains, with quite a force to destroy the + Americans, but the officer changed his mind when he found himself in the + neighborhood of the detested invaders. Fremont pursued him for nearly a + week, and captured much of his stock and property, but the Mexican was so + skilful in retreating that he could not be brought to bay and Fremont + returned to Sonoma. + </p> + <p> + The little force under Fremont now became the rallying point for the + American settlers, and before long the Captain had several hundred under + his command. Leaving a garrison at Sonoma, he marched to Sutter's Fort, + which was placed under military rule, and then made his way toward + Monterey with the purpose of capturing that town. On his arrival, however, + he found the place had already been taken by Commodore Sloat and the + American squadron. The Commodore leaving shortly after, Commodore Stockton + succeeded him. + </p> + <p> + While at Sonoma, Fremont and his comrades had declared the independence of + California and adopted the Bear Flag, which was proffered to Commodore + Sloat and the Star Spangled Banner hoisted over the camp. + </p> + <p> + As the Mexican General, Castro, was known to be at Los Angeles, Fremont + asked for and obtained a ship on which his force was taken to San Diego. + Then with a much inferior force, he set out to give battle to the Mexican + leader; but the latter no sooner learned of his coming, than he fled with + all his men. Finding it impossible to force him to give battle, Fremont + encamped near the town, where he waited until joined by Commodore Stockton + and a company of marines. + </p> + <p> + The junction effected, they marched upon Los Angeles which immediately + fell into their hands. Long before this, Fremont had become impressed with + the necessity of having some communication with Washington. In one sense + it may be said he was all at sea, for he was without positive + instructions, at a critical period, when it was most important that his + line of policy should be clearly defined by his government. + </p> + <p> + But the matter of communicating with headquarters, thousands of miles + away, was infinitely more difficult and serious than it is today. A vast, + wild, perilous and almost unknown tract stretched between the Pacific and + Atlantic, across which it required weeks and sometimes months for an + express rider to make his way. To send despatches around Cape Horn took a + much longer time; but the necessity was so urgent that Fremont sent Carson + with fifteen picked men across the plains, instructing him to complete the + journey if possible in sixty days. + </p> + <p> + Carson started in the middle of September, 1846, and by the exercise of + his consummate skill he passed rapidly through a most dangerous section + without running into any special danger until the third day. Then, when in + the neighborhood of the copper mines of New Mexico, he suddenly came upon + an encampment of Apaches, one of the most hostile tribes and the most + daring of fighters in the whole southwest. + </p> + <p> + This was another of those critical occasions where Carson's wonderful + quickness of mind enabled him to make the right decision without a + second's delay. He understood the language, customs and peculiarities of + the people, and he knew them to be splendid riders and tiger-like + warriors. The least evidence of timidity would invite an overwhelming + attack: a bold front and what may be called indomitable "cheek" were all + that was likely to take them through. + </p> + <p> + Telling his men to halt, Carson galloped forward until within a few rods + of the warriors, when he reined up and called out that he wished to hold a + parley with them. Thereupon, a number advanced to hear what he had to say. + The mountaineer stated that he and his friends were simply travellers + through the Apache country; while they were prepared for war, they desired + peace, and as their animals were tired out they wished to exchange them + for fresh ones. The Apaches expressed themselves satisfied with the + proposal, and Carson carefully chose a camping site, where they could best + protect themselves against treachery. Then the exchange was made, both + parties being so well satisfied that they parted with many expressions of + good will. + </p> + <p> + It was impossible to carry any extended stock of provisions, the party + depending upon their rifles to supply their needs in that direction; but + game proved to be very scarce and they suffered much until they reached + the first Mexican settlement. Although those people were at war with the + United States, their friendship for Carson led them to supply abundantly + all the wants of himself and friends. + </p> + <p> + With unremitting diligence and skill, the party pushed on day after day + until the sixth of October, when, as they were riding across a treeless + prairie, several moving specks were observed in the far horizon. As they + came closer, they resolved themselves into horsemen, and, with a delight + which may be imagined, Carson speedily observed that they were a + detachment of United States troops under the command of General S. W. + Kearney, who was highly pleased to meet Carson. + </p> + <p> + The detachment was a strong one and was on its way to operate in + California. After that officer had obtained all the important news Carson + had to give, he decided to send the despatches to Washington by another, + while he employed the mountaineer to guide him back. + </p> + <p> + This delicate duty was executed with such admirable skill that General + Kearney commended Carson in the highest terms. So rapidly did they move + that California was entered early in December, and they were approaching + San Diego, when the scouts brought news that a large party of Mexicans + were intrenched a short distance ahead with the intention of disputing + their advance. Fifteen men under Carson were sent forward to drive in the + outposts and capture such loose animals as could be found. + </p> + <p> + A fierce fight followed, the Mexicans showing far more daring and skill + than was expected. General Kearney was compelled to send two companies of + dragoons and twenty-five California volunteers to charge the enemy. Carson + was in the front column, and was riding at high speed, when his horse + stumbled, throwing him so violently as to shatter the stock of his gun. He + lay partly stunned but speedily recovering, he caught up the rifle of a + dead dragoon and rushed into the fight. Though the Mexicans were finally + driven out, they inflicted frightful loss on the Americans. Nearly every + man who was in the front column, where Carson was riding when his horse + threw him, was killed by the deadly bullets of the enemy. + </p> + <p> + The Mexicans soon rallied and attacked the Americans with such fierceness + that the advance guard was driven back and forced to act on the defensive. + No soldiers could have fought with greater gallantry than did the + assailants. Before the two mountain howitzers could be unlimbered, almost + every man around them was shot down. Then the Mexicans charged forward, + lassoed the horses, captured one of the guns and turned it on the + Americans. From some cause or other it could not be discharged. Finally, + the Americans took refuge among the rocks, where they were surrounded by + three or four times their number, seemingly with the choice of two courses + before them—to surrender or starve to death. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0029" id="link2HCH0029"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXIX. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Daring Exploit of Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale—General Kearney + Saved. +</pre> + <p> + The situation of General Kearney and his men could not have been more + desperate. The only subsistence they had were their mules, and the water + was insufficient to meet their wants. They were completely surrounded by + the brave California Mexicans. They might exist for a time on the bodies + of their animals, but they must perish without water. + </p> + <p> + General Kearney called his friends together during the afternoon to + consult as to whether any possible means of escape was before them. He + could see none. He had sent three scouts to Commodore Stockton at San + Diego, asking for immediate help, but the three were captured by the + Mexicans on their return. Kearney had succeeded in exchanging a Mexican + lieutenant, whom he held prisoner, for one of the scouts, but nothing was + gained thereby. The messenger reported that they had been unable to reach + San Diego, and Commodore Stockton, therefore, was in ignorance of the + peril of his countrymen not far distant. + </p> + <p> + When every one expressed himself as unable to see the first ray of hope, + Carson in his deliberate, modest way said that it was clear only a single + possibility remained—that was by procuring relief from Commodore + Stockton at San Diego. Though the other scouts had failed to reach him, + Carson expressed his belief that he could succeed. At any rate, he desired + to make the attempt to pass the Mexican lines. + </p> + <p> + Lieutenant Beale, since Minister to Austria, and favorably known + throughout the country, immediately seconded the proposition, volunteering + to accompany Carson. General Kearney gladly and gratefully accepted the + offer, and the arrangements were instantly made. These arrangements were + of the simplest nature. The beleaguered Americans were surrounded by three + cordons of sentinels, and it was necessary for Carson and Beale to make + their way past them in order to reach San Diego. + </p> + <p> + When night was fully descended, the two left the rocks and approaching the + first line, sank upon their hands and knees, and crawled forward with the + silence and stealth of Indian scouts. Despite the utmost care, their shoes + made a slight noise now and then, and to avoid it, they took them off and + shoved them in their belts. + </p> + <p> + The exploit of Lieutenant Beale and Kit Carson was a most remarkable one + in every respect. Frequently through the gloom they would catch the faint + outlines of a sentinel, pacing back and forth. Instantly the two would lie + flat on their faces until the man moved away, when the painful progress + would be resumed. + </p> + <p> + The slightest forgetfulness was certain to prove fatal, for the Mexicans, + knowing the desperate straits of the Americans, must have been expecting + some such attempt and were therefore more than usually watchful. + </p> + <p> + Once a mounted Mexican rode close to the prostrate figures, sprang off his + horse and lit his cigarette. He was so close that the tiny flame showed + his nose and features, as it was held in front of his face, while lighting + the twist of tobacco. During that most trying moment, as Kit Carson + afterwards declared, he distinctly heard the beating of Lieutenant Beale's + heart. + </p> + <p> + There seemed no escape but finally the horseman drove away and the painful + progress was continued for fully two miles, during which both men were + constantly peering through the darkness for signs of danger. Again and + again they were compelled to halt, and lying flat on their faces, wait + till their fate was determined. + </p> + <p> + "We are through," whispered Carson at last, when considerable distance + beyond the last row of sentinels. + </p> + <p> + "Thank heaven!" exclaimed Lieutenant Beale in the same guarded voice. + </p> + <p> + "Now we'll put on our shoes and travel as fast as we know how to San Diego—" + </p> + <p> + The mountaineer paused in dismay, for, while creeping over the plain, he + had lost both his shoes that were thrust in his belt. The Lieutenant had + been equally unfortunate, and, as it was utterly out of their power to + recover them, they could only push on barefooted, over a soil that + abounded with thorns and prickly pears. As these could not be seen in the + darkness, their feet were soon wounded to a distressing degree. It was + necessary to avoid the well beaten trails, so that the route was not only + made longer, but much more difficult on account of the obstacles named. + </p> + <p> + Yet they were working for a great stake. The lives of General Kearney and + his brave men were in the balance. If Carson and Beale failed to bring + help right speedily, they were doomed. + </p> + <p> + All night long, through the succeeding day and far into the following + night, the couple, worn, wearied and with bleeding feet, pushed ahead. + When exhausted, they would halt for a brief while, but the thought of + their imperilled comrades, and the fear that some of the Mexicans were + pursuing them, speedily started them off again and they kept to their work + with a grim resolution which heeded not fatigue, suffering and wounds. + </p> + <p> + The only compass Carson had was his eye, but he was so familiar with the + country that he never lost himself. The weary men were still trudging + forward, when through the darkness ahead suddenly flashed out a star-like + point of light. Several others appeared and a minute after they dotted the + background of gloom like a constellation. + </p> + <p> + "That's San Diego!" exclaimed Carson, who could not be mistaken. The + couple could scarcely restrain their joy. New life and activity thrilled + their bodies, and they hurried on with the same elastic eagerness they + felt at the beginning. + </p> + <p> + In a short while they were challenged by sentinels, and making known their + mission, were taken before Commodore Stockton. That officer, with his + usual promptness, sent a force of nearly two hundred men to the relief of + General Kearney. They took with them a piece of ordnance which for want of + horses the men themselves were forced to draw. + </p> + <p> + They advanced by forced marches to the endangered Americans, scarcely + pausing night or day, until in sight of the Mexicans, who considering + discretion the better part of valor, withdrew without exchanging a shot + with the naval brigade. + </p> + <p> + As may be supposed, the feet of Carson and Beale were in a frightful + condition, when they reached San Diego. The mountaineer, on that account, + did not return with the reinforcements, but he described the course and + location so minutely that no difficulty was experienced by the relieving + force. + </p> + <p> + Lieutenant Beale was a man of sturdy frame, accustomed to roughing it on + the frontier, but the sufferings he underwent on that eventful night were + such that he felt the effects for years afterward. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0030" id="link2HCH0030"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXX. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Capture of Los Angeles—Court Martial of Fremont—Carson Appointed a + Bearer of Dispatches to Washington—His Journey to St. Louis—Visits + Washington—Appointed Lieutenant by President Polk—Ordered Back Across + the Continent—His Journey—Assigned to Duty at Tajon Pass—Again + Ordered to Washington—His Appointment not Confirmed by the United + States Senate—Visit to Washington—Return to New Mexico. +</pre> + <p> + The chief force of the Mexicans was at Los Angeles over a hundred miles to + the north of San Diego. They numbered six or seven hundred and were + strongly intrenched. General Kearney and Commodore Stockton joined their + commands and marched to attack them. Arriving in front of the town, they + scattered the Mexicans intrenched on the outside, and then marched into + the place. But the enemy had fled and gone northward to meet Fremont who + was on his way from Monterey with four hundred men to attack Los Angeles. + </p> + <p> + The Mexicans had not long to search when they found Fremont, but, instead + of giving him battle, their commander surrendered, possibly preferring to + give him the honor, instead of selecting the other commanders. Fremont + continued his march to Los Angeles, where they went into winter quarters, + and Carson, who had been devoting his valuable services to General + Kearney, now rejoined his old friend, Fremont. + </p> + <p> + It may be stated in this place that the jealousy between Commodore + Stockton and General Kearney assumed such a shape at that time that + Fremont was compelled to acknowledge either one or the other as his + superior officer. He selected Commodore Stockton as the one to whom he + owed superior allegiance. The result of the petty quarrel was the trial of + Fremont by court martial, the particulars of which are too well known to + require further reference at our hands. + </p> + <p> + In the following March, Kit Carson was selected to carry despatches to + Washington. Lieutenant Beale, who was still suffering from the exposure + and hardships he had undergone, accompanied him, together with a guard of + a dozen veteran mountaineers. Lieutenant Beale was so weak that Carson for + many days was obliged to lift him on and off his horse; but the clear air, + the healthful exercise and the cheery companionship of the hardy scout + were the best tonics in the world, and probably did the invalid more good + than any other treatment that could have been devised. + </p> + <p> + Carson took an extremely southern route, and his superior skill and + knowledge of the country and its inhabitants enabled him to avoid all + danger until he reached a tributary of the lower Colorado. While in camp + at midnight, they were assailed with a shower of arrows from a party of + Indians; but, as Carson expected the attack, he had made such preparations + that not one of his men were injured. + </p> + <p> + Without any other incident worth the mention, Carson and his escort + reached St. Louis. There the renowned mountaineer became the hero of the + hour. He was taken at once to the home of Hon. Thomas H. Benton, the + distinguished statesman and the father in law of Colonel Fremont, who + introduced him to the leading Citizens. + </p> + <p> + The first person to greet Carson when he stepped from the cars in + Washington was Mrs. Fremont, who recognized him from the description given + by her husband in his letters. She compelled him to accompany her to the + house of her father, where he remained an honored guest during his stay in + Washington, which was for a considerable time. + </p> + <p> + Among the compliments paid Carson while in the capital was that of his + appointment by President Polk, as lieutenant in the rifle corps of the + United States army, and he was ordered to return across the continent with + despatches. At Fort Leavenworth, Carson was furnished with an escort of + fifty men who were volunteers in the war against Mexico. + </p> + <p> + The journey westward was marked by no stirring incident until he reached + the eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, where a company of United + States Volunteers were overtaken. They had in charge an enormous train of + wagons on the way to New Mexico. On the morning after the encampment of + Carson near them, the Indians made an attack upon the volunteers, + capturing all their cattle and more than twenty horses. The mountaineer + and his men dashed to the rescue, recaptured all the cattle, but were + unable to retake the horses. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after, Carson and his company reached Santa Fe. There he parted + from the volunteers and hired sixteen others with which he continued the + journey, thereby obeying the instructions received at Fort Leavenworth. + </p> + <p> + Pursuing the even tenor of his way, he arrived at a tributary of the + Virgin River, when he abruptly came upon an encampment of several hundred + Comanches, who, as Carson happened to know, had massacred a number of + settlers only a short time before. Understanding as thoroughly as he did + the treacherous nature of these people, he made a bold front, and, when + they attempted to visit his camp, peremptorily ordered them to keep away. + </p> + <p> + He added that he knew all about them, and the first one who moved closer + would be shot. Furthermore, if they did not depart, within a specified + time, he notified them that they would be fired upon. These were such + audacious words that the Comanches doubted their sincerity. To test it, + some of them overstayed their time. Not wishing to break his pledge, + Carson ordered his men to fire, One of the warriors fell, while several + others, who were badly wounded, came to the conclusion that when the great + mountaineer made a statement there was likely to be considerable truth in + it. + </p> + <p> + Food soon became so scarce that mule meat formed the only diet until they + reached Los Angeles. Carson pushed on to Monterey where he delivered the + despatches to the proper officer, and then returning to Los Angeles he was + assigned to duty in Captain Smith's Company of United States dragoons. He + was given command of twenty-five dragoons and directed to proceed to Tajon + Pass, through which marauding Indians were accustomed to pass when + returning from their raids in California. It was an important point, and + the winter of 1847-48 was spent in the performance of the duties thus + placed upon him. In the spring, he was once more ordered to carry + despatches to Washington, an escort being furnished him as in the previous + instance. + </p> + <p> + In crossing Grand River, one of the rafts became unmanageable, upset, + losing considerable valuable property and endangering the lives of a + number of the company. A large force of Utah and Apache Indians were + encountered, but Carson managed them with the same skill he had shown them + so many times before. + </p> + <p> + On arriving at Taos, he spent several days with his family and friends, + after which he proceeded to Santa Fe. There he learned that the United + States Senate had refused to confirm his nomination as lieutenant in the + army. Many of his friends were so angered over this slight that they urged + him to refuse to carry the despatches further; but his reply, as given by + Dr. Peters, is so admirable that we quote it: + </p> + <p> + "I was entrusted with these despatches, having been chosen in California, + from whence I come, as the most competent person to take them through + safely. I would try to fulfill this duty even if I knew it would cost me + my life. It matters not to me, while I am performing this service for my + country, whether I hold the rank of lieutenant in the United States Army + or am known merely as an experienced mountaineer. I have gained some + little honor and credit for the manner in which I have always conducted + myself when detailed on any special and important business, and I would on + no account now wish to forfeit the good opinion formed of me by a majority + of my countrymen because the United States Senate did not deem it proper + to confer on me an appointment which I never solicited, and one which, had + it been confirmed, I would have resigned at the termination of the war." + </p> + <p> + Having determined to perform his duty, he made careful inquiries as to the + state of feeling among the Indians through whose country the trail led. + The reports were of the most alarming character: the Comanches were on the + war path with a vengeance. They were swarming all along the old Santa Fe + Trail, on the watch for parties whom they could overwhelm and destroy. + </p> + <p> + Such being the case, Carson resorted to the bold artifice of making a + trail of his own. He reduced his escort to ten experienced mountaineers + and then struck out upon his new route. He rode northward from Taos until + within a region rarely visited by hostiles, when he changed his course by + the compass several times. By this means, he reached Fort Kearney on the + Platte and finally arrived at Fort Leavenworth. Not only had he avoided + all trouble with Indians, but by following the new route, had found + abundance of game so that the entire trip was but little more than a + pleasure excursion. + </p> + <p> + All danger was over at Fort Leavenworth, where he parted from his escort + and went alone to Washington. Previous to this, the war with Mexico had + ended, the treaty of peace having been signed February 2, 1848, and + proclaimed on the 4th of July following. + </p> + <p> + Carson tarried in Washington only long enough to deliver his despatches to + the proper authorities, when he turned about and made his way to Taos, New + Mexico, where he joined once more his family and friends. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0031" id="link2HCH0031"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Hostility of the Apaches—Colonel Beale Sends an Expedition Against + Them—Nothing Accomplished—Colonel Beale Leads an Expedition with + Carson as Guide—Capture and Release of Two Chiefs—March to the + Arkansas—Another Failure—Carson and Maxwell Build a Ranche—Fremont's + Fourth Expedition—The Murderous Apaches—A Fruitless Pursuit. +</pre> + <p> + Kit Carson was one of those whose destiny seems to be that of stirring + incident and adventure. No man possessed such an intimate knowledge of the + manners, customs and peculiarities of the tribes in the southwest, and + with his exceptional woodcraft, skill and high courage his services were + always indispensable. + </p> + <p> + While he was at Taos, the Indians around him were restless until the whole + country was seething and on the verge of a general revolt. Colonel Beale, + commanding officer of the district, had established his headquarters at + Taos. The Apaches committed so many outrages that he believed the only + course open was to administer a thorough chastisement; but it was tenfold + easier to reach such a conclusion than it was to carry it out. A strong + force having been despatched to bring them to account, pursued them to the + mountains from which they were compelled to return without accomplishing + anything at all. The subsequent history of these Apaches and of General + Crook's campaign against them are familiar enough to all to justify the + declaration that they have proven themselves the bravest and most + formidable tribe that has defied the United States government during the + past half century. + </p> + <p> + Disappointed that the officer whom he sent failed to do anything, Colonel + Beale took command himself and employed Kit Carson as guide. Instead of + stopping in the mountains because they were blocked with snow, as the + former expedition had done, Colonel Beale forced his way with great + difficulty through them. The search for the Indians was long but + fruitless. The cunning red skins were at home in their fastnesses and not + a solitary warrior was bagged. + </p> + <p> + As the supply of provisions was running low, Colonel Beale was forced to + return and retrace his steps. On their return, they came upon a village of + Apaches into which the soldiers charged; but the nimble warriors easily + got away, with the exception of a couple of chiefs who fell into the hands + of the Americans. Hoping to rouse the chivalry and gratitude of their + nature, Colonel Beale lectured them kindly and after their promise to + behave themselves, allowed them to depart. As soon as they were beyond + rifle shot, they must have grinned with exultation, for it was not their + nature to repay kindness with anything but cruelty. + </p> + <p> + As Colonel Beale could not accomplish anything during the winter months, + he returned to Taos, where he remained until February, when, learning that + a large force of Indians were congregated on the Arkansas, with a number + of Mexican captives, he went thither intending to retake them by force, if + they could not be secured by peaceable means. He had two companies of + dragoons, and as before, engaged Carson as guide. + </p> + <p> + When he reached the Arkansas, he found himself confronted by two thousand + Indians who had gathered to meet their agent and probably to consult as to + their future movements. The agent was present and was a man of practical + sense and experience. He told Colonel Beale that it would never do to + demand the prisoners, for the Indians were in ugly temper and if aroused, + would massacre the whole command. Colonel Beale himself was resentful, and + very much disposed to give the red men battle, but he suffered himself to + be dissuaded from carrying out his original purpose. + </p> + <p> + When Carson returned once more to Taos, he reflected that he was + approaching middle life, and as he now had quite a family, he was anxious + to provide something for them. Though he had rendered services beyond + value to the United States government, and to different individuals, he + had not received enough compensation to place them above want should he + become disabled. About this time, his old friend, Maxwell, proposed that + they should build a ranch in a beautiful valley some distance north of + Taos. The site was a most charming one, though it was so much exposed to + the attack of Indians that until then no one had dared to settle there. + </p> + <p> + Handsome, roomy and substantial structures were erected, and many of the + most enjoyable days of their lives were spent on this famous ranche. It + would be a pleasant farewell to leave them there to end their days in + comfort and peace, but it was to be far otherwise with both and especially + with Carson. + </p> + <p> + In 1848-49, Colonel Fremont made a fourth exploring expedition across the + continent, he bearing all the expense, as he did in the case of his fifth + expedition made in 1853. The fourth was an appalling failure, marked by an + extremity of suffering that is incredible. The guide employed was wholly + ignorant and the command became entangled among the snows of the + mountains, where some of them lived not only on mules but on each other. + The strongest lay down and died, and the horrible features of Fremont's + fourth expedition were only approached by that of Lieutenant Strain on the + Isthmus of Darien. When the few ghastly survivors staggered out of the + mountains they tottered to Carson's ranche, where they received the + kindest treatment from him who had served Fremont so faithfully on his + former expeditions. + </p> + <p> + Carson had been on his ranche but a short time, when news reached him of a + most atrocious murder by the Apaches. A wealthy merchant was returning in + his private carriage with his wife and child from the United States to + Santa Fe. He was accompanied by a small escort and the wagon train + carrying his goods. When he believed all danger past, he hurried forward + with his family, who were becoming tired of the journey. + </p> + <p> + At a point where there was no suspicion of danger, the Apaches fired upon + the carriage, killing every one who accompanied it, including the merchant + himself. The wife and child were made prisoners and carried away. Shortly + after the little one was tomahawked and thrown into the river. + </p> + <p> + When news of the outrage reached New Mexico, a party was hastily organized + and started out in the hope of saving the woman and punishing the wretches + who had committed the murders. When Carson learned of what was + contemplated, he offered his services. They were accepted, but much to the + surprise of his friends, he was given an inferior position. It was + characteristic of the splendid scout that he did not show by word or look + that he felt the slightest resentment on account of the slight. + </p> + <p> + With a less skilful leader than himself, Carson galloped with the company + to the scene of the murder. The sight was frightfully suggestive: pieces + of harness, band boxes, trunks, strips of blood stained clothing, and + fragments of the carriage attested the untamable ferocity of the Apaches + who had swooped down on the doomed party like a cyclone. + </p> + <p> + From that point the trail was taken and the infuriated mountaineers urged + their steeds to the utmost, knowing the value of every hour and that in + the case of a fight with the Indians a surprise is half the battle. + </p> + <p> + Day after day the pursuit was maintained until nearly two weeks had gone + by, before the first glimpse of a warrior was obtained. The trail was one + of the worst imaginable, and, had the pursuers been less skilful, they + would have been baffled almost from the first. At certain points, the + Apaches would break up into parties of two or three that would take + different routes, reuniting at some place many miles beyond where water + was known to be. This was done repeatedly, with a view of disconcerting + any avengers who might take their trail, and it is a tribute to the + ability of the mountaineers that the cunning artifice failed, so far as + they were concerned, of its purpose. + </p> + <p> + At last the Apaches were descried in the distance. Carson was the first to + discover them, he being some distance in advance. Knowing how necessary it + was to surprise them he shouted to his companions to charge at once. Not + doubting he would be followed, he dashed ahead with his horse on a dead + run, but looking over his shoulder when he had gone part way, he saw to + his consternation he was alone. + </p> + <p> + Angered and impatient, he rode back to learn what it meant. The chief + guide had directed the men to wait as there was no doubt the Apaches + desired to hold a parley. It meant the next moment in the shape of a + bullet from the Indians which struck the leader in the breast and rendered + him senseless. As soon as he recovered, he ordered his men to make the + attack and leave him to himself. + </p> + <p> + He was obeyed, but the delay was fatal. On charging into the camp they + were able to kill only one warrior. The body of the woman was found still + warm, showing that she had been slain only a brief while before. + </p> + <p> + All those acquainted with the particulars of this sad affair agreed that + had the advice of Carson been followed the poor lady might have been + saved. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0032" id="link2HCH0032"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + The Wounded Herder—A Successful Pursuit—An Atrocious Plot—How it + was Frustrated—Gratitude of the Gentlemen Whom Carson was the Means of + Saving From Death. +</pre> + <p> + Carson returned to his ranche where he spent the winter. One day in spring + a wounded herder managed to reach the place with the news that he and his + companion, stationed a few miles away, had been attacked by Apaches, who + wounded both, and ran off all the horses and mules. + </p> + <p> + A squad of ten dragoons and a sergeant were on guard near Carson's ranche. + They and three settlers, including Carson, started at once in pursuit. It + was so late in the day that when they came to the place where the outrage + had been committed, it was dark and they went into camp; but they were + astir at the earliest dawn, and soon striking the trail of the thieves, + put their animals to a keen gallop. Some twenty miles further, the Apaches + were described a long distance away. As it was upon the open prairie the + contest at once resolved itself into an open chase. + </p> + <p> + It was no time to spare the animals, whose rapid gait was increased until + it became a killing pace. The pursuers were steadily gaining, when four of + their horses succumbed and their riders, much to their chagrin, were shut + out from the impending fray. The others had no time to stop: they could + simply shout goodbye to them and spur their steeds to greater exertions. + Fortunately the pursuers were better mounted than the fugitives who + numbered a full score. With a bravery characteristic of their tribe, they + clung to their stolen property, preferring to be overtaken and forced into + a fight rather than abandon it. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the parties were within rifle range, the battle began and + became of the most exciting character. The Apaches were splendid horsemen + and displayed great skill. They threw themselves on the far side of their + steeds, firing from under the neck, and keeping their bodies so well + concealed that it was a difficult task to bring them down. + </p> + <p> + But the white men were accustomed to that sort of work, and the Apaches + learned a lesson they never forgot. Five of their best warriors were + killed, several badly wounded and nearly all the animals recaptured. Kit + Carson directed every movement of his men and to that fact their great + success was due. + </p> + <p> + The mountaineer was favored with prosperous times on his ranche. He and a + companion drove fifty head of mules and horses to Fort Laramie, where they + were disposed of at a liberal profit. The round journey of a thousand + miles was attended with much danger, but it was accomplished without + mishap. + </p> + <p> + He reached home just in time to learn that the Apaches had visited the + little settlement and run off all the animals. But as enough soldiers were + within call, a pursuit was soon organized and very nearly all the stock + was recovered. + </p> + <p> + Some months later an officer of the United States Army in Taos learned of + a most atrocious plot that was on foot. Two wealthy gentlemen, travelling + leisurely through that section of the country, had engaged an American + named Fox to hire enough men to escort them across the plains. This Fox + was one of the most conscienceless wretches and desperadoes that ever + lived. He formed a scheme to murder the two gentlemen at a certain point + on the plains and to divide their money among him and his companions. + Those whom he secured were taken into his confidence and agreed to the + crime before hand. + </p> + <p> + Among those to whom he applied was a miscreant in Taos, who, for some + reason, refused to go with him. However, he kept the secret until sure the + entire party were so far out on the plains that nothing could prevent the + perpetration of the crime. He then told it to several associates, one of + whom made it known to the officer of whom we have spoken. + </p> + <p> + This gentleman was horrified, and uncertain what could be done, if indeed + he could do anything, hastened to Kit Carson, to whom he made known the + story. The mountaineer listened eagerly, and, as soon as he grasped the + whole plot, declared there was reason to believe it was not too late to + frustrate it. With that wonderful intuition which was such a marked + characteristic of his nature, he fixed upon the very place where it had + been decided the crime was to be committed. Knowing the entire route, it + was easy to determine the spot most likely to be selected, which was more + than two hundred miles distant. Instead, therefore, of following the + trail, he struck directly across the open prairie by the most direct + course to his destination. + </p> + <p> + Ten finely mounted dragoons accompanied, all ready for any deed of daring. + The route led through a country where the Indians were very hostile, but + they were avoided with little difficulty. The second night out, they came + upon the encampment of a detachment of United States troops, whose captain + volunteered to take twenty of his soldiers and help bring the desperadoes + to justice. + </p> + <p> + The expedition was a complete success. They overtook the party at the very + spot fixed upon, and Fox was arrested before he suspected the business of + the strangers in camp. When the overthrow of the wretches was complete, + the gentlemen were told the story. They were speechless for a moment and + could not believe it; but the proof was complete, and they turned pale at + the thought of the fate they had escaped. + </p> + <p> + Their gratitude was unbounded. Taking the hand of Carson they begged him + to name some reward he would accept, but the mountaineer shook his head. + </p> + <p> + "I am more than repaid in being able to help frustrate such a crime as was + contemplated; I cannot think of accepting anything of the kind you name." + </p> + <p> + The gentlemen, however, could not forget that under heaven, they owed + their lives to Kit Carson. The following spring a couple of splendid + revolvers arrived at the mountaineer's ranche addressed to him. + Beautifully engraved on them were a few sentences expressive of the + feelings of the donors and the special occasion which called forth the + gift. + </p> + <p> + It is easy to understand how much more acceptable such an acknowledgement + was to Kit Carson than any sum of money could have been. + </p> + <p> + Fox was lodged in jail, but though there was no doubt of his guilt in the + minds of every one, yet the meditated crime was so difficult to establish + that ultimately he was set free. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0033" id="link2HCH0033"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Carson Visits St. Louis on Business—Encounter with Cheyenne on + his Return—His Sagacity Does not Fail Him—Carson's Last Beaver + Expedition—His California Speculation. +</pre> + <p> + Maxwell, the mountaineer and intimate friend of Carson, was quite wealthy + and was of great assistance in several schemes which they undertook in + partnership. One of their enterprises was that of sending a train of + wagons belonging to the two to the States. Carson took charge, and, + jogging along at a comfortable rate, they reached in due time the + Missouri, where he went by steamboat to St. Louis. There he purchased a + large amount of merchandise which was taken up stream on the boat, + transferred to his wagon train, and the faces of all were then turned + toward New Mexico. + </p> + <p> + Everything went well until they approached the fording of the Arkansas, + when they came upon a large village of Cheyenne Indians. Unfortunately + some days before, a company of recruits had shown such cruelty toward + several warriors belonging to that tribe, that they were roused to the + highest point of fury, and were only waiting an opportunity to visit + punishment on the first whites that came in their way. + </p> + <p> + Carson knew nothing of the occurrence nor did he know of the bitter + hostility of the Cheyennes, but when they went into council, and he + overheard some expressions, he saw that something was wrong. He warned his + men to be ready for instant attack, never permitting the Indians to catch + them off their guard for a single moment. + </p> + <p> + The warriors fell behind, but after awhile, a number rode up on horseback. + They were in their war paint and there could be no doubt of their + hostility. Carson spoke in a conciliating manner and invited them into his + camp to have a smoke and talk. The invitation was accepted. The + hypocritical ceremony continued some time, when the warriors began talking + among themselves. + </p> + <p> + They spoke in Sioux at first, their purpose being to lay the impending + massacre against those people, but in their excitement, they dropped back + to their own tongue and the whole appalling truth became speedily known to + Carson and through him to his companions. + </p> + <p> + He sat on the ground with the furious warriors, and heard them agree that + at the moment the leader (as they recognized Carson to be), laid down his + arms to take the pipe in his mouth, they would leap upon and kill him. + They would then massacre all the rest. Inasmuch as they were powerful + enough to carry out this diabolical plan, it will be admitted that + Carson's nerves were pretty thoroughly tested, when the pipe passing from + one to the other was within a few minutes of reaching him. + </p> + <p> + Most of the men with the mountaineer were Mexicans, very deficient in + courage and in a hand to hand encounter, the Cheyennes could overcome the + party in the space of a few minutes. + </p> + <p> + It was in such crises as these that the remarkable fertility of resources + possessed by Kit Carson displayed themselves. He seemed to perceive by + intuition the wisest course to adopt and that perception came to him the + instant the demand for it appeared. + </p> + <p> + Rising to his feet and grasping his weapons, he strode to the middle of + the group and astounded them by beginning his address in their native + tongue. He reminded them that that was proof he comprehended every word + uttered by them. He spoke as if grieved by their course, for he insisted + he had never wronged any one of their tribe, but on the contrary had been + their friend. He then commanded them to leave the camp without delay or + they would be riddled with bullets. + </p> + <p> + Carson's blue eyes flashed and his face was like a thunder cloud. It was + the Cheyennes who were surprised and they could but obey orders, though + from their manner, it was clear the trouble was not yet ended. They + withdrew and went into council, while Carson and his friends pushed + rapidly forward. + </p> + <p> + The peril in which this little command was placed could not be + overestimated. There were not twenty men all told and except two or three, + were Mexicans who in no respect were the superiors if indeed they were the + equals of the Cheyennes. Had Carson been absent a score of warriors could + have charged into camp and slain every one. Instead of a score there were + several hundred of them: if they chose to make the attack he knew there + was no escape. + </p> + <p> + The horses, therefore, were lashed to do their utmost. The train pushed + forward with all speed, while the apprehensive leader continually glanced + back over the prairie, almost certain of seeing the Cheyennes galloping + toward them. When night came, there was little sleep in camp. Nearly every + one stood on guard, but the night and the following day passed without + molestation. + </p> + <p> + Convinced beyond question that the attack would be made unless some + extraordinary means was taken to avert it, Carson took one of the fleetest + footed Mexican boys outside the camp, and, pointing in the direction of + the ranche of himself and Maxwell, nearly three hundred miles away, told + him he must make all speed thither, and tell the soldiers that unless they + hurried to his help he and all his companions were doomed to certain death + at the hands of an overwhelming war party of Cheyennes. Everything + depended on the quickness with which the Mexican youth brought assistance. + The latter being promised a liberal reward, bounded away with the + fleetness of a deer, and quickly vanished in the gloom. He went on foot + because he could travel faster and last longer than could any animal in + camp that he might ride. + </p> + <p> + Carson went back to his friends and kept watch until morning. As soon as + it came to light, the animals were hitched to the wagons and urged forward + again to the fullest extent of their ability. + </p> + <p> + Some hours later, several Cheyenne horsemen were seen riding rapidly + toward them. When a hundred yards distant, Carson compelled them to halt. + Then he allowed them to come closer and told them he had lost patience + with their annoyances, and the night before had sent an express to Rayado + (where his ranche was built), asking the troops to see that the + persecution was stopped. Should it so happen that the soldiers came and + found the party massacred, they would take the trail of the Cheyennes and + punish them for what they had done. + </p> + <p> + The cunning Indians, before accepting the statement of the leader, said + they would examine the prairie for the trail of the messenger. Carson + assisted them in the search, and it did not take long to find the moccasin + tracks. A brief scrutiny also satisfied the warriors he had started so + many hours before, that it was useless to try to overtake him. + </p> + <p> + The result was the attack and massacre were not made, and, though the + assistance which was asked was sent, yet it was not needed. One of the two + experienced mountaineers with Carson on that eventful journey, declared + afterward, that had any other living man than he been at the head of the + party not one would have escaped. The achievement certainly ranks among + the most extraordinary of the many performed by a most extraordinary man. + </p> + <p> + It would be thought that after such an experience, Carson would be content + to settle down and give his entire attention to his ranche. While it + cannot be said that he neglected his duties as a farmer, yet he loved the + mountains and prairies too well ever to abandon them altogether. + </p> + <p> + He and Maxwell, his old friend, determined on having one more old + fashioned beaver hunt, such as they were accustomed to a score of years + before. They did not mean it should be child's play and they admitted no + amateur hunters and trappers: all were veterans of years' standing, and, + when the party was fully made up, they numbered about a score. + </p> + <p> + The expedition was a memorable one. They fixed upon one of the longest and + most dangerous routes, which included many Rocky Mountain streams and + involved every possible kind of danger. + </p> + <p> + In one respect, the party were pleasantly disappointed. Years before the + beavers had been so effectively cleaned out that they expected to find + very few if any; but because the business had been so little followed for + so long a time, the animals had increased very fast and therefore the + trappers met with great success. + </p> + <p> + They began operation on the South Fork of the Platte and finally ended on + the Arkansas. They were gone many weeks and when they returned to their + homes, nearly if not all felt that they had engaged on their last trapping + expedition. + </p> + <p> + Carson had not wrought very long on his ranche, when he learned of the + scarcity and high prices of sheep in California. He at once set about + collecting several thousand, hired a number of men and drove the herd to + Fort Laramie: thence he made his way by the old emigrant trail to + California where he disposed of the sheep at prices which brought him a + profit of several thousand dollars. + </p> + <p> + While in San Francisco, he visited a prominent restaurant where he ordered + a good substantial dinner for six persons. When it was ready he surveyed + it for a moment with satisfaction, and, seating himself at the table, + disposed of it all. His journey across the plains had given him a somewhat + vigorous appetite. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0034" id="link2HCH0034"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXIV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + In San Francisco—The Return Homeward—The Mormon Delegate Gives Carson + Some Interesting Information—Carson's First Stirring Duties as Indian + Agent—The Affection of the Red Men for Father Kit. +</pre> + <p> + Kit Carson's old friend, Maxwell, who had been his companion in so many + stirring adventures, joined him in San Francisco, whose marvellous growth + even at that remote day was a continual surprise and delight. As the two + veteran mountaineers made their way through the streets, where but a few + years before all was a wild, untrodden wilderness, they paused and + indulged in many wondering exclamations as though they were a couple of + countrymen visiting the metropolis for the first time in their lives. + </p> + <p> + The couple concluded to make their way home by the southern route, passing + in the neighborhood of the Gila; but the distance could be shortened so + much by taking the steamer to Los Angeles that Maxwell decided to adopt + that course. When he asked Carson to join him the mountaineer shook his + head. + </p> + <p> + "I got enough of that in 1846," he said, alluding to his brief voyage, + when serving under Fremont in California, at the beginning of the Mexican + war; "I never was so sick in all my life." + </p> + <p> + "You ain't likely to be sick again," plead Maxwell; "and, if you are, it + don't last long. You'll save two or three weeks in time and enjoy yourself + much more." + </p> + <p> + But it was no use: Carson said he never would venture upon salt water + again, and he would rather ride a thousand miles on the back of a mule + than to sail a hundred in a ship. Accordingly, the party separated for the + time and Maxwell took steamer to Los Angeles, where he arrived fully two + weeks in advance of Carson, who rode into the quaint old town on the back + of a somewhat antiquated mule. + </p> + <p> + They were soon ready for their long ride, when they struck a leisurely + pace and all went well until they reached the Gila. There they entered a + region which had been visited by one of those droughts which continue + sometimes for many months. The grass was so dry and parched that it + contained scarcely any nourishment, and the friendly Pimos told them if + they pushed on their animals were sure to die of starvation. It was + impossible to doubt these statements and Carson therefore proposed a new + route, which though very rough and difficult in some places, would furnish + all the forage that was required. + </p> + <p> + The course led them along the Gila to the mouth of the San Pedro, and + finally with little difficulty they reached the copper mines of New + Mexico. Shortly after Carson encountered the Mormon delegate to Congress. + During the exchange of courtesies, the gentleman conveyed the interesting + information that he—Carson—had been made Indian Agent for New + Mexico. + </p> + <p> + The news was a surprise and a great pleasure to the mountaineer. He had no + thought of any such honor and with all his modesty could not but feel that + he was eminently fitted for the performance of its duties. No one had + travelled so extensively through the west, and no one could understand the + nature of native Americans better than he. A hundred tribes knew of + "Father Kit," as he soon came to be called, and they referred to him as a + man who never spoke with a "double tongue," and who was just toward them + at all times. He had ventured among the hostiles more than once where the + bravest white man dared not follow him, and had spent days and nights in + their lodges without being offered the slightest indignity. Kit Carson was + brave, truthful, kind and honest. + </p> + <p> + Aside from the gratification which one naturally feels, when receiving an + appointment that is pleasant in every respect, and which he holds + thoroughly "in hand," as may be said, the honest mountaineer was + especially delighted over the thought that his government conferred it + without any solicitation on his part. + </p> + <p> + But the man who accepts the position of Indian Agent and conscientiously + attends to its duties has no sinecure on his hands. Many of them use it as + such while others do still worse, thereby sowing the seeds which speedily + develop into Indian outrages, massacres and wars. + </p> + <p> + When Carson reached Taos, he had his official bond made out, and sent it + with his thanks and acceptance of his appointment to the proper + authorities in Washington. + </p> + <p> + The Indian Agent for New Mexico had scarcely entered upon his new duties, + when trouble came. A branch of the Apaches became restless and committed a + number of outrages on citizens. Stern measures only would answer and a + force of dragoons were sent against them. They dealt them a severe blow, + killing one of their most famous chiefs, besides a considerable number of + warriors. + </p> + <p> + Instead of quieting the tribe, it rather intensified their anger, though + they remained quiescent for a time through fear. Not long after, Carson + was notified that a large party of the tribe were encamped in the + mountains, less than twenty miles from Taos. He decided at once to + supplement the work of the sword with the gentle arguments of peace. + </p> + <p> + This proceeding on the part of the Indian Agent is one deserving of + special notice, for it shows no less the bravery of Carson than it does + the philanthropic spirit which actuated him at all times in his dealings + with the red men. Alas, that so few of our officials today deem his + example worth their imitation. + </p> + <p> + The venture was so dangerous that Carson went alone, unwilling that any + one else should run the risk. When he arrived at their encampment, he made + his way without delay to the presence of the leaders, whom he saluted in + the usual elaborate fashion, and then proceeded to state the important + business that took him thither. + </p> + <p> + Nearly every warrior in camp recognized the short, thickset figure and the + broad, pleasant face when they presented themselves. They knew he was one + of the most terrible warriors that ever charged through a camp of red men. + He had met them many a time in fierce warfare, but he always fought + warriors and not papooses and squaws. He was the bravest of the brave and + therefore they respected him. + </p> + <p> + But he was a truthful and just man. He had never lied to them, as most of + the white men did, and he had shown his confidence in them by walking + alone and unattended into the very heart of their encampment. They were + eager to rend to shreds every pale face upon whom they could lay hands, + but "Father Kit" was safe within their lodges and wigwams. + </p> + <p> + Carson made an admirable speech. He at first caused every serpent-like eye + to sparkle, by his delicate flattery. Then he tried hard to convince them + that their hostility to the whites could result only in injury to + themselves, since the Great Father at Washington had hundreds and + thousands of warriors whom he would send to replace such as might lose + their lives. Then, when he made known that the same Great Father had + appointed him to see that justice was done them, they grinned with delight + and gathering around, overwhelmed him with congratulations. + </p> + <p> + The Agent insisted that they should prove their sincerity by pledging to + follow the line of conduct he had lain down, and they did so with such + readiness that a superficial observer would have declared the mission a + complete success. + </p> + <p> + But Kit Carson thought otherwise. He knew the inherent treachery of the + aboriginal nature, and his estimate of Apache loyalty was the true one. + The most that he was warranted in feeling was the hope that those furious + warriors would be less aggressive than had been their custom. Though they + had expressed a willingness to make any agreement which he might propose, + yet it was their very willingness to do so which caused his distrust. Had + they been more argumentative and more tenacious of their rights, their + sincerity might have been credited. + </p> + <p> + The Agent could have secured their consent almost to any agreement, but + the sagacious official asked as little as he could. + </p> + <p> + "And I don't believe they mean to keep even that agreement," he muttered, + as he bade the effusive sachems and warriors goodbye and made his way back + to Taos. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0035" id="link2HCH0035"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXV. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + Trouble With the Apaches—Defeat of the Soldiers—Colonel Cook's + Expedition Against Them—It Meets With Only Partial Success—Major + Brooks' Attempt to Punish the Apaches—A Third Expedition. +</pre> + <p> + Just as Carson suspected, the Apaches were insincere in their professions + of good will toward the settlers. He had scarcely reached home, when they + renewed their outrages. The sinewy horsemen, as daring as the Crusaders + who invaded the Holy Land, seemed to be everywhere. We have already + referred to those extraordinary warriors, who, for many years have caused + our Government more trouble in the southwest than all the other tribes + combined, and it is not necessary, therefore, to say that when any branch + of the Apaches went on the war path the most frightful scenes were sure to + follow. + </p> + <p> + Carson knew when to be gentle and when to be stern. If the former measures + failed, he did not hesitate to use the latter. Coercive means were taken, + but, in the first encounter between the red men and the United States + troops, the latter were decisively defeated. + </p> + <p> + As a consequence, the Apaches became more troublesome than ever. Colonel + Cook of the Second Regiment of United States Dragoons, was sent against + them. He selected Kit Carson for his guide. The Agent's wish, it may be + said, was to learn whether any other tribe was concerned in the outrages, + and in no way could he do it as well as by accompanying the expedition, + which was fully organized by the selection of a number of Pueblo Indians + to act as scouts and spies. These were placed under the immediate command + of the well known James H. Quinn, who died some time later. + </p> + <p> + The force proceeded northward from Taos to the stream known as the Arroya + Hondo. This was followed to the Rio del Norte, which being very high, was + crossed with much difficulty. As an illustration of the rugged work which + such expeditions were called upon to undergo, Dr. Peters says that when + they struggled to the other shore, they found themselves confronted by a + mass of solid and almost perpendicular rocks, fully six hundred feet high. + This was ascended, after the most exhausting labor, by means of a zigzag + trail, and the journey was pushed over a rough and diversified country. + Grass and water could not be found until they reached a small Mexican town + where they were enabled to buy what was so sadly needed. Men and animals + were so worn out that they rested for an entire day. + </p> + <p> + The next morning the line of march was taken up, and they had not gone far + when Carson discovered a trail. This was followed with renewed vigor and a + couple of days later the Indians were overtaken. They did not attempt any + stand against such a strong force, but took to flight at once. The Apaches + used their utmost endeavors to get away and they were helped by the + roughness of the country. They were pressed so hard, however, that they + lost most of their horses and plunder besides a number of warriors. + </p> + <p> + Two Americans were wounded, one of whom shortly died; but the soldiers + having "located" the Indians, as may be said, did not give over their + efforts to punish them. Pursuit was resumed at earliest daylight and men + and animals did everything possible. Over mountains, through ravines, + around rocks, up and down declivities, the chase continued, until the + cunning Apaches resorted to their old tricks: they dissolved, as may be + said, into their "original elements"—that is, they began separating + until there were almost as many different trails as there were warriors. + Then in their flight, they selected the worst possible ground. Being + familiar with the country and possessing far more endurance than the + ordinary Indian, it soon became clear that the marauders were beyond + reach. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly Colonel Cook ordered the pursuit discontinued and they headed + toward the nearest Mexican village, where forage and rest could be secured + for the animals. When the place was reached, Colonel Cook learned of a + serious mistake made by the party who were transporting the soldier + wounded several days before. They discovered an Indian whom, after some + difficulty, they captured. His horse and arms were taken from him under + the supposition that he was one of the hostile Apaches. He was not treated + very gently and watching his opportunity, he made his escape. It was + afterwards learned that the warrior was a Utah, with whom the white men + were at peace. + </p> + <p> + The Utahs were of a war-like nature and Colonel Cook was apprehensive they + would use the occurrence as a pretext for joining the Apaches in their + attack upon the settlers. He therefore sent Carson to the headquarters of + his agency to do what he could to explain the matter and make all the + reparation in his power. + </p> + <p> + As soon as he arrived at Taos, Carson sent a messenger with a request that + the Utah chiefs would come and have a talk with him. They were always glad + to meet Father Kit face to face. The agent told how the mistake was made, + expressed the regret of himself and Colonel Cook and ended by restoring + the property and by distributing a few presents among the chiefs. The + business was managed with such tact that the sachems expressed themselves + perfectly satisfied and their affection and admiration for Father Kit + became greater than before. + </p> + <p> + Colonel Cook was unwilling to return without striking a more effective + blow against the Apaches. Pausing only long enough, therefore, to rest and + recruit his men and horses, he resumed the hunt. He had not gone far, when + he struck another trail which was followed with great vigor; but before + anything of the Indians could be discovered, it began snowing. In a few + minutes the flakes were eddying all around them, the wind blowing so + furiously that the men could hardly see each other, as they bent their + heads and rode slowly against it. This rendered pursuit out of the + question, because the trail was entirely hidden. Much against his will + Colonel Cook was forced to give up the pursuit. + </p> + <p> + He made his way to a small town lying on his route, where he met Major + Brooks, who was marching to his help with reinforcements. The latter + officer instead of returning with Colonel Cook, decided to take up the + hunt himself for the hostiles. + </p> + <p> + With little delay, a fresh trail was found and an energetic pursuit began. + It was plain the Indians were making for the Utah country, and they were + pursued without difficulty; but, when that section was reached, the + soldiers came upon so many trails, which crossed and recrossed so many + times that all individuality was lost. The most skilful scouts in the + company were unable to identify or follow any one with certainty. + </p> + <p> + The situation was exasperating, but there was no help for it and the + command was compelled to turn about and make their way home, having been + in the field more than two weeks without accomplishing anything at all. + </p> + <p> + But it was known that the Apaches would speedily reorganize and the + soldiers had but to wait a short while, when an opportunity would be + presented for striking an effective blow. When a sufficient period had + elapsed, another expedition was sent out under the command of Major + Carleton, of the First Regiment of United States Dragoons. He engaged Kit + Carson to act as his guide. + </p> + <p> + The force marched northward about a hundred miles to Fort Massachusetts, + where all the arrangements were completed. The party was divided, the + spies under Captain Quinn being sent to examine the country on the west + side of the White Mountains, while the Major decided to inspect the + territory to the eastward of the range. + </p> + <p> + Captain Quinn with his skilful trailers moved up the San Luis Valley until + he reached the famous Mosco Pass, which was often used by the Apaches when + hard pressed. They were perfectly familiar with all its diverse and + peculiar windings, and, when they once dashed in among the rocks, they + felt safe against any and all pursuers. + </p> + <p> + Making their way through this pass, Captain Quinn and his scouts reached + Wet Mountain Valley, where he had promised to meet and report to his + superior officer. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0036" id="link2HCH0036"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXVI. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Discovery of the Trail—Prairie Detectives. +</pre> + <p> + Meanwhile, Kit Carson, who was with Major Carleton, had discovered a trail + made by three of the enemy. Carefully following it up, it was found to + join the principal path, a short distance away. When Quinn arrived he had + also some discoveries to report, and the scouts held a consultation over + the question. It was agreed by all that they were on the track of the + enemy they were seeking. + </p> + <p> + The general reader is not apt to appreciate the skill, patience and + intelligence shown by the scouts and hunters in tracing the flight of an + enemy through a wild and desolate country. As an evidence of the wonderful + attainments of border men in woodcraft, the following letter may be given, + written by the surgeon at Fort Randall in Dacotah in 1869: + </p> + <p> + "The most extraordinary skill that is exhibited in this part of the + country, either by the white man, or red native, is in the practice of + trailing. Here it may be accounted an art as much as music, painting or + sculpture is in the East. The Indian or trapper that is a shrewd trailer, + is a man of close observation, quick perception, and prompt action. As he + goes along, nothing escapes his observation, and what he sees and hears he + accounts for immediately. Often not another step is taken until a mystery + that may present itself in this line is fairly solved. The Indian trailer + will stand still for hours in succession, to account for certain traces or + effects in tracks, and sometimes gives to the matter unremitting attention + for days and weeks. + </p> + <p> + "The trailer is not a graceful man. He carries his head much inclined, his + eye is quick and restless, always on the watch, and he is practising his + art unconsciously, hardly ever crossing the track of man or animal without + seeing it. When he enters a house, he brings the habits he contracted in + the practice of his art with him. I know a trailer as soon he enters my + room. He comes in through the door softly, and with an air of exceeding + caution. Before he is fairly in, or at least has sat down, he has taken + note of every article and person. Though there may be a dozen vacant + chairs in the room, he is not used to chairs, and, like the Indian, + prefers a more humble seat. When I was employed by General Harney last + summer to take charge temporarily of the Indians that were gathered here + to form a new reservation, one day a guide and trailer came into the + General's headquarters. I told him to be seated. He sat down on the floor, + bracing his back against the wall. The General saw this, and in vexation + cried out, 'My God, why don't you take a chair when there are plenty here + not occupied?' The man arose and seated himself in a chair, but in so + awkward and uncomfortable a manner that he looked as if he might slip from + it at any moment. But when this uncouth person came to transact his + business with the General, he turned out to be a man of no ordinary + abilities. His description of a route he took as guide and trailer for the + Ogallalas in bringing them from the Platte to this place was minute, and + to me exceedingly interesting. Every war party that for the season had + crossed his trail, he described with minuteness as to their number, the + kinds of arms they had, and stated the tribes they belonged to. In these + strange revelations that he made there was neither imposition nor + supposition, for he gave satisfactory reasons for every assertion he made. + </p> + <p> + "I have rode several hundred miles with an experienced guide and trailer, + Hack, whom I interrogated upon many points in the practice of this art. + Nearly all tracks I saw, either old or new, as a novice in the art, I + questioned him about. In going to the Niobrara River crossed the track of + an Indian pony. My guide followed the track a few miles and then said, 'It + is a stray, black horse, with a long, bushy tail, nearly starved to death, + has a split hoof of the left fore foot, and goes very lame, and he passed + here early this morning.' Astonished and incredulous, I asked him the + reasons for knowing these particulars by the tracks of the animal, when he + replied: + </p> + <p> + "'It was a stray horse, because it did not go in a direct line; his tail + was long, for he dragged it over the snow; in brushing against a bush he + left some of his hair which shows its color. He was very hungry, for, in + going along, he has nipped at those high, dry weeds, which horses seldom + eat. The fissure of the left fore foot left also its track, and the depth + of the indentation shows the degree of his lameness; and his tracks show + he was here this morning, when the snow was hard with frost.' + </p> + <p> + "At another place we came across an Indian track, and he said, 'It is an + old Yankton who came across the Missouri last evening to look at his + traps. In coming over he carried in his right hand a trap, and in his left + a lasso to catch a pony which he had lost. He returned without finding the + horse, but had caught in the trap he had out a prairie wolf, which he + carried home on his back and a bundle of kinikinic wood in his right + hand.' Then, he gave his reasons: 'I know he is old, by the impression his + gait has made and a Yankton by that of his moccasin. He is from the other + side of the river, as there are no Yanktons on this side. The trap he + carried struck the snow now and then, and in same manner as when he came, + shows that he did not find his pony. A drop of blood in the centre of his + tracks shows that he carried the wolf on his back, and the bundle of + kinikinic wood he used for a staff for support, and catching a wolf, shows + that he had traps out.' But I asked, 'how do you know it is wolf; why not + a fox, or a coyote, or even a deer?' Said he: 'If it had been a fox, or + coyote or any other small game he would have slipped the head of the + animal in his waist belt, and so carried it by his side, and not on his + shoulders. Deer are not caught by traps but if it had been a deer, he + would not have crossed this high hill, but would have gone back by way of + the ravine, and the load would have made his steps still more tottering.' + </p> + <p> + "Another Indian track which we saw twenty miles west of this he put this + serious construction upon: 'He is an upper Indian—a prowling horse + thief—carried a double shot gun, and is a rascal that killed some + white man lately, and passed here one week ago; for,' said he, 'a lone + Indian in these parts is on mischief, and generally on the lookout for + horses. He had on the shoes of a white man whom he had in all probability + killed, but his steps are those of an Indian. Going through the ravine, + the end of his gun hit into the deep snow. A week ago we had a very warm + day, and the snow being soft, he made these deep tracks; ever since it has + been intensely cold weather, which makes very shallow tracks.' I suggested + that perhaps he bought those shoes. 'Indians don't buy shoes, and if they + did they would not buy them as large as these were, for Indians have very + small feet.' + </p> + <p> + "The most noted trailer of this country was Paul Daloria, a half breed, + who died under my hands of Indian consumption last summer. I have spoken + of him in a former letter. At one time I rode with him, and trailing was + naturally the subject of our conversation. I begged to trail with him an + old track over the prairie, in order to learn its history. I had hardly + made the proposition, when he drew up his horse, which was at a ravine, + and said, 'Well, here is an old elk track. Let us get off our horses and + follow it.' We followed it but a few rods, when he said, it was exactly a + month old, and made at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. This he knew, as then + we had our last rain, and at the hour named the ground was softer than at + any other time. The track before us was then made. He broke up here and + there clusters of grass that lay in the path of the track, and showed me + the dry ends of some, the stumps of others, and by numerous other similar + items accounted for many circumstances that astonished me. We followed the + trail over a mile. Now and then we saw that a wolf, a fox, and other + animals had practised their trailing instincts on the elk's tracks. Here + and there, he would show me where a snake, a rat, and a prairie dog had + crossed the track. Nothing had followed or crossed the track that the + quick eye of Daloria did not detect. He gave an account of the habits of + all the animals that had left their footprints on the track, also of the + state of the weather since the elk passed, and the effect of sunshine, + winds, aridity, sand storms, and other influences that had a bearing on + these tracks." + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0037" id="link2HCH0037"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXVII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + The Pursuit and Attack—Two O'clock. +</pre> + <p> + When Kit Carson and the other scouts found the main trail, they eagerly + took up the pursuit. They had not gone far when all doubt was removed: + they were upon the track of a large hostile body of warriors and were + gaining steadily; but so rapid was the flight of the marauders that it was + not until the sixth day that the first glimpse of the Indians was + obtained. They were encamped on a mountain peak, devoid of trees, and + seemingly beyond the reach of danger; but such was the energy of the + attack that they reached camp before the Indians could collect their + animals and make off. The fight was a hot one for a few minutes during + which quite a number of warriors were killed and wounded. + </p> + <p> + When night came a squad of men hid themselves near the camp, from which + the Indians had fled, in the expectation that some of them would steal + back during the darkness to learn what had been done. The dismal hours + passed until near midnight, when one of the soldiers made the call which + the Apaches use to hail each other. The sound had hardly died out, when + two squaws and two warriors appeared and began groping silently around in + the gloom. The soldiers were cruel enough to fire upon the party, but in + the darkness only one was killed. + </p> + <p> + Dr. Peters states that on the morning of the day when the Apache + encampment was discovered Kit Carson, after diligently studying the trail, + rode up to Major Carleton and told him that if no accident intervened, the + Indians would be overtaken at two o'clock in the afternoon. The officer + smiled and said if the Agent proved a genuine prophet, he would present + him with the finest hat that could be bought in the United States. + </p> + <p> + The pursuit continued for hours, and, when the watches in the company + showed that it was two o'clock, Carson triumphantly pointed to the + mountain peak, far in advance where the Indian encampment was in plain + sight. He had hit the truth with mathematical exactness. + </p> + <p> + Major Carleton kept his promise. To procure such a hat as he felt he had + earned, required several months; but one day the Indian Agent at Taos + received a superb piece of head gear within which was the following + inscription: + </p> + <p> + AT 2 O'CLOCK. KIT CARSON, FROM MAJOR CARLETON. + </p> + <p> + Dr. Peters adds that a gentleman who was a member of the expedition + subjected Carson some years later to a similar test, and he came within + five minutes of naming the precise time when a band of fugitives was + overtaken. + </p> + <p> + Having done all that was possible, Major Carleton returned with his + command to Taos and Carson resumed his duties as Indian Agent. Some months + later, another expedition was organized against the Apaches but it + accomplished nothing. In the latter part of the summer Carson started on a + visit to the Utahs. They were under his especial charge and he held + interviews with them several times a year, they generally visiting him at + his ranche, which they were glad to do, as they were sure of being very + hospitably treated. + </p> + <p> + This journey required a horseback ride of two or three hundred miles, a + great portion of which was through the Apache country. These Indians were + in such a resentful mood towards the whites that they would have been only + too glad to wrench the scalp of Father Kit from his crown; but he knew + better than to run into any of their traps. He was continually on the + lookout, and more than once detected their wandering bands in time to give + them the slip. He was equally vigilant and consequently equally fortunate + on his return. + </p> + <p> + Carson found when he met the Indians in council that they had good cause + for discontent. One of their leading warriors had been waylaid and + murdered by a small party of Mexicans. The officials who were with Carson + promised that the murderers should be given up. It was the intention of + all that justice should be done, but, as was too often the case, it + miscarried altogether. Only one of the murderers was caught and he managed + to escape and was never apprehended again. + </p> + <p> + To make matters worse, some of the blankets which the Superintendent had + presented the Indians a short while before, proved to be infected with + small pox and the dreadful disease carried off many of the leading + warriors of the tribe. More than one Apache was resolute in declaring the + proceeding premeditated on the part of the whites. The result was the + breaking out of a most formidable Indian war. The Muache band of Utahs, + under their most distinguished chieftain, joined the Apaches in waylaying + and murdering travellers, attacking settlements and making off with the + prisoners, besides capturing hundreds and thousands of cattle, sheep, + mules and horses. For a time they overran a large portion of the territory + of New Mexico. Matters at last reached such a pass, that unless the + savages were checked, they would annihilate all the whites. + </p> + <p> + The Governor issued a call for volunteers. The response was prompt, and + five hundred men were speedily equipped and put into the field. They were + placed under charge of Colonel T. T. Fauntleroy, of the First Regiment of + United States Dragoons. He engaged Kit Carson as his chief guide. + </p> + <p> + The campaign was pushed with all possible vigor, but for a time nothing + important was done. The weather became intensely cold. On the second + campaign, Colonel Fauntleroy surprised the main camp of the enemy and + inflicted great slaughter. A severe blow was administered, but the reader + knows that the peace which followed proved only temporary. The Apaches + have been a thorn in our side for many years. General Crook has shown + great tact, bravery and rare skill in his dealings with them and probably + has brought about the most genuine peace that has been known for a + generation. + </p> + <p> + It would not be worth while to follow Kit Carson on his round of duties as + Indian Agent. He had to deal with the most turbulent tribes on the + continent, and enough has been told to prove his peerless sagacity in + solving the most difficult questions brought before him. He rode thousands + of miles, visiting remote points, conferred with the leading hostiles, + risked his life times without number, and was often absent from home for + weeks and months. While it was beyond the attainment of human endeavor for + him to make an end of wars on the frontiers, yet he averted many and did a + degree of good which is beyond all calculation. + </p> + <p> + "I was in the insignificant settlement of Denver, in the autumn of 1860," + said A. L. Worthington, "when a party of Arapahoes, Cheyennes and + Comanches returned from an expedition against the tribe of mountain + Indians know as the Utes. The allied forces were most beautifully whipped + and were compelled to leave the mountains in the greatest hurry for their + lives. They brought into Denver one squaw and her half dozen children as + prisoners. The little barbarians, when the other youngsters came too near + or molested them, would fight like young wild cats. The intention of the + captors, as I learned, was to torture the squaw and her children to death. + Before the arrangements were completed, Kit Carson rode to the spot and + dismounted. He had a brief, earnest talk with the warriors. He did not + mean to permit the cruel death that was contemplated, but instead of + demanding the surrender of the captives, he ransomed them all, paying ten + dollars a piece. After they were given up, he made sure that they were + returned to their tribe in the mountains." + </p> + <p> + This anecdote may serve as an illustration of scores of similar duties in + which the agent was engaged. It was during the same year that Carson + received an injury which was the cause of his death. He was descending a + mountain, so steep that he led his horse by a lariat, intending, if the + animal fell, to let go of it in time to prevent being injured. The steed + did fall and though Carson threw the lariat from him, he was caught by it, + dragged some distance and severely injured. + </p> + <p> + When the late Civil War broke out and most of our troops were withdrawn + from the mountains and plains, Carson applied to President Lincoln for + permission to raise a regiment of volunteers in New Mexico, for the + purpose of protecting our settlements there. Permission was given, the + regiment raised and the famous mountaineer did good service with his + soldiers. On one occasion he took 9,000 Navajo prisoners with less than + 600 men. + </p> + <p> + At the close of the war, he was ordered to Fort Garland, where he assumed + command of a large region. He was Brevet Brigadier General and retained + command of a battalion of New Mexico volunteers. + </p> + <p> + Carson did not suffer immediately from his injury, but he found in time + that a grave internal disturbance had been caused by his fall. In the + spring of 1868, he accompanied a party of Ute Indians to Washington. He + was then failing fast and consulted a number of leading physicians and + surgeons. His disease was aneurism of the aorta which progressed fast. + When his end was nigh, his wife suddenly died, leaving seven children, the + youngest only a few weeks old. His affliction had a very depressing effect + on Carson, who expired May 23, 1868. + </p> + <p> + <a name="link2HCH0038" id="link2HCH0038"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + CHAPTER XXXVIII. + </h2> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Letter from General W. T. Sherman, and from General J. F. Rusling. +</pre> + <p> + In closing the life of Kit Carson, it will be appropriate to add two + letters, which were furnished at our request: + </p> + <p> + 912 GARRISON AVENUE, ST. LOUIS, MO., JUNE 25, 1884. + </p> + <p> + "Kit Carson first came into public notice by Fremont's Reports of the + Exploration of the Great West about 1842-3. You will find mention of Kit + Carson in my memoirs, vol. I, p. 46, 47, as bringing to us the first + overland mail to California in his saddle bags. I saw but little of him + afterwards till after the Civil War, when, in 1866, I was the Lieutenant + General commanding the Military Division of the Missouri, with + headquarters in St. Louis, and made a tour of my command, including what + are now Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. Reaching Fort Garland, New + Mexico, in September of October, 1866, I found it garrisoned by some + companies of New Mexico Volunteers, of which Carson was Colonel or + commanding officer. I stayed with him some days, during which we had a + sort of council with the Ute Indians, of which the chief Ouray was the + principal feature, and over whom Carson exercised a powerful influence. + </p> + <p> + "Carson then had his family with him—wife and half a dozen children, + boys and girls as wild and untrained as a brood of Mexican mustangs. One + day these children ran through the room in which we were seated, half clad + and boisterous, and I inquired, 'Kit, what are you doing about your + children?' + </p> + <p> + "He replied: 'That is a source of great anxiety; I myself had no + education,' (he could not even write, his wife always signing his name to + his official reports). 'I value education as much as any man, but I have + never had the advantage of schools, and now that I am getting old and + infirm, I fear I have not done right by my children.' + </p> + <p> + "I explained to him that the Catholic College, at South Bend, Indiana, + had, for some reason, given me a scholarship for twenty years, and that I + would divide with him—that is let him send two of his boys for five + years each. He seemed very grateful and said he would think of it. + </p> + <p> + "My recollection is that his regiment was mustered out of service that + winter, 1866-7, and that the following summer, 1867, he (Carson) went to + Washington on some business for the Utes, and on his return toward New + Mexico, he stopped at Fort Lyon, on the upper Arkansas, where he died. His + wife died soon after at Taos, New Mexico, and the children fell to the + care of a brother in law, Mr. Boggs, who had a large ranche on the + Purgation near Fort Lyon. It was reported of Carson, when notified that + death was impending, that he said, 'Send William, (his eldest son) to + General Sherman who has promised to educate him.' Accordingly, some time + about the spring of 1868, there came to my house, in St. Louis, a stout + boy with a revolver, Life of Kit Carson by Dr. Peters, United States Army, + about $40 in money, and a letter from Boggs, saying that in compliance + with the request of Kit Carson, on his death bed, he had sent William + Carson to me. Allowing him a few days of vacation with my own children, I + sent him to the college at South Bend, Ind., with a letter of explanation, + and making myself responsible for his expenses. He was regularly entered + in one of the classes, and reported to me regularly. I found the + 'Scholarship' amounted to what is known as 'tuition,' but for three years + I paid all his expenses of board, clothing, books, &c., amounting to + about $300 a year. At the end of that time, the Priest reported to me that + Carson was a good natured boy, willing enough, but that he had no taste or + appetite for learning. His letters to me confirmed this conclusion, as he + could not possibly spell. After reflection, I concluded to send him to + Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to the care of General Langdon C. Easton, United + States Quartermaster, with instructions to employ him in some capacity in + which he could earn his board and clothing, and to get some officer of the + garrison to teach him just what was necessary for a Lieutenant of Cavalry. + Lieutenant Beard, adjutant of the Fifth Infantry did this. He (William + Carson) was employed, as a 'Messenger,' and, as he approached his + twenty-first year, under the tuition of Lieutenant Beard, he made good + progress. Meantime I was promoted to General in Chief at Washington, and + about 1870, when Carson had become twenty-one years of age, I applied in + person to the President, General Grant, to give the son of Kit Carson, the + appointment of Second Lieutenant Ninth United States Cavalry, telling him + somewhat of the foregoing details. General Grant promptly ordered the + appointment to issue, subject to the examination as to educational + qualifications, required by the law. The usual board of officers was + appointed at Fort Leavenworth and Carson was ordered before it. After + careful examination, the board found him deficient in reading, writing and + arithmetic. Of course he could not be commissioned. I had given him four + years of my guardianship, about $1,000 of my own money, and the benefit of + my influence, all in vain. By nature, he was not adapted to 'modern uses.' + I accordingly wrote him that I had exhausted my ability to provide for + him, and advised him to return to his uncle Boggs on the Purgation to + assist him in his cattle and sheep ranche. + </p> + <p> + "I heard from him by letter once or twice afterward, in one of which he + asked me to procure for him the agency for the Utes. On inquiry at the + proper office in Washington, I found that another person had secured the + place of which I notified him, and though of late years I have often been + on the Purgation, and in the Ute country, I could learn nothing of the + other children of Kit Carson, or of William, who for four years was a sort + of ward to me. + </p> + <p> + "Since the building of railroads in that region, the whole character of + its population is changed, and were Kit Carson to arise from his grave, he + could not find a buffalo, elk or deer, where he used to see millions. He + could not even recognize the country with which he used to be so familiar, + or find his own children, whom he loved, and for whose welfare he felt so + solicitous in his later days. + </p> + <p> + "Kit Carson was a good type of a class of men most useful in their day, + but now as antiquated as Jason of the Golden Fleece, Ulysses of Troy, the + Chevalier La Salle of the Lakes, Daniel Boone of Kentucky, Irvin Bridger + and Jim Beckwith of the Rockies, all belonging to the dead past. + </p> + <p> + "Yours Truly, + </p> + <p> + "W. T. SHERMAN." + </p> + <p> + "TRENTON, N. J., June 23, 1884. + </p> + <p> + "In accordance with your request to give my recollections of Kit Carson, I + would say that I met and spent several days with him in September, 1866, + at and near Fort Garland, Colorado, on the headwaters of the Rio Grande. I + was then Brevet Brigadier General and Inspector United States Volunteers, + on a tour of inspection of the military depots and posts in that region + and across to the Pacific. General Sherman happened there at the same + time, on like duty as to his Military Division, and our joint talks, as a + rule, extended far into the night and over many subjects. 'Kit' was then + Brevet Brigadier General United States Volunteers, and in command of Fort + Garland, and a wide region thereabouts—mostly Indian—which he + knew thoroughly. Fort Garland was a typical frontier post, composed of log + huts chinked with mud, rough but comfortable, and in one of these Kit then + lived with his Mexican wife and several half breed children. + </p> + <p> + "He was then a man apparently about fifty years of age. From what I had + read about him, I had expected to see a small, wiry man, weather-beaten + and reticent; but found him to be a medium sized, rather stoutish, and + quite talkative person instead. His hair was already well-silvered, but + his face full and florid. You would scarcely regard him, at first sight, + as a very noticeable man, except as having a well knit frame and full, + deep chest. But on observing him more closely, you were struck with the + breadth and openness of his brow, bespeaking more than ordinary + intelligence and courage; with his quick, blue eye, that caught everything + at a glance apparently—an eye beaming with kindliness and + benevolence, but that could blaze with anger when aroused; and with his + full, square jaw and chin, that evidently could shut as tight as Sherman's + or Grant's when necessary. With nothing of the swashbuckler or Buffalo + Bill—of the border ruffian or the cowboy—about him, his + manners were as gentle, and his voice as soft and sympathetic, as a + woman's. What impressed one most about his face was its rare kindliness + and charity—that here, at last, was a natural gentleman, simple as a + child but brave as a lion. He soon took our hearts by storm, and the more + we saw of him the more we became impressed with his true manliness and + worth. Like everybody else on the border, he smoked freely, and at one + time drank considerably; but he had quit drinking years before, and said + he owed his excellent health and preeminence, if he had any, to his habits + of almost total abstinence. In conversation he was slow and hesitating at + first, approaching almost to bashfulness, often seemingly at a loss for + words; but, as he warmed up, this disappeared, and you soon found him + talking glibly, and with his hands and fingers as well—rapidly + gesticulating—Indian fashion. He was very conscientious, and in all + our talks would frequently say: 'Now, stop gentlemen! Is this right?' + 'Ought we to do this?' 'Can we do that?' 'Is this like human nature?' or + words to this effect, as if it was the habit of his mind to test + everything by the moral law. I think that was the predominating feature of + his character—his perfect honesty and truthfulness—quite as + much as his matchless coolness and courage. Said Sherman to me one day + while there: 'His integrity is simply perfect. The red skins know it, and + would trust Kit any day before they would us, or the President, either!' + And Kit well returned their confidence, by being their steadfast, + unswerving friend and ready champion. + </p> + <p> + "He talked freely of his past life, unconscious of its extraordinary + character. Born in Kentucky, he said, he early took to the plains and + mountains, and joined the hunters and trappers, when he was so young he + could not set a trap. When he became older, he turned trapper himself, and + trapped all over our territories for beaver, otter, etc., from the + Missouri to the Pacific, and from British America to Mexico. Next he + passed into Government employ, as an Indian scout and guide, and as such + piloted Fremont and others all over the Plains and through the Rocky and + Sierra Nevada Mountains. Fremont, in his reports, surrounded Kit's name + with a romantic valor, but he seems to have deserved it all, and more. His + good sense, his large experience, and unfaltering courage, were invaluable + to Fremont, and it is said about the only time the Pathfinder went + seriously astray among the Mountains was when he disregarded his (Kit's) + advice, and endeavored to force a passage through the Rockies northwest of + Fort Garland. Kit told him the mountains could not be crossed at that time + of the year; and, when Fremont nevertheless insisted on proceeding, he + resigned as guide. The Pathfinder, however, went stubbornly forward, but + got caught in terrible snowstorms, and presently returned—half of + his men and animals having perished outright from cold and hunger. Next + Kit became United States Indian Agent, and made one of the best we ever + had. Familiar with the language and customs of the Indians, he frequently + spent months together among them without seeing a white man, and indeed + became a sort of half Indian himself. In talking with us, I noticed he + frequently hesitated for the right English word; but when speaking bastard + Spanish (Mexican) or Indian, with the Ute Indians there, he was as fluent + as a native. Both Mexican and Indian, however, are largely pantomime, + abounding in perpetual grimace and gesture, which may have helped him + along somewhat. Next, when the rebellion broke out, he became a Union + soldier, though the border was largely Confederate. He tendered his + services to Mr. Lincoln, who at once commissioned him Colonel, and told + him to take care of the frontier, as the regulars there had to come East + to fight Jeff Davis. Kit straightway proceeded to raise the First Regiment + of New Mexico Volunteers, in which he had little difficulty, as the New + Mexicans knew him well, and had the utmost confidence in him. With these, + during the war, he was busy fighting hostile Indians, and keeping others + friendly, and in his famous campaign against the Navajos, in New Mexico, + with only six hundred frontier volunteers captured some nine thousand + prisoners. The Indians withdrew into a wild canyon, where no white man, it + was said, had ever penetrated, and believed to be impregnable. But Kit + pursued them from either end, and attacked them with pure Indian strategy + and tactics; and the Navajos finding themselves thus surrounded, and their + supplies cut off, outwitted by a keener fighter than themselves, + surrendered at discretion. Then he did not slaughter them, but marched + them to a goodly reservation, and put them to work herding and planting, + and they had continued peaceable ever since. + </p> + <p> + "Kit seemed thoroughly familiar with Indian life and character, and it + must be conceded, that no American of his time knew our aborigines better—if + any so well. It must be set down to their credit, that he was their stout + friend—no Boston philanthropist more so. He did not hesitate to say, + that all our Indian troubles were caused originally by bad white men, if + the truth were known, and was terribly severe on the brutalities and + barbarities of the border. He said the Indians were very different from + what they used to be, and were yearly becoming more so from contact with + border ruffians and cowboys. He said he had lived for years among them + with only occasional visits to the settlements, and he had never known an + Indian to injure a Pale Face, where he did not deserve it; on the other + hand, he had seen an Indian kill his brother even for insulting a white + man in the old times. He insisted that Indians never commit outrages + unless they are first provoked to them by the borderers, and that many of + the peculiar and special atrocities with which they are charged are only + their imitation of the bad acts of wicked white men. He pleaded for the + Indians, as 'pore ignorant critters, who had no learnin', and didn't know + no better,' whom we were daily robbing of their hunting grounds and homes, + and solemnly asked: 'What der yer 'spose our Heavenly Father, who made + both them and us, thinks of these things?' He was particularly severe upon + Col. Chivington and the Sand Creek massacre of 1864, which was still fresh + in the public mind, said he; 'jist to think of that dog Chivington, and + his dirty hounds, up thar at Sand Creek! Whoever heerd of sich doings + 'mong Christians!' + </p> + <p> + "'The pore Indians had the Stars and Stripes flying over them, our old + flag thar, and they'd bin told down to Denver, that so long as they kept + that flying they'd be safe enough. Well, then, one day along comes that + durned Chivington and his cusses. They'd bin out several day's huntin' + Hostiles, and couldn't find none nowhar, and if they had, they'd have + skedaddled from 'em, you bet! So they jist lit upon these Friendlies, and + massacreed 'em—yes, sir, literally massacreed 'em—in cold + blood, in spite of our flag thar—yes, women and little children, + even! Why, Senator Foster told me with his own lips (and him and his + Committee come out yer from Washington, you know, and investigated this + muss), that that thar durned miscreant and his men shot down squaws, and + blew the brains out of little innocent children—pistoled little + papooses in the arms of their dead mothers, and even worse than this!—them + durned devils! and you call sich soldiers Christians, do ye? and pore + Indians savages!' + </p> + <p> + "'I tell you what, friends; I don't like a hostile Red Skin any more than + you do. And when they are hostile, I've fit 'em—fout 'em—and + expect to fight 'em—hard as any man. That's my business. But I never + yit drew a bead on a squaw or papoose, and I despise the man who would. + 'Taint nateral for men to kill women and pore little children, and none + but a coward or a dog would do it. Of course when we white men do sich + awful things, why these pore ignorant critters don't know no better than + to foller suit. Pore things! Pore things! I've seen as much of 'em as any + man livin', and I can't help but pity 'em, right or wrong! They once owned + all this country, yes, Plains and Mountains, buffalo and everything, but + now they own next door to nuthin, and will soon be gone.' + </p> + <p> + "Alas, poor Kit! He has already 'gone to the Happy Hunting Grounds.' But + the Indians had no truer friend, and Kit Carson would wish no prouder + epitaph than this. In talking thus he would frequently get his grammar + wrong, and his language was only the patois of the Border; but there was + an eloquence in his eye, and a pathos in his voice, that would have + touched a heart of stone, and a genuine manliness about him at all times, + that would have won him hosts of friends anywhere. And so, Kit Carson, + good friend, brave heart, generous soul, hail and farewell! + </p> + <p> + "Hoping these rough recollections may serve your purpose, I remain + </p> + <p> + "Very respectfully, + </p> + <p> + "Your obedient servant, + </p> + <p> + "JAMES F. RUSLING." + </p> + <p> + The following tribute to the matchless scout, hunter and guide is from the + Salt Lake Tribune: + </p> + <p> + He wrote his own biography and left it where the edition will never grow + dim. The alphabet he used was made of the rivers, the plains, the forests, + and the eternal heights. He started in his youth with his face to the + West; started toward where no trails had been blazed, where there was + naught to meet him but the wilderness, the wild beast, and the still more + savage man. He made his lonely camps by the rivers, and now it is a + fiction with those who sleep on the same grounds that the waters in their + flow murmur the great pathfinder's name. He followed the water courses to + their sources, and guided by them, learned where the mountains bent their + crests to make possible highways for the feet of men. He climbed the + mountains and "disputed with the eagles of the crags" for points of + observation; he met the wild beast and subdued him; he met the savage of + the plains and of the hills, and, in his own person, gave him notice of + his sovereignty in skill, in cunning and in courage. To the red man he was + the voice of fate. In him they saw a materialized foreboding of their + destiny. To them he was a voice crying the coming of a race against which + they could not prevail; before which they were to be swept away. + </p> + <div style="height: 6em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Life of Kit Carson, by Edward S. Ellis + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE OF KIT CARSON *** + +***** This file should be named 7882-h.htm or 7882-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/7/8/8/7882/ + +Produced by Martin Robb, and David Widger + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + </body> +</html> |