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| author | www-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org> | 2026-06-05 06:35:25 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | www-data <www-data@mail.pglaf.org> | 2026-06-05 06:35:25 -0700 |
| commit | ea95e68db412e10412fa69219373157c91adeed4 (patch) | |
| tree | 0f77ad0d9919d82fd94203104f36ae2d6e73240f /78816-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '78816-h')
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page-break-inside: avoid; + clear: both; } + div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; + page-break-after: always; } + div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } + .overflow {overflow-x: scroll; } + .x-ebookmaker .overflow {font-size: .6em; } + .ph1 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: xx-large; + margin: .67em auto; page-break-before: always; } + .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; + page-break-before: always; } + .x-ebookmaker-drop { } + .right {text-align: right; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0em; + max-width: 50%; text-indent: 0em; } + .pageno {color: #595959; } + .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } + .pageno {color: #595959; } + </style> + </head> + + <body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78816 ***</div> + + +<div class='tnotes covernote'> + +<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> + +<p class='c000'>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.</p> + +</div> + +<div id='Frontispiece' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/a0000_frontispiece.jpg' alt='H. H. Johnston.' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><i>Photo aquatinte Boussod Valadon & C<sup>o</sup>.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='c001'></div> +<main> + +<div class='titlepage'> + +<div> + <h1 class='c002'><span class='large'>THE</span><br> KILIMA-NJARO EXPEDITION.<br> <span class='large'><i>A RECORD OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION IN EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA.</i></span><br> <span class='small'>AND A</span><br> <span class='large'>GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NATURAL HISTORY, LANGUAGES, AND COMMERCE OF THE KILIMA-NJARO DISTRICT.</span></h1> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div><span class='small'>BY</span></div> + <div><span class='xlarge'>H. H. JOHNSTON, F.Z.S., F.R.G.S.</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>MEMB. ANTHROP. INSTITUTE, ETC.; LEADER OF THE EXPEDITION, AUTHOR OF “THE RIVER CONGO FROM ITS MOUTH TO BÓLÓBÓ.”</span></div> + <div class='c004'>WITH SIX MAPS AND OVER EIGHTY ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/title.jpg' alt='An illustration of three condors in flight against a plain, light-colored background. The birds are rendered in a detailed, vintage pen-and-ink sketching style with heavy cross-hatching. They are positioned at different angles: one at the top left soaring downward, one in the middle glidng toward the viewer, and one at the bottom banked to the side, showing the distinctive white patches on their wings and necks.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>LONDON</div> + <div><span class='large'>KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, AND CO., 1, PATERNOSTER SQUARE.</span></div> + <div>1886.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div><span class='small'>LONDON:</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED</span></div> + <div><span class='small'>ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.</span></div> + <div class='c003'><span class='small'>[<i>The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved.</i>]</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span><span class='small'>TO</span></div> + <div class='c004'>SIR JOHN KIRK, K.C.M.G., M.D., <span class='fss'>ETC.</span>,</div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>TRAVELLER, BOTANIST, DIPLOMATIST, AND GUARDIAN OF BRITISH INTERESTS AT ZANZIBAR,</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED</span></div> + <div class='c004'><span class='small'>BY THE AUTHOR.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> +<img src='images/a0050_ill.jpg' alt='Black-and-white line illustration of Mount Kilimanjaro, showing a snow-capped peak rising above rolling, textured hills with fine cross-hatched shading.' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Hail to thee, monarch of African mountains!</div> + <div class='line'>Remote, inaccessible, silent, and lone—</div> + <div class='line'>Who from the heart of the tropical fervours</div> + <div class='line'>Liftest to heaven thine alien snows.</div> + <div class='line'> · · · · ·</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>I see thee supreme in the midst of thy co-mates.</div> + <div class='line'>Standing alone, ’twixt the earth and the heavens,</div> + <div class='line'>Heir of the Sunset and Herald of Morn,</div> + <div class='line'>Zone above zone, to thy snow-crested summits</div> + <div class='line'>The climates of Earth are displayed, as an index,</div> + <div class='line'>Giving the scope of the Book of Creation.</div> + <div class='line'>There, in the gorges that widen, descending</div> + <div class='line'>From cloud and from cold into summer eternal,</div> + <div class='line'>Gather the threads of the ice-gendered fountains—</div> + <div class='line'>Gather to riotous torrents of crystal,</div> + <div class='line'>And, giving each shelvy recess where they dally,</div> + <div class='line'>The blooms of the North and its evergreen turfage,</div> + <div class='line'>Leap to the land of the lion and lotus!</div> + <div class='line'> · · · · ·</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Sovereign mountain, thy brothers give welcome:</div> + <div class='line'>Mont Blanc, in the roar of his mad avalanches,</div> + <div class='line'>Hails thy accession; superb Orizaba,</div> + <div class='line'>Belted with beech and ensandalled with palm;</div> + <div class='line'>Chimborazo, the lord of the regions of noonday;—</div> + <div class='line'>Mingle their sounds in magnificent chorus.</div> + <div class='line'>They, the baptized and the crownèd of ages,</div> + <div class='line'>Watch-towers of continents, altars of Earth,</div> + <div class='line'>Welcome thee now to their mighty assembly.</div> + <div class='line'> · · · · ·</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>None has a claim to the honours of story,</div> + <div class='line'>Or the superior splendours of song,</div> + <div class='line'>Greater than thou, in thy mystery mantled—</div> + <div class='line'>Thou the sole monarch of African mountains.</div> + <div class='line'>Take, then, a name, and be filled with existence,</div> + <div class='line'>Yea, be exultant in sovereign glory,</div> + <div class='line'>While from the hand of the wandering poet</div> + <div class='line'>Drops the first garland of song at thy feet.</div> + <div class='line'> · · · · ·</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in8'>“<span class='sc'>Kilima-njaro</span>,” a poem by <span class='sc'>Bayard Taylor</span>, <i>circa</i> 1855.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span> + <h2 class='c006'>PREFACE.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>As the Kilima-njaro Expedition was initiated and +supported by two of the most important among our +British Scientific Societies, it may perhaps seem excusable +that I, who was its appointed leader, should +venture to lay the general results of this enterprise +before the public.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I do so only in the sincere desire to contribute, +however feebly, to the mounting sum of our knowledge +of Africa—that continent, which I look upon as +the New World of the nineteenth century.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I cannot conclude these few prefatory lines without +most heartily thanking every friend or chance acquaintance +who by word or deed facilitated my task. +It is pleasant to look back upon this expedition as +having been provocative of nothing but kindness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While the names of certain of my benefactors are +mentioned elsewhere in the pages of this work in +juxtaposition with their good deeds, I think this the +most fitting place in which to record my special sense +of obligation to Philip Lutley Sclater, Esq., Ph. D., +Sec. Zoological Society; Edward L. Lawson, Esq.; +Edwin Arnold, Esq., C.S.I.; Carmichael Thomas, Esq.; +<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>and, with all his faults, Mandara, Chief of Moši; +who, though he once threatened to cut off my head, +nevertheless in his brighter moods supplied me with +much valuable information.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-r'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>H. H. JOHNSTON.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London</span>, <i>November, 1885</i>.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span> + <h2 class='c006'>NOTE TO THE READER.</h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>In the orthography of most African words and proper +names in this book, especially in those which are +written for the first time, I have followed what seems +to me the simplest and most satisfactory phonetic +system—that of Dr. Lepsius’ standard alphabet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As this may be new to some of my readers, I may +mention here that the vowels are generally pronounced +as in Italian, viz.:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>a = ah; e = eh; i = ee; o = oh; ô = aw; u = oo.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In diphthongs, the sound of each vowel may be +distinctly heard, as ai = ah-ee; ou = oh-oo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Those consonants which differ in look from the +Roman character, are—</p> + +<p class='c009'>Č, pron. ch; ǰ, pron. as an English j; ṅ, pron. ng’; š, pron. sh; +and others, which are of less frequent occurrence, are explained fully +in Chapter XX.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As frequently recurring examples of this orthography, +I may instance,—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>“Čaga”</td> + <td class='c011'>—pronounced</td> + <td class='c012'>“Chaga;”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>“Moši”</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“Moshy;” and</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>“ǰipé”</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“Jeepay.”</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>I have only diverged from this system where the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>proper names from long use have accustomed us to +other spelling. Thus I write “Galla,” although properly +it should be “Gala,” and I have even avoided +disfiguring the “j” of “Kilima-njaro” with a <sup>v</sup>; +although I fear the result of this lenity will be that +half my readers will pronounce it wrongly. To avoid +this I may, perhaps, for the benefit of the timid who +always shirk African names, write its exact pronunciation +in our clumsy English orthography.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This would be:</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Killy-manjāhro.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CONTENTS.</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER I.</td></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>PAGE</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Introductory</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER II.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Sir John Kirk at home</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER III.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>The Start—Mombasa to Taita</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_40'>40</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER IV.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Taita to Kilima-njaro</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER V.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Arrival at Mandara’s Court</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_94'>94</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER VI.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>My First Settlement on Kilima-njaro</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_114'>114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER VII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'>“<span class='sc'>Halcyon Days</span>”</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_142'>142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER VIII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Troublous Times</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_164'>164</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER IX.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>An Anxious Period</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_184'>184</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER X.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>A Trip to Taveita</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_204'>204</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XI.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>A First Ascent</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_229'>229</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>A Move to Maraṅu</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_243'>243</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XIII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>A Second Ascent</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_259'>259</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XIV.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Through the Forests of Kimawenzi and the Country of Rombo</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_281'>281</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XV.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Lake ǰipé and the Road to Gonǰa</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_296'>296</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XVI.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Gonǰa to London</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_309'>309</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XVII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Climate, Geology, Botany, &c.</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_322'>322</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XVIII.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Zoology</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_350'>350</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XIX.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Anthropology</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_395'>395</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XX.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>The Languages of the Kilima-njaro District</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_446'>446</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'>(<i>a</i>)</td> + <td class='c014'>Masai.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'>Appendix 1. Comparative vocabulary of the Masai language.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'>(<i>b</i>)</td> + <td class='c014'>The Bantu languages of Kilima-njaro Appendix 2. Vocabularies of Ki-čaga, Ki-taveita, Ki-gweno, &c.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>CHAPTER XXI.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>The Commercial Prospects of Eastern Equatorial Africa</span></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_535'>535</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span> + <h2 class='c006'>LIST<br> <span class='small'>OF</span><br> MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2> +</div> + +<table class='table1'> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'>MAPS.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c014'>NO.</th> + <th class='c014'> </th> + <th class='c015'>PAGE</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>1.</td> + <td class='c014'>General Map of East Equatorial Africa</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#map1'>1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>2.</td> + <td class='c014'>Route to Kilima-njaro</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#map2'>16</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>3.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kilima-njaro to the Coast (valley of the Ruvu)</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#map3'>296</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>4.</td> + <td class='c014'>Masai languages</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#map4'>446</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>5.</td> + <td class='c014'>Map of Bantu languages</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#map5'>479</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>6.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kilima-njaro and its vicinity (Proc. R.G.S.)</td> + <td class='c015'><i><a href='#end'>the end</a></i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'>ILLUSTRATIONS.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c014'>FIG.</th> + <th class='c014'> </th> + <th class='c015'> </th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'>Portrait of the Author</td> + <td class='c015'><i><a href='#Frontispiece'>Frontispiece</a></i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>1.</td> + <td class='c014'>Sir John Kirk</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>2.</td> + <td class='c014'>Sir John Kirk at home</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>3.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mtépé (with mat sail)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>4.</td> + <td class='c014'>Small mtépé and outrigger canoe</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>5.</td> + <td class='c014'>A corridor in Sir John Kirk’s house</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>6.</td> + <td class='c014'>Arab dau</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>7.</td> + <td class='c014'>Fishing boat and outrigger canoe</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>8.</td> + <td class='c014'>A Saracenic doorway</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_27'>27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>9.</td> + <td class='c014'>Zanzibar Harbour from the Consulate</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>10.</td> + <td class='c014'>A view over the house-tops</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>11.</td> + <td class='c014'>Zanzibar orchids</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>12.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kigelia Africana</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>13.</td> + <td class='c014'>A street in Zanzibar</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>14.</td> + <td class='c014'>The bay of Mbwéni</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>15.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Colobus Kirkii</i></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>16.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mombasa</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>17.</td> + <td class='c014'>The Shaws’ house, Kisolutini; the first mission station in East Africa</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>18.</td> + <td class='c014'>Virapan, my Tamil servant</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>19.</td> + <td class='c014'>Antelopes and ant-hills (the red hartebeest)</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_65'>65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>20.</td> + <td class='c014'>Zebras</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>21.</td> + <td class='c014'>The first view of Kilima-njaro</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>22.</td> + <td class='c014'>Sable antelope</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_69'>69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>23.</td> + <td class='c014'>The strange creeper</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>24.</td> + <td class='c014'>The River Habari</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_83'>83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>25.</td> + <td class='c014'>Trees with honey-boxes</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_92'>92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>26.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mandara’s left ear</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>27.</td> + <td class='c014'>View of Mandara’s village from Kitimbiriu</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>28.</td> + <td class='c014'>Head and shoulders of our cow</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_121'>121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>29.</td> + <td class='c014'>A view towards Mačame</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_124'>124</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>30.</td> + <td class='c014'>A view towards Ugweno</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_125'>125</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>31.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mount Méru</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_126'>126</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>32.</td> + <td class='c014'>A kite</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_128'>128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>33.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kibô in the early morning</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_136'>136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>34.</td> + <td class='c014'>A native dam</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>35.</td> + <td class='c014'>“Kitimbiriu” (our first settlement on Kilima-njaro)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_138'>138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>36.</td> + <td class='c014'>A corner of our settlement</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_143'>143</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>37.</td> + <td class='c014'>Clematis and hibiscus</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_147'>147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>38.</td> + <td class='c014'>A ravine in Moši</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_150'>150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>39.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kilima-njaro seen from above Moši (“palms and snow”)</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>40.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mkindu palm (<i>Phœnix</i> sp.)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_153'>153</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>41.</td> + <td class='c014'>Čaga doorway</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>42.</td> + <td class='c014'>Čaga storehouse and dwelling</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_158'>158</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>43.</td> + <td class='c014'>The captive</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_159'>159</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>44.</td> + <td class='c014'>A soldier of Mandara’s</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_195'>195</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>45.</td> + <td class='c014'>The Mkuyuni Stream</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_207'>207</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>46.</td> + <td class='c014'>Vulturine attitudes</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_217'>217</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>47.</td> + <td class='c014'>The Mpala antelope (<i>Æpyceros melampus</i>)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_219'>219</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>48.</td> + <td class='c014'>The Game country</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_220'>220</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>49.</td> + <td class='c014'>Female Roan antelope (<i>Hippotragus equinus</i>, ♀︎)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_224'>224</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>50.</td> + <td class='c014'>My settlement at Taveita</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_227'>227</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>51.</td> + <td class='c014'>Tree fern (<i>Lonchitis pubescens</i>)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_231'>231</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>52.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kilima-njaro, showing both its snow-capped peaks</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_234'>234</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>53.</td> + <td class='c014'>Raven soaring</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_235'>235</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>54.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kibô cloud-capped</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_258'>258</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>55.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kimawenzi</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_265'>265</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>56.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Senecio Johnstoni</i></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_268'>268</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>57.</td> + <td class='c014'>Curious rocks, marked like a tortoise-shell</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_270'>270</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>58.</td> + <td class='c014'>Great-billed ravens</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_271'>271</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>59.</td> + <td class='c014'>The dome of Kibô from an altitude of 11,000 feet</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_278'>278</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>60.</td> + <td class='c014'>Lake Čala</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_291'>291</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>61.</td> + <td class='c014'>Kilima-njaro seen from Lake ǰipé</td> + <td class='c015'><i>to face</i> <a href='#Page_298'>298</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>62.</td> + <td class='c014'>Masai camp</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_305'>305</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>63.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Musa Ensete</i>, a wild banana</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_331'>331</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>64.</td> + <td class='c014'>(<i>a</i>) Bunch of fruit of <i>M. Ensete</i>; (<i>b</i>) Single fruit, half natural size</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_333'>333</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>65.</td> + <td class='c014'>Branching borassus palm</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_349'>349</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>66.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Neotragus Kirkii</i></td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_355'>355</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>67.</td> + <td class='c014'>Head of great-billed raven (<i>Corvultur albicollis</i>)</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_356'>356</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>68.</td> + <td class='c014'>The Dying hornbill</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_357'>357</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>69.</td> + <td class='c014'>(<i>a</i>) The right <i>manus</i> or wing of young ostrich. (<i>b</i>) Scale feathers of young ostrich</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_360'>360</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>70.</td> + <td class='c014'>Varanus lizards</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_362'>362</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>71.</td> + <td class='c014'>A fish from the River Lumi</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>72.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Colobus Guereza</i>, var. <i>caudatus</i>. From the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society”</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_389'>389</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>73.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Graphiurus capensis</i>; (<i>a</i>) foot, (<i>b</i>) hand</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_392'>392</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>74.</td> + <td class='c014'>A Masai warrior</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_415'>415</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>75.</td> + <td class='c014'>Men of Taveita making fire</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_435'>435</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>76.</td> + <td class='c014'>A Čaga forge</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_439'>439</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>77.</td> + <td class='c014'>Čaga utensils: 1. Wooden hoe. 2. Leather honey-case. 3. Gourd. 4. Wooden tray or dish. 5. Club made from rhinoceros’ horn. 6. Knife</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_441'>441</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>78.</td> + <td class='c014'>Čaga house</td> + <td class='c015'><a href='#Page_444'>444</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div id='map1' class='figcenter id001'> +<a href='images/a0180_map_hr.jpg'><img src='images/a0180_map.jpg' alt='EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA' class='ig001'></a> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><i>H.H. Johnston, del.</i>      <i>Weller.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class='x-ebookmaker-drop'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>[Click anywhere on map for high resolution image.]</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph1'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>THE KILIMA-NJARO EXPEDITION.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER I.<br> <span class='c016'>INTRODUCTORY.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Kilima-njaro<a id='r1'></a><a href='#f1' class='c017'><sup>[1]</sup></a> is the name currently given to a huge +mountain-mass in Eastern Africa, consisting of two +giant peaks and many lesser ones, situated below the +third parallel south of the Equator, and at a distance, +in a straight line, of about 175 miles from the coast. +The highest of the two principal summits—Kibô—reaches +an elevation 18,880 feet above the sea, and +the lesser peak—Kimawenzi—attains to 16,250 feet. +Both ascend above the snow-line, no other point in the +same clump of mountains doing so, and both are the +craters of extinct volcanoes. The entire mass of +Kilima-njaro seems to be due to volcanic upheaval, +and it was doubtless at one time, and that geologically +recent, the great vent of the volcanic forces of Eastern +Equatorial Africa, which are still active in regions +further to the north or west in the district lying +between the Victoria Nyanza and the Indian Ocean.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, ever since its existence was positively +known to modern geographers, has been claimed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>as the highest of African mountains, its chief summit +reaching an altitude of nearly 19,000 feet. It is just +possible that in the unknown region stretching between +the Victoria Nyanza and Abyssinia loftier peaks may +be discovered, or that Mount Kenia, which lies about +200 miles due north of Kilima-njaro, may be found +after accurate measurement to exceed the height of +the latter mountain by a few feet, but until this is +done, the geography-books may still continue to put +forward Kilima-njaro as the highest peak in Africa. +Indeed, this they are likely to do for the next decade +or so, whether he is superseded or not, for I have +remarked that in all geographical questions, physical +or political, it takes a sadly long time for increase of +knowledge to penetrate the school manuals used in +the instruction of the British youth. They always +seem separated from the progress of discovery as the +fixed stars are separated from our powers of vision. +Just as the rays of light now reaching us from +Sirius would be found illustrating a condition of +things going on many years ago, so in most of the +school geography-books, geographical knowledge is +reflected a decade or so in arrears. I <i>think</i> in most of +them France is now deprived of Alsace and Lorraine, +and the territorial unity of Italy is a <i>fait accompli</i>; but I +fancy the Congo is as yet undiscovered, and Turkey in +Europe still extends its suzerainty over “the Danubian +Principalities,” Servia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro. I +took up one of these school class-books the other day +and found that Mount Miltsin (12,000 odd feet) in +Morocco was the highest known peak in Africa. +Doubtless next year, in a later edition, the claims of +Kilima-njaro will be considered, and just as these +receive a tardy recognition, some adventurous traveller +<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>will bring to our knowledge another African Alp of +mightier proportions and loftier summit destined to oust +from his proud position the object of my recent journey, +who, displaced from the homage of the eager geographer, +must be content to linger still a few years longer in possession +of the vague respect of the British schoolboy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although the mass of Kilima-njaro rises rather +abruptly from a fairly level plain, it is hardly to be +called isolated, and indeed it may be said that an +almost continuous chain of mountain-ranges and independent +peaks connect it with Abyssinia on the +north, Natal on the south, and, possibly, also with +the Cameroons on the west. Judged by the flora +which clothes its higher regions, it may be almost +regarded as the common meeting-ground of many +forms peculiarly characteristic of these three widely +separated mountain-districts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To ascertain the relationships of the fauna and flora +of Kilima-njaro, two learned societies—the British +Association for the Advancement of Science and the +Royal Society—at the instigation, I believe, of Mr. +Sclater, the Secretary of the Zoological Society of +London, delegated certain of their members to form +a Kilima-njaro Expedition Committee, and funds to +the extent of 1000<i>l.</i> were placed at their disposal. +The great height attained by Kilima-njaro, and the fact +that this snow-clad mountain-mass lies in the Equatorial +zone, and exhibits an extraordinary range of +climates on its broad slopes, were thought sufficient +causes to give rise to or explain many curious features +in its fauna and flora; moreover, a like condition of +things—perpetual snow under the Equator—was only +to be met with elsewhere in Central and South America, +no mountains in other parts of the tropics reaching to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>the snow-line. In all cases lofty ranges lying in little-known +regions are interesting to students of natural +history. Isolated mountains of great height are often +like oceanic islands, and serve as a refuge and a last +abiding-place for low types or peculiar forms, which in +larger and more densely-populated areas find the +competition too keen, and are extinguished in the +struggle for life. Or, it may be, some species or genus, +originally of a generalized type, becomes by various +circumstances the inhabitant of an alpine range or a +sea-girt island, and being thus removed and protected +from the natural checks to its peculiar development +offered by the contemporaneous evolution of its fellows, +may, as it were, run riot in the absence of rivalry, and +assume very eccentric and singular forms. Thus we +can imagine that a pigeon something like the modern +didunculus of the South Sea Islands once arrived in +Mauritius, having perhaps hitherto had to contend +with the usual dangers which naturally menace the +existence of a meek-spirited, plump bird that is good +to eat. But this pigeon, either chancing on Mauritius +in the course of its long flights, or dwelling on the +island at a date when its connection with a pre-existing +continent was being severed, found itself in singularly +favourable circumstances, plenty to eat and nothing to +attack it—no animals of prey being left on the island. +So in the course of time, no longer obliged to fly from +foes or take long journeys in search of food, this +pigeon became a dodo, huge, fat, and inert, with atrophied +and useless pinions. Again, on the mountain-ranges +of Sumatra, of Japan, of North America, also +on the Alps of Europe, dwell queer, old-fashioned +ruminants—goat-antelopes, capricorns, chamois—which +would have long since perished in the fierce, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>hustling life of the plains, or more probably have +become moulded into some advanced and perfected +type, like the great ruminants of the lowlands. There +were these possibilities of zoology to encourage exploration; +and another interesting feature in the fauna +and flora of high mountains is that they often retain +vestiges of an older nature, that has long since been +supplanted in lower levels by a new reign. In this +way Kini Balu, the lofty mountain of Borneo, preserves +on its upper slopes an Australian flora long since +superseded in the plains below by the vegetation of +India. On the Alps reappear the butterflies of Arctic +Europe. The Abyssinian mountains can show genera +and species of animals and plants from temperate +countries north and south, from Europe and the Cape +of Good Hope, and consequently the question as to the +relations of the fauna and flora of Kilima-njaro, the +highest mountain known in Africa, with that of other +regions, was one of great interest, and one which, however +decided, might solve many curious puzzles as to +the geographical distribution of living forms.</p> + +<p class='c008'>If we should discover around the snows of this huge +mass of extinct volcanoes the gentians and edelweiss of +the Alps, or even other semi-Arctic forms, these would +arouse a supposition that during some past glacial +epoch the frigid North had sent its children into +Central Africa, following the ice and snow. Or should +we find, as we ascended Kilima-njaro, the birds, beetles, +butterflies, and plants of the Cape of Good Hope, or +even the antique types of Madagascar, this might show +that the clump of snow mountains had served as one +of the last footholds of the older autochthonous +African nature, which was dispossessed and driven into +distant islands and remote corners of the continent by +<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>recent inroads of the lustier things of Europe; by the +advent of the apes, and lions, and huge herbivora, which +scattered and extinguished the feeble lemurs, insectivores, +and edentates that heretofore prevailed. It +might also be, in a lesser way, with man as it had been +with lower forms of life, that the fastnesses of Kilima-njaro +should prove the shelter of some poor type, +some human relic of a race long passed away, whose +speech, whose handicraft, whose superstitions would +arouse new problems for the anthropologist, or serve as +a happy link to strengthen imperfect chains of evidence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Questions like these, which the existence of snow-clad +mountains in Central Africa inevitably suggested, +were of sufficient importance to warrant the despatch +of an expedition, which should obtain information and +material to aid in their solution; and at one time +it was proposed that Mr. Joseph Thomson should +endeavour to combine with his journey across the Masai +country (since so splendidly carried out) a prolonged +journey on Kilima-njaro, and a consequent investigation +of its fauna and flora. But for many reasons this +plan had to be abandoned, and the British Association +and Royal Society combined to organize a separate +expedition, with the command of which I was entrusted +some months after my return from the River Congo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro is supposed to have been vaguely known +to the Portuguese as early as the sixteenth century, +and inasmuch as these people held Mombasa for nearly +200 years, and Mombasa lies within 180 miles of the +mountain, and is the point of departure and return of +many Swahili and Arab trading parties, who visit the +base of the snow peaks, it would indeed be curious if +no rumours of the existence of such a mighty object of +wonder ever reached the ears of the Portuguese.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>Enciso,<a id='r2'></a><a href='#f2' class='c017'><sup>[2]</sup></a> a Spanish writer of the sixteenth century, +mentions its existence, and calls it “Mount Olympus.” +Others have supposed that the legendary Mountains +of the Moon had their basis of actual existence in +Kilima-njaro; however this may be, putting aside +vague rumours which in this case had a just foundation +and in many other cases had no foundation at +all, the first European who discovered Kilima-njaro +and made its existence known to the civilized world, +was Rebmann, a German missionary, who, wandering +inland from Mombasa, first descried the wonderful +snowy dome of Kibô, the highest summit of the mass, +on the 11th of May, 1848. Being a simple-minded +man, and overawed by the unexpected beauty and +majesty of the spectacle which the distant snow-clad +summit offered as it rose from a base of sombre +forest into the clear blue sky, he fell on his knees and +recited the 111th Psalm, seeming almost to think that +a little pimple on the surface of our tiny planet was +one of the chief and most glorious productions of the +Creator. Rebmann had the good fortune to alight on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>Kilima-njaro in times of peace before the Arab traders +and the slave trade had brought the curse of internecine +war to the industrious and thrifty agriculturists +who inhabited the fertile mountain-slopes. He consequently +wandered about freely, through most of the +little Čaga<a id='r3'></a><a href='#f3' class='c017'><sup>[3]</sup></a> states, with a small following of some ten +porters and but little baggage. On his return to the +coast he communicated his discovery to Krapf, who +shortly afterwards started himself for the interior, +and discovered Mount Kenia, but only saw Kilima-njaro +from a distance of forty miles. The results of +these two remarkable expeditions were modestly made +known to the geographical societies of Europe, but in +Paris alone did the discovery of Kenia and Kilima-njaro +meet with any practical recognition. The silver +medal of the Geographical Society in that city was +awarded to Messrs. Krapf and Rebmann, for making +known the existence of snow-clad mountains in +Eastern Equatorial Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In England the missionaries’ information was +greatly discredited, because they had not been able +to map out their journeys by observations for latitude +and longitude, and could only fix the position of the +mountains, of which they alleged the existence, by +dead reckoning. As a matter of fact, they placed +them with wonderful accuracy, considering the rough +methods employed, and subsequent discoveries have +corroborated their statements. Krapf only saw Mount +Kenia from a distance of over forty miles, and Rebmann +probably approached no nearer than fifteen +miles to the snows of Kilima-njaro. Both could only +<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>asseverate that they had <i>seen</i> snow, and both were +accused of being deceived by their vivid imaginations. +Their most relentless critic was a redoubtable person, +for long years a terror to real explorers, Mr. +Desborough Cooley, a kind of geographical ogre, who +used to sit in his study in England, shaping and +planning out the map of Africa (basing his arrangements +of rivers, lakes, and mountains on ridiculous +and fantastic linguistic coincidences and resemblances +of his own imagination), and who rushed out and tore +in pieces all unheeding explorers in the field who +brought to light actual facts which upset his elaborate +geographical schemes. Mr. Cooley proved in the most +exhaustive and conclusive manner, that Messrs. Krapf +and Rebmann could <i>not</i> have seen mountains capped +with perpetual snow in Equatorial Africa, and, <i>ergo</i>, they +did not exist.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, Nature and Truth are relentless. They +will not stifle or modify their accomplished facts to +please any one. You would have thought that after +the beautiful and logical manner in which Mr. Cooley +had set forth that snow-clad mountains could <i>not</i> +exist near the Equator (I suppose he forgot those of +America), that Nature would have felt ashamed of +producing anything unnatural and would have backed +up Mr. Cooley’s statements by whipping Kilima-njaro +and Kenia off the land of Africa before any adventurous +explorer could conclusively prove their existence. +But no; after an interval<a id='r4'></a><a href='#f4' class='c017'><sup>[4]</sup></a> of about ten years, in 1861, +Baron von der Decken, a Hanoverian, went to Kilima-njaro +<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>and stayed there from the end of July to the +beginning of September, and was able entirely to corroborate +the statements of the much-maligned Rebmann.</p> + +<p class='c008'>He was not able to ascend higher than 8000 feet, +but on a succeeding visit in December, 1862, he +attained an altitude of 10,500 feet, although on +neither occasion did he approach anywhere near the +snow. He made, however, an admirable survey of +the whole southern slope of the mountain, which is +still and has been our chief authority for the delineation +of Kilima-njaro on the map. His researches were +rather added to than superseded by the journeys of +Thomson and myself. Von der Decken calculated the +height of the two great peaks, Kibô and Kimawenzi, +and considerably reduced the exaggerated estimate of +their respective altitudes. He, however, erred slightly +in under-estimating the height of Kibô, which he gives +as only 18,700. My own observations make it 18,800, +and Thomson gives it as 18,880. Von der Decken +(still traditionally known on the mountain as the +“Baroni”) received the gold medal of the Royal +Geographical Society for his careful surveys of Kilima-njaro +and its vicinity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1871, the Rev. Charles New, a missionary, who +had been sent out to East Africa by the United +Methodist Free Church Mission, made a journey to +Moši, in Čaga, and thence ascended Kilima-njaro to +the verge of the snow, reaching an altitude of about +14,500 feet. He spent the month of August on the +mountain, but did not go over much new ground. +Encouraged by his pleasant experiences during this +trip and filled with a craving for further exploits in +the same field of fascinating mystery, he returned to +Čaga two years later, with the intention of pursuing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>his investigations. But this time his former host, +Mandara, chief of Moši, disappointed in the quantity +and quality of the presents brought to him by Mr. +New, robbed the explorer of nearly all he possessed, +including his gold chronometer (given him by the +Royal Geographical Society) and his silver aneroid. +Then poor New, broken-hearted, and sick with anxiety +and fatigue, turned his steps towards the coast, and +died ere he reached Mombasa. I have an impression +from what Mandara himself has told me, that his +animosity and rapacity were aroused with respect to +New by the latter’s too vehement and perhaps injudicious +harangues against slavery. Mandara declared +that Mr. New had incited openly his subjects to rebel +against him, but this I think highly improbable. It +is possible that the missionary inveighed against slavery +in such a way that Mandara dreaded lest his utterances +should have the effect of arousing his serfs to a +wish for freedom, and that he therefore robbed him +and cast him out of his kingdom. This view of the +case is supported by the accounts given by an old +friend of New’s, Kapitau, an intelligent and pleasant-mannered +coast trader, with whom I have had much +conversation. This man retains an earnest respect +for the missionary, and accuses Mandara of having +wished to poison him.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After New’s death, Kilima-njaro remained unvisited +until quite recently, when, in 1883, Mr. Joseph Thomson +arrived there, on his journey across Masai-land. +He also visited Mandara, and was also robbed by that +rapacious chieftain. Starting from Moši he ascended +to an altitude of nearly 9000 feet, made a small collection +of plants, and pursued his journeys, which +ultimately led him nearly all round the base of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>mountain. Mr. Thomson was the first who saw the +northern aspects of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I might also mention that Dr. Fischer, a German +traveller, passed within some thirty miles of Kilima-njaro +a little while before Mr. Thomson. He subsequently +penetrated Masai-land as far as Lake +Naivaša.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All these above-mentioned travellers had paid visits +of a more or less fleeting character to Kilima-njaro, and +few had studied in any way its natural history, or had +attempted to make collections of any importance. +Von der Decken brought back some beetles and one +or two plants. New gathered and sent home a few +specimens of the flora growing on the upper slopes. +Dr. Fischer introduced us to a new Touraco<a id='r5'></a><a href='#f5' class='c017'><sup>[5]</sup></a> dwelling +in the vicinity of the mountain, and Thomson in his +hurried ascent procured some twenty plants, nearly +all of which were new to science. But in the main +little of the flora or fauna of Kilima-njaro had been +made known, and the object of my mission was to make +collections which would materially aid us in settling +the relations which this clump of mountains bore to +other lofty African ranges in its peculiar forms of life. +The Kilima-njaro Committee, taking into consideration +the peculiar difficulties of African travel, hesitated to +send out on this expedition any one who, though a +trained naturalist, should yet have had no previous +experience of the climate and mode of life in the dark +continent; and although I professed little skill or +capacity in natural history collecting (for you may +be enthusiastically fond of the study of botany and +zoology, and yet be a very poor taxidermist or herbalist), +it was thought that my acquaintance with the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>difficulties of African expedition and the exigencies of +travel in a barbarous country would enable me to conduct +the expedition to Kilima-njaro with some chance +of success. Unfortunately the sum of 1000<i>l.</i> placed +at my disposal, although sufficient with due economy +to meet the ordinary expenses of the expedition, +would not permit of European collectors being taken, +the cost of the passage-money, salary, and keep of +two men amounting to nearly half the sum already +mentioned. However, this difficulty did not much +concern me at the time, as one or two collectors were +promised from the Calcutta Botanical Gardens, whose +expenses would have been defrayed by their employers +in return for a set of specimens collected. But on +arriving at Zanzibar I was disappointed of their aid, +for it was found at the last moment impossible to +induce any Indian collectors to join an expedition to +Central Africa. Consequently I had to depend on the +chance aid of such natives of Zanzibar accompanying +my caravan as might evince any taste for a collector’s +duties. Sir John Kirk, indeed, procured for me two +men who had been with Dr. Fischer during his recent +expedition, and who had an elementary knowledge of +drying plants and skinning birds; but these men, on +account of their superior attainments, were so exacting +and difficult to deal with, that when they deserted me +soon after my arrival on the mountain and went to +a neighbouring chief to organize his slave-trading +caravans, I did not miss them keenly. Nevertheless, +after this, the entire charge of collecting fell upon me, +adding to the already existing and by no means perfunctory +cares of superintending the expedition. I +not only had to conduct long and wearisome palavers +with native chiefs, and talk them into acquiescence +<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>with my plans, I not only had to show the men how +to build houses, where to construct roads and bridges, +and lay out plantations, but I must also shoot and skin +birds, gather and press plants, collect beetles, and +catch butterflies. In a moist climate like that of +Kilima-njaro the labour involved in making good +botanical collections alone was very great, and in all +this I had no help. My Zanzibar porters, although +excellent, hardworking, faithful fellows, evinced no +aptitude whatever for natural history collecting. In +spite of my repeated and painstaking instructions, +they <i>would</i> bring me flowers without leaves, and leaves +without flowers. They preferred catching butterflies +with their fingers to using a net, and thought that an +insect in fragments was quite as satisfactory as a +whole specimen. In short I found that if any work +was to be of use in collecting, it must proceed solely +from my own efforts. I merely mention these difficulties +so that my readers may properly appreciate the +character of the task I was called on to perform.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The instructions given me by the Kilima-njaro Committee +were to proceed direct to Mount Kilima-njaro, +reside in the vicinity of the mountain for at least six +months, and collect as much as possible near the snow-line. +As already mentioned, funds to the extent of +1000<i>l.</i> were granted me, and besides that, the Royal +Geographical Society generously provided me with a +complete set of instruments for making astronomical +and meteorological observations. I ought also to +mention that Messrs. Howard and Son made me a +most liberal present of quinine, an item of the outfit +which would have amounted under ordinary circumstances +to a considerable expense, and other leading +purveyors treated me with great generosity, so that I +was altogether most kindly supported in my undertaking. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>Having previously despatched my heavy +luggage by British India steamship, I left London in +the beginning of March, 1884, and travelled overland +to Egypt, spent a week or two rambling about the +highways and byeways of that unhappy land, joined +my steamer at Suez, and quitted her at Aden with +heartfelt joy, after a horribly uncomfortable voyage of +eight days. At Aden I had a delightful experience +of what British hospitality can do to cast a halo round +the most unattractive spots. At the house of the +Resident and Governor, General Blair, V.C., I spent a +most enjoyable interval whilst awaiting the Zanzibar +steamer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I somewhat dreaded the advent of this vessel, for +after my experience of cockroaches, rats, bad smells, +and bad food in the steamer which had carried me to +Aden, I anticipated a renewal of this purgatory on +board the steamship of the same company which was +to complete the journey to Zanzibar. But this was +fortunately not the case. The <i>Java</i>, though an old-fashioned +and not too speedy boat, was scrupulously +clean, and her staff of officers were all that could be +desired in kindness and skill. The fare was excellent, +the weather perfect, the fellow-passengers few and +agreeable; and our journey to Zanzibar was more like +a trip on a friend’s yacht. We stopped at Lamu, and +lunched with Lieutenant Haggard, her Britannic +Majesty’s vice-consul, and then at Mombasa, where I +went off for a lengthy conference with Captain Gissing, +our vice-consul at that port, who was already kindly +interesting himself in the equipment of my expedition, +and engaging porters from the vicinity of that place to +accompany me, for it was considered best by Sir John +Kirk that I should start from Mombasa for Kilima-njaro. +After my first brief visit to the place, however, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>I continued on my way to Zanzibar, to confer with +Sir John Kirk, and to engage a certain number of men. +Accordingly, one day in the middle of April, 1884, I +awoke in the early sunshine, and looked forth on a +crescent of white buildings rising above an irregular +line of black shipping and black mud, and later on in +the day landed at Zanzibar, and found myself in that +busy mart of East African trade, whence so many expeditions +and explorers have started for the conquest +of Africa’s secrets. Here I was soon enjoying the +kind hospitality of Sir John Kirk, and feeling in the +contemplation of the strange, varied life around me +that the first chapter of my experiences in East Africa +had pleasantly begun.</p> + +<div id='map2' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0160_map.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Map 2.—Route to Kilima-njaro.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER II.<br> <span class='c016'>SIR JOHN KIRK AT HOME.</span></h2> +</div> + +<div class='c003 figleft id003'> +<img src='images/p0170_fig1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 1.—Sir John Kirk.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c018'>Zanzibar, an island lying +about twenty miles off the +East Coast of Africa, under +the sixth parallel south of the +equator (I feel bound to furnish +this information in the prevailing +state of ignorance respecting +African geography), +has long been a nucleus of foreign rule along the +eastern seaboard of the Dark Continent. Without +going into the questions of its remote history, and +considering whether it was or whether it was not +distinctly known to the hazy geographers of classical +days, we can feel pretty certain that, for nearly as +many centuries as form the Christian Era, Zanzibar +has been a place of resort for the Arab and Persian +traders and slave-dealers of the Red Sea, the Persian +Gulf, and the coasts of Sind and Gujerat. There was +at one time a distinct Persian colonization of the East +African littoral to the north of Zanzibar, and apparently +also in Zanzibar itself, though here the intermixture +of Persian blood in the local race is in no +way as evident as in places on the mainland, such +as Lamu, Malindi, or Magdishu. However, even in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Zanzibar, distinct traces of Fire Worship remain +engrafted on the African Mohammedanism of the +inhabitants. After several centuries of <i>quasi</i> Arab +rule, Zanzibar in the beginning of the sixteenth +century came under the dominion of the Portuguese, +whose language has left its traces in the Swahili +vocabulary. When Portugal fell into the power of +Spain, and her hold on Abyssinia and the Eastern +Horn of Africa waned and faded, the Arabs reasserted +their independence in Zanzibar, and the island remained +in the possession of various Arab chiefs till +the end of the last century, when the Imam of Maskat +proclaimed and maintained his suzerainty over Pemba, +Zanzibar, and the neighbouring coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In 1841, the East India Company first established +relations with the ruler of Zanzibar, who had assumed +the title of “Sayyid,” or Lord of the Island. He was +at the same time Sovereign of ’Oman, that East +Arabian principality of which Maskat is the capital. +Lieut.-Colonel Hamerton, the first British representative +at the Court of Zanzibar, remained many years +at his post, and was still in East Africa when Burton +undertook his pioneer journey to the Lake regions. +On his death General Rigby succeeded him as Consul-General +and Political Agent, and was in turn followed +by several officials whose residence in the island was +of short duration. At length, in 1873, Sir John Kirk, +who had first come to Zanzibar as Vice-Consul in 1866, +and who had for some years acted in a superior +capacity, received his formal appointment to the post +of Consul-General, and later on attained the further +office of Political Agent. Sir John Kirk, who comes +of an old Forfarshire family, was educated primarily +as a doctor, and served as a physician to the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>hospital at Renkioi, Dardanelles, during the Crimean +War; but already, both at the University and during +his service abroad, his taste and aptitude for natural +history had so developed that he little cared to make +the medical profession his ultimate career. In 1858 +he accepted the post of naturalist to Dr. Livingstone’s +expedition to the Zambesi. When he arrived at the +mouth of this river, the circumstances of the expedition +were such that it became necessary for Dr. Kirk +(as he then was) to lay his studies of natural history +aside, and assume the arduous position of second in +command, and direct personally the conduct of the +land party. It was largely owing to his exertions +and untiring labour that the unfortunate Zambesi +Expedition was not an even costlier experiment than +it eventually proved; and Dr. Livingstone found in +his colleague and second in command a mainstay and +help in several critical emergencies wherein the rest +of his staff were of little service.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shortly after his return from the Zambesi Dr. Kirk +was offered the post of Vice-Consul at Zanzibar, and +thus entered the service in which he rose successively +to the ranks of Consul, Consul-General, and Political +Agent. In 1878 he was made C.M.G., and in 1881 +he was knighted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is no one living or dead who has so profoundly +influenced the condition of Eastern Africa as Sir John +Kirk. To him more than to any one else is owing the +effective repression of slave-trading; and it is only +quite recently that the full consequences of his steady +anti-slavery policy began to appear and develop themselves +into a healthy and beneficent solution of a +difficult African problem. When Sir John first arrived +in Zanzibar the Arab ruler of the island, the so-called +<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>Sultan, was little more than <i>primus inter pares</i>. He +was recognized as “Sayyid,” or Lord, of Zanzibar, by +the Arab nobles and traders, but his authority was +most uncertain. Many of his subjects thought themselves +superior to him in purity of blood and ancient +genealogy, and whenever the wishes of their nominal +ruler—merely one of themselves deputed to transact +the Government business—clashed with their personal +interests or predilections, they openly bade him defiance, +and put their fortress-houses into a state of +siege. The standing army was composed of a few +miserable, beggarly Baluch mercenaries—ill-clothed, +unpaid, and as cowardly as they were rapacious. +Slaves were openly sold in Zanzibar, and the Sayyid +was too weak to incur the displeasure of his Arab +subjects by the suppression of a lucrative and easy +trade. When Sayyid Majid died and the present +“Sultan,” Barghash bin Sa’id, succeeded him, Sir +John Kirk set himself resolutely to acquire the confidence +and friendship of the young Arab ruler, and, +aided by his great knowledge of Arabic and Ki-Swahili, +was able to converse with the Sayyid in strict intimacy, +without the medium of an interpreter, so that he was +enabled often to weld the will of Barghash to conformity +with his own wishes by means of an earnest +expostulation and half-playful sarcasm which would +have sounded ill through the intermediary of some +wily Goanese. So great was the influence already +exercised over the Prince of Zanzibar after two years +of personal intercourse that Sir John Kirk was able +to exact from him as a favour and concession to +friendship that which Sir Bartle Frere, with all his +personal prestige and position, and with a fleet of +ironclads behind him, failed to extort, namely, the +Sayyid’s signature to a treaty for the suppression of +the East African slave-trade. This, though refused +under threats of bombardment, was granted after a +few hours’ conversation with Sir John Kirk, and the +treaty, which during Sir Bartle Frere’s mission had +been persistently rejected by the “Sultan,” was signed +and sealed within a few hours after the envoy’s departure, +and overtook him in a rapid despatch-boat +before he reached Aden. An amusing incident is +recorded of Sayyid Barghash during the <i>séance</i> of +deliberation which took place before he signed the +treaty. Sir John Kirk was explaining to him the +terrors and inconveniences of a blockade, how all +supplies of provisions would be stopped, and the island +reduced to starvation, and he wound up his effective +picture by asking the “Sultan” what he would do +<i>then</i>? “Why,” said Sayyid Barghash, “I should +just come and live with you, Consul.”</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0202_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>SIR JOHN KIRK AT HOME.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>It is owing to our present representative in Zanzibar +that the Sultan has gradually assured and strengthened +his hold over the East African coast between the +Portuguese northern boundary and the No-man’s Land +of the Somali Deserts, thus keeping in hands friendly +to England the richest coast-lands of East Africa and +the trade-routes to the Central Basin. Sir John Kirk +has little disguised his views about English influence +in the Indian Ocean, and he steadfastly bears in mind +that nearly the entire commerce of Eastern Africa is in +the hands of British subjects, and that, to uphold our +influence in the country, we should encourage to the +utmost the thrifty settlers from Western India. He +also feels, as any observant politician must, that much +as we may admire and sympathize with the promptings +to colonization which, like the desire for offspring late +<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>in life, are now animating so many old European +nations, there is no reason why England should act as +a political midwife, and assist in bringing to birth their +late-born children, or neglect the wants of her own +large family in order that her neighbours’ weaklings +may not die of inanition.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0220_fig3.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 3.—Mtépé (with mat sail).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>One of the firmest resolves of Sir John Kirk has been +to keep Eastern Africa between 10° N. and 10° S. clear +of foreign influences, and so to hold this littoral through +our nominee, the present Sayyid, that whenever the +cold fit shall be off and the hot wave of further colonization +flow on again—whenever the irresistible spreading +of the English people compels it to look towards fresh +fields of enterprise—Zanzibar, city, island, and coast, +may not be found in hands hostile to British trade. +To Sir John Kirk alone we owe it that the Government +of Portugal has not now included the important +Rovuma river in its +East African possessions; +and the same +person is responsible for +having, with one English +frigate, driven away the +whole Egyptian fleet +under McGillup Pasha, +when, acting under secret +orders from the +Egyptian Government, +the Khedive’s East African +Expedition proceeded to annex, occupy, and +fortify the principal ports in the Sayyid’s continental +dominions. About the manifold checks that +French ambition and “protecting” zeal<a id='r6'></a><a href='#f6' class='c017'><sup>[6]</sup></a> have received +<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>in these Zangian regions I need not dilate, as they are +questions involving political feelings of some acerbity +at the present time, and would therefore be out of place +in this book. But I might further recall to my readers +that it is to the personal exertions of the British Agent +and Consul-General that Zanzibar owes its line of telegraph, +its mail service, its hospital, its observatory, its +standing army (officered +and commanded by Englishmen), +its horticultural +development, its projected +sanitary reform, +and possibly also the +scarcely less precious +introductions of lawntennis +and afternoon tea.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0230_fig4.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 4.<br> <br> Small Mtépé and Outrigger Canoe.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The British Agency +and Consulate-General +in the town of Zanzibar +is a handsome Arab +house standing towards +the southern end of the +city, and just overhanging +the sea, which at +high tide lashes its protecting wall. The style of +exterior and interior is purely Arab, or, to use a more +<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>accepted term in architecture, Saracenic. Entering +from the narrow streets an iron gateway, you come +into the grateful shade of a small garden, planted +with spreading mimosas, cocoanut palms, and mangoes, +and through the interstices of the foliage you +look up at the high grey-white walls of the house, +which are scarcely relieved in their monotony by +the small and shuttered windows. The doorway is +regularly Eastern, quite a “Sublime Porte” in miniature. +Broad, shallow steps lead up to it, forming an +admirably-arranged <i>mise-en-scène</i> for the grouping of +white-clothed “Sikari” (consular guards) and Indian +suppliants in gaudy costumes. The frame of the door, +which is itself garnished with immense copper nails, is +delicately and intricately carved in black wood, with +arabesque designs and letter scrolls.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Entering here, you come upon a small recess, with +ogival niches round the walls—a sort of anteroom—and +from this a winding staircase ascends to the first-floor, +when you find yourself in the interior gallery +surrounding the four sides of the <i>patio</i>, or hollow square, +which is the ground-plan of most Saracenic buildings. +From the centre of the <i>patio</i> rises a graceful areca-palm, +which contrasts pleasingly with the formal arches of +the gallery. The house ascends to several storeys, and +is surmounted by flat terraces of varying height; but +round the <i>patio</i>, on the first-floor, the principal dwelling-rooms +are ranged. These are all Arab in character—narrow, +high-pitched, lighted with little windows with +deep embrasures. The walls are dead white, cut into +by false arches of slightly horse-shoe shape, forming +alternate recesses wherein shelves of pottery, bookcases, +or cabinets may be placed. Within the arches, +too, are further niches, cut deeper into the wall, with +a carved stone tracery at the back to let in air. These +give an effect of lightness to the somewhat massive +walls, and the little points of light gleaming through +the windows of cut stone act as a <i>point de mire</i> in each +recess. There are no pictures on the walls; nothing +but coruscations of Oriental pottery, all of it got from +Zanzibar and the neighbouring coast. The amount of +beautiful Persian, Moorish, and even Chinese pottery +and porcelain to be found in Zanzibar is really surprising. +Much of it is hoarded up by old Arab families, +who have kept it for generations in their households, +and it only sees the light in occasional bankruptcies +and auction sales. On many parts of this Zangian +coast pottery is fastened into the walls of mosques or +plastered on to tombs, whence—I say it with regret—Europeans +do not hesitate to “loot” it, under the +pretext that if they do not the degenerate descendants +of the Oriental settlers will. At places like Lamu the +most tasteful Persian porcelain, rich in colour and very +old, was to be easily picked up but a short while ago, +though the sudden rush of greedy travellers has diminished +the supply. Much of this Persian pottery—great +bowls of gorgeous tints, blue and gold plates, vases +and cups—decorate the walls of the Consulate, and +lend colour and brightness to its apartments.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0242_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>A CORRIDOR IN SIR JOHN KIRK’S HOUSE.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span> +<img src='images/p0260_fig6.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 6.—Arab Dau.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The windows of two sides of the house look forth on +the sea, and command the entire harbour. All the +shipping becomes a study of ever-changing colour and +form. The great black hulks of the steamers, surmounted +by their tall masts and funnels; the snow-sails +of the daus coming into port; the “mtépé,” or +native barque, with a huge sail made of matting; the +dismantled daus, with their brown rigging and masts +and folded sails, lying at anchor in the blue still water: +<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>and the multitude of tiny craft, canoes with outriggers, +and the canoes that are simple dugouts—all these form, +together with the flags +of many nations and the +bright costumes of the +native sailors, the blue +sky, with its rolling cumulus-clouds, +the placid +sea, and the green islands +on its horizon, an infinitely +diversified panorama, +rather than a picture, +but a cheerful scene, +full of bright activity, +and a pleasant field of +contemplation to an idle man in a rocking-chair on a +shady balcony, who is able to rest inactive in his cool +retreat, and watch the +busy work going on +around him.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0260_fig7.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 7.<br> <br> Fishing Boat and Outrigger Canoe.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span> +<img src='images/p0270_fig8.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig 8.—A Saracenic Doorway.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>If you look from the +verandah of the Consulate +towards the town of +Zanzibar you have a +scene of much picturesqueness +and colour, and +one which, focussed and +framed by the lattice-work +that is hung with +creeping plants, becomes +a real picture. You see +the ships in the harbour, +the canoes and rowing-boats +skimming in and out among the large vessels, +then lines of daus all drawn up along the shore of +white sand, with busy crowds of men working round +and about them, some +unloading, some repairing, +some looking +idly on, others stripping +for a bathe and +playing at a peculiar +game in the water, +round the hulls of +the half-floated daus, +which consists in turning +a somersault and +bringing your legs +down with a smack +on your companions’ +backs. Indeed, the +absence of all social restraint on the shore at Zanzibar +might occasionally ruffle the sensibilities of those of our +weaker sex who are supposed to be shocked at seeing +life under somewhat primitive conditions. There are +no “bathing regulations” at Zanzibar, and the +beach immediately below the Consular windows is the +favourite resort of “natives,” who in complete nudity +gaily chase each other along the silver strand, or +plunge into the tiny billows and the black ooze of the +nether shore. Indeed, the number of Indians who +seem to choose the purlieus of the British Consulate +for performing their ablutions (doubtless because they +look upon it as a right of British subjects to bathe +under their Consul’s eye) render it necessary sometimes +to despatch a Sikari for the purpose of driving +the nude Hindoos to remoter shores, for should the +Consul be entertaining the lady residents of Zanzibar +<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>at afternoon tea on the balcony, it is somewhat embarrassing +for their gaze continually to encounter, not +the black glistening forms of the burly negroes on +whom nakedness sits with decency, but the yellow +and obese Hindoos, who, with the figures and demeanour +of middle-aged aldermen, are paddling up to +their ankles with the innocence and unconcern of +early childhood.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0280_fig10.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 10.—A View over the Housetops.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The buildings of Zanzibar along the shore-line are +gifted with an adventitious beauty which is derived +from contrasts of +colour, and light, +and shade. The Sultan’s +clock-tower, +which rises like a +minaret above the +flat-roofed houses, +is in reality a structure +of vulgar, +tasteless design, but +seen from a distance +with its ugliness +softened down, +it lends considerable +point to the +harbour view of +Zanzibar. The other +buildings are little +remarkable for elegance +of exterior shape, but, being all whitewashed or +of light-coloured stone, they form under the sun’s +rays a snowy, irregular mass, the outline of which +tells out effectively against a deep blue or a storm-grey +sky, and is here and there relieved by the green cocopalms +or the flags of the Sultan’s palace and the +different Consulates.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0282_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>ZANZIBAR HARBOUR FROM THE CONSULATE.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>This view at sunset becomes really beautiful. The +eastern sky is a sombre blue-grey, and the water of +the harbour reflects the same tint, unvaried in the +evening stillness by a ripple. The long headland of +dark green forest, which stretches out into the sea, +lends a deepening tone to the darkened water and sky, +and forms with them an effective foil, a neutral background +to the white tower and the mass of white +buildings which, turned towards the west, reflect on +their sympathetic surfaces the warm glow of the +sunset. In the daytime, under the blaze of a vertical +sun, these houses of Zanzibar are disagreeably dazzling, +but now, in this one quiet half-hour of the short evening, +they glow with a soft pink radiance, and their +tender blush-colour is heightened by its background +of strangely-coloured eastern sky which, first becoming +sombre blue with the sinking sun, for a brief while +grows green with jealousy of the west and partial +reflection of the sunset, and offers a complementary +contrast to the houses at their pinkest. Then, along +the shore, and on the blue bay, the shipping, turned +towards the warm light of evening, loses its blackness +and distinct outlines, and fuses into dusky brown, the +mazes of masts and rigging seeming to part with their +perspective and to stick together in one indistinct +mass. As the shadows deepen and the rose-tinted +houses fade into dull grey, the stages of the Sultan’s +tower are picked out with yellow lamps, and suddenly +from the summit gleams out in cold radiance a star of +more than first magnitude—Sayyid Barghash has +fitted up his clock-tower with the electric light.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Any one visiting Sir John Kirk at home will hardly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>have set foot in his house many hours without remarking +the arrival of an Indian gentleman in a suit of +white clothes of half Asiatic, half European cut, with +a magnificent gold-embroidered turban, a watch-chain, +a ring, and an umbrella. This is Pira Doji, incorrectly +known on board the mail steamers as “The Prime +Minister of Zanzibar.” He is really an astute Indian +trader, who by his capacity for business and exceptional +talents as a <i>raconteur</i>, has known how to obtain +a very large share of the “Sultan’s” confidence and +esteem. Pira Doji is a most useful man to Sayyid +Barghash. Without in reality attaining the position +of Prime Minister or Grand Vizier (the Sayyid has no +Ministers, and therefore rules cheaply), he has yet +become a sort of financial adviser to the Prince of +Zanzibar, and is at the same time head-waiter at +State dinners, man-of-business, negotiator in delicate +matrimonial affairs, and the picker-up and retailer +of all the town news. If Sayyid Barghash is mentioned +in the <i>Times</i>, Pira forthwith goes to the +“Sultan” with a copy of the passage scored round +with red chalk. If a European resident in Zanzibar +sprains his ankle, or beats his cook, the “Sultan” +likewise hears of it through the same source. Consequently +all new arrivals at the Consulate become +objects of interest to Pira, as likely to furnish “paragraphs” +for his princely gossip. If ever a “Society” +paper is founded in Zanzibar, it will have Pira Doji for +its editor.</p> + +<p class='c008'>His Highness Sayyid Barghash having then heard +of our arrival, and as much of our disposition, +antecedents, present intentions, and future plans as +Pira can glean from the Consul’s household, it becomes +incumbent on us to present ourselves, or get our +<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>Consul to present us, at one of the Sultan’s Friday +levées.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Drawn up before his tawdry palace (a ricketty +building of many storeys, of no style whatever, and +of execrable taste) is a smart-looking regiment of the +New Zanzibar army, the men in white uniform, with +red and yellow caps, and the officers in white trousers +and magnificently embroidered tunics. At their head +stands their organizer and Commander-in-Chief, General +Matthews, who gives the order to present arms as +the Consular party draws near. Then the Goanese +band strikes up “God save the Queen,” and we risk a +sunstroke by walking through the serried ranks of +soldiers with our helmets raised above our heads. +In the entry to the palace more guards, Persian and +Baluch, are assembled, and there are crowds of Arabs +in gala costumes. Preceded by a kind of Master of +the Ceremonies, we pass along corridors and apartments +furnished in the Neo-Oriental (bastard French) +style, and then ascend a strangely mean and poky +staircase covered with scraps of faded kamptulicon. +As we emerge on a small landing, coming up, as it +were, from a stage trap, a tall, portly Arab leans over +the stair-rail, and extends to each in turn a firm, +plump hand. It is Sayyid Barghash come to greet +his visitors half way; and though his cordial way of +taking you by the hand and hoisting you up is merely +a piece of formal courtesy, still it is of material assistance +to you in emerging from the trap-like staircase. +Preceded by the Sayyid, we are ushered into a long, +narrow reception-room of Arab shape but later French +decoration. Except for the fine Persian carpet which +goes the whole length of the apartment, there is little +to note that is pleasing to a critical eye. The furniture +<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>is red velvet and gilt wood. Round the walls +are ranged medley assemblages of kitchen clocks, +ormolu timepieces, aneroid barometers, thermometers, +anemometers, telescopes, opera-glasses, musical-boxes, +swords, spears, guns, pistols, toys of ingenious kinds, +photographic albums, photographs glazed and framed +and faded, and what not else. The upper end of the +room, where the “Sultan” ordinarily sits, has a +large mirror in the centre, and on either side of the +mirror is a full-length oil painting of Sayyid Barghash. +These two paintings are identical in every detail. +They were manufactured in Paris. The Sayyid had +a photograph taken of himself during his visit to +London. It was in a sitting posture. He sent it to +Paris with the order that it was to be enlarged standing, +and then converted into two oil paintings. The +Parisian artist, in no way at a loss, cut off the head +of the sitting Sultan and stuck it on to the decapitated +portrait of some Algerian Arab photographed erect. +The combination was enlarged, and in due time gave +rise to the two oil paintings in the palace at Zanzibar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sayyid Barghash bin Sa’id, the Prince of Zanzibar, +Pemba, and the Zangian coast, is a man of about +forty-five, as far as an Arab’s age may be guessed. +He is tall, somewhat corpulent, and not unhandsome. +Were it not that his face betrays the traces of a too +uxorious life, and that he has for some reason lately +cut off his moustache and trimmed his beard to resemble +an English tradesman’s, he might even be +called good-looking. His complexion is clear, his eyes +large and fine, though faded with excesses, and his +teeth white and perfect. The Sultan’s feet are just +of that ideal type that Sir Frederick Leighton loves +to paint, and which, until I saw them peeping from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>Sayyid Barghash’s sandals, I never believed to exist. +The feet and hands of the Sultan of Zanzibar are the +most beautifully formed I ever saw in a man, and he +is justly proud of them; but alas! his symmetry ends +at his ankles, for he is afflicted with elephantiasis—a +not uncommon disease in Zanzibar, and his limbs are +swollen and misshapen. Though he speaks no languages +but Arabic and Swahili, he is a better-read +man than many a contemporary Eastern Sovereign, +and even aspires to the honours of an author.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0330_fig11.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 11.—Zanzibar Orchids.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>One day four or five servants of the Sultan arrived +at the Consulate, bearing about a dozen volumes of a +work in Arabic. This was Part I. of a Digest of +Mohammedan Jurisprudence written by the Sultan, +and presented with his compliments to the British +<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>Agent. In conversation, +Sayyid Barghash is often +sprightly, and all that he +says is marked by intelligence +and good sense. He +is simple in his diction, +for an Arab, and sometimes +baffles verbose flatterers by +his curt replies. I may remind +my readers here of a +little incident commented on +at the time of the Sayyid’s +visit to England. At his +first meeting with Lord +Beaconsfield that statesman +thought to set him at his +ease by addressing him in +somewhat high-flown Oriental +parlance, and met him +with the enigmatic question, +“Which does your Highness +prefer, flowers or +jewels?” “I fail to see +any connection between +them,” replied Sayyid Barghash +in all simplicity.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0340_fig12.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 12.—Kigelia Africana.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>An interview with the +Ruler of Zanzibar, then, is +not of that <i>fade</i> character +which characterizes a ceremonial +visit to most Oriental +sovereigns. He poses +you with many shrewd questions, +and when the reception +<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>is over, the coffee and rose-sherbet drunk, and +the Sayyid hands you down the well-like staircase, +and you depart with the band playing “Rule +Britannia,” you feel that you have met a man who, +had he received anything like an education, and had +been trained by civilized ideas of morality to conceal, +if not to bridle, his unruly passions, would have +made no mean figure among the world’s rulers and +statesmen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Sayyid Barghash is the son of the last joint ruler of +Maskat and Zanzibar—Sayyid Sa’id. His mother was +an Abyssinian woman. He has nearly a hundred wives +and five or six children, one son only among them. He +is brother to the present Imam of Maskat. His income +is approximately 300,000<i>l.</i> a year, mostly derived from +Customs duties.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Zanzibar, the chief town of his dominions, known as +Unguja to the inhabitants, has a population of about +90,000. As regards trade it is the most flourishing +and important place in East Africa, and the value of +its exports exceeds at the present time 1,300,000<i>l.</i>, of +which ivory alone contributes 400,000<i>l.</i> The value of +the imports is about 1,000,000<i>l.</i>, and they chiefly consist +of cotton stuffs, kerosene oil, and rice. About +6,000 British subjects reside in the town, mostly Indians, +and in their hands lie the whole retail and most of the +wholesale trade.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span> +<img src='images/p0360_fig13.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 13.—A Street in Zanzibar.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The streets of Zanzibar are paved with a sort of +coral “ray,” sometimes cemented over, and are generally, +from the nature of their paving, clean and inodoriferous. +They are very narrow, and the houses in the Arab +quarters are lofty, so that you may walk about most of +the town in perfect shade. There are few really handsome +buildings externally, yet many of the portals to +the houses and mosques are gracefully designed in +Saracenic style. Considerable Persian influence is +evident in the +general architecture +and interior +decoration of +the mosques and +larger buildings, +and the Persian +pointed arch (different +in shape +from the Syrian +or the Moorish) +is constantly met +with. In fact, +to a student of +Saracenic architecture, +Zanzibar +and the Zangian +coast are very interesting, +as they +offer not only +buildings of great age, some of the mosques dating +back to the tenth century of our era, but of archaic +style, recalling most unmistakably the kind of architecture +met with in Saracenic monuments in Spain of +the same age, showing thus how universal with the +early Arab rule was that distinct architectural style +which they developed from the late Byzantine. Just +as there are words in Portuguese and Swahili<a id='r7'></a><a href='#f7' class='c017'><sup>[7]</sup></a> derived +<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>from a common Arabic origin, so the resemblance +between the architecture in Southern Portugal and +Spain with that of Zanzibar may be explained by recalling +the fact that the Iberian Peninsula and the +Zangian coast both formed at one time extremities of +Arab rule. While Zanzibar, however, resembles any +other Eastern city, and differs little in outward aspect +from Aleppo or Jaffa, yet the island to which it gives +its name is thoroughly tropical African in its virgin +state. The vegetation is rank and rich, and nearly +every genus of the tropical African flora is represented +among its plants. There are a few orchids, supposed +to be peculiar, and possibly one or two ferns. Many +trees have been introduced from India, and flourish in +a way that exceeds their development in the mother-country. +Magnificent mangoes are planted all over +the island, and the fruit they yield is justly celebrated +for its flavour of strawberries and cream. Of course +pine-apples, oranges, limes, and cocoanuts abound, and +fruit here may be had all the year round in constant +variety and great quantity. Many remarkable and +many very beautiful productions in African flora, though +by no means peculiar to this island, may be observed +and studied here with greater facility than on the mainland. +Of such are the magnificent blue <i>Clitorea</i>, the +extraordinary <i>Kigelia Africana</i>, the exquisitely lovely +<i>Hibiscus schizopetalus</i>, the <i>Crinum</i> lilies, and the +gorgeous-leaved Crotons. The zoology of Zanzibar is +purely African in its character, as far as it is yet known. +Being separated but a few miles from the mainland, its +birds and insects differ little, if at all, from the parent +fauna. It possesses, however, at least two species +(in common with its sister isle of Pemba) of peculiar +mammals, viz. the <i>Galago Zanzibariensis</i> (a kind of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>Lemuroid), and a handsome monkey, the <i>Colobus Kirkii</i>. +This latter, as its name indicates, was brought to light +by Sir John Kirk; it was also extinguished by his +means. Like most great men who have helped to +extend the British Empire, Sir John has one dark blot +on his escutcheon. Warren Hastings exterminated the +Rohillas, Governor Eyre was accused of too summarily +suppressing the Maroons; Sir John Kirk, more, perhaps, +in the interests of British science than of British rule, +has entirely destroyed an innocent species of monkey. +The <i>Colobus Kirkii</i> had disappeared from nearly every +part of the island of Zanzibar, but a rumour prevailed +that it still lingered in a clump of forest as yet unvisited +by hunters. Thither Sir John sent his <i>chasseurs</i> to +report on the monkey’s existence. After a week’s +absence they returned, triumph illumining their swarthy +lineaments. “Well, did you find them?” asked the +British Consul-General. “Yes,” replied the men with +glee, “and we killed them every one!” Wherewith +twelve monkey corpses were flung upon the floor, and +<i>Colobus Kirkii</i> joined the Dodo, the Auk, the Rhytina +and the Moa in the limbo of species extinguished by +the act of man.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0381_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>THE BAY OF MBWÉNI.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>When Sir John Kirk gets conscience-troubled, and +the <i>manes</i> of the avenging <i>Colobi</i> (as negroes would +believe) tamper with his health; when Zanzibar gets +stuffy and feverish, and the official routine tryingly +monotonous: he steals away, often on foot, to a little +paradise he has created among the groves of Mbwéni, +a tiny settlement on the coast of the island. Here he +lives a life that is to him ideally happy. He chats with +his tenants, who lead Arcadian lives of nothing to do +and plenty to eat; he wanders in a shooting-coat amid +the groves of coco-palms and the clumps of pandanus +<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>that border the sea; he photographs; and, above all, +he gardens. Here, among his Cycads and his Orchids, +his Ensetes and his Dracænas, spade in hand, a wide-awake +hat on his head, a rare flower in his button-hole, +and rustic contentment irradiating his face—here, amid +scenery which typifies a botanist’s paradise, Sir John +Kirk is emphatically At Home.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0390_fig15.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 15.—Colobus Kirkii.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER III.<br> <span class='c016'>THE START—MOMBASA TO TAITA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>After a month’s sojourn in Zanzibar, most agreeably +spent as the recipient of Sir John Kirk’s hospitality, +all my arrangements for commencing my expedition to +Kilima-njaro were completed. I had hired upwards of +thirty porters, most of them old <i>employés</i> of Mr. +Stanley’s on the Congo, and despatched them to Mombasa +in an Arab dau, while I followed in the mail-steamer +going north, accompanied by my personal +servant, a Tamil boy from Ceylon. I took leave of +Sir John Kirk with considerable regret one dark evening +after an unusually agreeable dinner-party, and +entered a little rowing-boat, which was to take me to +the steamer, with a feeling of such downheartedness +that my calmer reflections told me Zanzibar was likely +to prove my African Capua. After my own experience +I could realize now how previous explorers had been +unnerved and unfitted for the rough life of the wilderness +by the luxurious and easy-going life in Zanzibar. +Fortunately the steamer I was journeying in to Mombasa +was the same vessel which had brought me down +to Aden, so that I once more found myself among +friends. The night I left Sir John Kirk’s was stiflingly +hot, and the steamer was full of passengers—I shuddered +at passing the night in a poky cabin with three other +<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>inmates. The captain saw my hesitation, and offered +most kindly to rig up a cot for me on deck. I accepted +his proposal eagerly, forgetting the danger in it, of +which both of us were unaware. The steamer, according +to custom, would remain all night in Zanzibar +harbour, and leave at dawn. Now—and this is the +only reason I record this incident—there is no surer +way of getting a bad fever than to sleep in the open +air in a tropical port. The reasons for this are many +and would take up a great deal of time and space to +describe properly; I therefore confine myself to the +dogmatic assertion, which I here record in the interest +of such of my readers as may be proceeding to the +tropics, and are likely to be tempted to pass a quiet +night in harbour on the cool upper deck instead of in +their stuffy berths below. Sleep in the air as much as +you like at open sea, but never when you are lying +off shore in a port or land-locked bay. I paid the +penalty of this one night’s mistake in a very bad fever +which attacked me soon after I landed at Mombasa, +and left me horribly weak from its effects. Most fortunately, +in my hour of extremity, I had fallen among +friends. Captain Gissing, the Vice-Consul, was my +host, and not only quartered me and my baggage in +his Consulate, but also put up my thirty Zanzibar +followers, an act of kindness for which I fear he was +ill-rewarded by their noisy behaviour and continual +squabbles with the populace of the town. So kind was +Captain Gissing, that I was not made aware of this +till after my recovery, and I beg to thank him again +here for his considerate patience. The men were anything +but bad fellows, but I suppose, finding themselves +masterless with plenty to eat and nothing to do, they +waxed riotous. In the meantime, the Rev. Mr. Handford, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>of the Church Missionary Society, who had +brought me round in the crisis of my fever, carried me +off to his station of Frere Town on the mainland +(Mombasa is an island) to effect my convalescence, +which, so pleasant was the nursing bestowed on me +under his wife’s kind care, would have been quietly +enjoyable had I not continually worried myself about +my arrested work. However, my friends were not idle +while I lay in enforced inactivity, and the Revs. A. +Downes Shaw, of Kisolutini, and Thomas Wakefield, +of Jomvu, were both busily engaging porters for +my caravan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At length I was so far recovered as to resume my +preparations for departure, and I once more repaired +to Captain Gissing’s house to pack my vast quantity +of baggage into loads of a more or less uniform weight, +averaging fifty pounds apiece.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0421_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>MOMBASA.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>As yet Eastern Africa provides no other means of +porterage than human labour, and all goods and +chattels have to be carried on men’s heads and +shoulders. There are donkeys to be bought, it is true, +but they never seem to do well on long journeys, and +are in no way to be depended on; besides, at the time +when I was staying at Mombasa, asses were both dear +in price and poor in quality. Thirty of my men had +been, as already mentioned, engaged in Zanzibar, and +it would have been far better for the fortunes of my +caravan had I recruited all the porters of my expedition +at that place, for the men who frequent the capital +and emporium of the dominions of Sayyid Barghash +are of a better stamp than the worthless A-nika +and A-rabai that inhabit the vicinity of Mombasa. +Why this should be is a problem very difficult to solve, +and one not altogether unsurrounded by thorny questions. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>I am afraid that in recording my downright +bad opinion of the native carriers—many of them professing +Christians—which are to be found in the +vicinity of the English missionary stations near Mombasa, +I am giving pain to my very kind friends, the +missionaries who labour in those parts. I am sorry +for this, for I am aware, more than any one perhaps, +how thoroughly deserving of respect and support is +their unselfish work in those regions. But truth +must be told, and in the interests of travellers who +succeed me in these districts, I warn them never, if +they can help it, to engage porters at Mombasa. +Independently of all questions of religion—Mohammedan +and Christian alike—the inhabitants of the +Mombasa district are a thoroughly bad lot. It is +hopeless to win them by kindness, or infuse a spirit +of discipline by sternness. They are liars, cowards, +thieves, and drunkards. They were so when Krapf, +the earnest pioneer of Christian missions, first came +among them; they are so still, after nearly forty years +of evangelization. Why is it that men got from Zanzibar, +Pangani, Mozambique, or elsewhere, should be +so much superior? It must be some inherent fault in +the local race, because the few men whom I obtained +from the Mombasa missions that were <i>not</i> natives of +Mombasa, but had been trained in the mission schools, +turned out all that could be desired.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, being unaware of all this, I had already +vicariously engaged the bulk of my porters at Mombasa, +fearing to be disappointed at Zanzibar, as there +is often a paucity of caravan-men in that place, owing +to the constant demand. Even before I started for +the interior, the true character of the Mombasa men +began to dawn upon me, but I hesitated to take the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>extreme step of dismissing them and sending to Zanzibar +for others, because this would, firstly, be very +expensive, and secondly, for the reason that they were +only engaged for one month to transport my goods to +the mountain, and there leave me with my nucleus of +thirty Zanzibaris. Moreover, I was feverishly anxious +to leave Mombasa, feeling sure that I should never +shake off the effects of my illness till I left the unhealthy +coast; and without worrying myself about a +change of men, I had quite sufficient hindrance and +vexatious delay in the purchase and packing of the +necessary goods for sale and barter in the interior.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The great staple of East African trade and the +chief currency of all countries lying inland, is “merikani,” +or American sheeting. I had to purchase several +huge bales of this at Zanzibar and transport it to +Mombasa, there to be split up into loads of five gora +each. A “gora,” or “jora,” is about forty-two yards, +and in sheeting of medium quality, weighs 12 lbs., so +that each load of five gora weighed 60 lbs., and was a +fair burden for a single porter. There were many +other kinds of “cloth” (“cloth” becomes in Africa a +generic name for all dry goods) to be taken. “Kaniki,” +or indigo-dyed cotton; gaudy red handkerchiefs +from Manchester looms; “bandeira,” or Turkey-red; +“kikoi,” or handsomely bordered waistbands, fringed +every two yards; richly dyed stuffs from Western +India and the Persian Gulf, “maskati,” “dubhani,” +“sabhai,” &c. All these in common with the “merikani,” +had to be carefully divided into loads averaging +55 lbs. or 60 lbs.; each load counted and catalogued in +its amount to check the stealing of any of its contents, +and then finally sewn up in a peculiar kind of grass +matting, very strong, and almost impervious to rain. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>Next, the beads had to be considered. It was necessary +to take with the expedition different kinds and +colours, for in East Africa, as I remarked on the +River Congo, there are most varied and capricious +tastes to consult among the natives, and scarcely two +villages concur in their canons of taste. Thus, you +must take different sizes of blue bead, called by the +Wa-swahili <i>maji bahri</i>, or “sea-water,” for although an +entire tribe may affect one shade of blue in their bead +necklaces, yet each individual will have special opinion +as to the correct size of the bead. Then there are +large ruby-red beads and white ones, and tiny pink +and medium-sized black, and transparent blue. When +the beads are bought in sacks from the traders, they +are only threaded on rotten, worthless thread, and it +is impossible to trade with them before they have been +re-threaded securely. For this purpose you purchase +on the coast a stout twine, made, I fancy, from the +fibre of a Raphia palm, and then you set your men to +work to re-thread all the beads. This task, of course, +gives them immense opportunities for quiet pilfering, +for the beads in their eyes are almost like coinage; so +not only must you keep a sharp eye on the little groups +of four or five merry black men who are so blithely +slipping bead after bead along the yellow strings of +palm-fibre, but each man’s lot must be carefully +weighed before and after its transference from the old +thread to the new. Even with every precaution some +loss always takes place during the process, and a day +or two after this task is over you are surprised and +grieved to see one of your most trusted followers +reeling about the streets of the coast town, drunk on +the proceeds of the misappropriated beads.</p> + +<p class='c008'>If you are likely to travel through countries ranged +<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>over by the Masai, large coils of iron wire must be +taken, as these predatory people greatly value it, and +turn it to many useful ends in their simple manufactures. +Natives of all tribes in East Africa are also +fond of copper and brass wire of every thickness, the +very large sizes being coiled into bracelets or anklets, +and the finer sorts used with much ingenuity to ornament +gun-stocks, the hafts of knives, or the rods of +spears. Finally, to this already extensive list of goods +must be added a few sacks of cowries, barrels of trade +gunpowder, tin boxes of percussion-caps, looking-glasses, +large and small butchers’ knives, bells, mouse-traps, +and cheap musical instruments; while as presents +for chiefs of special importance, fancy articles have to +be taken, such as musical-boxes, accordions, guns of +superior make, playing-cards, fine snuff, and gaudy +picture-books. I was myself provided with a huge +roll of coloured plates from the <i>Graphic</i> and other +illustrated papers, which I found made a most satisfactory +impression on chiefs of an æsthetic turn of mind, +already cloyed with the cloth, beads, and brass wire +of the ordinary trader. When all these wares had +been selected, assorted, and packed, I had further to +add to our encumbrances by purchases of food for +myself and the men, as the country through which +our journey lay was almost uninhabited and devoid of +cultivation. For myself I added crates of potatoes +and onions, and a dozen live fowls to my precious +stock of preserved provisions; while for the men, large +quantities of Indian corn and beans were bought. +How easily fed these Swahili porters are! What other +race would be content to trudge twenty miles a day +with a burden of sixty pounds, and be regaled on +nothing but maize and beans?</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span> +<img src='images/p0470_fig17.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 17.—The Shaws’ House, Kisolutini—the first Mission Station in East Africa.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>At length all my arrangements were finished. The +men had received and spent their advanced wages, and +had sobered down after the drunken spree by which +they nearly always inaugurate a journey into the +interior. I myself was ready and anxious to be off. +I longed for the bracing air of the inland plateaux to +dispel the weakening fever from which I suffered, and +gladly stepped into Captain Gissing’s pretty skiff, in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>which the first stage of the journey might be made, +for several tidal creeks extend inland from Mombasa +for a distance of nearly twenty miles. My men journeyed +by land, and we all met again in the vicinity of +the mission station of Rabai. After one night spent +with Mr. and Mrs. Wakefield at Jomvu, and a pleasant +rest with the Shaws at Kisolutini, I was at length +launched alone into the wilderness, rather relieved than +otherwise at my unaccustomed solitude. My party +consisted of one hundred and twenty men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first day’s tramp into the interior was very +trying. Owing to the scarcity of water, I had resolved +to make a long march to a place called Gora, at a distance +of about thirty miles from my starting point. I +gave my caravan a little start ahead of me, and followed +leisurely in a hammock, feeling at first too weak from +fever to be able to go on foot. In fact, what with +anterior weakness and a blazing sun, I felt in such a +stupid condition that I hoped, during the first day of +my travels, to be allowed to journey peacefully without +undue exercise of energy. But it was not to be, and +perhaps fortunately so, since there is nothing that +dispels the languidness of fever so speedily as the +necessity for vigorous action. After some hours’ easy +jog-trot in my net-hammock, I came up with the bulk +of my caravan, and found all the men reclining in the +pleasant shade of a leafy wood. The Zanzibaris rose +somewhat apologetically, and with a show of respect, +but the men of Rabai and Mombasa merely looked at +me with stolid unconcern, and several yawned unrestrainedly +in my face when I questioned them as +to the cause of this prolonged halt. The head-man of +these Christian—save the mark!—porters then informed +me that his men considered the walk to Gora +<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>too long to be undertaken in a day, and had chosen +this pleasant spot to repose in during the sultry hours. +I called on the laggards to take up their burdens and +go on; I maintained that I alone had the power to +order a halt; that the morning was still fresh, and +that if we rested now we should never reach the +water-place by nightfall—in vain, I was only met with +sullen looks and murmurs of dissent.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Now was the crisis in which my authority was to be +asserted or for ever to be subordinated to the men’s caprices. +The Zanzibaris were waiting to see how I should +act, and would gauge my disposition by the way in which +I met my first difficulties. In fact, the scene in which +this conflict of wills took place was not ill-disposed for +effect. A slight depression or basin was sunk in the +centre of the clearing, in which the dissentient porters +and their loads were grouped, and around ran an +amphitheatre-like rise of ground, whereon stood a file +of Zanzibaris awaiting the outcome of our dispute +before taking sides. No longer addressing an indiscriminate +crowd, I called on one man to pick up his +burden and take the road. He promptly and curtly +refused, and as quickly my Indian servant had him by +the heels, whilst I soundly trounced him with his own +walking-stick. This was quite a sufficient display of +force. Whilst the recalcitrant porter was still screaming +abjectly for pardon, and I was still gravely counting +the strokes of the wand—eight!—nine!—ten!—eleven!—the +other men had hoisted their loads on +their bullet-heads, and were falling into file along the +narrow path, leaving my servant and myself alone with +the victim of our wrath. The very hammock-men +had disappeared, and hurried forward in an excess of +zeal. But I was almost independent of them now. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>The temporary burst of just anger not only brought +a flush of colour to my pallid face, but seemed to +restore strength to my limbs, and I strode on now by +the side of the caravan, exhorting and encouraging the +men till we had all regained our good humour, and +even the scapegoat himself emerged from sulky silence, +and gave a half-humorous, half-dolorous account of his +beating to the men walking near him.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I had now a little leisure to observe the character of +the scenery through which we were passing. There were +no hills at present in sight, and the view was bounded +by the scrub and stunted trees which closed up round +the narrow path. Nevertheless, the want of landscape +beauty was atoned for by the vivid glory of the wild +flowers, which now, at the close of the rainy season, +were in perfection of bloom. That beautiful genus +<i>Commelyna</i> (a monocotyledonous plant allied distantly +to the spider-worts) gave us species with pale blue, +ultramarine, and citron-yellow blossoms. I marvel +that the <i>Commelynæ</i>, commonest of African flowers, +have never been introduced by European floriculturists. +Under cultivation they ought to yield beautiful displays +of colour, and, as many species grow on the flanks of +Mount Kilima-njaro in an English temperature, there +is no reason why they should not supplant the lobelia +in our garden borders, and yield a vivid sheet of rich +blue blossoms far surpassing the feeble flowerets of the +last-mentioned plant. Many other wild flowers make +themselves noticeable by their abundance and beauty +in this district between Gora and Rabai, which lies +at about thirty to forty miles from the coast, and +receives more rain and humidity from the not far +distant Indian Ocean than the sterile steppes further +westward. Great, tall, terrestrial orchids of the <i>Lisso-chilus</i> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>genus border the pathway, and display their +graceful heads of blossoms, which are mauve, or +bright yellow, or yellow and purple, according to the +species. Then there are spotted-leaved aloes, with +sprays of waxy-pink flowers, great prickly candelabra +euphorbias, with tiny green inflorescence, and other +smaller euphorbias with large, weird flowers of a dull, +dead purple-brown. White and blue clitoreas trail +over harsher shrubs, and enliven the grey-green bush +with tender colour. <i>Crinum</i> lilies are lavish in +squandered bloom, and the air is fragrant with a thousand +odours, to which the flowers of acacias, climbing +jessamines, and corissas powerfully contribute.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We reached Gora that night by the light of the +moon, but as my tardy porters had lagged behind, I +arrived at the camping-place without tent, bed, or +provisions, and not only had to lie down to sleep supperless, +but blanketless; and, as the night air was +unusually chilly, my health was not improved by these +privations. The next day we fortunately had but a +march of sixteen miles to accomplish; nevertheless +the men went very badly. We stopped in the morning +at Samburu, a pleasant place, with once-cultivated +plantations run wild. Here there was indifferent +water in clefts in the rocks, and we set to work to +prepare our midday meal. We waited for the laggards +of the caravan until four o’clock, and then, too impatient +to delay any longer, I took advantage of the cool +afternoon and limped on to my next camping-place. +By midnight all were at length reassembled, but I +resolved in future, if it were only to avoid anxiety, to +walk behind instead of before the caravan, and not to +pass any one on the road; thus, I should always arrive +simultaneously with my baggage. The following day +<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>I put this plan into operation, but its first results +were not encouraging. About every half-hour the +Rabai men would put down their burdens and compose +themselves for a nap in the shade. As these +intermittent siestas greatly deranged the uniform +progress of the caravan, I objected, preferring to rest +unanimously every two hours, but walk uninterruptedly +whilst on the march. As the Rabai men were, however, +of a different opinion, I now began to meet at +every turn of the path a man’s load without a man, +and on inquiry was told that its whilom bearer had +decamped into the bush. Last of all I counted nearly +a dozen of such abandoned burdens, and sat down +desperate by the wayside, not knowing what course to +pursue. However, my Zanzibar men stood by me like +trumps, and many of them carried extra loads, and so +brought all the things to our next camping-place at +Ziwani.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Here we arrived at about dusk, although there +was scarcely any ending to the daylight, for we were +favoured with a brilliant moon. I now was able +to review my men and rearrange the loads so that all +the things might be carried on the morrow. I retired +at last to my tent, thoroughly exhausted, both with +physical fatigue and mental anxiety. Throwing myself, +or rather involuntarily tumbling, on my bed, I +felt I was fainting, and just roused my energies sufficiently +to ask my servant to open my wine-case and +get me out some champagne. When a bottle of Moët +and Chandon had been uncorked, and a tumblerful +(alas for the delicate champagne-glass, I had it not!) +drunk, an effect as magical as that of the “hashish” +given by the Sheikh of the Mountain to his deluded +followers was produced. Before the foaming draught +<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>had passed my lips I was a poor, despondent creature +of the earth, earthy, and tied to the base soil by +physical fatigue and mental prostration; but no +sooner had the sparkling wine entered my system +than I was transfigured, transformed. My fever-dried +skin broke out into grateful perspiration, the fitful +pulse resumed a brisk and regular beat—no fainting +now. I felt ready to march anywhere, and my +blistered and ulcerated feet pained me no more. I +ate my evening meal in a sort of tranquil ecstasy, and +afterwards undressed dreamily, and steeped all my +cares in the Lethe of sleep. And a cupful of champagne +on an empty stomach had sufficed to work this +happy change!</p> + +<p class='c008'>In case there are some of my readers whom this +rhapsody (copied almost word for word from my +diary) may offend, let them understand that I am +singing the praises of champagne as a <i>medicine</i>, not +as a customary drink. No one can inveigh more +strenuously than I against the daily or even frequent +use of alcoholic drinks in a hot climate. I believe that +in Africa, as a general rule, and under ordinary circumstances, +a man may with benefit to himself abstain +<i>totally</i> from the use of wine, beer, or spirits. But, +for the very reason that he rarely indulges in strong +drink, when he does find himself in a state of physical +or mental prostration, especially ensuing from attacks +of fever, there is no more certain tonic than a little +<i>good</i> champagne. I have seen cases in Africa, East +and West, where a cupful of champagne administered +at an apparently hopeless juncture has snatched a +man from a sinking condition, and brought him back +to life. I only took a dozen of champagne—and no +other wine—with me to Kilima-njaro, and of this +<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>dozen eleven bottles were consumed at various crises +in my adventures, when I felt my physical strength +deserting me. Somehow the very knowledge that +you have such a stimulant at hand braces your nerves +with mental confidence, and the happy faith in its +sovereign efficacy inspires you with a cheering belief +that Death himself will flee before a goblet of +champagne.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The name of our last camping-place, “Ziwani,” had +a pleasant sound to the thirsty traveller, for translated +into English it means “By the pool,” and would consequently +suggest the close proximity of water. But, +except under favourable conditions, this is not the case +at the spot in question, and, as it happened, Taru, a +day’s journey from Ziwani, was the last place where +we had been able to replenish our gourds and bottles. +In consequence of such dearth of water it was necessary +that the distance between Ziwani and Maungu (the +next watering-place) should be covered in a day, and +as this was thirty-two miles it meant a forced march +of thirteen hours. My men had willingly allowed me +to ignore the disagreeable necessity, fearing that I +might, as I certainly should have done, force them to +break the distance between Ziwani and Maungu by a +night march—a thing they much detested, even when +performed by the light of a full moon, having, like +most Africans, a superstitious fear of night. But being +themselves conscious of the long stretch of waterless +country they had to traverse before reaching the mountains +of Maungu, they, for once, were eager and ready +to start before their leader’s call, and consequently +when I awoke from that delicious dreamless sleep +caused by the timely draught of champagne, I found +myself almost alone, while a strange and unwonted +<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>silence pervaded the camp. The head-man of the +caravan was squatted outside the tent patiently awaiting +my awakening. The Indian servant and the senior +cook were busily preparing breakfast, while just sufficient +men remained behind to carry my tent, bed, and cooking +apparatus.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Learning the cause of my porters’ disappearance, +and far from disapproving such unaccustomed and +unprompted activity, I hastily dressed, swallowed +my breakfast, and also prepared myself for the long +journey that lay before us. The bright slanting +beams of an hour-old sun lit up the landscape so cheerfully +that the purpose of covering thirty-two miles by +nightfall seemed both feasible and easy of accomplishment. +The air was fresh and buoyant, and either my +potion of the night before or the change from the hothouse +atmosphere of the coast to a more bracing +climate had brought back strength to my limbs and +courage to my heart, for I stepped out along the red +path at three miles an hour and enjoyed the exercise. +This rate of progress soon brought me up to the rearguard +of those who had started with the earliest dawn, +but whose energy had waned after two or three hours’ +hard tramp. Already, with stupid resignation, many +were stretching themselves by the wayside, having first, +to satisfy a moderate thirst, consumed in several gulps +the remainder of the drinking-water which was to +carry them through the day; and, this finished, they +were prepared to lie down in utter hopelessness, feeling +themselves unequal to the task of walking twenty-five +miles to the next water-supply or twenty-five miles +back to the last.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I should parenthetically remark that these East +Coast porters, like most Africans, are utterly without +<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>prevision, and so long as they can satisfy the desire of +the moment care little to provide for future wants as +yet unfelt. On long journeys, where there is no water +on the road, you will experience the greater difficulty +in preventing your men dropping and dying of thirst, +because, although they may have started with an ample +supply of drinking-water in their gourds—quite sufficient +for the time required if carefully measured out—yet, +in spite of warning and prohibition, they will +squander the precious fluid, quench every slight attack +of thirst, and consume it all in a few hours; then, +during the long waterless tramp which ensues, they will +wring your heart with the sight of their sufferings, and +stagger along the dusty path with dry, swollen tongues, +parched lips, and bloodshot eyes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So it was on this terrible journey to Maungu. +Towards midday, when the noon blazed in fierce +white heat, when the sky was so hot and scintillating +that it was devoid of all colour and shone like a +silver shield, when the short, scrubby mimosas gave +no sheltering shade under their thorny boughs, when +escape from the overpowering dazzling sunshine was +impossible, and the baked and heated soil seemed to +burn the soles of my boots, and made the men who +were still plodding on pick up their feet like the proverbial +dancing bear—then I began to doubt whether +my party would reach Maungu intact, for now it +was useless to battle with the sullen sluggishness of +many of the porters, who preferred lying in the road +exposed to hard words and blows rather than toiling +patiently and uninterruptedly on in the direction of +water and permissible repose. So in sheer despair I +left them to lie wherever they threw themselves, accepting +in lieu of any other consolation their assurance +<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>that they would follow on in the cooler hours of the +day. Now, even, it became with myself a desperate +rush to reach the water-supply before I should suffer +painfully from thirst. An examination of my own store +of the precious liquid had revealed the appalling fact +that not one drop remained, and the man who had been +carrying my bottles and calabash confessed to having +assisted in its disappearance. This was a serious +matter; thumping the man did nothing towards allaying +my increasing thirst. All that could be done was to +journey on patiently but unremittingly in the direction +of Maungu. There was no time to prepare food in the +middle of the day: I pulled out a tin of hare soup from +my provision box, opened it, and drank the undiluted +liquor. The unfinished bottle of champagne was +divided and consumed by myself and my patient Tamil +servant, lending a factitious strength to our tired, overheated +bodies, and so far buoying up our spirits that +we strode on past man after man until we were well +ahead of the caravan.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Soon, however, I needed to rest more and more +frequently, stopping at last to pause and pant in +every patch of thin shade. Then my Tamil boy +and the head-collector proposed that they should go +on alone and return to meet me as soon as water +was found. This I acceded to, and so was left +completely alone. In this condition, hobbling along +painfully, resting continually, and with foolish persistency +painting, to my thirsting imagination, vivid +pictures of cooling draughts, I toiled through the sultry +afternoon, persisting doggedly in my determination not +to give in till I was within measurable distance from +water. Sometimes I did give way—stretched myself +languidly under the faint patchwork of shade that +<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>some meagre bush afforded, and lay there during some +minutes, vainly trying to moisten my dried lips with +my parched tongue, and hoping that with the approach +of night and its dewy coolness I might overcome this +raging thirst. Then the little lithe lizards would come +and look at me with their heads on one side, and their +bright eyes scanning me half-mockingly; an irate ant +would nip my hot hand, which I had abandoned as if it +no longer belonged to me, and carelessly placed on an +unconsidered ant-hill, till at length, weary of my unrestful +repose, I would stagger to my feet, and limp +on for a few minutes in agony, as you always do when +you have given blistered feet a brief rest and then +commence walking again.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I will spare you a further recital of these very +ordinary, everyday African sufferings, so interesting +to me to ponder over now that I am writing about +them in England, where thirst is almost desirable +from the many pleasant ways there are of quenching +it. I will suppose that I have stumbled over +a rocky path in the waning daylight, toiled on the +last dreary miles of the journey under a rising +moon, and at length found myself amid a strange +thicket of thorny trees and weird euphorbias at the +base of the hill of Maungu. In the camping-place +where most caravans stop, I see a small fire burning, +a man sitting, and a man lying down. The former is +one of my natural history collectors and the other my +Indian servant, Virapan, who has fainted. I question +the collector, a man called Athmani, and he tells me +the water lies in a cup-shaped basin at the summit of +the hill (which is nearly 5000 feet high), and that his +companion and helpmate, Mabruki, has gone to get +some. Fancy when you have walked thirty-two miles +<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>for a drink finding your cistern lies some three or four +thousand feet above you!</p> + +<p class='c008'>With what amount of patience I should have awaited +the return of the water-carrier I do not know, but +just at this juncture one of my porters arrived, and +threw down his burden with a weary sigh. I remembered +with joy the contents of the lumpy sack he +bore, and rapidly untying its mouth took from it +several cocoanuts. Filling a gourd with their milk, I +was able to assuage the thirst of myself and my +servant, who had returned to consciousness, and we +then passed with equanimity the half-hour that elapsed +before Mabruki came back from his quest among the +rocks of Maungu, bearing gourds full of delicious +water, clear and cool.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At this camping-place we remained until the +afternoon of the next day, awaiting the coming in +of all the laggards; but my patience was at last +overtaxed, and I resolved to go on with a few +followers to Ndara, the next camping-spot, where +we should be in an inhabited country, and with +pleasanter surroundings, for the vegetation in the +vicinity of Maungu was singularly forbidding and +ugly, suggesting some enchanted forest, and, moreover, +the water-supply proved scanty and difficult of access. +I left my head-man and a few followers to search for +the missing men, and walked on to Ndara through +the moonlight, stopping to sleep for a few hours +before dawn. In the early morning we began to +ascend and cross a rocky ridge, and on surmounting +it looked out westward over the plains or mountain +plateaux of Taita. Here our sight was gladdened by +clumps of really green and shady trees, and we were +further delighted by the first signs of evident cultivation. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>Further on we met some natives, ugly, nearly +naked, and very black, with huge rings of beads in +their wide-lobed ears, and greeting them with effusive +friendliness we induced them to follow us to our +camp with a few eatables (sweet potatoes and corn-cobs +principally), feeling in our delight at once more +reaching habitable country an amiable desire to be on +the best of terms with its inmates. We pitched the +tent at the foot of Ndara Hill, near a pool of dirty +water, whither large flocks of cattle came to drink.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In this not unpicturesque country of rocks and +forest trees and lovely wild flowers I stayed during +two days, and at last collected my caravan round me. +Maungu was very nearly being a Moscow to my little +army, but ultimately there was small loss in either +men or goods. Some two or three porters had run +back to the coast, leaving their burdens behind, while +two miscreants who carried a case of spirit for preserving +natural history specimens, had broached and +drunk the alcohol, and, strange to say, still survived +this extraordinary bout.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Before I leave Ndara, therefore, I may take this +opportunity of describing, somewhat in detail, the +men who were following me to the steeps of Kilima-njaro, +and on whose fidelity the fate of the expedition +entirely depended. The head-man of the entire +caravan was Kiongwe, a pleasant-spoken, rather +plain young man of about thirty, who had served +much on the Congo, and had accompanied Stanley +thither in his first expedition, in proof of which he +wore a massive silver ring. Kiongwe (whose name +meant in Swahili a “headstrong jackass,” and who +was therefore politely called by his inferiors “Shaongwe” +in order that his name might not be too +<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>closely interpreted) was good-tempered, respectful, +and fairly brave, but could not always be trusted with +property, as he felt now and then an irresistible +temptation to appropriate a little of his master’s cloth +and beads. However, he made a good head-man, for +if lenient to his own occasional dishonesty he watched +well that no one else robbed me. The second in command +was Abdallah, another old Congo traveller, and +a learned Arab scribe. Excelling Kiongwe in politeness +and suavity of demeanour, he also erred somewhat +as regards strict honesty, but was on the whole +a very good fellow. His manners and mode of life +were quite fastidiously gentlemanly, and his person +was always, and under every circumstance, clean and +sprucely apparelled. Without being in the least religious +he had a gusto for prayers, and all his leisure +moments were employed in the rapid and glib recital +of the Koran. I once asked him what would be his +ideal mode of life. “Kusoma Muungu, sikuzote”—“To +be always praying to God,” he replied, with the +faintest hypocritical tone of self-satisfaction in his +voice.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span> +<img src='images/p0620_fig18.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 18.—Virapan, my Tamil Servant.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Then in order of precedence came Mabruki and +Athmani, two natural history collectors, men who, by +accompanying several preceding African travellers, +had acquired a rough knowledge of preparing specimens. +The further history of these two gentlemen +will be disclosed as this narrative proceeds. My two +cooks deserve a word of mention. Faraji, the elder, +was a busy old man of the Yao tribe, who had accompanied +Cameron across Africa and further served a +three-years’ term on the Congo. He was the strongest +man in the caravan, and his only fault was a somewhat +large style of housekeeping, by which himself and his +colleagues were amply fed out of the remains of my +dinner. Cephas, the junior cook, often called Cephassi +by the soft-tongued Zanzibaris, was originally a freed +Nyassa slave. Educated at the Nassick Mission, +near Bombay, he had been taught to cook in a way +that generally procured him good situations. He had +visited England and there acquired certain useful +expletives which served him as augmentative, diminutive, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>intensifying, and modifying adverbs, and lent +great expression to his simple English. Beneath the +rank of the men already cited, whose wages were +specially fixed, came a troop of Zanzibaris on their +promotion, who received a uniform rate of five dollars +a month. Among these, however, I had noticed +already several as good servants or cheerful, conscientious +men—Ibrahim and Kadu Stanley, especially. +Ibrahim was nick-named “Mčekesaji,” a word which +you will find translated in Steere’s dictionary “a +merry, laughing body.” Kadu Stanley was remarkable +as having been an old servant of Stanley, to +whom he had been given by Mtesa, King of Buganda. +After the Zanzibaris came a herd of Rabai and Mombasa +men, solely remarkable for their hopelessly bad +disposition and for the quaint combination of Christian +and heathen names they assumed. I had only engaged +them to carry the bulk of my goods to Kilima-njaro, +and when we had attained that goal I took leave of +them without regret.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER IV.<br> <span class='c016'>TAITA TO KILIMA-NJARO.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Having once more reassembled the men, rearranged +the burdens, and left behind what we could not carry +in the kind charge of a missionary who was temporarily +residing on the summit of Ndara Hill, we +started on a day’s journey to Mwatate, passing through +dense thorny bush, rocky defiles, and dried-up stream +courses, and finally reaching, to my joy, the first +channel of running water we had met with since leaving +the vicinity of the coast. The ground along its +banks had been cleared and cultivated; we crossed the +stream on a rickety wooden bridge, and passed up +through fields of maize and brakes of sugar-cane to +our camping-place, under an umbrageous tree. Here +pleasant-mannered natives greeted us; we paid the +small present demanded as an indemnity for passing +through their country and drinking “their” water, +and then enjoyed a welcome rest amid surroundings of +quiet beauty. The next day we were travelling through +a Swiss-like country of mountain passes and richly +fertile valleys, and at length came to Bura, a camping-place +at the foot of the strangely peaked mountains of +that name. Here we were nearly having a skirmish +with the natives, who demanded an exorbitant payment +for the right of drinking from their river. However, +a resolute attitude on our part preserved the +peace, and we were soon on excellent terms with the +Wa-taita, buying fowls, maize, and honey at a great +rate. On the morrow we skirted the little river of +Bura for a few miles, and then, reluctantly leaving its +belt of rich, majestic forest, plunged resolutely into +the waterless wilderness which separated us from the +base of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0642_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>ANTELOPES AND ANT HILLS (THE RED HARTEBEEST).<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>Although the journey before us was a far longer +one than that terrible march to Maungu, it was, +nevertheless, marked by no sufferings from fatigue +and thirst, for I had the men now well in hand, +and was careful to ascertain that no one had +started without a due supply of water. The country +we passed through was indeed a wilderness, but yet +rather parklike in its aspect. There was an entire +absence of undergrowth, and tallish trees with cedar-like +crowns rose at regular intervals, looking, in their +uniformity of unvarying red trunks and bright green +compact foliage, like an unskilfully painted landscape. +Other noticeable features in the scene were the tall +red ant-hills and, strange imitation, the tall red antelopes, +a species of hartebeest,<a id='r8'></a><a href='#f8' class='c017'><sup>[8]</sup></a> resembling faintly in +shape the form of a giraffe with sloping hind-quarters, +high shoulders, and long neck. Being a deep red-brown +in colour, and standing one by one stock-still +at the approach of the caravan, it was really most +difficult and puzzling sometimes to know which was +hartebeest and which was ant-hill; for the long grass +hiding the antelope’s legs left merely a red-humped +mass, which, until it moved, might well be the mound +of red earth constructed by the white termites. The +<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>unconscious mimicry was rendered the more ludicrously +exact sometimes by the sharply-pointed, flag-like +leaves of a kind of squill—a liliaceous plant—which +frequently crowned the summit of the ant-hill, +or grew at its base, thus suggesting the horns of an +antelope, rather with the head erect, or browsing low +down. The assimilation cannot have been fancied on +my part, for it deceived even the sharp eyes of my +men; and again and again a hartebeest would start +into motion at twenty yards distance and gallop off, +while I was patiently stalking an ant-hill, and crawling +on my stomach through thorns and aloes, only to find +the supposed antelope an irregular mass of red clay.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span> +<img src='images/p0670_ill1.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0670_fig20.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 20.—Zebras.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The great plain which lies between the country of +Taita and the eastern base of Kilima-njaro swarms +with game, especially where the land slopes gently +towards Lake ǰipe, which may be descried to the +southward as a narrow slit of silvery white lying +between a band of dull green forest and the purple +wall of the Ugweno Mountains. As we marched along +herds of hartebeest, gnu, eland, and buffalo defiled +before us, wending their way slowly along their own +beaten tracks to the accustomed drinking-place, where, +poor fools, some of them were sure to lose their lives, +for, lying in ambush in the forest tunnel, down which +the thirsty creatures rush to the water, would be either +lions, leopards, or human hunters, armed with poisoned +arrow and broad-bladed spear. But however much a +keen desire to drink might blind them to danger when +they are near their goal, they were wary enough now, +and their sentinels kept a sharp look-out on our +movements; only the giddy zebras—most inquisitive +of animals—risked their lives by galloping up to inspect +the passing caravan. The sight of all this game was +potent enough to stir a hunting impulse in the soul of +the most jaded traveller; and although I found it hard +enough to plod along the dusty track in the rear of +the caravan, and avoid the impulse to cast myself down +and rest in every patch of sparsely scattered shade, +still I did every now and then make a sally at some +wondering antelope that stood in the distance staring, +snorting, and occasionally stamping petulantly with +its fore-feet at the strange, inexplicable, snake-like line +of white-vestured men slowly winding over the plain. +But my attempts at stalking, and my snap-shots were +too impatient and hurried to meet with any definite +<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>success. The fact is, in African travel, it is not easy +to combine the accomplishment of twenty or thirty +miles walked every day on foot, with the exploits of +the chase, especially when haunted by the knowledge +that every minute’s delay that separates you from your +water-supply is dangerous. You leave the road just +to stalk a group of zebras grazing not more than two +hundred yards off, and you think if you can only creep +up to that ant-hill and hide behind it, you will get a +splendidly easy shot. Well, the ant-hill is reached, but +the zebras have moved off a little farther, and now there +is a stumpy mimosa-tree between you and your aim. +However, it is a matter of a few paces to crawl up +to it and fire from behind its branches. You reach +the tree, and just as you are going to raise your gun +you crack a dead twig, and the zebras move and trot +off some distance farther. Now it is too long a shot +to risk, but as the game is grazing peacefully and +unsuspiciously again, you may just as well creep up a +little nearer and then fire. So you go down on allfours +in the grass, and crawl along, putting your +hands invariably down on cruel thorns or sharp twigs +every time they touch the ground; your back aches +with the snake-like posture you assume, and when at +length you cautiously raise your head above the grass +and dare to look frankly before you, you find the +zebras have moved on again, and you either crawl +after them, infatuated with the love of hunting, or in +desperation foolishly fire your gun at a distant speck, +and of course miss, when all that remains of the animals +you have stalked is a light cloud of red dust hanging +in the hot air. And now you become fully conscious +of how foolish you have been to leave the caravan. +How hot the sun is! And your blistered feet ache as +<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>you limp back through the stubbly grass to find the +track once more, of course tripping up a dozen times +over unseen stumps and stones, and finally reaching the +road to see your caravan represented by a few white +specks in the extreme distance, these white specks now +hurrying on with aggravated speed, just as if they +knew you were limping painfully after them, and +wished to pay you out for the many times when, they +being tired and halting, you, burdenless and fresh, +had remorselessly driven them on. And so with many +sensible reasons you vow that nothing shall tempt you +from the road again, for, even supposing you killed +anything, can you stop the caravan for many hours +while the meat is cooked and the skin cured? Of +course not, why—and here you interrupt these reflections +by exclaiming excitedly to your servant, “Oh, +look here; I can’t stand this. Give me my gun—sh! +don’t you see that sable antelope—<i>there!</i> standing +under the shade of the big tree;” and so hurriedly +taking aim you fire, and +oh! joy, the antelope falls, +evidently wounded, but, +alas! not to the death, +for it is up and off again +before your next shot can +finish the work, and like +an idiot, you forget your +sore feet and fatigue, and +go racing after it over +stocks and stones till once +more you find it is in vain +to combine the cares of a marching caravan and the +pleasures of the chase.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0690_fig21.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 21.<br> <br> Sable Antelope.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The expedition had been toiling on across the hot +<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>plains of Lanjora through the sultry afternoon, and +now towards evening stopped to lay down its many +burdens amid the dusty tufts of scorched grass round +the base of a great mimosa-tree. Only one hour might +we rest, for water lay two days behind us and one +long day’s journey in front, and we intended but to +stretch our tired legs on the lumpy soil until the +obscurity prevailing after sunset was dispelled by the +uprising of the full moon. Then beneath her cooler +rays we should journey on towards our goal for half +the night, and so be spared a longer walk through the +heat of the morrow’s sun. The day had been sultry, +and, though the rainy season was over, the western +sky was a mass of lurid clouds, which in one part of +the horizon were particularly dark and concentrated. +I knew what caused this, and what object these cloud-masses +were jealously concealing like the courtiers and +officials who surround the person of some Eastern +emperor; and I, who had journeyed many weary miles +to see the greatest snow-capped mountain of Central +Africa, impatiently longed for some giant broom to +clear the sky of those heavy mists and vapours which +now hid him from my gaze.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Slowly a globe of yellow-white rose in the east and +mounted into the clouds, from whence a softened light +descended, and showed the track across the plain +winding away like a crooked snake towards the west. +With many an impatient sigh and grunt the weary +men took up their burdens, and I, no less tired, but +compelled to show my porters an encouraging example, +staggered on to my blistered feet and limped along in +front of the caravan, which, once more on the move, +jogged on with little heart till midnight. Then we +could no more; so, making fires to keep off the wild +beasts, we stopped to rest till dawn. With the falling +temperature of the small hours, a brisk wind arose +from the heated plain and swept the clouds from off +the sky, all except the mass that obstinately clung to +Kilima-njaro. Feverish and over-tired, I could not +sleep, and sat and watched the heavens, waiting for +the dawn. A hundred men were snoring around me, +and the night was anything but silent, for the hyenas +were laughing hideously in the gloom outside our +circle of expiring embers. At five o’clock I woke my +servant Virapan, and whilst he was making my morning +coffee I dropped into a doze, from which, at +dawn, he roused me, and pointed to the horizon, +where, in the north-west, a strange sight was to be +seen. “Laputa!” I exclaimed; and as Virapan, +though he had read “Robinson Crusoe” and the +“Arabian Nights” in his native tongue, had never +heard of “Gulliver’s Travels,” I proceeded to enlighten +him as to the famous suspended island of Swift’s +imagining, and explained my exclamation by pointing +to the now visible Kilima-njaro, which, with its two +peaks of Kibó and Kimawenzi and the parent mass of +mountain, rose high above a level line of cloud, and +thus, completely severed in appearance from the earth +beneath, resembled so strangely the magnetic island +of Laputa.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p0702_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>THE FIRST VIEW OF KILIMA-NJARO.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>Kilima-njaro was weird in the early flush of dawn, +with its snowy crater faintly pink against a sky of +deep blue-grey, wherein the pale and faded moon was +sinking, and the stars were just discernible; but as +the stronger light of perfect day prevailed, and the +clouds which concealed the base of the mountain disappeared, +its appearance was disappointing. Owing +to an atmospheric illusion Kilima-njaro, which was in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>reality about forty miles distant, appeared to rise from +the plain just beyond a distant clump of trees, and its +greater peak of snow, so distinctly crater-like in form, +together with the lesser and more jagged Kimawenzi, +were as hard and commonplace in look as the cheap +Italian water-colour drawings of Vesuvius, charged +with “body-colour,” and devoid of ærial effect. +Kilima-njaro, now, was not imposing, and I soon +ceased to realize its great height when it looked not +much farther off than the farther groups of trees. As +the day grew warm it was once more hidden behind +layers of clouds, and I marched on towards my destination +somewhat disappointed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For some two days since leaving the mountains of +Taita we had been crossing a waterless tract with +poor herbage of dusty-brown or yellow-white, and +grey, withered trees, and real verdure had been denied +us; but now on reaching a point within some thirty +miles of Kilima-njaro a change of an agreeable character +came over the scene.<a id='r9'></a><a href='#f9' class='c017'><sup>[9]</sup></a> Tall umbrageous trees +cast a welcome shade over the short herbage, which +was closely cropped like a lawn by the many herds of +antelopes. The bushes were vividly green, and some +of them bore tufts of bright-coloured flowers. Many +birds frequenting the bushy trees attested the proximity +of water—we were, indeed, close to a little +affluent of Lake ǰipe—and the feeling that we were +now without threatened thirst added to the pleasure +of the morning’s walk, and promised for the future +less arduous journeyings. I was, therefore, beginning +to relax my strict watch over the men, and knowing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>there was no need for hurry now that we were perceptibly +nearing our goal, I was sauntering along easily +in advance of the caravan, when my servant Virapan +tugged me by the shoulder, and said, “What is that +big animal, sir?”</p> + +<p class='c008'>I looked along the path in front, and saw, to my +great astonishment, a lion quietly trotting ahead of +us. As he heard the sound of a voice he unconcernedly +looked round, gave us one penetrating glance, +made a few hesitating steps, and then stopped to stare +again. A mad impulse to fire seized me, and although +my sporting gun was behind with the caravan, I took +the Snider from my servant’s hands, aimed it hastily, +and fired. No sooner had the smoke cleared away +than I saw the lion bounding away in great leaps over +the low bushes, evidently untouched by the bullet. +He entered a dense mass of thorny acacias and there +stopped. My head-collector coming up, we followed +him to this refuge, and I can assure you I felt then +anything but comfortable, for we could see, amid the +thickly-interlaced twigs, literally nothing, while a deep +ominous growling reached our ears, so strangely +divested of “locality” that we could neither of us +determine the exact spot from which it proceeded. +We now decided to withdraw with all due caution, and +backed respectfully from the presence of the king of +beasts till we had once more regained the road, where +we found most of the carriers awaiting anxiously the +result of our encounter. Disliking to be baffled, I +proposed that we should organize a regular battue, +and drive the lion from his shelter, but nobody liked +the idea except my Indian servant, who was inadequate +for the task, so I reluctantly abandoned what might +have been a spirited lion hunt. Towards the afternoon +<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>of this day, which had begun in such an exciting +manner, first with the view of Kilima-njaro and next +with the lion, we left every trace of sterility behind us—the +very mimosas and acacias becoming changed +and improved in their appearance, exhibiting more +foliage and less thorns—and the track winding through +superb avenues of lofty umbrageous trees. After +many days of journeying in a sun-scorched wilderness +my tired eyes here rested with delight on the soft +green of the exuberant vegetation, while I no longer +tramped along a stony road under a blazing sun, but +followed a soft leaf-covered path plunged in absolute +shade. We were now in the precincts of Taveita, but +before we actually entered that African paradise we +were obliged to halt at a gateway in the forest where +the path was blocked with an immense structure of +tree-trunks. Just a tiny aperture was left, an entrance +three feet high in the shape of a delta, and through +this we all had to wriggle and crawl, while several of +the loads would scarcely admit of passing through, +and only the most ingenious twisting and turning +effected this end.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first barrier passed we found ourselves in a small +square chamber, really a space between two gateways, +where in times of war and rapine suspicious visitors +could be inspected and interviewed before being allowed +to enter. There was, however, no one to scrutinize us +in this gateway, because the “passport” regulations +of Taveita have been greatly relaxed of late years, but +a few decades back this elaborate hindrance to free +transit was the only protection the wretched Taveitans +had against the merciless assaults of the Masai robber +bands. By erecting these wooden obstructions across +the only feasible approaches to their forest stronghold +<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>they checked the impetuous onslaught of the brigands, +and were able, moreover, to kill many of the bewildered +Masai with their guns before these people could creep +round or destroy the barrier. As the Masai never throw +their spears, but always use them and most of their +other arms in hand-to-hand conflict, they are naturally +at a disadvantage when opposed to an enemy who has +entrenched himself behind a slight fortification and can +use his firearms to advantage.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Passing in through a second and easier doorway, +we found ourselves in full view of banana plantations, +standing out in glistening green against a background +of stately forest. Here and there small groups of beehive +huts stood in a clearing, surrounded by tall wooden +fences. We had fired a salute of guns when approaching +Taveita, to announce to its inhabitants, with many +a sonorous boom re-echoing through the forest alleys, +that strangers were arriving with peaceable and friendly +intentions, and a wish to trade. As I was in the act +of crossing a narrow rivulet, by means of the slippery +stem of a banana that has been thrown across it, I +caught sight of the first natives, who were on their +way to inspect our caravan, and when I looked up, and +they saw my white face and strange costume, a glad +shout of surprise went up from their wide mouths, +and they pushed forward to seize and shake me by the +hand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Such an unusual and demonstrative welcome gave +me a pleasant impression of Taveita to commence with, +and this, I am glad to say, was strengthened as time +went on. Its inhabitants were, however, not only +remarkable for their <i>bonhomie</i> and kindly disposition, +but presented other notable characteristics which were +not long in impressing themselves on my observation. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>Firstly, their hair was generally worn in long strings, +where the wool was stiffened with fat and red clay into +a number of rats’ tails. There were generally one or +two incisors knocked out in the upper jaw, the lobes +of the ear were enormously distended with wooden +cylinders or rings, and lastly, the Wa-taveita, like most +of the natives of Inner Eastern Africa (and unlike +those of the West), were totally ignorant of what we +call decency. I would like to express this more delicately +by saying that they were innocent of all clothing, +but this was not the case, as many of the inhabitants +wore cloth, or skins, round their shoulders, either +for adornment or when the weather was chilly with +breezes blowing off the snow-capped mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I felt at home with the Wa-taveita from the first, for +they were thoroughly conversant with Swahili, the coast +language—the French of Eastern Africa, and as I also +knew this tongue we had at once a medium of ready +communication. So the natives who had come to meet +our caravan, and trotted along by my side to direct me +to the accustomed camping-place, chattered as we went +and not only asked for, but imparted, information. +One of the first questions was, “What is your name, +white man?” “Johnston.” “Jansan?” they shrieked +laughingly. “Why you must me Tamsan’s (Thomson’s) +brother.” (Mr. Joseph Thomson, on his way to Masai-land, +had passed through Taveita, leaving a very pleasant +impression behind him. As by an odd coincidence +we were both white, and our names, in the natives’ pronunciation, +only differed in the initial consonant, the +evident inference was that, to use the natives’ phrase, +“We were of one mother.”) It would have been of +such little use trying to disabuse them of this happy +and likely idea that I accepted tacitly the suggested +<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>relationship, and it was soon noised about Taveita that +Bwana Tamsan’s brother was come, and many of +Thomson’s old friends flocked to greet me.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Our camp was established in one corner of a vast +clearing, nearly square in shape, whereon certain Swahili +traders, <i>en route</i> to Masai-land, had built a temporary +and straggling village of palm-thatched huts to accommodate +their wives and concubines during their +absence in the wilds. As soon as my tent was up, and +my goods were properly stored and placed under the +supervision of a trusted man, a food allowance was +measured out to the hungry porters of the caravan. +That is to say, a bale of cloth was unpacked, and each +man received three ells (or “hands,” as they were here +called) of white American sheeting, which was to purchase +him sufficient food for three days. After the +distribution of cloth the men dispersed for the rest of +the day to forage in the Taveita market, and I was free +to attend to my own affairs and to receive my new +acquaintances. Firstly, however, the tent was closed, +and I had a good and much-needed bath, for almost +since leaving the coast water had been so precious that +we had feared to lavish even a teacupful on the toilet. +But here we had a glorious running river, crystal clear, +and cool; and were it not for the inconvenient publicity +which a dip in the stream itself would occasion at this +moment, I should have strongly preferred it to a cramped +bath in the hot tent. Nevertheless, a wash of any +kind and a complete change of clothes was very refreshing, +and when once more my tent door was thrown +open to the throng, and I appeared before the elders +of Taveita seated on my camp chair, I felt sure my +white face was several shades lighter than on my arrival. +This little colony of quiet agriculturists, known as +<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>Taveita, is unlike the neighbouring states in being a +republic, or commonwealth, administered rather than +ruled by an oligarchy of four or five important men +known as the “Wa-zēē,” or elders. There are really +two entirely distinct races inhabiting Taveita—the Wa-kwavi, +a tribe of settled Masai who have turned from +lawless robbers into honest, thrifty tillers of the soil, +and the Wa-taveita proper, a people of Bantu stock, +allied in origin to the A-kamba farther north and +the Wa-čaga of Kilima-njaro. The Wa-taveita predominate +over the Wa-kwavi in numbers, and the +elders are mostly of the former stock. These functionaries +had come to greet me with little gifts and +offerings such as they deemed most acceptable to me, +and, of course, expected an equivalent present on my +part. One man had brought a baaing, reluctant sheep, +and tied it to the tent-pegs. Another thrust into my +lap a couple of fowls, strongly fastened together by +the legs, but otherwise not disturbed in equanimity, +for they pecked inquiringly at the buttons of my jacket. +A third member of the Taveitan Legislative Council +pointed to a basket of corn-cobs as his donation, and +so on. Each in return received about twice the value +of his free-will offering in cloth and beads, and, I am +sorry to say, in accordance with African custom, they +at first affected to be dissatisfied with the return-gifts, +and tried to haggle for an increase, but finding this +“try on” of no avail, immediately resigned themselves +to the inevitable, and marched off very contentedly +with what they could get. The remainder of the day +was utilized by the men in buying food, while I availed +myself of the unwonted rest to recruit my strength, +and so did nothing in the way of active exertion beyond +skinning a few birds.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>About half-past 7 a.m. on the morrow we resumed +our journey towards Kilima-njaro. I was going to +establish myself at the Court of Mandara, chief of +Moši, a state on the southern flank of the mountain. +Until my return from East Africa so little was known +of the politics of Kilima-njaro, that it was popularly +supposed there was but one paramount ruler of the +district, and he, Mandara, chief of Moši, who had sent +letters to and exchanged presents with Sir John Kirk, +and had seen, perhaps, each of the four or five Europeans +who had approached Kilima-njaro. The way +to his country lay first west, then north-west of +Taveita, and the distance to be traversed was some +twenty-seven miles.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After leaving our camp we first had to cross the +River Lumi, over which a curious bridge was thrown. +Some years ago the Wa-taveita were much inconvenienced +by repeated floods, which rendered their river +(fed from the snows of Kilima-njaro) dangerous or +impossible to ford, and consequently cut off one-half +of the colony from communication with the other. +The idea of bridging this five-yard-wide rivulet was +too difficult for the native mind, so the elders of +Taveita contracted with a Swahili trader to do the +job. The price was to be a bullock. The trafficker +in ivory and slaves was not long in his operations. +Selecting one of the finest and straightest trees growing +on the summit of the river bank, he set to work +with his followers, and with repeated chops severed its +trunk near the base. The tree fell forward straight +across the river from bank to bank, needing but the +lopping of its superfluous crown of leafy branches to +from as satisfactory a bridge as the natives required. +As, however, its trunk remained rounded like a cylinder, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>and was polished and extremely slippery with the +constant passage of naked feet, it offered anything but +a secure foothold, and as a fall from any part of the +bridge would be rather dangerous, I preferred fording +the stream on a man’s back to risking the transit of +the tree-trunk, although all my men, with heavy burdens +on their heads, crossed it without mishap.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0820_fig23.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 23.—The Strange Creeper.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Leaving the river, we walked for about two miles +through very magnificent forest, where Raphia palms +reached a great development; next we emerged +abruptly on an unattractive wilderness of low thorny +shrubs and coarse grass. The land rose gently before +us towards the huge mass of Kilima-njaro, which was +at present screened with louring clouds. In the +middle distance, were broken chains of jagged hills, +interspersed with isolated hillocks and mounds of +conical shape, suggesting the idea that when the great +discharge of eruptive matter from the two huge +volcanoes of Kibô and Kimawenzi was temporarily or +permanently checked, the sick earth broke out all +over the irritated surface with minor pustules and +pimples through which the disturbing matter was +discharged, the present aspect of the mountain and +its vicinity being the result of the scars and hardened +scabs of these now healed-up earth-boils. We walked +for some ten miles over an unattractive country devoid +of water, and little better than desert. The hills +were sparsely overgrown with sad, grey-looking trees, +almost leafless or else sprinkled with scanty foliage of +an olive-green. In the rolling plains at their base +there was little to break the monotonous yellow of +the withered grass. Now and then was seen a <i>Bauhinia</i> +shrub or stunted tree, with its bifid leaves that afforded +as little shade as the poor foliage of the eucalyptus, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>or a thorny mimosa with flattened crown and red +trunk, like a conventional tree from a child’s box of +toys; or, lastly, a few inconspicuous nameless shrubs, +with leaves of a shiny grey colour, like those of most +plants living in semi-desert countries. Once or twice +we crossed the dry bed of a torrent and found therein +a more varied but scarcely more pleasing vegetation. +Rampant euphorbias, with fleshy, snake-like, coiling +stems armed with horrid spikes, trailed themselves +triumphantly over unresisting shrubs; acacias, which +from sheer viciousness had almost done without leaves +to bestow all their productive powers on the development +of terribly efficacious thorns, threw out their +cruel grappling-hooks over the path and ripped up our +faces, hands, or clothing as we passed. Other plants +of the lily tribe (debased and wicked members of a +beautiful family) grew like swords stuck in the ground +point upwards, and woe betide any careless person +who put his hand on the apex of their rigid, blade-like +leaves—their rapier-points would pierce his palm +as readily as a sword of steel. But as we had crossed +a ridge stretching out into the plain, and our path, +from sloping upwards, descended a little on the other +side, this fantastic vegetation, befitting the precincts +of some horrid mediæval monster’s lair, modified +its repulsive character, and became intermixed with +shrubs and grass of vivid green, while to our joy we +descried some half a mile ahead a belt of dense purple-green +foliage, which in these African wildernesses +always denotes the presence of water. In fact, a few +minutes’ walk took us from the dull white glare of the +hazy noontide in the open, shadeless waste into a cool, +delicious bower of deep green shade, where at first, so +great was the contrast, we blinked our eyes and could +<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>see no details. Then I made out a clear limpid stream +slipping along over small stones, or forming still, +quiet, mirror-like pools between +grey walls of smooth, +massive tree trunks, which +resembled stone in their +colour and polish. Often +the severity of these broad +wooden bulwarks would +be tempered with rich +masses of foliage depending +from the smaller boughs +above, and breaking up +with graceful and fanciful +detail the somewhat formal +outlines of the vista. The +tree trunks that bordered +the stream were many +of them singularly broad +in girth. In one or two cases they were grappled +with by parasitic figs that wound themselves +round their stout victim like vegetable boa-constrictors, +or, as in the example illustrated, like +some huge, long-bodied lizard. In the shade of this +green tunnel, where the little river—which the Swahili +traders call the Mto wa Habari, or “River of +News”—bored its way through the forest belt, we +cast down our burdens and prepared to rest and eat +our midday meal. Succeeding the white glare of the +shadeless open country this sweet and cool retreat +beneath a dense over-arching canopy of foliage was +inexpressibly soothing after our weary walk from +Taveita. The men went off to the other side of the +stream, and were lost to sight in the woodland; I only +<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>knew of their presence by the occasional murmur of +voices coming from their camp, and by the blue +curling smoke of their cooking fires, which ascended +in gentle puffs through the network of leafy boughs. +My portable table and camp-chair had been unfastened, +and the former was set up on a level patch of sward +by the waterside, and was quickly covered with a +snowy cloth from the canteen, while my servant further +laid it with the enamelled iron plates and knife and +fork and napkin for my solitary meal. To pass the +time and forget my impatient hunger whilst the repast +was being prepared, I sat down on my camp-stool and +made the rough sketch of the stream which is presented +here: but my artistic labours were gladly laid +aside at the announcement that lunch was ready, and +I sat down with keen satisfaction to my tempting +table, which had been further brightened by a little +bouquet of wild flowers gathered and arranged by +Virapan. Would you like to know what I ate? If +so, I will endeavour to describe this one meal, so +that you may better realize how I ordinarily fared +in Africa while on the road. There was a plate of +fowl soup to begin with, nicely flavoured with onions, +thickened with a little maize-flour and rice. Two +thin slices of toast lay beside it, made from some +loaves my cook baked while we rested at Taveita. +After the soup was finished came a little good curry +made from the soup meat, and flavoured with cocoanut +milk (for we had carried a sack of cocoanuts +from the coast). Then, when the curry is eaten, a +fresh plate was brought me, and a dear old battered +calabash about half-full of delicious honey, which +tastes like the smell of mimosa blossoms; and after +eating some of this spread on a slice of Taveitan bread +(which deserves its recipe in brackets: two pounds of +maize-flour, half a cup of palm wine, a quarter of an +ostrich egg, a pinch of salt, and a spoonful of butter), +I wound, up my lunch with a cup of fragrant tea, and +sat over an old book, while my men packed up the +<i>impedimenta</i> once more, and started again on the road +towards Moši.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p0830_fig24.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 24.—The River Habari.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>The afternoon was sultry, and we felt so meritorious +in having accomplished our ten miles before lunch, +that there was a general disposition to take things +easily; besides which, our path led us through much +more pleasing country than in the morning. We +crossed a biggish stream (which rises near the summit +<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>of Kilima-njaro, and is called the Kilema River), then +a smaller one, and at last, near our preordained camping-place +for the night—a charming “almost-island” +(this term sounds more expressive than peninsula), +nearly surrounded by the little Mkuyuni River. You +could hardly imagine a more romantically beautiful +spot than this in which I camped. It was only +approachable at one point—where a huge tree trunk +spanned the tiny gulf between the bank and the island, +and formed a bridge over which to pass to and fro. +It was this fallen tree which had made our camping-place +a peninsula, for in lying across the stream its +lower branches acted as a kind of dam by stopping all +the stones, earth, and refuse washed down by the +rivulet, and so forming in time a firm barrier that +sent all the water careering round the other side of +the island. In the centre of this pretty peninsula +rose a gigantic sycamore fig-tree (which among the +Swahili traders gave its name to this stream—<i>Mkuyu</i>—a +sycamore; <i>Mkuyuni</i>—the place by the sycamore)—and +under the vast canopy of its mighty branches +the whole caravan encamped, feeling tolerably protected +from the weather by the leafy thatch o’er head.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In all my previous African experiences I had never +known what it was to be in real danger from the +attacks of lions. The king of beasts had hitherto +exhibited a provoking shyness and a persistent dislike +to cultivate my acquaintance—so much so, that I +often used to complain that I gained nothing from +my wish to know the lion at home and that I might +learn more about him in Regent’s Park than in the +savagest wilds of Africa. But ever since the troubled +night which we spent at the Mkuyuni, I ask no more for +leonine visits, especially in the darkness of the small +<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>hours, and will content myself with an occasional +journey to the Zoological Gardens, where I can see +this grandest of cats in a safe and comfortable cage. +Soon after we had retired to rest on this occasion, +when the men had begun to snore round their fires, +wrapped up in dusky white cloths like so many +mummies, and when the leader of the caravan was +curling himself snugly between the blankets, the most +terrific roar you ever heard startled us all into sudden +wakefulness. Though the lion that uttered it was +probably forty or fifty yards distant, the sound of his +thunderous bellow seemed to come from our very +midst. I sat up in bed and looked uneasily around +me, but nobody complained of being eaten, so I lay +down again, and even began to think this very interesting +and very African, full of local colour, and so on. +But now on our right and left, on either side of the +river, a chorus of loud roaring began. The night +was as yet pitchy dark, for the moon would not rise +till the early morning. We could see nothing beyond +the blaze of our cordon of fires. However, feeling +that it was despicably tame to lie still in bed and go +to sleep while my porters shivered with fear, I arose, +took my gun, and fired into the bushes where the +roaring was loudest. This, the men informed me, +was the unwisest thing I could do; of course I killed +nothing, and the noise of the firearm, instead of aweing +the lions into silence, only seemed to exasperate them. +I certainly never heard anything like the noise they +made. My men averred that we were surrounded by +ten beasts—I suppose they distinguished ten various +roarings; certainly, the next morning, when we examined +the precincts of our camp, the many footprints +of different sizes which were marked in the soft +<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>vegetable soil of the surrounding woodland and in the +red soil of the river bank, indicated unquestionably +that a whole troop of lions had been in our immediate +vicinity during the night. I noticed a curious fact +connected with the unseen approach of these beasts. +Whenever a lion was nearing our camp, and before he +attested his vicinity by a roar, we were, when we had +learned to read the warning, made aware of the fact +by the sudden nervous twittering of the small birds in +the branches above. It was a tremulous diapason of +fear, most singularly impressive. On several subsequent +occasions the approach of large wild beasts has +been signified to me in the same manner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The morning that succeeded this disturbed night +saw us taking the road soon after sunrise, all in the +best spirits at the approaching termination of a long +tramp. We walked on for about two hours through +low forest country, clad with scrubby trees rarely +exceeding fifteen to twenty feet in height—an undergrowth +of large-leaved solanaceous plants, which grew +so regularly and on a soil so tidy and devoid of weeds +or grass, that I at first took the country to be cultivated, +and imagined these thriving herbs to be some kind of +native tobacco. The wild flowers (ground orchids, +hibiscus, clematis, and a kind of sunflower) were very +beautiful and quite brilliant in their displays of colour. +Within about an hour’s journey from the confines of +Moši the path divides into two tracks, one going still +due west and keeping to the plains, the other turning +round towards the southern flank of Kilima-njaro, and +mounting upwards. Here, at this junction, we encountered +some rather disreputable Wa-swahili, shabbily +clothed (it is the wearing clothes, by-the-bye, which +enables one in this country to distinguish between the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Wa-swahili, or natives of the coast, and the people of +the interior), and armed with Snider guns. They were +courtiers of Mandara’s, sent thoughtfully by that chief +to meet us, and see we did not take the wrong road. +Their greeting, however, was too familiar and impudent, +to my taste, and I began to have a lurking presentiment +that these scampish parasites of the chief of Moši might +prove inimical to my mission; for, in the interior here, +white men are looked upon by the coast traders as +spies on the slave trade, and though outwardly fawned +on and flattered from fear, yet are secretly thwarted +and hindered in every possible way, especially as regards +the native chiefs, whom the Wa-swahili are desirous +of alienating from enlightenment. However, keeping +these reflections to myself, I toiled along the ascending +path, and after an hour’s stiff pull, caught a glimpse of +an enchanting land. Hitherto our track had led through +thick bush, with every view of the surrounding country +shut out. Now we had entered a clearing, near to +cultivation, and nothing impeded our view. Northwards +the vast mass of the mountain stretched upwards +into the heavens, its twin peaks shrouded in heavy +cumulus clouds, and below the clouds, the billowy swell +of hill upon hill and ridge succeeding ridge was a deep +sullen blue under the heavy shadow of lowering cumuli. +Then came a few lines of dark purple-green forest, +still in shade, and, in the middle distance, where the +sunlight broke upon the scene, the gentle, rounded +hills gleamed out against the sombre background with +their groves of emerald-green bananas marking the +commencement of the cultivated zone. Nearer to us +succeeded deep ravines, with thread-like cascades, +clumps of tidy forest—just a few tall trees left growing +out of religious veneration—smooth, sunny downs, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>whereon flocks of goats were grazing, patches of freshly-tilled +soil, cultivated fields, hedge-lined lanes, and lastly, +the red denuded hill, the No-man’s Land, the Pisgah, +on which we were standing to gaze on this Promised +Land, towards which for thirteen days we had been +toiling through the wilderness. There was, however, +no preordained restriction to my entering it, nor was +my lieutenant qualified to play the part of Joshua, so I, +who had been pausing here to let all my followers come +up with me and regain their breath, once more took up +my staff and marched into Mandara’s country. A ravine +and a small stream separated us from the collection of +beehive huts and gardens which formed his capital, +and before crossing I stopped and gave the order for a +salute of twenty-one guns to be fired (Mandara had +heard from the Arab traders that such was the number +of guns accorded to independent Royalty, and insisted +on it). This accomplished I climbed the steep red +path before me, and arrived at a kind of open green +shaded by fine spreading trees. Here a lot of men +were squatted with their shining broad-bladed spears +stuck upright into the ground. They took but little +notice of me, and I afterwards found that Mandara’s +soldiers think it beneath their dignity to be surprised +at anything. I nevertheless scanned them with considerable +interest. Many were in their war-paint and +were dressed to imitate the dreaded warriors of the +Masai. On their heads would be either a huge circlet +of ostrich feathers, or an imposing head-dress made +from the black and white mane of the Colobus monkey. +The same animal’s skin, with its long silky hair, of +a most startling contrast in colour, was roughly +fashioned into a covering for the shoulders, arranged +so that a short lappet hung over the breasts, and the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>hinder part of the skin covered the back, while the long +white tail of the monkey was disposed in such a manner +as to suggest its being actually a caudal appendage of the +wearer. Other soldiers wore, in place of Colobus skins, +huge thick capes round the neck and shoulders, resembling +the fur capes of our coachmen. These were +generally made of cock’s feathers (black), or of the +short, dark feathers of the ostrich. Round the ankles +were short “raffs” of goat-skin, and often a “ring” of +goat-skin—that is to say, a tag of hide with a slit +through it—was thrust on to the finger. The lobes +of the ears were distended with plugs of wood or +hollow wooden rings, or hung with an infinitude of +very fine steel chains (a local manufacture). Various +other ornaments or charms decorated the body, but in +all cases adornments and coverings were so disposed +as to strictly avoid any purpose of what we should call +decency, these people of Kilima-njaro, like those of +Taveita, showing no idea of employing clothes for concealment.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I had time to pause and make these observations, +for we had come to a halt. After passing the groups +of soldiers whose attire, or the want of it, has just been +described, we had gone through a hedge of dwarf +dracænas and scarlet-flowered aloes, and were arrived +on another open space at the back of Mandara’s compound. +Hereupon we were directed to pitch our camp. +The tent was soon up, and the loads were carefully +piled in front of it, packed as compactly as possible, +so as not to excite too much cupidity by a rash display +of wealth. When this was finished, a messenger from +Mandara arrived leading an unwilling goat. This +animal was killed in my presence, skinned and cut up, +and a small piece of the hide was made into a ring for +<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>my finger, which I was instructed to wear immediately +as a sign of friendly peace, a similar bit being cut off +and sent to Mandara for the same purpose.<a id='r10'></a><a href='#f10' class='c017'><sup>[10]</sup></a> The flesh +of the goat was then handed over to my cook, to prepare +for my next meal, and, as a matter of fact, it +turned out delicious eating, for the slain animal was a +plump young gelding, specially fattened for food.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span> +<img src='images/p0920_fig25.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 25.—Trees with Honey-boxes.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Being informed that Mandara would not pay me a +visit until the afternoon, preferring that his guest should +eat and refresh himself after his long journey, I had a +little leisure to look about me, as far as the laughing, +staring crowds of Čaga people who thronged the encampment +would allow. We were here about 3500 +feet in altitude, relatively at the foot of the mountain, +but yet with splendid views over the plains, which lay +fifteen hundred feet below. All around were signs of +agriculture of a high order, and though the people were +naked, one could see they were anything but savages. +There was nowhere a congeries of houses that could +be called a town, but the whole country, where it was +cultivated, was equally inhabited. Here and there the +yellow thatch of a beehive hut peeped out from the +green fronds of the banana groves. The fields were +intersected with numerous runnels of water, diverted +at different levels from the parent streams in the ravines +above. The air was musical with the murmur of trickling +rivulets and tinkling bells, for the flocks and herds +were now being driven in from the pastures to the +natives’ compounds, to be shut up from the afternoon +heat. Wherever the ground was not in cultivation it +was covered with brilliantly-coloured wild flowers—balsams, +hibiscuses, dissotises, green and white ground +orchids, scarlet aloes, and numberless species whose +names I knew not, and from +all these the bees were taking +toll. The mild-eyed kine +driven from the pastures +suggested supplies of milk; +the throng of bees about the +blossoms implied that honey +was also to be had. On +the branches of all the +big trees hereabouts +were hung oblong +cases—boxes—made +<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>of bark, in which these half-domesticated +bees constructed their hives and stored their +honey. These “honey-boxes,” called by the natives +“Mizinga,” which word is also applied to cannons +on the coast, are familiar objects in East Africa, and +may generally be met with in the vicinity of villages.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER V.<br> <span class='c016'>ARRIVAL AT MANDARA’S COURT.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Before describing my first interview with Mandara, +the chief of Moši, it may be well to say a few explanatory +words about his actual position and previous +career.</p> + +<p class='c008'>By Sir John Kirk’s advice I directed my steps to +his kingdom and capital in the first instance, for we +both imagined that I had only to conciliate this personage +in order to be able to range free and undisturbed +over the whole of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was, however, a great mistake—though one I was +a long time finding out—because Mandara ruled over +a very small tract of land, and only up to 6000 feet +altitude, and being at constant war with his neighbours, +and his little kingdom in a continual state of blockade, +his protection as far as it influenced a peaceful residence +on the upper slopes of the mountain was worse than +useless. Had it not been that the time spent perforce +in Mandara’s country was of little use for natural +history purposes—for I could not forget that I had +come out principally to study the alpine district near +the snow-line, and not the rich but more typically +African fauna and flora at lower levels—I should little +regret the months I passed in Moši, for I regard Mandara +as one of the most remarkable Africans I have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>ever met. He is a man whose portrait should be +placed with certain others of his contemporaries, +Rumanika, Mtesa, the Kasongo, whose lineaments stand +out sharply amid the obscurity of Savage Africa, and +whose names, so associated with the pioneers of African +exploration, will certainly not fall into oblivion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As far as we can trust to his own traditions as to +his ancestry, it would appear that his grandfather was +a younger brother of the ruling chief of Mpoko, or +Mpokomo, a state lying to the west of Moši. He +seems to have been a great warrior, and protected his +few subjects so zealously against the raids of the Masai +(who at that time menaced the very existence of the +Čaga mountaineers), that he formed them in time into +a prosperous and thriving community. The origin or +etymology of the name Moši (pronounced in English +“Moshy”) is not very clear. In the language of +Taveita it means “smoke,” which, from the fact that +at all times puffs of white smoke arising from the constant +burning of weeds are to be observed, when the +land is seen from the plains below, is a not improbable +derivation; still it may be more likely drawn from +some term in Ki-čaga, the language of the country. +As it is sometimes pronounced Muši or Muži, I thought +it might have been akin to the common Bantu word +“muǰi,” a <i>town</i> or <i>settlement</i>; but as that term becomes +“muri” in Ki-čaga, I am still at a loss. However this +may be, Moši is the well-known name on Kilima-njaro +of the little state founded, as tradition goes, by Mandara’s +grandfather. This hero is supposed to have +fallen in battle with the Masai, and his second—some +say his third—son inherited the power. He strengthened +his position by marriage, and espoused several +princesses of the reigning families in the vicinity of his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>kingdom. From one of these was born Mandara, or +as he appears first to have been called, Makindara. +The explanation of his name, like that of his state, is +not so clear in meaning as are most specimens of +African nomenclature. His own subjects pronounce +it “Maṅdara” (Mangdara), and the other inhabitants +of the mountain “Makiṅdara.” I have sometimes +fancied it might be a contraction and corruption of +Maṅge-ndara = Maṅdara, viz. the Chief Ndara.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mandara’s mother seems to have been a very shrewd +and clever woman, and under her long regency the +state of Moši flourished. Apparently in those happy +days peace prevailed among all the sections of the +Čaga people inhabiting Kilima-njaro. Or at least +there were no internecine wars, and the only conflicts +were occasional skirmishes with the Masai, whenever +those rovers tried to extend their cattle-raids to the +mountain pastures. But then came the cursed slave-traders—the +Swahili Arabs, or Arabized Mohammedan +half-breeds—from the Zanzibar coast. Finding the +united inhabitants of Čaga<a id='r11'></a><a href='#f11' class='c017'><sup>[11]</sup></a> too strong to submit to +forcible slave-raiding or kidnapping, they tried to effect +their purpose by introducing discord into the local +politics. Selecting some particular chief—especially +a young, ambitious man like Mandara, when he commenced +to reign—they gave him rich presents, and +filled him with flattering speeches, and persuaded him +that if he took advantage of the unprepared state of +some of his neighbours, and suddenly marched an army +into their territory, he might not only reign as paramount +chief over Čaga, but would also make a nice +<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>fortune out of the sale of slaves. Mandara was not loth +to play the <i>rôle</i> of conqueror. He had made friends +with the Masai and even obtained their assistance, and +he therefore proceeded, under the instigations of the +Arabs, to harry, burn, kill, and enslave his peaceful +neighbours and countrymen of many little Čaga states. +For some time he carried all before him, and the +Kilima-njaro market was a famous one for the slave-traders +of Mombasa. Mandara, and other chiefs whom +in turn they induced to play the same policy, supplied +them with slaves at about the cost of two dollars each, +and though quite fifty per cent. of them died before +reaching the coast—for these poor mountaineers cannot +stand the climate of the plains, and perish of fever +and nostalgia—still the remainder being remarkable +for their skill in agriculture, fetched a high price +among the wealthy Mohammedan landowners of Zanzibar. +At length a reaction took place. The outraged +Wa-čaga formed a league (which is still in force) +against Mandara in defence of their hearths and homes, +and in spite of his valorous army and his skilful +defence, the fortune of war so far turned against him, +that he was compelled to fly from his country as an +exile. When this reverse in his fortunes took place +is not very clear, and Mandara himself is reserved on +the subject; but it would seem to have been some ten +years ago. The causes which led to his reinstatement +are also left to conjecture; but I fancy that his +enemies, content with their revenge, retired from his +country, and that Mandara, with the help of his +friends, the agricultural Masai of Aruša, was enabled +to return to Moši. Since then his martial ardour has +somewhat cooled, and although he still devotes much +time and attention to the drill of his army (which consists +<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>perhaps of 1000 men, the pick of Moši’s manhood), +it is more for purposes of defence. He occupies at +present somewhat the position, in Kilima-njaro politics, +of a Napoleon who has returned from Elba, but +prudently avoids a Waterloo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Though this remarkable savage never, in his most +successful days, ruled over a larger territory than the +postal area of London, yet the fame of his intelligence, +his kingly manners, and his bravery extended far and +wide in Central Africa, borne by the Swahili traders, +who journeyed in all directions between the Victoria +Nyanza and the Indian Ocean. Slave-traders and +slave-kidnappers though these men are, their influence +over Africa has had a certain civilizing tendency.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These strange Arab mongrels, who have become +almost an independent race, merit the designation of +Africa’s land-carriers, They journey for purposes of +trade over nearly all the district which lies between the +Victoria Nile, Abyssinia, the great lakes, the Upper +Congo, and the Zambesi. After visiting such a chief +as Mandara they may find themselves at the court of +Mtesa, the late chief of the Uganda, and they will carry +the fame of one king to another. Mandara alleges +that he held communication (I suppose this consisted +in the transmission of Arabic compliments) with Mtesa +of Uganda, and with Mirambo of Unyamwesi, by +means of such far-travelling traders as Jumba Kimemeta, +in whose company Mr. Thomson crossed Masai-land. +This is quite possible; at any rate through the +Swahili merchants Mandara first heard of her Majesty +the Queen, of Sir John Kirk (the “Baloza”), and of +Sayyid Barghash of Zanzibar. The same itinerant +pedlars informed this Central African savage, who has +never been thirty miles from his birthplace, nor visited +<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>a civilized settlement, nor seen the ocean, or a ship, of +the leading factors in Oriental politics, how the Waingrezi +(English) possessed India; how the Wa-fransa +(French) had tried to conquer Madagascar with their +“manowari” (men-of-war); and how the Wa-dachi +(<span lang="de">Deutsche</span> = Germans) were making treaties with the +chiefs of Usagara. It is no doubt largely through +Swahili merchants that the mind of Mandara has been +prepared, since my departure, for the acceptance of the +suzerainty of Sayyid Barghash of Zanzibar. He was +shrewd enough to know that before the advent of +Europeans he could not stand alone, and he greatly +dreaded the coming of French or Germans. His +suspicions and fears of these two leading European +nations were positively ridiculous, considering that +they both ignored his existence, and had never at any +time evinced the slightest wish to annex Kilima-njaro. +All that he knew of them was of course derived from +the exaggerated accounts of the Wa-swahili, and it is +a curious thing that these people of the Zanzibar coast +should so detest the French and Germans. Some of +the traders, I know, confuse the Belgians with the +French, and imagine it is the former nation that has +(happily) abstracted the Upper Congo from the slave-and-ivory-hunting +operations of the Zanzibaris. But +what can these people have known of Germany and the +Germans hitherto to bear so marked a grudge against +the children of the Fatherland? Curiously enough +the European power most liked and respected by the +Zanzibar traders is England, though for half a century +we have tried our hardest to ruin the slave-trade, on +which the prosperity of the Zangian Arabs has been so +largely based. Yet every bombardment or capture of +slave-daus only seems to add to our prestige, and the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>fame of the mighty English “manowari,” and the +quiet, resolute man who directs their operations, is +yearly carried farther and farther into Central Africa +by the very men who have suffered most by our anti-slavery +policy. It is really astonishing to find that +there are villages on Kilima-njaro where the naked and +savage inhabitants know of no other fact beyond their +physical horizon, except that towards the rising sun +there is a vast sheet of water, on which mighty iron +canoes deal indiscriminate death to the enemies of a +great white man, sometimes called the “Baloza,”<a id='r12'></a><a href='#f12' class='c017'><sup>[12]</sup></a> who +is the sultan of the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Pursuant to these ideas Mandara had sent presents +and greetings to Sir John Kirk, seeking his friendship, +and during my stay on the mountain, Mandara applied +to me for a Union Jack to fly over his mud and wattle +citadel, as a sign that he was under the protection of +my country. As I feared this emblem of just rule +might be made to cover a multitude of sins committed +in its name, and that the slave-raids of this African +prince might be justified by the British ensign which +his bandits would flaunt before them, I transmitted +this request to the consideration of Sir John Kirk. +Various complications prevented its concession, and +eventually, frightened at the rumoured coming of the +Germans, Mandara accepted the suzerainty of the +Sultan of Zanzibar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mandara has seen all the Europeans who have ever +visited Kilima-njaro. Rebmann, the missionary who +first told us snow-mountains existed in Africa, passed +through his country, when Mandara was, according to +his own account, about three years old. Von der +<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>Decken—still remembered as the “Baroni”—came +thither when the chief of Moši was a youth and under +the tutelage of his mother. Mandara received the +missionary New on his first journey to the mountain, +and enabled him to make his two partial ascents, in +one of which he just reached the snow-line.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On his second visit to Kilima-njaro in 1873, Mr. +New was robbed of all his valuables by Mandara, and +retired broken-hearted to the coast. Mr. Joseph +Thomson fell into his clutches in 1883, on his journey +to Masai-land, and though he was forced to make a +much more generous present than he at first intended, +yet he frequently admits that Mandara afterwards +treated him and his caravan with really royal hospitality. +Before I arrived in his country he had made +friends with Sir John Kirk, and I took with me important +letters from our Consul-General at Zanzibar, +officially recommending me to Mandara’s good offices, +and though in after-times you will see that I had very +strained relations with our variable friend, yet such +was the respect he bore for the wide-stretching English +power, that, though he had me utterly defenceless in +his clutches, without the strength to resist or the +means to run away, and in spite of eager covetousness +of my valuable property, he never robbed me of +a pennyworth <i>by force</i>, nor ever allowed his people to +do so.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Before coming to Kilima-njaro, I had read everything +that was written about Mandara, and my +curiosity as to his appearance, and my anxiety as to +the impression I should create in his imagination, were +excited to the utmost. My vagrant habits have sometimes +led to my being presented to personages that +the world holds distinguished, but in no case did I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>ever anticipate an introduction to a temporal or +spiritual magnate with more anxiety than my first +interview with the Sultan of Moši. I had formed an +exaggerated estimate of his power for good and evil, +and fancied that the fate of my expedition lay in his +sable hands. Nor was I alone in this impression, for +the men of my caravan held Mandara in excessive awe +and dread, and the rabble of Rabai, who were already +grovelling before him, would have cut my throat +cheerfully if that had been pleasing to the great chieftain, +in whose power they were. To do Mandara +honour—for I was told by my men that he was very +sensitive as to appearances, and measured a man by +his cloth—I had donned a white shirt with a collar in +which some little starch remained, a smart coat, and +patent leather boots, and this attire, although perhaps +becoming, was uncomfortable at the close of a long, +hot march, when I wished to unbend in easy costume. +I therefore hoped that the ordeal might soon be over. +Presently, whilst I was fidgeting about inside my tent, +getting rather tired of the intense curiosity I aroused +among the simple country-folk, who thronged the precincts +of my camp and were not ashamed, like the +soldiers, to express their awe and surprise, I heard a +distant shouting, while loud cries and complaints arose +nearer and nearer at hand, and then were seen the +civilian subjects of Mandara fleeing in all directions, +and being vigorously chased from the scene by a +number of lithe young men perfectly nude, and armed +with long and supple wands. These were the police +of Moši, and their object was to disperse the vulgar +herd from the precincts of royalty, their sovereign +being then on his way to pay a visit to the white +stranger. Kiongwe soon entered my tent, and said +<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>in an agitated whisper, “Mandara has come, and is +waiting to greet you.” I left my tent in as composed +a manner as possible, and sought Mandara with my +eyes. He was not difficult to distinguish from his +body-guard. With a natural instinctive feeling for +effect he had grouped his soldiers in a semicircle round +him, and placed himself somewhat in front, with a +crescent of fierce-looking warriors behind, each man +holding his shining spear-blade erect and glistening, +thereby edging the dark background with a bright +shimmering band of steel. The first impression +Mandara produced on me was that of a grand old +woman! The full, rounded, beardless face, the somewhat +graceful column-like neck, and full bosom, with +above all the head-dress—a red handkerchief, worn as +women wear it in Zanzibar—and the sweeping folds +of the long faded cloth wound loosely round his body, +gave one the impression of a superb virago rather +than of an African chief in the prime of life. Mandara, +like a towering sibyl of five feet ten inches, planted +his spear in the ground with an emphasis that long +made the blade quiver, gave me one very sharp look +out of his only serviceable eye (the sight of the other +is destroyed), and then for the moment took no direct +notice of my presence, but commenced a long and +animated chat with his head policemen, listening apparently +with much amusement to their account of +the summary way in which the populace had recently +been dispersed, and occasionally laughing in a right +royal manner, showing, as he did so, a splendid set of +teeth.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At last I was nettled by this apparent disregard—it +is always dangerous to be too meek and unassuming +with African chiefs—so I asked my head-man in an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>audible tone which of the people present was Mandara, +affecting to search for him among the crowd. There +was a silence. Then Kiongwe, in the most cringing +tone and manner, approached the chief with many a +deprecating salaam, affected to kiss his hand, and then +begged to inform him that his master, the white man +from Zanzibar, the “Consul’s child,” was here, and +desired an interview. Mandara’s gaze now rested on +me with a benign and singularly winning smile, which +effaced the preceding impression that his somewhat +heedless manner had produced. I advanced a few +steps and said, in rather a hesitating voice, in the +middle of a profound silence, “Sultan, the Baloza (Sir +John Kirk) sends you many greetings, and hopes you +are well.” I had spoken in Swahili, and he replied +fluently in the same language, and in a voice pleasantly +modulated and different from the hoarse speech of his +subjects, “Child of the Baloza, I am pleased to see +you. I like your face.” Then, after a short pause, in +which his dignity relaxed, he advanced towards me, +took my hand, and said, almost in a coaxing manner, +“Tuzumgumze! Let us chat.” At this signal all his +followers and mine, who had hitherto stood “at attention,” +relaxed their attitudes with one accord. No +one spoke, but they all sat down, making as they did +so that unanimous shuffling which you hear in church +when people arise from their knees and sit down to +arrange themselves for the sermon; and this analogy +was further carried out by the chorus of throat-clearings +and hurried coughs which rapidly went the +round of my circle of listeners, who were desirous of +removing all physical obstacles which should prevent +them from thoroughly hearing and understanding the +words of wit and wisdom about to fall from our lips. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>The chief began the interrogatory. “What pretty +boots you have got on!” he said. To which I could +think of nothing more original to reply than, “Oh, do +you think so?” “Yes, they are very fine—‘vizuri +sana;’ have you got a pair that would fit me?” This +was a question that required rather a diplomatic +answer. I had but one pair of patent leather shoes, +and I judged from what I saw of Mandara’s foot that +they would be quite inadequately sized, so I replied, +vaguely, “I will look and see.” But the chief’s +attention had already wandered to other subjects. +He pressed me with the most varied questions, sometimes +too impatient to wait for an answer. “What is +the braid on your coat made of?” “Silver.” “Is +silver the same as that white stuff on the top of Kilima-njaro?” +“And have you come all this way from +Ulaya (Europe) to gather the glittering thing that +makes Kibô shine in the sun?” “Why is your sultan +called Queeny?” “The Arabs tell me Queeny is a +woman; is that true?” “Did Queeny send you here?” +“No; the Waalimu (wise men) of England have sent +me, so that I might see everything there was to be +seen on Kilima-njaro, and come home and tell them all +about it.” “What did they do that for?” “Because +they love knowledge.” Mandara pondered a moment, +and then he glanced up and said quickly, “Look! +you can write, can’t you? All the Wa-zungu (white +men) can. Very well. See everything hereabouts—I +will show you—and then write it all to the Waalimu +of Ulaya. Your men and mine shall take the letter +to the coast, but you shall stop with me, always—eh? +Always. I like you; and besides, I want a white +man to teach me how to write, and to show my Ma-fundi +(artificers) how to make cannon, and instruct +<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>my soldiers to fight like the soldiers of Sayyid Barghash +of Zanzibar. You know Bwana Mafiu (General +Matthews<a id='r13'></a><a href='#f13' class='c017'><sup>[13]</sup></a>)? Well, I want you to be my Bwana +Mafiu.” I made no reply to these embarrassing propositions, +thinking it better to preserve a discreet +silence and gain my ends patiently. Then Mandara +continued, in a plaintive voice, “Bwana Tomsen (Mr. +Joseph Thomson) came here; I liked him; he was +generous, and he spoke well of my country; but he +would not stop. ‘Baroni’ (Baron Von der Decken), +and Bwana New (the missionary) have both been here, +but they came and went. Now,” he added, laughing +grimly, “the Baloza has sent you here to see me; +well, I don’t want you ever to go. Do you hear? +(Usikia?) Never! Now, come along to my house and +show me the presents you have brought.” So the +meeting was adjourned. Mandara gathered up his +skirts, not ungracefully, and stalked off to his compound, +whilst I hastily unpacked and arranged the +gifts I had brought him, which were as follows: A +handsome embroidered “joho” or Arab coat; a +“kanzu” (long shirt-like garment); a “kilemba” +(stuff for a turban); several “vikoi” or waistbands, +and a scarlet fez; a musical-box, many coloured pictures, +looking-glasses, mouse-traps, knives, bells, two +small barrels of gunpowder, boxes of caps, and a +bar of lead.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span> +<img src='images/p1070_fig26.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 26.—Mandara’s Left Ear.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Accompanied by Kiongwe, Cephas, and others, I +went to his reception-shed. Here he was surrounded +by the Swahili courtiers, and seemed in a good +humour, apparently appreciating the presents I had +brought. Whilst he was examining them, occasionally +slapping his thigh with a delighted gesture, or making +a curious whistling sound with his pursed-up lips, I +had leisure to examine his appearance thoroughly. +Of fine height, as I have already observed, probably +five feet ten or eleven inches, his frame was splendidly +modelled, though the rounded form of his contour +indicated a slight tendency to fleshiness. His face was +a peculiar one, rather broad across the cheek-bones, +with fine arched brows, good forehead, a slightly +hooked nose, wide, thin-lipped mouth, and firm, rounded, +resolute chin. One eye, as has been already remarked, +was blind, and had a vacant glassy stare, but +the other was bright as an eagle’s, and lay glittering +under an eagle’s +brow. The general aspect +of his face, especially the +hooked nose and high +cheek-bones, reminded me +of the traditional likeness +of the North-American +Red Indian Chief. Mandara’s +ears, however, were +all his own. The fashion +of his country and people +he had certainly carried to +excess. The lobe of both +ears had been pierced, and +the distended aperture of +one had become so enlarged +that a great wooden +ring had been forced into +the centre. I can best explain +it by a drawing, as +words are quite inadequate. +Fortunately, although Mandara would never +<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>allow me to take his portrait, I was once able surreptiously +to sketch his left ear. The lobe of the other +ear was hung with a few small steel chains, and was +less remarkable. He had a row of splendid teeth, +though there was a slight, probably artificial, space in +the centre of the upper incisors. Through this +aperture he would often squirt his saliva or his mouthful +of banana-beer whenever he grew animated. The +colour of his skin was a bluish brown, if you can +realize such a combination—I mean a glossy umber +with a bloom on it—and there was an entire absence +of hair on his face, and the wool of his head was +shaved close. As he says he can remember Rebmann’s +visit to Kilima-njaro (which took place in 1848), +and was about three or four years old at the time, his +approximate age at the present time would be about +forty years. When I saw him he looked somewhat +older, but this is evidently due to premature age +creeping over him after a life of unrestrained passions. +Mandara had a singularly winning smile, utterly unlike +the African grin. While his somewhat curling, +cruel lips would relax and display the glistening teeth, +his brows would be puckered in a half puzzled, half +petulant manner, and at the same time his one, +round, living eye, into which all his strong feeling was +concentrated, gleamed and glanced with roguish +merriment. As he sat and played with his presents, +like a great child, impatiently wanting the Swahilis to +explain everything in a breath, this smile would constantly +pass over his face, and lent it each time a +very pleasing, kindly look. He was evidently in a +thoroughly good temper on the day of my arrival. He +listened attentively to the reading of Sir John Kirk’s +letter, examined the seals of the Consulate, asked +<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>numberless questions, and chattered to me as freely as +though we were old companions. All questions about +building, settling, choosing a site in his country, he +deferred to a lesser “palaver,” to be arranged by his +attendants. Indeed I noticed, that whenever Mandara +wished to drive a hard bargain, and this desire +never deserted him even in his most gushing outbursts +of friendliness, he negotiated it through intermediaries, +and never treated directly with me on matters +of business, having a royal dislike to saying disagreeable +things. Accordingly, on this occasion, when he +had exhausted his surprise and delight at the coloured +pictures, when he had ceased to turn the handle of the +musical-box, and had rung all the bells till their +hammers were unhung, and, sure sign of an exhausted +brain, had begun to yawn, I craved permission to +withdraw, which was gracefully accorded, and I +retired to my tent, followed by two Wa-čaga leading +fat sheep and carrying bananas as the Sultan’s contribution +to my dinner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Early the next morning I rose and dressed, and was +some time performing an unusually protracted toilet, +for I had the rare opportunity of being able to dress +at my ease without pulling down the tent and hurrying +off the men with their loads. On raising the +canvas flap, and going out into the fresh morning +sunlight, I was somewhat surprised to see Mandara +with a circle of soldiers round him inspecting my +goods, and carrying on an active conversation with +the Zanzibaris. I saluted him gravely, but he returned +the greeting, as I thought, somewhat coldly. However, +he came and sat down in my deck-chair, and +then cast his dangerous gaze around my tent and its +furniture. Singling out my dressing-bag he begged +<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>to examine it, and I could not refuse; so he passed +all its contents through his hands, uttering constantly +his curious whistling exclamation, “Tu, tu, tu!” +of admiring astonishment. He asked for nothing but +an old toothbrush, and though I proffered a new one +in exchange, he stuck to his first choice, and resolutely +carried it off. After he had left me his counsellors +arrived, and the rest of the morning was taken up in +bargaining about the amount of goods to be paid for a +building-site and permanent settlement in Moši. I +say “permanent settlement” because Mandara declared +at the time that this first payment was to be +the last, and that by coming to terms with his delegates +I purchased the land outright and for ever, +retaining the power to sell or otherwise dispose of it +to any one else. This first agreement he never repudiated, +although we afterwards squabbled about the +extent of my plantations. The price for the land was +fixed at 210 yards of American sheeting, three dozen +handkerchiefs, and about thirty pounds of red beads, +all of which were immediately paid, and we were +informed that on the morrow we might quit Mandara’s +presence, and fix on any unoccupied site that pleased +us. These preliminaries concluded, I began to enjoy +a little well-earned repose, and settled down to sketch +some of the scenery, which was lovely enough to move +even exclamations of admiration from my stolid Zanzibaris. +Above me, to the north, rose majestically +the snowy dome of Kibô,<a id='r14'></a><a href='#f14' class='c017'><sup>[14]</sup></a> untouched by mist, and +clearly cut against the smalt-blue sky. The middle +distance was hidden, and the trees of the foreground +<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>seemed to touch the snow with their waving tops. +Below me, on the other side, lay stretched a vast +plain, marked, as on a map, with rivers, mountains, +and forests, and stretching away into hazy space, +where it mingled with the low-lying strata of cloud. +We were only 3,500 feet above the sea at Mandara’s, +and relatively at the very foot of the mountain; but +the view on all sides, above and below, was unusually +magnificent. I was interrupted in my sketching by a +messenger from the chief. I could not at first understand +the import of his message, as he spoke in +Ki-čaga, but with the aid of an interpreter I ascertained +he bore a request that I would go and visit one +of Mandara’s wives who was sick. Hearing the cause +of her indisposition was a virulent ulcer, I took with +me the necessary ointments, and followed the messenger +alone, being conducted to a quiet little square +inside a palisade, where, in three beehive huts, dwelt +the three principal wives of Mandara. I was introduced +to the ailing lady, who scarcely glanced at +me, merely sticking out a leg, on which festered a +hideous sore. She had been fanning it to keep away +the flies before my arrival, but now quietly surrendered +it to me, imagining, poor simple thing, that I +should immediately cure it. I explained to her, however, +that recovery would be slow and gradual. Then +laving the ulcer in cold spring-water, which was +brought to me in a broken gourd, I applied to it the +kind of ointment recommended in my medicine-book, +and, bandaging up her leg, added much good advice, +and left. I suppose my simple skill had made a due +impression, for I was hardly back in camp and sketching +once more when the messenger arrived again, +informing me there were more of Mandara’s wives +<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>needing my assistance, and insisting on my starting to +see them without delay. Feeling annoyed at these +constant demands on my time and medicine-chest, I +nevertheless complied, in order to keep on good terms +with the chief, but this time I resolved to use a coarser +and scarcely less effectual remedy for open sores—paraffin—of +which I had an ample store. So, with a +small tin of this mineral oil, more lint, and more linen +bandaging, I again followed the messenger, and this +time was taken to a different quarter, where I entered +a large, low-pitched, round building, with a peaked +roof—in fact a big beehive hut. The interior being +only lighted by the low doorway, it was at first impossible +to distinguish anything in the gloom, especially +as a curious odorous steam, and the smoke of a wood +fire mingled and rendered the obscurity inside denser. +At length, however, I could make out that the building +was divided into a certain number of stalls, +separated in the centre by a broad lane. On one side +were milch cows, some four or five, each with a calf, +and each in her separate stall; on the other were +about the same number of women, one or two with +children. They evinced little surprise or amusement +at seeing me, and all but the sick one went on with +the food-preparing avocations they were already +engaged in. I dressed the woman’s ulcer with +paraffin, left her some oil for a further application, +and withdrew, half-stifled with the ammoniacal odours +of this stable-harem. Once more back in camp I had +many further calls here and there to visit patients and +treat the most varied disorders, from a broken arm to +insanity and blindness. In all cases it was hoped that +I should effect immediate cures, and had I commenced +a series of miracles, no surprise would have been +<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>elicited, so great was the implicit faith in a white +man’s “healing-magic.” But now, somewhat nettled +at the calm way in which I was ordered about, I intimated +that all who wished for medicine or medical +advice must come for it in person, and wait my pleasure +to be attended to. In no wise rebuffed, the +subjects of Mandara thronged the precincts of my +tent, and would have overrun everything and sullied +all the clean appurtenances of my little habitation, +had I not formed a stout barrier of bales and boxes, +and set a strong guard to keep order among the +rabble. Then one by one I saw the sick, the maimed, +the hopelessly diseased, and, in a few hours, had made +more saddening acquaintance with the ills that flesh is +heir to—even in a pristine, savage state—than had +been afforded to me under any previous circumstances +of my wandering career. The whole of that evening +I patiently inquired into each complaint, and, to +the best of my poor ability, administered medical +relief.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER VI.<br> <span class='c016'>MY FIRST SETTLEMENT ON KILIMA-NJARO.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Very early in the morning of the succeeding day—the +second after our arrival in Moši—I began to +prepare for the last stage of my journey, the search +for a suitable site on which to establish my principal +and central collecting-station. Various considerations +must influence me in my selection. Firstly, it must +not be too low down on the mountain, so as to be inconveniently +far from my collecting-grounds; secondly, +it must not be too high up or my men would suffer +unduly from cold, and we should induce no natives to +bring their food supplies for sale. Again, I did not +wish to build too near Mandara’s court in case that +monarch should honour us with an inconvenient +amount of his society, and always have me at his beck +and call; on the other hand, if I journeyed too far +into the wilderness I lost the protection Mandara was +able to accord me and would, consequently, nullify the +object of my settlement in Moši, which was to be +enabled to pursue my avocations quietly and economically +by living with a very few followers under the +ægis of a powerful prince.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I, therefore, after long consultation of the imperfect +map, decided that a certain prominent spur of the +mountain in the north-east of Mandara’s country +<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>(overlooking the bed of a rivulet) would best answer +my purpose for a secure and pleasant settlement. +After experience showed me that this almost accidental +choice would have been a strangely fortunate one, +and had I made a permanent residence in Mandara’s +country, I should have eventually built there. But +on my indicating this selection to the chief on my +arrival, I could see that it met with his secret disapproval. +He really feared that in establishing myself +on this distant spot I should be too independent of +his caprices. Yet he did not countermand it, but +merely nodded and said enigmatically, “We shall +see—kešo, kešo” (<i>kešo</i>! fatal word = ‘to-morrow’). +However, I was determined to show him that I intended +to have my own way. Accordingly, I prepared +actively for departure on the morrow. I thought it +ominous that no guides or message came from +Mandara’s court, but I, nevertheless, affected not to +notice this, and gave the order cheerfully to shoulder +loads and march. Only thirty men—the Zanzibaris—responded. +The Rabai porters sat sullen and immovable, +and raised not a finger to their loads. I +asked them if they had understood me. “Perfectly,” +they said, “but Mandara had given them orders not +to move.” “But,” I exclaimed, “<i>I</i> am your master, +<i>I</i> pay you, and I command you to take up your loads +and follow me to the last stage of the journey.” +“What do we care for your commands?” they replied. +“Why Mandara could kill us all in a moment, and +who could resist him? And you—why you daren’t +even beat us, because you know we should tell the +missionaries.” This was indeed bitterness for me, +especially the feeling that I was impotent to harm +these wretches. Unfortunately, they had all received +<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>the greater part of their wages in advance, and had +carefully stored up their dollars before quitting the +coast, so that the threat of depriving them of the +small remainder of their pay, if they failed to complete +the contract, had little effect. Mandara, it appears, +had tried to cajole and frighten the Zanzibaris into +joining the strike, but these true-hearted Mussulmen +had informed him that they had but one master and +that the white man, and him only would they obey—an +answer for which Mandara ever afterwards bore +them a grudge. I therefore in my difficulty turned +to them for counsel. Kiongwe, the head-man, whose +experience under Stanley had made him a reliable +adviser, proposed a daring solution of the quandary, +namely, that he should proceed forthwith to Mandara’s, +present him my salaams, and inform him I was now +ready to start, and waiting only for the promised +guide. On this errand he went, and found Mandara +in the best of humours, and apparently grieved to +hear of the mutiny in my camp, though his one eye +twinkled as he said so.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A compromise was arrived at. Kiongwe was informed +that I was <i>free</i> to go wherever I chose, but +that Mandara <i>advised</i> me to select the site which his +delegates would show me. As I had a hundred loads +and only thirty men willing to carry them, I had +better put my goods under his charge, and he would +take care of them until they could be removed in +instalments to the selected site. I was rueful when +Kiongwe returned and communicated the result of his +interview, because I felt how utterly I had placed +myself in Mandara’s power. Moreover, I dreaded +lest the proposed “taking charge of my goods” were +not a pretext for exacting a huge ransom. However, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>I submitted to fate, and after events showed me that +I had misjudged Mandara. The site he had selected +for my settlement was not quite equal to the one +I would have preferred, as regards natural history +purposes, but it was not far removed in distance, and +certainly had many peculiar advantages. As to the +goods placed under Mandara’s care, I can only say +they were made over to me absolutely intact.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nevertheless, not foreknowing the happy termination +of my troubles, it was with a somewhat anxious heart +that I accompanied my thirty Zanzibaris, following as +speedily as possible Mandara’s nimble soldiers. These, +our guides, sped along in front, skipping uphill like +goats, and making nothing of the slippery, clayey +descents, slimy with recent showers, where <i>we</i> had +carefully to walk sideways to avoid a headlong tumble. +But these glissades were only accidents along the +winding track; our general direction was upwards. +We left the spur on which Mandara’s residences stand, +wound along a little artificial watercourse which irrigated +the chief’s banana plantations, then attacked a +very steep hill-side, up which we clambered almost on +all fours, clutching at grass tufts by the way, stopped +to breathe under the spreading branches of some magnificent +acacia-trees, where the bold, grey monkeys +peered at us wonderingly with their blue faces, and +ducked their heads and chattered at our ugliness; +again mounted up, up, up, till our knees grew palsied, +and our chests ached; passed through rich hedges of +glossy-leaved dracœnas, pink-flowered aloes, spreading +fern-fronds and fruiting brambles, turned the corner +sharply, and entered on a less fatiguing portion of our +route.</p> + +<p class='c008'>How charming was the journey now before us! +<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>After such a tiring ascent, wherein we were nearly +compelled to relapse into our pristine mode of locomotion—in +fact to imitate those great baboons who +scampered away from us on all fours up the lanes, +disturbed in their raids on the banana clusters; we +were now able to stroll at our ease, though such was +the exhilaration of the scene, and the freshness of the +morning air, that I skipped and tripped, childlike, +along the level path. And such a path! Like a tiny +towing-track it followed a Lilliputian canal, cut along +an artificial channel in the hill-side, or, to express it +more clearly, diverted from the parent-stream before +the hill was a hill in a far-off valley, and now pursuing +its tranquil course and gentle descent along the swelling +bosom of the mountain, while the original rivulet +descended below in wasteful cascades. Both path and +irrigating channel hung seemingly in mid-air, jutting +out from the mountain-side with a thousand feet of +tree-choked ravine below and five hundred feet of +bracken-covered hill above. Therefore, as we marched +along so gaily, we looked down on the velvety tops of +the bushy trees with which the sheer descent of rock +and fern was studded, and up through the wide, orange-tinted +bracken fronds at the bright green banana +groves that crested the summit of the hill. Then we +rounded the prettiest little clump of woodland imaginable, +pushed out like an ornamental shelf or bracket +from the wall of hill, and positively suspended over the +green gulf below. This, indeed, was a “hanging-wood,” +and I almost hesitated at first to follow the path that +hung upon its edge, fearing lest the weight of our passing +troop might break down the border that supported +path and stream, and send us tumbling into the valley +beneath. But this was a danger more fanciful than +real, for the ledge was firmly buttressed underneath by +the strong roots of the forest-trees clinging to the rock. +As we skirted this great ravine we arrived at a point +where it narrowed, and where the difference between +valley and hill was less. Here the little rivulet, which +farther on its course lay a thousand feet below, was on +a level with the path, and here it was made to give +birth by careful damming to artificial canals, which +started away on either side to irrigate the terraced hill-plantations +with their sluggish flow. Where we crossed +the pretty stream was in a shady hollow. It had +expanded to a shimmering pool; large sycamore fig-trees +with spatulate leaves rose above its banks. Tall +arums, with pale yellow flower-sheaths, and untidy +Isolepis grasses, whose heads of streaming filaments +looked like green mops, studded its flattened banks, and +we jumped in a few seconds from stone to stone across +its shallow flow, crossing at the same time both +stream and valley, and finding ourselves commencing +the ascent of the opposite hill, and, but that we +now had the widening gorge between us, seemingly +retracing our steps to Mandara’s town. His little beehive +huts, on which we had hitherto turned our backs, +now reappeared behind the shoulder of the opposite hill, +but when our climb was done lay more than a thousand +feet below us. Here we had reached our destination.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1182_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>VIEW OF MANDARA’S VILLAGE FROM KITIMBIRIU.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>There are numberless spurs or buttresses of the +parent-mountain on the southern side of Kilima-njaro. +Some are bold, serrated, and abrupt; some +are rounded and nearly flattened on the top. On one +of these Mandara’s residence is placed, on another, of +more imposing height, I was about to build; and there +are yet others, and others, and others, stretching out +westward and eastward into the great plain below. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>Each one of these spreading buttresses is separated from +its neighbours by a ravine, which, as you ascend it, +will gradually narrow and narrow until it disappears, +and the two diverging spurs of the mountain converge +into the parent mass, so that the general effect of +Kilima-njaro from the south would suggest a tree-trunk +poised on its spreading roots. In each ravine there +is a rivulet, and along the crest of each buttress, or it +may be somewhat to the side, meanders an artificially-trained +stream, diverted from the rivulet at some higher +fountain or waterfall, and carried in a gentle descent +along the brow of the hill. This, of course, is the +handiwork of man, but so industrious have been at +varying times the Bantu inhabitants of Kilima-njaro, +that there is scarcely a spur descending from the +southern base of the mountain that is unprovided with +the irrigating channel—or, it may be, three or four +channels at different elevations—running along its +sloping crest or flanks, and keeping its terraced +gardens supplied with water. In those parts where +wars have devastated the country, and where the hills +are no longer cultivated or inhabited, these former +runnels of water still remain, although from want of +care the channels may have dried up and become turfed +over.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span> +<img src='images/p1210_fig28.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 28.—Head and Shoulders of our Cow.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In half an hour I had fixed on the site for my settlement, +and remained there alone to guard the first +instalment of my goods while my men returned to +bring the rest. By the end of the afternoon everything +had safely arrived, and for the first time during +many weeks I knew what it was to be free from care, +and be able to enjoy an afternoon of idleness. I no +longer cared now whether the men of Rabai ran away +or not. My goods were safely landed at my destination, +my wearying tramp over wold and fell, sharp +rocks and scorching sand, was at an end, and I was +free to rest with the satisfaction of finding that my +brightest anticipations of Kilima-njaro scenery were +realized. No more desperate marches after water, +only to find it hidden away in the crevices of lofty hills. +There, alongside of me, in front of me, as I sat in my +deck-chair on the broad brow of the hill, swirled the +water in its artificial channel, brought by man’s patient +ingenuity to keep us company in our eyrie. A little +way off me lay my men, their work for the day concluded. +They had with happy abandonment thrown +themselves down on the sweet turf, lying half somnolent +in fragrant beds of mint and clover, crushing +with their dead weight many a delicate ground-orchid +or purple-red dissotis. The tent had been pitched, and +the cook’s fire was sending +up a little column +of smoke, which stood +out bluish-white against +the green background +of the rising hill-side. A +goat and kid, a cow and +calf, presents from Mandara, +munched peacefully +the rank grass +round the bushes, but +save for the occasional +smothered tearing noise +they made when cropping +the herbage, and except the desultory conversation +between the two cooks, no sound broke the +dreamy silence. By a thoughtful order of Mandara’s, +no native was allowed to visit my encampment the first +<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>day of our arrival, so that, until we had got all our +goods safely stored, there might be no temptation to +steal. Consequently my attention was undistracted, +and totally given to the examination of my new surroundings.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The site of my first settlement on Kilima-njaro lay +about two miles to the north-east of the capital of +Moši (in latitude 3° 17′ 30″ S., and longitude 37° 25′ +E.), on the brow of a fine hill nearly 5000 feet above +the sea; but, of course, not much elevated above the +surrounding country. On either side yawned a deep +ravine, with a stream flowing through in its depths; +but at the back the hill, which was only one of the +many spurs of the mountain-side, joined the parent +mass, and might thus be easily approached without +much serious climbing. It would have been a splendid +site for a city, and, indeed—who knows?—may be +some day. I sometimes amuse myself by thinking +that when—as it must be sooner or later—Kilima-njaro +is colonized by a superior race, and fair cities +spring up on its breezy heights, some of them may +arise from the original sites of my various stations, +and when they look back with complacency on their +prosperous career and some aspiring archivist starts to +write their history from its earliest commencement, +my insignificance may be rescued from utter oblivion +as the first inhabitant and the pristine architect of +their foundation. Perhaps in the city museum may +be preserved some curious relics of my stay—a champagne-bottle, +a petroleum-tin, or an empty jar that +once contained arsenical soap; and in the municipal +library, perhaps even a copy of this book may be +found, in which the passages descriptive of the city’s +ancient site may be eagerly discussed and quoted. In +<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>the interest, then, of a possible futurity, I will complete +the history of my settlement in Moši, the native +name of which was “Kitimbiriu.” On the summit of +this elongated hill—<i><span lang="fr">colline</span></i>, or “little neck,” is a +French name which describes it well—was a nearly +level and broad plateau, three sides of which descended +almost precipitously into the valleys below. With a +very little work it might have been made unapproachable +save from the north, where it joined on to higher +ground. Along one side and then across and down +the other side flowed a tiny artificial canal of clear +water brought from a tumbling stream higher up the +mountain, and carried along this hill from above in a +very gently descending channel. Thus we had water +at our very door, and needed not to seek it in the ravine +a thousand feet below. It seemed so strange and +quaint to find a placid brooklet flowing along high +ground up in the clouds and at the edge of a precipice. +All this was due to the patient industry of the Wa-čaga +of Kilima-njaro, who prefer to live on the tops of hills +for safety, and therefore carry their water in artificial +channels from the heights above, and make it flow the +whole length of these inhabited spurs, while the parent +streams go dashing down the valleys, descending in +cascades of 70 and 100 feet, till they flow far, far below +the placid canals which water the hill-crests stretching +out into the plains.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span> +<img src='images/p1240_fig29.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 29.—A View towards Mačame.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In the centre of my settlement a large and spreading +tree gave a pleasant shade in the warm noonday, and +further sheltered my habitations from the occasional +high winds; and lastly—and this, I suppose, no afterwork +of man can alter—the view to be obtained +from this site was almost unequalled in Čaga. “All +the world,” said Mandara once, “can be seen from +your windows;” and though, of course, it was not a +strictly true assertion, it was plausible when uttered +in view of such a splendid expanse of country—such a +veritable map of Eastern Africa as might be seen from +Kitimbiriu. The two snow-peaks of Kibô and Kimawenzi +rose above us to the north. Looking westward +we might gaze over the whole belt of inhabited +country as far as Mačame, near the great western +shoulder of Kilima-njaro, which stretches towards +Méru. Many a forest-crowned hill intervened; and +in the foreground the scenery was a bewildering maze +of banana plantations in their glinting, vivid green, +of maize-fields, of patches of red and freshly turned-up +soil, and dark purple blots, which were isolated trees +left standing in the cultivated land. Then there were +the bare, sheep-cropped downs forming stretches of +pale green colour, and the hill-sides clothed with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>feathery bracken, which at the season of my arrival +(June) was dried to a vivid yellow. All these varied +tones, too crude and startling in the foreground, +became harmonized into a beautiful green and purple +patchwork in the middle distance, and faded away +near the horizon into a calm and tender violet, broken +here and there by the blue puffs of smoke which +everywhere mark the inhabited zone; for the natives +of Čaga are perpetually clearing the land of weeds and +burning +the refuse in great +bonfires to fertilize +the soil with the ashes.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p1250_fig30.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 30.<br> <br> A View towards Ugweno.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Southward and eastward I looked +across to the beautiful blue hills of Ugweno,<a id='r15'></a><a href='#f15' class='c017'><sup>[15]</sup></a> +at the base of which lies Lake ǰipé. +The lake cannot be seen from the +elevation of Kitimbiriu, but mount +a thousand feet higher and you will descry it like an +oblong mirror at the base of the purple hills.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span> +<img src='images/p1260_fig31.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 31.—Mount Méru.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>But in all this range of view there was no grander +object for the eyes to rest on—scarcely excepting the +snowy dome of Kibô—than Méru, the grandest mountain +in symmetrical shape that Africa can boast. It +rises, a perfect pyramid, to the west of Kilima-njaro, +and springs heavenward from the sunny plain till it +reaches a height of nearly 15,000 feet.<a id='r16'></a><a href='#f16' class='c017'><sup>[16]</sup></a> I wish I could +paint it for you as I saw it at the close of this tranquil +afternoon when I lay resting and awaiting my dinner +on the hill-top of Kitimbiriu. Imagine, first, a western +<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>sky of clear, pale gold, deepening into orange just close +to the horizon. Over this hangs in the upper heaven +a thin sheet of greyish purple cloud, semi-opaque, semi-transparent, +letting a little of the warm ground show +through, sharp edged, and so disposed at a slight angle +as to appear like the border of a dusky curtain prepared +to drop over the scene. This foil enhances the +vivid glory of the golden belt which stretches across +the sky. Then out of a serrated horizon of unimportant +peaks and cones rises the clear, dark blue +pyramid of Méru, its outline just a little tampered with +by Nature, so that it may not be rendered too formal. +The summit is slightly flattened, and on the right side +a jagged notch breaks the uniformity of its long +northern slope. The accidental effect of colour is as +beautiful as anything. Seen by this light there is no +subtle interweaving of tints. The whole mass of Méru +is one clear tone of dark grey-blue, and the brilliant +band of sky behind is an unvaried positive gold. Just +to break the almost decorative look the formal contrast +bears, there is one faint, delicate smear of cloud +stretching right across the upper half of mountain and +sky. Méru is cut off from the middle distance by a +long, undulating, purple line marking the farthest +westward spur of Kilima-njaro. The centre of the +picture is a rich, dusky-green plain, interwoven with +lines of purple and brown to mark the distant clumps +of forest bordering the river-course. In the more +distant foreground stretch out the nearer buttresses of +Kilima-njaro, long lines of hillocks, crested with occasional +umbrageous trees, but more often clothed with +banana groves of pale, pure green. These interwoven +lines of hill stretch upwards from the vague obscurity +of the middle distance till they culminate in the great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>simple shoulder of the down rising across our ravine. +This is a plain grassy slope with white goats browsing +on it, but in the immediate foreground it is dropping +into the more misty depths of the widening gorge over +whose purple abyss soar and wheel in high relief a few +brown vultures.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1280_fig32.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 32.—A Kite.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>It was most delightful thus to look forth from my +eyrie on the many lands spread before me as on a huge +and living map, and also to feel that I was safe from +all attack on the part of the lawless rovers of the +plains. My gaze stretched away, even into parts of +Africa that are unknown and unvisited of white men, +and I could scan the natural features of these countries +at a glance, and correct the disposition of their rivers +and mountain ranges on the map. Sometimes, when +the partial mists rose over the nearer hills and valleys, +and the brow of my hill seemed to be an island floating +in the air, the effect was a most pleasing and novel +one. I, my men, my huts, and my domestic animals +seemed to be sailing over Africa in a giant balloon. +Below us, beyond the mists, were the sunlit plains, the +lines of velvet forest bordering the winding streams, +the stretches of open +pasture-land like lakes +of grass, green amid +the darker forest and +the purple hills. Then, +at our feet, rolling +clouds of grey vapour, +and, standing out in +strong relief against +this vacuous background, +the soaring +kites who wheeled and poised with outspread pinions +<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>just below my feet, seeming like the birds which +accompanied Solomon when he flew through the air +on his magic carpet, as the Arab legends tell us.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Throughout the four months of my residence in +Kitimbiriu the beauties of the scenery never palled and +never grew monotonous. With such varied atmospheric +agencies the effects around us changed like the +designs of a kaleidoscope, and rarely came two alike. +Sometimes, perhaps at early dawn, everything would +be veiled in blank mist, save only the summit of Kibô, +and this would gleam out above the clouds, like some +supernatural vision, rosy in the effulgence of the coming +dawn. Or, it might be, in the noontide every trace of +vapour would have vanished, and the velvet forest lie +glowing in gold-green light and dusky purple shadows, +every detail strongly marked, while the precipices, +jutting rocks, and shining <i>nevées</i> of Kibô were discernible +with startling clearness, though the peak lay distant +nearly fifteen miles. In the afternoon, perhaps, the +sky was hung with dense curtains of purple-grey cloud, +and the plain below lay in monotonous blue shadow; +only away to the west, behind the pyramid of Méru, the +heavens exhibited one clear, cloudless belt, which the +descending sun turned to refulgent gold, and against +this relief, as on some antique illumination or decorative +design, the peak of Méru and the jagged hill-tops at +its base would stand out in a simple tone of indigo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the morning succeeding my arrival I had little +leisure for observing the scenery, although I felt in +high spirits and very much the better for my long, +dreamy, restful afternoon of the day before, spent idly +in the contemplation of the matchless landscapes +round me. Perhaps for this reason I was inclined to +relent in my just wrath against the Rabai porters, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>pay them the remainder of their wages and let them +go. Or it may have been a message from Mandara, +asking me to overlook their mutiny of the day before, +and send them back to the coast with their money and +food allowance, which decided me to this act of forgiveness, +for such powerful advocacy was not to be +slighted. Accordingly these creatures were summoned +from Mandara’s village, ranged in line by my Zanzibaris, +and received their “chits,” or slips of paper, +which they were to present for payment to the Consul +on the coast. On each “chit” was written the +amount of the man’s wages, <i>minus</i> fines for misbehaviour, +or <i>plus</i> a present for well-doing. Further, +perhaps, was a line or two of writing to serve as a +“character,” good or bad, as the case may be, which +Captain Gissing, when he payed them at Mombasa, +would doubtless enlarge into a stern upbraiding or +kindly commendation. I fear, however, from what I +remember of these men, that he would have been more +occupied in rebuking than commending, for a worse +stamp of men than the Rabai porters I have rarely met +with in Africa, and I think most other travellers’ experience +is the same. Their first evangelist, Krapf, +describes them in despair as a “crooked and indifferent +generation of heathens,” and although the generation +of which he wrote may have passed away, the one to +which it has given place amply illustrates the principle +of heredity by perpetuating with increased force the +ancestral badness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was with considerable relief that I dismissed +them from my settlement in Čaga and turned to my +faithful Zanzibaris, who were setting to work with +bright activity to make our little colony inhabitable. +Twenty of these Zanzibaris were allowed to lie by and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>rest, for I intended to send them shortly back to Taita +to fetch the goods there left behind in the missionary’s +house, when so many of the Wa-rabai deserted; but +of the remaining twelve, each man received his appointed +task. Abdallah was made supervisor of the +working men; Mabruki and Athmani were already +engaged in drying plants and skinning birds under +my tuition; Faraǰi and Cephas were building a +kitchen; Ibrahim was sent with Baher, Fariǰala, and +Mwali Mnyani to take spades and clear the site for my +house; Abdallah bin Saleh was to cut grass and +attend to the goat and cow; Mguu collected firewood +for the cooks; while, most important task of all, to +Kadu Stanley was given the post of gardener—he had +to dig up a piece of soil, divide it into neat plots, sow +it with my English seeds, and hedge it round about +with a sturdy palisade. The day succeeding my arrival +I had already put into my kitchen-garden the seeds of +mustard and cress, radishes, turnips, carrots, onions, +tomatoes, borage, sage, cucumbers, and melons; and at +the end of my first week in Čaga, I was already eating +a salad of my own growing.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We did not, however, sink at once into this life of +quiet colonization. During the first few days of my +stay I was much annoyed by continual visits from +Mandara’s parasites; wretched bankrupt Swahili +traders or runaway slaves, who had taken refuge +with the chief of Moši from their creditors or owners; +and, in the sense that a one-eyed man is king amongst +the blind, so this rascality of the coast quite lorded it +over the simple savage, and affected to consider itself +on a par with the white man. From the first time, +however, that I met them on the road to Čaga, when +they were sent to welcome me to Mandara’s country. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>I felt it would be a struggle for supremacy between +us. They were secretly enraged at my coming, fearing +to lose their influence over the fickle chief, and seeing +much hindrance to the slave-trade, which they, the +ex-slaves, were so profitably organizing. Accordingly, +from the very first they sought to thwart me, and, +without resorting to any overt act of malice, intended +to render my stay in the country impossible. Before +I had barely occupied my settlement a day they began +making constant visits to my tent, coolly demanding +this and that article in the name of Mandara. At +first I simply declined, but, after one or two refusals, +their ringleader, an ape-like, shrunken man, marked +with small-pox, said in a threatening tone, “I tell you +what, young man (kiǰana), if you are not more generous, +you will never be able to stop here.” I immediately +seized my stick, and jumped after him; but he +had gathered up his skirts and fled, followed by his +companions. At this juncture there was but one +course to be pursued. I called to me two or three of +my men, took my walking-stick, and started on the +road to Mandara’s house. Arriving at his village +green, I saw his Swahili parasites lolling about, some +of them affecting to play with much interest a game +like “draughts,” called <i>bao</i>, although I saw them +watching me out of the corners of their eyes. All, +however, studiously remained indifferent to my approach, +and for a second I paused, irresolute as to how +I should announce myself to the chief. Then I called +to the nearest man, who was stooping over one of the +<i>bao</i> players, and told him quietly to go and tell Mandara +I desired an interview. He kept his back turned +to me, shrugged his shoulders, and smiled scornfully +at his comrades. My temper rose, but, apart from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>this, I knew these curs only cringe to force. I raised +my stick, and brought it down with a sounding thwack +on the shoulders of the inattentive man. “Now,” +I said, “you pig, you slave, go and tell the chief I +have come to say good-bye.” He looked startled and +hurried off. Presently I was summoned by a Čaga +warrior to approach, but before I reached the hedge +of dracœnas that bounded Mandara’s enclosure the +chief himself came striding to meet me, not, as I had +nerved myself to meet him, with knitted brows and +sullen scowl, but with a charming smile and beaming +face. Taking both my hands in his outstretched +palms, he said, “What! has my white man come to +see me already? How good! Now we must have a +chat. Bring a seat there, and a cup of ‘tembo.’” +This winning manner quite altered the tone of my +feelings, and, after such graciousness, I felt that +peevish complaints sounded very ill from my mouth. +However, I braced myself to the disagreeable task, +and told him resolutely that I must leave if any +further demand for presents was made. “You know, +Mandara, I am a poor man. The Wa-alimu (wise +men) of Ulaya have not provided me with many goods. +I cannot afford to give you constant gifts. If you +really want me to build here and live in your country, +you must leave off asking me for presents.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mandara, at these words, looked around on all +present with well-acted astonishment. His one bright +eye grew sad and perplexed under his knitted brow, +as he said, “What is the white man saying? I don’t +understand. Why does he want to go?” My men +then told him, with averted looks and in tones of +deepest respect, that the white man was offended +because Mandara’s Swahilis came asking for frequent +<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>gifts for their chief. “Oh, is that all?” said Mandara, +who had of course instigated the whole affair, +and had sent these men to sound me gently, and see +if I was of a generous and yielding temperament. +“These men don’t know what they are saying; they +should converse with the white man’s servants, not +with him. But,” he said, “we are wasting our +time over little words—<i>manéno madogo</i>. Between the +white man and Mandara only great affairs should be +treated of, or else general and light conversation (zumgumzo). +I am Sultan here, am I not?” (An eager and +hurried assent on every one’s part.) “And this is the +Baloza’s child. Let him settle here in peace, and not +concern himself with the conversation of slaves.” +Here he affected to scowl at the Wa-swahili, who bore +all this tirade very stolidly, as if a prearranged +comedy was being carried out. However, I was not +to be outdone in amiability, and so I heartily shook +Mandara’s great paw, and drank sour tembo (which I +detested) with an affected enjoyment quite touching +in its hypocrisy. Then a bright idea crossed my mind +and I said—seeing that Mandara expected a reply +to his oration—“Mandara, I have got a little tale +(hadithi) to tell you.” “I am listening,” answered +the chief. “Once, do you know, in Ulaya, there was +a man who had a hen (none of the Wa-čaga have heard +of geese) which laid him every morning a golden egg. +And the man was very pleased at first, but after awhile +he got impatient, and he said, ‘Instead of waiting +for many days till I get a good sum from this hen’s +eggs, let me cut her open now, and get out all the +gold at once.’ And he did so, and found nothing +inside. Now, wasn’t that a foolish man, Mandara?” +“Ye-es,” replied the chief thoughtfully, “perhaps he +<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>was.” Then he sipped more tembo, and reflected. +After a pause he turned to me and continued, “And +now <i>I</i> will tell <i>you</i> a tale. When I plant a seed or a +sapling here in my plantation, I let it grow quietly +at first—I do not pull it up to look at its roots, and +I do not pluck its early blossoms or its tender leaves. +I wait until it is mature, and then,” he added thoughtfully, +looking straight before him, “if it fails to bear +abundant fruit, I cut it down.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Then our conversation ranged over the most varied +subjects—European life, a description from me of an +ironclad—<i>manowari</i> (man-of-war) as Mandara called it—the +history and configuration of Čaga from Mandara, +whose notion of local geography was singularly correct—the +Čaga language, the English tongue, and so on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The interview ended in rapturous friendship. Mandara +declared himself my father, claimed me as a son, +and announced, almost hysterically, a complete community +of goods (a statement to which I inwardly +demurred). “Whenever the white man wanted a cow +or a goat, he would just take them from the herds of +his father Mandara, and whenever Mandara desired a +handsome gun or a European bed, he would use those +that belonged to his white child.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>As an earnest of this happy arrangement he sent +for a splendid ram, with an immensely fat tail, a ewe, +and a lamb, and handed them over to me as a little +“kitowéo” (relish), to take back to my camp. I +then shook his great hand enthusiastically, and with +many a parting shout of “Kwa-heri (good-bye), +Mandara,” “Kwa-heri, mtoto wangu!” (good-bye, +my child), I turned my steps back to Kitimbiriu, my +men enthusiastic over the “manéno mazuri” (fine +words) which had passed between their master and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>the chief of Moši. Of course on my return I made +up a quantity of the things he most coveted, especially +a number of packets of European seeds, and sent +them to him as an equivalent for the sheep. After +this interview the relations between Mandara and +myself assumed such a friendly character, that I felt +myself able to rely entirely on his goodwill as a protection +against the rapacity of his followers. Consequently, +the very next day I despatched twenty +men to Taita for the purpose, already mentioned, of +bringing the last instalment of goods left behind.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1361_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>KIBÔ IN THE EARLY MORNING.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>When these had departed, I was now at liberty to +turn my attention to more congenial studies. I installed +my two collectors in a quickly constructed +hut, unpacked the bales of botanical paper, the cases +of taxidermist paraphernalia, and other necessaries in +natural history collecting, and set to work to amass +and preserve as many specimens of the fauna and +flora around me as I could obtain. Having given +every man his allotted task, and being able to trust +the general supervision of the settlement to my Indian +servant, I was freer in my movements than I had +been for a long time, and could ramble about alone +all day with the certainty of finding everything going +on well when I returned. With a light heart I was +able to explore the beauties of my African Switzerland. +First of all, I desired to obtain a sketch of the snowy +dome of Kibô. This, the highest summit of Kilima-njaro, +was not always on view. For weeks together +he would be swathed in clouds. But should you be +an early riser, you would hardly fail to catch a glimpse +of him just at sunrise, when before the cold breath of +morning the unfolding clouds part and scatter, and +disclose his splendid crown of virgin snow, irradiated +<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>with the pale pink sunshine. Thus it was that within +a few days of my arrival I had my first good stare +at, and began my first detailed sketch of Kilima-njaro’s +highest peak, which the coast people call “the mountain +of the Snow Fiend,” and the Masai more reverently +term “the Home of God.” I hurried a short +distance from my camp to the edge of the ravine, +whence there was little to obstruct the view, and +there, squatted amid the crushed bracken fronds at +the commencement of the precipitous descent, I looked +across first to the opposite hill, crested with feathery +trees, acacias, sycamores, and palms, and then to +the swelling forest-clad heights beyond, gloomy and +sombre in the shade, as yet untouched by the sloping +sunshine. Above +these a vast white +sheet of fleecy cloud, +uniform and flat, +and crowning all, as +if cut off from the +lower earth, and +floating majestically +in the pale blue +heaven, the snow-covered +dome, with +its blemishes of +shadow and blaze of +preponderating light +like that of the disc +of the moon.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1370_fig34.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 34.—A Native Dam.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The jealous +clouds, however, +granted me but a +poor half-hour in which to sketch the features of their +<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>monarch, and I was compelled to defer the completion +of my work to other opportunities. Meanwhile, I +extended my walks, gun in hand, and a collecting +portfolio on my back, in all directions, but my first +favourite stroll was up the valley of our little stream. +Following the tiny path which ran parallel with our +irrigating channel, I came to the place where the latter +branched off from the parent stream. Here, at will, +a passing native could cut off our water-supply by +laying a packet of grass and mud athwart the little +channel, and, therefore, bearing this in mind, and +regarding also the fertility and beauty of the rich +valley (full of the alluvial soil washed down from the +hill-sides by the rain), I resolved that hereabouts my +principal plantations should be made. I obtained +Mandara’s consent to the plan, and accordingly set +my man, Kadu Stanley, to work at once, directing +him to clear away the brushwood, burn it, mix the +ashes with the soil, and then plough the whole field +up and break the clods of earth. Soon many a rich +bed of dark red earth was sown with seed, and +separated from its fellows by little runnels, along +which, once a day or oftener, water, diverted from the +nearest waterfall, was turned. Indeed, perpetual irrigation +was here much simplified. The plenteous +stream went bounding through the valley, with a +cascade every hundred yards or so. From the head +of these waterfalls nothing was easier than to divert +a stream on either side, carry it along a banked-up +channel above your plantations, and turn the water +wherever you willed into the network of tiny trenches +which intersected the plots of ground.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1380_fig35.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 35.—“Kitimbiriu” (our First Settlement on Kilima-njaro).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>However, artificial irrigation seemed almost a superfluity +in Čaga, where never a month passed without +rain, and where the climate was as moist as that of +Devonshire. I soon began to find that my first care +must be to get a rain-proof roof to sleep under. Our +primal houses were roughly made in a very few days. +The men proceeded to the forest, cut a certain number +of poles, used those that were forked at one extremity +as “uprights,” and laid the horizontal rods across +them, tying everything securely with long lithe strips +of wetted banana fibre. Then to this rough framework +they affixed a number of smaller sticks, until a +rough lattice-work was formed, and finally, the whole, +roof and all, would be neatly thatched with the old +fronds of the banana-tree, resembling brown paper in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>look and texture. (By-the-bye, when civilization extends +to Africa and people have got beyond the stage +when they only seek for gold or diamonds, it strikes +me that sun-dried banana leaves would form an admirable +material for paper-making, superior to esparto +grass.) Provided the roof was done with care, it +ought to be completely rain-tight. As it was, a little +patching generally had to take place after the first +shower. No windows, of course, were made. Light +was obtained from the open doorway, which was +closed at night by a mackintosh curtain and a door of +wooden framework. Inside, the earthen floor was +stamped hard by men’s feet, and before inhabiting the +house numerous fires were burnt on the ground and +their ashes pounded into the beaten earth. Of course +a trench or moat, to carry off the heavy rain, was +dug all round the house, so that it generally happened +that these hastily-constructed abodes were wonderfully +dry and snug. When the house was built for my +own occupation I had a large mat made from plaited +strips of the useful “migomba” (dried banana leaves), +and thrown down on the bare floor of beaten earth. +Then, on this, one or two wild beasts’ skins or a +bright-coloured Zanzibar “mkeka” (dyed grass mat), +added quite a comfortable look to the interior. My +bed was mounted in one corner, my portable table +stood in the centre of the dwelling, boxes of necessaries +were arranged along the walls, my washing-basin +was poised on a roughly-made tripod, shelves +were hastily rigged up to support the lighter articles +of my equipment, and lastly, nails and hooks were +knocked into the accommodating rafters, and from +these depended all the heterogeneous articles that +would let themselves be hung up.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>Similar habitations were constructed for my men, +paths were cleared and open spaces mowed, and +soon, where before had been little but the pristine +wilderness, rose the first decided outlines of my little +colony.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER VII.<br> <span class='c016'>“HALCYON DAYS.”</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>About a month was spent in the calm and contemplative +occupations described in the last chapter.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1422_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>A CORNER OF OUR SETTLEMENT.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>This period seemed in one way to pass all too quickly, +for the days slipped by one after the other, and no +date stood marked out prominently by extraordinary +events; and yet for the amount of work performed +and for the changes in our environment, that first +short term of our residence on Kilima-njaro was an +age, a cycle of history, especially for the natives. +While two-thirds of my men were tramping to Taita +and back to fetch the rest of my goods, I, with the remaining +third, was hard at work during every twelve +hours of daylight. Not only did we build the temporary +houses and plant the kitchen-gardens I have +already described, but we installed our cows and goats +in a spacious stable, constructed with sufficient strength +to resist a night attack from leopards; we set going a +poultry-run of eighty fowls; and we established a +primitive dairy, wherein the milk from our animals +was laid out in large flat wooden dishes (bought from +the natives), and produced such a liberal quantity of +cream that when enough had been taken to churn into +butter (this operation was really performed by shaking +in a large bottle), the remainder served to enrich my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>afternoon tea or early breakfast. One morning towards +the close of this most tranquil period my heart +really swelled with proprietary pride, when I saw +on my neatly-laid breakfast-table the first new-laid +eggs of my poultry-yard, the first radishes from my +garden, the first loaf from our home-made oven, together +with the adjuncts of our dairy, a pat of butter +and a jug of cream. With opulence came refinement +and the renaissance of art. I was now no longer content +to lodge in a hut, however dry and snug. I wanted +a spacious house. The ground being cleared and +levelled, I planned out with pegs and twine a residence +of ample size and regular proportions—26 feet long +and 18 feet wide, with two “wings” of 9 feet square +at the sides. The roof was to rise to a height of +12 feet at the apex, in the centre, and slope down to +7 feet at the sides. The interior of the main building +was to be again divided lengthways by inside partitions +into two equal portions, one-half to furnish a +long salon and reception-room, and the other to be +subdivided again into three compartments, which would +be respectively used as bed-room, bath-room, and +store-room. Of the two wings, one would become my +servant’s room, and the other a pantry where the +crockery and table-gear should be kept. It was altogether +a grand scheme, a majestic design, and when +my six or seven builders were initiated into the plans +they tapped their open mouths with their hands to +express their admiration for such a bold flight in +architecture. But the fact was that, like many ambitious +projectors, my plans were too vast for the +means at hand for carrying them into operation. +During three months this great edifice was constructing, +and a few days after the last touches were put +<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>to its embellishments I had, alas! to leave Moši for +good, and my deserted palace doubtless remains behind +(white ants and natives permitting) to testify to +future explorers, by its (relatively) Cyclopean proportions +and harmonious design, that an ambitious white +man once sojourned in that spot.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While my building of clay and wood may prove but +fleeting evidences of my long residence in Moši, the +roads I made, and even the bridges over the shallow +streams are likelier to subsist. One of my first actions +on entering a savage country and residing there, though +it may be only for a day or two, is to get men, axes, +sickles, and spades, and clear a path from somewhere +to somewhere else through the dense bush. It always +seems to me that in so doing I am opening up, however +feebly, the land to civilization. Moreover, if you +are going to collect in the forest and study nature +there, it is much pleasanter to have a decent path +along which to walk to your basis of operations. So +my broad tracks stretched right away in many directions +from the settlement, and along them I could go +backwards and forwards to my work.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So even was the tenor of my ways during this first +month in Moši, that I can find no striking events +worthy to lay before you, other than the mild domestic +incidents of this bucolic life. As one day was the repetition +of another, I may describe pretty accurately +how a whole month was passed by retailing to you the +petty incidents and occupations which made up the +sum of my existence between awaking from my +slumbers in the morning and retiring to my well-earned +rest at night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One typical day of my first month’s residence in +Kitimbiriu shall be taken from my diary and laid +<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>before you, with a little filling in of details and addition +of explanatory information, necessary to my readers, +but superfluous in my own journal, where I write from +one day to another with due regard for my memory of +recorded events and observations.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About seven in the morning (in these equatorial +regions it is scarcely light till nearly six) I hear the +plashing of water in my bath, mingling with the last +echoes of some fantastic dream—perchance some incongruous +vision of English life that has come upon +me in my heavy morning slumber—and I gradually +awake, with many a sigh and groan, to find my servant +Virapan filling my bath with several kettlefuls of +warm water and a pail of cold from the stream, whose +murmur I occasionally hear coming as a second to +the treble of the cackling hens and bleating goats. +Ah! how I hesitate to leave the shelter of my sheets +and blankets! Though the slanting morning sunbeams +pierce the crevices of the thatched wall, and +fall in golden <i>paillettes</i> on the matted floor, the thermometer +still marks little over fifty, and the air is +sharp and keen, even within my sheltered hut. Nevertheless, +the steaming bath will soon be lukewarm if I +dally, and moreover breakfast—and in this healthy +life I love my meals, and look forward to them with +tender longing—cannot be laid until the bath is out of +the way, so with one impetuous bound I am out of +the sheets, my pyjamas are flung off, and I can sponge +myself with the warm water which, in the tropics, is +so much healthier and more beneficial than the icy +douche which strong-minded, generally disagreeable, +people affect in England.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I find my pen was leading me into a detailed description +of my toilet, an act so purely superfluous and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>uninteresting to the reader that I am glad I stopped +short in time. Give me a quarter of an hour after +my bath, and I am clothed, and brushed, and spruce, +and standing at my cottage door lustily ringing a +small hand-bell. When its last brazen tinkle is silent, +cries are heard from the distant huts of my Swahili +porters. “Tayari, Bwana, Tayari. Aya! Kazi, +Kazi!” “Ready, master, ready. Work, to work!” +These ejaculations are meant somewhat to appease +me while the utterers are turning regretfully from +their couches or their firesides, and donning their +scanty garments. Then nine or ten men come running +down the incline, for their quarters are higher up +the hill than mine, and hastily form themselves into +a line in front of my door.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I call over the roll: “Cephas?” (Cephas is the +chief cook, and is engaged in cooking my breakfast, so +I excuse his reply.) “Faraji?” “Ndimi, Bwana—here +I am, sir,” comes a cry from the cowshed, where +milking is going on. “Abdallah?” (Abdallah is for +the time being head-man, and Minister of Public Works +in my Cabinet. He is slightly deceitful, invariably +courteous, always tidy and smartly dressed, rather a +rogue but an accomplished one.) “Hapa, Bwana—here, +sir.” “Fariǰala?” “Yes, sir.” (Fariǰala has +been an old mission boy, and retains “Yes, sir,” as +the last fragment of the English tongue. He also +sings “Te Deums” when at work, imagining them to +be popular English melodies. He is a good, willing +fellow, thoroughly honest.) “Ibrahim?” (Ibrahim is +the best man in the caravan. He is short, fat, with +an enormous mouth, and always in a good temper.) +And so I go through the list of names till the twelve +are accounted for. This task over, I then have to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>attend to small ailments of some. This man has an +ulcer, that a stomach-ache, another complains of a +cough, more often the maladies suddenly assumed are +of a less tangible character, like the neuralgia of civilization. +“A pain here, sir, oh! so bad. I’m afraid +I can’t work to-day.” “Oh, nonsense! you ate too +much yesterday. Go and chop some firewood, that’ll +do you more good than medicine.” And so all are +finally told off to their tasks—two to attend to the +gardens, one to get firewood, one to herd the goats, +sheep, and cow, another to look after the fowls, five +to build the big house or cut the roads, as the case +maybe. Faraǰi and Cephas of course attend to the +cooking, and nothing else.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1470_fig37.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 37.—Clematis and Hibiscus.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Now I am a free man, and may go for a stroll in +the fresh morning +air before breakfast +is served, walking +along the path +that fringes the +crest of the narrowing +hill-spur on +which the settlement +is placed, +gazing, perhaps, at +the majestic snow-peak +of Kibô which +rises sharp and +clear above the +morning mists, or +gathering wild +flowers to deck my +breakfast-table. +Here grow gorgeous dissotises, large-petalled mauvered +<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>flowers, primrose-yellow and purple-centred hibiscuses, +creamy-white clematis, with thick, woolly petals, +and many lovely blossoms of balsams, and a mauve-white +thing like phlox—quite a glowing mass of colour +in my natural garden, which makes me hotly refute +the theory that the tropics cannot produce flowershows +equal to those of the temperate zone.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I come back in answer to the earnest appeals of +Virapan, who assures me breakfast is getting cold, but +I must yet delay my sitting down till my floral treasures +are placed in water, and put in the centre of my +repast. I must describe to you my breakfast-table. +I have a right to pride myself on its appearance, as +most of the good things it bears are our own local +productions and not imported from Europe, and I +want it to preach a little lesson that will show how +much Africa may be made to yield in the way of comfort +when comfort is sought. Of course this applies +more to the resident than to the traveller, who cannot +stay long enough in a place to develop its resources.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Firstly, there is a nice snowy cloth spread over the +table, then the silver is bright, and the enamelled iron +plates are clean, all details which are due to a little +supervision over servants’ work. The grateful steam +of coffee comes from a pretty <i>cafetière</i>, a little white +jug contains hot milk from my own cow, there is a pat +of fresh butter of our own making lying in a cool green +leaf, a nicely-baked loaf, made from maize-flour and +eggs (and in a long parenthesis I might explain that +the flour is of our own grinding and sifting, and the +eggs are from our own poultry); and lastly, there are +grilled kidneys from a sheep we killed yesterday, fried +bananas as an <i>entremet</i>, and a bowl of honey.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of all these delicacies, only coffee and sugar are +<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>extraneous, so that I hope thus to show how much +comfort and good living may be extracted even from +savage Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When the meal is finished I set out to visit my +plantations. They are situated about half a mile from +my house. The walk thither takes you along the little +stream which supplies a canal, or, to use a more expressive +Cornish word, a “leat” of water to our settlement, +and the ground has been cleared and planted +near the waterside, so that irrigation is easy. Here is +working Kadu Stanley, a bright, willing Mganda boy, +given by King Mtesa of Buganda to Stanley, when he +visited that monarch in 1876. Kadu has sojourned +several years on the Congo, and after his return to +Zanzibar has taken service with me. I have made +him head-gardener.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Here are planted all the seeds I have brought from +England, together with potatoes, onions, &c., brought +from Zanzibar, and many native vegetables as well. +Already, after a month or six weeks, the growth is +surprising. Radishes are still in good condition for +eating, the mustard and cress have run to seed, turnips +are nearly ready, carrots and cucumbers are +coming up, and sticks have been already placed in +long rows for the peas and beans. The purple-green +shoots of the potatoes are springing up wherever +“eyes” have been planted, some of the onions are in +flower. The only recalcitrant thing is spinach, which +for some reason will not flourish.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I leave Kadu and go onwards up the valley, sketch-book +under my arm, and my small bird-gun in my +hand. Across the stream there flits a large kingfisher, +grey and rufous brown and verditer-blue, with red +beak. Like the real aboriginal kingfisher, he feeds +<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>only on insects, as there are no fish in these streams. +Fishing has been quite an afterthought with the kingfishers, +and is a pastime by no means shared by all the +members of the group. Many Australian species, the +halcyon of the Cape Verde Islands, and this common +East African halcyon found on Kilima-njaro never +attempt to catch fish, even though they be near +streams well stocked with piscine prey, but content +themselves with the variety of insects that haunt the +waterside. I shoot this kingfisher just to identify +him, and afterwards, when his little stomach is opened, +the carapaces of beetles and remains of grasshoppers +are found within.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1500_fig38.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 38.—A ravine in Moši.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Now the stream I am ascending becomes two +streamlets, and the valley bifurcates into two ravines, +while the broad slope of a hill faces me, so I leave the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>pleasant path along the waterside and toil up the +clayey ascent. But when I have reached the level +crest of this bracken-covered height, I slip into a +smooth and level track, winding along between low +hedges of strychnia and dracœna, and giving off many +side turnings which lead to native compounds and +enclosures. Several maidens pass me shyly, going to +market with bananas or neat baskets of millet meal or +bags of Indian corn. Some of the bolder, who have +perhaps met me before in the market-place, or at +Mandara’s, give me the Čaga greeting, “Mbuia” +(friend), to which I heartily reply, “Mbuia, mbuia.” +How strange it is! In all probability many of these +Čaga girls have never seen me or any other white man +before; yet we meet in a lane suddenly, and beyond a +somewhat timid shrinking to one side, there is no fear +and no surprise exhibited. Each after the formal +greeting wends his or her way tranquilly. And yet, +to imagine a similar contrast, suppose some English +country girls, say in the most rural depths of Somersetshire, +were suddenly to come upon a naked black +man striding along a leafy lane, armed with spear and +shield, and decked with strange adornments, necklaces +of human teeth, and such like, would they not +in all likelihood shriek for help, or giggle convulsively, +or in some obtrusive fashion display their amazement? +Yet these African maidens, to whom I, clothed where +they are accustomed to utter nakedness, with aneroid +hanging round my neck, sketch-book under my arm, +and gun in hand, suddenly appear, merely give me a +modest greeting and a shy look, and quietly pursue +their way.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span> +<img src='images/p1521_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>KILIMA-NJARO SEEN FROM ABOVE MOŠI (“PALMS AND SNOW”).<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span> +<img src='images/p1530_fig40.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 40.—Mkindu Palm.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>After a further ascent I arrive on the summit of a +rounded hill which considerably o’ertops its fellows +for miles round, and offers views of unexampled magnificence +in all this lovely country. To the north, +without a single fleck of intervening cloud, rises Kilima-njaro, +the whole central ridge and both the peaks +completely visible. The eye first rests irresistibly on +the splendid snowy dome of Kibô, absolute in whiteness +under the glare of the vertical sun, with a few +faint purplish blots, like the crater-shadows on the +moon’s face, coming out where the bare rock breaks +through the snow, and then in the few hollows, gaps, +or <i>crevasses</i>, tender cool shadows of pale blue break +somewhat the dazzling effect of unsullied white. Below +the snow-cap of Kibô lies a great stretch of purple +moorland broken up dimly into ravines, cliffs, hillocks, +and ridges by shadows of deeper tint, but seen with +the eyes half shut seeming a band of purple colour +merging into a colder bluish tint where it reaches the +distant snow, and becoming darker and sombrer where +it mingles with the middle distance of dark-green +forest. To the left of Kibô, a rounded descent of the +mountain-mass stretches down with some few jags +and modulations till it passes away into the far-off +plain, and to the right of the snowy dome a ridge +nearly horizontal reaches to the sister and minor peak, +the jagged Kimawenzi, which has merely patches and +streaks of snow resting amid its strange black peaks +and pinnacles.<a id='r17'></a><a href='#f17' class='c017'><sup>[17]</sup></a> The background to the entire scene +is a sky of intense blue, which is almost free from +cloud save for a few vapourous cumuli lying behind +the centre ridge of the mountain. In the middle distance +are grandly swelling, rolling hills, magnificently +wooded with, in some cases, a forest growth so uniform +that, looked down on from a height, its surface +is like rich green velvet pile. Here and there, but +rarely, on the hill-sides there are open patches of land, +covered with short turf or bracken. These offer, by +the side of the darker +forest, tracts of lovely +grass-green colour, almost +unrepresentable in +pigment, from the fact +that in water-colours or +oil there is no plain +tint, or combination of +tints, that will exactly +give it, or in which any +permanency can be +hoped for. From the +matrix of one or two +of the nearer hills +springs gush forth and +flow through ever deepening +ravines with +musical clamour, though +their course and their +birthplace can only be +conjectured at a distance +from the greater +luxuriance of the forest +which they provoke. +In the foreground I look upon the descending +northern slope of the great hill from whose summit +this unexampled view is obtained, and here there is an +intricate mass of low forest, principally composed of +the Mkindu palm (belonging to the genus <i>Phœnix</i>, a +kind of wild date), mixed with indiscriminate shrubs, +many of them overgrown with parasitic cucurbits and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>loranthus. This palm is the only member of the order +I have ever found growing on the slopes of Kilima-njaro. +In the plains below there are several others, +the <i>Hyphœne thebaïca</i>, or branching palm; the +“Mwale” (<i>Raphia vinifera</i>), and the <i>Borassus flabelliformis</i>, +but I have never seen any of these on the +mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having worked industriously at my sketch, and +shot three sun-birds which were hovering round the +teazle-like flowers of a labiate plant in my vicinity, I +now begin to think of returning homeward, for lunchtime +is approaching, and, besides, the monarch of +mountains has begun to weary of his condescension; +he thinks I have stared at him enough, and he is +wreathing light fleecy clouds round his august features +as a signal that the interview is at an end. So I +gather up my sketching materials, pop the sun-birds +into a roll of wadding in my <i>carnassière</i>, and stroll +homeward through the red lanes bordered with dracœnas, +aloes, strychnia, and bramble, the latter covered +with delicious blackberries, and the strychnia, which +is semi-cultivated by the natives, with tiny yellow +fruit exactly resembling miniature oranges, though +scarcely larger than big peas. These are good to the +taste, and, according to the natives, wholesome to eat, +though in some way I connect them with ideas of +poisons, and never largely indulge in their consumption. +As I near my settlement I hear a great clamour +of tongues, and find a market is going on in the +vicinity of the Zanzibaris’ quarters. About thirty +Wa-čaga are there busy chaffering their goods for +cloth and blue beads. The men are all naked, excepting +for a tiny cloak or mantle of dressed fur round +their shoulders. The women are principally clothed +<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>with thick bands of beads, but they generally have a +short leathern apron or petticoat. The wares of these +people consist principally of Indian corn, in the ripe +grain, and also green cobs; two or three kinds of +beans and peas; flour made from millet seed; tobacco +in the leaf; honey; bananas, ripe and unripe; calabashes +of sour milk or rancid butter, and numbers of +live fowls. Perhaps on such a day as this I have +purchased as many as eighty fowls for one “hand” +(about an ell) of cloth each (approximate value 2<i>d.</i> an +ell). Or there may by chance be a goat or sheep for +sale; but this not often, as Mandara is supposed to +own all the live-stock of the country as personal +property, although he gives many goats, sheep, and +cows to his subjects as presents, conditionally on their +not being parted with, so he himself is almost the +exclusive dealer in live-stock. I amuse myself by a +little friendly chaffering before lunch, but leave all +serious purchases to my servants, for the natives +invariably deceive me when I wish to buy, either +palming off old scraggy fowls, bad eggs, and adulterated +honey on my inexperience, or else charging me +extravagant prices.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One little item may be noticed in this market which +will show how observant and practical the people are, +and how they seize any lawful means of making +money. I have only resided here, let us suppose, +some few weeks, and yet the natives have noticed my +fondness for eating blackberries, a thing they never +do themselves for some reason or other. Consequently, +without any hint from me, children have been sent by +their parents to collect industriously all the berries +to be got, and here they are, wrapped in banana-leaves, +on sale for a trifle in cloth or beads. Also +<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>many women have brought bundles of firewood, so +neatly done up and chopped into such handy logs that, +although it seems superfluous to buy it, when one +man’s mission in the station is to collect nothing else +in the woods all day long, yet it is sold so cheaply, +and is so conveniently ready for use, that I often +purchase it, and feel by so doing that I am encouraging +the enterprise and spirit of my black +neighbours.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span> +<img src='images/p1570_fig41.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 41.—Čaga Doorway.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>After lunch I sit for an hour or two skinning birds; +then, when the afternoon sun is declining, I set out +for another ramble. Perhaps before starting I sip a +welcome cup of tea in the natural arbour behind my +house. Then taking my sketch-book, I wander forth +in delicious aimlessness, now stopping to sketch a +distant view of Mandara’s village, seen from the head +of our ravine, now scrambling up a bracken-covered +hill-side in almost wild exuberance of spirits. “How +happy life seems here,” I stop and reflect to myself, +as, my face all aglow with the flush of exercise, I rest +awhile, seated on some grassy mound at the summit +of the hill, and looking down on my busy settlement +beneath, where the men at work are so many ants +creeping two and fro, my gardens are green patches, +and my houses might be the tiny habitations of leaves +and twigs which some species of ants are wont to +construct. Whilst I am gazing over this most varied +prospect—over the tiny beginnings of a colony on the +hill below, over the many ridges of banana-covered +hills beyond, and further away the illimitable plains +marked and patterned like a carpet with patches of +purple forest, streaks of yellow sand, red hillocks, +and pale green savannahs—a slight noise behind me +attracts my attention, and I look round to find a +Čaga man regarding me with a friendly grin, which +exposes a row of filed and villainous teeth. It is my +milkman, he who supplies me every morning with an +extra quantity of milk which is needed for butter-making. +A conversation ensues, wherein neither +understands the other to any extent, for I am as yet +ignorant of Ki-čaga, and my interlocutor knows no +Swahili. However, he evidently wants me to do +something, for +like a dog he +will not leave me +alone, but keeps +going on a little +way along the +path, and then +looking back. So +I gather that he +wishes me to accompany +him. We +soon arrive at the +hedge round a +native compound, +and, passing +through the narrow +triangular +doorway, girt +about with living +tree-trunks, and +blocked, if need +be, by a rough-hewn +massive +plank, we enter +a small yard +wherein stand three buildings. One is a neatlybuilt +<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>storehouse, raised on piles (as may be seen +in the illustration), and the other two beehive +huts, surmounted with peaks like hay-cocks; goats +and fat-tailed sheep are feeding on the pea-shucks +which a woman, who is shelling peas, casts from +time to time on the ground; and fowls are busy +picking in the several rubbish-heaps, or kitchen-middens, +which stand outside the doorway. Little +surprise is manifested at my entrance. Another +woman comes out from the smaller house, and stares +for a short time at the unexpected arrival, but the +woman shelling peas scarcely looks up from her work. +Invited by my Čaga friend to make myself at home I +sit on the only available seat, a rough-hewn log cast +on the ground, and commence a sketch of the scene +before me. The storehouse is rapidly drawn in, the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>doorway of another dwelling is outlined, and I am +just adventuring on a study of the seated figure +shelling peas when she divines my intention, rises +indignantly, and walks into her house. My host +also seems a little uneasy, for the people look upon +Art as magic, and imagine drawings are made of +things and people for sorcerish reasons. However, I +reassure him, put up my sketch-book, and rise to go. +This Čaga man is (and always was throughout my +stay) exceedingly amiable, and thinks perhaps this +time that his fears about magic have hurt my feelings, +so he presses me to accept some green ears of Indian +corn, and together we go to the corn-field, outside +the compound, and cut some five or six cobs, which +are tied together by their sheaths and hung over my +arm. Thus burdened, and taking a friendly farewell, +I descend the hill and walk back to my settlement. +Here I find two or three natives have come to see me, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>bearing several live monkeys for sale. The poor +creatures are tightly tied to forked sticks, and are so +bound with withes and strips of bast that they can +only grind their teeth in impotent rage. I do not +really want them, as they are of a very common +species, but to encourage the people to search for and +bring me live things, I buy them for a small amount +of cloth. Then the canines of the savage males are +docked, and the monkeys are tied round the hips with +leathern thongs fastened to tree-trunks, and then +relieved of their fetters and released. Whereon, of +course, they career about at the length of their tether, +vainly hoping to escape. Strange to say, they will +all pause in their wild gyrations to eat bananas or +other food that is thrown to them. (In the night, +however, all escape, by gnawing resolutely through +the leather bands which keep them in captivity.)</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1580_fig42.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 42.—Čaga Storehouse and Dwelling.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p1590_fig43.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 43.—The Captive.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>When the monkeys are disposed of there is still half +an hour or so before sunset, so I induce the natives to +sit at my feet and instruct me in their language. Ah! +If my readers knew how difficult it is to collect an accurate +vocabulary they would be little disposed to +blame travellers from savage regions who return without +linguistic information. Think how you have to deal +with people who have not the faintest conception of +what you are about, except that it somehow has to do +with magic, and is therefore not altogether lawful. +You are without an interpreter, and can only hold up +objects at first, and imply, half by gesture, that you +want to know their names. Then as to more intricate +questions, what weary work it is to elicit information, +and how delighted one feels when some important +doubt is solved, or a new explanation is unconsciously +offered of some puzzling phenomena. The language +<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>of Kilima-njaro (Ki-čaga) is one of the Bantu group, +which includes nearly all the African tongues south of +the Equator. It is one of the prefix-governed tongues, +and the forms of its various classes of prefixes are +varying, but always show a common ancestral origin. +The utmost number of known prefixes is by some +computed at sixteen—by Bleek at eighteen, as he +includes two <i>pre</i>-positions, “ko” and “mo” (“to” +and “in”) with the regular prefixes. (See for further +information, “Bantu Languages,” Chapter XX.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>Now in the language under consideration all the +sixteen classes of prefix (except the twelfth) are represented, +but some of them are much altered from the +typical form. My object is to obtain examples of +them all; but I want particularly to ascertain the form +of the eighth prefix (a plural one). Unfortunately I +cannot ask any of my friends, “What is your eighth +prefix?” I should never be understood if I explained +for a hundred years. I have to get at it in some other +way. “What is this?” I ask, holding up a knife. +“Ki-ošo,” they reply. “Just so,” I reflect, “‘ki’ is +the seventh prefix, and the plural must give the form +of the eighth.” “How do you say ‘many knives’?” +I continue; “‘ki-ošo’ is <i>one</i>, what is for many?” +“<i>Šingi</i>” (many), they reply. “No, but many +<i>knives</i>?” “Šingi” is again repeated. Then I ask, +“See, this is one knife—<i>ki-ošo kimo</i> (holding up one +finger). What is for <i>two</i> knives?” (holding up two +fingers). “Two fingers,” they reply, looking up very +much puzzled. Then in despair I send for another +knife, and placing it beside the original one again, ply +them with a question. This only elicits the word for +“another;” but, at length, after many disappointments, +they are induced to say “‘Ši-ošo šivi’” (<i>two +<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>knives</i>), which gives me “Ši-ošo” as the plural of +“ki-ošo,” and consequently “ši” is the form of the +eighth prefix, and so on. But half an hour +soon exhausts their mental energies, and they +are sent away with a present, while I go to my +dinner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My little table has been laid with a snowy cloth, +and the lamp placed on it spreads abroad its soft +effulgence. My muddy boots are taken off, and my +servant slips my feet into a pair of red morocco slippers +that nestle into the skin rug just in front of my +camp-chair. A pleasant book is placed at my side, +and the gloom of the night and its weird children—the +bats and the hawkmoths—are shut out by a heavy +curtain, and I feel how pleasant and easy it is, even in +Africa, to create an atmosphere of home. Here in +three or four days my servants can build me a dwelling, +and I can furnish it so that when my door is closed +and my thoughts abstracted it needs an effort to +realize that the wilderness lies outside.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When my dinner, a meal of three courses—soup, +meat, and honey dumplings—is finished, the cloth is +cleared, the lamp trimmed, and the door closed for the +night. Then for two hours I sit and write my diary, +much in fact of what I am rewriting now. But at +length my eyelids grow heavy, I find my head nodding +over the book, so I relax from my labours, undress, +and creep thankfully into my snug little bed. I feel +as safe and as much at home as in a well-appointed +English inn. Only the occasional wild laugh of a +prowling hyena, slinking round our settlement, or the +distant booming roar of the hungry lion, recall to me +almost pleasantly, that I am lodging in the wilds of +Africa. But slumber soon intervenes, and thus ends, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>as far as consciousness is concerned, what my diary +has characterized as a “thoroughly happy day.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>So passed with little variation my first few weeks in +Moši; in planting, building, scheming, sketching +landscapes, skinning birds, and drying wild flowers. +No troubles as yet overcast my horizon, and if afterwards +I was harassed with anxious fears, and worried +with intolerable suspense, the memory of those darker +days is overborne by the vivid impression I retain of +the first and brightest period of my sojourn on Kilima-njaro. +This I shall always remember as the most +enjoyable time I ever spent in Africa.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER VIII.<br> <span class='c016'>“TROUBLOUS TIMES.”</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Hitherto I had lived like Robinson Crusoe, in happy +ignorance of savage and hostile neighbours. The only +possible things of harm that I could have anticipated +in my lonely rambles would have been a crafty leopard, +pouncing on me from an overhanging bough, or the sudden +onrush of a solitary buffalo. But now I was metaphorically +and actually to see the footprints of my human +foes imprinted in my favourite haunts. Whereas before +my rambles on the mountains had been merely bounded +by the short leisure time at my disposal, they were now +to be circumscribed by the ring of warlike enemies that +surrounded us. I have already explained to you the +reason I selected Mandara’s kingdom as my base of +operations on Kilima-njaro. It was usually supposed, +before my journey took place, that he was the paramount +ruler of the mountain states, and it was thought +that if I placed myself under Mandara’s protection I +might range free and undisturbed over the whole of +this African Switzerland. In this, however, a great +mistake was made, because Mandara ruled over a +relatively small tract of land, and only up to 6000 +feet in altitude. He did <i>not</i> command the shortest +or any route to the higher regions near the +snow-peaks; and being at constant war with his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>neighbours, and his little kingdom in a continued +state of blockade, his protection, as far as it influenced +a peaceful residence on the upper slopes of the mountain, +was worse than useless. Unfortunately, too, +Mandara had made immediate use of the two or three +barrels of gunpowder I had innocently given him, and +had further availed himself of the moral support which +my presence at his court afforded to wage a rash and +unprovoked war on his neighbours, and to rob them +in various well-planned raids of their wives and cattle, +adding the latter to his herds and the former to his +harem, and checking their enraged pursuits with the +lofty threats that, if they dared to infringe the territory +of Moši, “his” white man would pickle them +alive. Consequently, while I was so tranquilly and +innocently pursuing my quiet avocations, skinning +birds, drying plants, building houses, and cutting +roads amid the ferny glades around my growing +settlement, far from the turmoil of war, and unconscious +of the perpetration of ill deeds, the unhappy +people of Kirua, Kibôšo, and Maraṅu were connecting +the loss of their womankind and cows with my advent +in Čaga, and naturally vowing me a life-long hatred. +In the meantime my porters were returning from Taita +with the rest of my goods, and in due time approached +the base of the mountain. As they journeyed tranquilly +one afternoon towards the frontier of Moši, and +were congratulating themselves that a short march the +next day would bring them to my settlement, their +leader descried in the distance a body of men moving +cautiously amongst the brushwood. Fearing lest they +were Masai, he immediately made a forward rush for a +camping-place close at hand—in fact, the very same +site, a little peninsula nearly surrounded by a rivulet, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>where on the former journey lions had besieged us, as +described in Chapter IV. The noise of their quick +movement attracted the notice of the band of savages, +who were evidently watching for the passage of my +men, and they ran hastily towards the river to intercept +the latter, thinking they were going to cross; +but on arriving there they found the twenty Zanzibaris +drawn up on the “almost-island” with their +guns cocked and ready. The savages hesitated, and +stopped to parley. Seeing this my head-man, Kiongwe, +resolved to delay their action with conversation as far +as possible till darkness should supervene and put a +temporary stoppage on warlike deeds, for, as no doubt +all well know, most Africans dread to fight at night. +After a short silence the leader of the enemy asked, in +a hesitating way, “Who are you?” “We are the +servants of the white man who lives at Mandara’s,” +proudly replied Kiongwe. “Then you are bad men,” +shrieked his interpellator with sudden fury. “Your +master has helped Makindara (Mandara) to attack us, +and he has given him strong medicine to make him +conquer. Makindara has robbed us of many things; +now you shall pay. Give us all those goods you are +carrying, and return to Taveita; you shan’t pass by +here.” Kiongwe was a cunning man. He saw that it +was well-nigh impossible for twenty heavily-burdened +men to force their way through an armed band of fifty, +so he prudently replied in conciliatory terms, “My +master is not a bad man; he has fought nobody, and +knows nothing of Mandara’s wars. See, it is now +getting dark. Let us sleep here till dawn, then we +will speak again about this matter.” Whereupon he +told the porters to cut boughs from the surrounding +trees and roughly hedge in the encampment, and to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>gather firewood from around to make blazing watch-fires. +The savages meanwhile disposed themselves +sullenly in a circle round the little camp. Darkness +fell. One by one the simple-minded enemy sank to +sleep, confident that their prey feared the night as +they themselves did, and would neither attack nor +attempt to flee before the dawn. But Kiongwe kept +all his men awake, made the watch-fires blaze, then at +midnight, when his foes were snoring with sweet +unanimity, he gave a stealthy word of command, the +men rose silently, hoisted their burthens on their heads, +clutched their guns, and one by one leaving the +encampment, picked their way like cautious cats amid +the sleeping forms of the besiegers. So, whether +observed or not, they walked out into the darkness +unopposed, and if any of the enemy slept not, and +saw them go, his tongue was tied, and he dared not +give the warning to his comrades, for—who could tell?—perhaps, +after all, they were not men but ghosts, +and none may fight with spirits in the enshrouding +night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kiongwe and his men stumbled along perseveringly +for several hours, and then, having put a good distance +between themselves and their possible pursuers, lay +down to rest and wait for the dawn, for the last part +of their journey offered many obstacles in the darkness +to burdened men. I should have told you, in proper +sequence, that soon after nightfall Kiongwe had +detached from the camp two lithe, active men, relieved +them of their burdens, and enjoined them to elude the +enemy and make their way speedily to my settlement, +warn me of the state of affairs, and ask for advice and +assistance. Accordingly, as I was leisurely undressing +that night, at about eleven o’clock, having sat up unusually +<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>late to write my diary, I heard knocks at the +door, and men saying, “Hodi, hodi?” (“Hodi” is +a polite Swahili term, somewhat equivalent to “May I +come in?”) Virapan, my servant, opened and admitted +Mabruki Majera and Ali Masi, Kiongwe’s two messengers. +They told me the news in hurried gasps and +with a little natural exaggeration. Amazed and indignant +that my men should be in danger from savages +whom I had never knowingly harmed, I hurried on my +things, and, in my impetuosity, was about to dash off +with a few men to Kiongwe’s assistance. But the more +prudent of my followers counselled a wiser course. +They represented that in the dark night I might either +lose my way or break my leg in some unseen pitfall, or +else tumble unprepared on the hidden enemy, who might +despatch me in the darkness without even the chance +of knowing I was white, and superior to the common +run of men. At any rate, they advised that we should +first apprise Mandara of our predicament, and seek +counsel and assistance from him. Accordingly I +immediately started for Mandara’s, and had quite +enough experience on the way of the difficulties and +dangers of a mountain track on a dark night to be +thankful I had followed my men’s advice, and not +sought the foe under these disadvantageous conditions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We found Mandara—I had sent a messenger on ahead—seated +with a company of his warriors under the +large open shed in which he ordinarily received visitors +or transacted business. He looked rather blinky, +having but recently left his slumbers, but on my entry +checked a huge yawn, and beckoned me, with a wan +smile, to take a seat by his side. His warriors were +squatting round blazing fires, stretching their hands +<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>to the blaze, for it was a chilly night, and their +shoulders twitched and trembled with convulsive +shivering. I stated the case to Mandara in, perhaps, +rather a theatrical manner, and informed him I intended +to go and seek my men at once and bring them back, +whether the enemy objected or not. “Who,” I concluded, +“would dare to fight a white man?” Mandara +heard me with a quiet smile, and then, interrupting, +said to my men, “Your master is talking nonsense +(upumbafu). How does he suppose he can find his +way to these men at night? Perhaps he will lose the +road, and a lion will kill him, or he may fall into the +hands of the Wa-kibôšo, and <i>they</i> won’t be afraid to +cut his throat. No, this is but a little matter, and not +worth the risking of a white man’s life. When the +time comes for your master to fight, he and I shall go +to war side by side. Now I will tell you what shall +be done. I will send sixty of my soldiers at once, and +they shall take two of you with them to speak the +Swahili tongue to Kiongwe, otherwise he may mistake +them for his enemies and shoot. You shall go there +with my men and bring the white man’s carriers safely +back.” There was so much good sense in what Mandara +said that I resolved to acquiesce, at any rate for +the present, so I bade him good-bye, left two of my +men behind, and crept back along the uncertain path +to my demesne. As we went we saw the war-fires +gleam out from hill to hill, we heard the war-cry re-echoing +from gorge to gorge, and on the road we, +from time to time, encountered swarthy naked forms +hurrying to the rendezvous. Some had started from +their sleep and merely seized their spears and shields, +without waiting to don their martial costume, and +wives and children were running after them with plumes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>of Colobus skin and carapace of kite’s feathers. All +greeted us with hysteric friendliness as they passed, +and when I met band after band of warriors, I could +not help feeling thankful that they were friends, not +foes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I returned home and slept till dawn; then, being +awakened with the first streaks of returning light, and +finding that none of my men had arrived, I hesitated +no longer, armed myself and my few followers, and +took the road to the plains. After walking for some +two hours I, who was in front, saw the bushes in the +distance moving and heard the low voices of men. I +was just preparing for a grim emergency and standing +in the path, revolver in hand, imagining it was the +enemy I had to confront, when a familiar face emerged +from the scrub, I saw a burthen carried on the head, +and I at once knew it was my missing caravan approaching. +I greeted the foremost men affectionately, +and passed on to the rear of the little column, bidding +the others hurry forward. There I found Kiongwe, +and he gave me a hasty account of his adventures. +After reposing a short time in a dry river-bed, they had +arisen with the dawn, and once more continued their +march. Whilst we were talking, loud voices were heard +behind, and there appeared my two men, who had +accompanied Mandara’s soldiers, and who were now +scurrying along with a few Moši men following in a +disorderly crowd. Directly they saw me they shrieked, +“Oh, master, run for your life; the Wa-šenzi (savages) +are coming.” However, I preserved, fortunately, a +little presence of mind, otherwise these injudicious men +would have caused a regular panic, as my porters were +preparing to cast down their loads and flee. But with +a few peremptory words I rallied them, and we beat +<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>an orderly retreat just in time. Soon after we had +reached our little eyrie, wherein I felt so snug and +secure, we could hear the distant cries of the baffled +and pursuing enemy. It appeared that the sixty +soldiers of Mandara, who had gone to relieve my men, +passed them on the road, and went on professing their +longing to exterminate the presumptuous foe; but no +sooner did they come within gunshot of the enemy, +who had just awakened and begun to follow the spoor +of the fugitives, than the hardy warriors of Mandara +took to flight, and under these conditions my two men +accompanying them wisely followed their example. A +hot pursuit ensued, from which we just escaped, and +the enemy, following Mandara’s flying men, was +diverted from our track and dashed along the road +to Mandara’s capital. In the vicinity, however, of +their chief’s residence, inspired no doubt to fight <i>pro +aris et focis</i>, the men of Moši made a stand; they were +reinforced, and a desperate battle took place, in which +the enemy was ultimately worsted. But in the meantime +Mandara’s neighbours on his western and northern +frontier, seeing his guards removed to combat the +invaders on the southern side, took advantage of the +unprotected state of this part of his kingdom, crossed +the border, laid waste with fire and sword, captured +cattle and women, and indulged in sweet revenge for +many a former raid on their own homesteads. When +we saw from our high ridge the smoke rising from the +burning villages of Western Moši, and simultaneously +heard the din of battle coming from the southern +frontier, we felt it was time to take a definite part +in the conflict. Should Mandara be crushed between +two forces, and vanquished, we might expect scant +mercy from the victorious enemy. Accordingly, the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>chief of Moši having sent a messenger asking for +advice and ammunition, I immediately armed twenty +of my own men with Sniders and muzzle-loading guns, +took a barrel of powder, a box of cartridges, and a bag +of buckshot; and, <i>further, in view of an eventuality +which I had often anticipated even in England</i>, I packed +a mysterious box with some of the contents of a watertight +case, and gave it to one of my men with the +strictest injunctions as to its careful porterage.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As we wound along the hill-side towards Mandara’s +we found the narrow path choked with lowing kine +and bleating goats. At the approach of war and invasion +the inhabitants of Moši were driving all their +cattle to Mandara’s fortress. Thither we also went +our way. Ordinarily the chief would pass his days in +a circle of four or five beehive huts and open sheds, +surrounded by a low hedge of dracænas and exposed +to view from the village green; but in troublous times +he withdrew to an extraordinary fastness which merits +a word or two of description. To the south of these +visible huts, which to an unsuspecting passer-by constituted +the entirety of Mandara’s town, rose a dense +grove of unusually fine bananas. The initiated who +wished to approach the hidden citadel wound through +their cool green shade by circuitous paths, patent to +all at this time by the press of cattle that thronged +them, and then arrived at a stockade of living forest. +The chief of Moši had girt about his stronghold with a +compact band of trees, dug up by the roots as saplings +and planted alive, so that with a year or two’s growth +their trunks had thickened and left no space between. +Further, they were planted in the outer works four +deep, and, being alive and green, their network of +foliage masked the fortress with a living grove which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>would not be set fire to with the same ease as a +stockade of dead timber. One small opening alone +appeared, through which cattle could just be pushed, +and which, during a siege, was closed with heavy +wooden doors and guarded with the two small cannon +Mandara possessed. We made our way through the +lowing herds of cattle, passed many minor bulwarks +and hedges, and at length arrived before a large +building of wattle and clay, shaped almost like a +European house. Herein Mandara was sitting with +his wives and children, and, in strange contrast to his +usual majestic demeanour, seemed quite tremulous +with fear. His western borders were being devastated +unopposed, and all his soldiers were engaged in fierce +battle on the southern side. I sat some while with +him, and assured him of my earnest co-operation and +of our ultimate invincibility. Then loud shouts began +to sound nearer and nearer to the tree-girt walls, and +while his attendants rushed to inspect the on-comers, +Mandara clutched my hand and implored me not to +leave him. But he had no cause for further alarm. The +shouting came from his own victorious soldiers, who, +after a desperate battle of several hours’ duration, had +succeeded in beating back the enemy’s invasion on the +southern frontier, and were now prepared, after quenching +their thirst, to go and avenge their slaughtered +brethren on the west. This news made Mandara a +new man. He shook me by both hands, he laughed +aloud, skipped about, and then seizing his huge broad-bladed +spear, he struck the ground with its shaft, drew +up his fine figure to its full height, and strode about +the compound with haughty mien and gleaming eye, +the very embodiment of a warrior chief, and very +different to the almost lubberly creature who a few +<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>minutes before had been well-nigh whimpering with +fear.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Some of his soldiers who had just arrived wore the +most extraordinary war costumes, evidently designed +to strike terror into their foes. Most of them had, as +a good foundation, plastered their skins with red ochre +and mutton fat, and on this had drawn, especially +about the face, most ludicrous designs in white—white +rings round the eyes, or white spots on their cheeks. +This gave them a look like an English clown, with a +dash of the typical bogey that haunts the dream of +every childhood. On their heads were crescents made +of ostrich feathers, or caps of the Colobus monkey skin. +This last-mentioned animal (<i>Colobus Gueresa, var. nov. +Caudatus</i>) also supplied them with mantles of long +black and white fur, and contributed the heavily +plumed tails which these Čaga soldiers fixed on to +that portion of their body where tails should rightly +appear if man had not dispensed with such appendages. +Some of the men wore thick capes of kites’ feathers +round the shoulders, and not a few had tied round the +head masks of ghastly ugliness, with a double face, +looking behind and before. They were all very excited +about their exploits, and many screamed out hysterically +in high falsetto voices. One unusually quiet man +was pointed out to me as a great hero. It was said +that, being surprised collecting firewood in the forest, +and attacked by three of the enemy with spears and +swords, he had succeeded in parrying their blows with +a wooden stake, had disarmed them, and killed them +all three.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Whilst we stood listening to this clamour two +soldiers staggered in, a ghastly sight, streaming with +blood, though their wounds were not serious, and they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>brought the news that Mandara’s brother, who was defending +the western frontier, was hard pressed by the +enemy, and had begun to retreat. At these serious +tidings a silence fell on the assembly. I then proposed +to Mandara that I should start at once, and +try to give a decisive turn to the conflict against the +Wa-Kibôšo. Moreover, I had a certain plan in my +mind that I was very anxious to carry out. After a +little deliberation our mode of procedure was settled, +and Mandara’s remaining soldiers, having quenched their +thirst with liberal draughts of banana-beer, which the +women were constantly brewing, now prepared to +start once more for the fray. One body of about a +hundred started off under the command of Mandara’s +chief captain, and marched towards the north-west, +hoping to take the enemy in flank, while my little +force, accompanied by some native guides and a few of +Mandara’s Swahilis, directed itself due west towards +the smoking villages. A very little experience showed +me that I could not fight like a Čaga man. When I +had descended my seventh ravine and was preparing +to mount the eight escarpment along our route under +a blazing sun, I devoutly hoped the enemy might not +be waiting for us at the top, otherwise all that I could +do would be to throw myself breathless and perspiring +at his feet, and let him do his worst. But although +the enemy was there when we reached the summit, he +was harmless; that is to say, we found nothing +but dead bodies around us when we had scaled the +height, for by another turn in the fortune of war +the Wa-Kibôšo were once more retreating before Mandara’s +forces. Stopping here to rest and regain +breath, I looked for the first time on the bodies of men +slain in war, and the sight was quite sufficiently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>bloody to appal the most callous nature. The weapons +which had effected the greatest slaughter in the skirmish +had been the great shovel-bladed spears made +after the fashion of the Masai. Though Mandara +boasted so much of his guns, yet in the hands of these +untrained savages, who have no idea of aim, they were +almost innocuous weapons, whereas the spears used +hand to hand inflicted horrible wounds. Here were +corpses disembowelled by a lunge and a twist of the +spear. Others had their backs literally carved open +down the spine. Most of the severed heads had probably +been chopped off by the short Roman swords +which the Čaga soldiers carry. Hereabouts was +quite a typical field of carnage. In many places the +ground was pappy with oozing blood. In others little +pools of gore were coagulating and caking under the +fierce sunlight. The tall blades of the trampled grass +were flecked and splashed with brown drops of the +dried fluid. The place looked and smelt like a +shambles. Already the many hideous creatures that +make their living out of scenes of slaughter were +swarming forth, emboldened with the scent of blood. +Great green flies buzzed over the stark bodies of the +slain, ants swarmed in myriads round the flakes of gore, +while, strange contrast! lovely butterflies, blue and +black, gold and black, metallic green and saffron yellow, +paused intoxicated on the blood-soaked ground, greedily +sucking up the thickening, frothy liquid with the +enjoyment of ghouls. The neighbouring trees and +bushes were dotted with vultures and crows, only +waiting our departure to fling themselves on the feast. +With a saddened and disgusted feeling I left this +scene, almost loathing friends and foes alike. Why, +in the midst of such superb scenery, with smiling +<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>plenty exhibited on every hand, could these silly +savages think of nothing but mutual extermination? +It was curious to look from the bloody field of battle +to the great dazzling snowy dome which rose above us +to the north, immaculate, pure, and freezing in its +isolation, and then think that it, after all, was the +cause of all this trouble. If Kilima-njaro had not +drawn me hither on this quest, the people of Moši and +Kibôšo would not have come to blows on my behalf, +and these poor mutilated corpses might still have +been live men in the prime of life, eating, drinking, +laughing with their wives and children. Must it +be that I should walk through blood to reach the +snow?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Once more the din of battle reached our ears. The +enemy was again engaged with the forefront of Mandara’s +forces. We could see them fighting amid the +banana groves covering a distant slope, or at least we +could see the little puffs of white smoke which rose +continually from amongst the green maze of fronds, +and hear the popping of guns and the faint shouts and +battle-cries. Over their heads soared grimly a flight +of vultures waiting for their coming repast. As we +were seen marching to the field of action, guns firing +and flags flying, Mandara’s men pressed on their +enemies with renewed valour, encouraged by our +approach, and the disheartened Wa-kibôšo yielded and +fled up the hill-side till they reached the summit, where +they turned and halted, met by reinforcements. The +men of Moši were too exhausted to follow, and when I +had arrived on the scene I found them crouching down +at the foot of the hill, watching their foes. Had the +Wa-kibôšo now charged down the slope on us, whom +they greatly outnumbered, the consequences for our +<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>side might have been disastrous; for Mandara’s weary +men began to waver, and seemed to think of going +home and leaving me to settle the conflict, and my own +men were not only worn out with their previous night’s +walk, but were further tired by our long tramp to the +field of battle. We should therefore have been unfitted +to withstand the impetuous rush of two or three +hundred men. However, the Wa-kibôšo were content +to stand on the defensive. They were curious and +anxious to see what tactics the white man would follow, +with what new kind of sorcery he would war against +them. The white man was proposing meanwhile to a +dissentient group of followers a grand charge up the +hill, which should carry the enemy’s positions, and +drive them off in headlong flight. Had he been backed +up by the hundred and twenty-one men around him, +this plan would doubtless have ended in a signal victory; +but as no one except his Indian servant acceded +to it, he felt that under those circumstances a grand +charge of two would lack sufficient moral effect. During +these deliberations the sun was sinking below the +purple mass of Mount Méru, and I resolved to fall back +on a rather fantastical method I had preconceived of +scattering my enemies, and striking effectual terror +into their foolish hearts. I moved my men on to the +crown of a small hillock which faced the hill-top +whereon the ranks of Wa-kibôšo stood in savage array. +Before darkness fell my men had planted several stout +poles on the summit of our hillock, and had further +erected a kind of rough platform of boughs, on which +a few of the leather capes of Mandara’s men were +spread, to make a smooth surface. Then I called for +the mysterious case I had packed and brought with +me from my settlement. Only my servant, Virapan, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>understood the nature of its contents, and as he drew +forth white tubes and blue tubes, and queer little tins, +not only the men of Mandara believed that I was about +to practise sorcery of the first water, but even my own +matter-of-fact Zanzibaris fancied that something uncanny +was about to take place. As for the Wa-kibôšo +I was just near enough to their hill-top to catch every +now and then the murmurs of their wonderment at +our actions. Quietly and expeditiously Virapan and +Cephas cut a few thin rods, and handed them to me to +insert into the little extinguishers attached to some of +the larger tubes, which were then hung up through +staples to the upright posts. I laid out open tins of +dusky powder on the platform of boughs, I lighted in +readiness my bull’s-eye lantern; in short, not to weary +the expectant reader longer, I made all the necessary +preparations for a grand display of fireworks. No +sooner had darkness set in than I blazed forth upon the +astonished natives with Bengal lights, red fire, Roman +candles, serpent squibs, and lastly a magnificent flight +of rockets. The terrified Wa-kibôšo scarcely waited +to see the last of these. When the first rocket rose +with a flaming shower and a shrieking rush into the +air, and then broke well over their heads into a mass +of blue and crimson falling meteors, our astounded +foes fled in dismay, and we found ourselves alone on +the field, whence we journeyed peacefully home by the +light of a late rising moon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next day we were all utterly prostrate with +fatigue, and not in the best of humours, although +Mandara had sent us a fat ox wherewith to feast and +make merry. The fact was, he had accompanied his +gift with congratulations on my <i>tour de force</i> of the day +before, and a cool request that I would proceed to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>follow up the advantage gained by an invasion of the +enemies’ territory, which I was to utterly harry and +devastate, and then hand over to Mandara’s keeping. +In fact he would have liked me to conquer all the +states of Čaga for him on my own responsibility. This +I peremptorily declined to do. I explained to him that +I had only joined in the fight of the day before because +my own men and goods had been threatened, but that +I had come to Kilima-njaro not to make war on any +one, but to go my own way in peace and confine +myself to the slaughter of the beasts of the field if I +must kill anything. I also let him know with +unusual outspokenness that to an English mind +his policy of continually harrying the states of his +neighbours in order to supply the Arab caravans +with slaves, was excessively distasteful, and one +which would inevitably lose him Sir John Kirk’s +friendship.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This reply rather took him by surprise, and for some +days there was a coolness between us. Then he sent +for me and delivered a long speech, which was certainly +one of the cleverest and most casuistic I have ever +heard from the mouth of an African slave-dealer as an +argument in favour of selling men into slavery. The +gist of it was:—“Here are people who make war on +me. I defend myself, and carry the war into their +country, as we did the other day. Very well, a number +of prisoners are made. What would you have me do +with them? Slaughter them? No; that would be +displeasing to Erua (God). Return them to my +enemies? Then they would only take that as a sign +of weakness, and attack me once more. Distribute +them among my own people on my own land? But +my subjects would themselves protest, and say, ‘If +<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>strangers are to occupy the soil, where is the room for +our children to cultivate?’ Then what can I do but +sell them to the Arabs?” I answered this by first +describing to Mandara (who probably was unaware of +this other aspect) what the Arabs did with the unhappy +Wa-Čaga whom they purchased; how they made them +labour in the sugar-plantations on the coast; how they +exported them to regions across the sea, the nameless +outrages inflicted on the youths and maidens, and as I +warmed to the subject his face grew sombre, and he +hung his head. Then I drew another picture. “See,” +I said, “how silly is war; who profits but the Arabs?<a id='r18'></a><a href='#f18' class='c017'><sup>[18]</sup></a> +Yes,” I exclaimed, getting furious as I thought of it, +“it is you, you vile wretches,” pointing to his Swahili +parasites who sat sulkily by, “who are the curse of the +country. May God punish you in this world and the +next! I, at any rate, warn you, I will do my best to +thwart your dealings; I will write to the Consul on the +coast and give your names, and stop your slave-convoys. +So you had better decamp and try fields +where no white man is.” Then I turned to Mandara +and said, “Take my advice for once. Cast these men +from your country, and turn all your attention to +legitimate trade. Make your slaves cultivate your +own plantations instead of the Arabs’. Supply the +caravans going and returning to and from Masai-land +with food. You know how gladly they will pay for it +in goods and money (rupees). Thus you will grow rich +and still retain the Consul’s friendship. Above all, let +there be peace on the mountain. Make friends with +Ki-bôšo, Ki-rua, and Maraṅu, and then the white man +<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>as your friend may wander everywhere in peace.” +When I had finished, Mandara took me by both hands +and said, “Indeed you are speaking truth; I know it. +Why do you not always come to me and counsel me? +If I have only these Swahili people to advise me, +how can I avoid doing wrong?” In this Mandara +was right. I believe, as I wrote to Sir John Kirk at +the time, that I might have acquired a very powerful +and useful influence over Mandara’s mind had I made +the endeavour. It was such an advantage being able +to talk with him direct, and dispense with the nullifying +influence of an interpreter. But at the same time +it was not my mission to meddle with the politics of +Kilima-njaro; I had been sent there to superintend +the collecting of scientific information and the necessary +material for investigating the fauna and flora of the +snow-mountain, and not to redress the wrongs of the +suffering inhabitants. Only so far as they hindered or +otherwise affected my proper work could I exert any +influence over local chieftains. My employers had not +placed funds at my disposal to suppress slave-trading, +or weld the states of Kilima-njaro into a confederation +against the Swahili traffickers in human flesh. I had, +as it was, quite sufficient difficulty in doing any +natural history collecting at all, for I had found my +two collectors very idle and inefficient, and the entire +work, even in its most menial details, was soon to be +thrown on my hands without any outside help; consequently +I was disinclined to waste many hours of +daylight in conversation with the chief of Moši, +interesting as he was to talk to. I therefore neglected +to follow up the decided advantage I had gained over +Mandara’s conscience, and employed the few peaceful +days which followed the warlike movements I have +<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>just described exclusively in skinning birds and drying +plants. Unfortunately, while thus engaged the Swahili +courtiers, who now hated me virulently, made every +effort to regain their baneful influence over Mandara’s +vacillating mind.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER IX.<br> <span class='c016'>AN ANXIOUS PERIOD.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Believing myself to be secure for the present in +Mandara’s friendship, I resolved without further delay +to send eighteen of my thirty Zanzibaris to Sir John +Kirk at Zanzibar, whither they could carry my first +collections of the fauna and flora of Kilima-njaro, and +my despatches laying before him the then existing +state of affairs. Moreover, inasmuch as I found my +paucity of men a great obstacle in pursuing my investigations +and an altogether false economy, I desired +Kiongwe, my head-man, who went in charge of this +caravan, to recruit for me thirty or forty stout fellows +in Zanzibar and bring them back with him, together +with a further supply of necessary goods.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Eighteen was a small number of men to send along +the Pangani route to Zanzibar, but fortunately, just as +they were setting out on the journey, Thomson’s friend, +Jumba Kimemeta, arrived at Mandara’s (I am sorry to +say to purchase slaves<a id='r19'></a><a href='#f19' class='c017'><sup>[19]</sup></a>), and offered to escort them all +the way to the town of Pangani. I gladly accepted, +but as the men were ready I did not like to keep them +hanging about idle in my settlement, so I sent them on +by themselves to Taveita to join Kimemeta there. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>Most fortunate was it that I did so. Jumba Kimemeta +started from Moši a day or two afterwards, with the +slaves purchased from Mandara. The Masai, knowing +this, lay in wait for him, attacked his caravan, routed +it, and Jumba only escaped by the skin of his teeth, +losing slaves, oxen, and goods. Had my men been +with him, they would certainly have abandoned the +collections, and then nobody in England would have +believed me when I explained their loss.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kiongwe was supposed to occupy a fortnight in +journeying to the coast, the same time in returning, +while his work in Zanzibar would hardly oblige him +to remain there longer than a week or ten days; consequently +in six weeks at the most I might expect +his arrival in Moši with the reinforcement of men and +goods.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nevertheless it was with some presentiment of +coming difficulties that I bade him farewell on the +morning of July 11th, and watched his little band +slowly wending their way out of my sight into the +distant plain. Yet he must be sent some time or +other, and the present moment seemed the most propitious.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After he had gone and my band of men was reduced +to twelve, including all hands, trouble was not long in +coming. My chief collector, Mabruki, had begun to +grow very exacting. He received nearly double the +wages of my invaluable Indian servant and considerably +more than the other Swahili porters. His food allowance +was also specially increased, and he might have +had anything in reason for the asking: not that he +was a good collector—far from it—but then he was +better than nobody and, moreover, was a very fair shot +with the rifle. He enjoyed, indeed, sallying out into +<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>the lower country near the base of the mountain and +stalking antelopes, but this was not what I wanted +him to do. I preferred that he should go up the +mountain and collect there. He soon began to grow +dissatisfied and became a continual grumbler. When +Kiongwe was preparing to go to the coast he asked +leave to accompany him, pleading business of his own +to settle. I thought this utterly unreasonable, and +knew the excuse of private business was only meant to +cover some other purpose. At any rate, I reminded +him of his contract and held him to it. This only increased +his sulkiness, and he began to listen to the +suggestions of Mandara’s Swahilis, who were trying +actively to ruin me by causing the desertion of my men. +They persuaded Mabruki that if he left me and entered +Mandara’s service, he might become a great man. +They pointed out how lucrative the slave-trading +business was, and how Mandara needed a man like +him to transact his business on the coast. Mabruki +was won over and only sought an excuse for breaking +with me. It was not long in coming. I found him +one morning returning from Mandara’s town, when I +had sent him to a particular valley to collect. He had +not a bird or a flower to offer as an excuse. Nor did +he try to excuse himself. When I began to scold him, +he said quietly, “That is enough; I don’t care for +this work, I have found something better to do: give +me my food allowance and let me return to the coast.” +Like a simpleton, I believed he intended to join +Kiongwe, who had not long started, so I gave him goods +to buy food for a fortnight, lent him a gun and ammunition, +paid him the balance of his wages and let him +go. The other collector, Athmani, who was his slave, +accompanied him. Having got out of me all he could, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>he then turned his steps, not coastwards, but to +Mandara’s court. Here the Swahilis at once led him +to the chief and said “Now, you wouldn’t believe us +when we told you this white man was bad; listen then +to what his own servants say.” Accordingly Mabruki +and Athmani sat down and told Mandara—not a string +of falsehoods—but a number of inconvenient truths so +coloured with malicious interpretation as to be in +Mandara’s eyes the most damning of accusations. +They revealed to him that I had a beautiful elephant-gun +(which had certainly been kept from Mandara’s +covetous gaze), and detailed, in fact, the entire contents +of my armoury—so many sporting guns, so many +Sniders, cases of cartridges, kegs of powder, bags of +shot. They did not explain that these were brought +with a view to the slaughter of birds and beasts and +for purposes of just defence, but hinted that these +weapons were intended to overawe the chief of Moši +and take possession of his country. “Well, but,” interposed +Mandara,<a id='r20'></a><a href='#f20' class='c017'><sup>[20]</sup></a> “how could he do that when I have +1000 soldiers and he only ten?” “Don’t you understand?” +the traitors replied; “he has sent Kiongwe to +Zanzibar to bring back many soldiers—” “Forty,” +interposed Mandara. “Ah, he <i>says</i> forty to you, but +how do you know what he may not have written in the +letters? No, now is the time to crush him, before his +reinforcements come.” “But the Baloza, what will +he say?” “How do you know whether the Baloza really +sent him?” “Why, he brought letters—” “Yes, and +read them himself—none of your men can read.” +Mandara here produced the two epistles, and remarked +that the seal of the Consulate was on them. This +<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>rather baffled Mabruki, but Athmani took another tone. +“What does it matter if you <i>do</i> take away all his goods—he +has broken faith with you, he has concealed from +you many of his possessions.” “Well, but if he fights for +them and is killed, what will the Baloza say then, when +he sends to ask for his news?” “Why, you will just +answer that he has gone away to the Masai country +and you know no more of him. Who can contradict +you?” “And the Aruša-ruša (fireworks)?” “All +harmless, children’s playthings.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Poor Mandara was racked with indecision. On the +one hand the Swahili courtiers had been poisoning his +mind for days past by representing that my views as +to slavery and my displays of fireworks and other potent +magic had powerfully impressed the minds of the common +people and had seriously impaired Mandara’s +authority; on the other hand, a remnant of the friendly +feeling I had once inspired still lingered in his mind. +He coveted my goods with all the intensity of his +savage desires—think what the possession of an elephant-gun +would do to raise his prestige in the eyes of the +neighbouring chiefs!—and the European bed, so smart +and clean—and the silver forks and spoons—but no! +I was his guest, I was the sacred “mgeni,” the stranger-friend +from whom nothing must be taken by force, or +God would be enraged. Still, why did I keep so many +guns and so much ammunition? <i>Was</i> it for peaceful +ends, or was the plea of sport a hollow pretext? Was +this white man black at heart after all? Did he really +intend to send for soldiers to Zanzibar that he might +seize the land and be master of it. Clearly it were +better to get rid of him quietly while he was weak and +without supporters. No wrong should be done, but +the white man <i>must</i> go.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>Accordingly, his deliberations not having been +sweetened by the frequent cups of tembo thrust on +him by his insidious courtiers, he dictated a preremptory +message to me, which one of his soldiers was +sent to deliver.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I was sitting, working tranquilly, in my little house +that afternoon, when the messenger of evil arrived. +I had been going through some of Mabruki’s recent +work, and derived a melancholy satisfaction in finding +it so bad as to be useless. I reflected pleasantly that, +though I should have henceforth the sole charge of +collecting, at least I should save some forty rupees a +month, and do the work better myself. Just then I +looked up, and saw Mandara’s man. “What does he +want, Abdallah?” I asked my servitor who ushered +him in. “Oh, very bad news,” he replied in a low +tone, and then proceeded to interpret the message, for +my men had made greater progress in Ki-čaga than I +at that time.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Mandara sends to the white man, who calls himself +Child of the Baloza, and says, ‘Now I know your +heart is black, and you have deceived me. You have +shown me only a part of your possessions, and you +kept concealed from me many guns, and powder, and +engines of war (<i>mi-tambo</i>). This you did that you +might take my country by surprise and kill me, and +make yourself chief in my stead. And they tell me +you have sent to Unguǰa (Zanzibar), not for forty men, +but for an army. Now, therefore, I say to you, you +are a guest and I may not take anything from you by +force; but give me all your guns, and the big one for +elephants, all your powder, and all your bullets, and +I will buy them at a fair price. Then I shall know, if +this is done, that you do not wish to fight me, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>you may remain. But if not, then I say, pack up all +your goods and go, for I know you are my enemy.’” +This curious message was written down by Abdallah in +Swahili, in order that I might confront Mandara with +his own words, and ask if he acknowledged them. In +the meantime I dismissed the soldier, saying I would +reply later on. Then, side by side with the message +of Mandara’s, I wrote an answer to the effect that the +“Sultan” of Moši was deceived by bad and designing +men, that time would right me in his opinion, and +that meanwhile I would neither sell him a gun nor an +ounce of powder, nor would I leave his country until +Kiongwe should return. (How, indeed, could I do so, +when I had ten porters and fifty-eight loads?) In +the evening, Virapan, Cephas, and Abdallah repaired +to Mandara’s court to communicate this reply. As +usual he had begun to vacillate, and now let himself +be convinced that I had no sinister intentions affecting +his rule, but complained that the real fault he found +with me was my mean disposition. He took Cephas +to his stronghold, and showed him the clothes, guns, +pistols, and patent medicines he had received from +Thomson; even curious relics—the gifts that Baron +Von der Decken had made to Mandara’s mother, and +the articles which had been wrung from poor Charles +New. “Now,” he said, “what has your white man +given me to compare with these? Fine words, good +advice (<i>šauri</i>), tales about hens laying golden eggs. I +don’t want always talk and nothing else; I want him +to show his friendship by gifts, as a white man should. +And as he is so fond of fables (<i>hadii</i>), remind him of +the one I told him when he first came here—say to +him, ‘the tree is now well-rooted and mature, and if +it does not soon begin to bear fruit, I shall cut it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>down.’” There was some amount of truth in Mandara’s +complaints. From his point of view I had not +been generous. I had paid scrupulously for everything, +I had always sent Mandara the equivalent of +his presents of cattle or sheep in various trade goods, +or bright, shining, silver rupees. I had supplied him with +many useful European seeds, and had frittered away +nearly all my stock of medicines on his soldiers +and wives, and on arriving I had given him the +articles mentioned in Chapter V.; but I <i>could</i> not +lavish cloth and beads on him continually, as I had +only enough to last me till Kiongwe’s return, and +must pay for my daily food in these commodities; and +I <i>would</i> not supply him with guns and powder, now +that I knew the use to which he put them, viz. to +procure the Arabs slaves. However, although he had +no claim on my generosity, I thought it well spent if +a little money would secure his friendship, so I offered +to pay 1<i>l.</i> a month (an immense sum in this part of +the world, especially when it is represented by twelve +rupees) in the form of rent, for the land which he +had given me as a plantation. At first he was beside +himself with joy when I conveyed this proposal to him +in person, and patted my back with affection; but no +sooner had I left him, rejoiced at his change of +manner, than Mabruki entered on the scene, sneered +at the chief’s delight, and said the white man had +bags upon bags of rupees—he had seen them—and +that it was as easy for him to pay 100 monthly +as 12.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mandara therefore sent word to me that he had +consulted with his advisers, and that he thought 100 +rupees a month a reasonable rent for the plantation +(this plantation, be it noted, was a piece of wild, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>uncultivated land given to me by Mandara on my +arrival). To this preposterous demand I returned the +curt reply that he was talking nonsense (<i>upumbafu</i>), +and the matter dropped for a time. However, shortly +afterwards when I was out botanizing, a soldier of +Mandara’s came up and told me civilly but firmly, +that I was not to pick any flowers. I asked him what +he meant, and he said those were the “Maṅge’s” +orders (Maṅge is the title given to Mandara), that I +was to be followed wherever I went, and prevented +from collecting plants. I packed up the specimens I +had gathered and returned home, meaning to ask +Mandara what this meant. On my way I shot a little +bird. The soldier at once ran forward, picked it up, +and took it, saying, “This is the Maṅge’s.” I went +to Mandara’s town, and desired to know what this +hindrance meant. He declined to see me, saying his +heart was bitter that day, but sent word to this effect—“All +this land is mine, therefore all the flowers, +birds, butterflies, everything on it are mine also. If +you can’t afford the rent I ask, never mind, I have +nothing more to say; but don’t rob me of my property. +If you want flowers, birds, or beasts, my slaves shall +collect them and sell them to you at a fair price; but +if you go and take any more without my leave, I will +seize your goods.” Here was a nice dilemma! I +could not collect on Mandara’s territory without paying +an enormous tax, and I could not collect outside it +without risking death at the hands of his enemies. +This was a difficulty in obtaining specimens which +would hardly have occurred to the consideration of +the scientific societies who sent me out to Kilima-njaro. +Having provided the funds, there seemed +nothing simpler than to despatch some one to the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>mountain to collect, and here I was, settled on Kilima-njaro, +and yet unable to touch a plant or an insect of +those interesting regions around me—at least unable +in theory, and much thwarted in the practice, although +I still went stealthily to collect.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One day soon after this fresh aggravation, Mandara +(in whose utmost naughtiness there was always a +spice of fun) sent me a dirty old basket full of vegetable +refuse, with a message to the effect that I might +add this to my collections on the payment of a few +ells of cloth. I kicked the basket from one end of +the settlement to the other, and said, “that was the +only answer,” at which rash act my men were appalled, +but when Mandara heard of it, he gave a hearty laugh. +However, matters did not improve. Failing to extort +anything from me by force, Mandara tried starvation +and ordered all his people to abstain from selling me +any article of food. One or two men who were +detected smuggling food into my settlement at night +were sold as slaves. Another man who was heard to +call me “Mangé Muzungu,” “White Chief,” was +severely beaten as conferring on me a title equal to +Mandara’s. Nevertheless, I offered no sign of yielding, +for I knew that would be fatal—it would mean +that little by little everything would be taken from +me, and I should be left to return as New did, +under similar circumstances, broken-hearted with the +thought of failure. Accordingly, though my milkman +politely intimated he would be unable to continue +sending his daily supply, and though children left off +coming to me with blackberries, and the women +ceased to bring me ripe bananas, I cheerfully dispensed +with butter, cream, fruit puddings, and +banana fritters, and when Mandara, curious as to my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>state of mind, set spies to sound me, I expressed +myself perfectly happy and self-contained. Indeed, +thanks to a little foresight, I had so developed my +plantations and my live-stock that I produced enough +to sustain us on the premises. But at heart I was +miserable. The feeling of utter impotence and of +letting day by day slip by without anything accomplished +towards the fulfilment of my mission, nearly +made me ill, and if the climate had not been such a +peculiarly fine one, I should have worried myself into +a fever. What I felt most cruelly was the complete +want of a sympathizer, of any one to whom I might +unbend. All through my difficulties I had to assume +a nonchalant air and light-hearted manner I was far +from feeling, in order that my men should not be +unduly alarmed at Mandara’s threats. In the last +days of July, matters began to come to a crisis. +Mandara had sent to me to say he was about to make +war again on Kibôšo, and desired me to furnish him +with ten men, well armed, and several kegs of powder. +I answered that my men had other work to do, that +Mandara’s quarrels were his own business, and, that I +had no powder to give or sell. No immediate notice +was taken of this refusal, but a day or two afterwards +it was brought to my tyrant’s knowledge, first, that I +was secretly purchasing stores of food, and secondly, +that I had been seen catching butterflies and gathering +plants in contravention of his orders. Accordingly +he resolved on a decided stroke to crush my resistance +and frighten me into compliance with his +requests.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One morning, the 30th of July, I was sitting at +work in my house, when a naked gentleman, with a +broad-bladed shining spear and a monkey-skin head-dress, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>strutted into our settlement with an easy nonchalance +of manner which made an evident impression +on the Zanzibaris, +for they +did not attempt +to oppose his passage +into my private +compound, +but allowed him +to enter unchallenged, +and plant +his spear into the +ground with an +emphasis that +made it quiver, +and stand at ease +in a conqueror’s +<i>pose</i>.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p1950_fig44.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 44.—A Soldier of Mandara’s.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>My temper had +been already ruffled +that morning. +We had +lost our favourite +milch goat in the +night, carried off +by hyenas; and I had suddenly learned that the +natives refused to sell milk, fowls, or other provisions, +in obedience to secret orders from their +chief. Also—for misfortunes never come singly—my +servant had fallen sick, and my cook had cut off his +finger chopping wood. So when I looked up from my +work, skinning birds, that lent themselves badly to +my taxidermist skill, and saw the swarthy figure +planted in front of my house, I wrathfully cried out to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>my attendants, “What does this man want here, and +why do you let him in without telling me?” Abdallah +came forward, and mildly questioned the Čaga warrior +as to his purpose. “Words from Mandara,” he laconically +replied, and then, the interpreter being summoned, +proceeded to detail the ultimatum of the chief—so +many guns, barrels of powder, bags of shot, tables, +chairs, cups and saucers, knives, forks, and spoons to +be handed over at once, together with the greater part +of my trade goods, <i>or</i>—and then followed Mandara’s +terrible threats of slaughter and rapine. The purport +of this speech I somewhat understood from the occasional +words and phrases of Ki-čaga that were familiar +to me, and any doubt as to the import of the threats +which closed the message was set aside by the man’s +expressive gesture. When he came to talk of killing, +he drew the edge of his dexter finger across his +throat, severing in fancy his jugular vein. At the close +of his speech the Zanzibari interpreter repeated all +that had been said, striving to exaggerate as much +as possible the gruesome nature of the threats +and the advisability of conceding everything asked +for. But I had long since decided that to yield to +the “Sultan’s” demands would entail the loss of all +means of defence, of livelihood, and would be the ruin +of the expedition. Even if I succeeded in reaching +the coast, it would mean that I had failed in my +attempt, and all this would be far worse than the risk +of assassination at Mandara’s hands, for I knew his +moods varied with his potations. So, affecting a calm +manner which I did not feel, I refused Mandara’s demands +<i>in toto</i>. “Hatta sindano” (“Not even a needle”), +I added, taking one from my coat lappet and showing +it. This reply having been explained to the envoy, he +<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>withdrew stolidly to repeat it to his master, and I +was left alone with my men to discuss the further +proceedings to be taken. Of course only the leading +men of the caravan were consulted; the rank and file +were supposed to be left in ignorance of our danger, +lest panic should seize them. They knew well enough, +however, having questioned the Čaga soldier, and now +sat in a melancholy group discussing the probability +of having their throats cut, and rueing openly the day +that their ill fortune brought them to such a country. +However, I had finished my confabulations, and therefore +ordered the men to be about their work as if +nothing had happened, or was going to happen. One +man was told to go and get firewood. He took an axe, +and reluctantly left the timorous group of gossipers, +but behold! he had scarcely got a hundred yards +from the cleared ground of the settlement, when we +saw him turning about and hastily retracing his steps, +while from the brushwood and fern rose the glinting +spears and white head-dresses of Mandara’s soldiers. +It was then, on going to investigate, that I found we +were regularly invested by an irregular ring of armed +warriors, who were squatted in the grass and fern, +without, however, any attempt at concealment. They +had formed a cordon which they intimated must not +be broken until the demands of the “Mangé” were +satisfied. Though firm in their language they were +not uncivil, and were evidently only performing their +duty. They were even respectful to me personally, +evidently assuming that a quarrel between the white +man and their chief was not their affair. We learned +from them that Mandara meant to try and starve +us into submission, that he intended to place these +soldiers here to cut us off from all further food +<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>supplies. I laughed at this. “What!” I asked, “does +Mandara know I have eighty fowls, a cow, a calf, +four goats, and two sheep, beside a storehouse +crammed with grain and a garden full of vegetables? +Say, how long can we not live on those supplies, and +does your chief intend to keep you here for months?” +They only shrugged their shoulders indifferently. +“Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do or die.” +One man, however, suggested that perhaps if my water +supply were cut off at the river-head I might not feel +so comfortable. I then asked what the other Čaga +people would say, whom my little canal also supplied +with water? Meanwhile my message, with its decided +refusal, had reached Mandara, and we could from our +height conjecture somewhat the effect produced. How +anxiously our gaze wandered over the intervening +valley, and rested on the little cluster of yellow beehive +huts which masks Mandara’s capital! We had seen +the messenger enter the town, and after more than a +quarter of an hour’s interval he emerged alone, and +once more took the winding hill-path to our settlement. +I was affecting to continue my work in my +hut, for it would not do to let either my own men or +the natives perceive that I was alarmed at the critical +state of affairs, but as I stooped over my bird-skins +again I heard the clang of a spear-shaft striking the +hard ground, and again Mandara’s emissary stood +before me.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“The Mangé wants to see two of your men,” he said.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“I will go myself,” I replied, getting my hat and +stick.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“No,” answered the envoy, “Mandara does not want +to see the white man. His heart is bitter. Send two +of your servants.”</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>After considerable parleying, for my men naturally +felt that it was like entering the lion’s den, Abdallah +and another Zanzibari volunteered to go on this dangerous +errand. Accordingly they set out, secretly +armed with revolvers, and accompanied the soldier to +Mandara’s town. Following their progress with my +opera-glass, I saw them enter the native compound, and +then ensued an anxious wait before they re-issued and +made their way alone back to Kitimbiriu. When they +entered the settlement I saw bad news painted on their +lineaments, so I hurried them into my house before they +could communicate it to my quaking men. When they +were seated in the doorway of my dwelling, their dark +bodies like silhouettes against the flaming evening +sky, they unfolded their ominous tale.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When they had reached Mandara’s place, it seemed, +they found him seated among his councillors and captains +in a quivering rage. His one eye gleamed with +anger, and his whole frame trembled with convulsive +wrath. Speaking slowly and distinctly, evidently +trying to keep control over himself, he told them that +there was but one ruler in the country, and that one +he. It sufficed for him to send an order to the white +man and it must be instantly obeyed, or the throat of +every man in the settlement should be cut. “What,” +he exclaimed, “do I care for his Consul or his Queeny? +Have I not a thousand soldiers? Go and tell him!” +The men crept away from the precincts of the irate +monarch thoroughly cowed, but they were not gone +far before he sent to recall them. On again entering +his presence, Mandara assailed them with imprecations +and horrible threats, and dismissed them a second +time, summoned them back again, hurled at them +hoarsely more vituperation, and finally bade them +<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>hurry to my presence and inform me what they had +heard.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This they were in no way loth to do, fearing, indeed, +for their lives in this assemblage of warriors armed +to the teeth, whom a word from their chief would precipitate +on any victim of his wrath. I suspected, even +when I heard their terrified account, that this scene +was a good bit of clever acting on Mandara’s part, +meant to have its due effect on me by the panic it +should produce among my men.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At any rate, as we sat in the gloom of the early +night still discussing our situation, my dinner untouched +on the table, and, to judge from the gleam of +their watch-fires in the bush, the soldiers of Mandara +still encircling us, the prospect seemed a sufficiently +sombre one. Nor did the night bring a temporary +truce to my anxieties. I found it difficult to compose +myself to sleep, for my brain was continually forming +projects for escaping secretly from Mandara’s country, +and yet carrying away somehow my fifty-eight loads +of goods; a well-nigh impossible feat to accomplish +with ten men. Every sudden noise from the bush, +the anxious whispers from my watching men, the distant +blowing of a horn, or firing of a gun made me +start from bed wide-awake and expecting a midnight +attack from the savages. And when towards dawn I +found a short forgetfulness in fitful dozing, it was but +to awake on a morrow of similar anxiety.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, the tension was fortunately relieved by an +unexpected and unintentional ally. The Wa-kibôso, +whom Mandara had been recently raiding, had routed +his armies with considerable slaughter—he confessed +to the loss of 100 men, about ten per cent. of his +entire force—and had further sent a bombastic message +<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>to the effect that they were about to arrive in +Moši, with the intention of burning, harrying, robbing, +slaying everything in their way. Mandara therefore +desired in such contingency the moral support of the +white man’s friendship and co-operation. All the +soldiers were naturally withdrawn from the blockade +of my settlement, I was once more at liberty to go +forth and botanize, and no restrictions were placed in +the way of my purchasing food. However, I was too +angry with Mandara for what he had made me suffer +to respond very cordially to his advances. I refused +to co-operate in the defence of Moši, and said I would +keep all my powder and ammunition for the safeguarding +of my own settlement. Of course the Wa-kibôšo +stopped short at the frontier on this occasion. +I premised they would from the fact that they had +sent to say they were coming. But, nevertheless, they +had evidently inflicted a severe blow on Mandara’s +strength, and one which for a long time kept him +quiet. Gradually my relations with him began to improve. +His people were so decidedly my friends, that +he was forced, despotic monarch though he was, to come +over to their opinion. They declared my coming had +brought wealth to them all. I bought all their products +and paid for them honestly. No man could ever +accuse me of an unjust or unfriendly act. When they +were sick, they came for medicine, and were never +denied.<a id='r21'></a><a href='#f21' class='c017'><sup>[21]</sup></a> In short Mandara was compelled by popular +opinion to own he had treated me badly, and as a sign +<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>of this, he resumed friendly relations by paying me a +state visit in my “town.” Here he gossiped to his +heart’s content, and peered like an inquisitive child +into all the recesses of my house. It was the first time +he had visited me since I had begun building, and he +was amazed at the progress made. Then he asked to +see all my “wonderful things,” and on the whole +behaved very well, asking for nothing. At length, +after uneasily fidgeting on his chair, he said hurriedly, +“And now bring out your elephant-gun; I <i>must</i> see +it.” All my men looked scared; now I was going to +be fleeced. “<i>Must</i> you see it, Mandara?” I asked, +gravely looking in his face. “No,” said the poor +savage, with a sudden effort to control his covetousness, +“I will <i>not</i> see it. Do not show it to me, lest I +should desire it.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Really, why I made such a fuss about this elephant-gun +seems hard to understand, for it turned +out a useless and burdensome weapon, unreliable +for greater distances than twenty yards, but in +those days it seemed to us to sum up all the question +of our resistance to Mandara’s encroachments. +We felt if we yielded the elephant-gun we should +never be able to make a stand on anything else, and +then everything would go, and we might be stripped +as New was. However, on the occasion of this visit, +I did my best to be gracious, and opened a bottle of +champagne—with some trepidation, imagining Mandara +would insist on the rest of the dozen—and a tin +of cocoanut biscuits. However, the champagne +created but a poor impression—I think it was too dry +for his palate—while on the other hand, he simply +tucked the tin of biscuits under his arm and walked +off with it, enraptured with the first one he had +<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>scrunched. After this day, although we sometimes +disputed about commercial transactions (which were +always unprofitable to me, and only a disguised form +of tribute to Mandara), we never had another quarrel, +and I had complete liberty of action in Moši. Alas! +this was after all but an extended durance—a prison, +though a spacious and lovely one. In vain I yearned +for some means of crossing the barrier of foes which +intervened between me and my goal, the snow-peaks +of Kilima-njaro!</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER X.<br> <span class='c016'>A TRIP TO TAVEITA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Throughout this period of anxiety, so monotonously +related in the last chapter, I had held to one fixed +resolve, to quit Moši when Kiongwe returned. Mandara’s +hostility had nothing to do with it. I never +looked upon <i>that</i> as any real obstacle in my path. It +was rather that Mandara, whether friendly or otherwise, +was comparatively powerless to aid me in my +ascent of the higher regions of Kilima-njaro, just as he +would have been powerless to prevent it had I established +myself with his enemies. The upper road to +the snow-peaks lay in the hands of the hostile league +of Kibôšo, Kirua, and Maraṅu, who blockaded the +western, northern, and eastern frontiers of Moši. All +Mandara’s power lay to the south. He was intimately +allied with the Masai of Kisongo and Aruša, and they +aided him in keeping open his southern border. This +very fact, however, had to enter into my calculations. +Mandara was very potent with the Masai; they paid +him constant consultative visits. On one occasion, +when he was in a good humour, he sent for me and +introduced me to his robber allies, telling them he wished +that they should see my face, and know it as one of his +greatest friends, who must never be assaulted.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In all my rambles to and fro between Moši and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>Taveita, though I might be unaccompanied by more +than half a dozen men, I was never interfered with by +the Masai, whereas I used constantly to hear of their +attacking other caravans; and whenever they did so, +Mandara was generally in collusion. Consequently I +knew that if I attempted to quit his kingdom against +his will or without his leave, he had but to signal to +the Masai, and they would effectually bring me to +ruin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another difficulty I had to deal with was the question +of my baggage. I had fifty-eight loads stored at Moši, +and ten porters. Kiongwe would be coming from the +coast with some sixty carriers, but they would nearly +all of them bring burthens; consequently on their +arrival in Moši I should be unable to carry off the loads +already stored there. The only solution would be to stop +the new caravan at Taveita, leave ten men there with the +fresh supply of goods, and let the rest come on empty-handed +to Moši. Then I could take leave of Mandara +somehow, and carry off all my loads, whereas, if I +departed from Moši leaving property behind, and then +made friends with Mandara’s enemies, he would probably +seize my belongings in revenge for this act of +faithlessness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>How could we let Kiongwe know of my change of +intentions? If I sent a messenger to Taveita, Mandara’s +spies would be sure to report what was taking +place, and set him on the scent of my little plot. The +only plan was to go myself to Taveita, because then I +could more easily explain my intentions to Kiongwe. +According to our calculations he should be due there +about the 22nd of August at the latest; so I determined +to leave Kitimbiriu on the 18th. Mandara’s +consent was obtained, and besides sending two of his +<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>soldiers with me, he accorded his protection to my +settlement during my absence. Here, though I only +left one man in charge, I felt perfectly confident in +Mandara’s rectitude. Strange combination of qualities, +both good and bad, was the nature of Moši’s sovereign! +While he could see no harm in bullying, frightening, +worrying his guest into yielding up his goods, yet he +would never <i>take</i> anything by force, although he had +merely to stretch out his hand to do so.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I looked forward to my Taveita trip as the prisoner +does to his quitting gaol, or as a pent-up toiler in +towns must to his annual holiday in the country. +Every effort I had recently made to wander beyond the +borders of Moši up the mountain had been resolutely +prevented by the Wa-Kibôšo; in fact, on the 11th of +August we nearly lost our lives in an ambush. Every +flower I gathered in the debatable ground was +snatched with trepidation and a wary look all round, +and I feared to fire my gun at any bird lest it should +attract the attention of my hidden foes. Consequently +the idea of leaving Moši on the south and going for a +holiday trip to Taveita was full of pleasant possibilities, +and proved as interesting in reality as in anticipation. +Leaving Kitimbiriu on the 18th, my eight porters +and I walked gaily down the path up which we had +toiled, some nine or ten weeks before, on our entry +into Moši. By noon we had reached the pretty little +Mkuyuni river, associated with several of our adventures. +Here the lions had besieged us, and here +Kiongwe had taken refuge from the savages. Now I +found its banks peaceful and deserted, although we +had just missed a large troop of elephants, who must +have crossed in the morning. Many bristles from their +tails still hung in the bushes, dragged out, I suppose, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>as they switched them to and fro. As we were to +lunch here I left the part of the stream where the +elephants had trampled the banks and sullied the water, +and crept through the bushes to a charming secluded +bend of the rivulet, where, seated in deepest shade, +I could gaze at a vista of sunlit vegetation beyond.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2070_fig45.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 45.—The Mkuyuni Stream.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Having rested here, we marched on to the Mto wa +Habari, another old camping-place (see Chapter IV.), +and the next morning entered the glorious forests of +Taveita. Here we found the Swahili town a mere +waste and open place strewn with ashes. The Wataveita +<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>had burnt it down, according to their habit, +when the caravan season was over and the traders had +gone. This is their invariable custom, for which they +give various reasons, the real one being probably that +they do not wish the coast people to gain a permanent +footing there. As far as I was concerned, they welcomed +me with enthusiastic delight, and reminded me +of my promise to build a house in their midst. I told +them I had on the present occasion only come for a few +days, to await my caravan, but that I wanted a large +piece of ground in a secluded part of their territory +where I might ultimately make a “town,” in which +to store my goods. They led me to a beautiful site, +close to where Thomson had built when he sojourned +there on his way to Masai-land. Not a vestige of his +habitation remained other than the oral tradition of +its situation. Possibly, of the fine little colony I +started there may be little to see now, for although I +bought the land I could not promise to occupy it, and +the absentee system is not in favour at Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This place, from the day of my first arrival up to the +time of my final departure, seemed to me one of the +loveliest spots on the earth’s surface. Imagine first a +charming river of crystal clearness winding in curves +and loops through tropical forest of such an imposing +grandeur that it rather recalls to one’s imagination the +vegetation of some more lusty epoch of the earth’s +youth than the present degenerate days of less exuberant +growth. The river flows sometimes between high +banks—little cliffs of red soil—crested with gigantic +trees, whose enormous roots, detached from the crumbling +earth, stretch out like grey, sprawling fingers +high in air above the rushing water; sometimes curls +itself wantonly in loops, cutting out sweet little peninsulas +<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>of forest-clad mounds and hillocks, on which one +longs to go and build a little hut and live for ever; +sometimes flows solemnly and slowly with glassy look +amid winding avenues of palms, acacias, albizzias, +sterculias, parinariums, sycamores, and wild bananas, +through the stately architecture of a vegetable Venice.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Here are places where the river broadens out into +shallows, and the banks slope down in turfy lawns or +stretches of sparkling sand to the water’s edge; there +you may emerge from your bath on natural quays of +smooth and polished stone, most grateful to the naked +feet that shrink from gritty pebbles or thorny, +prickly, tangled weeds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The River Lumi, which flows through Taveita and +creates all its luxuriant forest, is uninhabited by noxious +creatures, such as crocodiles or leeches, and only +harbours harmless fish, that are good to eat, or great +timid varanus lizards, who never interfere with one’s +bathing. Its water is exquisitely cool, clear, and sweet, +and comes from the snows of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Here and there amid the lofty aisles of the Taveitan +forest are little clearings, pretty homesteads of yellow +beehive huts, neat plots of cultivated ground, groves +of emerald-green bananas, which are the habitations of +the happy Arcadians who have made this tropical paradise +their home. They were once miserable refugees +who sought asylum and concealment in the impenetrable +forest which even now girds their colony with +a belt of closely growing trunks and thickly inter-knitted +mesh of creeping stems. In this leafy labyrinth +they were screened from the outside world they +dreaded—from the cruel pursuits of the raiding Masai. +On the few occasions when these robbers have tried to +penetrate the maze of forest, the Taveitans, knowing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>its turns and windings better than the dwellers in +the open, have gained a fierce victory over their +assailants. Now they dwell in safety, and their little +republic is the favourite resort of not only the coast +traders, who leave their wives here when they enter +the dangerous Masai country, but of all the hunted, +homeless fugitives from Čaga, from Taita, and from +Ukambani. Though there is thus great intermixture +of race, the original language of the Wa-taveita holds +its ground and is the general tongue of the community. +Swahili is known to most of the inhabitants, who mix +a great deal with the coast traders, and Masai is also +spoken and understood, because the Masai who once +harried the Wa-taveita so cruelly, now come peacefully +to trade, exchanging their ivory, oxen, and asses for +vegetable food, for trade goods, and for honey—of +which the Taveita people obtain great quantities from +their bees. Moreover, there is a fairly large colony +of about two or three thousand agricultural Masai +(called Wa-kwavi by the coast people) settled at +Kikoro, a southern extension of Taveita. This is a +most interesting locality for a student of African races +to settle in. It resembles Stanley Pool on the Congo, +Dondo on the Quanza, Khartūm on the Nile, and such +like emporiums of trade; a rendezvous of tribes, +tongues, peoples, and nations. You may sit here in +the porch of your comfortable thatched house, which +may be built in a few days from the materials at hand, +and receive visits from representatives of most of the +nations found in East Central Africa. Arabs, Gallas, +Masai, A-kamba, Wa-čaga, Wa-pare, Wa-taita, Wa-gweno, +Wa-swahili, Wa-sambara; the people of Kavisondo +on the Victoria Nyanza, of Bu-ganda, and Bu-nyoro; +of Njemps, and Samburu, all find their way +<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>to Taveita somehow, whether as slaves, traders, tramps, +criminals, or refugees. You may hear about twenty +African languages talked around you, and, by searching +among the slave caravans which stop here for +repose, a list of hundreds of East African tongues +might be composed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Yet, though it is so hospitable to all comers, +there is no lack of law and order. Taveita is ruled +over by a senate of notables called the “Wazēē,” +or elders. These functionaries, though usually in +the background, generally come forward when there is +any dispute to be settled either between their fellow-citizens +or foreign traders, and their authority is upheld +by all the able-bodied male population of Taveita. +It was from them that I obtained my cession of land, +and after the fee was handed over and the agreement +ratified, I had no more bother and no more asking +for presents. At all times their gentle behaviour and +kindly manners were charming.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Although the settlement of Taveita contains in all +perhaps some 6000 of every nationality, they are scattered +so widely over the domain that one lot of huts +is scarcely in view of another. Each family lives +apart. At night, strange to say, lions, leopards, and +hyenas parade the forest alleys, without check or +hindrance. The hyenas dig up the newly-buried corpses +and discuss them with horrid laughs, just outside the +doors of the surviving relatives, who never intervene. +The natives shut up their live-stock in houses similar +to their own, and consequently do not lose many by +the leopards; but I, being ignorant of the rapacity +of these brutes, lost at one time several sheep and goats, +for the leopards would leap high palisades and jump +back again, carrying away their victim. I set a trap, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>and killed one in the act, and another was shot by the +men. Night after night lions would roar and bellow, +seemingly just a few yards from our enclosure. Yet, +though I have heard of losses in live-stock, I never was +told that any human being fell a victim to these carnivora, +though from the number of slaves tied together +and allowed to sleep in the bush, outside the camps, +I should think such a disaster not uncommon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Taveita is full of monkeys. They are to be seen in +nearly every big tree, and chatter and mow at you +from the branches. Great baboons are plentiful a +little farther from the dwellings, on the borders of the +forest. Many big varanus lizards, sometimes reaching +six feet in length, frequent the forest near the river.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Food in Taveita is moderately plentiful and reasonable +in price, though not so very cheap as in Čaga. +Fish, both from the River Lumi and from Lake ǰipé, +is good and plentiful. Bananas are of fine quality, +but dear. Corn and vegetables are also relatively +expensive and scarce.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One great treat for the visitor to Taveita during the +months of June, July, and August are the ostrich +eggs which are brought in from the outside country, +where ostriches abound. In September and October +these are over, and the natives bring you instead young +ostriches which they have captured—bristly little creatures +with scale-tipped plumes—and sell them for an +ell of cloth each (about twopence in value).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Finding Kiongwe did not arrive, after five or six +days’ waiting, I returned once more to Moši. Both my +departure from Taveita and my arrival at Kitimbiriu +were signalized by many kind acts on the part of my +black friends. As we wound our way through the +tortuous paths of the Taveitan forest, our acquaintances +<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>rushed from their homesteads to inquire the +cause of our departure. “You are not going to leave +us, Muzungu?” they cried; “promise you will return.” +“Yes, I promise,” was my reply; then they +pressed on my acceptance fowls, goats, bananas, and +gourds of new milk for the journey. Again, when we +arrived at Kitimbiriu, Mandara sent a messenger with +many “salaams” and congratulations, and a little +“kitowéo” or “relish” for my breakfast, in the shape +of two big goats. The Čaga people of the vicinity all +came to shake hands, although I had only been absent +a week. One man was so delighted to see me (it was +my milkman, and I daresay he had missed my custom), +that he spat<a id='r22'></a><a href='#f22' class='c017'><sup>[22]</sup></a> repeatedly at the sun to thank the Almighty +for my safe return. However, rather to Mandara’s +disappointment—for now that we were friends +he wanted me to sit and gossip all day—I returned, +to Taveita again on the 28th of August, as much in +the interests of natural history as anything, because +failing an ascent of the mountain, there was no better +hunting-ground than the Taveitan forests, especially +for birds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The pleasure of returning to this most interesting +place was a little clouded by finding Kiongwe still +not arrived, although he was nearly a fortnight overdue; +but knowing that nothing comes in Africa from +useless worrying, I settled down to pleasant work, +resolved to resign myself to the inevitable dilatoriness +of a Swahili caravan. As soon as it was known that +we had returned, many friends came with offerings of +milk, fowls, bananas, and fish. One man, a great +<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>stately savage, innocently naked, and a type of perfect +physical development, wanted me to visit him at +his house, so I went thither with my Indian servant. +Round his little compound was a kind of fence formed +of the long midribs of the Mwale palm laid lengthways. +There were three houses inside, one for the women, +one for the goats and sheep, and one for the man. +His dwelling, though small, was far from uncomfortable, +and the interior was remarkable for the neatness +that characterizes the domestic arrangements of most +Africans. There was a raised daïs for the bed, on +which skins were laid; a little three-cornered stool to +sit on; afire burning in the centre of the floor; spears, +knives, horns of animals, and many other articles ranged +to dry round the walls. At the man’s earnest request +we partook of sour milk and sugar-cane. He +also wished us to try some rather dirty half-fried fish, +but this I was obliged to decline. Whilst I sat talking +to him, his wife, a motherly-looking soul, appeared, +leading a small, rather unhealthy child, and was +further followed by a genial old hag, my friend’s +mother. This latter was a merry, social old body, +though very monkey-like as she sat and chewed sugar-cane, +holding it before her with both hands, and +gnawing it laterally with her teeth, while the farther +end of the cane was clutched between her lean thighs. +My host caught his child to him with unmistakable +parental affection. He carefully pinched and pressed +the great protruded stomach, as if divining this to +be an unhealthy symptom. Seeing he was anxious +and wishing to say something kind, I offered to send +medicine, which in the Swahili tongue is expressed by +an Arab word “dawa.” But he only replied, “Dawa, +what do we know of dawa?” Then he looked up +<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>to the sky in quite a simple way and said, “Perhaps +Muungu will cure him? who knows?—the other one +died.” “Then you had another child?” I asked. +“Yes,” he said, “but Muungu took it.” He looked +again at his child, and seeing its eyes were flecked +with mucus he cleaned them with great sucking kisses. +At length I rose, and said in a roundabout way I had +better be going. He put the child from him with a +sigh, and rose and followed me to my camp, carrying +a present of bananas.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About this time numbers of Wa-taita from the districts +of Bura were flocking to the vicinity of Taveita +in search of subsistence. A terrible famine raged +throughout the countries bordering on the Zanzibar +littoral in the year 1884. Many—far more than we +can calculate—died of starvation, multitudes sold +themselves and their children into willing slavery, not +caring where they went or how they worked, provided +only they were fed. This scarcity of food had not +affected those happy regions lying within the beneficent +influence of the great Snow Mountain. Here +the gentle showers condensed around the lofty peaks +never failed, and consequently the fruitful soil produced +its due supply of crops. Food could scarcely +have been cheaper anywhere in the world than in +Čaga, where a man might live comfortably on the expenditure +of twopence-worth of cloth a day. But in +Taveita, where only sufficient land was cultivated to +supply the wants of the residents, provisions were +already becoming relatively dear, owing to the unprecedented +demand from the influx of coast people, who +were afraid of penetrating the mysterious wilds of +Čaga. The Wa-taita who had arrived in Taveita, +seeking food, were consequently hard put to it at first +<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>to find a subsistence, and many of them had taken to +hunting the big game in the vicinity of the forest +country. They went out all night and concealed +themselves in the branches of trees overhanging the +well-known drinking-places of the animals. Thence +they discharged their arrows and lances into the body +of a buffalo or rhinoceros. The wounded animal was +long in dying, and sometimes lions intervened and +carried him off. Sometimes the Wa-taita kept up a +running fight, as it were, till the late morning, harassing +the wounded quarry with their dog-like pursuit +until it fell exhausted with loss of blood and fatigue. +Then they threw themselves on its dead body, skinned +it, cut it up, had a glorious feast on the half-cooked +flesh, which they grilled on hot stones in hastily made +fires, and brought the remainder into Taveita to sell +or exchange for vegetable food.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span> +<img src='images/p2170_fig46.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 46.—Vultarine attitudes.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Some of these gentry offered to take me one day to +a good place in which to shoot game. Soon after +dawn I went, under their guidance, first through the +belt of magnificent forest which engirdles Taveita, and +then emerged on a tract of country similar in aspect +to all the dry, bushy plains in Africa. Footprints of +game began to show themselves, nearly always, however, +in beaten tracks and runs converging towards the +distant river. The spoor of rhinoceros, buffalo, zebra, +giraffe, warthog, lion, and many antelopes was distinctly +visible, and on the leafless trees great vultures +perched in somnolent satiety. So heavy were they +with their recent meal, and so evidently unused to man, +that I was able to approach as close as I pleased to +them, and very much disgusted the Taita guides by +taking out my sketch-book to draw some of their +attitudes, which I did with as much ease as if I had +been studying them in a cage at Regent’s Park. Unfortunately, +I am more of an artist than a sportsman. +In many a spot the fragments of bones and the +trodden herbage, together with the surrounding footprints, +showed that a lion had recently feasted off his +prey. In one such place I saw, to my great surprise, +a human being slinking away as I approached. I +called out to my guides to know who that was, and +they explained to me that certain hungry creatures—human +hyenas—unable to procure the death of any +wild animals for themselves, followed the lions +wherever they went; and when the king of beasts had +killed his prey, slaked his appetite, and walked off to +drink, they intervened and carried off the remains of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>his bloody repast. “And does the lion never return +and kill them?” I asked. “Will a gorged vulture +fly, or a full lion attack a man?” they replied contemptuously. +In spite of all this evidence as to the +abundance of big game, I actually saw but little, for +the morning was now advanced, and the animals had +retreated from the hot sun into dense cover. I might, +perhaps, have had better sport had I behaved more +like a sportsman; but I would tramp along unconcernedly +and chatter to my guides, consequently I +often heard a warning whistle and snort from the +antelopes we were tracking, and they were off before +I could fire. I managed, however, to bring down a +Mpala<a id='r23'></a><a href='#f23' class='c017'><sup>[23]</sup></a> antelope, and I wounded a warthog, but he +got away in the dense bush. I killed some francolin +and pigeon with my shot-gun, and at any rate the +commissariat did not suffer from my morning’s outing. +I found the meat of the Mpala very dry and unpalatable, +but it was enjoyed by my men and the +Wa-taita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Hearing so constantly from these people of the fine +sport to be got at night (we had a moon about this +time) and at earliest dawn, I resolved to go and live +for a day or two in the wilderness outside Taveita, so +that I might be on the spot, and not fatigue myself +with a long preliminary tramp to the scene of +operations.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span> +<img src='images/p2190_fig47.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 47.—The Mpala Antelope (<i>Æpyceros Melampus</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>We followed the course of the River Lumi—<i>our</i> river +as we affectionately called it—in a northerly direction, +for about three miles. We had quitted the great +forest in which Taveita is built, and except for the +band of noble trees through which the river flowed, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>there were only low scattered bushes covering the +plain. This was emphatically <i>the</i> game country of +Africa, and wherever you find this kind of landscape, +no matter in what part of the tropical continent, you +may be sure it is inhabited by the big African herbivora. +We pitched the tent in a snug little corner by the +river-side, a kind of peninsula surrounded on three +sides by the water, and secured from outward view by +bushes and trees. I spent most of the day roaming +about with a gun, but only killed a zebra (<i>Equus Chapmani</i>), +which had, however, a very handsome hide. A +great deal of game was visible from the summit of the +little cone, rising on the left bank of the river, but it +was evidently very wary, owing to the recent inroads +of Taita and Kamba hunters.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It was at night, however, that I hoped to bring +down a good bag, by concealing myself at the river-side, +and shooting the animals as they came to drink. +The banks of the Lumi were, as already mentioned, +clothed with a narrow band of dense forest. Here +and there gaps had been formed in the dense array of +trees, and through these the thirsty, animals had made +a broad way down to the water. The ground would +be pounded into red dust, all turf or vegetation destroyed, +and even the tree-trunks on either side of the +tunnel—for such it was through the dense wood—polished +up to a certain height by the passage of +crowds of great hustling beasts. Such a place as +this, there was no mistaking. That it had been recently +frequented we could tell by the abundance of fresh +exuviæ strewing the entrance; moreover, here were +bones, skulls, horns, and other fragments of the lions’ repasts, +which, however thoroughly they might have been +picked by hyenas, vultures, and ants, still to the practised +eyes of our guides showed by their condition that some +few hours ago they formed part of living individuals.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p2201_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>THE GAME COUNTRY.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>Here I resolved, therefore, to conceal myself after +dark, with my gun and plenty of ammunition, and my +imagination pictured with delight scenes after the +fashion of Gordon Cummings’s tales. The best mode +of lying in ambush was much disputed. I at first was +in favour of making a kind of “skarm,” a low pit just +deep enough to hold my body, with a fringe of thorny +branches round it as a cover. But this, for various +reasons, did not meet with the approval of my men. +Firstly, we found, on digging just below the soil, that +water filtered into the pit, which would render it disagreeable +to stand or sit in; and, secondly, it was my +guide’s opinion that wounded or angry beasts might +just walk in on top of me. Consequently we adopted +the notion of the Wa-taita, which on the whole was best, +namely, to construct a platform between the branches +of the trees overhanging the “run,” about ten feet +above it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This was carried out toward the end of the afternoon, +and in the evening, having comfortably dined +and taken my coffee in camp, I took leave of my men, +and was hoisted up on to the platform, together with +an 8-bore elephant-gun, a bag of ammunition, a rug, +matches, a bull’s-eye lantern, and a flask of cold +coffee. Two Wa-taita mounted neighbouring trees, +settled down in the forked branches, and we were +left to commence our night vigil. My camp was only +a quarter of a mile distant, and I was quite safe from +any wild beasts except leopards or snakes, neither of +which were likely to attack me.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Surely, I thought to myself, there could be no +pleasanter way of shooting big game than this. Instead +<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>of tramping miles and miles through thorns and over +sharp rocks, under a blazing sun, in search of a vigilant +quarry, here you await him in numbers, seated at your +ease, in the cool night air, able to take careful aim, and +safe from any nasty display of spite on the part of your +wounded victims. Undoubtedly my opinion was the +right one from an epicurean point of view, provided +that all the elements of the combination were present; +but just as the best place in a theatre would be worthless +in front of an empty stage, so all my elaborate +preparations for a grand battue of big game were of +little use when the expected animals did not arrive.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Slowly the night wore on. The moon, just past her +prime, rose late, and changed gradually from a coppery +red to a yellow white as she mounted higher and higher, +bringing by degrees a lesser day to bear upon the +scene. Gazing out from under the branches to the +open plain, I could distinguish ghostly forms, devoid +of colour and substantiality, flitting here and there, +objectless and restless—hyenas, probably, seeking stray +fragments of carrion. Now and then the singing, monotonous +chorus of the cicadas and tree-frogs was momentarily +interrupted and again resumed, or varied by the +shrill chanting of a soloist, or temporarily overborne +by the faint, distant booming of a lion’s roar; otherwise +nothing interrupted the solemn quietude of the night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Half sitting, half reclining on my tree-perch, my +limbs soon stiffened with the unchanged posture, and +I grew chilly with inaction. The night breeze blowing +over the snows of Kilima-njaro sent tremors of cold +through my body; I sought a more comfortable position, +and a better arrangement of my rug. In doing +so a slight creaking and rustling of the boughs was +caused, and I was startled to hear from the other side +of the water a sudden outbreak of strange, half-human +<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>cries—screams, barks, and guttural murmurs. Looking +in that direction I was able to make out a small +party of baboons, who had come down to drink, and +evidently mistook the stealthy noises I had made for +the approach of their relentless enemy, the leopard. +Though they peered uneasily into the gloom, and did not +turn at once to run, I would not shoot, because I did +not wish to frighten more important game that might +be approaching; and, moreover, because, except for +scientific purposes, I think it is so sad to kill a monkey. +To see a baboon in its death-throes causes me almost as +much pain as if he were a member of my own species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, my forbearance was not duly rewarded. +A few small things, probably civets, cats, or jackals, +crept noiselessly to the waterside and drank uneasily, +but I held my hand, deeming it mockery to blow them +to fragments with an elephant’s bullet. Here and +there in the open a large form seemed to hesitate about +passing through the tunnel where I was concealed, and +I always waited, unwilling to risk an uncertain aim +and a distant shot for the hope of certain slaughter +when they should defile past my lair. But they came +not, and disappeared into the outer gloom. What <i>was</i> +the reason? I asked myself. They could not see me +behind my screen of boughs, and I sat long in noiseless +immobility. The fact that they divined the presence +of a human being by scent never entered my head, and +I forgot that the wind blew from me towards them, and +carried to their powers of smell sufficient evidence to +deter them from approaching any nearer a suspicious +spot. Yet I knew that this drinking-place had been +much frequented the previous night, and I could now +hear a mingled chorus of animal cries from distant +bends of the river, showing that the thirsty creatures +of the wilds had come to satisfy their thirst. I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>consulted in a whisper with, the Taita hunters as to the +advisability of leaving our perch and seeking game on +foot, but they were strongly averse to this procedure, +and persisted in saying, “Wait, and they will surely +come.” But they surely did not, and as soon as the +first promise of dawn irradiated the sky I indignantly +left my platform and wandered out into the dewy +plains, seeking a victim. A giddy zebra, browsing on +the sodden turf, stopped behind his friends to stare at +me, and received a bullet from the mighty 8-bore, +which soon laid him low. I also killed a female roan +antelope, and so returned less discontented to my camp +than I might otherwise have felt at my uneventful +night, for at any rate here was abundant meat for the +men.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2240_fig49.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 49.—Female Roan Antelope (<i>Hippotragus Equinus</i>, ♀︎).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>At the end of the succeeding day my sporting picnic +was interrupted by the arrival of messengers from +Mandara, who bore a strongly worded communication +in writing, to the effect that I was to return at once +to Moši, as Mandara had some important news to +communicate. Wondering who among the chiefs +followers had suddenly attained epistolary skill, and +grumbling at the somewhat dictatorial tone of the +command, I nevertheless deemed it advisable to comply, +the more so as Kiongwe’s inexplicable absence made +me averse to risking a loss of Mandara’s friendship. +I left behind two trusted followers, Abdallah and Kadu +Stanley, in my Taveita settlement, with the fullest +instructions as to their procedure in case Kiongwe +came during my absence, and then once more quitting +my favourite place of sojourn, I turned my steps +towards Moši with an anxious heart.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Arrived at Mandara’s court, however, an unexpectedly +pleasant reception awaited me. It appeared +that a large Swahili caravan had reached +Moši during my absence in Taveita, and its leader +happened to be a trader of some position on the coast. +He had seen me in Zanzibar the day I went to visit +the Sultan with Sir John Kirk, and consequently +conceived an exaggerated, but useful opinion as to my +relative importance in the scale of humanity. He +questioned Mandara as to my welfare and whereabouts +with an <i>empressement</i> and evident interest which did +much to endue that chieftain with a loftier opinion +as to the social position of his guest. Finding his +Swahili friend was a scholar, he resolved to set at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>rest his last doubts in the authenticity of my statements, +and accordingly brought out the two letters of +Sir John Kirk which I had presented as an introduction, +and asked to have them read. When their +contents were made known to him he was seized with +compunction and apprehension at the way in which +he had previously thwarted my mission. A passage +in Sir John Kirk’s long communication to the effect +that he hoped Mandara would aid me to the utmost +in ascending Kilima-njaro awoke the chief to a sense +of his neglected duty.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span> +<img src='images/p2270_fig50.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 50.—My Settlement at Taveita.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Without further delay I must be recalled from +Taveita and sent up the mountain before the failure of +my mission could be reported to the Baloza. Accordingly, +messengers were despatched at once to Taveita, +and as soon as I had obeyed their summons and presented +myself at my tyrant’s court, Mandara hastened +to describe the elucidation of his doubts which had +taken place, and assured me now of his sincere wish +to render me help and counsel. “Did I wish to +ascend the great mountain? I should go to-morrow, +that very next day, and climb as far as I chose, even +to the white ‘salt’ which covered the top. He +would send guides and soldiers to accompany me.” +I was at first too surprised at this change of demeanour +to realize the happy change in my prospects, but when +Mandara kept repeating, as he patted my hand encouragingly, +“To-morrow, you shall go to-morrow,” +it began to dawn on me that it was a serious proposal, +and I accepted eagerly and began to discuss the details +of the expedition. Nine of my own men would be +taken and six soldiers of Mandara’s to act as guides. +“You had better not defer your journey,” said the +chief, “lest the Wa-kibôšo get wind of it and intercept +you.” It was arranged I should not be absent +more than a week, and that the guides should receive +four yards of cloth each, to buy food for their sojourn +on the chilly heights. Mandara presented me with a +couple of goats as a contribution towards our commissariat, +and took leave of me with continued wishes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>for my success and a sincere hope of my safe return. +I repaired to my settlement, full of joyful anticipation, +commenced packing, and slaughtered a bullock, so +that every one might have a good preliminary feast +before entering on the anxious journey of the morrow. +Mandara’s six men, one of whom was Kilaki, an old +friend and constant frequenter of my “town,” came +to receive their “cloth” and their instructions. I +adjured them not to keep me waiting on the morrow, +and then sent them off that they might have time to +bid their families farewell and make their investments +in food. When preparation had been made, and everything +packed save the necessaries of our civilized +existence, which might be thrust into the bags before +starting, I retired to rest, but slept little, so feverishly +anxious was I to commence my first ascent of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XI.<br> <span class='c016'>A FIRST ASCENT.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Faithful to their promise, Mandara’s five soldiers, led +by Kilaki, arrived in our settlement at sunrise. They +brought with them bags of provisions, and three fat +sheep, which were to constitute a further supply of +food, and one which would obligingly transport itself +to the desired goal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Leaving Faraǰi, the cook, alone in charge of Kitimbiriu, +we commenced our ascent by following the +upper road skirting the crest of our long hill. We +walked first between tall hedges of glossy-leaved +dracænas and gorgeous scarlet-flowered aloes, which +grew from tall stems in arborescent form. As we +passed the wooden doorways of the different congeries +of huts which border these Čaga lanes the inhabitants +rushed out mirthfully to greet us. “Utoṅga ako, +Maṅge Muzungu?” (Where are you going, white +chief?) they cried. “Ngatoṅga Kibô” (I am going +to Kibô) I joyfully answered. (Kibô is the giant +summit of the mass.) From each little tidy compound +of Wa-čaga, from their trim fields and luxuriant +plantations, came merry girls, their arms linked together +affectionately, and accompanied by their brothers, +fathers, and husbands, all in perfect nudity and all in +smiling good-humour. They would range themselves +<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>along the sides of the narrow lane, backing, with +much giggling, into the fern-fronds and brambles as +I approached, and saluting my followers with many +outspoken remarks as to their personal appearance +and the errand on which they were bound. In the +rear of the small company came the six soldiers of +Mandara, wearing conspicuously the white cloths I +had given them, and loaded with their shields, arms, +and water-gourds. They urged along the upward +path the three docile and unsuspecting sheep, which +were to serve as their stock of provisions during our +residence above the clouds. At about 5400 feet we +quitted the last signs of cultivation, and consequently +missed the familiar runnels of water which in the +inhabited country intersect the land every few yards. +The surrounding scenery was now charmingly soft +and pretty, so exactly like Devonshire hills and coombes +in general aspect that I need not give it a more detailed +description. At 6000 feet we halted for a brief +rest. The ascent had been very gradual. Here, where +we first rested, there were grassy downs of short +springy turf scattered over with magnificent clumps +of forest; but higher up the woodland scenery, though +very pretty and “English” in look, did not offer +remarkably fine timber, the trees being short and +twisted with dense undergrowth. The wild flowers +were beautiful. Parasitic begonias trailed their lovely +pink bells in long festoons; magenta-coloured balsams +gleamed from among the fern-fronds, and every now +and then we would come across clumps of crimson +and salmon-tinted gladioli that provoked expressions +of admiration even from my followers, whose eyes +were caught with the rich displays of colour. The +tree-trunks, even to the minor branches, were densely +<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>hung with moss, orchilla-lichen, or delicate epiphytic +ferns. Other species of ferns grew luxuriantly at the +side of the path, some of them actually British in their +extended range. There were polypodies, holly ferns, +bracken, maidenhair, identical apparently—I have +since found at Kew they were actually the same—with +those we know in England. Unfamiliar, though, +to our English scenes were the magnificent tree-ferns +(of the species <i>Lonchitis pubescens</i>), which rose grandly +above the dense undergrowth, with fronds of a shiny +bluish-green, whenever the pale green light of the +forest fell athwart their downy leaflets or silky stems. +At a greater altitude than 8000 feet these tree-ferns +were rarely met with; indeed, they were mostly confined +to a zone round the mountain between 7000 feet +and 8000 feet above sea-level.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2310_fig51.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 51.—Tree Fern (<i>Lonchitis pubescens</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>Our path was very wet with the moisture that +dripped from the forest, and often obstructed with +huge tree-trunks that lay across it. It was one of a +series of tracks which converge from the different +little kingdoms on the mountain up to a height of +about 9000 feet odd, where they join a path running +nearly due east and west from Šira to Useri. As the +inhabitants of the Kilima-njaro States are nearly +always at war with one another, and, consequently, +have not free transit through the hostile territory of +their neighbours, they all resort, by means of the +upward road, to the neutral ground above, and at +varying heights above the inhabited district pursue +their journey round the mountain. They do not always +do so peacefully, however, as it is the disagreeable +custom of the mountaineers to post themselves occasionally +in ambush at the cross-roads and leap out on +any passing travellers too weak to resist them, in +which case the men are killed and the women are +carried off in triumph as slaves. As we were few in +number, though presumably stout of heart, our guides +were very nervous during this ascent, and often +paused to listen anxiously to the murmurs of the +forest, fearing to detect the voices of their foes. Our +conversation was held in a low tone, and my servant, +Virapan, who incautiously gave way to a peal of +laughter when amused by some incident on the route, +was angrily checked by Kilaki, Mandara’s captain, +and told that he was risking the lives of the party. +However, throughout this day’s journey we heard +<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>nothing more alarming than the occasional trumpeting +of elephants or the mocking cry of the blue-green +touraco.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span> +<img src='images/p2341_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>KILIMA-NJARO, SHOWING BOTH ITS SNOW-CAPPED PEAKS.<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Owing to the absence of any drinking-water on our +road ever since the last streamlet we had crossed in +Moši, we scarcely stopped anywhere to rest until +reaching our camping-place, at a height of 8600 feet. +Here we found a little rivulet flowing silently over +mossy rocks, and forming clear, deep pools every few +yards. The water was icy cold. Above the stream +the path led us to a slight clearing in the forest, where +we saw a few rotting huts and wind shelters. “These,” +said Mandara’s men, “we made when we came to +fight against Useri. We slept here, halfway.” My +men were enjoined by the Wa-čaga not to make any +noise that might attract the attention of enemies in +the vicinity; they even objected to our lighting big +fires, in case the curling smoke might betray our presence; +but at this I became impatient, preferring to +risk the chance of a scuffle with the Wa-kibôšo to +suffering from cold. Already, as the sun was setting, +the temperature rapidly sank, and the air became very +chilly, while a white rime settled on the grass. The +forest and the surrounding vegetation were weirdly +strange. Giant heaths of the familiar genus <i>Erica</i> +grew unfamiliarly as tallish trees. An extraordinary +composite plant (since named from my specimens +<i>Senecio Johnstoni</i>) flourished in the marshy ground +near the rivulet and rose to twenty feet in height. +From a distance it appeared something like a banana, +with huge broad leaves at the summit of a slim, bare, +black trunk, but with yellow flowers like a groundsel—a +humble plant, to which indeed, it is not distantly +allied. “Everlasting flowers,” of tender rosy pink or +yellow-white, grew in clusters where the forest was +less dense, and pretty star-like anemones, blush-colour +with yellow centres, sprang up like pale stars amid +the dusky herbage. Things that resembled chervil +and hemlock grew in rank abundance, and the +crimson gladioli gleamed out vividly on all sides. +There were also pretty irises and ground orchids of a +rich mauve-pink. Altogether, although the flora was +different from that at lower levels, it lost nothing in +brilliancy of colours. The men rapidly constructed +wind shelters of branches, lit roaring fires, and wrapped +themselves in their scanty garments to resist the increasing +cold. The Čaga soldiers killed two of their +sheep recklessly, thinking nothing of economizing their +food, and distributed some of the meat among my +men, offering me a really choice leg of mutton. All +through the night the tree-hyraxes kept us awake +with their ringing plaintive cry. After a long discussion +the next morning, I decided to move our +permanent camp higher up the mountain, so that I +might be nearer the field of my researches, and also +for the reason that the men of Mandara continually +dreaded an attack from their enemies, and would not +allow us to fire our guns at any bird or beast, fearing +lest the shots might reveal our existence. On reaching +a height of 9000 feet the continuous forest came to an +end, and we emerged on tracts of tussocky grass, +interspersed here and there in parklike fashion with +clumps of trees. We were now on a kind of level +table or shelf, which stretched away round the southern +slope of the mountain, and from which the great +central mass (the ridge culminating in the two peaks +of Kibô and Kimawenzi) arose with a somewhat abrupt +ascent. In the hollows of this further range there +<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>were clumps of forest up to 10,000 feet. Many bright-coloured +flowers grew up to this altitude, notably a +vivid blue cynoglossum (houndstongue), mauve and +blue irises, and pink, waxy-white, and yellow “everlastings.” +Tufts of artemisia (southernwood) grew +in sheltered places. There were many heaths, a small +kind of geranium, huge proteas, and divers ferns and +mosses. The foliage of the trees was rather a dull +grey-green, and their boughs and trunks were rendered +almost shapeless by the +thick tapestry of moss and +orchilla-lichen. A black +and white raven was frequently +seen sailing overhead, +two or three white +butterflies flitted about, and +a small grey moth hovered +over the grass. A little lizard, nearly dull uniform +black, with faint markings, darted to and fro in the +herbage, pursuing the drowsy-looking flies that settled +on the grass-blades in the sun.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2350_fig53.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 53.—A Raven soaring.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Whilst my men were preparing lunch under the +shade of a stunted tree I made a rapid excursion +upwards to collect some plants, and then returned to +my followers about noon. I had just got out my +theodolite to take some observations of the different +peaks in sight, and had finished “screwing up” the +levels, when a cry from my men behind caused me to +look up. In the distance, coming from the west, a +large band of Wa-kibôšo—our most bitter foes—were +to be seen approaching at a round trot, covering themselves +with their shields and waving their spears in the +air. I had just time to form my little force of sixteen +men into a square, and awaited with anxious heart the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>onset. Fortunately, in the middle of their charge the +Wa-kibôšo stopped short. There, between us and +them, unheeded by me, stood my theodolite, poised on +its tripod stand, with its levels, doubtless, as well adjusted +as when I had previously left it. This harmless +instrument had filled the Wa-kibôšo with sudden +dread. It was, no doubt, considered some engine of +sorcery so powerful that I needed but to place it between +myself and my foes, and I could then await their +onslaught with equanimity. The Wa-kibôšo, therefore, +paused, their war-cry ceased, they gazed uneasily at +the theodolite, and, to my intense relief, slowly withdrew +to a neighbouring hillock, from the top of which +they watched our proceedings. After a quarter of an +hour of immobility on either side the Wa-kibôšo +suddenly left their post of observation at a gentle run, +and disappeared into the forest below. I had a short +deliberation with my men, who insisted on at once +returning to Mandara’s country, alleging that the Wa-kibôšo +would return in greater numbers and cut off +our communications below, thus severing us from our +food supplies. I then suggested that, instead of returning +direct to Moši, we should continue our exploration +of the mountain and then descend through Useri +on the plains below, and thus reach Taveita. This +also was overruled, and, perhaps, wisely, as the people +of Useri were equally hostile to Mandara with the Wa-kibôšo, +and would possibly have massacred our little +band of sixteen men had we tried to pass through their +country. Finally, I resolved to take the advice of +Mandara’s soldiers, and return to our settlement at +once, without further delay. We therefore re-entered +the forest, and passed our old camping-place of the +night before, where we saw the print of many feet, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>from which we concluded that the Wa-kibôšo must +have come here just after our departure, have discovered +our route, and followed our tracks up the mountain. +We were discussing this question and leisurely +continuing the descent, when one of our guides stopped, +commanded silence, and listened intently. I naturally +did the same, and heard a faint ringing cry behind us. +We looked at one another with serious faces and said +“The Wa-kibôšo!” Evidently they had rediscovered +our track, and were announcing it to their more distant +comrades. An unreasoning panic seized my people. +They started off in a headlong flight down the mountain, +and for some time I feared the men might cast +away their loads and lose my collections, but fortunately +they clung to their burthens as Swahili porters do even +“in extremis.” At length I felt I could no longer +keep up such a rapid descent over slippery tree-trunks +and glissades of mud. I had already nearly broken +my leg and effectually barked my shins, so I called +repeatedly on the foremost men of our party to stop, +and we journeyed for a little while at a more reasonable +pace. Soon, however, we had another fright. Those +who were in front came to a sudden halt, cried out, and +fell back in confusion. “What is it?” I asked, panting. +“The Wa-kibôšo,” gasped my men, and sure enough, +up the steep descent of the narrow path we could +descry white head-dresses and gleaming spears approaching. +This time we no longer made the least stand. +The cook, Cephas, attempted to fly, slipped, and fell +into a ditch; others crept into the bush and hid; and +I myself, too utterly sick and exhausted to offer any +resistance, sat down by the wayside and awaited my +fate. There was a hush, a whisper rising into a shout, +and then a sudden glad cry from my reassured followers, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>“Watu wa Mandara! Watu wa Mandara” (Mandara’s +people). I rose to my feet and greeted the +captain of the force with the usual Čaga salutation, +“Mbuïa” (friend). He informed me that Mandara +had feared a difficulty with the people of Kibôšo, and +had sent 200 soldiers to escort us back. After this +last scare nothing further happened to cause us further +anxiety. Mandara’s soldiers went along their course +behind us, and had a skirmish with the Wa-kibôšo to +cover our retreat, and we eventually reached our +settlement of Kitimbiriu thoroughly exhausted with +our day’s adventures, but feeling quite happy at once +more coming “home.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mandara sent the next day his congratulations on +my safe return, and a fine goat wherewith to make +merry. As I had almost given up the hope of ever +seeing my caravan from the coast—they were six +weeks overdue, and I imagined them annihilated by +the Masai—I felt very uncertain as to my chances of +withdrawing from Mandara’s country, and consequently +congratulated myself on the improved relations +subsisting between myself and that chief. I +now devoted myself entirely to natural history +studies and researches into the habits and customs of +the Wa-čaga, and the peculiarities of their interesting +dialect. The days slipped by most pleasantly, I ate +and drank of the best, for my kitchen-garden yielded +me almost every well-known kind of vegetable in +abundance, and the native markets supplied such +cheap and varied provisions that I scarcely had cause +to regret the exhaustion of my European stores. In +short, I was now resigned apparently to a long isolation +on Kilima-njaro, without any present hope of +reopening communication with the coast, when, one +<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>day—in fact on the 22nd of September—while I was +working at my collections of plants in the late afternoon, +and preparing to clear the table for dinner to be +laid, two men, breathless and speechless, emerged +from the steep ascent on the eastern flank of our hill +and stood before me. I immediately recognized +Abdallah and Kadu Stanley, whom I had left behind +at Taveita, to report the arrival of the caravan, but +their silence seemed so ominous that I could merely +stare in suspended apprehension. However, they were +only speechless from their steep and exhausting climb, +and as soon as they had recovered their wind they +ambled forward with beaming faces, kissed my hands, +and said, “Oh, Bwana, nothing but good news! good +news! Kiongwe has returned, and all is well.” With +these words; they threw at my feet a bag of letters, +and squatted down in my doorway to pant at their +ease. The revulsion of feeling within me was wonderful. +I now lost my calm, contented resignation of +heretofore, and yearned to do great things. No longer +need I cajole Mandara and elude the bloodthirsty Wa-kibôšo. +With the reinforcements that were now +arriving, I should have at my disposal a force of over +sixty men, with which I could disregard the goodwill +of the natives of Kilima-njaro, and quietly pursue my +mission without fear of hindrance.</p> + +<p class='c008'>However, I was not yet free from difficulties, though +the termination of my trials seemed at hand. Mandara, +hitherto, especially after his recent amiable behaviour, +had cherished the notion that my residence in his +country would be perpetual, and would probably +become very angry if he found out I was entertaining +a project of withdrawing from Moši and transferring +my expedition to the country of his enemies. Consequently +<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>it behoved me to act discreetly so that I might +carry away all my property from Kitimbiriu without +provoking any inimical action on his part. Probably +he would not actively intervene to prevent my departure, +or to rob me of my goods; but he had only to +convey a hint to the Masai in the plains below, and +my caravan would have little chance of ever reaching +Taveita intact. To Taveita, as a neutral ground, I +determined to go before again attempting the ascent of +Kilima-njaro from another point in Čaga. Accordingly +I had directed that the porters should leave their new +loads there before proceeding to Moši, so that they +might come nearly empty-handed, and be ready to +transport my goods from Kitimbiriu.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Abdallah had carried out my secret orders very +well. Kiongwe stayed behind at Taveita with the +sick and halting, and watched over the new supplies +which were there stowed away, while Abdallah and +Kadu came on to me with thirty porters, and carried +nothing but the bag of letters and some selected presents +for Mandara.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The morning after the arrival of my reinforcements +I went to Mandara’s court to announce ceremoniously +the safe coming of my long-looked-for men, and to +read to him some letters I had received from Sir John +Kirk. Dressed in my best clothes, and accompanied +by several followers gaily decked, and bearing presents—for +I had fortunately received some gaudy uniforms +and other gifts for Mandara from Zanzibar—I made my +way to his little square of beehive huts, wherein he +passes the hours of daylight. As I crossed the +village-green the groups of soldiers there stationed +preserved a sullen demeanour, evidently reflected from +the present disposition of their chief. But I was not +<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>abashed, and passed blithely on into the very midst of +Mandara’s circle. The chief was seated in gloomy +silence, surrounded by his usual Swahili courtiers. +When I saluted him cheerily he turned away his head +and scowled. His parasites did the same, in a somewhat +exaggerated fashion. But I was determined to +force my good-humour on him. Laying a brilliant +scarlet gold-braided vestment on his lap, I shook his +unwilling hand, and said, “Khabari njema! (Good +news!). Khabari njema, Mandara. Khabari za Baloza, +sikiliza (News of the Consul, listen).” Mandara +grunted and turned his head half round. Then I +seated myself on one of the low stools near him and +began to rather freely interpret a letter I drew from +my pocket. In this supposed communication from Sir +John Kirk I affected to find stringent orders to leave +Mandara’s country, and return to the coast without +delay. “I don’t believe a word of it,” said the Prince +of Moši when I had finished, “not one word! If the +Baloza wants you to return, why does he send your +men back loaded with goods when, if what you say is +true, you don’t need them? No, you want to quit +me and go to live with some other chief on the mountain, +and that is why you have left your goods behind +at Taveita, and your porters come here empty-handed.” +I protested, however, that his suspicions were unjust, +and vowed that although now obliged to leave him, I +would some day return; but for a little while Mandara +was obdurate. He even muttered threats about +impeding my departure, although after uttering them +he looked ashamed and contradicted himself. At +length when I had half forcibly thrown the scarlet +coat round his shoulders and laid out the other presents +in tempting array his set features relaxed into a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>regretful smile. “Well, child of the Baloza!” he +said, with a sigh, “if you must go, you must, and I +cannot prevent you. But you will promise to return, +will you not? And then, see what we will do +together”—and he warmed to the theme as he talked; +“We will make a big shamba (plantation) and grow +all the vegetables of Europe; we will trade for ivory +with the Masai; we will get rich together, eh?” +Four months of Mandara’s society had taught me how +illusory all his offers of partnership were. However, +I soothed him with assurances that sooner or later I +would reappear in Moši and our relations should be +renewed in a satisfactory manner. “And you won’t +forget to bring me an iron bedstead and an iron +chair, like yours, and a European dog, will you?” I +assented to all these requests, and ultimately our +meeting broke up with much mutual friendliness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next morning I bought some sheep and goats +of Mandara, and bade him an affectionate farewell. +Then, having made all due preparations, and taken a +heartbreaking leave of my thriving plantations, where +the beds of potatoes and trailing cucumbers looked so +prosperous, I gazed for the last time at the country of +Moši, where I had made my home during four months, +and then turned my back on Mandara and his kingdom, +and set my face once more towards Taveita.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XII.<br> <span class='c016'>A MOVE TO MARAṄU.<a id='r24'></a><a href='#f24' class='c017'><sup>[24]</sup></a></span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>The people of Taveita were glad to welcome me once +more to their midst, and after the first few days, spent +in rapidly building houses to store my goods, and huts +for my followers—from which efforts a small town +ultimately arose—I prepared to smooth the way by +negotiations for a peaceful ascent of Kilima-njaro. +The chief of Maraṅu, a largish state (a little bigger +than Middlesex) on the south-eastern flank of the great +mountain, had latterly sent emissaries to Taveita, to +question the people of the forest sanctuary as to my +real character and disposition. News of my disputes +with Mandara had reached him, and he thought, +perhaps, he might oust that chief in my good graces, +and get me all to himself with my (supposed) illimitable +wealth, and my wonderful powers of sorcery. I met +his advances enthusiastically—perhaps <i>too</i> enthusiastically, +because it at first roused suspicion as to my +real motives in entering Maraṅu—and sent to say, by +Taveitan intermediaries, that I should be very happy +to make peace. I invited, moreover, all the different +chieftains of Kilima-njaro to send delegates to Taveita, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>where we might discuss our differences on neutral +ground. The hope was in me that now being duly +supported by a well-equipped band of followers, and +residing on my own land, I might act as the peaceful +arbiter of Kilima-njaro, might show its foolish people +that their quarrels were only to the advantage of the +Arab slave-traders, and induce them to band together +in a friendly confederation to resist the common enemy. +My proposal for a conference was well received. Representatives +from Kibôšo, Mamba, Mwika, Kirua, Useri, +came to Taveita. I had also sent a letter to Mandara, +explaining my object and inviting him to co-operate, +but no immediate answer was given, nor did he send +any delegate to attend our conference. The naked +ambassadors of the different states I have mentioned +were all of one opinion. “Make friends with Maraṅu, +and you are friends with all of us. As to forming a +league with Mandara against the coast people, perhaps +we will see—later; but it is Mandara who must first +make amends; it is he who has for years past robbed, +enslaved, and harried us. Did Maraṅu ever fight with +Kibôšo, or Useri with Mamba and Mwika? Never! +There would be peace on the mountain were it not for +Mandara. He began the war—let him make proposals +of peace. Where is his delegate to-day?”</p> + +<p class='c008'>I confess that having done my utmost I was not +going to waste any more time in trying to restore +peace in troubled Čaga. Politics I only meddled with +inasmuch as they were contingent on the prosecution +of my scientific mission. As Mandara abstained from +following my pacific suggestions, all that remained to +me was to make friends as speedily as possible with +Maraṅu—not for the pleasure of its chief’s acquaintance, +or for interest in its welfare, but in order to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>reside in the upper regions in peace and quiet—and +then proceed at once to the borders of the snow, and +make up for lost time by collecting as busily as possible. +Had the mission of pacifying and regenerating the +states of Kilima-njaro been confided to me I would +have thrown my whole heart into it, and might perhaps +have done some real good, but it was not for that end +that I had received my grants from the Royal Society +and the British Association. They wanted plants and +birds and beetles, not assurances that certain obscure +communities of savages in Central Africa had been +induced to abstain for a few months from killing and +enslaving one another. What would they say, when +my six months’ residence on Kilima-njaro was over, +and I presented myself to their committee, and said, +“Oh, I am sorry to inform you I found the state of +affairs in the Čaga commonwealth so disorganized, that +I set myself to work to restore peace and prosperity, +and this took up so much time that I wasn’t able to +collect”?</p> + +<p class='c008'>No, so anxious was I to effect the purpose for which +I had come to Eastern Africa, that I often, when +worried by all these intrigues, could find nothing more +fitting to exclaim than “Bother your quarrels and your +wrongs, let me get to the snow.” Sometimes I longed +for giant bombs containing carbonic acid gas, that I +might explode them on the mountain, and painlessly +asphyxiate its troublesome inhabitants. But as this +was out of the question, the only plan I could think of +was to make friends with Mandara’s enemies, whether +Mandara liked it or not. Accordingly, after the little +conference referred to, I despatched a mission to +Maraṅu with handsome presents for its chief, and a +warm acceptance of his peaceful overtures. Kiongwe, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>who had a pleasant manner and knew a little Ki-čaga, +undertook this rather risky errand. Arrived in the +vicinity of the king’s residence he was long kept waiting +outside, because the timid young sovereign was +afraid of being bewitched by the white man’s emissary. +The people of Maraṅu, no less than their chief, still +feared treachery on my part. They dreaded lest all +these peaceful overtures might not be a cunning means +of penetrating the country and then attacking it unawares, +in league with the dreaded Mandara. So as +they still hesitated between accepting or rejecting my +proposals they resolved to ascertain the true character +of my mission by a potent test. A goat was brought +before the young chief, and made to swallow a poisonous +drug. “Now,” said the Sultan of Maraṅu to the +smiling but secretly uneasy Kiongwe, “if the goat dies +I shall know that your heart is black and your mission +deceitful, and I will kill you, that your master may see +how I hate a lie; but if the goat lives, good; I shall then +be convinced you have spoken the truth, and your +master really wishes to be my friend.” After a short +period of suspense the goat began to retch violently, +and finally vomited the noxious dose, then it shivered +a little, shook itself, bleated, and began to browse. A +loud burst of delighted acclamation greeted this favourable +outcome of the ordeal, and Kiongwe was relatively +safe. His moral sifting was not altogether finished, +however; he must submit to a further trial. The +queen-dowager, who was reputed a regular witch or +wizard-finder, took him by both hands and gazed +earnestly into his eyes. If his look should flinch or +turn aside, then was his heart black and treacherous. +So far from flinching, however, he glared at the queen-mother +for his very life, and it was she who first +<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>blinked; consequently, this last <i>épreuve</i> had terminated +in his favour, and further whoops and yells of hysterical +joy rent the air. Then sending for the fattest ram +in his dominions, the chief of Maraṅu dismissed +Kiongwe with this characteristic present, and bade +him assure me that he and his subjects anxiously +awaited the happy day when I and my people would +enter and build in their country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the day following Kiongwe’s return a curious +occurrence, savouring of poetical justice, took place. +One of my men informed me, early in the morning, +that in another part of Taveita the renegades of our +expedition, Mabruki and Athmani, had passed the night +on their way to the coast, whither they were convoying +a band of slaves. (The reader may remember that +these two men had deserted from me during my first +trials in Moši, and had gone to live with Mandara to +organize his slave-trade.) At first I concluded that +the information was of little value, as they would be +certain to rise with the dawn and pursue their road, +and I regretted bitterly that the news had reached me +too late to cause an effective intervention. But further +reflection showed the possibility that Mabruki and +his confederate might still be within reach. The body +of the caravan would have quitted Taveita at dawn, +but the two ex-collectors, occupying now the position +of independent traders, and being no longer subservient +to commands, might possibly linger behind for an +extra hour of sleep or to buy provisions for the day. +At any rate I resolved to see if I could catch them and +release any of their unfortunate slaves. Accordingly, +assembling my followers round me, in case there +should be an appeal to force, we marched swiftly and +silently down to the camping-place indicated by my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>informer, and there had the great joy to catch Mabruki +and Athmani lying on the turf, half dozing, with four +slaves—three women and a boy—fastened round the +trunk of a tree, in whose grateful shade the renegades +reposed. As I told my men in a loud voice to cut the +ropes which bound the slaves (the poor creatures had +their heads inserted in a kind of wooden pillory, which +was tied to the tree-trunk), Mabruki and Athmani +started up in amazed anger, and the former seized his +gun as if meaning to shoot me, but I suppose a glance +at my well-armed followers made him refrain, so he +broke out into angry abuse instead. “Look here, +Mabruki,” I said, “if you talk like that I will have you +tied to this tree and soundly thrashed. You are +subjects of the Sayyid of Zanzibar, and as such forbidden +to trade in slaves. I have a perfect right to +free these people, and, what is more, if I carried out +my duty I should put you in irons, and hand you over +to justice when I reach Zanzibar; but as I am going +back to Kilima-njaro that is not convenient, so I let +you go free for once, knowing that sooner or later +punishment will overtake you.” He changed his tone, +and fawned on me, and assured me that the slaves +were not his, but Mandara’s, and in taking them I +should make Mandara my bitter enemy; but I paid no +attention, and carried off the slaves to my town. +When we had reached this place I questioned them, +and found they were people of Maraṅu captured by +Mandara in war, and sold cheap to Mabruki, who +was taking them to the coast to sell on his own +account, together with a large number of other slaves +which he was to dispose of for Mandara. These latter +had left Taveita, under the charge of one of Mandara’s +Swahilis, by early dawn, and Mabruki, who was the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>leader of the caravan, was to have rejoined them by +midday. Having learnt this, I ordered the fetters of +the slaves to be struck off, and told them they were +now free to go whithersoever they willed, but that if +they feared to fall again into the hands of their captors +they might wait till the morrow, and accompany my +caravan to Maraṅu. This proposal they gladly accepted, +and when the fact was fully realized that their liberty +was given back to them and that they would soon be +restored to their mountain home—for these Čaga people +are like the Swiss of old, passionately attached to their +native peaks and valleys—they burst into exclamations +of delight, calling me “Ndofu”—elephant—and +“Great Chief,” and “Father,” and, what was less +agreeable, crawling to my feet after the manner of their +people and spitting on me continually, to manifest the +esteem in which I was held. Mabruki and Athmani +returned to Mandara’s, vowing they would come back +with a big army to avenge their loss. But I knew it +was a vain threat, so I left my little town with but a +small garrison, and started for Kilima-njaro with a +band of over forty men, some carrying loads and others +acting as guards, for we were not too sure that +enemies might not rise up somewhere to contest our +progress, and I was resolved this time to attain my +end by force if necessary.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The country of Maraṅu was reached after one day’s +long walk. Its southern frontier was a very remarkable +one, and formed a barrier seemingly impossible +to cross in the teeth of armed opposition. An impetuous +stream flowing between precipitous walls of +rock separated Maraṅu from the outer wilderness. +When we arrived on the brink of this ravine and +looked across to the opposite side, transit seemed a feat +<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>for birds alone; but under the guidance and with the +help of the Wa-maraṅu, who had come to meet us, we +managed to cross this strange gulf. We were first of +all let down a sheer wall of rock twenty feet in height, +clinging to the stout ropes of creepers, and then received +in the arms of stalwart natives, who were standing +thigh-deep in the rushing water at the base of +the cliff. Two men carried me over to the opposite +shore, oppressed, not with my weight, but by the force +of the current, which threatened to make them lose +their footing and wash us all away. Fortunately on +the further side the cliff was not so precipitous, and +afforded a few feet of landing. Here I paused to watch +the safe descent of my men and goods down the opposite +wall of cliff into the water, and, when all were +fairly over their difficulties, I began to scale the bank +behind me, and was able to reach its summit unaided +otherwise than by the friendly branches which the +cresting woodland stretched towards me. Then, when +the climb was over, I found myself surrounded by +silent natives, well armed, but quite friendly, and by +their directions I continued my upward journey along +a narrow slippery path until I arrived at the gate of +the town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This perhaps is an incorrect phrase. It is rather +the gate of the country than of the town. Throughout +Čaga, by which is meant the inhabited district of +Kilima-njaro, there is no such thing as a congeries of +habitations forming a town or village in our sense of +the word. Each family lives apart with its own two +or three houses for men, women, and beasts, surrounded +by its plantations and gardens, with plenty +of room for expansion all round. In another sense, +however, each separate state of Čaga may be looked +<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>upon as a huge straggling city, one vast capital of +huts and gardens, equally inhabited and cultivated +throughout its extent. This little territory is more or +less completely surrounded by natural defences—indeed +the girdle of ravines and cliffs has formed the +state by giving security to its inhabitants—but there +is almost always one easy means of approach which +has been left open by Nature, and that is, therefore, +strongly fortified by man. Consequently nearly all +these tiny Čaga kingdoms have their “door” of entry, +which is at all times strongly guarded, and often serves +as a pretext for toll. In my case, however, as an +honoured guest of the chief, I was not asked for any +“gate-money,” and the guards on the farther side of +the barrier invited me cordially to enter freely. This, +in spite of goodwill on their part, was not easy of +accomplishment. The opening through which I was +expected to pass was a narrow delta-like slit or +tunnel about three feet high, three feet broad, +and six feet long. Through this I had to wriggle +awkwardly, and consequently entered Maraṅu in the +attitude of the Enemy of our race when punished for +the fall of man. However, as this entailed no humiliation +in the natives’ eyes, and as prince and peasant +quitted and entered their precincts in the same manner, +I took it very good-humouredly, picked myself up, +dusted my habiliments and smiled beamingly on all +around. The smile was returned with many a broad +grin, but as yet no word of greeting passed their lips. +They simply sat on their haunches and stared at me. +None of them, except two or three who had acted as +my guides, had ever seen a white man before, and +they wanted to examine the marvel visually before expending +their energies in talk. However, I was not +<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>so taciturn, but addressed a few friendly words in +Ki-čaga to the foremost men. A shout of surprise +went up, “Amanya mateta haru!” (He knows our +language!) they cried, and we were friends at once. +I could not help feeling how satisfactory this was. +Here there were perhaps 400 savages assembled, all +of them armed—in short, most of the fighting-men of +the country were present, and about 200 of them +provided—strange incongruity!—with Government +Sniders. These had recently been obtained from a +Swahili trader who had bought rifles from Thomson’s +men and other discharged expeditions on the coast, +and had exchanged them in Maraṅu for ivory. Bravely +as my forty followers might have fought, we should +inevitably have been massacred to a man in these +rocky defiles had the natives chosen to revenge on us +their old quarrels with Mandara, in which, until recently, +I had been thought to bear an active part. +Fortunately they had no such evil intentions, and I +felt such confidence in the naïve wonder and awe with +which I was regarded that I walked about unarmed, +and allowed my men to disperse in all directions. I +inquired for the Sultan, but I was told that he had +gone on a visit to his uncle of Kibôšo, and would not +return until the next day. His brother, however, a +proud-looking, handsome boy, with an ancient Egyptian +cast of features and light complexion, was pointed +out to me, and I asked him to show me a place +wherein we might camp, as night was approaching. +He set a soldier to lead the way, and we walked upwards +for about half an hour, finally settling on a +village-green—a smooth expanse of turf, intersected +by a stream of running water. The Sultan’s mother, +a woman of middle age, came to greet us, and brought +<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>the welcome present of a large fat goat, which was +immediately killed, cut up and distributed among my +hungry followers, a nice loin-chop and kidneys being +cooked for me.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next morning the worthy mother of the reigning +chief sent me a bowl of delicious fresh milk, and I +received also many visits on the part of the local +notables, but had to dismiss them while my toilet was +being performed, though this brought little privacy, +as many shoved their heads under the skirting of the +tent and watched me take my bath with intense interest. +As soon as I had dressed I set the men to +work to cut branches and make a necessary fence +round the tent and kitchen—otherwise the crowd of +natives would have invaded every corner. Then I +went on my walks abroad to see Maraṅu in the fresh +morning air, and pay various visits of ceremony. First, +I repaired to the Sultan’s mother to thank her heartily +for sending gifts of meat and milk. This lady received +me in a spacious compound under a kind of open shed, +with seats placed all round, and a handsome white +ox-hide neatly stretched over the floor within. The +Sultan’s mother took me by both hands, and looked +hard into my eyes. This ordeal I was instructed +(<i>sotto voce</i> by Kiongwe) to bear without flinching, and +on no account to avoid the Sultana’s gaze. Consequently +I glared at her so fixedly that she was forced +to lower her eyes, upon which she turned to her +attendants and declared she approved of me thoroughly. +Then I was desired to seat myself by her side on the +white ox-skin. I did so. A brief and embarrassed +silence followed, broken by the queen-mother, who expressed +to Kiongwe somewhat hesitatingly that she +greatly desired to see the colour of my legs. On +<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>hearing the request I had first thought to dissuade her +by explaining what a tedious process it would be to +unlace and take off my long shooting-boots, but, seeing +she was seriously disappointed, I consented so far as +to pull up my knee-breeches and disclose the upper +part of my shin. Loud were the cries from the many +lookers-on, and deep the admiration of the Sultan’s +mother at the sight of flesh so white. “It looks like +cloth which has been washed with soap from the +coast,” she said, and then added, with considerable +acumen, “I know why his skin is so pale; he always +keeps it covered. <i>We</i> show everything to the sun,” +which was strictly true, for not only the queen-mother, +but most of the ladies of this African court were really +as devoid of apparel as could well be, the only attempt +at a covering being collars of beads and iron bracelets. +After this we went in a long procession to the Sultan’s +residence, the owner being temporarily absent. Here +there was much more constructive art displayed than +at Moši. First a solid wall or <i>enceinte</i> of stones; then +the divisions of the minor spaces formed by neat—extremely +neat—hedges of well-trimmed dracæna, and, +lastly, stout fences of large planks, constructed to +divide and shut off the various compartments of the +Sultan’s rather <i>al fresco</i> residence. These planks had +not been sawn, but simply split first and then planed +by gentle chopping with a small axe until the thickness +was about equal. The boards were fastened together +by holes drilled in the side and stout bands of +leather cord passed through and through.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I extracted the following information from the queen-mother +as to the hereditary laws in this part of Čaga. +It is not the eldest son who succeeds his father as +the ruling chief, nor the youngest, but usually the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>second or third, because this fortunately placed individual +generally, for reasons too complicated to be +here explained, acquires the greater portion of his +sire’s wealth, and is chosen to succeed him by the +elders of the nation as one likely to be munificent. +Somiriali, the present Sultan of Maraṅu, is quite a +young man, and has fifty wives.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the third day of my stay in his country the Sultan +returned from his expedition, and I went to see him +early in the morning. After waiting some minutes in +a crowd of soldiers and women, a thin, mean-looking +youth at length appeared, and advanced somewhat +timidly towards me. He took my hand, and I shook +his vigorously. Then there was an awkward pause, and +after smiling vaguely at one another, Mauki, one of +the Sultan’s men, called to me from the crowd that I +had better withdraw and see the Sultan afterwards in +his house. Accordingly later on I repaired to the +chief’s residence, and there saw him sitting in a close, +pokey little compartment, his sleeping-chamber, in +fidgety expectation of his presents. He looked on +restlessly while the tin box was opened, and, as each +fresh thing appeared, he asked, “What else? What +else?” The musical-box he somewhat appreciated, +and turned its handle by jerks. The cloth and beads +were hardly looked at, and the coloured pictures which +had so delighted the æsthetic Mandara were received +with suspicion and distrust, as savouring somewhat of +magic. After many words and fine promises, all of +which had little effect on the dissipated youth, who +was more concerned about the parasites that infested +his person than about the advantages to be derived +from the white man’s friendship, we withdrew and +took our leave; but, shortly afterwards, the Sultan +<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>followed on my footsteps, and appeared in the camp +just as I was sitting down to a quiet breakfast. I +began to hate him, especially as he entered my tidy +tent and sat down in his greasy paint and dirt on my +clean bed. Now commenced my difficulties. I wanted, +in reality, merely to pass through this man’s country +and obtain guides for the higher regions, and wished +his people to accompany me for the further reason +that they would be able to explain to the warlike Wa-kibôšo, +with whom they were allied, the change in my +position, and how I had made friends with their chief +of Maraṅu, who was one of the principal leaders in the +coalition against Mandara.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The chief, however, looked on my arrival in his +country as an excellent opportunity for extortion; +and, moreover, wanted me to live permanently at his +court, so that my stream of wealth might flow into his +coffers rather than his neighbours’. So it was I had +to intrigue a little with the Sultan of Maraṅu as to my +ultimate intention of returning to Taveita, and promise +anything so that he should remain in good-humour, +and give me guides, and let me go to the snow-peaks. +Therefore I was obliged to control my repugnance at +his filthy presence, and smile sweetly at his inquisitive +pryings into my private boxes. At one time he suddenly +seized my loaded revolver, hanging up from the +tent-post, and, before I could stop him, fired off every +cartridge in it at random, fortunately hitting nobody, +but only missing my own person by a fluke. Then he +would take my greatcoat and try it on, and indeed +endeavoured to walk off with it, until forcibly detained. +At length he calmed down, and proceeded to formulate +his demands, which he desired me to forward by +special messenger to Sir John Kirk, at Zanzibar, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>hinting that I should be held a hostage until the +goods arrived. I stipulated that meanwhile he should +send me up the mountain. He consented, and then I +allowed him to give the wildest scope to his covetous +imagination. “See,” he said, “I want you to give +me this bed” (patting my tidy, clean white couch). +“Very well,” I replied, “when I come back from the +mountain.” “And this chair?” “Yes, and the +chair, too.” “Very well, now take karatassi (paper), +and write down all the things I want the Baloza (Sir +John Kirk) to send me from the coast.” (I got out a +sheet of note-paper and a pencil, and affected to +write.) “First, I want thirty barrels of powder.” +“Yes,” I answered with sweet compliance, and wrote +busily. “Next, 100 bunduki Sna-ider (Snider rifles), +and 100 bunduki za fataki (muzzle-loading guns), and +1000 viassi (cartridges), for the bunduki Sna-ider, and +a big ‘kinanda’ (concertina) like the Arabs have, and a +little box like this (my desk), and a table and a house +of cloth (tent), and thirty loads of big red beads, and +thirty loads of fine blue beads, and fifty loads of +Merikani, and soruali (trousers—a palpable want), +&c.” Here he paused to think of some fresh item, +and Kiongwe, enraged at his rapacity, could no longer +restrain his feelings, so he said to me, in broken +English, “This man plenty devilly.” The Sultan +pricked up his ears, and asked suspiciously, “Eh, +what? Kitu gani devilly?” (What sort of thing is +“devilly”?) “Oh,” I replied, with much presence of +mind, “a sort of coat like this,” pointing to my jacket. +“Very well, then,” he answered, “write down <i>two</i> +devilly.” I affected to do so, and then once more +besought the Sultan that guides might be given me +the next morning. As his greed was now appeased +<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>by these lavish promises he assented, and to my great +relief, wrapped his unpleasant garment round him and +left my tent.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Accordingly it was decided that the following day +we should commence our second ascent of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p2580_fig54.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 54.—Kibô Cloud-capped.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XIII.<br> <span class='c016'>A SECOND ASCENT.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>After a most disturbed night, owing to the howling +of the natives, who were celebrating their chief’s +return by vigorous dancing, I set to work early to +pack and prepare for my second ascent of the mountain. +It was very hot that morning, and what with +the fatigue and worry of distributing the loads and +serving out “posho” (food allowance), I felt quite +knocked up. The Sultan made many difficulties +about furnishing me with guides, but as I showed +resolutely that I intended to go either with or without +them, he gave in, and sent me four men, clamorous +ravens that they were. These latter shrieked and +disputed about the amount of cloth due to them, and +at length I abruptly turned two away. About half-past +one we started, and left the precincts of the +Sultan’s “court” with little regret. After crossing +one fine river and walking through a smiling and +fertile country, we began to ascend some thousand +feet above the level of Maraṅu, and passed along +intricate lanes of dracæna and by banana groves +flourishing at a height of about 5500 feet. After a +further ascent of a few hundred feet, cultivation came +to an end, and we entered a heathy district, with +pleasant grassy knolls and many streams of running +<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>water, finally encamping for the night beside a lovely +fern-choked brook at 6500 feet, the whole ascent +having proved very gradual.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The following day we quitted our camping-place at +about half-past seven, and walked on, with occasional +rests, for about two hours, when we found ourselves +in dense forest, at an elevation of 7000 feet. Here +we stopped and breakfasted. The scenery was pretty +much the same as on the Moši road, which was +described in Chapter XI. Short, gnarled trees, +uplands thickly covered with moss and ferns, and +teeming with parasitic begonias, bearing sweet-scented +white flowers; many tree-ferns and few signs of +animal life, save occasional tracks of elephants or +the scattered feathers of a touraco—dark blue with +red pinions. At half-past eleven we started again, +and journeyed on till nearly three. We had then +reached an elevation of 9000 feet, and had passed for +some distance through a region clear of forest, and +merely covered with open grass. At our camping-place, +however, we entered the woodland again, and +here, fortunately, found a little stream of water. +Indeed, on the road between the mountain and Maraṅu +water was much more abundant than on the Moši +track. I caught a small chameleon and several beetles +in this place. The next day we left this camp at +eight o’clock, and journeyed eastward for about two +hours, searching for a good site whereon to make my +settlement, which must be close to water, and not too +high up, so that my shivering followers might not +suffer unreasonably from cold. I selected an admirable +spot on a grassy knoll rising above the river +of Kilema, which takes its source near the east of +Kimawenzi. The altitude of this site was nearly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>10,000 feet. It was about four miles in a direct line +from Kimawenzi, and about seven from Kibô.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Directly my choice was made, so that no time might +be lost, the men set to work at once cutting down the +giant ericas (heaths), and using their trunks for +building-poles and their dry heather for thatch, while +the coarse grass that here covered the ground was +reaped, and also employed for roofing the huts and +making snug beds on the ground. With such rapidity +did the men work that before nightfall on the day of +our arrival some fifteen cosy huts had been nearly +completed, and a rough kind of kitchen had been +made for my behoof. For my own lodging the tent +had to serve, as I was not yet confident as to the +rain-proof character of the heather huts. That night +they were to be roughly tried.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I had taken to my bed early in the afternoon, +having severely hurt my knee, falling over sharp rocks +in the stream-valley; but I could see through the +tent door clouds of fearful portent rolling up over the +upper slopes of the hidden mountain. In the early +night growls of thunder began to be heard, together +with lurid quiverings of lightning, which shimmered +through the awful complete darkness. Big drops fell +one by one with thuds like pellets on the tightly-stretched +covering of the tent. Then, suddenly, a +bellow of thunder, so deafeningly loud that one’s ears +were stunned for a moment, burst from the storm +right over our heads, seemingly, and echoed from all +the ravines and hollows of the mountain side. Flash +after flash of lightning revealed the whole scene in +momentary brilliancy, and then the few desultory +drops of rain changed into a soaking downpour. I +called my two personal servants and my cook into the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>tent, which, happily, was watertight, and they gratefully +huddled together on the floor till the tempest +ceased.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next morning, however, by a happy contrast +the scene was fair and smiling. The sky was cloudless +and serene, the two snow-peaks were in full view, +and mild as the heat of the sun was at this elevation, +it was nevertheless of some service in drying the +soaked garments of the men. All through this day +succeeding the storm the men worked unremittingly +at their houses, especially thatching their roofs with +increased care, and when another downpour took +place we observed with pleasure that no wet had +penetrated the interior of the dwellings.</p> + +<p class='c008'>When these were completed, the whole settlement +was further surrounded by a stout fence or “boma” +as a wise precaution against possible assault. The +rushing river flowed along one side of our little village, +and the only gate of entrance and exit was so constructed +that it might easily be blocked and rendered +impassable.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My own portion of the settlement was strongly +railed off from the rest, and would serve in case of +attack as a citadel and last refuge from besiegers. +You see we were still doubtful as to the manner in +which our old foes of Kibôšo would behave, and +thought it best to anticipate the worst. We had +scarcely finished these preparations before, one morning +early, my men came running in to announce the +approach of a troop of suspicious-looking savages. It +was the Wa-kibôšo, we felt sure, and all made silently +ready to defend the settlement if these people intended +to fight. Soon their foremost men appeared +on the rising slope to the west of the settlement, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>planted their spears in the ground and sat down to +parley. Taking Kiongwe and one of the Maraṅu +guides, I hobbled out (for my wounded knee still +pained me) to within ten yards of the Wa-kibôšo. +“Do you come as friends or foes?” I asked. “Mbuïa, +mbuïa!” (Friends, friends!), they quickly replied, and +then came running down the slope to shake hands. +After this they informed us that hearing the white +man, who had lived in Moši, had now left Mandara +and had come to live peacefully high up on Kilima-njaro, +the people of Kibôšo were anxious to be friends +with him and come to trade, but that, fearing he might +still be bitter in heart against them, they had sent +their soldiers on in advance to sound the white +man’s feelings. I hastened to reply cordially to this +statement and begged the Kibôšo soldiers to go and +tell their fellow-citizens who were waiting in the bush +that they might come and trade fearlessly with me +and receive good measure for what they sold. The +soldiers and I then exchanged presents, after which +they went off to call their countrymen on the scene. +The trading Wa-kibôšo came by midday, bringing +provisions for sale, both good in quality and cheap in +price, so that now, all anxiety about provisioning my +party was at an end.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I could not but admire the enterprise which these +people showed in carrying their wares a distance of +some eight or nine miles to trade with one whom but +a few days before they had considered a dangerous +magician. I soon got on excellent terms with these +Wa-kibôšo whom in past days I had looked upon as +my bitterest foes, and who had been in turns amazed +and mystified by my fireworks and my theodolite. +Now that we were friends I had many a pleasant +<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>chat with them, and offered to visit their country and +chief (who is the uncle of the Prince of Maraṅu), but +this last proposal they hesitated to accept. Their +Sultan had given them permission to trade with me, +and he wished to remain at peace with the white man, +but as to seeing him!—“No, he was much too undoubted +a sorcerer!” The chief of Kibôšo was an +old man, and it would be easy to bewitch him. So, +on the whole, it would be better for both parties that +we should remain apart. I did not insist, as I only +cared now to collect in the chilly regions near the +snow, and wished for no more native complications +after my delays and difficulties in Moši and Maraṅu. +Every day during my stay at this high elevation the +Wa-kibôšo came to trade, bringing bleating goats, +magnificent clusters of ripening bananas, sweet potatoes, +honey, and tobacco; and, moreover, as soon as +they were made aware of my wishes, they captured +animals for my collections, and would bring me +squeaking, wriggling hyraxes tied securely to forked +sticks. Many of these little beasts proved utterly +untamable, though I kept several young ones alive +until I returned to Taveita, but on reaching the lowlands +they sickened and died.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The accident to my knee-cap compelled me to spend +several days in enforced idleness, but as soon as I +was able to go about I began my rambles up the +mountain. My first excursion was to the base of +Kimawenzi, the lesser of the two peaks. The terrible +hurricane of wind, however, that raged round this +jagged series of lava spurs prevented me from continuing +the ascent, although I doubt if it be possible +for any one to reach the summit, owing to the want of +foothold. The snow varies very much in quantity on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>Kimawenzi. Sometimes the whole peak will be +covered down to the parent ridge, with only the precipitous +rocks peeping blackly through the mantle of +white. At other periods the snow will be reduced to +an insignificant patch, and the reddish sand which +fills the crevices and glissades between the lava rocks +will be left exposed to view. This change from an +almost complete snow-cap to nearly no snow at all +may be effected in twelve hours.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2650_fig55.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 55.—Kimawenzi.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>During the whole of our stay in these regions, which +included the greater part of October, we were subjected +constantly to the most violent thunderstorms, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>and indeed the weather generally was abominable, and +its effect on my men most depressing. Although the +roofs of their hastily-built huts were fairly watertight, +yet the constantly dripping rain made the ground +swampy, and the driving mist swept into every opening +and rendered everything uncomfortably damp. For +hours together we would be enveloped in dense fog, +which had such a gloomy appearance that my men +often begged me to abandon my intentions of ascending +any further, and return to sunny Taveita. But, until +I had made a further attempt to reach the snows and +possibly the apex of Kibô I could not accede to their +wishes. Therefore, I began to make arrangements +for a lengthened climb of the huge domed summit +which marks the climax of Kilima-njaro. To do this +successfully it would be necessary, owing to the time +occupied in the ascent, to sleep on the way. Accordingly, +I could not go alone, but must induce a few +followers to accompany me to carry my necessary +impedimenta. My Indian servant, Virapan, of course +volunteered; but I had to leave him behind, as he was +not only disabled with severe ulcers on the legs, but I +was afraid to quit the settlement without putting some +responsible person in charge. So I selected three of +my followers who looked agile and strong, and were +not more cowardly than the majority—by cowardly I +mean afraid of the unknown and the unseen: they +were brave enough in the presence of ordinary African +dangers—and providing each man with a warm +blanket, and loading them with my own coverings, +and with food, and implements for collecting and +observing, I waited until the morning mists had +somewhat cleared, and then, taking an affectionate +leave of the rest of my caravan, who looked upon my +<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>companions and myself as rash men courting death, I +turned my face to that quarter of the sky where the +heavy concentration of cloud masses indicated the +presence of the great Kibô.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Starting at nine, I walked upwards, with few stoppages, +until 1.30. At first we crossed grassy, undulating +hillocks, the road being fairly easy. Then we +entered a heathy tract, scorched and burnt with +recent bush fires, but higher up, where the blaze had +not reached, the vegetation was fairly abundant and +green. Small pink irises<a id='r25'></a><a href='#f25' class='c017'><sup>[25]</sup></a> studded the ground in +numbers, an occasional gladiolus<a id='r26'></a><a href='#f26' class='c017'><sup>[26]</sup></a> of a vivid crimson +gleamed brightly out from the tufted grass. About +12,600 feet we struck a pretty little stream, flowing +S.S.W., and lower down carving its way through a +tremendous ravine, the sides of which were clothed +with thick vegetation and gaily lit up with the brilliant +red-leaf shoots of the protea (<i>Protea Abyssinica</i>) +shrub. At the place where we crossed the stream the +banks were shelving, and above the little ford the +water fell in pretty cascades through a rift in the +higher ridge of rock. About this spot the surrounding +scenery had lost much of its accustomed asperity. On +the further side of the stream was a patch of level +green sward, somewhat spoilt by the buffaloes who +came thither to drink and sport, and who had rucked +up and befouled much of this little natural lawn. +Strange sessile thistles grew here, nearly five feet in +circumference, belonging to the genus <i>Carduus</i>, also +an extraordinary lobelia (<i>Lobelia Deckeni</i>), three to +four feet in height, with a teazle-like crown of silvery +green bracts and bright blue blossoms. Other remarkable +plants were the lovely <i>Cynoglossum amplifolium</i>, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>with rich ultramarine flowers, and an extraordinary +arborescent plant, since named <i>Senecio Johnstoni</i>, looking +somewhat like a banana in the distance, but in +reality consisting of a tall, black, smooth trunk, +twenty to thirty feet in height, and surmounted by a +huge crown of broad leaves interspersed or headed up +with bunches of yellow blossom. This strange composite +grew abundantly in the streamlet’s bed, and its trunk +was so superficially rooted and so rotten that, in spite +of its height and girth, I could pull it down with one +hand.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2680_fig56.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 56.—<i>Senecio Johnstoni.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Tufts of chervil and other tall <i>Umbelliferæ</i>, with +patches of vivid green moss, overhung the water, +which itself was lovely in its absolute clearness and in +the bright wavelets and streaks of foam which marked +<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>its hurried descent. At this altitude of nearly 13,000 +feet bees and wasps were still to be seen—their very +presence, too, seemed to account for the vivid colours +of the flora—and bright little sun-birds darted from +bush to bush, gleaning their repast of honey.<a id='r27'></a><a href='#f27' class='c017'><sup>[27]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>As we ascended on the further side of the stream-valley +we came to some strange boulders or smoothed +masses of rock. They had been eaten away underneath +into small caverns, large enough for a man to +creep into. I went inside several, but detected +nothing whatever resembling either past or present +animal occupation. The last fern I saw on Kilima-njaro,<a id='r28'></a><a href='#f28' class='c017'><sup>[28]</sup></a> +as I went upwards, I picked from under a +sheltered shelf of one of these caverns. Beyond and +about these huge slabs of rock the ground became +pappy and boggy with water, in fact some three or +four small springs issued from about the rocks, and +seemed to have done their work in carving the cavelike +hollows within. Putting down my hand to gather +a small plant by the roots, I was surprised to find the +water warm. At first I fancied it an illusion, and +called to one of the men to try, when he also exclaimed +at the unexpected warmth. Then getting out my +thermometer I found the temperature of the trickling +mud—for it was little else in this bog—to be +91° Fahr.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span> +<img src='images/p2700_fig57.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 57.—Curious Rocks, marked like a Tortoise-shell.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Mounting high above the rivulet the scenery +became much harsher. Vegetation only grew in +dwarfed patches as we passed the altitude of 13,000 +feet, and the ground was covered with boulders, more +or less big, apparently lying in utter confusion, and +without any definite direction. These slabs of rock +were singularly shaped, and marked like huge tortoise-shells +(<i>vide</i> illustration), being divided by lines +and seams into a tesselated surface. They were not +very difficult to climb over, and even seemed to act as +irregular stone steps upwards. In their interstices +heaths of the size of large shrubs grew with a certain +luxuriance, and bright yellow euryops flowers studded +the occasional patches of bare earth, while every now +and then my eye alighted with pleasure on lovely +clusters of pink everlasting flowers growing, where they +did grow, so thickly that they presented a blushing +sheet of rosy bloom. About 13,700 feet I saw the last +resident bird, a kind of stonechat.<a id='r29'></a><a href='#f29' class='c017'><sup>[29]</sup></a> It went in little +cheery flocks, and showed such absence of fear that I +had to walk away from it before shooting, to avoid +shattering my specimen. After this, with the exception +<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>of an occasional high-soaring kite or great-billed +raven, I saw no other bird.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p2710_fig58.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 58.—Great-billed Ravens.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>On reaching a height a little above 14,000 feet, I +stopped again to boil the thermometer and refresh +myself with a little lunch. The result of my observations +gave this altitude as 14,117 feet. Throughout +this ascent, which was easy to climb, I suffered absolutely +nothing from want of health or mountain-sickness, +although my three Zanzibari followers lagged +behind, panting and exhausted, and complained much +of their lungs and head. Moreover, every gust of +wind breaking the silence of the mountain made them +look round with ashy countenances, convinced that +the Bogy of Kilima-njaro was upon them, coming <i>in +propriâ personâ</i> to chastise our presumption. I often +dreaded that their panic would overcome them, and +that they would turn and flee, carrying with them my +collecting things, instruments, and provisions. Moreover, +about this time we occasionally heard distant +rumblings of thunder echoing among unseen cliffs and +valleys; and although these weird sounds might be +only referable to that cause, still I confess they did +resemble somewhat the rising murmurs of an angry +<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>spirit—or, at least, they did to my men’s imaginations, +for I myself, never having heard an angry spirit +murmur, was not in a position to discriminate. However, +I resolved not to try their powers of endurance +much longer, so, on arriving at the place where I +stopped to lunch—a protected hollow surrounded by +huge flattened boulders—I determined to fix on this +as our sleeping-place for the night, and accordingly +directed the men to collect the dry roots of the heaths +and other fair-sized shrubs as firewood. They were +further instructed to proceed to the small stream +which rose hard by and fill our gourds there with +water, and afterwards to stretch out a macintosh in +guise of a tent, so that we might have some shelter +against possible rain and wind. Other directions for +rendering our instalment as comfortable as the +unfavourable circumstances would permit were also +given; and having left the men in seemingly better +spirits, I hastened to continue my ascent while the +weather would permit.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Climbing up a few hundred feet higher than the +last stopping-place, and rounding an unsuspected and +deep ravine, I arrived close to the base of a small peak +which had been a continual and useful point to aim at +during the whole journey from my station. I was +now at an elevation of 15,150 feet, and on the central +connecting ridge of Kilima-njaro, and could see a little +on both sides, though the misty state of the atmosphere +prevented my getting any good view of the +country. This ridge, which from below looks so +simple and straight, is in reality dotted with several +small monticules and cut up into many minor ridges, +the general direction of which is, on the southern side, +from north-east to south-west. To the eastward I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>could see the greater part of Kimawenzi rising grandly +with its jagged peaks and smooth glissades of golden +sand. Westward I still looked vainly in the piled-up +clouds, for the monarch of the chain still remained +obstinately hidden, and I was at a loss how to best +approach his awful crown of snow. At length, and it +was so sudden and so fleeting that I had no time to +fully take in the majesty of the snowy dome of Kibô, +the clouds parted and I looked on a blaze of snow so +blinding white under the brief flicker of sunlight that +I could see little detail. Since sunrise that morning +I had caught no glimpse of Kibô, and now it was +suddenly presented to me with unusual and startling +nearness. But before I could get out my sketch-book +and sharpen my chalk-pencil the clouds had once +more hidden everything, indeed had enclosed me in a +kind of London fog, very depressing in character, for +the decrease in light was rather alarming to one who +felt himself alone and cut off at a point nearly as high +as the summit of Mont Blanc. However, knowing +now the direction of my goal, I rose from the clammy +stones, and clutching up my sketch-book with benumbed +hands, began once more to ascend westwards. +Seeing but a few yards in front of me, choked with +mist, I made but slow progress; nevertheless, I +continually mounted along a gently sloping, hummocky +ridge where the spaces in between the masses of rock +were filled with fine yellowish sand. There were also +fragments of stone strewn about, and some of these I +put into my knapsack. The slabs of rock were so +slippery with the drizzling mist that I very often +nearly lost my footing, and I thought with a shudder +what a sprained ankle would mean here. However, +though reflection told me it would be better to return +<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>to my followers and recommence the climb to-morrow, +I still struggled on with stupid persistency, and at +length, after a rather steeper ascent than usual up the +now smoother and sharper ridge, I suddenly encountered +snow lying at my very feet, and nearly plunged +headlong into a great rift filled with snow that here +seemed to cut across the ridge and interrupt it. The +dense mist cleared a little in a partial manner, and I +then saw to my left the black rock sloping gently to +an awful gulf of snow so vast and deep that its limits +were concealed by fog. Above me a line of snow was +just discernible, and altogether the prospect was such +a gloomy one with its all-surrounding curtain of +sombre cloud and its uninhabited wastes of snow and +rock, that my heart sank within me at my loneliness. +Nevertheless, I thought “only a little farther and +perhaps I may ascend above the clouds and stand +gazing down into the crater of Kilima-njaro from its +snowy rim.” So turning momentarily northwards I +rounded the rift of snow, and once more dragged +myself, now breathless and panting, and with aching +limbs, along the slippery ridge of bare rock which +went ever mounting upwards. I continued this for +nearly an hour, and then dropped exhausted on the +ground, overcome with what I suppose was an ordinary +attack of mountain-sickness.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is not necessary to dilate on my sensations at +this moment. Possibly there are some among my +readers who have scaled the giant peaks of South +America, India, and Armenia, and who would laugh +at the puny difficulties that Kilima-njaro presents—a +mountain that can be climbed without even the aid of +a walking-stick, and where the most serious obstacles +arise from mist and cold which would scarcely deter a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>cockney from ascending Snowdon. But the feeling +that overcame me when I sat and gasped for breath +on the wet and slippery rocks at this great height was +one of overwhelming isolation. I felt as if I should +never more regain the force to move, and must remain +and die amid this horrid solitude of stones and snow. +Then I took some brandy-and-water from my flask, +and a little courage came back to me. I was miserably +cold, the driving mist having wetted me to the skin. +Yet the temperature recorded here was above freezing-point, +being 35° Fahr. I boiled my thermometer, and +the agreeable warmth of the spirit-lamp put life into +my benumbed hands. The mercury rose to 183·8. +This observation when properly computed, and with +the correction added for the temperature of the intermediate +air, gives a height of 16,315 feet as the +highest point I attained on Kilima-njaro. I thus +came within a little more than 2000 feet of the summit, +which is usually estimated to reach an altitude of +18,800 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having looked at my watch, I found it was now +nearly half-past four, so I resolved to hasten back as +quickly as possible to my improvised shelter, for the +clouds were thickening, and thin showers of sleety +snow were falling. A high wind arose and whipped +my face with the icy rain, and made it very difficult +to keep my footing on the slippery ridge. At length +I reached the boulders and the sand, then descending +with greater ease entered once more, at about an +altitude of 15,000 feet, the region of vegetation. +Keeping in view the small hillock I have already +mentioned as such a useful landmark, I ultimately +found my way back to the spot where I had left the +men. What was my agonized surprise to find on +<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>searching the sheltered hollow, that it was deserted +and abandoned! I hesitated but little. Sooner than +remain there without blankets, food, or fire, I would +endeavour to regain my station, even though I had to +wander all night on the lonely flanks of the mountain; +so starting off in the waning daylight, I hurried over +the now easy descent at a pace that soon quickened +into an irregular run. I crossed the stream at the +well-remembered ford; and cheered with the sight of +old landmarks, and warmed with the violent exercise, +I marched straight on in the direction of my little +village. The mists dispersed, the moon shone out +brightly, I could clearly distinguish familiar hill-tops, +and on reaching once more the banks of my own river, +I then had an unfailing guide to follow until the +glimmering watch-fires of my settlement glanced out +from our bushy stockade, and the loud voices of men +broke the still and frosty air. As I stepped in through +the palisade, and appeared before my almost terror-stricken +men, I saw I was at first taken for my own +ghost, but when I had spoken a few sentences in a +very real and energetic tone to the three culprits who +had deserted me, the other men crowded round me in +an ecstasy of joy, kissing my hands, patting me all +over to assure themselves that I was back in the flesh, +and assuring me that if I had taken <i>them</i>, <i>they</i> would +never have left me to perish in the snowy solitudes +above—no! not if the Demon of the Mountain had +appeared visibly in all his terrors to confront them. +It appeared that my three followers had remained for +about an hour in the place I had left them, and then +seeing I did not return, had been seized with an irresistible +panic, had caught up their loads, and had +returned helter-skelter to the station. Fortunately +<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>they had not lost the collections, so after a short +rebuke I was disposed to condone their fault; the +more so, as I felt so thankful to return to warmth +and shelter and familiar faces, that I little cared to +pass the night in unprofitable scolding.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span> +<img src='images/p2780_fig59.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 59.—The Dome of Kibô from an altitude of 11,000 feet.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The next day I was so worn out with fatigue that +I could not go far beyond the settlement, and therefore +spent my time chaffering with the men of Uru and +Kibôšo, who had arrived to hold another market. On +the morrow, I once again made an attempt, this time +alone, to reach the snows of Kibô, and just managed +to do so, but the weather was again atrocious, and the +bitter cold compelled me to return at an early hour, +to avoid being benighted far from camp. The rain +cleared about five o’clock, and on my homeward tramp +I had one magnificent view of the dome of Kibô, +thickly and freshly powdered with snow and roseate +under the rays of the declining sun. I was struck by +the numbers of great-billed ravens which together +with one hawk circled and soared high up, near the +snows of the mountain. Perhaps some adventurous +buffalo had come to grief and they were watching +from the heights above his struggles in a native’s pitfall. +I saw the dung and footprints of these buffaloes +up to 14,000 feet, and it is possible that they pass +backwards and forwards over the central ridge between +the northern and southern slopes of Kilima-njaro. +I also saw the footmarks of a large antelope, +possibly a koodoo, to judge from the natives’ description. +I might here remark that in spite of a month’s +residence in these high altitudes, not to mention +previous visits at other times, I never succeeded in +seeing a specimen of the buffalo or big antelope who +penetrate in their wanderings up to the very snow, +although of their existence I have not the smallest +doubt from the distinctness and freshness of the footmarks +so frequently met with, and from the presence +of droppings only a few hours old. The natives, also, +ascend the mountain to heights of 12,000 and 13,000 +feet, solely for the purpose of digging pitfalls to entrap +<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>these creatures. I have questioned them many times +and exhaustively, and they assured me the buffalo +and koodoo were identical with those inhabiting the +plain below. The natives’ shields were often made of +untanned buffalo-hide, and the horns were turned into +powder-flasks. I should further mention here that +the elephant, at all times an excellent mountaineer +(I have seen him on the Chella mountains in Angola +at 8000 feet), wanders up Kilima-njaro to as great a +height as the buffalo. I have not only seen his recent +traces, but at a height of 13,000 feet I actually saw +three of these animals crossing nimbly a stream-valley, +and mounting with agility the steep slopes that rose +above the water. At night, too, round our settlement +we would frequently hear their loud shrill trumpeting. +A species of hyrax<a id='r30'></a><a href='#f30' class='c017'><sup>[30]</sup></a> inhabits the slopes of Kilima-njaro +up to 11,000 feet. It affects always the neighbourhood +of trees. During the night, in the forest, these +creatures call loudly to one another. The young +hyraxes, even in captivity, exhibit great power of +modulation in their voices, and their loud cries are +almost human in tone.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the greater part of October I remained in +this lofty settlement, and spent nearly every hour of +daylight rambling about the mountain with my collecting-portfolio +and bird-gun. But in only two of my +trips, as already recorded, did I reach the snow. +Owing to the length of time involved in a climb to the +snow-line (for the slope of the mountain was very +gradual) I was never able to accomplish the entire +ascent of either peak, going and returning in one day; +and as I found it impossible to induce my shivering +<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>men to follow me into the mists and hailstorms, and +could not unaided carry tent, instruments, and food, +I had reluctantly to resign my long-meditated feat, +and leave the actual summit of Kilima-njaro still +virgin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Moreover, my time for collecting at these high levels +was coming to an end. Although I had soon got +inured to the climate myself, and felt invigorated by +the frosty nights, my poor followers, accustomed to +the greenhouse-atmosphere of Zanzibar, were suffering +cruelly from the cold. To clothe forty men in warm +blankets was beyond my resources, and to induce them +to live for a long period lightly clad in garments of +cotton, in a temperature which was often below the +freezing-point, required, to say the least, considerable +persuasion; but my chief anxiety arose, not so much +from their unwillingness to remain a few weeks longer +at an altitude of 10,000 feet, as from their unfitness +to do so. Several of the men were suffering severely +from bronchial affections; one or two had had touches +of pleurisy; of chilblains and rheumatism all complained; +so that I began to fear that, unless I moved +to lower levels, I should have no men left to carry my +loads. Therefore, after deliberating with the head-men +of the caravan, I prepared to evacuate my highest +station on Kilima-njaro at the end of October, and +following a new route through unexplored country, +return to my settlement at Taveita.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XIV.<br> <span class='c016'>THROUGH THE FORESTS OF KIMAWENZI AND THE COUNTRY OF ROMBO.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>To have retraced my steps to Maraṅu, now that my residence +near the snow was at an end, would have been +simply madness. I had made use of the Sultan as far +as he could aid my mission, and now to re-enter his dominions +and place myself voluntarily in his power would +be nothing less than walking into a trap from which +an exit could only be obtained by an enormous ransom. +According to Čaga fashion I should simply be kept as a +hostage till I had made good my promises and induced +Sir John Kirk to satisfy the utmost demand of my +greedy captor. Consequently I cared little for the +unknown risks of a new road, provided I fell not again +into the <i>cul-de-sac</i> from which I had issued safely to +ascend the mountain. Moreover, I wished to see +something of the eastern flank of Kilima-njaro; so +after much consultation of my map and discussion +with my head-men I fixed on a track running round +the base of Kimawenzi and descending to the plain +through Rombo, past the crater-lake, Čala, and along +the banks of the Lumi river, which flows through +Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the whole time of our stay on the upper +slopes of Kilima-njaro our native guides from Maraṅu +<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>had remained with us, of course receiving pay for +their employment. They always believed that we +should return with them to their grasping Sultan, and +I kept them in ignorance of my real plans, intending +quietly to part company with them where our two +roads diverged, and not forewarn them of my determination +to avail myself of another route back to Taveita. +Together we started, therefore, when all had +been made ready; and leaving our alpine settlement +with its grassy slopes and forests of arboreal heaths, +we took the path running eastwards round the upper +slopes of the mountain. Descending a few hundred +feet we found ourselves in comparatively dense and +luxuriant forest, with a rich undergrowth, contrasting +strongly with the bleak, grassy steppes only a trifle +higher in altitude. Further on we arrived at the old +camping-place of our former upward journey, at a +height of 9000 feet. Here we remained to rest and +eat our midday meal, gathering up our energies for +the rather critical task that lay before us; for, having +resolved on no account to return to Maraṅu, we must +now part company with the men who had hitherto +led us, and, relying in future on our own powers of +pathfinding, strike out an independent route to the +desired goal. As my head-men were somewhat diffident +of their own qualities in “fore-louping” (as the +Boers call it in the south), I undertook to lead the +caravan back to Taveita by compass and map. Accordingly, +little heeding the cries and mocking laughter +of our guides, we started confidently along a faintly-marked +path running eastward. At first all went +well, but soon the path died away, and not daring to +stop or hesitate, I plunged boldly into the trackless +bush. The men followed meekly, but the absence of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>any road rendered their progress very trying. After +about an hour of struggling through the rank forest +undergrowth, during which I keenly felt my responsibility, +we emerged on a little open grassy patch. +Here all, uninvited, put down their loads, and very +free criticism on our mode of travel was uttered. To +add to our disagreeables, incessant rain had been falling +since two o’clock. Whilst stopping here to rest +and hold a consultation, like a despotic monarch who +feels his power threatened and seeks to appease his +subjects by granting them a constitution, I invited all +the men to take part in our deliberations, and suggest +the best course to be followed. At this juncture the +native guides arrived, having followed in our footsteps, +anxious to see the result of our self-guidance. Wishing +to transfer my responsibility to other shoulders, I +offered them a present of cloth if they would lead us +through the trackless forest to the precincts of Rombo; +whence I knew we could find our way unaided to +Taveita. They consented, and once more we entered +the dusky woods, following a zigzag course by means +of the rough paths which elephants had just made. +Often the long-stemmed flowers, and crushed, stained +grass would be slowly rising up again erect from the +prostrate position into which they had been trampled +by the feet of the cumbrous proboscidians, and their +smoking dung would bestrew the track, showing +how recently these lords of the forest had preceded +us. Indeed, from time to time they would make their +presence known by sonorous trumpeting, but as they +were quite aware of our proximity they took good +care to conceal their huge bodies. The undergrowth +was so dense that you might have touched an elephant +in your gropings before you saw him; but above this +<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>dense tangle of six or seven feet in height rose the +straight smooth trunks of superb trees; indeed, the +timber I saw here was exceptionally fine.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The gloom of the forest was intensified by the +enormous masses of orchilla-weed which grew thickly +on the upper branches of the trees, in such a manner +as to suggest a grey-green cloth being thrown over +the foliage. The density of the woodland growth was +almost appalling; we felt like insects creeping and +twining through the interstices of the mighty trunks. +As we preferred to go whither the elephants had forced +a way, our course was naturally an erratic one, and +several times the men lay down in despair to pant +and rest, declaring that night would still find us groping +in the forest maze—nay, that should the guides +maliciously desert us, we might wander for ever in +this leafy labyrinth till we either perished at the hands +of skulking robbers or fell an easy prey to angry elephants +or hungry leopards. In vain I pointed to my +compass and said that should the guides fail us, <i>that</i> +was an unerring pathfinder; the men shook their +heads despondently and said it might be in “Ulaya”—<i>my</i> +country—but in the land of the savages—“Ušenzi”—it +availed nothing. I must confess the dull green +gloom of the forest was very oppressive. The mists +of the mountain permeated the foliage and a continual +moisture dripped down on us. We were all wetted +through every covering. Our clothes were ponderous +with absorbed water—it was fatiguing to stagger +under their weight. Disagreeable noises—all very easy +to account for, but full of vague terror to my superstitious +following—broke the stillness of the rank depths +of vegetation wherein we stumbled and crept along. +The hyraxes uttered their thrilling, half-human, wailing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>cry. Unseen birds sounded their sonorous notes like +a tolling bell. Ear-piercing shrieks came from some +hunted monkey, pursued, maybe, by a leopard. +Elephants sent their discordant nasal trumpeting +vibrating harshly through the glades. Each porter, +as he clutched his load with one hand and with the +other pushed aside the interwoven boughs, turned his +head uneasily from side to side, dreading the sudden +rising from the bush of some terrible unimagined foe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Strangers to this tremulous suspense, the Maraṅu +guides hacked away a bush here, pushed aside a +branch there, leapt over fallen tree-trunks, slid down +glissades of sodden earth, glided through thorny +groves, and paying no heed to our sighs and groans, +our pleadings for repose, our cruel stumbles and headlong +falls, passed imperturbably through the trackless +woods, and cared seemingly little whether we followed +them or not. Nevertheless at whatever cost we kept +them in sight, and at length to our universal relief +quitted this gloomy region of dense, dank forest at +about half-past five in the afternoon, and emerged +quite suddenly and unexpectedly upon a beautiful parklike +country of grassy hillocks, undulating plains, +running streams, ferny hollows, and tidy copses. +Hereabouts we camped out, and I, ravished with the +beauty of the scenery and with the magnificence of +the view (for I was still at an altitude of 8500 feet, and +could see far and wide round the mountain), set myself +to work to create in imagination a fair city of civilization +which should rise on these grassy slopes and +dominate the cultivable lands below. Here, on these +two hillocks, I would build my twin forts, and here +should be my terraced vineyards, there cornfields and +gardens, and there a handsome stone house, my preliminary +<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>palace. As I mused thus, the sinking sun +emerged from a curtain of cloud, and shed a wonderful +rosy radiance over the beautiful scene. The distant +valley of the Ruvu, with its sinuous lines of +green forest, the mountain mass of Ugweno, with hills +and hillocks in all directions, the nearer forests, the +natural lawns sloping downwards towards the cultivated +zone; and, lastly, the awful, jagged, snow-streaked +and spotted Kimawenzi rising to the north—all +were irradiated with a tender, smiling light, the +very shadows of which were attenuated and softened. +Then, until purple darkness fell upon the scene, +I stood on one of the seven hills of my African +Rome, and pondered on the possibilities of its +existence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the succeeding day we discovered early in the +morning that our guides had really and actually +deserted us, so we were left entirely to our own +resources for finding the way to Taveita. However, +I was confident, and the men scarcely less so, for no +matter how distant our goal might be, we at least +could see it in the valley before us. Nevertheless, not +wishing to pursue a course which would lead us +through Mamba, Mwika, or the inhabited regions on +the south-western flank of Kimawenzi, I was obliged +to direct myself more to the northward, and consequently +out of the shortest route to Taveita. We +travelled for hours through a delightful country made +by Nature for a European settlement, and singularly +English in look, with open grassy spaces, which seemed +in the distance like ruddy cornfields, and shady woods +and copses full of fine timber. Plenty of running +streams of clear water intersected this gently sloping, +almost level plateau, which, although such a tempting +<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>Arcadia, was entirely uninhabited, save by buffaloes +and elephants. The average elevation of this country +was between 8000 feet and 9000 feet, and the temperature, +consequently, almost cool, ranging from forty-three +degrees at night to seventy degrees in the midday +warmth. After some four hours’ walking from our camp, +we crossed the long ridge that marks the southern flank +of Kimawenzi, and began to descend the eastern slope +of the mountain. Soon we emerged on a kind of heathlike +country, and then looked forth on a splendid view +stretching from Mwika to the mountains of Bura and +Ukambani (the Kiulu range), with Lake ǰipé on one +hand and the River Tzavo on the other. At our feet +lay the banana groves of the inhabited belt of Useri +and Rombo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the latter we directed our descending steps, and +soon encountered in the bush some of its stray inhabitants, +a savage-looking set, probably posted there +to give notice of attack from the dreaded Mandara, +who has occasionally visited the country on his slave-raiding +expeditions. These men fled precipitately at +our approach, and raised a cry of warning to the inhabitants +below, the result being that on entering their +territory we found them armed to the teeth, and +resolved to resist our further approach. After a little +parleying—which was conducted under difficulties, for +they clearly spoke a very different dialect to the +ordinary Ki-čaga tongue—we gave a small present in +cloth, and requested to be shown the road to Taveita. +They accepted my gift somewhat sullenly, and made +no move to guide us through their country. However, +holding the men well in hand, I quietly pursued +our downward journey, always keeping in view the +distant green streaks in the valley below, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>marked the windings of the River Lumi. Our progress +was repeatedly hindered and occasionally stopped +by the ever-increasing and turbulent force of savages +who pressed upon our flanks, clamouring for a division +of our goods. “Ngubo! Ngubo!” was their sole cry, +and an archaic one, for “Ngubo” is the oldest known +form of a widespread Bantu word for cloth or covering. +In Zulu it is “Ngubo” as the Wa-rombo have it, +but in most other East African tongues it is “Nguo” +and “Nguwo.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>I flung them a few yards of red cloth as a present +to their sultan. This acted like the articles which are +thrown to pursuing wolves from the inmates of a hunted +sledge—it served for a moment to delay their oncoming, +and I had time to form my somewhat scattered men +into line and press resolutely on towards the plain. +The natives followed with increased hostility, mistaking +our resolute retreat for a cowardly flight. As +a matter of fact I did not much fear them in spite of +their numbers, as they carried no guns and were but +armed with ill-made spears, so that in case of hostilities +I could doubtless have slaughtered many; but +my anxiety the whole time I lived on Kilima-njaro was +to avoid war and bloodshed. Although in a pitched +battle you may easily gain the advantage, yet the news +that you have resorted to violent methods to attain +your end spreads through a district like wildfire, and +everywhere you are received with deep distrust or open +enmity. I am of the opinion of Mr. Thomson that it +is preferable to suffer many indignities sooner than be +the first to shed blood. I also agree with him that it +is insanity to travel about Africa unarmed. Never +anywhere was that saying truer, “Si vis pacem para +bellum.” So we held on our way resolutely and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>quietly, paying no heed to the verbal provocations of +the Wa-rombo. When at length we emerged on the +open country, I turned and saluted them with some +very vigorous terms in Ki-čaga, and they for a while +dispersed; afterwards for some distance hanging on +our heels like hyenas ready to snap up any loiterer or +lag-behind.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The country of Rombo, from what I could see of it, +is not very attractive in its natural features. Indeed, +I was informed afterwards that its unhappy people, +harried on all sides by Wa-čaga and Masai, were only +allowed to live there because the land was not worth +taking possession of. The rainfall, so abundant and +constant on other parts of the mountain, is here +strangely and partially deficient. The perennial watercourses +flowing from the base of Kimawenzi either turn +to the south-east or north-east, thus neglecting the +due-eastern slope of the mountain, on which Rombo +is situated. True, the land is deeply scored and intersected +by a few profound ravines, but these are but the +beds of occasional torrents which flow only after heavy +rains in the uplands. The River Lumi, even, dries up +where it nears Rombo, and its flow, apparently, reissues +farther on from an underground channel. The +aspect of the country is very dismal. Poor little +withered plantations of parched cereals or groves of +stumpy, dwarfed bananas mark the few attempts at +cultivation; and outside these, there is little but stony +gorges scattered with thorny vegetation in their dry +depths, and stony hills and rolling plateaux sparsely +clothed with long, dry, yellow grass. Yet, unprepossessing +though this land may be, it is likely to be an +important district in the opening up of Kilima-njaro. +Not only is it nearest to the approach from the coast, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>but it offers the shortest cut to the magnificent uninhabited +regions lying all round the mountain between +6000 feet and 11,000 feet, which present the most +favourable conditions for European settlements. In +all other parts of the lower slopes of Kilima-njaro you +meet with populous and arrogant little states, which +at any rate need much subsidizing before they consent +to your passage through their territories; whereas in +Rombo the population is sparse, and the natives are +poor savages unarmed with anything more formidable +than ill-made spears, and unable to seriously oppose +the march of a small and resolute force. A little +kindness would soon win them over, especially if they +were protected against the raids of slave-hunters.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All through this somewhat trying day we had never +paused in our descent to eat or drink. We were +agreed that no halt would be satisfactory till we +reached the banks of the River Lumi—“our river,” as +we affectionately called it—and camped by its running +waters. As we slowly wound our way over stony +hillocks and grassy downs, followed by the waspish +Wa-rombo, our gaze concentrated itself on the distant +line of dark green forest which curved across the +yellow plain like a narrow ribbon, ending in the great +blot of verdure which marked the site of Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On our way we had an interesting view of Čala, a +little lake filling up one of the minor craters on the +mountain-side.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About seven in the evening we reached the banks +of the Lumi only to find, to our cruel disappointment, +it was absolutely devoid of water. In dumb despair +we gazed on its grey boulders and parched sand. +Then a little reflection convinced me that we were +needlessly despondent. I had, in my previous rambles, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>followed the Lumi to within a few miles of where we +had just arrived, and left it still a flowing river; consequently +a little further on water must be found. So +again we took up our burthens and limped wearily +along the banks of the stream. After an hour’s +tramp, one of my men gave a cry of delight and +pointed to a stagnant pool of green water in the +river-bed. All but myself rushed down and drank +greedily, but I preferred restraining my thirst till we +obtained a purer fluid. Soon the pools in the dry +stream-course became more frequent, then a tiny +thread of water began to flow, and at length the +whole river, as it were, issued ready-made from the +earth. Evidently during the dry season the Lumi +filters underground for part of its course and is only a +visible river after the rains.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2910_fig60.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 60.—Lake Čala.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Finding another of those charming peninsulas so +often described in these experiences—a lovely glade +<span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>with spreading trees and smooth turf, nearly surrounded +by a loop of the stream—we resolved to make +our camp here. Fortunately a brilliant moon dispelled +the darkness and materially aided our work. +The neck of dry land connecting us with the outer +plain was carefully cut off with a formidable hedge of +thorns, and secure in our isolated camp, we might disregard +the prowling Wa-rombo who still skulked +without. A guard was set, but no attack disturbed +our heavy slumbers. However, the next day we had +no sooner started than bands of savages began to form +on the rising slopes of the mountain and came running +towards us at a half-trot. This time matters looked +serious. There were men armed with guns as well as +Wa-rombo with spears and shields. The history of it +was this (as I afterwards learned). When our guides +had deserted us halfway to Rombo they had hastened +back to Maraṅu to inform their master of my breach +of faith. Resolved now to strip me of all my goods +and avenge ancient grudges, the young chief despatched +an army of a hundred men armed with +Sniders to intercept me and crush my little force. +They never imagined I could find my way alone, and +expected to encounter me still wandering hopelessly +in the forests of Kimawenzi. However, on arriving +at my former sleeping-place it was ascertained that I +had taken the direction of Rombo. To Rombo, therefore, +they came, and angrily questioned its inhabitants. +These savages informed the Maraṅu soldiers that I +had forced my way through their country that very +day and was now camped by the Lumi. At earliest +dawn the Maraṅu and Rombo hordes came in search +of us, hoping to catch the caravan on the march and +surprise it when the porters should be scattered singly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>along the track. We were, however, already prepared +for a possible attack, and walked forward across the +plain in a compact body of forty resolute men. As +soon as it was seen that the enemy was gaining on us +I sent all the porters carrying burthens to the front, +and assembled in their rear those who were well armed +and acted as guards. In this order we continued +our march. When within a hundred yards the foremost +men of Maraṅu called on me to stop and parley. +I bade the porters who were loaded to walk on slowly +along the track whilst I and my guards halted to hear +what the enemy had to say. The parleying, however, +was but a ruse to gain time. No sooner had I turned +towards the foe, to question them, than they started up +from their recumbent position and fired a volley at us +with their guns. Although the bullets went harmlessly +whistling over our heads, I was enraged at this +treachery and saw now it was high time that I taught +them a lesson. Too much forbearance would seem to +them timidity. So I gave the word and we took +careful aim and fired. The savages had already +thrown themselves flat to await our return fire; nevertheless +two of them were wounded. Then as we advanced +for a further discharge, the entire force rose to +its feet and fled precipitately, and we naturally did not +trouble to pursue. The entire result of this encounter +was that one of my men had been slightly wounded by +a Rombo lance and (as we afterwards ascertained) one +Maraṅu soldier received a scalp wound and another +had his arm broken by a bullet. Then we resumed +our march and ultimately reached Taveita without any +further incident.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Here I rejoiced to find all well and thriving. Abdallah +had purchased five young ostriches, which, together +<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>with my Muscovy ducks, pigeons, fowls, goats, +and sheep, made up a curious farmyard. A large +space had been cleared and sown with crops, and a +tall fence surrounded my domain. The day following +my arrival I purchased seven more ostriches at an ell +of cloth apiece; thus hoping to lay the foundation of +an ostrich farm. After three days of rest I set out on +a trip which I had meant to extend to the northern +side of Kilima-njaro, but owing to the smallness of +my band of followers I was not able to succeed, as the +Masai were prepared to give trouble, and I had not +goods enough to satisfy their demands. I penetrated +first to Useri, a Čaga state on the north-eastern slope +of Kimawenzi, but the Sultan of that place refused +resolutely to see me, alleging that I was a powerful +magician (<i>teste</i> those never-to-be-forgotten fireworks!), +and would certainly bewitch him if we came in +visual contact. Nevertheless, he did not wish to +quarrel with me, and gave his subjects permission to +trade. I remained here three days, and bought provisions, +skins, rhinoceros horns, and two tusks of +ivory. Had I had the goods with me for barter I +might have traded advantageously in the last commodity, +for the Wa-seri not only obtain many tusks from +the elephant pitfalls which they make in their country, +but also buy it from the Endorobo,<a id='r31'></a><a href='#f31' class='c017'><sup>[31]</sup></a> or helot tribes of +the Masai, who camp in the vicinity of Useri at certain +seasons of the year. I proceeded about four miles +further in the direction of Kimangélia, but received +the news from a retreating Swahili caravan that the +Masai in the vicinity of that place had quarrelled with +the traders and refused to allow any caravan to pass +<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>them. As I was not strong enough to force my way, +I returned once more to Taveita and busied myself with +collecting in the vicinity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I also received a deputation of Maraṅu and Rombo +people, who came to make peace after our skirmish of +the week before. They declared it had arisen through +a misapprehension of my intentions. They now feared +that having offended me I might bewitch their land +from a distance, and wished to exchange presents, +because I was a powerful magician, who turned aside +the bullets and spears of his enemies. I laughed at +all pretensions to supernatural power, but tried to +explain that it was always silly to quarrel with white +men, who must get the better of any struggle, not +because they practised witchcraft, but because they had +better guns than black men and knew how to use +them. I was glad to hear that no lives were lost, and +would willingly make friends. Accordingly I accepted +a small bullock they had brought and gave them in +return gay cloths and bags of beads with which they +retreated joyfully, extolling the power and generosity +of the white man, who never made slaves.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XV.<br> <span class='c016'>LAKE ǰIPÉ AND THE ROAD TO GONǰA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>The time was now approaching when I should be +obliged to leave Taveita and return to the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>My six months on Kilima-njaro were coming to an +end, and the funds for the expedition also. Unless +more money were granted me I should have to discharge +my porters, pay their wages, wind up my +affairs, and return to England, for living in Central +Africa is no more possible without money or money’s +worth than it is elsewhere. Nevertheless, I could +not bear to think I was quitting the country, and felt +so hopeful and convinced that help in some shape or +form would await me in Zanzibar, and that in a few +weeks I should be back in Taveita with renewed zeal +for my work, that I did not like to abandon my +comfortable and well-ordered settlement to the wild +beasts and white ants, especially as the ground it was +built on was my own, purchased from the natives of +Taveita. Therefore, after a little deliberation, finding, +moreover, that I had many goods and implements of +husbandry which I could neither carry to the coast, +for want of porters, nor bring myself to throw away; +and disliking also to abandon my goats, fowls, ducks, +pigeons, and tame ostriches, I finally decided to leave +four men in charge of the settlement, who should +await my return during three months, and if I did not +then arrive, pack up as many of the things as they +could carry, and accompany one of the Swahili +caravans returning to the coast.</p> + +<div id='map3' class='figcenter id001'> +<a href='images/p2961_map_hr.jpg'><img src='images/p2961_map.jpg' alt='KILIMA-NJARO TO PANGANI THE VALLEY OF THE RUVU, &c.' class='ig001'></a> +<div class='ic001'> +<p><i>H. H. Johnston, del.</i>      <i>London; Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co.</i>      <i>E. Weller.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class='x-ebookmaker-drop'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>[Click anywhere on map for high resolution image.]</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>These and other preparations made, I took a most +reluctant farewell of my pretty town, and also of the +affectionate and friendly Wa-taveita, who entreated +me to return very soon and dwell amongst them. I +then made a short march of four hours to the northern +corner of Lake ǰipé, and camped out there, remaining +a few days in the vicinity of this piece of water in +order to observe the denizens of its banks. Lake ǰipé +is in reality a shallow backwater of the Lumi river, +which afterwards becomes the Ruvu, and enters the +Indian Ocean at Pangani. It is, in short, a tiny +edition of the Albert Nyanza, about twelve miles long +by three to four broad. On the southern bank the +mountains of Ugweno rise grandly to heights of +6000 and 7000 feet, contrasting markedly with +the opposite shore, whereon we were encamped, +which is a flat plain, but little raised above the +lake.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ugweno is a continuation of the long chain of high +mountains which border the northern aspect of the +Ruvu valley, starting with Usambara on the coast and +continuing through the Pare and Ugweno range to +the base of Kilima-njaro. The countries of Ugweno +and Usaṅga (a district lying towards Pare) are rich +in iron ore, which is smelted by the Bantu inhabitants—Wa-gweno +and Wa-saṅga—and sold to the Čaga +smiths in the shape of pig-iron. The Wa-gweno seem +anciently a division of the Čaga tribes, and their +language is much the same. The country they live in, +being healthy and well supplied with water and very +<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>sparsely inhabited, is well fitted for European settlements.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The vicinity of Lake ǰipé is much frequented by +herds of game and its waters are teeming with big +fish, principally siluroids and cyprinoids. Hippopotami +and crocodiles are plentiful. Numbers of +water-birds haunt the reedy shores—storks, egrets, +pelicans, spur-winged plovers, ducks, and Egyptian +geese. The country round this lake is a first-rate +district for sport, but hunters should camp near the +River Lumi, for the water of ǰipé is disgusting, and only +drinkable after it has been well boiled and skimmed. +As there is no current through the lake—for the river +that flows in, turns round and flows out again—and +as this stagnant pond lies exposed to the continual +rays of an ardent sun, and harbours, moreover, +large numbers of hippopotami, who make the lake +like their tank at the Zoological Gardens, the water +drawn from it is a filthy fluid, warm, green, and slimy. +My men drank of it in large quantities, nevertheless, +without harm, but for myself I had it boiled and +boiled for hours, and the green scum or froth taken +off. I was obliged to avail myself of this liquid, as +after leaving the lake we should be obliged to travel +for thirty-five miles without water.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p2981_ill.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>KILIMA-NJARO SEEN FROM LAKE ǰIPÉ<br> <br> <span class='right'>To face page <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</span></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>From the southern borders of ǰipé we obtained our +last view of Kilima-njaro. The craterous shape of +the larger peak, Kibô, was very apparent. It was +towards the close of a peaceful afternoon, just as I +was turning to quit the lake, that I had my farewell +glimpse of this king of African mountains. The sky +had become a very pale blue with the descending sun. +The whole upper part of Kilima-njaro, with its double +peaks, was on view. Soft grey clouds slept on the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>middle slopes, and at the base of the vast mountain +lay the numberless hills and hillocks of cultivated +čaga. Then came the dense forests of the Ruvu and +the Lumi, the silver breeze-swept waters of ǰipé, a +low promontory covered with spear-grass, and in the +foreground a muddy, oozy shore dotted with egrets +and plovers. Before turning away to commence a long +stage in our journey to the coast I hastily sketched +in this picture on my sketch-block.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The sudden change from the bracing climate of +Kilima-njaro to the heat of the plains had at first +affected my health, much as a rapid transition from +the temperate regions to the tropics might do, and I +had a slight touch of fever at ǰipé, which laid me up. +As this was, however, an unpleasant locality in which +to remain, my men proposed to carry me in a +hammock until I should have regained my strength. +To that I consented, and as the walk before us to the +next camping-place was long and waterless, it had +been also determined that we should defer our departure +from the further extremity of the lake until +five o'clock in the afternoon, and take advantage of +the brilliant moon to pursue our course in the cool +hours of the night. Accordingly an hour before +sunset, when I had finished my hasty sketch of Kilima-njaro, +I got into my hammock, which was carried by +Faraǰi, the head-cook (an old Congo man) and Hamis +Hadi, a stalwart porter of the Yao tribe, and for a +short time went over the ground at a swinging pace, +all the caravan keeping up with me, for it was fine +“going” country. We were directing our course +S.S.E. over a plain of great extent, absolutely level, +without a rut, and covered with fine turf, like a vast +lawn. Here and there a bushy tree broke the monotony. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>We saw a troop of young ostriches walking +quietly about like well-behaved children, unaccompanied +by any parental guardian, while herds of +buffaloes and many beautiful antelopes were grazing +on the sweet short turf in this brief hour of waning +sunlight. Towards nightfall it began to rain, and the +rising moon was hidden. I had to leave my hammock +and struggle along on foot, wading desperately through +slush and water, falling into ant-bear burrows, and +weighed down with my heavy, rain-soaked greatcoat, +which I wisely wore to avoid a wetting nearer the +skin. We could not stop to rest until the rain should +cease, for the drenching was best undergone in +motion; nevertheless, it was dreary work pounding +along up to our ankles in liquid mud, unable to see +more than a few yards ahead, and only knowing the +path from what was not path by its having become +the bed of a torrent. The rain descended in a terrific +downpour, which nearly beat us to the earth, but +amid all my dreariness I felt thankful at reflecting +that my baggage was safely packed in air-tight cases +which water could not penetrate. About eight o’clock +the worst of the storm seemed over, and though it +drizzled a little while longer, the clouds were rapidly +dispersing and giving way to the brilliant moon. We +sought refuge under a low tree and camped out. The +men, although soaked and wearied, behaved very well, +and tried to cheer each other with small witticisms. +All crowded anxiously round Cephas, our clever +second cook, who could make a fire when no one else +could, and who now had obtained a little dry wood +by breaking in pieces the various dead branches lying +about and extracting the dry pith from the centre. +With this as a commencement he soon lit a fire, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>when the joyous flames leapt up from the crackling, +spitting wood, exclamations of glad relief burst from +every one’s lips, and we all extended our cold wet +hands to the blaze. Soon my servant, Virapan, +brought me a bowl of hot and savoury soup, and after +swallowing this I crept into my nice dry bed and slept +a delicious dreamless sleep until two in the morning, +when Kiongwe aroused me to go on. Then, with +many a dismal yawn and sigh, we struggled along +towards a dome-shaped hill, principally of limestone, +and partially covered with forest. Reaching its base +at about daybreak, we then turned southward and +walked over a low plateau, which shut out Kilima-njaro +and ǰipé for ever from our view, while, on the +other hand, we looked towards the hills of Ngurungani +and the fine mountains of Pare. The country on +the northern slope and on the summit of the tableland +was exceedingly desolate and barren, but on the +descent towards the south, and in the basin-like +hollow below, the soil was rich, black, and alluvial, +and green grass grew luxuriantly, together with some +lovely lilies, whose white blossoms starred the prairie +in all directions. Here I saw more game at once than +I have ever seen in Africa. It was a sportsman’s +paradise—a delicious dream of happy hunting-grounds +hardly to be realized in this life. Hundreds and +hundreds of giraffes scudded before us; herds of +elands (the bulls a deep dun colour with glossy hides +that looked like satin in the noonday sun) sauntered +along, now nibbling the sweet grass, now trotting off +as we advanced. Myriads of red hartebeests, sable +antelopes, mpalas, and zebras studded the undulating +plain, while a small group of ostriches might be +observed on our left-hand side, and a rhinoceros stood +<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>under the shade of a mimosa to the right of the path, +flicking his short tail from side to side, and watching +the movements of our caravan with suspicion. Alas! +they had no reason to fear me. Waterless, deadbeat, +and sun-stricken, it needed all my resolution +painfully to plod along the path, and I was quite +incapable of stalking big game when I doubted if I +should have sufficient force left to carry me to our +camping-place.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About two o’clock we crossed the Ngurungani ridge, +and arrived at a stony river-bed, in which a little rainwater +still remained. The men drank greedily of it. +Here in the middle of the road we saw a sheep freshly +killed, skinned, and cub up, all the gory remains being +neatly tied up in the skin. Various meanings were +assigned to this unwonted apparition; but as I once +more took the road and saw the sandy path marked +with many footsteps, and with the impressions of +oxen’s feet, I said to myself, “The Masai!” The men +also were of this opinion, but thought they had passed +early in the morning. Nearing our camping-place, +however, we saw smoke and heard voices, so we +cautiously stopped and waited for all the caravan to +assemble. Then, united, we pressed boldly on, although +the hearts of many quaked at the thought of encountering +the most dreaded savages of Eastern Africa. +Abdallah walked beside me, and Virapan in front, and +I heard the former gabbling prayers to Allah and his +Prophet as he shouldered his rifle and marched along. +Virapan and I were the first to see the Masai. We +arrived at the bed of a broad torrent, now dried up, +save for occasional rock-pools, and there, in a large +basin-like hollow below the rocks on which we stood, +were perhaps a thousand men, some of whom were +<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>sitting gnawing half-cooked beef round smouldering +fires. As we emerged from the bush and our boots +clattered on the stones, they looked up, but without +exhibiting any surprise or even offering to move. I +called out in lusty amiability, “Subai?” (their form of +greeting, to which the proper answer is “Iba!”), but +no reply came. The nearest among them motioned +us back in a not discourteous manner, and intimated +they would come and talk to us anon. We marched +into a small enclosure of thorns and stones, overlooking +the stony hollow wherein the Masai were seated, and +putting down the burthens, got ready our twenty-eight +guns for a desperate fight if necessary. Then the +Masai came, perhaps forty at once, with a leader. The +leader called out to us imperiously, “Tōtŏna!” (“Sit +down!”), which we did. Then they conferred among +themselves. Some said, “Endara Elajomba!” +(“Fight the coast people”). Others said, “No, wait +first.” Then they again withdrew, and afterwards the +captain and a few elder men returned bearing branches +in their hands (a sign of peace). They called on two +or three of our men to advance and confer with them, +so Kiongwe, Ibrahim, and Bakari went. After asking +various questions as to who I was, where I came +from, and whither I was going, the Masai leader inquired +“Had we any sickness?” This query aroused +a happy, but sadly unveracious, thought in my mind. +“Tell him,” I said to Kiongwe, in Swahili, a language +the Masai did not understand, “Tell him we have +small-pox.” Kiongwe grasped the idea, and said to +the Masai captain, with well-feigned vexation, “Yes; +we have got a man suffering from the white disease” +(the Masai name for small-pox). “Show him,” the +leader replied, at the same time moving several yards +<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>off. I immediately dragged forward an Albino, who +was a porter in my caravan—a wretched pink-and-white +creature, with tow-coloured hair and a mottled +skin. The Masai at once exclaimed, “Oh, this is a +bad disease—look, it has turned the man white!” +Then he shouted out they had no wish to interfere +with us, nor would they take anything from our +infected goods. One concession alone they asked, and +this we readily granted, which was that we would not +follow too closely on their footsteps lest they might get +our “wind” and catch the disease. And with this +they turned round, rejoined their fellows, called up their +herd of cows and their donkeys, and slowly wended +their way up the hilly path. In half an hour’s time +the last Masai had disappeared, and, relieved from our +anxieties, we rushed to the water and drank.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The camp that these warriors had been occupying +offered a most curious aspect. The great baobab-trees, +just coming into pale green leaf, were crowded with +birds of prey—or rather of carrion—vultures, crows, +and marabu storks. Under the sparse shade of this +rather leafless forest of grey boughs the Masai had +made their camp, near the stones of the dry torrent’s +bed. They had killed many cattle, and cast the refuse +and offal into the low bushes. On this the vultures +and storks had glutted themselves to repletion, and +now perched heavily and stupidly on the tree-tops. +The smoke of the cooking-fires rose still in white +columns into the air, and brought to our nostrils acrid +odours of burnt fat. Behind all was the blue wall of +the Pare hills rising high against the western heavens, +which in the approaching sunset had turned to a clear +citron yellow.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span> +<img src='images/p3050_fig62.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 62.—Masai Camp.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Strange to say, soon after the last of the Masai had +disappeared from the scene, all these heavy carrionbirds +roused themselves and flapped away to follow +the retiring army of bandits. My men informed me +that whenever the Masai are on the march they are +accompanied from place to place by a flight of vultures, +storks, and crows, whom they religiously protect, +for the services they render in removing offal from +their camps. Whenever in this country you approach +a shady spot, and see the branches of the trees loaded +with vultures, be sure within that grove a party of +Masai are eating roast beef or sucking the blood from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>a slaughtered ox, and if you are unprepared to encounter +these gentry take warning and turn away.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The next day three hours’ walking over a very heavy +black soil—washed down by the rains from the hills—brought +us to Kisiwani, a dry river-bed at the foot +of the Pare hills. Here I was so utterly exhausted +and faint with the exertions and anxieties of the last +few days, following my touch of fever, that I had to +spend half the day in complete repose in order to +recruit my strength. It was a charming spot in which +to do so. Magnificent forest trees towered high into +the air; but higher still, and cutting off half the +heavens, as it were, rose the noble Pare mountains. +A soothing atmosphere of peace pervaded our camp. +Hither came no Masai, for they wisely kept aloof +from the indignant attacks of the Pare mountaineers, +who had more than once given these freebooters a +sound thrashing. Nevertheless to honest men like us +they were kind and friendly. They brought us +gourds full of ice-cold water from their mountain +streams, and ripe bananas, and funny little black +sheep. Their chief sent me a present and an invitation +to come and see him in his mountain home. I would +have gladly done so, but I felt no confidence in my +walking powers, and I dreaded to bring on another +attack of fever by over-exertion. So I sent him several +choice gifts and complimentary messages, and said +when I next came that way I would remember his +kindness to a passing stranger.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-pare, from what I have seen of them, seem +a very amiable people, like the Wa-taveita. I take a +great interest in their country, because I regard it as +one of the links of healthy land uniting Kilima-njaro—the +future sanatorium of Eastern Africa—with the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>coast. Twenty miles beyond Kisiwani we came to the +pleasing and fruitful district of Gonǰa, a settlement of +Wa-zeguha, ruled by sons of Semboǰa, the chief of +Usambara, a vassal of the Sayyid of Zanzibar. Here +signs of coast influence were quite apparent, and for +the first time since leaving Mombasa at the commencement +of the expedition, I knew I was not among +savages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Gonǰa, with its clear, swift river, its splendid groves +of forest trees, its luxuriant plantations, reminded us of +our favourite Taveita, and we felt a keen sympathy +with this place, which was the first inhabited spot we +had encountered in seventy miles of wilderness. At +the back of Gonǰa, in the Pare hills, the scenery +was enchantingly lovely—wooded crags, rich valleys, +emerald-green banana groves, rippling streams, and +splendid waterfalls, one of which, another Staubbach, +gave rise to the river which encircles the town. We +could see its grey-white shoot of descending water in +the distance, too far off to show the changing light +of motion, and apparently as unvarying and immobile +as the blue hill-side, just like a photographed waterfall. +On a little peninsula backed by hills, and nearly surrounded +by a loop of the river, the rambling village +of Gonǰa is built, the whole congeries of houses being +encircled with a tall fence of euphorbias and other +prickly shrubs. The dwellings are fashioned much +after the style of the native houses on the coast—structures +of wattle and clay, generally divided into +several apartments.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We found the chief and notables dressed like respectable +Arabs, and they greeted us with Arab salutations. +I ascertained that not only they but the people they +governed were great linguists. They spoke Ki-zeguha, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>Ki-pare, Ki-swahili, a little Arabic, and Masai. The +latter language they were quite versed in, and for some +hours I sat down with my note-book adding considerably +to the information I had already amassed.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The upper classes in Gonǰa, and especially those +connected with the family of the chief Semboǰa, look +like Arabs in their complexion and physiognomy. +They have, however, woolly hair. I questioned them +as to their origin, but they did not acknowledge Arab +intermixture; nevertheless, they are evidently a cross +breed, though the intermixture may be and probably +is ancient. They are the outpost of—may I call it +civilization?—and Mohammedanism in this part of +Africa. Here one’s life is <i>quite</i> safe; here no presents +are asked for, and here money is taken and understood. +How curious is the spread of the influence of a +strong government! Since the days that India has +been well governed under British rule, her commerce +and her currency have begun to extend themselves +widely over Eastern Africa, from Somali-land to Natal, +and here in the market-place of Gonǰa, nearly a hundred +miles from the coast, you will find the people +talking of pice, annas, and rupees, and see the image +and superscription of her Majesty the Empress of India +circulating freely among the various tribes who come +hither to trade.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XVI.<br> <span class='c016'>GONǰA TO LONDON.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Leaving this settlement of Gonǰa we walked through a +beautiful and well-forested plain, brimming over with +fertility, although little cultivated. We camped at +Kihuṅgwe’s, another Zegūha chief of Semboǰa’s family, +who has made a settlement on the banks of the +Mkomazi river, and attracted to his precincts vagabonds +and fugitives from all adjacent countries. We +were now at the northern entrance of a broad and +level plain which stretches between the mountains of +Pare and Usambara and slopes very gently to the +River Ruvu. It is perhaps forty miles in width, +uninhabited save by a few harmless bands of Masai, +whose spirit has been broken by repeated defeats +received from the Wa-sambara and the Wa-pare, and +who are now too meek to demand tribute from passing +caravans. I met some of these people on the road, +and stopped to chat with them and glean some more +notes about their language. We also encountered +some of the Wa-mbugu, a curious race of cattle-keepers +dwelling at the foot of the Usambara hills.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This plain is covered with thin shrubs and stunted +trees, with occasional patches of emerald-green grass. +It is the resort of immense quantities of game, which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>here finds cover, sustenance, and water, for the +Mkomazi flows through the centre.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We found the recent spoor of elephants, and saw +at different times giraffes, elands, gnus, and cobus +antelopes. I shot a cow eland, but she managed to +get away into the dense bush, and we had not time to +follow her trail. Baboons were singularly abundant +in the big trees, and as for the guinea-fowls!—I never +saw the like in any part of Africa. Altogether this +Mkomazi valley teemed with life, and would doubtless +prove as fine a hunting-ground as Ṅguruṅgani, or the +vicinity of Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As we approached Mazindi, the capital of King +Semboǰa, the forest trees grew loftier and richer in +foliage, and the ground began to change from the flat +plain to a succession of ridges and low hills. We +were, indeed, approaching the verge of Usambara; in +fact a kind of “undercliff,” lying at the foot of those +extraordinary mountains which towered from 4000 +to 7000 feet above the plain. In all my varied African +experiences, in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria, in the +Chella range of Southern Angola, on Kilima-njaro, or +elsewhere, I have never seen anything so unique and +strangely imposing as the western aspect of Usambara. +Imagine giant cliffs of granite and limestone rising +nearly like a sheer wall 4000 feet and more from the +plain. The ascent <i>looks</i> impossible, and one imagines +a descent might only be performed by lowering oneself +from the top with several thousand feet of rope. At the +back of this giant barrier of granite there lies a lovely +land of forests, streams, and mountain meadows, wherein +reside—strange as it seems to us who wander in this +savage wilderness!—Englishmen, labouring hard to +spread all that is best in religion and civilization among +<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>the docile inhabitants. Scarcely more than forty miles in +a direct line from where we are gazing over Usambara, +are European houses, churches, schools, dispensaries, +and, I dare say, tennis-courts and cricket-grounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The thought that civilization was so near us rendered +me impatient with the wilderness which, for a wonder, +began to lose its potent charm. I hurried along the +red track, and gazed so fixedly towards our goal, a +distant clump of huts and stone walls, which is called +Mazindi, that I bestowed but little observation on the +surrounding landscape. Nevertheless I could not but +notice the numbers and numbers of handsome hyphœne<a id='r32'></a><a href='#f32' class='c017'><sup>[32]</sup></a> +palms that lined the way. We walked +through a stately grove, which, but for the different +species of palm, reminded me of Elche in South-Eastern +Spain. My men could not resist stopping to +gnaw the gingerbread-like fruit of the hyphœne, and +so I got far ahead of them and arrived alone at the +gate of Mazindi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Women were returning from the river with their +filled pitchers gracefully poised on the head. Their +faces were pleasing, and their complexions a clear +olive—I was just going to write “evidently from +Arab intermixture,” but I hesitate. The subject of +the origin of these Usambara people is rather a complicated +one, and their lightness of complexion seems +to be due to some other cause than a strain of Arab +blood. I cited this as the reason why the Wa-zegūha +of Gonǰa were so different to the negro type, but I did +so in despair of any other solution, and because I +knew that the Wa-zegūha on the coast had for centuries +come into contact with the Arabs; but with +the Wa-sambara, whom I first met here in Mazindi it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>is different. The Arabs had penetrated very little +into the hills and valleys of Usambara, so difficult of +entry in the opposition of a sturdy people, and therefore +a theoretical cross with them would not satisfactorily +account for the yellow skins and fine features of +<i>some</i> of the Wa-sambara. Possibly the aboriginal mountaineers, +who preceded the Bantu invasion, were allied +to the Galla or Masai in race, and have largely transmitted +their characteristics to the modern inhabitants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There are, as it were, two towns of Mazindi: +one, built on the steep rise of the undercliff, and +simply the residence and court of Semboǰa, the +chief; and the other a regular rambling African +village in the plain below, surrounded by banana +groves and a dense euphorbia hedge. There are besides +many gipsy-like encampments of Masai, and even +temporary “towns” of those cattle-keeping rovers, +who have, after years of border warfare, made friends +with Semboǰa, and are gradually changing in character +from restless thievish nomads to honest settled agriculturists—in +short, here you may see Masai in the +process of becoming “Wa-kwavi,” as the Swahili +traders call them. Far too much has been made of +this slight distinction. One man has written a vocabulary +of “Kwavi,” and another of “Masai,” and each +ignored the fact that they were independently treating +one identical tongue. Of course other grammarians +and generalizers followed suit like parrots, and so you +see the Masai family of languages solemnly divided +into two main branches:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>(<i>a</i>) Masai,</p> + +<p class='c008'>(<i>b</i>) Kwavi;</p> + +<p class='c018'>which would be as silly as announcing that the English +“languages” offered two distinct groups—</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>(<i>a</i>) Cockney,</p> + +<p class='c008'>(<i>b</i>) Provincial.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Though the nomad Masai and the agricultural +Masai (Wa-kwavi) differ so much in habits they do +not differ at all in language, other than where they +may border on Bantu settlements and borrow a few +Bantu words. If you ask the “Wa-kwavi” of Mazindi +what they are, they will reply at once, “Masai.” And +if you ask a nomad Masai of the Ruvu, or elsewhere, +what he calls his congeners of Mazindi—who, perhaps, +a generation ago were fighting in the same clan—he +will answer contemptuously, “Em-barawuio,” a +feminine word of not very pleasant signification.<a id='r33'></a><a href='#f33' class='c017'><sup>[33]</sup></a> +“Kwavi” is supposed to be a corrupted version of +“El-oigob,” “the people of the soil.” This is a term +used in common by Masai and Kwavi, but is more +especially affected by the latter, as it implies a settled +residence.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Though the Masai of Mazindi and the Mkomazi +valley speak their language with purity, whether agriculturists +or rovers, yet in race they certainly alike +betray a mingling with alien people. In their midst +are still residing helot tribes, of undecided relationships, +who may represent the remnant of conquered and +partially absorbed races, previously owners of the land.</p> + +<p class='c008'>High above Semboǰa’s citadel waves the bloodred +Arab-flag of Zanzibar. Semboǰa is eager to own +himself a vassal of Sayyid Barghash. When I went +to see him on the morning of my arrival I found +myself ushered into an African imitation of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>Oriental “divan,” a low-pitched, thatched building, in +the interior of which a low wooden seat bordered +three sides of the oblong room, the fourth side being +a half-open verandah. Many Swahili and Arab +traders and courtiers were seated there, squatting on +their haunches, and imperturbably smoking. A few +lazy greetings were muttered, but I thought their tone +rather insolent, and very coldly replied. At the end +of the bench, near the verandah, was a gorgeous silk +cushion and a Persian carpet. I was about to seat +myself thereon, imagining it was the guest’s place, +when the Sultan, Semboǰa, suddenly entered and +shouldered me out, taking me by the arm and forcing +me down beside him. I was rather hurt at this +cavalier proceeding, but soon recovered my good +humour when I found no offence was intended. +Semboǰa was a little Arab-like, wizen old man, +with a very quizzical expression. Two bright eyes +sparkled amid his crow’s feet and wrinkles. He had +villainous teeth, stumpy, and red with much chewing +of betel-nut. His costume was quite Arab in style, +and in perfect taste. His well-trimmed, elegant feet +were shod in inlaid sandals. On a finger of his right +hand was a fine signet ring, which he turned round +and round as he spoke. The most elegant Swahili +came from his lips, intermingled with Arab terms and +phrases, much as, some years ago, English people had +the questionable taste to interlard their conversation +with scraps of French. Semboǰa was evidently quite +a cultured man—a more civilized Mandara. At the +time I visited him he was much concerned about +German aggression, rumours of which had just begun +to get abroad. He therefore repeatedly announced +himself a faithful vassal of Sayyid Barghash. When +<span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>I presented to him the letter of recommendation +which the Sultan of Zanzibar had kindly given me at +the outset of my journey, he kissed the seal reverentially, +and listened attentively while it was read aloud +by his scribe. At the conclusion he turned to me and +said, “All my possessions are yours. Take what you +will. What do you want?” I replied, laughing, +“Nothing but your good will, and a little fresh milk.” +But Kiongwe, who was more practical, said to Semboǰa, +with a deprecatory cough and a grin, “The +white man is very fond of the flesh of sheep and oxen.” +“Good,” exclaimed Semboǰa; “in the things of Europe +I am a poor man, but of cattle, sheep, and milk I have +plenty, and will not let my guest go lacking.” +Accordingly, soon after we returned to camp, some +soldiers of Semboǰa arrived with a fine fat bullock, +two goats, and a sheep, and the women of his household +sent us gourds of both fresh and fermented milk, +the latter being most esteemed by Africans. As a +return for this hospitality I gave Semboǰa a 12-bore +fowling-piece and 100 cartridges, some coloured pictures +which he much desired, a suit of pyjamas, and +quantities of gaudy handkerchiefs and clothes for his +wives.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mutually pleased, we parted with many effusive +compliments, and, refreshed by my short rest at +Mazindi, I pursued my course to the borders of the +Ruvu. On reaching this turbulent stream we walked +along its banks with little incident as far as a point +about fifteen miles from the coast, called the “Mašamba,” +or “plantations” of Pangani. Here, with a +few of my men, I took to a canoe and descended the +river to its mouth. After rather a dangerous voyage +in this rickety “dug-out,” we fortunately reached the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>beach of Pangani without a catastrophe. It was a +pitch-dark night when I landed on this unfamiliar +shore, and I felt more strange and friendless than I +had ever done in the wilderness. Where should I +find a decent shelter for the night in this dirty Arab +town? As I wandered up into the bazaar I sought in +vain for the face of some one to assist me. At length +I entered a better street and paused before the stately +dwelling of a rich Hindu. I entered the hall and +inquired for the master. A portly, yellow-faced man, +in richly embroidered garments, came forward. “Can +you tell me,” I asked him, “where I can obtain houseroom +for the night? I have just come from the +interior.” “I suppose you had better go to the +Mission,” he said curtly, and turned away. “What +Mission?” I inquired of my men. I did not know +there was an English Mission in Pangani. I knew +the Universities’ Mission had stations on other parts +of the coast and in Usambara, but I had never heard +of one in Pangani. As a matter of fact they really +only possessed a house there as a <i><span lang="fr">pied à terre</span></i> used in +passing to and fro between Usambara and Zanzibar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I went back into the dark, dirty street, and clutched +the first boy I saw. “Now,” I said, “I will give you +a rupee if you will lead me to the English Mission.” +“Orright,” he replied delightedly in broken English, +“cum ’long!” A few turns and twists in the labyrinth +of sordid streets brought us to a more open +space, and we were suddenly conducted into the courtyard +of a large house. Here our guide pulled a loud, +clanging bell, screamed out something in Swahili, and +left us. Immediately a pleasant-looking man and +woman came out of a side door opening on to the +yard, and giving a respectful salutation, invited us +<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>to ascend a broad ladder which led to a terrace and +some upper apartments. The woman carried a lamp, +and the man a bunch of keys. Without another word +the man opened the door of a spacious, well-lit room, +and the woman placed the lamp on the table within. +“What shall I get you?” she asked. “Will you +have some <i>chai</i> (tea)?” I said gratefully I would, +and secretly wondered all the time where were the +white occupants of the house. Why were they not +made aware of my coming? Presently the woman +returned, and began to make the bed. Then she +pointed to a large chest, and said, “You must open +that; only white men know how.” I looked at the +box, and saw a word in Greek letters printed on it. +It was a letter lock, and I comprehended the woman’s +meaning. The key-word was printed in Greek, so that +the mission servants, I suppose, who could read +English, should not understand the mode of opening +the lock, and make too free with the contents of the +chest, which, on opening, I ascertained to be all the +necessaries for the table—cruets, knives, forks, cloths, +napkins, glasses, and plates. I opened another box, +and found therein well-chosen books, reviews, and +newspapers, food for the mind. And yet no host to +greet me! Really, this was like some fairy tale, where +you enter an enchanted castle whose owner has been +turned into a cat, or a monkey, or a marble statue, and +find no responsible master to bid you welcome, but +yet a mute hospitality on every hand, and all your +wants forestalled and provided for.</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Where are the Wa-zungu (white men) who live in +this house?” I asked the housekeeper as she brought +my supper. “They left in the steamer two days +ago.” “Did you expect me?” I continued. “No.” +<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>“Then perhaps I am taking someone else’s room.” +“No,” she said, “there are other chambers if others +come, and all white men who come to Pangani lodge +here.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the best sense of the word the Universities’ +Mission keeps open house at Pangani. I did not need +much pressing to make this residence my headquarters +during my short stay in the town.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The proud Hindu whom I had met on first landing +cashed my note of hand for a large amount of rupees, +and I was thus enabled to pay off my caravan men at +Pangani. They nearly all of them received presents +on account of their good conduct and fidelity. It was +with some display of feeling on both sides that I parted +with my Zanzibari servitors, especially with those who +had borne all the anxieties and dangers of our stay in +Čaga, and we could only console ourselves by supposing +that our journeyings and companionship would +soon be renewed. Indeed I trusted to be back in +Pangani in another fortnight, ready to return to +Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Hiring a dirty, evil-smelling Arab dau (all were dirty +and evil-smelling, so I had little choice, except as to +the particular kind of dirt and variety of odour), I set +out with a few followers and my luggage for Zanzibar. +The vessel was so leaky and old, that I am sure we +should have gone to the bottom in the least bit of a +gale. Fortunately the sea was like oil, or glass, or a +millpond, or whatever simile best produces to your +imagination absolute unruffled stillness. Yet this +safe extreme of calm had its disadvantages. In vain +our Swahili captain whistled, and cried “Njōō Kazkazi!” +(Come, north wind!); not a breeze would fill our +drooping sail. The men rowed with long oars, and I +<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>suppose that had some effect; at any rate, whether it +was current, wind, or oars, we must have had some +motive-power, because at four o’clock we were off the +island of Zanzibar, and by seven in the evening we +had reached the town and harbour of that name. I +left my servants on board to guard the luggage, and +went alone into the lamp-lit streets. I could hardly +walk soberly, nor keep my lips from parting in exultant +smiles when I thought how I was going to take Sir +John Kirk by surprise. Here he was, if he thought +about me at all, imagining that I must be still living +with Mandara on Kilima-njaro, and yet I was within but +a few strides of his house. I pictured my entry—I +would hastily explain to the servant, and run upstairs +unannounced, and knock at Sir John’s door as he +was dressing for dinner. What astonishment, what +laughing explanations there would be! How we +would sit and talk half the night over our coffee and +grog in the pretty drawing-room, hung with Oriental +porcelain! Thus musing, I reached the Consulate and +knocked at the outer door, which I was surprised to +see closed. After a long delay, bolts and bars were +withdrawn, and a sleepy janitor looked out. “Don’t +you remember me?” I asked anxiously, “the Bwana +mdogo that went to Kilima-njaro?” “Ah, yes,” he +replied, his face growing friendly with recognition, +“to be sure! but,” shaking his head sadly, “the +Bwana mkubwa (the great master) is not here.” +“Not here?” I exclaimed, sick with disappointment, +“then where is he?” “Gone to Kilwa in the steamer—won’t +return till steamer does.” I turned away +sadly, and thought I might just as well have slept the +night on board the smelly dau. Then I remembered +the Judge of the Consular Court lived hard by. I went +<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>to him, and he gave me a capital dinner, told me all the +news, and alleviated my disappointment. The doctor,<a id='r34'></a><a href='#f34' class='c017'><sup>[34]</sup></a> +who was dining with him, offered me a bed, and so +I was spared the fleaey quarters of a Zanzibar hotel. +The next day, whether it was the disappointment of +missing Sir John Kirk, or the sudden change to the +relaxing climate of Zanzibar, I fell ill with a feverish +languor, and lost interest and appetite. I could not +even stir myself to read my letters, except so far as +to ascertain that there were no fresh funds forthcoming +with which to continue the expedition. My +collections were already packed, and I had nothing to +do but to await the arrival of the homeward-bound +steamer. Fortunately, in this despondent condition, +Captain Dowding, of H.M.S. <i>Osprey</i>, then stationed at +Zanzibar, ran across me and carried me off to his +pretty ship. Here, in the soothing cleanliness and +comfort of a man-of-war, I recovered my health and +spirits, and waited resignedly the steamer’s coming. +Sir John Kirk just returned in time to welcome me +back and see me off, and then, regretfully, I put away +Kilima-njaro, Taveita, Kitimbiriu from my memory, +and tried to look forward with pleasure to a return to +Europe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Our voyage from Zanzibar to Aden was a slow +agony of nearly a fortnight’s duration. The monsoon +was dead against us, and the ship was—well, not +worthy of the company that owned her. The days +dragged by like continual repetition of an uneasy +dream. If was too rough to write, I had nothing to +read, and even the last resource of the weary voyager—an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>interest in his meals—failed me. From what I +remember of the bill of fare, tinned salmon and +currant buns were the standing dishes at every repast. +I was so far fortunate in having fellow-sufferers of an +agreeable disposition, and in mutual sympathy we +derived the means of alleviating our discomforts and +awaited patiently our release at Aden.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After a few days at this unjustly vilified spot, where, +perhaps, the kind hospitality of General and Mrs. Blair +caused me to view everything too much—not <i>couleur +de rose</i>, that would be out of place in Aden, where a hot +red tint preponderates—but <i>couleur de verdure</i>, I set +out for Suez, and had an exceedingly rapid passage, +in the British India S.S. <i>Dacca</i>, of under five days. +Owing to the quarantine, however, this advantage was +neutralized, as I just missed the overland mail, and +had to resign myself to a week in Egypt, which was +not unpleasantly spent in looking up old friends and +revisiting old haunts.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Then travelling <i>viâ</i> Brindisi and Calais, I reached +London on the 31st of December, 1884; in spite of all +delays, not much more than six weeks after I last saw +the snow-peaks of Kilima-njaro from the reedy shores +of Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus ends the history of my expedition to the snow +mountain of Eastern Equatorial Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A sketch of the results of my researches and observations +in Natural History, Anthropology, Languages, +&c., will be given in the following chapters.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XVII.<br> <span class='c016'>CLIMATE, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ETC.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>Elsewhere in this work I have briefly pointed out the +main features in the physical geography of the Kilima-njaro +region, the dry, almost uninhabited plains, covered +with coarse yellow grass and stunted trees, save +where perennial streams induce rich vegetation; the +misty snow-capped mountains, where the damp climate +causes a verdure and a freshness reminding us of the +fairest portions of our own island; the majestic forests +that clothe certain districts like Taveita, or, not far +distant, the broad flats white with natron-salt, the beds +of dried-up lakes. With a country offering such very +diverse features there are naturally wide ranges of +temperature and an infinite variety of climate. Two +days’ climb on Kilima-njaro will transfer you from +equatorial heat to Arctic cold. You may change your +surroundings in this short period from the tropical +vegetation of Taveita to a lifeless wilderness of ice, +rocks, and snow. Midway up the mountain there are +lovely regions, mild, equable, and moist, with a +climate resembling a Devonshire summer. Here the +intense verdure and the luxuriance of fern life testify +to the constant showers of gentle rain. A few thousand +feet below, in the salt plains, you may be parched and +scorched by the hot desert winds, recalling—though +<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>in a much modified degree—the sirocco or khamsīn of +Northern Africa. In the forests of Taveita the (to +me, not disagreeable) unvarying, moist, greenhouse +warmth of the tropical lowlands awaits you. Here, +perhaps, the utmost range of the thermometer during +the twenty-four hours will be ten or twelve degrees. +In the outer plains it may vary from 91° in the early +afternoon to 58° before dawn.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During the four months (June—September) of my +stay in Moši, at an altitude of 5000 feet, the average +readings in the shade of the thermometer were as +follows: At noon, 71°; at 8 p.m., 60°; at 6 a.m., 58°. +The lowest reading at noon was 68° (August 12th); +the highest 80° (July 3rd and June 12th). The lowest +reading at night (from 10 to 12 p.m.) was 54°; the +highest 62. In my more elevated collecting stations, +at 10,000 and 11,000 feet, the lowest night temperature +(recorded) was 29°; the highest at 3 p.m., 65°. +At Taveita the highest registered was 90° at 3 p.m.; +the lowest at 4 a.m., 60°. The highest temperature +ever recorded in the plains between Kilima-njaro and +the coast was 91°.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From these observations the reader will perceive +that, for at least six months of the year, the temperature +of this portion of Eastern Africa is quite bearable, +if not in some places delightful. Nowhere is there +extreme heat, and the nights are always so far cool, +that bedclothes are supportable and sleep is refreshing. +What it is for the other half of the year I +cannot personally say, as I have had no experience, +but travellers and missionaries who know the adjacent +countries assure me that the temperature is but little +higher during the other months when the wet season +prevails; it is rather that the climate becomes everywhere +<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>more equable, and the thermometer does not +descend so relatively low at night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The seasons that prevail over this district are also +influenced by local surroundings. Close to the coast +the rains commence in October, intermit from December +to March, and return in all their force during +April and May. The true “dry season” is from +June till October, during which not a drop of rain +falls, though the sky is often clouded. Between the +coast country and the elevated plateau about 100 +miles inland there is a district which is much stinted +in its rainfall, except where unusually high mountains +arrest the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean. +There we arrive at the most general type of African +scenery—wide, rolling savannahs, covered with grass +and scattered clumps of trees. These extend, here +and there broken by mountain ranges, to the shores +of the Victoria Nyanza, and over all this district the +rainfall is generally limited to the months of November, +December, March, April, and May. On the +western shores of the Nyanza Lake rain falls during +ten months of the year, a contrast to the regions lying +in the same latitudes between the Victoria Nyanza +and the Indian Ocean. In all lofty plateaux or high +mountain ranges the rainfall is very different to what +it is in the plains below. Thus in Kilima-njaro it +rains more or less throughout the year. My residence +there was during the dry season, yet, nevertheless, +in the month of June I had to record six days +of rain; in July, 8; in August, 9; in September, 7; +in October, 8; and in the first half of November, +5. The real rainy season is from November to +May, but the Wa-čaga inform me that there is +seldom at any season a continuous heavy downpour, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>but rather a greater or less frequency of +showers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the plains, however, near the mountain, the fall +of rain is torrential, and is equal in violence to what +one usually meets with in the tropics.</p> + +<p class='c008'>While snow is never absent from either of the twin +summits of Kilima-njaro, and, indeed, at all times +covers the upper part of the dome of Kibô with a +mantle of unvarying white, yet the quantity and downward +extent of the snows vary almost daily, even in +the dry season. After a rainy night in the lowlands, +the snow on the following morning may be seen on +Kibô down to a level of 14,000 feet, and even a little +lower on the western slope, while the whole of craggy +Kimawenzi is a pinnacle of scintillating whiteness, +like—to use a very hackneyed simile—a sugarloaf. +Yet if the succeeding day be warm and sunny, the +snow on Kimawenzi may shrink in twenty-four hours +to a tiny patch and a streak in between the jagged +walls of black rock, while on Kibô it will withdraw its +inroads 1000 feet above the level of the day before. +On the whole, the least snow observable is during the +months of July and August. In October there is a +great deal. I should think the most snow fell, from +what I hear by native report, during February and +March, but at this time, nevertheless, the natives +maintain that an ascent of the mountain is easiest, as +the mists are not so frequent. Neither is the cold so +great, curiously enough.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Snow is reported occasionally to fall on the summit +of Mount Meru, the pyramidal peak lying to the south-west +of Kilima-njaro, and on its western slope +to lie for some months. The western slopes of +Kibô and Kimawenzi are much more snow-covered +<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>than the eastern, and the snow extends to lower +levels.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Doubtless the perpetually melting snow is the cause +of the many streams which issue from the sides and +base of Kilima-njaro. Nevertheless, it is curious, +considering that the snow-clad peaks slope to all the +quarters of the compass, that the streams flowing from +the mountain should be principally confined to its +southern aspect. From the north of Kilima-njaro not +a stream descends, although some thirty miles from +its summits, in the plains of Ṅgiri, there is an extensive +marsh, sometimes, in the rainy season, almost becoming +a lake. To the west of the mountain, one +stream, the Eṅgare Nairobi (cold water), flows to an +unknown bourn, possibly ending in the great salt +marsh or swamp of Eṅgaruka. On the eastern versant, +start the various rivulets of Useri, Kimaṅgelia, +and others which go to form the Tzavo, a river entering +the Indian Ocean at Malindi. The River Lumi, +flowing through Taveita and into Lake ǰipé, also rises +on the eastern side of Kilima-njaro; but none of these +streams, already mentioned, start from the higher +levels of the mountain. They either issue at once, or +only well forth in full volume at its base. Thus the +Lumi is generally represented as rising some distance +up the mountain in the country of Rombo. In a +measure this is correct, for the dry bed of the stream +is there, and this occasionally in the wet season is +filled by a torrent, but at most times it does not show +a drop of water, and it is only when one has quite +descended the mountain and reached a level of 2000 +odd feet—the level of the surrounding plain—that the +Lumi suddenly issues full-grown from its dry bed. +A mile from where it first appears in a series of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>puddles, it is scarcely fordable. On the southern side +of Kilima-njaro, however, it is very different. Here two +large streams commence to flow close to the snow-line, +one rising near the base of Kibô, and the other +near the base of Kimawenzi. Myriads of other rivulets +intersect this hilly region of Čaga, which between +6000 feet and 3000 feet is well populated and under +considerable cultivation. The most perfectly-watered +and most fertile country is, strangely enough, without +inhabitants, namely, the districts lying to the south-east +of Kimawenzi, described in Chapter XIV. All +these streams flowing from the south and south-east +of Kilima-njaro form the River Ruvu (Luvu of the +Wa-taveita, and Ruvu of the Wa-zeguha), which enters +the Indian Ocean at Pangani.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The greatest extent of the elevated mass of Kilima-njaro +is about sixty miles, from north-west to south-east.</p> + +<p class='c008'>That this huge mountain-mass is nothing but the +result of past volcanic activity has been well shown +by Mr. Thomson. He conjectures that Kimawenzi +was the original outlet of the volcano, but that when, +in course of time, its peak had been raised higher and +higher by the accumulation of lava-flow and ashes, +and the subterranean forces sought another and easier +outlet, the mightier crater of Kibô was formed, which +ultimately towered above its older rival, and in its +turn grew too high for the escape of the imprisoned +matter, which found fresh vents in the many minor +craters on the mountain-side. Now, though there +are still traditions of slight earthquake shocks having +occurred within the last two or three generations +of inhabitants, there has been no further manifestation +of volcanic activity, and the great snowcrowned +<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>volcano has probably entered a peaceful old +age.</p> + +<p class='c009'>NOTE BY PROFESSOR T. G. BONNEY, <span class='sc'>Dr.Sc.</span>, LL.D., F.R.S.,</p> + +<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>President of the Geographical Society</span>,</p> + +<p class='c009'><i>On a Small Collection of Rocks brought from the Higher Regions of +Kilima-njaro by Mr. H. H. Johnston</i>.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 1.—Subangular fragment of smooth, compact, nearly black +rock; appears as if somewhat waterworn; fracture rather conchoidal. +A <i>glass-basalt</i>, or possibly one of the more <i>basic augite-anderite</i>. +14,000 feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 2.—Subangular fragment, somewhat rounded in outline; appearance +like No. 1; colour rather light; and a few small scattered +crystals of whitish <i>felspar</i> visible; more probably an <i>augite-anderite</i>. +14,000 feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 3–5.—Flattened fragments, with a rather platy, more or less +scoriaceous structure; fragments of a lava flow; probably <i>augite-anderite</i>. +14,000 feet. Central ridge of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 6.—A dull, dark-grey rock, with numerous small scattered +crystals of either <i>hornblende</i> or <i>augite</i>. I believe the former. Probably +a <i>hornblende-anderite</i>; at any rate, it is almost certainly an +<i>anderite</i> of some kind, and one of those which are near the basalts. +The specimen is a large slab. 14,700 feet. Base of Kimawenzi.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 7–14.—Fragments of rock and mineral. The rocks, which +are rather decomposed, appear to be of volcanic origin, and most contain +rather large crystals of the mineral sent with them. This is a +rather peculiar form of <i>felspar</i>, the sort probably <i>anderite</i>. 14,000 +feet. Base of Kibô.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 15, 16.—Decomposed, scoriaceous in part, with generally +compact shapes. Dark in colour. Contain rather large crystals of +the above-named <i>felspar</i>, which is probably a variety of <i>anderite</i>. +14,000 feet. Central ridge.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 17.—A crystal, fairly well-preserved, about 1½ inch long. +Apparently it is a <i>felspar</i>, but the form is certainly an exceptional +one. From its form I should suppose it to belong to the monoclinic +system, and was bounded by basal clinopinacoidal and prismatic +planes; but I do not remember to have seen a sanidine (or indeed +any other felspar) crystal of this form, and suspect it will prove to be +a <i>plagio-clastic felspar</i>. 14,000 feet. Central ridge.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 18.—Rolled pebble of dark scoria, with crystals sometimes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>nearly an inch long and ⅛ inch thick, of a glassy mineral, probably +<i>felspar</i>, perhaps <i>sanidine</i>. 13,000 feet. Stream-valley on southern +slope of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 19, 20.—Fragments less rounded, of a similar sort, perhaps +less scoriaceous. From same place as above.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 21.—A similar fragment, but rather more glassy-looking, with +a “ropey” structure, and containing smaller crystals. 13,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 22.—Rounded pebble, dark <i>scoria</i>. 13,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 23–33.—Fragments. Varieties of a dark, more or less +vitreous <i>lava</i>, which I think in chemical composition is likely to +agree rather with an <i>augite-anderite</i> than a <i>basalt</i>. 13,000 feet. +Stream-valley.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 34.—A pebble, dark <i>lava</i>, with small grey <i>felspar</i> crystals. +13,000 feet. Stream-valley.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 35–37.—A dark compact lava, containing elongated <i>felspar</i> +crystals as above. 14,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 38, 39.—Rather decomposed. A dark subvitreous <i>lava</i>, with +crystals of <i>felspar</i>, similar to those from base of Kibô. 15,000 feet. +Rocks from base of Kimawenzi.</p> + +<p class='c009'>No. 40.—Similar to preceding specimens, but rather paler in colour +softer, and more decomposed. Same locality.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Nos. 41–43.—Stones from Kimawenzi. Similar to last-named. +14,800 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The <i>flora</i> of Kilima-njaro is naturally interesting, as +may be imagined from the extraordinary range of +climate between the eternal snows of the summits and +the hot tropical plains at the base. The vegetation +on the coast is fairly rich and luxuriant, and typical +of the tropics. There are fine forest trees—acacias, +figs, baobabs, bombaxes, calophyllums, and others, +while the mango has been introduced from India, and +become wild. The pandanus grows in marshy places; +cycads are occasionally seen, and among palms the +Cocoa-nut, the Borassus, the <i>Hyphæne thebaïca</i> +(branching palm), several kinds of Raphia, Elaïs, and +wild Date. At the commencement and close of the +rainy season the ground is covered with vividly-coloured +wild flowers. Blue clitoreas, blue commelynas, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>crimson, white, yellow, purple, and pink hibiscuses, +lovely epiphytic orchids, white, spotted, and green, +and ground-orchids of the genus <i>Lissochilus</i>—crimson-mauve +and sulphur-yellow. Altogether, as I have +often declared, Tropical Africa differs apparently from +the other parts of the tropics in displaying splendid +shows of bright-coloured flowers which really surpass +anything we meet with in the temperate zone.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Inland, however, a short distance from the coast +this wealth of vegetation ceases as we cross the somewhat +dreary “Nyika,” or wilderness, a country poorly +provided with water, and uncertain in its rainfall. +But as soon as the beneficent influence of the giant +mountains makes itself felt in moisture-laden breezes +and dew-dropping mists, then Flora revives, and puts +forth all her strength. In such places like Taveita +the wealth of vegetation and the grandeur of the +forest trees is inspiring. You feel carried back from +our age of mean development to some past epoch, when +vegetable life was on a scale with the strange, huge +animal forms which marked the lusty earth’s creative +prime.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span> +<img src='images/p3310_fig63.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 63.—<i>Musa Ensete</i>, a wild Banana.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The lower slopes of Kilima-njaro are exquisitely +green, and scarcely a patch of earth remains uncovered, +but the general aspect of vegetation recalls our English +Devonshire and not the tropics. Bushy trees crown +the hill-tops, or choke the narrow valleys. The grassy +downs are covered with patches of bracken and scented +with a low-growing mint. The native lanes are bordered +with brambles and magnificent ferns, some of +which belong to common European genera. There +are besides other things more properly African which +do not mind the colder climate of the uplands, such as +dracænas, aloes, strychnias, balsams, and ground-orchids. +In some of the stream-valleys the <i>Musa</i> +<i>Ensete</i>, a wild banana, grows luxuriantly up to about +6000 feet and down to 3000 feet, or a little lower if +<span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>there is water. It is also met with in the Taveitan +forest at the base of Kilima-njaro. It seems to be in +fruit at all seasons of the year, but the bunch here +illustrated was cut in September. The colour of the +ripe fruit is a pale orange. The length about 3½ inches. +Inside there are varying rows of seeds, from two to +five or more, and in each row there may be either +two, three, four, five, six, or seven seeds. Each seed +is irregularly shaped, about ½ inch in diameter, and +very black. The pulp which surrounds and closely +adheres to the seeds is <i>orange</i> in colour, when fresh, +and somewhat pithy in texture, although very glutinous. +The inside of the seeds is a friable white pith, easily +rubbed into a white powder by the natives. When +in this state it is used for divinations and augury. +Blown from the palm of the hand into the air, its +capricious wafting by the breeze is supposed to indicate +the direction of an expected attack during war, or the +most favourable quarter in which to travel for commerce. +The thin pulp of this fruit is just eatable; +faintly sweet, but leaving a somewhat acrid taste in the +mouth like an unripe banana of the cultivated species. +Its structure is somewhat curious, for it is composed +of long veins at wide intervals, and in between are +thin delicate lines running at right angles. It is supposed +by the natives that children grow up fine and +tall if they eat the pulp of <i>Musa Ensete</i>.<a id='r35'></a><a href='#f35' class='c017'><sup>[35]</sup></a> The natives +recognize its relationship to the cultivated banana.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At a height of 7000 to 8000 feet tree-ferns may be +met with, belonging to the species <i>Lonchitis pubescens</i> +(illustrated on p. <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>). Then above that the arborescent +heaths begin to appear, and the orchilla lichen covers +nearly all the forest with a grey-green veil. Between +<span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>8000 and 9000 feet the giant Senecios are met with +(a new species, illustrated in Chapter XIII.), and continue +upwards till near the borders of the snow. +Gorgeous crimson gladioli, pale pink and mauve and +cerulean blue irises, grow to great altitudes; indeed, +some of the flowers of the grassy uplands between +10,000 and 14,000 feet, are particularly brilliant in +colour. There are vivid blue cynoglossums, the blush-pink +everlastings, the yellow euryops, the strange +straw-coloured proteas, with red bracts and red-leaf +shoots, the smalt-coloured lobelias (<i>L. Deckeni</i>), and +many others which it would be tedious to catalogue.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3330_fig64.jpg' alt='Bunch of Fruit of M. Ensete.' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 64.<br> <br> Single Fruit. Half natural size.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>Ferns cease to be found at a greater altitude than +13,000 odd feet. The giant heaths above that altitude +give place to smaller species, the vegetation generally +becomes more and more stunted, and therefore the +strange Senecios look the stranger from their towering +in solitary grandeur above the lowly herbs. But after +an altitude of 14,000 feet is passed they are also absent +from the scene; then one is left with a few artemisias +(southernwood), heaths, and everlasting flowers, until +at length they too disappear, and there remain little +red and greenish lichens, expanses of yellow sand, lead-coloured +rocks, black boulders, and snow.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Taking into consideration the fact that the region +of Kilima-njaro is volcanic, and therefore probably +geologically modern, it must be evident that the main +features of its vegetation are of no great antiquity. +It is therefore an interesting problem as to which of +the two <i>floras</i>—the South African or the Abyssinian—was +the first to reach the chilly regions round its +snow-clad peaks. It is also as yet an undecided +question as to which <i>flora</i> is the advancing one; +whether the Cape forms are slowly penetrating northward, +some of them reaching Abyssinia, some of them +arrested on the heights of Kilima-njaro, and marking +a return flow of the vegetation (and possibly of the +<i>fauna</i> also) of Southern Africa, or whether the great +invasion of Northern forms which have so largely +contributed in later epochs to the modern <i>fauna</i> and +<i>flora</i> of Tropical Africa is still going on. Whilst Cape +genera and species of plants penetrate to Abyssinia, +Abyssinian forms have reached the Zambesi highlands +and the Drakensberg Mountains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The <i>flora</i> of the higher regions of Kilima-njaro is +almost equally divided in its affinities between Abyssinia +<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>and Cape Colony. There are besides, in the collections +I have brought back, two new genera offering no near +allies; types of other genera only known hitherto in +Arabia or India; and some new species of East +African genera that have apparently modified themselves +for life at high altitudes. It is interesting to +note that while some of the species whose generic +home is in the hot tropical plains have strayed up the +great mountain and got used to the cold, so others, +which come from temperate regions, have ventured +down the mountain and got used to the heat. A +curious instance of this is <i>Artemisia afra</i>, which I +have found at 14,000 feet near the snow, and at 3000 +feet, in close proximity to the hot plains. If plants +of temperate or cold climates could occasionally stray +so far as this from the regions and the temperature +they most affect, it would materially aid in their distribution, +for the seeds of the <i>Artemisia</i> (this plant +will be familiar to my non-scientific readers as +“southernwood,” or “old man”) might easily be +borne from the jungle at the base of Kilima-njaro to +the precincts of Mount Meru, some thirty miles distant, +and find on the chilly slopes of that mountain +another congenial home and starting-place for a further +colonization of unknown peaks beyond. Thus, taking +into consideration the fact that more or less high +ground connects the mountains of the Kilima-njaro +district with the Cape Colony in the south and the +Cameroons in the west, it is possible to account for +the presence of many hardy genera belonging to temperate +zones on the heights of Tropical Africa without +always invoking special climatic changes and revolutions +in the past.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the ordinary mind even of an unreflecting traveller +<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>there is something very wonderful and imposing +in the aspect presented by such a region as Kilima-njaro. +The summits clothed with virgin snow, the +upper regions bearing the humble plants of temperate +climes, the heaths, the hounds’-tongues (to call them +by their familiar names), the forget-me-nots, the +buttercups, clematises, anemones, violets, and geraniums; +the bracken, polypodies, and male fern that +are always associated with the <i>flora</i> of our chilly +lands; and then, descending through rich forests of +tree-ferns, dracænas, and moss-hung mimosas to the +vegetable wealth of the equatorial zone, to the wild +bananas, the palms, the orchids, the india-rubber +creepers, the aloes, and the baobabs that are among +the better-known of the myriad forms of vegetation +clothing the lower spurs and ramparts of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Zone above zone....</div> + <div class='line'>The climates of Earth are displayed as an index,</div> + <div class='line'>Giving the scope of the Book of Creation,</div> + <div class='line'>There in the gorges that widen, descending,</div> + <div class='line'>From cloud and from cloud into summer eternal,</div> + <div class='line'>Gather the threads of the ice-gendered fountains,</div> + <div class='line'>Gather to riotous torrents of crystal,</div> + <div class='line'>And, giving each shelvy recess where they dally</div> + <div class='line'>The blooms of the north and its evergreen turfage,</div> + <div class='line'>Leap to the land of the lion and lotus!...</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span> + <h2 class='c006'>APPENDIX.<br> <span class='large'>ENUMERATION OF THE PLANTS COLLECTED BY MR. H. H. JOHNSTON ON THE KILIMA-NJARO EXPEDITION, 1884.</span></h2> +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div>(By <span class='sc'>Professor Oliver</span>, F.R.S., and <i>Mr. J. G. Baker</i>, of the Royal Gardens, Kew.)</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c019'>With three exceptions the new species here described belong to genera +already known from Tropical Africa. These exceptions are <i>Hormolotus +Johnstoni</i>, Oliv. (Leguminosæ), and <i>Astephania africana</i>, Oliv. +(Compositæ), both monotypic genera here first described, and +<i>Anisotes parvifolius</i>, Oliv. (Acanthaceæ), belonging to a genus known +previously only from Arabia and Socotra.</p> + +<p class='c009'>The genus <i>Valeriana</i> is here recorded for the first time from +Tropical Africa, I believe; but the single specimen brought home I +have not ventured to describe. A species of the genus occurs at the +Cape. A single specimen also of an <i>Anthoxanthum</i> was gathered at +13,200 ft. on Kilima-njaro—possibly a robust form of A. odoratum—a +second genus here first noted from E. Tropical Africa.</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Clematis Thunbergii, Steud. var. hirta (foliis C. Wightianæ)</td> + <td class='c015'>3–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Thalictrum rhynchocarpum, D. & R.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ranunculus oreophytus, Del.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000:11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pinnatus, Poiv.</td> + <td class='c015'>8500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anemone Thomsoni, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>9–13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Uvaria leptoclada, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Stephania abyssinica, Rich. var. tomentella</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Arabis alpina, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000:10–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cardamine africana, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>8–9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Farsetia stenoptera, Hochst. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cleome monophylla, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Courbonia decumbens, Brongn. var. parvifolia</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Caylusea abyssinica, F. & M.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Viola abyssinica, Steud. forma-foliis cordato-rotundatis.</td> + <td class='c015'>8–10,500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pittosporum abyssinicum, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Polygala tenensis, Kl.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Silene Biafræ, Hk. f. v. S. Burchelli (imperfect single specimen)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cerastium vulgatum, L. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>Cerastium africanum Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000:9–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Drymaria cordata, W.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hypericum lanceolatum, Lam.</td> + <td class='c015'>6–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      kiboense, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Schimperi, Hochst. (approaching H. Quartiniananum, Rich., which may be only a form of it)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sida grewioides, G. & P.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Schimperiana, Hochst. (Dictyocarpus truncatus, Wight)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Abutilon asiaticum, L.? v. A. indicum, Don</td> + <td class='c015'>4300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pavonia Schimperiana, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft. and upwards.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Kosteletzkya adoensis, Hochst. var. hirsuta</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hibiscus vitifolius, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Ludwigii, E. & Z. (of M. T. M. in Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 203)</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      gossypinus, Thbg.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      schizopetalus, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles from coast.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      platycalyx, M. T. M.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Waltheria americana, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Mahernia exappendiculata, M. T. M. var. tomentosa? an sp. distincta affinis?</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      exappendiculata, M. T. M. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Grewia salviæfolia, Heyne forma</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      forma foliis obtusioribus</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Triumfetta an. T. pilosa? (Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 257)</td> + <td class='c015'>6700 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sparmannia abyssinica, Hochst. var. hirsuta</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Triaspis auriculata, Radl.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu; and 40–60 miles from coast.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Monsonia biflora, DC. (M. angustifolia, Roxb.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Geranium aculeolatum, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      forma parvifolia</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      simense, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      ? forma</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (inadequate)</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      ocellatum, Camb. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Oxalis corniculata, L. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Impatiens Walleriana, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      kilima-njari, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>8500:7000 and “up to 10,200 ft.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>8500 (and ? No. 25, 8000 ft.), also</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>7–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Toddalia sp.? aff. T. aculeatæ, Pers.? (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Lanjora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>Toddalia dub. (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles from coast.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Harrisonia abyssinica, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Odina (in fruit) an O. leptoclada, Oliv.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Turræa floribunda, Hochst. var. macrantha.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      nilotica, Kotschy & Peyr. var. robusta</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rhamnus prinoides, L’Her.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. var. obtusifolia</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pubescens, Oliv. sp. nov.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Vitis rotundifolia, F.? (imperfect)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      arguta, Hook. f. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cyphopetala, Fres. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>plains, 2–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      erythrodes, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Deinbollia insignis, Hook, f.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Schmidelia rubifolia, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cupania (too young)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rhus villosa, L. f. forma parvifolia</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      glutinosa, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      glaucescens, Rich. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles from coast & 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Agelæa Lamarckii, Pl.? (in fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'>plains up to 6–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Adenocarpus Mannii, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>6–9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Parochetus communis, Hance</td> + <td class='c015'>9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Trifolium subrotundum, S. & H.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. nov.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      polystachyum, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Indigofera an I. macrophylla, S. & T. var.? an sp. n. (no legumes)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      arrecta, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pentaphylla, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Tephrosia Vogelii, Hook. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hormolotus Johnstoni, Oliv. gen. nov.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Æschynomene cristata, Vatke?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ormocarpum Kirkii, S. Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Desmodium Scalpe, DC.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 and 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      oxybracteatum, DC. (D. paleaccum G. & P.)</td> + <td class='c015'>5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Alysicarpus rugosus, DC.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lathyrus an. L. sativus, L.? (no fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Clitoria Ternatea, L. (forma minora)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Glycine javanica, L. forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dolichos Lablab, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Calpurnia aurea, Steud. var. major</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cæsalpinia sp. n.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pterolobium lacerans, R. Br. (P. abyssinicum, Rich.)</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cassia didymobotrya, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>Cassia goratensis, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      zambesiaca, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      mimosoides, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Bauhinia tomentosa, L. var. parvifolia-hirtella</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      var. glabra</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      reticulata, DC. (imperfect)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Acacia pennata, W.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rubus dictyophyllus, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      4–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Brayera anthelmintica, Kth. var. villosa</td> + <td class='c015'>7–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Alchemilla argyrophylla, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 8–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Terminalia Brownii, Fres.? (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Combretum paniculatum, V. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. (foliis hirtellis) (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. (foliis lepidotis) (no frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dissotis eximia, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. aff. D. grandifloræ, Benth.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Epilobium hirsutum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Wormskioldia (Streptopetalum Hildebrandtii, Vatke)</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      serrata</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Tryphostemma Hanningtoniana, Mast.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Momordica cardiospermoides, Kl.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cucullata, Hk. f. an var. Morkorra?</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cephalandra quinqueloba, Sch. forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Zehneria scabra, Sond. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „      forma</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Begonia sp. (fragment).</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Mollugo nudicaulis, Lam.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sanicula europæa, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Trachydium abyssinicum, Bth. & Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Peucedanum? aff. P. Petitiano, Rich.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. (no fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Caucalis infesta, Curb.? (no fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5300:6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      melanantha, Bth. & Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Umbellifer—fragment worthless</td> + <td class='c015'>5300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      dub. (too young for determination)</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      Anthriscus?</td> + <td class='c015'>8500:13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dirichletia nr. glaucescens, Hn. (in fruit only)</td> + <td class='c015'>2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pentanisia ouranogyne, S. Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pentas mombassana, Hn. (var. hirtella)</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      carnea, Bth.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „      forma</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      purpurea, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>Pentas purpurea, Oliv. var.? longiflora</td> + <td class='c015'>4,400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      longiflora, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Oldenlandia an O. Bojeri, Hn. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>. Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Schimperi, T. A. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita, & 40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      obtusiloba, Hn.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Heynei, W. & A.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hedyotis Johnstoni, Oliv</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Empogona Kirkii, Hk. f. var.? glabrata</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pavetta Oliveriana, Hiern.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (fruit) nr. P. gracilis, Kl. & Caffra, Thbg.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Vangueria edulis, Vahl var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      euonymoides, Schw.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Oxyanthus Gerrardi, Sond. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Polysphæria multiflora, Hiern.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Psychotria aff. P. (Grumilea) capensi, Sond.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      hirtella, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Spermacoce Ruelliæ, DC.?</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Galium Aparine, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dipsacus pinnatifidus, Steud.</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Scabiosa Columbaria, L. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>10–12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Valeriana sp. nov. (Genus new to Trop. Africa.) Only a single flowering specimen</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Vernonia Wakefieldii, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      stenolepis, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      marginata, O. & H.</td> + <td class='c015'>“up to 8000 ft.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. V. paucifloræ, Less.? an var.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Adenostemma viscosum, Forst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Mikania scandens, W.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia, DC.</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Felicia abyssinica, Sch. Bip.</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita; Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Conyza stricta, W.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      ægyptiaca, Ait.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Hochstetteri, Sch. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pluchea Dioscoridis, DC. var. glabra</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Psiadia sp. n.?</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Achyrocline Hochstetteri, Sch.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gnaphalium luteo album, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Helichrysum Newii, O. & H.</td> + <td class='c015'>13,200:14,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      elegantissimum, DC. var.? (H. formosissimum Sch. Bip. var. angustifolia).</td> + <td class='c015'>9–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      formosissimum Sch. Bip. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>8–10–13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      var. capitula alba</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>Helichrysum kilima-njari, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 8300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      globosum, Sch. Bip. forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      fruticosum, Vatke. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000:13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      abyssinicum, Sch. Bip. forma.</td> + <td class='c015'>11–13–13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      Sch. Bip.</td> + <td class='c015'>9–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      setosum, Harv. (H. fœtidum, Cass. var.?)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Kirkii</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Astephania africana, Oliv. Gen. nov.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Melananthera Brownii, Sch. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aspilia? or Wedelia nr. W. Menotriche & mossambicensis (sp. n.?)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Artemisia Afra, Jacq. forma.</td> + <td class='c015'>9900–13,200 ft.; also at 3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Coreopsis sp. n.? (inadequate)</td> + <td class='c015'>4300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Bidens pilosa, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>4000:6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Tripteris Vaillantii, Dcne.?</td> + <td class='c015'>4000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. too young</td> + <td class='c015'>8500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>(Thrown away. Fragmentary composite)</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gynura cernua, Bth.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      vitellina, Bth.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cineraria abyssinica, Sch. Bip. forma.</td> + <td class='c015'>7–10,000:barren 13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Senecio discifolius, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      deltoideus, Less.? var.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Valeriana, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 8–500–14,5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Notonia abyssinica, A. R.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Euryops dacrydioides, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 10–14,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gazania diffusa, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Erythrocephalum minus, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Carduus leptacanthus, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      allied to C. chamæcephalus, O. & H.</td> + <td class='c015'>13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gerbera piloselloides, Cass.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sonchus sp.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lobelia Deckenii, Hemsl. (Tupa Deckenii, Asch.)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lightfootia abyssinica, Hochst. forma.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Wahlenbergia sp. n.? Without fruit: allied to W. capilacea A. DC. of the Cape</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Erica arborea, L. forma.</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Blæria spicata, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>8–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ericinella Mannii, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>7–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Plumbago zeylanica, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lysimachia an L. Richmerianæ, Vatke var.</td> + <td class='c015'>5300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Euclea fruticosa, Hiern.? ♂︎</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Landolphia florida? (Inflorescence only.) Country at base of</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>Landolphia Petersiana, Dyer.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Adenium speciosum, Fenzl. forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gomphocarpus bisacculatus, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      stenophylla, Oliv</td> + <td class='c015'>Lanjora, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. G. lanato and G. stenophyllo</td> + <td class='c015'>2300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Schizoglossum (Lagarinthus) sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020' rowspan='2'>Asclepias macrantha, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + + <td class='c015'>Taita, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Margaretta rosea, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cynanchum abyssinicum, Dene. var.? tomentosum</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ceropegia sp. n. aff. C. Meyeri</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gymnema parvifolium, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Swertia Schimperi, Griseb.</td> + <td class='c015'>8–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pumila, Hochst.?</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ehretia amœna, Kl.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Heliotropium sp. nov.? aff. H. longifloro and Steudneri</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cynoglossum micranthum, Desf. (C. lanceolatum, F.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cynoglossum amplifolium, Hochst. (C. lancifolium, H. f.?)</td> + <td class='c015'>9900–1100 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Myosotis stricta, Link (the plant of Abyssinia and the Cameroons): var. nucibus nigres centibus</td> + <td class='c015'>13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Scrap of Boraginacea (Heliotropium?)</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ipomœa bullata, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pinnata, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. ? (too imperfect)</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cuscuta (§ Grammica) kilima-njari, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Solonum nigrum, L. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. apparently identical with a Natal sp.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Renschii, Vatke</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Buttonia natalensis McKen</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Veronica Anagallis, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      myrsinoides, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rhamphicarpa (sp. n.?)</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.? (no fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Bartsia decura, Hochst, var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Orobanche sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Streptocarpus sp. aff. S. caulescenti, Vatke</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      montanus, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 7–9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hebenstreitia dentata, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>9–12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Selago Thomsoni, Rolfe</td> + <td class='c015'>11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Rolfe</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>Sesamum indicum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Thunbergia affinis, var. pulvinata, S. M.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      fuscata, T. And.?</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.?</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Blepharis bœrhaavifolia, Juss.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      an var. B. Hildebrandtii, S. M.? .</td> + <td class='c015'>„</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Phaylopsis longifolia, Sims.? (Antheilemaimbricatum, R. Br.)</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Mimulopsis sp. v. Strobilanthes</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Barleria sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>5300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      nr. Brepens, Nees</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Strobilanthes? sp. n.?</td> + <td class='c015'>6–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Crossandra nilotica, Oliv. var. acuminata, Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>Lanjora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Asystasia Schimperi, T. And. var. minor</td> + <td class='c015'>4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Justicia (Adhatoda) Schimperiana, T. And.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Rostellaria) palustris, T. And.?</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      plicata, Nees var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      matamensis, Schf.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      foliis angustioribus</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. J. neglectæ, T. And.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      debilis, V.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c021' colspan='2'>„      sp. near J. insulario and neglecta, with species gathered from 4400 to 6500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. (inadequate)</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Isoglossa laxa, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Brachystephanus sp.?</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anisotes parvifolius, Oliv.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rhinacanthus communis, Nees</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hypoestes aristata, Sol.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      forma</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      antennifera, Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lantana viburnoides, V.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Petitiana, Rich.? an L. salvifolia forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      salvifolia, Jacq. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      aff</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Vitex chrysoclada, Boj.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. V. mombassæ, Vatke, and lanigeræ, Schr.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Clerodendron Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Cyclonema), sp. n.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      myricoides, Hochst. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>“Very common, reaches 7000 ft.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>Ocimum canum, Sims var.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      graveolens, A. Br.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Orthosiphon? aff. O. glabrato, Benth.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Plectranthus parvus, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. P. glanduloso, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Coleus umbrosus, Vatke</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Platystoma africanum, Beauv.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Moschosma, M. multiflori v. M. riparii var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Æolanthus zanzibaricus, S. Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hyptis pectinata, Poit.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Salvia nilotica, V. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Meromeria punctata, Bth.</td> + <td class='c015'>4000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      an M. punctatæ forma</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      abyssinica, Bth. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>4–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Tinnæa æthiopica, K. & P. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. may be distinct</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anjuga remota, Benth.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Leonotis—L. rugosæ, Benth. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Leucas glabrata, Benth.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu and      „      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Neuflizeana, Courb.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      glabratæ var.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. nov.</td> + <td class='c015'>Taita; Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Labiata (§ Ocymoideæ) sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      ?imperfect</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Plantago palmata, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Digera arvensis, F.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland, and Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Psilotrichum africanum, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Phytolacca abyssinica, Hoff.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Chenopodum murale, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Oxygonum (Ceratogonum atriplicifolium, Meiss.)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Polygonum barbatum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      ?L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      senegalense, Meiss.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      serrulatum, Log.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Rumex Steudelio, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „      ?(in fl.)</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      alismifolius, Fres.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Protea abyssinica, W.</td> + <td class='c015'>9–13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Arthrosolen latifolius, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Loranthus curviflorus, Benth.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Loranthus sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>4500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Thesium an T. radicans, Hochst.?</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      ?(barren).</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>Euphorbia (§ Tithymalus) sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Bridelia melanthesoides, Kl. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Phyllanthus maderaspatensis, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Nirari, L. forma?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Antidesma, A. venosum, Tul. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gelonum zanzibarense, M. Arg.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Jatropha sp. n.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Croton pulchellus, Baill.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      macrostachys, Hochst</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Acalypha ornata, Rich var. (A. Livingstoniana M. Arg.?)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cf. A. adenotricha, Rich.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      paniculata, Miq.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      an aff. A. fruticosæ, F.?</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Tragia an T. mitis var.? (frct.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sponia bracteolata, Hochst.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Lanjora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Morus indica, W.?</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pilea Johnstoni, Oliv. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Myrica an M. salicifoliæ, var.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Polystachya kilima-njari, Reichb. fil.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Vanilla sp.? (fragment)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Angræcum eburneum, Th.?</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Eulophia sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lissochilus sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Disperis Johnstoni, Reichb. fil. sp. n..</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Kersteni, Reichb. fil.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      7500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Habenaria aff. macranthæ, Hochst</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      stylites, Reichb. fil. & S. Moore</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pleistadenia, Reichb. fil.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      8–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      ranicolorata, Reichb. fil. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Satyrium chlorocorys, Reichb. fil. sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Disa Deckenii, Reichb. fil</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Orchidacea dub. (foliis radicalibus 1 spec.)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Acidanthera laxiflora, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 2000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gladiolus (Eugladiolus) pauciflorus, Baker sp.n.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      sulphureus, Baker sp.n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Watsonioides, Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>8500–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      var. minor</td> + <td class='c015'>up to 13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Quartinianus, A. Rich.</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aristea alata, Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dierama pendula, Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>8300–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>Hæmanthus abyssinicus, Herb. (= H. tenuiflorus, Herb.)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dioscorea aff. D. crinitæ, Hk. f.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Asparagus falcatus, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp. n.? an aff. A. plumoso.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. A. plumoso, Baker (no. fls.)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Gloriosa virescens, Lindl.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Scilla (Ledebouria) Johnstoni, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Walleria natans, Kirk</td> + <td class='c015'>Taveita.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Bulbine asphodelioides, R. & S.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ornithogalum (Osmyne) Melleri, J. G. Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Kniphofia Thomsoni, Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>8000:11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aloe, perhaps A. commutata, Tod. (material inadequate)</td> + <td class='c015'>3–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Eualoe) Johnstoni, Baker</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dracœna sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6–9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anthericum (Phalangium) venulosum, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      2–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „      rubellum, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dasystachys Grantii, Benth.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      ? (inadequate)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Commelyna, near C. latifolia, H.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aneilema sinicum, Lindl.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      æquinoctiale, Kth.</td> + <td class='c015'>Maungu, 5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cf. lanceolatum.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 2–3000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      pedunculosum, C. B. Clarke?</td> + <td class='c015'>up to 9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Phœnix sp. spadices only. “Mkindo” palm.</td> + <td class='c015'>nearly to 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Luzula Forsteri, DC. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>8–9000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cyperus dichrostachys, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      rotundus, L. forma (C. adoensis?)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      4–5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      paniceus, Bkler.?.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      leptocladus, Kth.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Kyllinga cylindrica, N.?</td> + <td class='c015'>„      6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Fimbristylis an F. hispidula (glabrata)?</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Abildgaardia bilosa, Nees)</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Oneostylis) (Scirpus(Oneostylis) atrosanguineus, Bœckl).</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Carex an C. Wahlenbergiana, Boott? with specn.</td> + <td class='c015'>from 6–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      triquetrifolia, Bœckl.</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Johnstoni, Bœckl.</td> + <td class='c015'>6–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Isachne mauritiani, Kth.?</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Panicum excurrens Trin. (P. plicatum var.?)</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Tricholæna) an P. longisetæ, Hochst. var.</td> + <td class='c015'>4400 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      (Tricholæna ??) fragment</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Oplismenus compositus, Beauv.? fragment</td> + <td class='c015'>5300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Andropogon (Cymbopogon) cymbarius, L. forma</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>Andropogon (Cymbopogon) hirtum, L. var.</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anthistiria an A. abyssinica, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>8300:10–11,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Elionurus argenteus, Nees.</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aristida adoensis, Hochst.</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Sporobolus indicus, Br. (S. elongatus, Br.)</td> + <td class='c015'>„      5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>13,200 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Kœhleria cristata, Pers. var. (Airochloa convoluta, Hochst.)</td> + <td class='c015'>7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Eragrostis Schimperi, Benth. (Harpachne, Hochst.)</td> + <td class='c015'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Festuca macrophylla, Hochst. var.?</td> + <td class='c015'>12–13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aff. F. Schimperianæ Rich.</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Hymenophyllum polyanthos, Sm.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.</td> + <td class='c015'>13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Adiantum candatum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>4300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      æthiopicum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Capillus-veneris, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>5–6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Cheilanthes multifida, Sw.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pellæa geraniæfolia, Fée.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      hastata, Fée.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lonchitis pubescens, Willd.</td> + <td class='c015'>6–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Pteris flabellata, Thunb.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      aquilina, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>up to 10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      quadriaurita, Retz.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–7000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Asplenium monanthemum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      furcatum, Thunb.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      lunulatum, Sw.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cicutarium, Sw.</td> + <td class='c015'>7800 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Sandersoni, Hook.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      loxoscaphoides, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sertularioides, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>9–13,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Thunbergii, Kunze.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Aspidium aculeatum, Sw.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      „     </td> + <td class='c015'>13,700 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Nephrodium molle, Desv.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      cicutarium, var. gemmiferum, Fée.</td> + <td class='c015'>4–8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Polypodium Phymatodes, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Acrostichum hybridum, Brg.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      Aubertii, Desv.</td> + <td class='c015'>8000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Mohria vestita, Baker sp. n.</td> + <td class='c015'>6000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Lycopodium clavatum, L.</td> + <td class='c015'>7500–8500 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Selaginella rupestris, Spring.</td> + <td class='c015'>40–60 miles inland.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      molliceps, Spring.</td> + <td class='c015'>5000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'><span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>Marchantia (no fruit)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Grimmia</td> + <td class='c015'>12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Dicranum</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Thuidium</td> + <td class='c015'>10,000 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Physcia flavicans (Sw.)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      speciosa (Wulf.)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Parmelia perlata (L.)</td> + <td class='c015'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>„      sp.</td> + <td class='c015'>14,300 ft.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Usnea sp. (The “orchilla-weed” of commerce)</td> + <td class='c015'>Most abundant, from 5000 to 12,000 ft.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3490_fig65.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 65.—Branching Borassus Palm.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XVIII.<br> <span class='c016'>ZOOLOGY.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>I will precede the enumeration of my zoological +collections by a short sketch of the main features of +the Kilima-njaro <i>fauna</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To begin with our near kinsfolk, the monkeys. I +found these creatures much more abundantly present +in East Central Africa than during my journeys on +the West Coast. Although Western Africa is probably +better provided with species of quadrumana than +any other division of the continent, the monkeys are +much scarcer in numbers and harder to see, possibly +owing to the greater density of the forests.</p> + +<p class='c008'>During eight months on the Congo I only saw +monkeys twice in a wild state, and that in one place +only; and throughout my entire stay of sixteen +months in West Africa I can only remember six +occasions on which I actually beheld these animals in +a state of nature. On the other hand, I had scarcely +left the East Coast, to journey towards Kilima-njaro, +when monkeys showed themselves abundantly in the +wilds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first to attract my attention were the baboons, +probably the species known as <i>Cynocephalus hamadryas</i>, +<i>C. Sphinx</i>, and <i>C. babouin</i>. They were generally +found on the outskirts of native plantations, +where they almost subsisted on the maize and other +<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>food-stuffs stolen from the gardens of their more +highly-developed fellow-primates. In the inhabited +region of Kilima-njaro, generally known as the country +of Čaga, baboons were strangely abundant. They +were generally in flocks of fourteen to twenty, of all +ages, and both sexes. They were so little molested +by the natives that they showed small fear of man, +and, instead of running away, would often stop to +look at me about twenty yards off, and the old males +would show their teeth and grunt. I have frequently +seen the natives driving them from the plantations, as +they might a troop of naughty boys, and the baboons +retreating with swollen cheek-pouches, often dragging +after them a portion of the spoil. On one occasion, in +a river-bed at the foot of Kilima-njaro, my Indian +servant, ordinarily a very plucky boy, met a troop of +baboons, who, instead of fleeing up into the trees, +came running towards him in a very menacing manner, +and he was so frightened at their aspect that he took +to his heels. The baboons followed, and, but that the +boy forded the shallow stream, and put the water +between him and his pursuers, he might have had an +awkward contest. I killed a baboon once in Čaga, +one of a troop who were rifling a maize plantation, +and its companions, instead of running away, surrounded +the corpse and snarled at me. As I had fired +off both barrels of my gun, and had no more ammunition, +I went back to my settlement to fetch some of +my followers, and upon the approach of several men +the baboons ran off. We picked up the dead one and +carried it back. It was a female, and apparently +young and tender. Out of curiosity I had its flesh +cooked the next day and ate it,<a id='r36'></a><a href='#f36' class='c017'><sup>[36]</sup></a> hoping in this lawful +<span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>way to form some idea of the practice of cannibalism; +I can only say that the succulence and quality of this +creature’s flesh were quite unexceptionable. I have +noticed this with most of the species of Old-World +monkey I have as yet tasted. During my four months’ +stay in Mandara’s country I ate the common <i>Cercopithēcus +pygerythrus</i> constantly, and found it made a very +toothsome stew. The most remarkable monkey in all +this region is probably the Colobus, which apparently +offers a new variety or sub-species in the country +round Kilima-njaro, remarkable for having an entirely +white heavily-plumed tail. The common species, with +a black tail tipped with white, I have shot in the +forested plains near the coast. The Colobus monkey +is almost the only one that quite avoids the neighbourhood +of man; the other genera frequent the vicinity +of native plantations, and doubtless profit by the +abundance of cultivated food. I never observed any +Galago (a lemuroid animal) in this district, nor do the +natives speak of one, although it is a genus well represented +in other parts of Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Bats are by no means common or often seen. I saw +some fruit-bats once in the forest hanging to a sycamore +fig-tree. No member of the group of Insectivora +came under my notice. The Carnivora in this country +of big game are, of course, well represented. The lion +is very abundant and very bold; but the leopard is +more feared by the natives than his larger ally. +While stopping in Mandara’s country, two of that +chief’s subjects were killed by leopards, one of them +<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>close to the frequented village-green. The leopard +ascends the mountain up to about 8000 feet, scarcely +higher. I shot one of these creatures in the valley of +a stream in broad daylight. I think it had been +sleeping by the water, and was suddenly awakened by +my near approach, and too dazed to fly immediately. +The most common dog is the side-striped jackal. +There is a wild dog found on Kilima-njaro which +barks loudly. It is quite nocturnal, and I have never +been able to shoot it; but from its appearance in +bright moonlight it looks somewhat like the Abyssinian +dog (<i>Canis Simensis</i>). The natives know it by a +different name from that applied to the jackal—viz. +<i>Nzudu</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Hyenas are very common, and both species, striped +and spotted, are present; but the striped hyena more +affects the hills, while the spotted kind inhabits the +plains. The spotted hyena is a much more predatory +animal here than one generally imagines. Not only +does it steal sheep and calves from the herds, but it +even carries off children, and will often attack wounded +or weakly men. I once sent a sick man back to the +coast a short distance by himself, and he was severely +bitten at night by the hyenas. He succeeded, however, +in beating them off, and recovered from his +wounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Civets and genets are very abundant; so also are +one or two specimens of ichneumon. I noticed no +kind of weasel, ratel, or badger.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The <i>Orycteropus Æthiopicus</i>, or Ant-bear, is common +on the plains, to judge by his many huge burrows; +but I have never seen him, and only identify him from +natives’ descriptions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the <i>Rodentia</i> there were few that came under +<span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>my notice. A species of <i>Graphiurus</i><a id='r37'></a><a href='#f37' class='c017'><sup>[37]</sup></a> (probably <i>G. +capensis</i>) is found in the forests of Kilima-njaro. The +porcupine is fairly common, and a small black rat +infests the natives’ houses.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A hyrax is found on Kilima-njaro (<i>H. Brucei</i>) between +7000 and 11,000 feet. It lives entirely in the +trees, which it climbs with the facility of a squirrel. +It is much sought after by the Wa-čaga for its warm, +furry skin, which is made into cloaks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The elephant inhabits Kilima-njaro up to a great +height. I have seen two females and a young one at +an altitude of 13,000 feet, crossing a stream-valley, +and mounting the opposite bank with the agility of +goats. As I have also met with this creature in the +Chella Mountains of Angola, where he climbs to 8000 +feet, in fact, as high as he can go, I am convinced he +can easily adapt himself to a mountain life.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Round the base of Kilima-njaro the rhinoceros is +very abundant; and in Lake ǰipé hippopotami are +found. The zebra (<i>Equus Chapmani</i>) is present in +incredible quantities in the plains round Kilima-njaro. +In fact, the vast herds of varied game which pasture +on the level country between the snow mountains +and the coast remind one of the tales of Gordon +Cumming.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the more noticeable <i>Ruminantia</i> are the +buffalo (<i>Bubalus Caffer</i>), the giraffe (very abundant), +the eland, the kudu, the bush-buck (<i>Tragelaphus +sylvaticus</i>), the sable antelope (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>), the +pallah, one or two gazelles, gnus, hartebeests, bless-boks, +and many small species of <i>Neotragus</i> and <i>Cephalophus</i>. +The kudu penetrates up the mountain to a +height of 14,000 feet, in company with the buffalo, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>attracted possibly by the sweet perennial pasture. A +<i>Neotragus</i> and a <i>Cephalophus</i> are also found at high +altitudes. I give here a drawing of a head of the +little Neotragus antelope (possibly <i>N. Kirki</i>) found on +Kilima-njaro. As you may see, it has the nose nearly +developed into a trunk, a tendency which is very +common, after all, among mammals, and which reaches +its utmost development with the elephant.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3550_fig66.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 66.—<i>Neotragus Kirki.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In the plains round Kilima-njaro the red hartebeest +(<i>Alcephalus Cokei</i>) is found in myriads. This +creature by the colour of its coat and its strange +shape assimilates marvellously with the huge red ant-hills +(habitations of the white termites) which abound +in the districts favoured by the hartebeests. When +you are out stalking it is really most difficult and +puzzling sometimes to know which is hartebeest and +ant-hill; for the long grass hiding the antelope’s legs +leaves merely a red humped mass which, until it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>moves, may well be a mound of red earth. The unconscious +mimicry is rendered the more ludicrously +exact sometimes by the sharply-pointed flag-like +leaves of a kind of lily which frequently crown the +summit of the ant-hill or grow at its base, thus +suggesting the horns of an antelope, either with the +head erect, or browsing low down. <i>Vide</i> Chapter +IV.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the passerine birds of Kilima-njaro I have +brought back six that are new to science. Three of +these are sun-birds, one is a flycatcher, and the remaining +two are chats. The sun-birds are found very high +up the mountain, in that resembling the hummingbirds +which frequent the Andes near to the snow-line. +They hover round the long tubular flowers of certain +labiate plants, and on being captured it will be noticed +that the feathers of the brow are thickly covered with +pollen, so that in these regions sun-birds share with +insects the means of fertilizing flowers.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p3560_fig67.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 67.—Head of Great-billed Raven (<i>Corvultur albicollis</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The bird mentioned in Chapter XIII. as being found +at a height of 14,000 feet, the highest dweller, except +the occasional passing ravens or kites, is <i>Pinarochroa +hypospodia</i>, a kind of stonechat.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Other passerine birds of a note are a lovely oriole +(<i>Oriolus notatus</i>), which frequents the forests of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>lower slopes, and the great white-necked raven, alluded +to and illustrated in Chapter XIII.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p3570_fig68.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 68.—The dying Hornbill.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The great crested hornbill (<i>Buceros cristatus</i>) is +generally distributed over the mountain up to 6000 +feet, especially near habitations. They show no fear +of man, being generally protected by the natives, who +look upon them with superstitious awe, arising possibly +from their being useful scavengers, as well as +from their peculiar loud cry, which resembles at times +that of the wailing of a woman in distress, at others +that of the braying of an ass. In August and September +they are generally breeding, and occasionally +the head of the female may be seen peering out from +a hole in a tree, some thirty or forty feet high, where +she has been plastered in by her affectionate husband. +By the chips lying about it would appear that these +holes are excavated by the birds to the required size. +They are monogamous, and show great affection for +each other, which is fortunate, as the female during +<span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>incubation has entirely to rely on her mate for daily +sustenance. I shot a fine male hornbill once, at +Taveita, and he fell to the ground mortally wounded. +His dying struggles were quite touching to behold, +and I felt almost criminal in having caused his death. +His breath came and went in great gasps, and his +snowy stomach was streaked with red blood. His +large eye with long lashes gazed at me with calm +wonder and vague reproach, as if to say, “What ill +have I done that you should kill me?” He disdained +to snap at the stick with which I gently poked +his opened beak, and still kept his eye fixed on me, +regarding my impertinent investigations of his person +as unnecessary insults. So he lay during some +minutes, with long shuddering breathings raising and +lowering the feathers of his breast and back. Then +another hornbill, evidently his mate, came and perched +on the bough of a neighbouring tree and uttered a +low cry. The dying bird started up to life again, +raised his head high, flapped his widespread, glossy +wings, dragged himself painfully along the ground, +and gave vent to one sonorous bellow; then his great +head dropped on one side, and his wide-open eye +glazed with an expression of eager hope hardened in it +even in death.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A beautiful turaco inhabits the forests in Kilima-njaro. +It is bluish-green-purple, with a white-lined +crest and scarlet skin round the eyes. Its wings, like +most other turacos, have intense crimson pinions, and +therefore it is a gorgeous object as it flaps its loose +flight through the forest aisles.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Several species of pigeon are found on the mountain, +notably one very fine bird, <i>Palumbus arquatrix</i>, +which inhabits the upper regions.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>Francolin and guinea-fowl are most abundant, but +the latter bird I have never met with at any great +altitude above the plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Numbers of water-birds frequent the shallow lakes +and swamps in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro. Lake +J̌ipé is a great resort of pelicans, geese, egrets, and +saddle-billed storks. I have only noticed one water-bird +on the mountain at any altitude, and this was a +species of duck, I think <i>Anas xanthorhyncus</i>, which +was found inhabiting ice-cold streams at an elevation +of 11,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The abundance of vultures has already been remarked, +and is in marked contrast to what may be +observed in West Africa, where these vultures are +absent, and their place is filled by another Accipitrine +scavenger (<i>Gypohierax</i>), who apparently finds so little +offal to sustain him, that he has in many places to +turn his attention to fishing.<a id='r38'></a><a href='#f38' class='c017'><sup>[38]</sup></a></p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span> +<img src='images/p3600_fig69.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 69.—(<i>a</i>) The right <i>Manus</i> or Wing of young Ostrich. (<i>b</i>) Scale Feathers of young Ostrich.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The ostrich which is so numerous in the vicinity of +Kilima-njaro, is a recently determined species—<i>Struthius +Danaoides</i>, Shelley—apparently differing from +<i>S. camelus</i> in the colour of the soft parts and naked +skin, and the size and markings of the egg. I kept +many of the young ostriches alive during my residence +at Taveita. As most of my readers know, young +ostriches for the first few months of their life are +covered with curious scale-like plumes, but, unless +they are scientific ornithologists, they may not be also +aware that the hand (wing) of the ostrich exhibits +<i>three</i> fingers, instead of the <i>two</i> that most other birds +possess. The third finger is without a claw. This is +but one of the many details which make the ostrich +more reptilian than other living birds. The ostriches +breed during the months of June, July, and August +in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro. The hatched young +appear about the month of October, or a little earlier. +I am told by the Wa-taveita that for the first few +days after emerging from the egg they remain under +the guardianship of the mother, but I must own that +whenever I have myself seen them, they were, no +matter if young enough to be run down and easily +captured, unaccompanied by any parent. Nevertheless +the natives persist in their statement, and they +further averred, without any questioning from me, that +<span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>the male ostrich simulates lameness (like the peewit +and the wild duck), in order to distract the pursuit of +his children by would-be captors.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among reptiles, crocodiles are found in Lake ǰipé +and in the River Ruvu. Large varanus lizards (<i>Monitor +niloticus</i>) are frequently found in the forests of +Taveita. They share the water and the trees as their +habitat, generally plunging into the stream when +frightened or disturbed. They seem to me to feed +largely on fish, and no doubt often capture and eat +small squirrels and birds. When extended full length +along a tree-trunk, immobile, and exactly matching +the colour of the bark with their grey-green mottled +skin, these creatures are very hard to distinguish from +their surroundings, and doubtless often in consequence +deceive the sharp eyes even of a squirrel. From what +I know of these creatures, and from what the natives +tell me, they use their long, heavy, whip-like tail as +a powerful weapon. When driven into a corner they +will slash right and left, and if the tail strikes your +shins they will certainly be barked. A blow with the +tail will kill a dog, and I believe many an unwary bird, +squirrel, and possibly small monkey, is flicked from a +tree overhanging the stream into the water, and +plunged after by the agile lizard. The teeth of this +creature are weak and blunt, and only sufficient for +mastication.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There are some five species of snakes, mostly non-venomous. +The common python is present.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Chameleons are not only very common on Kilima-njaro, +but are found up to an altitude of 13,000 feet. +The natives consider them venomous and hurtful, and +scream with fear if one is pushed near them. They +regarded me as a sorcerer when I handled these creatures +<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>with impunity. Of course the poor little chameleons, +like the “effets” that our nurses always +warned us against, are entirely innocuous, and make, +moreover, interesting pets, being a source of amusement +with their goblinish ways and strange appearance. +Frogs are found in the ice-cold streams as high +up as 13,000 feet. Tree-frogs of many kinds haunt +the forest, and chirp perseveringly.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3620_fig70.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 70.—Varanus Lizards.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>Fish are nowhere found in the rivers of Kilima-njaro, +save in the River Lumi, which flows into Lake ǰipé. +I give a drawing of the only kind caught in the Lumi, +which is the river of Taveita. It is probably a species +of Barbel or <i>Labio</i>, of the family <i>Cyprinidæ</i>. In Lake +ǰipé a silurus is very common, and there are many +other kinds of fish also present, but the shores of the +lake are deserted, nobody fishes there, and the fish +would not rise to ordinary bait; and therefore as my +time at ǰipé was short, and my health bad, I had no +opportunity of investigating its piscine forms. Freshwater +crabs of the genus <i>Thelphusa</i> (<i>T. depressa, var. +Johnstoni</i>) are present in most of the mountain streams. +They appear to be most closely related to the river-crabs +of Natal and South Africa.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p3630_fig71.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 71.—A Fish from the River Lumi.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Throughout this region butterflies are few and +scarce. They do not penetrate much higher than +8000 or 9000 feet. The common clouded yellow is +often seen on Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Bees and wasps penetrate to a height of 14,000 +feet. They belong principally to the genus <i>Xyloropus</i>. +Most of the beetles are allied to, or identical with, +South-east African forms. One new species has no +allies nearer than India. Others are related to +Abyssinian species, and some to the beetles of Somali-land.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span> + <h2 class='c006'>APPENDICES.<a id='r39'></a><a href='#f39' class='c017'><sup>[39]</sup></a></h2> +</div> +<h3 class='c022'>1. <span class='sc'>Note on a Nematoid Worm</span> (<i>Gordius verrucosus</i>) <span class='sc'>Obtained by MR. H. H. Johnston on Kilima-njaro. By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A., F.Z.S.</span></h3> + +<p class='c023'>The single specimen of <i>Gordius</i> which was obtained by Mr. Johnston +belongs to a well-known and widely-distributed species, but yet +presents points of interest such as are almost always absent from so-called +new species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>So far as my knowledge extends (and on this particular point it is +in advance of that of Dr. Linstow, who, in his valuable “Compendium +der Helminthologie,” does not mention the parasite now under consideration), +<i>Gordius verrucosus</i> is in earlier life parasitic on a species +of the genus <i>Mantis</i>; and there is in the British Museum a specimen +of “<i>Mantis</i>, sp.,” which, as Mr. Waterhouse has been good enough to +point out to me, is really <i>M. membranacea</i>, accompanying a <i>Gordius</i>. +The whole of the abdomen of this Orthopteron is completely emptied +of its contents. A similarly excavated Mantis, the appearance of +which had excited Mr. Waterhouse’s wonder, is to be found among +the insects collected by Mr. Johnston between 3000 and 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A specimen, belonging apparently to the same species, is to be +found half-in and half-out of the abdomen of <i>Hierodula bioculata</i>, a +Mantid collected on the west coast of Africa, and lately presented to +the trustees by Dr. Günther, F.R.S.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With regard to the geographical distribution of the species, it is to +be noted that it is sufficiently wide to include South Africa and +Ceylon; while there are in the British Museum specimens named +respectively by Dr. Baird, the author of the species, and by Dr. Örley, +who in 1881 went carefully through the collection in the Museum; +these specimens are reported as coming from Vera Paz, Guatemala +(presented by O. Salvin, Esq.), and the “neighbourhood of Irazu, Costa +Rica” (presented by Messrs. Godman and Salvin). The fact that the +same parasite is to be found in hosts of different species is well +<span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>known. The present case, in which <i>Mantis membranacea</i> from Ceylon, +<i>Idoleum diabolicum</i> from Kilima-njaro, and <i>Hierodula bioculata</i> from +West Africa, are infested by a common form, is almost exactly +paralleled by the case of the <i>Tænia</i> described by Peters from a +rhinoceros from the Mozambique, and by Murie and Garrod in +rhinoceri from India.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As to the second point which has arisen, the presence of <i>G. verrucosus</i> +in Central America, I note differences in the form of the integumentary +papillæ, which are sufficient to induce me to suggest that +no stress should be at present laid on this point, though they are not +enough, when taken in conjunction with my own want of experience +in the degrees of possible variations, to lead me to put myself into +more decided opposition to the views or determinations of such +workers as Dr. Baird or Dr. Örley.</p> + +<h3 class='c024'>2. <span class='sc'>Description of a new Variety of River-Crab of the Genus</span> <i>Thelphusa</i>, <span class='sc'>From Kilima-njaro. by E. J. Miers</span>, F.L.S., F.Z.S.</h3> + +<p class='c023'>The species of <i>Thelphusa</i>, or River-Crabs, are extremely numerous, +and their discrimination is often very difficult, on account of the +changes which the species undergo as they increase in age and size.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the collection brought by Mr. H. H. Johnston from Kilima-njaro +are two specimens of this genus, which I assign, though not without +some hesitation, to the <i>Thelphusa depressa</i>, Krauss, described from +types taken near Pietermaritzburg, Natal. They agree with the +description and figure in their depressed carapace, which is considerably +dilated at the branchial regions, in the non-development of the +lateral epibranchial tooth, and in other essential characters; but +differ in the more strongly defined cervical suture of the carapace, and +the more strongly denticulated merus, and much less strongly arcuated +dactylus of the chelipedes. As regards this latter character, I may +observe that in a series of <i>Thelphusæ</i> (perhaps <i>T. difformis</i>) in the +Museum collection, the dactyli of the chelipes are in some males +arcuated, and in others nearly straight.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I append a detailed description of the specimens from Kilima-njaro, +which I propose to designate <i>T. depressa</i>, Krauss, var. <i>Johnstoni</i>, but +which may prove to belong to a distinct species.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Thelphusa Depressa</span>, Krauss, var. <span class='sc'>Johnstoni</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Cf. <i>Thelphusa depressa</i>, Krauss, Sudafrik. Crustaceen, p. 38, pl. 11. +fig. 4 (1843).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Carapace transverse, widest in its postfrontal region, depressed, +with the dorsal surface nearly smooth, and divided into two nearly +<span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>equal portions by the zigzag cervical suture, which extends transversely +across the carapace to the postero-lateral margins; behind this a second +transverse depression (not a suture) crosses the carapace behind the +cardiac region. The postfrontal crest extends to the antero-lateral +margins of the carapace, and is interrupted only by the meso-gastric +suture, which bifurcates posteriorly (as usual in the genus); this crest +is granulated near to the antero-lateral margins, which are defined by +a distinctly granulated line; the lateral epibranchial teeth are not +developed. On the hepatic and branchial regions are several faintly +indicated lines, which extend inward for a short distance over the +dorsal surface of the carapace from the lateral margins. The front is +about one-third the width of the carapace, punctulated above, with its +anterior margin sinuated, its antero-lateral angles obtuse and not prominent. +The orbital margins are entire, and defined by a raised line, +which is granulated except near to the front; the inferior orbital +margin is regularly arcuate, not (as in <i>T. perlata</i>) angulated near to +the interior subocular lobe, which is not at all prominent; the tooth, +also, at the exterior orbital angle is very little developed; the parts of +the carapace adjoining the antero-lateral angles of the buccal cavity +are very distinctly granulated. The eye-peduncles are slender (for a +species of this genus), and the eyes do not attain the exterior angle of +the orbit. The exterior maxillipedes are formed as in <i>T. perlata</i>, +having the ischium and merus of the endognath distally truncated, +the merus rounded at its antero-external angle, and scarcely emarginate +at its antero-internal angle. The chelipedes in the adult male are +unequal, the right the larger; in both the merus is armed with a +series of spinules on the anterior margin, and with a somewhat longer +spine near the distal extremity; the carpus with a spine followed by +a smaller spinule on the inner margin; the palm is somewhat compressed +and nearly smooth, rounded above; the dactyl and pollex are +denticulated on the inner margins, and have between them, when +closed, a rather narrow interspace; the dactyl is slightly arcuated and +as long as, or rather shorter than, the palm. The ambulatory legs are +of moderate length, with the fourth to sixth joints compressed, and +with the superior margins acute; the margins of the penultimate +joints near to the distal extremity and the dactyli are armed with +small spinuliform teeth, which on the dactyli are disposed in four +longitudinal series.</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'><i>Adult male.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c014'></th> + <th class='c025'>Lines.</th> + <th class='c026'>Millims.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Length of carapace</td> + <td class='c025'>17¼</td> + <td class='c026'>37  </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Breadth of carapace about</td> + <td class='c025'>25½</td> + <td class='c026'>54·5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Length of a chelipede.</td> + <td class='c025'>44 </td> + <td class='c026'>93·5</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>This form may be distinguished from other African species in which +the postfrontal crest is distinctly developed, by the following characters:—From +<i>T. perlata</i>, M. Edw., which is found at the Cape and +Port Natal, by the wider transverse carapace, which is more dilated at +the branchial regions, and not dorsally granulated near the antero-lateral +margins, and by the form of the orbit, whose inferior margin +is regularly concave (not as in specimens referred to <i>T. perlata</i> in the +Museum collection), abruptly angulated near the interior subocular +lobe. From <i>T. inflata</i>, M. Edw., by the less convex carapace, straight +postfrontal crest, and the granulated line which borders the antero-lateral +margins of the carapace. <i>T. aubryi</i>, M. E., <i>T. africana</i>, A. M. +E., and <i>T. emarginata</i>, Kingsley, from the Gaboon, West Africa, and +Port Natal, have an additional tooth between the exterior angle of the +orbit and the postfrontal crest. In <i>T. goudoti</i>, M. E., from Madagascar, +the postfrontal crest is less developed, and the immobile finger of +the chelipedes forms more or less of an angle with the inferior margin +of the palm. Another species from Madagascar, <i>T. madagascariensis</i>, +A. M. E., which has not, I believe, been figured, is distinguished by +the lesser development of the postfrontal crest and the straighter +fingers of the chelipedes, which meet along their inner margins. In +the West African <i>T. bayoniana</i>, <i>T. anchietæ</i>, and <i>T. dubia</i>, Brito +Capello, the lateral epibranchial tooth is more developed. In <i>T. limula</i> +Hilgendorf, from Senegambia, the postfrontal crest is less distinctly +developed near the lateral epibranchial teeth, behind which, in the +males, are indications of two other teeth.</p> + +<h3 class='c024'>3. <span class='sc'>A List of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr. H. H. Johnston during his recent Expedition To Kilima-njaro.</span> By <span class='sc'>F. D. Godman, F.R.S.</span>, &c.</h3> + +<p class='c023'>Mr. Johnston’s collection of Lepidoptera contains 61 specimens, +including 27 species; of the latter there are 21 species of Rhopalocera +and 6 of Heterocera. Of the Rhopalocera I have described three +species as new, and a fourth, a <i>Chrysophanus</i>, of which only one +specimen of a female is in the collection, remains unnamed, though +it too is probably new. This small collection therefore contains +nearly twenty per cent. of novelties, which must be considered a high +proportion.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But so small is the series that I do not think any comparison of +the Lepidopterous fauna of this region with that of the rest of +Africa can be entered upon with advantage. Suffice it to say that +by far the majority of the species are widely distributed African +ones; that there is a northern element, as shown in <i>Colias edusa</i>, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>and perhaps the <i>Chrysophanus</i>; and that there is barely a trace +of the Abyssinian fauna in the materials before me. But these +suggestions may all be set aside whenever a representative collection +is made. Of the 27 species no less than 19 are represented by single +specimens.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Rhopalocera.</span></h4> + +<p class='c023'>1. <span class='sc'>Danais Dorippus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Euplœa dorippus</i>, Klug, Symb. Phys., Insecta, t. 48. f. 1–5.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, rocky, wooded, and cultivated country and grassy +downs, at 4000–5000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Four examples (2 ♂︎, 2 ♀︎).</p> + +<p class='c008'>None of these specimens have any white on the secondaries, and +agree best with Fig. 5 of Klug’s plate. <i>D. dorippus</i> is a common +East African species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>2. <span class='sc'>Acræa Johnstoni</span>, sp. nov.</p> + +<p class='c027'><i>Alis anticis rufis, apicibus et marginibus externis (introrsum valde +sinuatis; nigro-fuscis) posticis ad basin et marginibus externis +late nigrescentibus, area discali albida venis fuscis divisa; subtus +anticis fere omnino rufis ad marginem externum canescentibus, +venis nigris et inter eas striolis fuscescentibus; posticis ut supra +limbo externo canescente venis et striolis inter eas diviso; maculis +quibusdam ad basin nigris; palpis, femoribus iuterne, abdomine +infra, et maculis costalibus, rufis; capite et thorace maculis albis +notatis.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, clearing in forest at 5500 feet, September.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single male specimen of this apparently very distinct species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>3. <span class='sc'>Acræa Insignis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Acræa insignis</i>, Distant, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 184, t. xix. f. 6.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Acræa Buxtoni</i>, Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. xiv. p. 154.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded hills at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This insect was first described by Hewitson from examples procured +by Buxton in the neighbourhood of Zanzibar, and was named by him +after its discoverer. Mr. Distant pointed out that the name <i>A. Buxtoni</i> +had been already applied to another species by Mr. Butler, and hence +renamed it as above. Our collection contains a good series of this +insect, chiefly taken by Mr. Last at Mamboia in Eastern Central +Africa. These exhibit considerable variation in the amount of black +at the base of the secondaries, for while some specimens have only +four or five isolated spots, others have a large confluent patch +occupying the basal third of these wings, and between these two +extremes we have every intermediate, all captured in the same locality +and at the same time.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>Mr. Johnston procured but a single example, which has the confluent +black patch, and agrees in this respect with some of our own +specimens from Mamboia.</p> + +<p class='c008'>4. <span class='sc'>Acræa Bræsia</span>, sp. nov.</p> + +<p class='c027'><i>Alis anticis semihyalinis ad basin rosaceo suffusis macula in cellula +altera ad finem ejus quinque in serie fere recta ultra eam, una +inter ramos medianos, duabus inter ramum medianum primum +et venam submedianano nigris, margine externo fusco nigro +maculis lunulatis submarginalibus rufis, posticis rosaceis ad +basin obscurioribus margine externo nigro area discali plus +minusve maculata; subtus anticis fere ut supra posticis flavidis +nigro distincte maculatis, ad basin et marginem internum rosaceo +notatis, margine externo nigro lunulis septem flavidis includente; +fronte, palpis et pedibus fulvis; abdomine subtus flavido, lateribus +albo maculatis; capite, prothorace et thorace albido distincte +maculatis.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in wooded country at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single male specimen allied to <i>A. oncæa</i>, differing in its diaphanous +primaries and its more rosy secondaries.</p> + +<p class='c008'>5. <span class='sc'>Acræa Natalica.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Acræa natalica</i>, Boisd. Voy. Deleg. ii. p. 590; Hopff. Pet. Reise, +Zool. v. p. 371, t. 23. f. 12, 13.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, grassy downs at 6000 feet, June.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One example (♀︎).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Agrees best with specimens of this species, but the disk of the +secondaries is whiter and the spots in general are larger.</p> + +<p class='c008'>6. <span class='sc'>Pyrameis Cardui.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio cardui</i>, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 276.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in thin forest country at 7000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One much worn male.</p> + +<p class='c008'>7. <span class='sc'>Junonia Clelia.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio cletia</i>, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 21. f. E, F.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, rocky country at 4000 and 5000 feet, wooded country +and grassy downs at 5000 feet, June and July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>8. <span class='sc'>Junonia Ænone.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio ænone</i>, Linn. Mus. Ulr. pp. 274, 275.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in rocky, grassy, and wooded country at 5000 feet, +wooded country at 6000 feet, June and July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Six specimens, all males, of this widely ranging species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>9. <span class='sc'>Precis Sesamus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Precis sesamus</i>, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1883, p. 347.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, forest country at 7000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One example (♂︎).</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>10. <span class='sc'>Lycæna Gaika.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Lycæna gaika</i>, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. i. p. 403.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, grassy downs at 5000 feet, June.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One male.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The single specimen agrees with Trimen’s description and with our +series of this species. It appears to us to be distinct from <i>L. lysamon</i>, +with which Mr. Trimen united his <i>L. gaika</i> in the “Rhopalocera +Africæ Australis.” Both species occur in South Africa, but <i>L. lysamon</i> +may always be distinguished by the presence of a black spot within +the cell of the primaries.</p> + +<p class='c008'>11. <span class='sc'>Chrysophanus</span>, sp.?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, grassy downs at 5000 feet, June.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single female example of a true <i>Chrysophanus</i>, which we are +unable to recognize and which we hesitate to describe without +specimens of the other sex.</p> + +<p class='c008'>12. <span class='sc'>Terias Rahel?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio rahel</i>, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 204 (apud Trimen).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single female specimen, which we cannot undertake to determine +with certainty without examples of the other sex. It may possibly +be a female of <i>T. candace</i>, Feld., from Abyssinia.</p> + +<p class='c008'>13. <span class='sc'>Pieris Severina.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio severina</i>, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 338, f. G, H.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5000 to 6000 feet, July and August. +Taveita, dense forest at 2300 feet, September.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One male and three females.</p> + +<p class='c008'>14. <span class='sc'>Pieris Hellica.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio hellica</i>, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 760.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded, rocky, and cultivated ground, grassy downs, at +4000 to 5500 feet, July and August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thirteen males and one female.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All the specimens have the primaries rather more pointed, with a +slightly blacker apex, and the colouring of the underside is brighter +than in the examples in our collection.</p> + +<p class='c008'>15. <span class='sc'>Eronia Cleodora.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Eronia cleodora</i>, Hübn. Samml. exot. Schmett. ii. t. 130.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Tavieta, in dense forest at 2300 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>16. <span class='sc'>Callidryas Pyrene.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Colias pyrene</i>, Swains. Zool. Ill. i. t. 51.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in wooded country at 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two females only.</p> + +<p class='c008'>17. <span class='sc'>Callidryas Florella.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio florella</i>, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 479.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>Kilima-njaro, in wooded country at 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single female specimen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>18. <span class='sc'>Colias Edusa.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio edusa</i>, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 23.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kiliman-njaro, wooded and grassy country at 4000 and 5000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Four males and one female.</p> + +<p class='c008'>19. <span class='sc'>Teracolus Auriginius.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Teracolus auriginius</i>, Butl. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xii. +p. 103.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in wooded and grassy country, 5000 and 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two examples agreeing with specimens in the British Museum +thus named by Mr. Butler.</p> + +<p class='c008'>20. <span class='sc'>Papilio Demoleus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Papilio demoleus</i>, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 753.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in wooded country at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single specimen of this common African species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>21. <span class='sc'>Papilio Brontes</span>, sp. nov.</p> + +<p class='c027'><i>Alis nigris fascia lata communi, ad costam anticarum disjuncta, +metallico-cæruleo, macula parva ad anticarum apicem et posticis +serie submarginali ejusdem coloris; subtus fusco-nigris anticis ad +apicem et posticis omnino, brunnescentioribus, his venis et striis +tribus in cellula longitudinalibus nigris, fascia communi submarginali +a vena mediana anticarum ad angulum posticarum +analem transeunte, venis nigris divisa, in anticis quoque inter +venas bisecta lactescente-alba, margine posticarum interno maculis +parvis duabus ejusdem coloris, posticis subcaudatis, vena mediana +producta.</i></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, in forest country at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Allied to <i>Papilio bromius</i>, but the transverse band is of a deeper +blue, both wings are less elongated, the secondaries are more acutely +produced at the anal angle. Beneath, the light coloured submarginal +band is straighter on the secondaries and less broken up, moreover it +is extended on the primaries as far as the median nervure beyond the +cell, the apex of primaries and the secondaries are browner and +though the latter have three radiating streaks in the cell as in <i>P. +bromius</i>, there are no intervenal streaks beyond it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single male specimen is the only one Mr. Johnston obtained.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Heterocera.</span></h4> + +<p class='c023'>Mr. Johnston’s collection contains six specimens of as many species +of Heterocera, and for these Mr. Butler has kindly given us the +following names.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>22. <span class='sc'>Acherontia Atropos.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, forest at 3000 feet, September.</p> + +<p class='c008'>23. <span class='sc'>Mecyna Polygonalis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>24. <span class='sc'>Hypina</span>, sp.?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>25. <span class='sc'>Sterrha Oacraria.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, scrubby heath at 8000 feet, July.</p> + +<p class='c008'>26. <span class='sc'>Prodenia?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5000 feet, September.</p> + +<p class='c008'>27. <span class='sc'>Amyna</span>, sp.?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, wooded country at 5500 feet, August.</p> + +<h3 class='c024'>4. <span class='sc'>On the Insects collected on Kilima-njaro by Mr. H. H. Johnston.</span> By <span class='sc'>Chas. O. Waterhouse.</span></h3> + +<h4 class='c022'>COLEOPTERA.<a id='r40'></a><a href='#f40' class='c017'><sup>[40]</sup></a></h4> + +<p class='c023'>The series of Coleoptera collected by Mr. Johnston comprises +examples of fifty-six species. Many of them belong to widely distributed +genera and are not of special interest.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of the nine species taken at an elevation of 10,000 to 14,000 feet, +the following are worthy of note:—Two male examples of <i>Carabus +Deckeni</i>, Gerstaecker, which was described from a single female example +found in this mountain. The species, however, proves to be a +<i>Calosoma</i>, and not a <i>Carabus</i>, and is nearly allied to a species found +in Abyssinia.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is a single specimen of one of the Trichiidæ, which I have +provisionally placed in the genus <i>Calometopus</i>, although the clypeus +not being emarginate it is possible that a new genus may have to be +made for its reception. I have named the species <i>Calometopus +planatus</i>. There are only two species of this genus known, <i>C. +senegalensis</i> and <i>C. nyassæ</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The third species which I would mention is one of the Heteromera +of the family Moluridæ. I have named it <i>Melanolophus ater</i>; it +appears to be most nearly allied to <i>M. septemcostatus</i>, described by +Fairmaire in Revoil’s “Faune et Flore des Pays Çomalis,” but which, +if I have correctly determined it, occurs also in Abyssinia.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of the species found at lower elevations the majority, so far as I +have identified them, are only known from South-east Africa (e.g. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span><i>Melyris parvula</i>, Gerst., <i>Himatismus buprestoides</i>, Gerst., <i>Amiantus +castanopterus</i>, Haag, <i>Sepidium muscorum</i>, Gerst., <i>Anomalipus heraldicus</i>, +Gerst., <i>Mylabris kersteni</i>, Gerst., <i>Epicauta dichrocera</i>, Gerst., +<i>Rhopalizus sansibaricus</i>, Gerst., <i>Phrissoma giganteum</i>, Guérin); others +are found in most parts of Africa (e.g. <i>Calosoma senegalensis</i>, Dej., +<i>Oryctes boas</i>, Fabr.).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of the new species which I describe, <i>Scarabæus cribricollis</i> has its +nearest ally, so far as I know, in an Indian species <i>S. sanctus</i>, Fabr.; +<i>Amblysterna Johnstoni</i> is nearest to <i>A. natalensis</i>, Fabr.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Carabidæ</span>.</h4> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>Carabus Deckeni</span>, Gerst.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This interesting species was described by Dr. Gerstaecker (Wiegm. +Arch. f. Naturg., 1867, p. 10; Von der Decken’s Reise in Ost-Africa, +iii. p. 56, pl. iv. f. 2) from a single female example found by Dr. +Kersten on Kilima-njaro at an elevation of 8000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The two examples male and female found by Mr. Johnston differ +from the female described by Dr. Gerstaecker in being rather smaller +(only 13 millim. long), and, so far as one can judge from description, +in having the elytra smoother with less impressed striæ.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Dr. Gerstaecker remarks on the fact of a species of <i>Carabus</i> being +found in this locality, none ever having been found before in South +Africa. The species, however, is not a <i>Carabus</i>, but a <i>Calosoma</i>, as +is indicated by the compressed third joint of the antennæ; a character +which Dr. Gerstaecker overlooked when he stated that the separate +joints of the antennæ are formed as in <i>Carabus pumilio</i>.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Scarabæidæ.</span></h4> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>Scarabæus Cribricollis</span>, n. sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Black, somewhat dull. Head closely and very strongly punctured, +the punctures longitudinally confluent on the front of the clypeus, +the anterior teeth of which are rather acute and moderately reflexed. +Thorax nearly twice as broad as long, moderately convex, with a +transverse impression in the middle of the base. In the middle of +the disk is a shining (but finely punctured) line, which does not +extend much beyond the middle; all the rest of the surface is +strongly punctured; the punctures near the shining line are a little +separated from each other, but at the sides and on the fore part they +are crowded together and asperate; the sides are strongly rounded, +finely serrate, and fringed with black hair. The elytra are a little +narrower than the thorax, very slightly narrowed posteriorly, dull, +but with the suture shining; the striæ are fine, the interstices flat +and finely coriaceous (except the sutural interstices and the scutellar +<span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>region), with numerous dull shallow punctiform impressions placed +very irregularly. Femora and tibiæ fringed with black hair. Sternum +smooth and shining, with a well-marked broad impression between +the intermediate legs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 22 millim.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This species most nearly resembles the Indian <i>Scarabæus sanctus</i>, +Fabr. The sides of the thorax are, however, more regularly rounded, +much less sinuate before the posterior angles; the shining discoidal +line is broader, and there are no smooth spots on each side of this line. +The elytra have the striæ finer and neater, the interstices are flatter, +coriaceous, with the punctiform impressions smaller and more separated +from each other.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Onthophagus Johnstoni</span>, n. sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Entirely black, except the apex of the antennæ, which is rusty-yellow. +Head as long as broad, obliquely narrowed in front of the +middle, rounded at the apex, closely and coarsely rugose, except near +the eyes. There is a slightly raised straight ridge between the +eyes, and a second, longer one halfway between this and the +front of the clypeus. The thorax is smooth, shining at the sides +and in front, slightly dull above; the fore part is perpendicularly +truncate; the truncature bounded above by a slightly prominent ridge; +viewed from the front there are three shallow impressions: on each +side there is a line of small tubercles bounding the discoidal area; the +surface of the disk is moderately closely but extremely delicately +punctured, and appears impunctate to the naked eye; the sides are +more distinctly punctured: the base is oblique on each side, and is +angularly produced in the middle. The elytra are convex, shining, +not quite twice as wide as the length at the suture, rounded at the +sides and apex, very delicately striated, the striæ delicately punctured; +the interstices flat, sparingly punctured; near the suture the punctures +are extremely delicate but become more distinct towards the sides. +The pygidium is rather sparingly but distinctly punctured. The sides +of the sterna, the margins of the femora, and the posterior tibiæ are +fringed with long black hair.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 21–25 millim.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I know of no species which much resembles this. Its most near +ally is a species which I have seen named <i>O. noctis</i>, Th., in Mr. Bates’s +collection. The species has somewhat the general build of <i>O. marsyas</i>, +Ol.; the head is longer, the clypeus not sinuous at the sides; the +thorax rather flatter above, with a prominent, nearly straight ridge in +front above the anterior perpendicular truncature; the anterior angles +are as if truncated; the base is more angularly produced in the middle +of the base; the elytra are scarcely narrowed at the base, &c.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span> + <h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Trichiidæ.</span></h4> +</div> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>Calometopus? planatus</span>, n. sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nearly black; the elytra dark testaceous, with the suture, margins, +and a lunate spot near the scutellum smoky black. Antennæ and +tibiæ reddish yellow, the margins of the abdominal segments pale +yellow. Head very closely and rather strongly punctured; the clypeus +more finely punctured, a little broader than long, <i>not</i> emarginate +at the apex, but slightly arcuate, the angles obtuse; all the margins +reflexed. Thorax a very little broader than long, moderately convex, +very strongly and rather closely punctured, parallel at the sides to +considerably in front of the middle, where it is obliquely narrowed; +the anterior angles nearly right-angles, very slightly prominent; the +posterior angles obtusely rounded; the base gently arcuate and margined: +on the disk there is a slight impression a little in front of the +middle: the sides have the lateral ridge only behind the middle and +at the anterior angle; the slightly swollen under flank is thus not +separated from the upper surface of the thorax in front of the middle. +Scutellum elongate, triangular, strongly punctured. Elytra twice as +broad as the thorax, a little longer than broad; flat, with the sides +nearly perpendicularly deflexed; dull, the suture and sublateral ridge +shining: each elytron with six somewhat irregular dorsal lines of dark +punctures; the apex closely rugulose. Pygidium closely vermiculate-strigose. +Club of the antennæ a little longer than all the previous +joints taken together. Body beneath and the legs sparingly clothed +with yellow hair. Anterior tibiæ obtusely tridentate. The posterior +tibiæ with a triangular tooth a little below the middle; the edge above +this tooth with four or five small teeth. Tarsi long and slender; +claws red. Abdomen shining, not very closely but strongly punctured; +the basal segment yellow in the middle, margined with yellow +at the sides.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 12 millim.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A single example was met with. It is probable that this species +may have to be separated from <i>Calometopus</i> on account of the form of +the clypeus, which is not emarginate. Never having seen the type +of the genus (<i>C. senegalensis</i>), I am unable at present to say in what +other way it differs.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Buprestidæ.</span></h4> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>Amblysterna Johnstoni</span>, n. sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Size and general form of <i>A. natalensis</i>, Fabr. Golden green, +shining, the underside and legs coppery, the sides of the abdomen +violet. Thorax more convex than in <i>A. natalensis</i>, more closely and +much more strongly punctured; the sides more regularly arcuate, with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>only a very small lateral impression; the dorsal median channel well-marked. +Elytra very strongly and irregularly punctured, with small +punctures interspersed; the punctures near the shoulders are somewhat +transverse, and the interspaces being very narrow become transverse +rugæ. All the large punctures are finely punctured and filled with +pale pubescence, which gives the elytra a speckled appearance. The +lateral and apical costæ are as in <i>A. natalensis</i>, but not so strongly +marked, and there is no lateral stripe above the lateral costa. Antennæ +black, with the opaque portions smoky. Underside of the body +somewhat violet, the abdominal segments margined with green. Legs +coppery.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 25 millim.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Psiloptera læta</span>, n. sp. (Illustrated P. Z. S. 1885, p. 235.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>Rather parallel, depressed, bluish green above, brassy green below. +Head very rugose. Thorax nearly one-third broader than long, a little +broader across the middle than at the base, and then obliquely narrowed +in front, with a shallow median impression and one on each side; +the surface rather strongly but very irregularly punctured, coarsely +rugulose-punctate at the sides; the irregular space on each side of the +median impression sparingly punctured, shining coppery; and a little +more removed from the middle there is an irregular-shaped coppery +spot a little in front of the middle. Scutellum black. Elytra nearly +parallel for two-thirds their length, then narrowed to the apex, not +very convex, with lines of somewhat strong punctures; the alternate +interstices flat, the others in parts very slightly convex; the flat interstices +are strongly and not very closely punctured; the others have +each about eight ovate finely punctured impressions; the raised parts +smooth and slightly brassy. At the sides there is a submarginal, +closely, and finely punctured impressed line, extending from under +the shoulder to near the apex; in this stripe there is some very fine +whitish pubescence, which is only visible in certain lights. Prosternum +with a triangular projection on each side of the front margin. +Abdomen irregularly and strongly punctured, and finely pubescent.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 30 millim.</p> + +<h4 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Moluridæ.</span></h4> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>Melanolophus ater</span>, n. sp. (Illustrated P. Z. S. 1885, p. 235.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>Dull black. Head closely and strongly punctured, with a slight +impression on the forehead. Antennæ with the third joint nearly as +long as the fourth and fifth taken together; the fourth joint a little +longer than broad, the following joints very similar; the tenth joint +the same length as the ninth, but broader than long; the eleventh +as broad as the tenth, but short, truncate at the apex. Thorax as +long as broad, or even a trifle longer, very convex (densely and +strongly punctured, the intervals irregular, shining, rugæ or granules), +<span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>moderately narrowed at the base and apex; arcuate at the sides, with +no lateral ridge; the front margin nearly straight, the anterior angles +not prominent, the base slightly bowed. Elytra not quite twice as +broad as the thorax, oblong-ovate, moderately convex; each elytron +with three zigzag shining costæ (two dorsal, one lateral), the interstices +plicate and rugulose; the suture not costiform. The sides of +the elytra shining, the surface uneven and sparingly punctured. +Prosternal process closely and rather strongly punctured; the meso- +and metasterna less so. Abdomen dull, very finely punctured, the +punctuation of the apical segment rather stronger. Legs rugose, <i>not</i> +clothed with paler tomentum.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Length 14–15 millim.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The females are rather broader than the males, especially in the +elytra, which are more oblong and somewhat flattened dorsally. The +males have two very small shining spots on the disk of the thorax +in front of the middle, and there is an indication of a fine median line.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I have been in doubt whether to place this species in the genus +<i>Amiantus</i> or the more recent genus <i>Melanolophus</i>, Fairm. (Faun, et +Fl. des Pays Çomalis, 1882, p. 69). The general form is, however, +more that of <i>Melanolophus</i>, but the suture of the elytra is not costiform. +The anterior angles of the thorax are not produced forward +as in <i>Amiantus</i>. The antennæ are rather shorter than in either of +these genera.</p> + +<h3 class='c024'>HYMENOPTERA, ORTHOPTERA, &c.</h3> + +<p class='c023'>The other Insects collected by Mr. Johnston do not present anything +remarkable. There is, however, a very fine specimen of Mantis +(<i>Idolum diabolicum</i>, Saussure), of which a male example in the +British Museum is from the White Nile.</p> + +<h3 class='c024'>LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED OR OBSERVED ON KILIMA-NJARO AND ITS VICINITY.<a id='r41'></a><a href='#f41' class='c017'><sup>[41]</sup></a></h3> + +<p class='c023'><span class='sc'>By Captain G. E. Shelley, F.Z.S., and Mr. H. H. Johnston, F.Z.S.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>⁂ Those birds which were only observed by the author, and the skins +of which were not obtained, have their numbers inserted in brackets.</p> + +<p class='c008'>1. <span class='sc'>Alseonax Minima</span> (Heugl.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Muscicapa minima</i>, Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 435, pl. 18. f. 1. ♂︎, +4000 feet; ♂︎, 6000 feet; ♂︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>2. <span class='sc'>Muscicapa Johnstoni.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Muscicapa Johnstoni</i>, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 558.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Found on the southern slope of the mountain just above Moši, on +the borders of the cultivated district.</p> + +<p class='c008'>3. <span class='sc'>Lanius Caudatus</span>, Cab.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Lanius caudatus</i>, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 254; Fischer, +Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 344.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 3000 feet. In immature plumage.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This species affects the desert and waterless districts at the foot of +the mountain, where it perches upon the low shrubs, and pounces +upon the grasshoppers, which are very abundant in these districts, +and form its principal food.</p> + +<p class='c008'>4. <span class='sc'>Lanius collaris</span>, Linn.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Lanius collaris</i>, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, p. 255.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Lanius humeralis</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 344.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 4000 feet; ♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, 6000 feet; 2 ♀︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One of the commonest birds on the mountain, and very bold.</p> + +<p class='c008'>5. <span class='sc'>Dryoscopus sublacteus</span>, Cass.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Dryoscopus sublacteus</i>, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. 1883, p. 140; +Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 348.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 3000 feet; ♂︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, 8000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>6. <span class='sc'>Dryoscopus cubla</span> (Shaw).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Dryoscopus cubla</i>, Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 148; Fischer, +Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 345.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎ ♀︎, 3000 feet; ♂︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, not labelled. The female had +the irides scarlet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>7. <span class='sc'>Crateropus Kirki</span>, Sharpe.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Crateropus Kirki</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 316.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common and bold.</p> + +<p class='c008'>8. <span class='sc'>Pycnonotus Layardi</span>, Gurney.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Pycnonotus Layardi</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vi. 1881, p. 132; +Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 341.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 3000 feet; 2 ♀︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>9. <span class='sc'>Turdus cabanisi</span>, Bp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Turdus cabanisi</i>, Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. 1881, p. 229.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The most northern locality of this species, whence it ranges southward +on the east coast to the Transvaal.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Almost confined to inhabited districts.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>10. <span class='sc'>Pinarochroa hypospodia</span>, sp. n.<a id='r42'></a><a href='#f42' class='c017'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, ♀︎, 14,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Close to <i>P. sordida</i> (Rüpp.), which is the type of the genus <i>Pinarochroa</i>; +but the present bird is slightly larger, paler and less isabelline +beneath, and has the white on the tail more limited, each feather +having broad blackish-brown ends.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Upper parts brown, slightly darker on the crown and quills; tail—the +four outer pairs of feathers white with broad blackish-brown ends; +this colour extends somewhat down their shafts, and covers about +one-third of the end-portion of the outer web of the exterior feather, +and nearly the entire inner web of the third feather from the centre; +the centre two pairs entirely black. The wing-coverts and inner +secondaries are broadly edged with sandy brown, and the remainder +of the quills have almost obsolete similarly coloured edges. Sides of +the head in front of the eye and the cheeks slightly washed with ashy +brown. Underparts ashy buff, slightly darker on the lower throat +and front and sides of the chest, and passing into rufous-shaded brown +on the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts; under surface of the +wings dark brown with the coverts rufous-brown; the axillaries and +inner margins of the quills ashy buff. Total length 5–7 inches, culmen +0·55, wing 3, tail 2·2, tarsus 1·25.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Found only at great altitudes, affecting the grassy and boulder +regions, where they are to be seen in family parties of from three to +five. Here they enliven the desert scenery by flitting before the +traveller with a constantly repeated pleasing chirp, and perched upon +the boulders flit their tails up and down after the manner of Chats.</p> + +<p class='c008'>11. <span class='sc'>Pratincola axillaris.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Pratincola axillaris</i>, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 556.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet; 3 ♂︎, 6000 feet; ♀︎, 7000 feet; ♂︎, 8000 feet; +♂︎, 10,000 feet. Breeds in September.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant but not met with below 5000 feet. They are bold, +and frequent the native villages in their lower range.</p> + +<p class='c008'>12. <span class='sc'>Prinia mystacea</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Prinia mystacea</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 191.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Drymæca tenella</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 312. +♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>13. <span class='sc'>Cisticola subruficapilla</span> (Smith).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Cisticola subruficapilla</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 283.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5500 feet; ♀︎, 8000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>14. <span class='sc'>Nectarinia famosa</span> (Linn.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Nectarinia famosa</i>, Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 13, pl. 5.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>♂︎ in partial moult, 2 ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, 6000 feet; ♂︎ in moult, +7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant.</p> + +<p class='c008'>15. <span class='sc'>Nectarinia Johnstoni</span>, sp. n.<a id='r43'></a><a href='#f43' class='c017'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, Kilima-njaro, 11,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very similar in size, form, and colour to <i>N. famosa</i>, but readily +distinguished by the pectoral tufts being bright scarlet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Entire head, neck, back, least and median wing-coverts, and chest +metallic green, with the base of the feathers black; a small black +patch from the gape to the eye. The head, neck, and back have a +slight golden shade, not so strong as is generally the case in <i>N. +famosa</i>, while the rump and upper tail-coverts have a bluish lustre; +remainder of the wings brownish black with a slight purple gloss; +the greater wing-coverts are partially edged with metallic green, +shaded with bronzy violet on a few of the outer feathers; the primary-coverts +and the greater secondaries show, in certain lights, faint indications +of similar metallic edges. Tail purplish black, the feathers +towards the centre being narrowly and partially edged with bluish +green. Axillary tufts bright scarlet; abdomen, thighs, and under +surface of the wings blackish brown; under tail-coverts purplish +black, with slight traces of metallic bluish-green margins to a few of +the feathers. The under wing-coverts towards the bend of the wing +are tipped with metallic green. Bill and legs black. Total length +10·6 inches, culmen 1·25, wing 3·3, tail 6·6, tarsus 0·7.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant. Not seen lower than 5000 or 6000 feet, but +reaches higher up the mountain than any other bird with the exception +of <i>Corvultur albicollis</i> and <i>Pinarochroa hypospodia</i>. Found very +much round a curious teazle-like lobelia (<i>L. Deckeni</i>). Also at lower +levels it affects the tall aloe flower-shoots.</p> + +<p class='c008'>16. <span class='sc'>Nectarinia kilimensis</span>, Shelley.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Nectarinia kilimensis</i>, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 555.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two ♂︎, 3000 feet; ♂︎ ♀︎, 4000 feet; 4 ♂︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, +5600 feet; ♂︎, not labelled.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Found mostly near base of mountain, very common. Rarely if ever +seen above 5600 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>17. <span class='sc'>Nectarinia Reichenowi</span> (Fischer).<a id='r44'></a><a href='#f44' class='c017'><sup>[44]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Nectarinia Reichenowi</i>, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 556, pl. 51.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Drepanorhynchus Reichenowi</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), +1884, p. 338.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 4000 feet; 2 ♀︎, 5000 feet. Never seen above 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>They abound in the native plantations, being, in common with most +of the other Sun-birds, attracted there by the flowers of the sweet +potato and of various beans and peas.</p> + +<p class='c008'>18. <span class='sc'>Cinnyris affinis</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Cinnyris affinis</i>, Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 239, pl. 74. fig. 2.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 4000 feet; ♂︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, not labelled.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant at low levels.</p> + +<p class='c008'>19. <span class='sc'>Cinnyris mediocris</span>, sp. n.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, Kilima-njaro, 12,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Intermediate between <i>C. chalybeus</i> and <i>C. chloropygius</i>, but with the +bills lightly more curved than in either. It resembles <i>C. chalybeus</i> in +the colouring of the metallic parts, having the blue terminal collar to +the throat and blue upper tail-coverts; but differs from that species +and resembles <i>C. chloropygius</i> in the colouring of the abdomen, thighs, +under tail-coverts, and wings, which are darker and more olive than in +<i>C. chalybeus</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Entire head, neck, back, least and median wing-coverts uniform +metallic golden green; upper tail-coverts steel-blue; remainder of the +wings dark brown, with the margins of the feathers shaded with olive; +the green of the throat terminates in a narrow steel-blue collar, followed +by a broad scarlet collar; pectoral tufts yellow; remainder of the +underparts brownish olive, slightly washed with olive-yellow; thighs +dark-brown; bill and legs black. Total length 4·6 inches, culmen +0.7, wing 2·1, tail 2, tarsus 0·7.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Fairly abundant. Only remarked in upper regions.</p> + +<p class='c008'>20. <span class='sc'>Cinnyris Kirki</span>, Shelley.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Cinnyris Kirki</i>, Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 273, pl. 85; Fischer, +Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1885, p. 339.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎ in moult, 3000 feet; ♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>21. <span class='sc'>Motacilla longicauda</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Motacilla longicauda</i>, Rüpp, Neue Wirb. pl. 29. fig. 2.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two ♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>22. <span class='sc'>Poliospiza tristriata</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Poliospiza tristriata</i>, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 642.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 8000 feet. Found in small flocks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>23. <span class='sc'>Citrinella citrinelloides</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Citrinella citrinelloides</i>, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 644.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 6000 feet; ♂︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>24. <span class='sc'>Vidua principalis</span> (Linn.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Vidua principalis</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 325.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two ♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>25. ?<span class='sc'>Penthetria eques</span>, Hartl.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Penthetria eques</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 326.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>♂︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These are immature specimens or in the brown winter plumage, and +can therefore only be doubtfully referred to this species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>26. <span class='sc'>Hyphantornis ocularius</span> (Smith).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Hyphantornis ocularius</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), +1884, p. 331.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 2300 feet; ♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>27. <span class='sc'>Sycobrotus Reichenowi</span>, Fischer.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Sycobrotus Reichenowi</i>, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 557.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Hyphanturgus Reichenowi</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), +1884, p. 331.</p> + +<p class='c008'>2 ♂︎, 3 ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Breeds in colonies, especially affecting palm-trees.</p> + +<p class='c008'>28. <span class='sc'>Oriolus notatus</span>, Peters.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Oriolus notatus</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 196; Fischer, +Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 334.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 2500 feet. Irides carmine.</p> + +<p class='c008'>29. <span class='sc'>Amydrus morio</span> (Linn.).</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This is a full adult male, agreeing perfectly in its measurements with +Natal specimens.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Met with in small flocks of five or six. They utter a low pleasing +cry or soft whistle and frequent small thickets.</p> + +<p class='c008'>30. <span class='sc'>Corvultur albicollis</span> (Lath.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Corvultur albicollis</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 24.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Archicorax albicollis</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 336.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Inhabits the whole mountain up to the snow, and breeds in August +in crevices in the most inaccessible rocks.</p> + +<p class='c008'>31. <span class='sc'>Corvus Scapulatus</span>, Daud.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Corvus scapulatus</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. 1877, p. 22; +Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 337.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>More a bird of the plains than the mountainous region, where its +place is taken by <i>Corvultur</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>32. <span class='sc'>Barbatula Leucotis</span>, Sundev.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Barbatula leucotis</i>, Marshalls, Monogr. Capitonidæ, p. 131, pl. 52.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Megalæma leucotis</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 371.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 3000 feet; ♀︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It inhabits the dense forest, where its presence is often proclaimed +by its harsh strident note, which it repeats at intervals, and being a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>bold bird is easily killed. The first pair were met with at Taveita, +perched on the bough of a mimosa, and others were seen on the +southern flank of the mountain up to 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[33.] <span class='sc'>Dendropicus</span> sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shot in country of Taita, alt. 3000 feet. Skin lost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>34. <span class='sc'>Hapaloderma narina</span> (Vieill.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Hapaloderma narina</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 368.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 3000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This specimen agrees better with the Natal birds, with which +we have compared it, than with the equatorial race, <i>H. constantia</i>, +Sharpe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Only one specimen seen at Taveita, in the forest, and must be scarce, +as the natives appear to have no name for it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>35. <span class='sc'>Eurystomus afer</span> (Lath.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Eurystomus afer</i>, Sharpe, Ibis, 1871, p. 274.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two ♂︎, 4000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Often mob birds of prey.</p> + +<p class='c008'>36. <span class='sc'>Halcyon orientalis</span>, Peters.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Halcyon orientalis</i>, Sharpe, Monogr. Alcedinidæ, p. 181, pl. 66; +Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 361.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Feeds principally upon the small crabs which inhabit the mountain-streams.</p> + +<p class='c008'>37. <span class='sc'>Buceros cristatus</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Bycanistes cristatus</i>; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerotidæ, pl. 26.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Buceros cristatus</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 361.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 4000 feet; ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Generally distributed over the mountain up to 6000 feet, especially +near habitations. They show no fear of man, being generally protected +by the natives, who look upon them with superstitious awe, +arising possibly from their being useful scavengers, as well as from +their peculiar loud cry, which resembles at times that of the wailing +of a woman in distress, at others that of the braying of an ass. In +August and September they were breeding, and occasionally the head +of the female might be seen peering out from a hole in a tree some +thirty or forty feet high, where she had been plastered in by her +affectionate husband. By the chips lying about, it would appear that +these holes are excavated by the birds to the required size. They +are monogamous, and show great affection for each other, which is +fortunate, as the female during incubation has entirely to rely on her +mate for daily subsistence.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>38. <span class='sc'>Buceros melanoleucus</span>, Licht.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Tockus melanoleucus</i>, Elliot, Monogr. Bucerotidæ, pl. 49.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[39.] <span class='sc'>Bucorvus abyssinicus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ground hornbill, very frequently seen on Kilima-njaro and +elsewhere in vicinity of native villages, not higher than 5000 feet. +Never noticed in open country away from human habitations. +Rigorously protected by natives, on account of its scavenging habits.</p> + +<p class='c008'>40. <span class='sc'>Turacus Hartlaubi</span> (Fischer and Reichenow).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Corythaix Hartlaubi</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn.(Madaraz), 1884, p. 363.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎ ♀︎, 10,000 feet. Bill red and green. Skin round the eyes scarlet. +Sexes similar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It frequents the forest, and is most abundant at about 9000 feet. +Its loud cry may be frequently heard, but it is difficult to see amongst +the thick foliage, and still more difficult to approach, being very shy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>41. <span class='sc'>Colius leucotis</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Colius leucotis</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 363.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet; 2 ♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[42.] <span class='sc'>Pœocephalus Rüppellii</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Observed in the country of Taita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not met with on Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>43. <span class='sc'>Francolinus Schuetti</span>, Cab.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Francolinus (Scleroptera) Schuetti</i>, Cab. J. f. O. 1880, p. 351; 1881, +pl. 2.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Francolinus Schuetti</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 382.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Frequents the rocks and was very abundant at 5000 feet. It was +not met with in the plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>44. <span class='sc'>Francolinus Altumi</span>, Fischer and Reichen.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Francolinus Altumi</i>, Fischer and Reichen. J. f. O. 1884, p. 179, +pl. 2; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 383.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This species frequents the plains more than the mountains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[45.] <span class='sc'>Numida cristata</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The crested guinea-fowl. Often killed in plains and ravines at the +base of the mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[46.] <span class='sc'>Numida cornuta</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common in low country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[47.] <span class='sc'>Coturnix histrionica</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[48.] <span class='sc'>Otis</span> sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Frequently met with in plains at base of the mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>[49.] <span class='sc'>Lobivanellus albiceps</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[50.] <span class='sc'>Sterna caspia</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On Lake ǰipé,</p> + +<p class='c008'>[51.] <span class='sc'>Treron Wakefieldi</span>, Sharpe.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Treron Wakefieldi</i>, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 269.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Two ♂︎ ♀︎, 5000 feet; ♀︎, 6000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Seen generally in pairs, eats the sycamore-figs.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Proc. Zool. Soc.</span>—1885, No. XVI.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[52.] <span class='sc'>Palumbus arquatrix</span> (Temm.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Palumbus arquatrix</i>, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 283.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 10,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Bare skin round eyes, bill, and feet saffron-yellow. This specimen +agrees perfectly with others from Natal. Only noticed at great +altitudes from 8500 feet to 10,300 feet. Seen in pairs in the dense +forests, sometimes in company with <i>Turacus Hartlaubi</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[53.] <span class='sc'>Tympanistria tympanistria</span> (Temm.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Tympanistria tympanistria</i>, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 326.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Peristera tympanistria</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, +p. 278.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 5000 ft.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[54.] <span class='sc'>Turtur vinaceus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Everywhere at base of mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[55.] <span class='sc'>Turtur semitorquatus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in plains, near water.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[56.] <span class='sc'>Chalcopelia afra</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In low country.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[57.] <span class='sc'>Balearica pavonina</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In numbers near Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[58.] <span class='sc'>Porphyrio</span>, sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the vicinity of Lake ǰipé and the River Ruvu.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[59.] <span class='sc'>Chenalopex æygyptiaca</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[60.] <span class='sc'>Anas xanthorhyncus</span>?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Streams at high altitudes, 8000 feet to 11,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[61.] <span class='sc'>Pelicanus onocrotalus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[62.] <span class='sc'>Nycticorax</span>, sp.?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé and R. Lumi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[63.] <span class='sc'>Ardea purpurea</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé and R. Lumi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[64.] <span class='sc'>Ardea goliath</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>[65.] <span class='sc'>Ardea alba</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[66.] <span class='sc'>Ardea bubulcus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé and most rivers. This bird often follows the cattle of +natives to pick off the ticks that infest them.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[67.] <span class='sc'>Scopus umbretta</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé and R. Lumi. <i>Very</i> common.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[68.] <span class='sc'>Xenorhyncus senegalensis</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[69.] <span class='sc'>Leptoptilus crumeniferus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common in plains. Follows the Masai armies in their raids, +and frequents Masai settlements. Rarely seen away from the society +of man.</p> + +<p class='c008'>70. <span class='sc'>Ibis hagedash</span> (Lath.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Ibis hagedash</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 386.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 3000 feet. Irides scarlet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Shot in a marsh near Taveita out of a small flock of ten or twelve.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[71.] <span class='sc'>Serpentarius secretarius</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The “Secretary Bird.” Very common in the plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>72. <span class='sc'>Polyboroides typicus</span>, Smith.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Polyboroides typicus</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 48.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Only met with in the neighbourhood of villages. Their feathers +and those of the kite are much prized by the natives for the ornamentation +of their capes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[73.] <span class='sc'>Neophron percnopterus</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Egyptian vulture. Common up to an alt. of 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>74. <span class='sc'>Neophron monachus</span> (Temm.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Neophron monachus</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 19.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Neophron pileatus</i>, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 376.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Not observed higher up the mountain, as it frequents the more +thickly inhabited parts; often in flocks associated with the ground +hornbills and the white-necked ravens.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[75.] <span class='sc'>Vultur cinereus</span>?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Plains round Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[76.] <span class='sc'>Gyps Rüppellii</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[77.] <span class='sc'>Otogyps</span>?</p> + +<p class='c008'>Plains round Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[78.] <span class='sc'>Spizaetus</span>, sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Found on Kilima-njaro up to 8000 feet alt.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[79.] <span class='sc'>Haliætus vocifer</span>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Lake ǰipé and Ruvu R.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>[80.] <span class='sc'>Heliotarsus ecaudatus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Plains round Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>81. <span class='sc'>Buteo augur</span>, Rüpp.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Buteo augur</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 175; Fischer, Zeitschr. +ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 374.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 4000 feet; ♂︎, 5000 feet; ♂︎, 8000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>82. <span class='sc'>Buteo desertorum</span> (Daud).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Buteo desertorum</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 179; Fischer, +Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 374.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>83. <span class='sc'>Asturinula monogrammica</span> (Temm.).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Asturinula monogrammica</i>, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 275; +Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (Madaraz), 1884, p. 374.</p> + +<p class='c008'>♂︎, 5000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>84. <span class='sc'>Struthio danaoides</span>, Shelley.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ostrich of E. Equatorial Africa. Eggs brought back; collected +in vicinity of Taveita. Young ostriches kept in captivity by me in +that place.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This ostrich, I am informed by the natives, lives a good deal on +insects and small reptiles, as well as on leaves and herbage. The +young ostriches I kept at Taveita ate raw meat in preference to +anything else, though they would also swallow leaves and chopped +grass.</p> + +<hr class='c028'> + +<h3 class='c024'>LIST OF MAMMALS OBTAINED AND OBSERVED ON MOUNT KILIMA-NJARO AND ITS VICINITY.</h3> + +<p class='c023'>By <span class='sc'>Oldfield Thomas</span>, F.Z.S. With a few additional notes by the +Author.</p> + +<p class='c008'>⁂ The species which have their numbers bracketed were those +of which skins or horns were not brought home, and which were +either identified by the Author in their particular habitat, or approximately +named by Mr. Oldfield Thomas from the Author’s drawings. +It is needless to say these drawings, wherever made, were carefully +executed from specimens living or dead, and their fidelity may be +relied on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[1.] <span class='sc'>Cynocephalus hamadryas.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Country of Taita and vicinity of River Lumi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[2.] <span class='sc'>Cynocephalus sphinx.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro up to 6000 feet, especially in vicinity of native villages. +Also in adjacent plains and along the River Lumi. Especially abundant +near Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>[3.] <span class='sc'>Cynocephalus babouin.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>On Kilima-njaro up to 5000 feet, and in and near Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[4.] <span class='sc'>Cercopithēcus albicularis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>In and near Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[5.] <span class='sc'>Cercopithēcus Lalandii.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>In and near Taveita and along River Lumi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[6.] <span class='sc'>Cercopithēcus griseo-viridis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>On Kilima-njaro up to 7000 or 8000 feet, and everywhere near +water in the plains below. Naturally the commonest monkey to be +seen.</p> + +<p class='c008'>7. <span class='sc'>Cercopithēcus pygerythrus</span>, Geoffr.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>. Moši, on the south side of the mountain, 5000 feet, June to +August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common in the cultivated gardens round the village, and in +the forests lower down at Taveita. These monkeys are exceedingly +familiar and mischievous, coming into the gardens to steal fruit, &c., +and are entirely without any fear of man.</p> + +<p class='c008'>8. <span class='sc'>Colobus guereza</span>, Rüpp., var. <i>caudatus</i>, var. nov.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Useri, N.E. flank of mountain, 3000 feet, end of October.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common all round the base of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The specimen brought, like two or three beautiful skins obtained +by Mr. Thomson in the same neighbourhood, belongs to a peculiar race +or variety apparently restricted to this region, and characterized by +having the white brush of the tail very much larger and finer than is +the case in the true Abyssinian <i>C. guereza</i>. In the latter animal the +proximal 12 to 16 inches of the tail is short-haired and quite black, +only the terminal 8 to 12 inches being white and tufted, and the white +mantle hanging down from the body hides only about one-third of the +black part of the tail. In the Kilima-njaro race, however, only some +3 or 4 inches of the base of the tail are black, and the remainder +(with the hairs about 20 or 21 inches) is developed into a magnificent +white brush, of which individual hairs are from 7 to 9 inches in length. +The hairs of the white body-mantle, moreover, entirely cover the black +at the base of the tail, the white of the latter and of the mantle being +quite continuous.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In addition to this race, however, the true Guereza is also found in +the neighbourhood of Kilima-njaro, as the mantle of the lowland Masai +warrior, of whom a drawing is given in Chapter XIX., is made of the +skin of this animal, but this is, of course, a rather vague indication of +the original locality of the specimen. Mr. Johnston tells me that the +natives clearly distinguish the two races, and that the white-tailed form +is, at least in the Kilima-njaro district, a more strictly mountain animal +than the other.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>Taking now into consideration the extreme constancy of the markings +of the <i>Colobi</i>, the very different appearance that the present animal +has from the usual type, its restriction to a small district round Kilima-njaro, +and the distinction by the natives of the two forms, I think it +will be necessary to distinguish Mr. Johnston’s animal as a separate +variety or sub-species, to which the name of <i>C. guereza caudatus</i> might +be applied.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3890_fig72.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 72.—<i>Colobus Guereza, var. Caudatus.</i></p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>[9.] <span class='sc'>Galago crassicaudata?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Found in Taita and near the coast, but not on the mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>[10.] <span class='sc'>Cynonycteris collaris.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Taveita forests.</p> + +<p class='c008'>11. <span class='sc'>Vesperugo nanus</span>, Peters.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Moši, 5000 feet, September 12. Found hanging to a tree in +daytime.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[12.] <span class='sc'>Felis leo</span>, L.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The lion is abundant in the neighbourhood, but never ascends higher +than about 3000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>13. <span class='sc'>Felis pardus</span>, L.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Near foot of mountain, 3000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The leopard is very common up to about 7500 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[14.] <span class='sc'>Felis serval.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Skin obtained in Taita. Common in country at base of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[15.] <span class='sc'>Felis caffra.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro up to 5000 or 6000 feet, and forest of Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[16.] <span class='sc'>Felis caracal.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>A skin seen near Useri, in possession of natives. According to +their report common in the plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[17.] <span class='sc'>Cynælurus venator.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>The cheetah appears to be very frequently met with to the north +and north-east of Kilima-njaro. The Masai and Endurobo often +bring skins for sale. One was purchased at Useri, but subsequently +lost.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[18.] <span class='sc'>Viverra civetta.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common near base of mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>19. <span class='sc'>Genetta tigrina</span>, Schr.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Moši, 5000 feet, October.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>b.</i> Taveita, 2300 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common; occurs up to 7000 feet. A female specimen, +caught by Mr. Johnston, gave birth to three young at about the end +of October.</p> + +<p class='c008'>20. <span class='sc'>Herpestes caffer</span>, Gm. (?).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Moši, 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Is not properly a mountain animal, but occurs round the village +for the sake of the fowls and other prey which it can manage to steal +there.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Without the skull it is impossible to determine with certainty +whether this is <i>H. ichneumon</i>, L., or <i>H. caffer</i>, Gm.; but the skin has, +on the whole, rather more the appearance of <i>H. caffer</i>, and it is, therefore, +provisionally referred to the southern form.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[21.] <span class='sc'>Hyæna crocuta.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant in vicinity of Kilima-njaro, but scarcely ascends +higher than 3000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>[22.] <span class='sc'>Hyæna striata.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Found on the mountain from 3000 to 6000 feet. Prowls round +native villages. Also met with in Taveita and Taita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>23. <span class='sc'>Canis lateralis</span>, Scl.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Moši, 5000 feet, August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common round the village, to which it is attracted by the +chance of stealing refuse, &c.; not otherwise found much above +3000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[24.] <span class='sc'>Canis</span>, sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Johnston several times saw and heard a species of dog or fox, +which he was not able to obtain, but which looked rather like a large +fox, and emitted a distinct bark, similar to that of a domestic dog. +It is just possible that this was the rare Abyssinian <i>Canis simensis</i>, +Rüpp., no other animal appearing at all to agree with Mr. Johnston’s +description. Native name, <i>Nzudu</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[25.] <span class='sc'>Sciurus erythropus?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>On Kilima-njaro, between 3000 and 7000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[26.] <span class='sc'>Xerus</span>, sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Taveita forest.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[27.] <span class='sc'>Graphiurus capensis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Kilima-njaro, 6000 feet. Nocturnal habits. <i>Vide</i> illustration, p. 392.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[28.] <span class='sc'>Mus</span>, sp.?</p> + +<p class='c008'>A small black rat infesting native houses.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[29.] <span class='sc'>Aulacodus swindernianus?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Reported by natives near Taveita. Native name, <i>Mbuku</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[30.] <span class='sc'>Hystrix cristata.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common in plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[31.] <span class='sc'>Lepus capensis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Killed near Taveita in plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>32. <span class='sc'>Hyrax Brucei</span>, Gray (?).</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>. ♂︎ and ♀︎, 10,000 feet, on the south side of the mountain, +26th October.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Native name in Ki-čaga, <i>Kimburu</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Fairly common in the mountain-forests, where they live entirely in +the trees, and not among the rocks. They do not descend below about +7000 feet and range up to 11,000 feet. These two specimens were +brought alive to Mr. Johnston; but the female, after giving birth to +three young, died almost at once, and the male, refusing to eat, also +died in three or four days.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The specimens agree exactly, so far as can be made out from skins +only, with the type of Gray’s <i>H. irrorata</i> (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1869, +p. 242), a species, however, which Mr. Blanford (Geol. Zool. Abyss. +p. 252, 1870) has shown to be probably not specifically separable +<span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>from the same author’s <i>H. Brucei</i>. Mr. Blanford obtained his Abyssinian +conies at elevations varying from 2000 to 8000 feet, and it was +only to be expected that specimens inhabiting a locality so much +further south as Kilima-njaro should have been found ranging as high +as 11,000 feet above the sea.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p3920_fig73.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 73.—<i>Graphiurus Capensis.</i> (<i>a</i>) foot. (<i>b</i>) hand.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span>[33.] <span class='sc'>Elephas africanus</span>, L.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Johnston states that he himself saw and shot at elephants at +an altitude of no less than 13,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>34. <span class='sc'>Rhinoceros bicornis</span>, L.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <i>c</i>. Horns; Taveita, 2300 feet, end of October.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common on the elevated plains at the base of Kilima-njaro, but +not ascending the mountain itself. Is not found in the true forest, but +only in the bush.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These horns were brought in to Mr. Johnston by the A-kamba +people, who obtain them by killing the animals with poisoned arrows.</p> + +<p class='c008'>35. <span class='sc'>Equus Burchelli</span>, <i>var</i>. <span class='sc'>Chapmani</span>. Thomas.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>a.</i> Taveita, 2300 feet, 25th August.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Very common, in herds of about twenty, on the open plains round +the mountain, never ascending above about 2400 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This specimen, like all those I have seen or heard of from localities +on or north of the Zambezi, belongs to the so-called <i>Equus Chapmani</i>, +Layard,<a id='r45'></a><a href='#f45' class='c017'><sup>[45]</sup></a> in which the dark stripes extend on the limbs right down to +the hoof.</p> + +<p class='c008'>That this form, however, cannot be distinguished specifically from +the true <i>E. Burchelli</i> is sufficiently proved by the following sentence, +extracted from Mr. T. E. Buckley’s useful paper on the distribution of +South African mammals:<a id='r46'></a><a href='#f46' class='c017'><sup>[46]</sup></a>—“Out of five of these animals shot in one +herd, there were individuals showing every variation of colour and +marking, from the yellow and chocolate stripes to the pure black and +white, the stripes in some ceasing above the hock, and in others being +continued distinctly down to the hoof.” On the whole, the somewhat +ugly trinomial “<i>Equus Burchelli Chapmani</i>” seems to express fairly +correctly the degree of distinctness to which this northern race has +attained.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I am told by Mr. Thomson also that throughout his travels in +Eastern Equatorial Africa he has never seen any but this leg-striped +race of Burchell’s zebra.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[36.] <span class='sc'>Hippopotamus amphibius.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[37.] <span class='sc'>Phacochœrus</span>, sp.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Wart-hogs are found on Kilima-njaro up to an elevation of 8000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[38.] <span class='sc'>Bubalus caffer</span>, Sparrm. (?).</p> + +<p class='c008'>According to Mr. Johnston, buffaloes occur commonly in the forests +up to 14,000 feet. Whether these are <i>B. caffer</i> or <i>B. æquinoctialis</i>, +Blyth (<i>B. centralis</i>, Gray), is doubtful, but a magnificent pair of horns +brought by Mr. Thomson from the same region belong undoubtedly to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span><i>B. caffer</i>; and I therefore provisionally refer those seen by Mr. +Johnston to the same species.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[39.] <span class='sc'>Giraffa camelopardalis.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Very abundant near Taveita, and along Ruvu valley. For native +name, see Vocabulary of Ki-čaga, &c.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[40.] <span class='sc'>Oreas canna.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>The eland is everywhere most abundant in the plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[41.] <span class='sc'>Strepsiceros kudu</span>, Gray.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Mr. Johnston states that the kudu ranges up to no less than 14,000 +feet, at which height it is by no means rare.<a id='r47'></a><a href='#f47' class='c017'><sup>[47]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>[42.] <span class='sc'>Tragelaphus sylvaticus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in plains, especially near Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[43.] <span class='sc'>Oryx beisa?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>A species of <i>Oryx</i>, apparently <i>O. beisa</i> seen at Nguruṅgani.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[44.] <span class='sc'>Hippotragus niger.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Frequently seen in vicinity of Taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[45.] <span class='sc'>Hippotragus equinus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>♀︎ shot near Taveita. <i>Vide</i> illustration, Chapter X.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[46.] <span class='sc'>Alcelaphus Cokei.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Most parts of the plains. <i>Vide</i> Chapter IV.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[47.] <span class='sc'>Connochœtes gnu.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in plains.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[48.] <span class='sc'>Æpyceros melampus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>The beautiful pallah is everywhere common in the plains. Shot +near Taveita. <i>Vide</i> illustration, Chapter X.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[49.] <span class='sc'>Gazella Granti?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>A Taita hunter showed the author a pair of horns which he had +procured from the scene of a lion’s repast near Taveita, which seemed +to belong to this graceful antelope.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[50.] <span class='sc'>Cervicapra bohor.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in plains, and apparently inhabiting mountains up to +10,000 feet.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[51.] <span class='sc'>Neotragus Kirki?</span></p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Vide</i> illustration, <i>ante</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This <i>Neotragus</i> here illustrated was killed in Kilima-njaro at an +altitude of over 11,000 feet. It apparently ranges up to 14,000 feet +altitude in the dry season.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[52.] <span class='sc'>Cephalopus mergens.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Met with in the grassy plains and near rivers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>[53.] <span class='sc'>Orycteropus æthiopicus.</span></p> + +<p class='c008'>Common in the plains.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XIX.<br> <span class='c016'>ANTHROPOLOGY.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>The races of man which I am about to enumerate +at the commencement in this chapter, extend over a +region of Eastern Africa lying between the first degree +north of the Equator and five degrees to the south, +and bounded on the west by the Victoria Nyanza and +the thirty-fourth degree of east longitude, and on the +east by the Indian Ocean. I wish, for the sake of +comparison, to review all the known races inhabiting +this wide stretch of country; but I shall more especially +describe those dwelling in the vicinity of Mount +Kilima-njaro, with whom I have come into personal +contact during my recent stay in that district.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The country which lies between the Victoria Nyanza +and the coast, and is circumscribed by the limits I +have just cited, offers certain peculiarities of conformation +worthy of recapitulation, inasmuch as they +doubtless influence the races of men inhabiting those +regions. Beyond the fertile cultivated coast-belt, +which is rarely more than ten miles broad, begins the +Nyika, a strange “wilderness,” as its name imports, +covered with harsh repellant vegetation, and almost +unprovided with running water. Here the rainfall is +scanty, and the country bears a parched look all the +year round. This semi-desert, except where it is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>broken by mountainous districts or intersected by great +rivers, extends uninterruptedly to within a short distance +of the eastern shores of the Victoria Nyanza—is +indeed the prevailing type of scenery throughout +Africa, for the Dark Continent is on the whole less +forested than any other part of the tropics. But, as a +happy contrast to this dreary “veldt,” as it is called +in the south, rise the magnificent mountain systems +of Usambara, Taita, Pare, Ugweno, Kilima-njaro, +Kiulu; not to mention other mighty ranges which +Thomson has made known to us, and which offer from +his description the same characteristics as those I have +myself explored. Another break in the Nyika is +made by the courses of perennial rivers flowing to the +Indian Ocean, such as the Ruvu or Luvu, the Tzavo +or Sabaki, the Tana, and a few minor streams of less +importance. The marked distinction between the outward +aspects of the well-watered forest country on the +banks of rivers, lakes, or amid high mountains, and the +great rolling plains sparsely covered with stunted trees +or thorny scrub which I call the Nyika, is carried out +further in the races of man inhabiting either. The +forest country on the hills or along the rivers is +occupied by resident agriculturists, belonging principally +to the Bantu family, ethnologically and linguistically, +and the forbidding wilderness in the plains +is ranged over by the semi-nomad, cattle-keeping +Masai, who for the present must be regarded as +forming an independent group in African anthropology.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai, who occupy a large portion of this district, +are divided into many classes, tribes, and even +independent nations. Some are settled agriculturists +(called by the coast people Wa-kwavi), others are still +<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>fierce semi-nomads, spreading far and wide in their +raids, though retaining a certain tribal district in +which they make a more or less permanent abode. +There are the Wa-kwavi of En-ǰemsi and the district +of Lake Baringo; of Laikipia; Kosova and Lumbwa, +near Kavirondo. There are also the Wa-kwavi of +Aruša and Méru, near Kilima-njaro, and of the Ruvu +river, and Ṅguru in the south. The principal Masai +clans are those of Sigirari, Kisoṅgo, Sogonoi, Ṅgiri, +and Laitokitok, in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro, and of +Matumbato, Kaputei, Kinaṅgop, Dogilani, Eṅ-guaso +Eṅ-gišu—(Cattle-river)—districts stretching to the +north and west of the great snow-mountain. Thomson<a id='r48'></a><a href='#f48' class='c017'><sup>[48]</sup></a> +considers the Masai of Kilima-njaro to be the purest +in blood, and the most free from foreign admixture.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the extreme north of the district under review +certain peoples have been made known to us by +Thomson’s explorations, such as the Nandi, Sūk, and +Kamasia tribes, which, according to this distinguished +traveller’s observations, would seem to be related in +language and race with the Masai, and help to fill up +the blank between the southern members of that +family and their distant relatives, the Latuka and +Bari, in the valley of the White Nile.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The principal Bantu tribes in this region are the +Wa-tutwa, Wa-kara, and Wa-rori on the south-eastern +shores of the Victoria Nyanza, and the Ba-samia +and Ba-nyara to the north of Kavirondo; the +Wa-kikuyu, Wa-mbe, and Wa-δaičo to the south and +west of Mount Kenia; the A-kamba, inhabiting a +large district known as Ukambani, between the rivers +Amboni and Tzavo; the Wa-pokomo on the Tana, +which flows from the base of Kenia to the Indian +<span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>Ocean; the A-nyika, A-digo, Wa-bondei, and the Arabized +Wa-swahili on the coast between Lamu and the +mouth of the Ruvu at Pangani; the Wa-sambara and +Wa-zeguha that inhabit Usambara and the adjacent +plains; the Wa-taita of the Taita mountains, midway +between Kilima-njaro and the coast; the Wa-pare and +Wa-gweno, and, lastly, the Wa-taveita, dwelling to +the south-east of Kilima-njaro; the Wa-kahe of the +Upper Ruvu, and the Wa-čaga, who inhabit all but the +northern flanks of the great snow-mountain.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The north-eastern portion of this district, which I +term Eastern Equatorial Africa, is mainly populated +by the Galla and Somali peoples, two races bitterly +opposed to one another, although closely related in +blood and language. They form a remarkably distinct +variety of man apparently midway between the Negro +on the one hand and the Arab on the other. Their +languages belong to the Ethiopic branch of the Hamitic +family according to some, and according to others +constitute (with their congeners) a separate and independent +group, with certain undeniable approaches to +the Semitic and Hamitic tongues.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The region over which the Galla race exists is +a curiously extended one, and yet often strangely +restricted in width. They occupy, roughly speaking, +a long, narrow strip of Eastern Africa scarcely exceeding, +at the utmost, 200 miles in breadth, in fact more +or less confined between the thirty-seventh and fortieth +degree of east longitude, but nevertheless stretching +in a southerly direction from the twelfth parallel +north of the Equator to the fourth parallel south, +over a distance of some 1100 miles. The Gallas have +largely mingled with the population of Abyssinia in +North-Eastern Africa, and now they are every year +<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>advancing farther and farther southward down the Zangian +coast, pushed on by their remorseless foes the +Somali. At present the Gallas are nearing Mombasa, +and the Somali have begun to approach the banks of +the Tana river. Inland the southern boundary of the +Galla extension is at present the Sabaki river. On +the west they border on Ukambani, the country of the +A-kamba, a Bantu race, and farther north they march +with the Masai district till about 4° or 5° N. of the +Equator, when, as far as we know, tribes of Nilotic +negroes become their western neighbours. Apparently, +as time goes on, they will come betwixt hammer and +anvil. The Somali will push them farther and farther +west, while the Masai will force them to recoil eastwards +to avoid his savage raids. Thus their future is +rather gloomy. Perhaps the best thing they can do +is to advance towards the Nile and Abyssinia.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is a curious colony of Nilotic negroes settled +in the district of Kavirondo on the eastern bank of +the Victoria Nyanza, surrounded on all sides by tribes +of Bantu and Masai race. From what we know of their +language, philologically, at any rate, they are closely +related to the Šiluk people of the White Nile, and +must represent a curious and isolated colony of Nile +negroes, the remnant of some former invasion now +surrounded on all sides by people of alien origin. +They are only known as yet from the descriptions of +Swahili traders, and no European has yet visited their +country save the hasty coasting trip along their shores +which Stanley made when circumnavigating the Victoria +Nyanza.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thomson has explored the country to the north of +Kavirondo, and we learn from him that there the people +are Bantu, speaking apparently a language closely +<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>related to Lu-ganda and Ki-nyoro. The nearest kinsmen, +therefore, of this Šiluk colony on the Victoria +Nyanza, would seem to be the Lur people who inhabit +the north-western bank of the Albert Nyanza, in 4° +N. latitude. I think it very probable that, at any +rate in language, the Šiluk race is a distant relative +of the Masai. The Bari tongue, one of the most +northern members of the Masai group, betrays in its +vocabulary a resemblance to certain languages of the +Šiluk family which can hardly be accidental or be +accounted for by a theory of loan-words. The same +thing occurs also with the Diṅka, as Lepsius pointed +out in the preface to his “Nuba Grammar.”<a id='r49'></a><a href='#f49' class='c017'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>Much yet remains to be ascertained about the relationships +and affinities of the reported dwarf races +<span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>lying between Kilima-njaro and the Nyanza, who may +turn out possibly to resemble the Doko who inhabit +a portion of the almost unknown regions stretching +between Abyssinia and Masai-land. There are also +curious helot tribes living in serfdom with the Masai +and the Galla, and speaking the languages of their +masters, though they are said to retain independent +tongues of their own. Such are the Wa-boni (also +known as the Wa-sania, Wa-dahalo, Wa-ta, ǰuwano, +Alaṅgulo, &c.) who live in the vicinity of the Sabaki, +Tana, and Ozi rivers, also on various parts of the +coast between Malindi and the River ǰub. Then, +also, there are the Endorobo (a Masai term, probably +En-dorobo, “the short, stumpy, inferior”), the Elkonono, +a tribe of blacksmiths. The Wa-boni (their +very name is foreign, as may be seen by the Swahili +prefix Wa-) live among or near the southern Galla +tribes, and are often plundered by these tyrants. They +are chiefly hunters, practise no agriculture, and keep +few domestic animals but dogs. In physical type, +judging by the few specimens I have seen in the vicinity +of Lamu, I should call them very unlike the Galla. +They are sooty black, undersized, and very negroid in +their features, with woolly hair. M. Greffulhe, a French +merchant who had come in contact with them while +living and trading in their country, was kind enough +to furnish me with a few words of their language, +which I insert in a foot-note.<a id='r50'></a><a href='#f50' class='c017'><sup>[50]</sup></a> The reader will see +<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>that it is principally the same as Galla, except that in +the numerals it makes a slight approach to Masai which +is not so evident in the former tongue.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Endorobo and Elkonono whom I encountered +to the north-east of Kilima-njaro, were living near the +Masai encampments as a helot race of hunters and +smiths. I was informed that they manufactured all +the spears, shields, and swords of the Masai. They +were an ugly lot, very different in appearance from +the Masai, short in stature, black, and with their legs +often bowed and exhibiting a negro’s shin. I could +not elicit any words of their own language—if they +possessed a peculiar speech—and in my hearing they +only spoke Masai.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span>In the country to the west and north-west of Usambara, +below the mountains, are the remnants of a +curious tribe of cattle-keepers, the Wa-mbugu, as their +Usambara neighbours call them. They are sometimes +known as the Ala. In appearance they are pleasing, +with thin lips, well-shaped noses, rather narrow eyes, +and not unlike the Masai. Their colour is a deep brown-black, +and their hair does not apparently differ from +the frizzly <i>chevelure</i> of the Bantu negro. The language +they speak (which has recently been brought to light by +Archdeacon Farler of Magila<a id='r51'></a><a href='#f51' class='c017'><sup>[51]</sup></a>), is a thorough enigma. +While possessing Bantu prefixes, and using them as +they are used in Bantu languages, its word-roots, with +one or two exceptions, are utterly unlike anything we +have yet met with. The exceptions are a few terms +taken from Masai, Ki-kamba, and Ki-sambara.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the coast, especially between Lamu and Pangani, +ancient Arab settlements were planted a thousand +years ago, and though their pristine glory has long +since departed, some of the descendants of these early +colonists still remain, and together with the more recently +arrived ’Omani and Hadramauti Arabs represent +the Semitic family in this congeries of nations. The +intermixture of Arab and Bantu has formed the +curious mongrel race known as the Wa-swahili, or +“people of the coast” (from the Arabic Sahel, coast), +and these enterprising traders have, especially in late +years, played a most important <i>rôle</i>, for good and for +bad, in the opening-up of Eastern and Western Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I will now proceed to describe more in detail such +of those tribes and races with whom I came into personal +contact during my expedition to Kilima-njaro. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>They fall naturally into two groups—the Masai and +the Bantu.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Until I had safely reached Kilima-njaro with all +my goods, I was not at all anxious to encounter any +of the former race, great as was the interest I felt in +their strange customs and the structure of their +euphonious language. Nevertheless, when Mandara +sent to me one day the message that a party of Masai +had come to visit him and trade, and that I might run +over and interview them, I hastened to do so; and, +tucking my note-book under my arm, I made off to +Moši, where the good-natured chieftain, who was a +fluent speaker in Masai, served as my interpreter, and +wrung from his solemn, stately guests some of the +information which I here impart. At that time Thomson +had only just returned to Zanzibar from his +wonderful journey through Masai-land, and the result +of his observations had not been given to the world: +so that the Masai were to me nearly a new subject, +and I was eager for enlightenment as to their idiosyncrasies. +To many of my readers who have perused +Mr. Thomson’s interesting work, much of what I here +write may seem a twice-told tale, but as a matter +of fact it is rather the filling in the details of the +picture Mr. Thomson has so vividly and faithfully +drawn.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai of whom I write belong mainly to the +clans of Kisoṅgo,<a id='r52'></a><a href='#f52' class='c017'><sup>[52]</sup></a> Sigirari, and Laitokitok. I have +come in contact with them both on the march +and when I have been living at Taveita or Moši, +whither their women and elders would come to purchase +honey and vegetables. I have also traded with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>the Wa-kwavi (agricultural Masai) of Taveita, Aruša, +and the Ruvu valley.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The distinction made between the Wa-kwavi and +Masai has been already commented on, and I would +only refer to it again to repeat it is little more than +one based on mode of life. In speech these two +divisions of the race are identical, and the Wa-kwavi +only differ from the Masai in appearance in those districts +where they have made slaves among the neighbouring +Bantu tribes and taken the females as concubines, +a thing which has occurred considerably—as +I am informed by Swahili traders—in those vague +districts lying between Kilima-njaro and Unyamwezi. +But as the Masai of neighbouring districts do the same, +with the same result, namely, that the colour of the +skin becomes black, and the features lose all fineness +of moulding—this negroid mingling is not to be taken +as a characteristic of the Wa-kwavi section.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The previous history of the Masai people has been +a common incident in the unwritten race-struggles +which surge among savage humanity. It has been +that of most rising and invading populations, like the +Huns and Turks and Goths of Europe. First, some +tribe, or division of a tribe, has been forced into war +in self-defence, and has won a victory over its assailants. +Then it acquires a taste for fighting, and +from being persecuted becomes the persecutor. It +spreads its conquests and ravages far and wide, the +fighting qualities descend from father to son in increasing +intensity. Soon, however, there are no +weaker peoples left to subdue or to harry. The land +is a wilderness, cultivation has ceased. The fighting +tribe suffers from hunger. Then a section of them +turns to the soil and commences a rude agriculture. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>This pursuit in time prospers, and the improved condition +of the agriculturist attracts the envy and greed +of their nomadic brothers. A civil war ensues, which, +no matter what vicissitudes may happen, ends in the +triumph of the tillers of the soil, for to defend their +crops and granaries they construct fortifications and +walled towns. Then with the victory of the settled +authorities comes an opening for commerce. The +lives of traders are safer among a hardworking colony +of agriculturists than amid lawless rovers and cut-throats. +So, in time, civilization finds an opening into +what was once a <i>terra incognita</i> on account of the +fierceness of its inhabitants. So it has been, and is, +with the Masai. The last few decades a perceptible +alteration in their condition of life has begun to +appear. That section of them known as the Wa-kwavi +has taken to a settled mode of life. No longer +do they rove about seeking whom they may rob and +slay, but they dwell within fixed limits, cultivate the +soil, and encourage traders to settle in their midst. A +bitter civil war has raged between them and their still +nomadic cousins, at times a war of mutual extermination, +but somehow or other the settlements of the +Wa-kwavi continue to increase and prosper, while not +a few of the tribes of Masai who retain their pastoral +habits and still scorn to till the soil are being confronted +by a disagreeable alternative that they themselves +can recognize. They must either turn their +spears into spades and their swords into reaping-hooks—or +starve. The cattle disease which has lately raged +among them throughout the length and breadth of the +land, has played havoc with the herds on which their +main sustenance depends. As to renewing their live-stock +by raids on the tribes of the coast or the far +<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>interior, that will soon be—is already—an impossibility. +Where their victims were too weak to resist +they have simply given up cattle-keeping for fear of +attracting the ruthless plundering of the Masai, and +now subsist meekly on vegetables and fowls; where +they were already strong, they have become stronger, +either by settled government or by occupying unassailable +positions. Soon there will be no cattle left +to raid, and the Masai will range the wide deserted +plains in all their splendid insolent bravery and die of +inanition. The inhabitants of the walled cities or the +lofty hills will dwell secure from attack, and the +wretched remnants of vanquished tribes still lingering +in unprotected haunts will not be worth robbing. Then +the proud Masai must turn to and wring from the soil that +sustenance which only comes as the reward of honest +labour. A dear old warrior of Kisoṅgo, with the +manners of a well-bred Arab, and the physique of an +aged Hercules (supposing that hero to have recovered +his attack of blood-poisoning and to have attained the +condition of a magnificent ruin), said to me a little +more than a year ago, “Ah, when you next return to +Taveita in twelve months’ time, you will find us all +Embarawuio (Wa-kwavi), like these people of Kikoro,<a id='r53'></a><a href='#f53' class='c017'><sup>[53]</sup></a> +whom we used to rob and kill when <i>I</i> was a youth. +And now, see! All our cattle are dying, though we +have sent them to the pastures of ǰipé, and I have to +come here to buy food from these Es-singa (slaves), +who are fat and strong, and lack not good things to +eat.” The old gentleman had, in fact, come with a troop +of wives and many asses to buy grain and honey and +dried bananas. In time these more civilized Wa-kwavi +will prevail in numbers and power over the fierce pastoral +<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>Masai, and thus Eastern Equatorial Africa will +be opened up to safe and profitable trade. At the +very worst, however, the Masai are neither so dangerous +nor so bloodthirsty as the Soudanese Arabs or +the fanatical Tuaregs of the Sahara. If you are content +to pay their tribute, you need not fight, and if you +<i>are</i> forced to defend yourself, these people are powerless +in front of a stockade, as they have no guns, and +never <i>throw</i> their spears, being only accustomed to a +hand-to-hand fight. We may be thankful that Mohammedanism +has not yet reached them to turn them into +mad fanatics or faithless cut-throats like their neighbours +to the north and east. It is, indeed, a curious +subject for reflection that this powerful religion, which +in a short time swept like an epidemic over all Somali-land +and the entire Soudan from Red Sea to Atlantic, +should have halted on the borders of Masai-land, +powerless in its appeals.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The physical appearance of the unregenerate robber +Masai is splendid. It is a treat to the anthropological +student to gaze on such magnificent examples of the +fighting man. It is an example of one side of our +multiform nature pushed to an exclusive and supreme +development. The Masai warrior is the result of the +development of Man into a beautiful Animal. To call +him God-like, as we do the Greek ideals, would be +silly and inappropriate—as much so as seeing divinity +in a well-bred race-horse or an Alderney cow. To +compare him with the statues of Apollo with which we +are most of us familiar in foreign galleries or as +plaster casts in English palaces of entertainment, is +unfair to the one and the other. If you could find +Apollo represented with huge-lobed ears, fang-like +teeth, high cheek-bones, and a woolly crop, not to +<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>mention other peculiar and, to our, or perhaps I may +say <i>your</i> notions—for I am personally without prejudices—ungraceful +developments, then you might +aptly compare his ideal representation with the living +Masai; or if you could discover specimens of these +people who possessed the fleshy effeminate contours, +the sexless countenance of vacuous beauty attributed +to the god of poetry, music, and prophecy, you might +more fittingly describe them as dark statues of Apollo. +As it is, the physical perfection of these East African +beef-eating, bloodthirsty warriors is of the prize-fighter’s +or the rowing-man’s ideal, rather than the æsthete’s.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The full-grown Masai of pure blood generally +attains six feet in height by the age of seventeen, +though at that time he is often spindly and cumbersome, +an ungraceful hobbledehoy. Three years, however, +of an exclusive diet of milk, blood, and half-raw +beef-steaks, combined with a rigorous training in +warlike and athletic exercises, have developed him into +a sinewy, muscular man of admirable proportions, +broad of chest, with a smallish head, a graceful neck, +and limbs whose muscles seem hard as iron. There +is no fat on his body. I cannot say that his hands +and feet are always well-shaped. Though the instep +is high, the foot spreads out rather broadly and +squarely at the toes; the minor ones advancing nearly +in a line with the big toe.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Their faces are somewhat Mongoloid in look, at first +sight. The rather narrow, slanting eyes, the prominent +cheek-bones, and the pointed chin suggest that +impression. On the other hand, the nose is often +beautifully shaped, with high bridge and delicately-carved +nostrils, which obey sensitively the passing +feelings of their owner, quivering and dilating with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>pride and rage, or widening and relaxing with good +humour. Their heads are often singularly round and +broad for Africans, though at the same time I have +not failed to see the most dolichocephalic skulls among +the true Masai. The hair is certainly longer and less +frizzly than among the true negroes, though at the same +time this may be only due to the careful and continual +combing-out it undergoes and its straightening with +a thick paste of clay and fat. It is, after all, a negro’s +wool, and is not longer or more abundant, certainly, +than the regular Papuan crops of hair which the Bantu +people of the Upper Congo have been found to possess.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ears of the Masai are naturally large, and, +inasmuch as big ears are admired, this may be an +inherited and perpetuated peculiarity; but, apart from +what Nature has done for the race, Art steps in and +effects greater changes still in the individual. When +quite young the Masai children drill holes through the +lobes of their ears. Through these small twigs are +pushed, beginning at the size of lucifer-matches and +gradually increasing as the aperture is extended until +a huge wedge of ivory, four or five inches in diameter, +can be passed easily through the lobe of the ear, which +is changed to a thin loop of skin drooping to the +shoulder. Sometimes a kind of wooden stretcher is +employed, like a cotton-reel with a groove at both +ends, and this is inserted lengthwise, to extend the +ear. Usually, when it is considered sufficiently large, +a row of fine iron chains, made by the skilful Čaga +forgers, will be hung to the distended loop, or there +may be a circular wooden or ivory ring like Mandara’s, +which is illustrated on page <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>. Married people +change all these ornaments for discs of copper-wire, +coiled round and round and looking just like small +<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>Catherine-wheels in shape. These are hung on to the +ear, and it is <i>de rigueur</i> to do so on entering the +marriage state.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The eyes, in these people, as already noted, are long +and slanting. The sclerotic is clearer and whiter +than in the typical negro, though in most of the +men it becomes very bloodshot and enhances their +fierce, wicked look. The eyebrows are prominent and +generally hairless—I think the hairs are pulled out +purposely with tweezers. Whether there is much sign +of beard or moustache I cannot say. The men I have +seen are always rigidly smooth-faced. They use razors +(El-morūnya) of iron, made by the El-konono, a helot +tribe of blacksmiths. I fancy the place of shaving-soap +is taken by a thin layer of wet clay. “To shave,”—<i>barn</i>—, +also means “to scrape,” in their language. I do +not think, however, there is much growth of beard in +these people, or that they need to shave very frequently.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The shape and size of the mouth varies exceedingly +in the Masai, doubtless according to the greater or +less purity of the race. This feature is always large, +but frequently the lips are thin, and the upper one +rather <i>in</i>verted than <i>e</i>verted. The teeth are generally +very ugly. They are often carious, but even when +sound they project at an angle from the purple-red, +discoloured gum, and appear like isolated fangs. The +wide space which is often seen between the two middle +incisors of the upper jaw is doubtless due to artificial +filing, and is supposed to aid them in the projecting of +their saliva, which is such an important ceremony +with these people.<a id='r54'></a><a href='#f54' class='c017'><sup>[54]</sup></a> Instances of marked prognathism +I have never seen among the Masai.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>As regards their limbs, I have generally noticed +that the forearm is long, as it often is in Africans, +and that the tip of the middle finger nearly reaches +the knee when the arm is dropped by the side. The +forearm is generally thin and rather straight all the +way down, but although the muscles do not much +project they are hard as iron. These few lines of +vague description are of little use to anthropologists, +and I regret very much that I have not a series of +body-measurements to give you, but such a thing was +impossible with the Masai. They angrily rejected +the proposal when I advanced with my measuring-tape.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The colour of their skin is a dull chocolate-brown, +ordinarily, varying between the Nos. 28 and 42 of +Broca’s colour types. Occasionally among the women +lighter shades may be seen, but this is generally in the +vicinity of the Wa-gogo people, who are very light-complexioned +negroes. Some Masai—more especially +Wa-kwavi—are a dull black, but this tone always +accompanies coarse features and indicates a mixture +with captives from the black tribes east, south, and +west. Hair on the body seems tolerably abundant in +the usual parts, if allowed to grow—at least, so I +am informed—but it is always rigorously pulled +out, and all the Masai I ever saw were carefully +depilated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Circumcision is generally performed on the male at +the age of fourteen, as far as I can ascertain—that is +to say, it is done as one of the preparatory rites that +celebrate the attainment of manhood. The manner of +operation and the result are, I believe, quite peculiar +to the Masai.<a id='r55'></a><a href='#f55' class='c017'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>After birth, the Masai baby (who is generally quite +yellow when first born), is carried in a roll of leather +attached to its mother’s shoulders. Female infants +are considered a disappointment, and are often termed +contemptuously “pans,” or “empty, hollow vessels” +(E-modi). The more boys a wife bears, the more she +is esteemed. Up to the age of three both sexes alike +are term “Eṅ-gera” or “children”—a word meaning +“the sheep sort,” or “the little sheep.” Then the +males are distinguished as “Eṅ-aiok” (sing. Eṅ-aion), +and later as “El-aiok,” while the girls continue to be +called Eṅ-gera until they attain puberty, when they +are known as En-doye (sing. En-dito). Young men +after circumcision, when they leave the family home +and consort with the warriors, are called “El-barnodi,” +from the roots <i>barn</i>, to shave, and <i>odi</i>, or <i>godi</i>, a +calabash. It means that they shave or scrape the +milk-calabashes (which are never cleaned with water, +but by scraping and rubbing with wood-ashes) for the +young warriors, and make themselves otherwise generally +useful. At about the age of seventeen they +become fighting-men, and join the army, which includes +practically the entire manhood of the nation +between the ages of seventeen and twenty-four. The +young men are known as El-moran. Their dress is +picturesque but scanty. In ordinary, everyday life +they wear nothing, and walk about in all their splendid, +shameless nudity; or if they wish to make a little +toilet, or are about to leave the camp, they sling a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>leathern cape about the shoulders or over one shoulder, +tie a narrow leather girdle round the waist, in which +to stick a knife or wooden club, and don their leather +sandals, of which, by-the-bye, they are continually +cutting out fresh pairs from new ox-hides, this being +almost the only form of work they do not consider +menial. When going to war, however, these simple +adornments above described are considerably added to. +The leather cape is removed, and its place is taken—firstly, +by a long piece of cloth, sewn down the middle +with a coloured stripe; and secondly, by a thick carapace +made of kite’s feathers, or, as in my sketch, by a +cape made of the skins of the Colobus monkey. A +cap of Colobus skin may also be worn on the head, or +a striking head-dress made of ostrich feathers, and +shaped roughly like an ellipse. The leather cape +which ordinarily is worn round the shoulders will now +be twisted round the waist like a belt, and in the folds +of this are secured the knobkerry (Ol-oikuma) and the +Ol-alem or sword. Sometimes a ring of goat-skin, +with the fur outside, or a strip of Colobus skin, will +be worn round the ankles, and then, with a long-bladed +spear and shield four feet high, the equipment +of a Masai warrior is complete.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The hair of the men is combed out into long +frizzles, artificially lengthened with strips of bark, +and stiffened with clay and fat. Sometimes it is worn +in long locks like rats’-tails, or more frequently it is +drawn into a couple of pig-tails both over the forehead +and at the nape of the neck. The women usually +shave their heads, wholly or in part, and bestow little +care on that part of their person. On the other hand, +they are much more extensively clothed than the men, +being enwrapped generally from head to feet in ample +garments of dressed leather. Their necks, wrists, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>and ankles are covered with massive coils of iron or +copper wire, and +beads are largely +used to ornament +the fringe +of their clothing.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p4150_fig74.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 74—A Masai Warrior.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai +men rarely marry +until they are +over twenty-five, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>nor the women until twenty. But both sexes, +<i>avant de se ranger</i>, lead a very dissolute life +before marriage, the young warriors and unmarried +girls living together in free love. The married Masai +is a changed being. From a lustful, bloodthirsty fiend +he becomes a staid, courteous, and reasonable man, +anxious to obtain and impart information, and as +desirous of healing a breach and preventing bloodshed +as before he loved to foment a quarrel and take +part in a massacre. Whilst still an unmarried man +and a warrior he abjures all vegetable food, and +strictly confines himself to a diet of milk and meat. +Moreover, he must not mix these two things, but, +before changing from one to another, must take a +powerful purgative, so that, for instance, if he has +been living on milk, and wishes to eat or drink blood, +he must thoroughly clear his system before changing +from one to the other. But after marriage, when he +is no longer looked upon as a fighting-man, his diet is +unrestricted. He now seeks to obtain vegetable food +from the humble races of cultivators who dwell in the +vicinity of his settlement, or eagerly purchases honey +with tusks of ivory.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Marriage is little more than a question of purchase, +and the amount of cows to be paid varies with the +comparative wealth of the bridegroom and the bride’s +father. This question also regulates the number of +wives. They seldom, however, espouse less than two. +Married people are generally called “El-kieko,” and +the husband is termed “El-moruo.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>When little children die, they are often buried within +the village enclosure, or even beneath the floor of the +mother’s dwelling. Grown-up persons are generally +placed under a tree in a sitting posture with the knees +<span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>touching the chin. A calabash supposed to contain milk, +but generally empty, is placed by the side. A slight +excavation in the ground is either chosen or made, in +which to put the body. Stones are then heaped +around it and over it, and grass is thrown on the top, +so that a kind of cairn is generally formed. Nevertheless, +the hyenas scarcely ever fail to pull down this +mound and drag out the corpse, which is then devoured +without any interposition on the part of the +surviving relatives. When any person dies within an +inhabited village, the settlement has to be purified by +the medicine-man with a liquor made from the half-digested +food (<i>E-moǰok</i>) in the stomach of an ox, +which is killed for the occasion. After death the +name of a deceased person is never mentioned, lest his +spirit should obey the call and return. Notwithstanding +this impression, these people have almost no fear +of or belief in ghosts or demons, and mock at the +Bantu people in their vicinity for their elaborate +propitiation of the shades.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai worship a vague Supreme Being, whom +they call “Eṅ-gai,” a feminine word also meaning the +“heavens” and “rain.” Eṅ-gai is sometimes supposed +to dwell on the summit of Kilima-njaro, which is +therefore called “Eṅgaǰi-Eṅgai” or the House of God. +This Great Spirit with whom rain and grass<a id='r56'></a><a href='#f56' class='c017'><sup>[56]</sup></a> are +peculiarly associated—as being the chief sign and +result of his beneficence—is propitiated with loud +singing and dancing (<i>Isīlil</i>). They also sacrifice +sheep, and tie all the bloody remains in the skin and +leave it on isolated mountains, or at a place where +<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>many paths converge. The Masai mention another +and weaker divinity, whom they also designate by a +female appellation—“En-naiterkob.” En-naiterkob +seems to be a kind of earth-spirit (Eṅ-kob, the earth, +the world), in contradistinction to Eṅ-gai, the heavens, +the over-arching sky. The Masai often call on Naiterkob +to mediate with Eṅ-gai and obtain the granting of +their prayers for rain, success in war, or many male +children. They regard with peculiar veneration the +snowy summits of both Kilima-njaro (Ol-doinyo oibor, +the white mountain) and Kenia (En-durkenia, or +Ol-doinyo oigeri, the spotted mountain), imagining +that these are at once the chosen residence of Naiterkob +and the places on which Eṅ-gai reposes, and that +they are therefore the most fitting sites for mediation +with the Most High.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The political constitution of the Masai tribes is +mainly patriarchal, but the rule is sometimes a dual +one. The father of the tribe, the supreme chief, is +generally a man chosen for his wealth, his wisdom, or +his martial renown; or it may be that he is a mighty +medicine-man skilled in the arts of divination and prophecy, +and able to compound powerful drugs from the +roots and bark of certain trees. If the former he is +called Ol-beiǰani, and holds his place as long as he can +keep it, but if his power is sacerdotal—if he is an Ôl-eibon, +then he is probably supreme till death. The +office is not hereditary. Sometimes the Beiǰani and +the Eibon are found ruling side by side—the temporal +and spiritual chieftains. In other cases it may be the +Eibon who wields exclusive power or unites the temporal +and spiritual functions in his own person. The +Wa-kwavi states are usually little republics ruled by +an oligarchy of all the wealthier or more powerful +<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>elders. Here the Eibon, or medicine-man, plays a less +important part.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai are very respectful in disposition to their +elders, and the younger members of the community +will seldom sit in the presence of the old men. At +the same time they exhibit little grief at the death of +their comrades, whether in battle or in village squabbles. +As to remorse, that outcome of civilization does not +exist among them. A Masai will murder his friend +or neighbour either in a free fight over a herd of captured +cattle, or in pursuance of private revenge, and +live not a whit the less merrily afterwards. Nevertheless, +while it is thought an honourable distinction +to kill a fellow-citizen in fair fight, to murder any one +secretly or by surprise is punished by a heavy fine. +This is for the good of the community, not because it +is thought wicked. The Masai, in fact, have scarcely +any conceptions of good and bad like those of Europeans. +<i>Torono</i>, which we translated “bad,” really +means “broken, useless, inferior, spoilt;” <i>Maṅgadi</i> is +not “wicked,” but “cruel;” <i>Sidai</i> is not “good,” +but “loose-mannered, easy-going, wanton, unchaste.” +Certain actions are recognized as injurious to the community +and the commonwealth, and as such they are +punished and repressed; but they do not, as do many +races of men, connect different good or bad deeds with +the pleasure or displeasure of the gods. Were the +Masai given to enunciating moral maxims they would +probably say, “To be good is to be silly,” and “Be +cunning and you will prosper;” “Happy is the man +who has smashed many skulls and stolen many cows: +his children shall honour him,” and so on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The agricultural Wa-kwavi build their houses generally +after the method of the Bantu or other foreign +<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>races in whose vicinity they settle; besides copying +them in many other particulars. The semi-nomad +Masai do not make much pretence at architecture. As +they roam about over certain districts, they often inhabit +different portions at different times of the year. +In the rainy season they may take to the open plains +where the grazing is now good for the cattle, but in +the winter or rainless period they will change to hilly +ground where the mists create perennial verdure, or to +the vicinity of great lakes and rivers for the same +reason. Their quickly-constructed towns or villages, +of which the women are generally the architects and +builders, consist of a huge circle of low mud huts, +surrounded by a thorn fence. In the middle of this +enclosure the cattle are kept at night. Their huts +are generally built as follows: first making a rough +framework of pliant boughs, which are bent over and +stuck in the ground at both ends, they plaster on this +a mixture of mud and ox-dung, and, for further resistance +to heavy rain, hides are thrown over the top, +outside. The height of the dwellings barely exceeds +four feet. There is a low, porch-like door. The only +attempt at furniture is a hide laid across a row of +sticks to serve as a couch at night.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The length of the house may be from nine to ten +feet, and the breadth five. The top is generally +rounded from the nature of the framework. They +often, especially when built in a row, look like little +more than inhabited mud walls.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The principal utensils of the Masai are calabashes, +made from gourds and the huge fruit of the baobab-tree, +leather bags, pots and spoons hollowed out of +soft wood, or made of clay for cooking purposes. +Snuff-boxes and pipe-bowls are made from the hard +<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>shells of certain fruits, or from ivory or rhinoceros +horn. Their spears, knives, razors, and all metal +instruments are made by the curious El-konono tribe, +who dwell among them as vassals and serfs. Some of +the poor Masai make a subsistence by neatly sewing +leathern garments and disposing of them to women or +old men in exchange for food.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The domestic animals of the Masai are oxen, goats, +sheep, donkeys, and dogs. Fowls they despise and +do not keep. Their cattle absorb all their thoughts. +For their possession and retention wars are waged. +The gift of an ox is a sign of solemn peacemaking, and +is generally accompanied by much spitting right and +left of the men who lead it. Nearly all their rites and +superstitions are connected with cattle. They believe +that they are the lawful heritage of the Masai race, +whose primal ancestor received from Naiterkob the +power to tame the wild oxen of the woods; and under +this impression they “lift” the cattle of all weaker +nations, maintaining that they have no right to their +possession. Nevertheless, they probably got their kine +from their northern home, somewhere on the White +Nile, for the generic word they use for cow and cattle +is identical with that of the Bari people round Gondokoro, +and related to similar terms in the Šiluk and +Diṅka tongues (<i>vide</i> Vocabulary). The only type of +ox which I have seen in their possession is that humped +Asiatic breed (the zebu), so common in Tropical Africa, +and which probably owes its introduction to the +ancient Egyptians. But I am informed that farther +in the interior to the eastward of Kilima-njaro, there +is another breed of cattle in the possession of these +people—a breed like the oxen of the Cape and South-west +Africa, with large bodies, no hump, and immense +<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>widespread horns. On the Kunene river (South-west +Africa, latitude 17° S.) I have met with the two breeds +side by side—the big, long-horned and the small, +humped cattle. In Angola there is a mingling of the +two. On the Gold Coast and the Oil rivers I have +only seen the small, humped variety, though I am told +farther inland the other appears. Whence this long-horned, +straight-backed, large-sized ox (which is normally +a dun-brown) came from, I am at a loss to say. +Of course it was not African in its origin, as in Africa +there is not, nor, as far as we know, has there been, a +wild ox of the genus Bos. Yet this last breed—which +much resembles the Hungarian and South European +(Spanish) cattle, was evidently an early introduction +into Africa, for in many districts it appears to have +preceded the humped kind. It was the only breed the +Hottentots possessed. It seems to be very much kept +by the populous nations in the interior of South Central +Africa, between the Congo and Zambezi.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai have a word for the pig which is also +common to their distant relatives on the Nile (<i>vide</i> +Vocabulary), but they do not keep it in a domestic condition. +The term for pig is used to indicate the wild +warthog (<i>Phacochœrus</i>).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Their goats are those of East Africa generally, a +small, plump variety. They possess two breeds of +sheep, only one of which I have seen. This is the +hairy, fat-tailed sheep, with short horns. The other I +judge from report to resemble the tall, big-horned, +chest-maned, domestic sheep of Central and Western +Africa (<i>vide</i> illustration, p. 428 of my book, “The +River Congo”). The common fat-tailed sheep is +called Eṅ-gera, and the long-horned kind El-mērekeš, +or El-kirieš.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>The Masai donkeys are generally splendid beasts, +and are simply and solely the wild Ethiopian ass +(<i>Equus hœmiopus</i>) domesticated. Where they have +been free from mixture with coast breeds, they are, +as I saw them, literally undistinguishable in size, +colour, and markings from the wild ass of Abyssinia +and North-east Africa. They have none of the stripes +on the legs which appear in the wild ass of Somali-land. +The Masai must have got them from the far +north. Their word for ass agrees with that in the +Latuka language spoken in 5° north latitude, to the +east of the Nile (<i>vide</i> Vocabulary).</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai are much attached to their dogs. Generally +each child is followed about by one, its own +exclusive pet. They are—those that I have seen—disappointing +mongrels, all colours, and of no marked +breed. Generally the ears are erect and pointed. +The colour may be fawn, fawn and white, black and +tan, all black, or black, tan, and white. They are about +the size of large terriers. They never bark.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The marabou storks (<i>Leptoptilus</i>), vultures, and +hyenas (<i>H. crocuta</i>) which frequent the Masai encampments +are strangely tame, and are protected for the +useful scavenging they perform. Strangers cause +grave offence by killing them. The spotted hyena is +often called by the Masai “Ol-uwaru onyoǰine”, the +limping leopard. The striped hyena, which is rarer +and shyer, and keeps more to the open, is called +“Otonu.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Whenever the warrior Masai are on a journey they +are positively accompanied by flights of vultures and a +few marabou storks. Wherever they stop to slaughter +cattle, these scavengers descend and feast on the offal +till they are so gorged that you may see a Masai pushing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>them away with his foot. The hyenas that haunt +the vicinity of their burial-places root up and devour +the dead soon after their relatives have laid them in the +soil, without in any way being checked or molested.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai rarely kill or eat any of the game around +them—zebras, giraffes, buffaloes, and antelopes, so +that their country from long preserving has become a +hunter’s paradise. Unfortunately, the Masai are incensed +at any guns being fired in their vicinity, lest the report +should stampede their cattle; consequently a sportsman +would often find himself cruelly hampered.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The ivory in which these people trade is secured +for them by the helot tribes of hunters—En-dorobo, +El-mau, and others, who actively pursue the elephants +with spears and poisoned lances. The Wa-kwavi, who +are agricultural Masai, cultivate, of course, most of the +East African vegetables—sugar-cane, maize, bananas, +millet, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and the collocasia root. +The names of all these things are derived from Bantu +languages, and are not related to terms employed by +the other members of the Masai family in the Nile +basin. Tobacco is not smoked by the Masai, but +mixed with natron (<i>magad</i>) and chewed. It is also +powdered and taken as snuff most extensively. Tobacco +is always called by a corruption of the coast name, +which again is only a variant of “tobacco.” It is +wonderful, considering how recent is the introduction, +that tobacco has so quickly spread among these wild +people that they already forget its foreign origin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Masai are very fond of honey, which they not +only purchase from their agricultural, bee-keeping +neighbours, but also obtain from the stores of wild +bees in warthog or ant-bear burrows. To these they +are often guided by the honey-bird (<i>Indicator</i>), a creature +<span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>they naturally regard with kindness. From the +honey, mixed with water, they make an intoxicating +mead called “ol-marūa.” This and sour milk are their +chief beverages. Milk is regarded as a sacred fluid. +They will never give or sell it to strangers of other +nations, and were it not that the women are less rigid +in their views than the men, and that they may occasionally +be bribed with beads to bring milk clandestinely +to the strangers, this grateful fluid would otherwise +be unprocurable in Masai-land. Moreover, +although they will readily give or sell castrated +bullocks, they will never willingly part with a cow. +The most heinous act a stranger can commit in their +land is to <i>boil</i> milk. This, they think, will so enrage +the cows that they will at once run dry. Any one caught +doing so can only atone for the sin with a fearfully +heavy fine, or, failing that, the insult to the holy +cattle will be wiped out in his blood. Talking of blood, +this is one of the Masai warrior’s chief and favourite +forms of nutriment. The ox is generally stunned with +a blow on the back of the head, and then a vein is +opened in the throat. To this the Masai applies his +lips, and sucks and sucks until he can hold no more or +until his impatient comrades tear him from the spurting +vein. Doubtless the salts in the warm blood +supply a need in his diet, for in no other form does salt +mix with his food, the warriors being compelled to +refrain from the salted tobacco their elders so enjoy.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Commerce and the cattle disease will do much to +open up Masai-land, which is the finest country in +Africa. The one will soften and the other will tame +these fierce people. The increasing love of trade goods +impels them to encourage the arrival of coast caravans, +and the loss of their cattle, as before explained, will +<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>force them to till the soil. Then, as my old Masai +friend prophesied, they will all become Wa-kwavi, and +if the original nomad Masai be a fierce, intractable, +insolent bully, he no sooner becomes a settled agriculturist +than he changes into the nicest, quietest, honestest, +mildest inhabitant in Africa. Therefore, although +they may fail to see it, the greatest boon Eṅ-gai can +confer upon them is to sweep their cattle off the land.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Almost exclusively the Masai inhabit the plains round +the Kilima-njaro district, while the uplands still retain +the older population of the country. This consists of +people belonging linguistically and racially to the great +Bantu family, which occupies nearly all Africa south +of the Equator. From a linguistic point of view the +Bantu are absolutely homogeneous—there is no mistaking +a Bantu tongue for a member of any other +family. But ethnologically the distinction is much +disputed. Some good authorities maintain that the +Bantu races (Kaffirs, Congo, Swahili people, and the +inhabitants of the great lakes) do not agree amongst +themselves in any particular type, nor differ markedly +from other negroes on the Nile or the west coast. +This is a question of such intricacy, and needing so +much careful argument, that I am not prepared to enter +into it here, nor am I ready or anxious to prove the +racial homogeneity of the Bantu-speaking people. +While I recognize that there is certainly a great physical +similarity between the Ovampo, Ovaherero (Damaras), +the inhabitants of the Upper Congo, the Ba-ganda of +the Victoria Nyanza, and the Zulus, I admit at the +same time that there are many other tribes and races +speaking Bantu languages who differ markedly from +the fine types above cited. I have seen natives from +the borders of Lake Nyassa, from the Lower Congo, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>from East Central Africa, who presented all the most +hideous and exaggerated features of the Gold Coast +negro, although the yellow faces in some of them might +suggest an ancient strain of Hottentot or Bushman. +Of course the Bantu is a negro—so is the Masai, +the Wolof, the Mandiṅgo, or the pale-faced Berta of +Abyssinia; so also, in my opinion, are the Hottentots +and Bushmen. All African races with frizzly hair I +would call negroes, whether their noses varied (as they +do in the same tribe) from the patulous, wide nostrilled, +bridgeless form of the Bushman to the fine, aquiline, +delicately-shaped organ which you encounter among +the Masai or the Wolof. There is no feature constant +like the hair. You may meet some tribes of Bushmen +who are dwarfs, and others (such as those found near +the Kunéné and Upper Zambezi) who attain the average +size. The colour of all negroes may vary in the same +district from jet-black to tawny-yellow, but still their +hair, though it may be long or short, is frizzly. Nevertheless, +among the negro races there are wide differences +that separate them into certain fairly well marked +groups, the members of which evince more affinity for +one another than for other sections of the sub-species +or variety. Thus the low types of Masai resemble, not +the Bantu, but the negro races of the Nile—the Šiluk-Diṅka +people—from whom they perhaps originally +sprang. The finest physical type of the Bantu, whether +he be found in Damara-land, on the Victoria Nyanza, +or in Natal, offers much the same characteristics in +common, and does not at all resemble the Masai, who +may be the highest development of the Nile negro, or +the Wolof, who is among the handsomest samples of +the races of Northern Guinea. Therefore, inasmuch +as the mountaineers of the Kilima-njaro district and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span>elsewhere, who speak languages of the Bantu family, +differ from the Masai in speech and in physical features, +and resemble rather in both these points the +majority of the inhabitants of the southern half of +Africa (who also belong linguistically to the same +group), and further, as I cannot call one negro and +the other negroid (since both are negro), I prefer to +use the term Bantu in a physical as well as in a linguistic +sense, and to speak of the Bantu peoples in +contradistinction to the Masai. The principal Bantu +tribes in the district I am describing are the Wa-taveita +on the River Lumi, at the base of Kilima-njaro, the +Wa-čaga, who, under many chieftains and political +divisions, inhabit the great mountain, the Wa-gweno +and Wa-kahe to the south, and the A-kamba and Wa-taita +to the north-east and east. When I started for +Kilima-njaro from Mombasa I encountered no inhabitants +until we reached the hills of Maungu, on the +borders of Taita. Here some people came and sold us +honey and spoke to us in the Ki-taita dialect. At +Ndara and Bura we subsequently saw more of the +Wa-taita, and many of them afterwards emigrated to +Taveita and Čaga, and even entered my service as +hunters and scouts, so that I was enabled to see a good +deal of them from first to last, and take down vocabularies +of their dialect.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In outward appearance the Wa-taita are unprepossessing. +They are about the medium height, the +men varying generally from five feet three inches to +five feet nine inches, and the women from four feet +eleven inches to five feet four inches. They have +fairly good figures, the limbs, especially the legs, are +well formed, but the men are somewhat effeminate +and slight-looking. In facial aspect there is much +<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>variation. While many have little pug noses with no +perceptible bridge, and a much-rounded, projecting +forehead, others exhibit an almost Red Indian physiognomy, +with aquiline noses, high cheek-bones, and +retreating foreheads. The teeth are artificially filed +and sharp pointed, but are naturally set somewhat +wide apart in the jaw. The whites of the eyes are +much clouded. The ears are so tortured and misshapen +by prevailing fashion, that it is hard to guess +their original shape. The body is disposed to be hairy, +but is carefully depilated all over, even to the plucking +out of eyebrows, eyelashes, beard and moustache. +The colour of the skin is generally dull, sooty-black, +but this is often disguised by the coating of soot or +red earth and fat or castor-oil, which is rubbed over +the skin. The hair is generally shaved all round the +head, and only allowed to grow on the occiput. Here +it is much cultivated and pulled out into long strings, +which are stiffened with grease and threaded with +beads. Beads, indeed, are the adoration of the Wa-taita. +The women wear massive collars of them, +sometimes six inches broad and three inches deep, +which are placed round the neck, and sometimes so +lift up the chin as to compel the wearer to keep the +head well thrown back. Several hundred strings of +beads are bound round the waist, smaller bands cross +and recross the back and breasts, they are banded +round the shaven part of the head, they hang in +scattered strings from the temple downwards, they +decorate the tiny <i>tablier</i> or leather apron which is +worn for purposes of decency, and the borders of the +two-tailed leathern garment which hangs on the back +and legs are also edged with beads of various colours. +In both sexes the lobes of the ears are pierced, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>the hole is widened until the distended flap of skin +nearly reaches the shoulder. When this result has +been attained, many rings of beads are inserted, and +continue to weigh down the distorted ear, the outer +auricle of which is further pierced and hung with +beads of a larger kind. This hanging the ears with +beads is peculiar to the Wa-taita, the other mountain +races in the vicinity employing for the like purpose +fine iron chains, bolts of wood, or rings of wood or +ivory. There are but slight traces of religion among +them. They are afraid of spirits, who are supposed +to dwell in large forest trees, and perhaps for the +reason that their dead are always buried in the forest. +The country is but slightly wooded, but on the hill-tops +clumps of high trees are religiously conserved. +The baobabs among these people, as among other East +African races, are looked upon as particularly the +abode of spirits. The word for God in their language +is <i>Mulungu</i>, but I more than suspect it is a borrowed +term from the coast tribes, and that <i>Eruwa</i>, “sun,” +is their true conception of an over-ruling deity. Among +the Wa-pare, the Wa-gweno, the Wa-taveita, and the +Wa-čaga the word for “sun” and “God” is identical. +<i>Mulungu</i> is in use among the A-nika and the A-kamba, +and <i>Muūngu</i> and <i>Mungo</i> among the Wa-swahili and +the Wa-pokomo. All these variants descend from an +original form, <i>Mu-n-kulu-n-kulu</i>, which is most closely +preserved in the modern Zulu <i>U-nkulunkulu</i>. The +adjective <i>-kulu</i> in nearly all Bantu tongues has the +meaning of “great” or “old.” To this was added the +<i>n</i> prefix, then the personal prefix <i>mu</i>, so that finally +the combination meant the “old, old one,” for great +and old in this sense are almost synonymous, and +Bleek conjectures the term to have been a relic of +<span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span>ancestor worship, or the deification of some tribe-founder.</p> + +<p class='c008'>One other incident may be mentioned about the +Wa-taita before I leave them. Their marriages are +arranged first by purchase, the intended husband paying +the father of the girl the three or more cows fixed +as the price. When these preliminaries are settled the +girl runs away and affects to hide. She is sought out +by the bridegroom and three or four of his friends. +When she is found, the men seize her and carry her off +to the hut of her future husband, generally each man +holding a limb, so that she is supported by four men +including the bridegroom. On arriving at their destination, +being accompanied on the way by bands of +laughing girls and women, she enters the hut with her +four captors, and each in turn is allowed to exercise +a peculiarly marital privilege. Then having been in +this strange manner repaid for their services, they +leave her to the exclusive possession of her husband. +She remains with him for three days, then is escorted +back to her father’s house by another procession, and +finally returns to her future home to take up the cares +and duties of domestic life.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The language of the Wa-taita is about intermediate +between the dialects of the coast and those of Čaga.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The A-kamba, who live on a broad stretch of +country to the north of Taita nearly to the base of +Kenia, are the neighbours of the Gallas on the coast. +They are very roving, colonizing people, and great +hunters. I have seen many of them at Taveita, +whither they would bring rhinoceros horns and dried +rhinoceros flesh for sale. These are on the whole a +good-looking race, and I was surprised to find in many +that the hair, though short, is straight, which together +<span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>with a light skin shows an intermixture of Galla blood. +They are slightly clothed in leathern coverings with a +certain regard for decency. Originally, according to +their traditions, inhabitants of plains and mountains +to the south-east of Kilima-njaro, they were driven +farther north by the inroads of the Masai, and eventually +settled in that long strip of country which +separates the latter race from the Galla. Here they +have taken pretty firm root, together with their close +relations, the Wa-kikuyu and the Wa-δaičo of Kenia, +and however they may have been harassed by both +Masai and Galla, they have increased and multiplied. +Indeed of late years they have become too numerous +in their own land for the limited supply of food, and +so are compelled to wander to the coast and to Taveita +in search of subsistence. They are a quiet, industrious, +manly race, very different to the wretched +A-nyika of Mombasa (<i>teste</i> Krapf), and will doubtless, +when their country comes to be opened up, play the +same important <i>rôle</i> of carriers and workmen as the +Wa-swahili of Zanzibar.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The beautiful forest district of Taveita is inhabited +by two different colonies. One a Kwavi people of +Masai origin, and the other and more primitive a most +interesting Bantu tribe, the Wa-taveita, who exhibit +marked peculiarities in their language and ideas. Let +me begin by saying that they are one of the pleasantest +people I have ever encountered in Africa. They are +of fair height, some of the men being both tall and +robust, and attaining occasionally six feet in height. +Their figures are often models of symmetry and +grace. They anoint the body with oil and ochre, as +do the neighbouring people already described. The +hair is dressed in many fashions, more often divided +<span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span>with fat into separate strips, and the whole united in +a pigtail at the back, or else allowed to hang in long +locks about the face and shoulders. They frequently +let the beard and moustache grow, and generally +abstain from plucking out eyelashes and eyebrows, as +is done elsewhere, though this is also occasionally +practised at Taveita. Circumcision is general. Marriage +is of course a matter of purchase, but no sign +of imitating capture seems to be practised here. If +the young man cannot afford to pay for his wife at +once, he gives over to the father a certain portion +of the price, and his intended bride is betrothed to +him and carefully prevented from communicating with +other males until the rest of the purchase is paid. +Then she becomes a wife, and directly signs of pregnancy +are manifest she is dressed with much display +of beads, and over her eyes a deep fringe of tiny iron +chains is hung, which hides her and also prevents her +from seeing clearly. She is generally accompanied by +an old woman, who is deputed to screen her from all +excitement and danger until the expected event has +taken place; after which little further fuss is made, +and other succeeding children are born without any +extra precautions being taken.</p> + +<p class='c008'>After marriage the greatest laxity of manners is +allowed among the women, who often court their lovers +under the husband’s gaze; provided the lover pays, +no objection is raised to his addresses. Both sexes +have little notion or conception of decency, the men +especially seeming to be unconscious of any impropriety +in nakedness. What clothing they have is worn +as an adornment or for warmth at night and early +morning. These people are affectionate and kindly in +their family relations, as may be instanced by such an +<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>episode as the one recorded on page <a href='#Page_214'>214</a> of this work. +Nevertheless they display strange callousness sometimes +where death is concerned. The body of a much-loved +wife or child is hastily buried in a shallow trench +outside the circle of huts, and covered with stones and +grass. The hyenas at night proceed to exhume and +devour the corpse without provoking any interference +from the sorrowing relatives, who the next morning will +kick aside the osseous fragments of their loved ones without +exhibiting the slightest sign of emotion or tenderness. +They have a vague belief in life after death, but it is the +disembodied spirits on whom they concentrate their +thoughts, and not the lifeless clay, which is to them of no +account. This is not as most of their congeners think—it +is rather the effect of Masai influence; for among the +majority of Bantu negroes very considerable attention +is paid to the corpse, under the idea that the spirit of +the dead person is still much affected by the condition +and disposal of its previous tenement.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The people of Taveita subsist mainly on vegetable +food, of which they rear a great variety in their +beautiful gardens. They also eat fish and meat. The +fish are caught in the River Lumi, which runs through +the settlement, by means of skilfully-made wickerwork +traps and weirs. They also construct from the +midribs of a Raphia palm most clever rods and lines, +the whole material coming from the palm, with a +native-made iron hook superadded.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span> +<img src='images/p4350_fig75.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 75.—Men of Taveita making fire.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class='figcenter id002'> +<img src='images/p4350_ill2.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Drills and Fire-sticks.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-taveita proper number about 2000. They +bear an excellent reputation among the coast traders +for honesty and friendliness. They speak Ki-swahili +almost universally, and speak it with singular correctness; +but of course among themselves Ki-taveita is +the only language used. This very interesting Bantu +dialect offers many curious features and retains a +number of archaic words in its vocabulary. It is +somewhat midway between Ki-kamba and Ki-čaga +<span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>but offers independent features of its own. So much +intercourse with traders from the coast seems to have +slightly robbed them of originality, and in their modes +of life and forms of belief they somewhat ape the Wa-swahili. +Many of them are almost Mohammedans. I +noticed one little detail as regards fire-making which +is worth recording. To produce fire, which is done in +the common African way by rapidly drilling a hard +pointed stick into a small hole in a flat piece of wood, +is the exclusive privilege of the men, and the secret is +handed down from father to son, and never, under +any conditions—so they say—revealed to women. I +asked one man why that was. “Oh,” he said, “if +women knew how to make fire they would become our +masters.” Nevertheless, without this drawback, the +fair sex in Taveita have pretty much their own way. +I have known one or two leading matrons who have +always insisted on having their voice in the deliberations +of the Wazēē, or elders, who govern Taveita. I +have referred to their laxity of conduct after marriage, +but it springs so much from amiability of disposition +that it can hardly be called vice. In short, a more +kindly, sensible, considerate set of beings, I have +never met than the Wa-taveita.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-čaga of Kilima-njaro do not altogether resemble +them. They are neither so pleasing in appearance +nor in disposition. Sometimes they attain a fine stature, +as in the case of Mandara, the chief of Moši, but generally +they are short men. The women, however, are at +times good-looking, and have well-proportioned figures. +In fact, the ordinary rule amongst Africans is here reversed, +and the women are handsomer than the men. +Amongst these people we again meet signs of marriage +by capture, but in their case it does not seem to be as +I have described in the Wa-taita, for the bridegroom +<span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span>is quite equal single-handed to the capture of his +wife, and certainly not disposed to reward his friends +in the same manner as the less exclusive M-taita +husband. On several occasions when I observed a +marriage ceremony during my residence in Čaga, I +found it consisted (after the purchase of the woman +had been privately arranged) in the husband carrying +off his wife pig-aback, while the relatives and friends +pursued with shrieks of laughter, affecting to try and +rescue the screaming girl; but, of course, all this was +simulated, and a survival of past customs, for nowadays +a man only gets his bride when he has settled +the bargain previously with his future father-in-law. +In such states as Moši, where there is a relatively +large standing army, the chief will generally distribute +the female slaves captured in war among his soldiers, +and dower them himself with cattle. Thus his soldiers +become indebted to him for their domestic happiness, +and are consequently very much attached to the +person of their monarch, who is, to them, the sole +dispenser of benefits.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Real immorality hardly exists among the Wa-čaga; +Mohammedan influence not having as yet initiated +them into vicious thoughts and ways. We should be +apt to call, from our point of view, their nakedness and +almost animal unconsciousness of shame indelicate, but +it is rather, when one gets used to it, a pleasing survival +of the old innocent days when prurient thoughts +were absent from the mind of man. The Wa-čaga +cannot be accused of indecency, for they make no +effort to be decent, but walk about as Nature made +them, except when it is chilly, or if they wish to look +unusually smart, in which cases they throw cloth or +skins around their shoulders.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There are, as far as I can ascertain, no initiatory +<span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span>ceremonies among the Wa-čaga, such as are so constantly +met with in other tribes of Bantu negroes +in connection with the entrance into a state of puberty +of young people of either sex. Circumcision, if performed +on the male, which it is not universally, is +generally done after the age of puberty.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-čaga share with the Masai, whom they may +have copied, a curious habit of <i>spitting</i> on things or +people as a compliment or sign of gratitude. I remember +one man, after I returned to my settlement +in Čaga from a short trip to Taveita, was so pleased +at my safe return that he took my hand in his and +spat repeatedly at the sky, saying constantly “Eruwa +iča!” (“God is good!”). They have but a vague idea +of the deity. Indeed, one never knows whether or not +he is identical with the sun, for that luminary bears +just the same name, “Eruwa.” It is interesting to +notice, in contradistinction to the derivation of the +name of God I recently gave as coming from ancestor +worship, that among other African nations the deity is +identified with the sky or the sun. Thus there is the +term “Eruwa” already referred to, which indicates +“God” in Ki-čaga. Among the Wa-taveita it is +“Zuwa,” also “Sun,” although the Swahili have +lately introduced their word, Muungu. The form +“Eruwa,” “Zuwa,” is identical in origin with the +Swahili “ǰua,” the Luganda “Njuba,” the Congo +“Ntuva,” all meaning sun, and all remounting to an +archaic form “Nduba.” On the Upper Congo the +Ba-yanzi have but one word for God and sky—“Ikuru,” +or “Likulu.” Even among the Gallas +“Waka” means indifferently God and sky, and in the +Masai language “Eṅgai” (a feminine word) means +both God, sky, and rain.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span>However, to return to the subject of the Wa-čaga. +Though having little religious belief, they are very +superstitious, and have great dread of sorcery. Large +trees are supposed to be much affected by ghosts, and +for this reason are spared by the axe. Their dead +are buried in these isolated forests, sometimes in hollow +trees, sometimes in the ground. Hyenas generally +dig them up and eat them—this being little cared for +by the survivors, as is the case among the Masai and +the Wa-taveita.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p4390_fig76.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 76.—A Čaga Forge.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-čaga are clever smiths, and forge all kinds +<span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span>of utensils, weapons, and ornaments from the pig-iron +they receive from the country of Usanga, near Lake +ǰipé. The forge is but a pair of goat-skin bellows +converging into a hollow cone of wood, to which is added +two more segments of stone pierced through the centre +and ending in a stone nozzle which is thrust into the +furnace of charcoal. The bellows are kept steady by +several pegs thrust into the ground, and a huge stone +is often placed on the pipe to keep it firm. After the +iron has been heated white hot in the charcoal it is +taken out by the iron pincers and beaten on a stone +anvil. The Čaga smiths make not only spear-blades +and knives of apparently tempered steel, but they can +fabricate the finest and most delicate. Out of a rhinoceros +horn they will make a beautifully turned and +polished club, carved by hand, for they have no turning +lathe. Pottery is almost absent. Basket-work is +carried to great perfection, and they can weave it so +tightly that milk may be held in these utensils of woven +grass or banana-fibre. The wooden platters that they +make show no little skill in shaping, as they are cut +out of solid blocks of wood, and not joined in any +way.</p> + +<p class='c008'>But it is in their husbandry that the Wa-čaga mostly +excel. The wonderful skill with which they irrigate +their terraced hill-sides by tiny tunnels of water +diverted from the main stream shows a considerable +advancement in agriculture. Their time is constantly +spent in tilling the soil, manuring it with ashes, +raking it, and hoeing it with wooden hoes. All their +agricultural implements, except the choppers, adzes, +and sickles, are of wood—wooden hoes, wooden +stakes, and so on. They have a very clever mode of +irrigating equally a given surface. As the little canals +<span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>of water are always elevated above the cultivated plots, +they will tap it at a convenient spot above the bed to be +watered, and then +turn the stream +into a rough conduit +made of the +hollow stems of bananas +cut in half, +the end of each +stem overlapping +the next. Then +as the water enters +the last joint it is +freely turned right +and left, dispersing +the vivifying stream +in all directions.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p4410_fig77.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>1. Wooden Hoe.—2. Leather Honey Case.—3. Gourd.—4. Wooden Tray or Dish.—5. Club made from Rhinoceros Horn.—6. Knife.<br> <br> Fig. 77.—Čaga Utensils.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The food of the +Wa-čaga is mostly +vegetable. Fish are +absent from the streams of their country; but, +morever, like the Wa-taita, they think them unfit to +eat, and of the same nature as serpents. They breed +fowls in large numbers, but merely to sell to the passing +caravans of traders from the coast, for they themselves +abjure poultry as food, thinking it unwholesome +and unmanly. Their other domestic animals +are the ox, the goat, the sheep, and the dog, though +the latter animal is rarely seen. The oxen are much +valued. They belong to the humped Zebu breed prevalent +throughout East Africa from the days of the ancient +Egyptians. The goats are small and handsome, with +poorly developed horns, drooping ears, and often two +small appendages of skin in place of the ordinary +<span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>beard. The sheep are of large size, hairy, with fine +dewlaps and drooping ears. The male has an enormously +fat tail, developed to such an extent as to +really impede his movements. A fine sheep may be +bought for from four to eight yards of cloth, a fat +goat for about the same cost, and a milch goat a +trifle dearer.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Milk enters largely into the diet of the Wa-čaga, +and they are also passionately fond of warm blood +fresh from the throat of a newly-slaughtered animal. +Whenever I killed an ox for my men—who being Mohammedans +insisting on cutting its throat and letting +it bleed to death—the Wa-čaga would assemble with +their little wooden bowls, and as the animal lay in its +death throes on the ground, the hot purple blood +spurting at high pressure from the severed veins, the +eager natives filled one after the other their wooden +vessels and then stepped apart from the crowd to drink +the coagulating gore with utter satisfaction and a +gourmet’s joy. They are great flesh-eaters when they +can afford it, but, as I have already said, their main +diet is vegetable. Among the plants grown for food +are maize, sweet potatoes, yams, arums (<i>Colocasia +antiquorum</i>), beans, peas, red millet, and the banana. +Tobacco is also largely cultivated, and the natives chew +it and consume it as snuff mixed with natron-salt. +Honey is produced in immense quantities by the semi-wild +bees which make their hives in the wooden cases +put up by the natives among the forest trees. A +large barrelful may be bought for two yards of cloth.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Wa-čaga inhabit the western, southern, and +eastern slopes of Kilima-njaro. The northern side of +the mountain is without any other inhabitants than +roving bands of Masai. The principal Čaga states, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>beginning on the west, are Šira, Kiboṅoto, Mačame, +Uru, Kibošo, Mpokomo, Moši, Kirua, Kilema, Maraṅu, +Mamba, Mwika, Msai, Rombo, Useri, and +Kimaṅgelia. Although these little states are perpetually +quarrelling among themselves, they are +nevertheless closely united by ties of blood and possess +a common language, Ki-čaga, unless, indeed, the Warombo, +as I have sometimes thought, speak a dialect +of their own.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The inhabitants of Kahe (the country lying due +south of Kilima-njaro in the plains of the Upper Ruvu), +of Ugweno, and also, I am told, of Mount Méru, seem +to resemble closely the Wa-čaga in language and in +physical features. They were doubtless the same race +not long since, but the invasion of the Masai split +them up into different sections, and they became +isolated in their coigns of refuge, some on the mountains, +some in the marshy swamps. The Wa-gweno +are a very timid set, and greatly afraid of witchcraft. +Everything at all strange or incomprehensible is +“usawi” (sorcery). They not only dread the Masai +with all their hearts, but they also invest the little +Lake ǰipé, which lies at the foot of their mountains, +with imaginary terrors, declaring they dare not fish +on its banks or cross its waters in canoes, on account +of an awful kelpy-like monster which dwells in the +lake and sallies out to devour all who may approach +the waterside. In vain do the Wa-taveita go and fish +there fearlessly under the eyes of the Wa-gweno; +these timorous folk nevertheless continue to avoid the +lake wherein are present such boundless stores of food. +I have no doubt that the legend of the water-monster +arose from either the voracious crocodiles or the obstreperous +hippopotami which inhabit the waters of ǰipé.</p> + +<div class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span> +<img src='images/p4440_fig78.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Fig. 78.—A Čaga House.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>My readers may possibly have been disappointed to +find in this chapter so little information as to peculiar +customs or beliefs exhibited by the people it described. +I can only say this want is not owing to any lack of +probing or questioning on my part. I have come to +the conclusion that whatever religious notions, mystic +ceremonies, initiatory practices which the inhabitants +of Kilima-njaro may have retained originally from +their ancestors and shared with their other existing +relatives, have at the present time disappeared, or +have been worn away by constant changes of abode, +massacres, flights, and all the incidents of an anxious +struggle for existence, which the fluctuating peoples of +Eastern Equatorial Africa have, for the last few centuries, +undergone. Those who may have read what I +have previously written respecting African races on +the Congo, in Angola, and elsewhere, will perceive that +<span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span>I have often had to remark curious initiatory ceremonies, +elaborate animistic belief displayed in burial +customs, various modes of phallic worship, and obscure +superstitions connected with eating or drinking. +Scarcely any of these phases of savage religion, fancy, +or folk-lore, have I encountered in the peoples who inhabit +Kilima-njaro and its vicinity. I do not say they +are non-existent, I merely mention that they have not +come under my personal recognition, and if succeeding +travellers are more fortunate than I in this particular, +I shall conclude that in spite of my constant investigation +these peculiarities have failed to display themselves +to my perception.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XX.<br> <span class='c016'>THE LANGUAGES OF THE KILIMA-NJARO DISTRICT.</span></h2> +</div> +<div class='lg-container-b c003'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>(<i>a</i>) <span class='sc'>Masai.</span></div> + <div class='line'>(<i>b</i>) <span class='sc'>Ki-čaga</span>, <span class='sc'>Ki-taveita</span>, &c. (<span class='sc'>Bantu Languages</span>).</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>The interest taken in African languages is a newly +awakened but a growing one. The work of Bleek, +Lepsius, Müller, Steere, and Schön; of Barth, Koelle, +Krapf, and Reinisch—not to mention many other +earnest workers in this freshly opened field, who each +contribute their quota to our present sum of knowledge—has +at length begun to meet with due appreciation, +and though many of these patient grammarians and +students of unrecognized forms of speech have passed +away, yet in almost every case their work has begun +to acquire a notoriety and a value that neither they +nor their publishers hoped for when the grammars or +vocabularies or handbooks were first issued to an +unheeding public.</p> + +<div id='map4' class='figcenter id001'> +<img src='images/p4461_map.jpg' alt='Map of E. Equatorial Africa and Nile Basin, showing probable range of Masai family of languages and distant allies.' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>To face page <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Those who are beginning or prosecuting their +African linguistic researches owe a debt of gratitude +to Mr. Robert Needham Cust<a id='r57'></a><a href='#f57' class='c017'><sup>[57]</sup></a> for his painstaking +bibliographical work, which tabulates every known +source of information on the subject, and where some +form of order is introduced into what, from very +paucity of knowledge, has long been a hopeless maze +<span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>of conflicting theories. Imperfect as our grasp of the +subject is, we are able now at least to rise from its +contemplation with certain definite ideas as to the +grouping or classifying of African tongues. We know +there is the great Bantu family in the southern half +of the continent; the common origin and relationships +of the Hamitic languages becomes apparent; the +tongues appertaining to the Semitic group in the north +and north-east are relegated to their place; and if +more general classifications of the vast number of +Negro and negroid forms of speech are found to be +at present illusory, we can at least recognize several +very distinct and natural families, lacking, it may be, +any appreciable relationships with extraneous linguistic +groups outside their own area, but possessing evident +signs of a common structural plan and a common +origin. Such are the Nuba tongues, the Fula group, +the Hausa, Kanuri, Wolof, Kru, Mande, Bagirmi, +Šiluk, and Diṅka language-clusters of Central and +Western Africa. Distinct also, and offering only a +slight indication of possible affinities, is the language +spoken with but little dialectal variation by the well-marked +race known as the Masai, whose ethnological +features have been treated of in the preceding +chapter.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the south, south-west, and south-central districts +of Africa, <i>enclaves</i> of the Bushman and Hottentot +tongues are found—the “Click” languages, as they +are often called, and the subject of their mutual relations +is still much disputed by authorities. But +Theophilus Hahn<a id='r58'></a><a href='#f58' class='c017'><sup>[58]</sup></a> shows that there is decided resemblance +in many words of common use, and in the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>first three numerals, and even Bleek is constrained to +admit that the difference between the speech of +Hottentot and Bushman scarcely exceeds that between +English and Latin or English and Sanscrit, +languages derived from a common Aryan stock, +though widely separated by time and manner of +development.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(<i>a</i>) Masai.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As far as is known, the neighbourhood of Kilima-njaro +offers languages belonging to only two of the +African families which I have mentioned—the Masai +and the Bantu. As has been already stated, helot +tribes of En-durobo are often found in the vicinity of +Useri, Kimaṅgelia, and the north-eastern slopes of +Kilima-njaro, but those few with whom I came into +personal contact only spoke Masai, and could not be +induced to utter any words or phrases of their own +speech if they still possessed any special dialect peculiar +to them. My materials for a superficial study of +the Masai language were principally derived from individuals, +both Masai proper and the so-called “Wa-kwavi,” +or agricultural Masai, who visited the chief +Mandara for trade during my residence in Moši; +from the Wa-kwavi of Kikoro, near Taveita; from +the few Masai whom I met near Useri, and from the +roving Masai who visited Gonǰa, at the foot of the +Pare hills, and Semboja's town, Mazindi, on the +western flank of Usambara. I find my vocabularies +agree pretty closely with those of Krapf and Erhardt, +and the chief differences arise from what I believe to +be the more exact orthography I have employed. +Erhardt gives in general the form of the word more +correctly than Krapf. Both their vocabularies, however, +are deserving of the highest credit as having +<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>been compiled with wonderful accuracy under circumstances +of much difficulty.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Krapf called his work “A Vocabulary of the Wa-kwavi +Tongue,” and Erhardt entitled his, more justly, +“A Vocabulary of the Masai Language.” Neither +seemed to be aware that they were studying the same +form of speech, although practically the only difference +in their vocabularies comes from the employment of +diverse modes of orthography. The language they +illustrated seems to be a tolerably pure form of Masai +which is spoken in the vicinity of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I find some discrepancy between my linguistic notes +and those of Mr. Last, who visited the southern +Masai, or Wa-kwavi dwelling in Northern Nguru. I +believe that gentleman has in hand a voluminous MS. +vocabulary which will, doubtless, exhibit an interesting +study of the language; but the sentences and +words given by him in the Royal Geographical +Society’s “Proceedings” for September, 1883, seem to +show that the dialect is either a very corrupt one or +has been imperfectly understood. Some words are +evidently borrowed from neighbouring Bantu dialects, +and the possessive pronouns and persons of the verb +are sometimes not in accord with the English translation.</p> + +<p class='c008'>About Northern Masai we know but very little. +It was a great disappointment to me that Mr. Joseph +Thomson, who is the sole European who has yet +visited those regions where the Masai impinge on other +races to the north, should have had no opportunities +of making linguistic notes. He would otherwise have +been able to throw some light on the affinities and +origin of the Masai language. He mentions the people +of Sūk who dwell somewhere to the north of Lake +<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>Bariṅgo, and observes that their language resembles +Masai to a certain extent, with, however, distinct +differences. What these differences are he does not +tell us, and therefore we cannot conjecture, in the +absence of information, what affinities the Sūk language +may display.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The researches of Dr. Emin-Bey (the governor of +the Egyptian Equatorial provinces, whose fate is still +uncertain) throw a certain amount of light on the +northern members of the Masai family of languages. +He gives us a vocabulary of the Latuka language (of +which a few words were also gathered by Sir Samuel +Baker), and places the position of the Latuka people +in about 5° N. of the Equator, where they are nearly +surrounded by the negro tribes (and languages) of +Madi, Šuli, and others. Dr. Emin-Bey says the Latuka +belongs to the Laṅgo cluster, farther south, calls the +Laṅgo a Galla language, and remarks that the Latuka +also evinces Galla affinities. In these suppositions +I am disposed to disagree with him. The Latuka +language has absolutely less relationship with the +Galla than the few slight and doubtful signs exhibited +by the Masai: and the probability is that, as the +Latuka is said to be closely related to the Laṅgo, this +latter language is also of the Masai group. Though +the Latuka tongue differs considerably from Masai +proper, perhaps to the extent of fifty per cent., in the +small vocabulary collected by Dr. Emin-Bey, there is, +however, no doubt whatever that it is a language of +the same family, and I shall endeavour to show in the +appended vocabulary that it agrees in many test-words +and essential points with Masai. The only other +known tongue which can at present be said to form +an independent member of this family is the Bari, a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span>language spoken over a fairly large district on both +banks of the White Nile between 4° and 6° N. latitude. +The fact of its evident relationship to Masai was +pointed out by Lepsius in the preface to his Nubian +grammar, but this interesting discovery has been +completely ignored by other authorities on African +languages, who have grouped the Masai with Nuba,<a id='r59'></a><a href='#f59' class='c017'><sup>[59]</sup></a> +Fula, and many other utterly dissimilar tongues.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the present time, from the information we possess, +we are able to constitute a separate family of African +languages called the Masai, of which the undermentioned +forms of speech are probably members. (I append +a query to those of doubtful existence or affinities.)</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>Bari.</div> + <div class='line'>Latuka.</div> + <div class='line'>Laṅgo?</div> + <div class='line'>Sūk?</div> + <div class='line'>Samburu?</div> + <div class='line'>Masai.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The only possible affinities that the Masai group +displays for other independent families of African +languages are, on the one hand, with the Diṅka and +the Šiluk tongues, and on the other, with the Galla +branch of the Hamitic family.</p> + +<p class='c008'>With the Diṅka and Šiluk (Šuli, Lur, Šiluk, &c.), the +resemblances are confined to a certain undoubted correspondence +in the vocabularies, numerals, and pronouns; +while in grammar there is scarcely any affinity.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Masai proper, more than the northern members of +the family, approaches the Galla somewhat in grammatical +construction, and there are, besides, a few +cases of correspondence in the numerals and pronouns. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>There is absolutely no distinction between the Masai +proper and the agricultural Masai, or “Wa-kwavi,” +as regards their language. The vocabularies given by +Krapf of the Wa-kwavi, and Erhardt of the Masai, +only differ slightly in orthography, and are independent +versions of one and the same form of speech. As I +have already remarked, the Masai tongue, wherever +spoken by Masai people, offers, as far as we yet know, +little dialectal variation, though it is used over a +district stretching between 5° 30′ S. and the Equator. +In this uniformity it resembles the Galla language, +which exhibits but trifling differences in the dialects +spoken on the confines of Abyssinia (12° N. latitude), +and on the coast of the Indian Ocean, near Mombasa. +Doubtless the fact is due to the roving habits of the +race, for, as has been already mentioned, the Masai +warriors range in their raids over nearly the entire +district that bears their name, and thus are kept in +constant communication with the outlying tribes of +their race.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Before describing in a superficial manner the grammatical +construction of the Masai tongue, I feel bound +to remark that for beauty and simplicity of expression +it stands almost unrivalled among the languages of +Africa. Compared with such dreadfully complicated +forms of speech as the Fulde (spoken by the Fulbe or +“Fulahs” in Central and West Africa), where there +are some nineteen<a id='r60'></a><a href='#f60' class='c017'><sup>[60]</sup></a> ways of forming the plural, and the +verbs with their many tenses and moods are worse +than in Greek, the Masai language offers the grammatical +simplicity of English. It has, moreover, a +very copious vocabulary, and its combinations of +sounds are harmonious, simple, and easily pronounced +<span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>by Europeans. Another pleasant feature about it is +that every syllable is so clearly enunciated by the +people who speak it that a stranger may much more +easily distinguish each word and realize its meaning +than is ordinarily possible with a barbarian tongue.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The leading features of the Masai language are these. +It distinguishes three genders or classes of nouns, +answering approximately to <i>masculine</i>, <i>feminine</i>, and +<i>neuter</i> (or <i>common</i>). These genders are indicated by +the form of the demonstrative article, demonstrative +pronoun, nominal, adjectival, and participial prefix, but +only the last—the neuter, or common—is represented in +the personal pronouns and in the persons of the verb.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There are two numbers, singular and plural. The +plural is formed by an addition to or a change in the +<i>termination</i> of the noun in the singular, sometimes by +a change of article,<a id='r61'></a><a href='#f61' class='c017'><sup>[61]</sup></a> and in certain parts of speech +(pronouns, a few adjectives, &c.) by prefixing or +affixing <i>Ku</i> or <i>K</i> to the root.<a id='r62'></a><a href='#f62' class='c017'><sup>[62]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>There are no cases or declensions of the noun expressed +by inflection or change in termination. The +substantive in the genitive case follows the governing +word, with a particle interposed between the nominative +and genitive. This particle seems to be either +masculine, feminine, or neuter, according to the +gender of the noun in the nominative case.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The adjectives are either independent substantives +assuming an adjectival position, or else they are participles +from a verbal root, preceded by the masculine, +feminine, and neuter (or general, or collective) prefixes.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span>The personal pronouns <i>precede</i> the verb. The possessive +pronouns <i>follow</i> the noun. The demonstrative +pronouns may either be placed before or after the +substantive. The interrogative pronoun precedes the +verb, so also does the relative particle, and the interrogative +particle precedes the noun.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The stem or root of the verb remains unaltered, +but the tenses and modifications of the sense (such as +a passive, a reciprocal, a causative meaning, &c.) are +formed by adding both prefixes and suffixes. Many of +these are traceable to abbreviated forms of independent +verbs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The negative particle is always prefixed to the verb. +It is generally expressed by the particle <i>me</i> (<i>m-</i> before a +vowel); but in certain tenses negation is indicated by the +use of a separate prefix formed from an auxiliary verb.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The prepositions in Masai, as their name indicates, +precede the word they govern. The only postpositions +are certain enclitic adverbs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The accent in Masai falls occasionally (especially in +derivatives) on the first syllable of the word (generally +the root), most frequently on the penultimate, and +rarely on the last.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having briefly noted the leading characteristics of +the language, I will now proceed to examine its important +features in a somewhat more detailed manner.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As regards the phonology of Masai it may be remarked +that the vowels have mostly their Italian value. +There are no obscure or modified sounds, and in this +the Masai language resembles most of the Bantu forms +of speech, wherein, also, there are no vowels that are +not clearly and distinctly sounded as in Italian. In +Masai words may end in a consonant (unlike the +opposite rule in Bantu), but two consonants <i>never</i> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_455'>455</span>come together, unless one of them be a <i>nasal</i> or a +<i>liquid</i>. The sounds represented in the language are +these:—</p> + +<p class='c009'>Vowels.—a, e, i, o, ô, u. (U is sometimes pronounced as a semi-diphthong, +like “u” in the word “sure.”)</p> + +<p class='c009'>Diphthongs.—ai, ae, ao, au; ea, ei, eo, eu; ia, ie, io, iu; oa, oe, oi, +ou; ua, ue, ui, uo.</p> + +<p class='c009'>Consonants.—(No <i>aspirates</i>; neither h, h′, nor χ (kh) are represented). +<i>Gutturals.</i>—k, g. <i>Palatals.</i>—y, ǰ (sounding both as French +“j” and “dj”), d′ (“dy′” an intermediate sound between “d” and +“j”). Č (<i>ch</i> in church) is not present in Masai. <i>Dentals.</i>—d, t, s +(no z), š (sh), ž. <i>Liquids.</i>—l, r. <i>Nasals.</i>—n, ṅ (ng′), ny. <i>Labials.</i>—m, +b, p, w, v. (F and v are absent in Southern Masai.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>It may be noted here that in Masai the hard and +soft forms of the gutturals, dentals, and labials are +easily interchangeable. It is difficult to know sometimes +whether to write D or T, K or G, B or P. In +the same way Š, Ž, and ǰ are hardly distinguishable +from one another. The word <i>Žore</i>, “friend,” is pronounced +sometimes <i>Šore</i>, <i>ǰore</i>, and even <i>Dyore</i>. <i>Guduk</i>, +“mouth,” may be <i>Kutuk</i>, <i>Gutuk</i>, or <i>Kuduk</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The article in Masai<a id='r63'></a><a href='#f63' class='c017'><sup>[63]</sup></a> seems to be of three forms, +viz. <i>ôl</i>, <i>el</i>, and <i>en</i>. The first may be taken as meaning +“strong, big, masculine,” and is probably related +to <i>ole</i>, <i>olewa</i>, “strong, male, manly.” Or it may +be a compound between this sexual adjective and the +second article <i>el</i>, which latter seems to be common in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_456'>456</span>gender and collective in number, serving as plural to +<i>ôl</i>, and sometimes preceding nouns of a collective +character that have no singular. <i>El</i> most probably is +a demonstrative pronoun of common gender, and the +same as <i>ele</i>, he, she, it, this (plur. <i>kulo</i>, they, these).</p> + +<p class='c008'>Both <i>ôl</i> and <i>el</i> drop their liquid consonant before +the letter “s” beginning a word; as in Arabic, a +double sound of that consonant is heard, as—<i>ossesin</i> +(= <i>ol-sessin</i>, “the body”), <i>ossoit</i> (= <i>ol-soit</i>, “the +stone”), <i>es-soit</i> (= <i>el-soit</i>), &c.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The last of the three articles, <i>en</i>, assumes the forms +<i>e</i>, <i>es</i>, <i>eṅ</i> (sometimes <i>eṅg</i>), and <i>em</i>, according as it +precedes nouns commencing with an <i>n</i> or <i>m</i>, an <i>s</i>, a +vowel, or a labial; as—<i>E-modi</i>, “a pan,” or “pot;” +<i>e-naṅga</i>, “cloth;” <i>es-siaṅgiki</i>, “a wife;” <i>eṅ-oloṅ</i>, or +<i>eṅ-goloṅ</i> “the sun;” <i>eṅ-guduk</i>, “the mouth;” <i>em-bere</i>, +“the spear.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The article <i>en</i> is mainly feminine in its significance, +but it also gives a diminutive, depreciatory, weakened, +playful, or affectionate character to the word it precedes. +Thus <i>eṅ-ker</i> is “a female sheep” (<i>ôl-ker</i>, “a +ram”), <i>eṅ-doinyo</i>, “a hill” (<i>ôl-doinyo</i>, “a mountain”), +<i>em-barawui</i>, “the Wa-kwavi, or agricultural Masai,” +a contemptuous name used in the feminine sense by +the nomad Masai to imply cowardice; <i>eṅ-guǰita</i>, +“tender grass” (<i>ôl-guǰita</i>, “strong, rough grass”), +and so on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The article <i>en</i> (with its variants, <i>e</i>, <i>eṅ</i>, <i>eṅg</i>, <i>em</i>, &c.) +seems to be more immediately derived from <i>ena</i>, the +feminine demonstrative pronoun answering to <i>ele</i> in the +masculine, before described. It is possible that <i>ena</i> +may be a compound of <i>el</i>, the common article, directive, +or demonstrative, and <i>na</i> the feminine particle—i.e. +<i>el-na</i>, <i>e-na</i>, <i>ena</i>, <i>en</i>. Just as I already hinted +<span class='pageno' id='Page_457'>457</span>that <i>ôl</i> may be compounded of <i>o</i> (<i>ole</i>, “male”) and +<i>el</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>This consideration leads us to the discussion of the +masculine, feminine, and neuter (or common) particles +which are often prefixed to nouns and adjectives.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>O</i>, <i>oi</i>, <i>li</i>, <i>le</i>, indicate masculinity or strength when +prefixed to a root. These forms are evidently derived +from <i>ole</i> (plur. <i>olewa</i>), “male,” a term which is possibly +allied to the verbal stem <i>gol</i>, “to be strong,” and +<i>iôlo</i>, <i>yôlo</i>, “to know,” “to be able,” and even <i>oloṅ</i>, +<i>goloṅ</i>, “sun.” Placed before a root word, <i>ole</i> has by +contraction or abbreviation become <i>o</i>, <i>oi</i> (<i>ole</i>, <i>o-e</i>, <i>o-i</i>), +<i>le</i>, &c. This prefix is used at present to give a masculine +character to the word it precedes: as <i>oigob</i> (<i>oi-kob</i>; +<i>kob</i>, “land”), “men of the land;”<a id='r64'></a><a href='#f64' class='c017'><sup>[64]</sup></a> <i>o-irok</i>, “black,” +masc.; <i>o-ibor</i>, “white,” masc. (<i>ol-doinyo oibor</i>, “the +white mountain”); <i>o-irosi</i>, “heavy,” masc.; <i>li-kai</i>, +“another,” masc.; <i>l-ino</i>, “thy,” masc.; and so on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The traces of the common or neuter prefix, <i>e</i>, <i>ei</i>, +or <i>el</i> (<i>ele</i>), are not so frequent as either the masculine +or feminine particles; still there are several words in +which it is indisputably present, as <i>ei-bardani</i>, “bride +or bridegroom;” <i>ei-gulo</i>, “breast-bone;” <i>ei-baṅgi</i>, “a +moderate-sized hill;” <i>e-ǰon</i>, “fresh, green;” <i>e-irok</i>, +“black;” <i>e-ado</i>, “long;” <i>e-muaja</i>, “how much?” all +adjectives in the common gender: and abstract nouns, +as <i>eweji</i>, “place;” <i>eiso</i> (Latuka, <i>eido</i>), “heaven;” +<i>e-duwa</i>, “bitterness;” <i>e-gogo</i>, “old age,” &c.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The feminine prefix is <i>na</i>, and appears to be +connected with the root, <i>nana</i>, “weak, soft, tender,” +even in a depreciatory sense, “worthless, +rotten.” It is united to all stems to which a special +<span class='pageno' id='Page_458'>458</span>feminine sense is to be given. Thus, <i>na-ido</i> “sister,” +a term of address to women <i>oido</i>, “brother,” masc.; +<i>eido</i>, “the brotherhood,” common; <i>na-daṅgile</i>, “dear +one, darling”—a term applied to women; <i>na-do</i>, +“long,” fem. (<i>enaṅga nado</i>, “the long cloth”); <i>na-gai</i>, +“good, well,” adv. from <i>-gai</i>, “good” (<i>En-gai</i>, +fem., “God, rain,” lit. “the good”); <i>na-ǰon</i>, “green,” +fem., &c.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Examples of the above prefixes applied to the same +root:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='3'><i>-ǰon</i>, “fresh, green.”</td></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Masculine.</th> + <th class='c011'>Common.</th> + <th class='c029'>Feminine.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'><i>Ôl-doinyo oǰon</i>,</td> + <td class='c011'><i>El-ata éǰon</i>,</td> + <td class='c029'><i>Em-benek naǰon</i>,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>“the green mountain.”</td> + <td class='c011'>“fresh oil.”</td> + <td class='c029'>“the green leaf.”</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>There would appear at times traces as of all these +particles—<i>o</i>, <i>na</i>, and <i>e</i>—forming or having formed +themselves into pronouns for the classes they represent, +especially in juxtaposition with the verb. At the +present moment this only appears in participial adjectives +formed from verbs, and not in the tenses, where +only the common prefix, <i>e</i>, is represented. Whether +anciently all three forms were used as pronouns—he, +she, and it—or whether such a development is approaching, +I cannot say. At present, he, she, it, they, +are represented by a common verbal pronoun or particle—<i>e</i> +or <i>ei</i>. Thus we say—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>Ôl-duṅani</td> + <td class='c021' colspan='2' rowspan='4'>e-mud (-mud = the root of the verb).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>En-daṅgile</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>El-eduwa</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>El-dana</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'> </td> + <td class='c020'> </td> + <td class='c030'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>The man</td> + <td class='c020'>he</td> + <td class='c030' rowspan='3'>disappears.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>The woman</td> + <td class='c020'>she</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>The bitterness</td> + <td class='c020'>it</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c020'>The people</td> + <td class='c021' colspan='2'>they disappear.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Also <i>ele</i>, the demonstrative pronoun, is generally +<span class='pageno' id='Page_459'>459</span>accepted as a personal pronoun, meaning “he,” “she,” +and “it.” “They” is ordinarily expressed by the +plural form of this word, viz. <i>kulo</i>. Of course, for +strictly demonstrative purposes, this pronoun has a +feminine form, which will be treated of afterwards.</p> + +<p class='c008'>To summarize what I have been saying, it would +seem as if originally there had been in Masai three +genders or classes of nouns—<i>masculine</i> or <i>strong</i>, +<i>common</i> or <i>general</i>, <i>feminine</i> or <i>diminutive</i>—and that +these three classes were provided with certain particles +which were prefixed to word-stems to indicate the +class or gender of the governing noun. This somewhat +reminds one of the concord in Bantu languages, +but the resemblance is not effectually carried out; if +it were, you would be able to say in Masai—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in6'><i>Ôl</i>-duṅani <i>o</i>-gol <i>o</i>-šam; ki-šam-<i>ole</i>;</div> + <div class='line in6'>The man strong he loves; we love him;</div> + <div class='line in4'>= The strong man loves; we love him;</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c018'>or,</p> +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in6'><i>En</i>-daṅgile <i>na</i>-lulunga <i>na</i>-kweni; ki-niṅ-na.</div> + <div class='line in6'>The woman healthy she laughs; we hear her.</div> + <div class='line in4'>= The healthy woman laughs; we hear her.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c018'>As it is you say—</p> + +<p class='c009'>Ôl-duṅani o-gol <i>e</i>-šam; ki-šam-<i>ele</i>, and En-daṅgile na-lulunga +<i>e</i>-kweni; ki-niṅ-<i>ele</i>.</p> + +<p class='c007'>In the Bantu tongues, where there is a large (in all +sixteen) number of noun-classes, the governing prefix +of the subject follows throughout. Thus in Swahili +they say—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in6'><i>Wa</i>-tu <i>wa</i>-zuri <i>wa</i>-ja; na-<i>wa</i>-ona;</div> + <div class='line in5'>The men handsome they come; I them see;</div> + <div class='line in3'>= The handsome men are coming; I see them;</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c018'>or—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in6'><i>Ki</i>-tu <i>ki</i>-dogo <i>ki</i>-mo; Tu-<i>ki</i>-pate.</div> + <div class='line in5'>The thing little it is within; That we it may get.</div> + <div class='line in3'>= The little thing is inside; let us get it.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_460'>460</span>In the sex-denoting Hamitic, Semitic, and Aryan +tongues this concord, imperfectly as it is now represented, +once existed, though the sex-denoting particles +were generally added to the termination of the word +instead of preceding it.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus in Galla (Hamitic) they say—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in8'>Ni<i>ti</i> hie<i>ti</i> obole<i>ti</i>-<i>ši</i> ilal<i>ti</i> <i>iši</i> wam<i>te</i>.</div> + <div class='line in6'>Woman poor sister her saw (and) her called.</div> + <div class='line in4'>= The poor woman saw her sister and called her.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In this case the syllable <i>ti</i>, which has a feminine +signification, and <i>iši</i>, its variant, run through all the +words dependent on the governing noun.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Hottentot<a id='r65'></a><a href='#f65' class='c017'><sup>[65]</sup></a> almost the same thing presents itself +(I quote from Bleek’s Grammar):—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>//Nã-tara-<i>ti</i>, sida !hau-s-di-<i>ti</i>, /nĩ !ā-s-!na //an-hã-<i>ti</i>, hõ-<i>ti</i>-da-ra, gare-da-ra goma-n ã-<i>te</i>.</div> + <div class='line'>Those women our tribe’s they, another village in dwelling find them we do, praise we do cattle of them.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>= The women of our tribe who live in that village, we find them, we praise their cattle.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>In Arabic (Semitic) much the same concord is +present as in Galla. Thus, to use the same phrase we +might say:—</p> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div><span lang='ar' dir='rtl'>الامراة مسكينة شافت اختها و نادتها</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in4'>Al-imr<i>at</i> maskin<i>at</i> šāfat uχ<i>t-ha</i> wa nad<i>at</i>-<i>ha</i>.</div> + <div class='line in4'>The poor woman saw her sister and called her.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In many of the Aryan tongues the concord is +exhibited by more or less uniform terminations of words +according to gender, which are usually constant in +their operation.<a id='r66'></a><a href='#f66' class='c017'><sup>[66]</sup></a> We most of us can call to mind the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_461'>461</span>masculine, feminine, and neuter endings of familiar +Aryan languages, which modify the same root in a +generic sense, and which are repeated in the dependent +adjectives and pronouns. It is as much a concord as +what strikes us so particularly in Bantu, only it takes +the form of a suffix instead of a prefix.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The personal pronouns in Masai are:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c010'></th> + <th class='c010'>Sing.</th> + <th class='c012'>Plur.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>1.</td> + <td class='c010'><i>nanu.</i></td> + <td class='c012'><i>iok.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>2.</td> + <td class='c010'><i>ie</i>, or <i>iye.</i></td> + <td class='c012'><i>endai.</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>3.</td> + <td class='c010'><i>ele</i> (he, she, it). <i>Vide</i> demons. pron.</td> + <td class='c012'><i>kulo.</i></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>The 2nd person singular <i>ie</i> seems to be a somewhat +mutilated form. I fancy there are slight indications +in the language of its once having had a +masculine and feminine form, as in the Semitic +tongues; possibly <i>oiye</i>, <i>loiye</i> (<i>loiye</i> is still used as a +form of saluting males) for the masculine, and <i>naiye</i> +for the feminine. The 2nd person plural seems to +be of a feminine character, and to be composed of +<i>enda</i>, demons. pron. fem., “that,” and <i>ie</i> or <i>iye</i>, “thou”—so +that it would originally assume the meaning of +“you, there.” In Galla, all nouns, whether masculine +or feminine, use the feminine pronoun, and are considered +to be in the feminine gender when used in a +collective sense.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Ele</i> and <i>kulo</i>, the 3rd pers. sing. and plur. are +simply demonstrative pronouns, and when not standing +with the verb would be common or masculine in +gender. The female equivalents are <i>ena</i> and <i>kuna</i>. +The objective forms of the personal pronouns are +<span class='pageno' id='Page_462'>462</span>apparently the same as those in the nominative case. +In construction they are placed after the verb or predicate.</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>“I give you”</td> + <td class='c014'>is</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Nanu aišo ie</i>.<br>I give you.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>“Thou givest me”</td> + <td class='c014'>is</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Iye īšo nanu</i>.<br>Thou givest me.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>At the same time, it must be remarked that in +speaking Masai the pronoun in the objective case is +often understood rather than given. Thus “I give” +will often stand for “I give him, or you, or them,” +according to the context.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Reflective pronouns are often simply the ordinary +personal forms, but in cases of peculiar emphasis the +words <i>os-sesin</i> (body), <i>ôl-dau</i> (heart), are used in +conjunction with possessive pronouns. Thus “I, +myself,” is <i>nanu, os-sesin-lai</i>, lit. “I, my body;” or +“I love myself,” <i>Nanu ašam ôl-dau-lai</i>, lit. “I love +my heart.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>For the 3rd person, sing. and plur., a form <i>ninye</i>, +or <i>nenye</i>, is sometimes used. This may possibly be an +old feminine form of the 3rd person possessive article, +<i>enye</i>, and may refer to a feminine noun understood. +A reciprocal form of the pronouns is sometimes made +by prefixing <i>pa</i>, a preposition meaning “for, by, with,” +as <i>paiok</i>, <i>paye</i>, &c. This has often the force of “<i>each +other</i>.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Before the verb-root certain particles are used which +seem originally to have been abbreviated forms of the +personal pronouns.</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>For the</td> + <td class='c011'>1st</td> + <td class='c011'>person</td> + <td class='c011'>sing.</td> + <td class='c012'><i>a-</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>2nd</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'><i>i-</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>3rd</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'><i>e-</i>. (<i>Vide supra.</i>)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>1st</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>plur.</td> + <td class='c012'><i>ki-</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>2nd</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'><i>ki-</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>3rd</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'><i>e-</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_463'>463</span>Examples:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='2'>-<i>kweni</i>, to laugh.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>A-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>I laugh.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>I-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>Thou laughest.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>E-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>He, she, it laughs.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Ki-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>We laugh.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Ki-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>You laugh.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>E-kweni,</td> + <td class='c031'>They laugh.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>It is possible that the form of the 1st pronominal +prefix in the verb was <i>na</i>,<a id='r67'></a><a href='#f67' class='c017'><sup>[67]</sup></a> an abbreviation of <i>nanu</i>. +There are one or two cases in which it still seems to +linger, as in <i>naji</i>, “I am called.” The form of the 1st +and 2nd persons plural, it will be noticed, are the same. +As may be noticed in several African languages, the +2nd person plural has not a very well fixed existence, +and seems to borrow forms from the other persons.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The possessive pronouns are used as suffixes, and +are:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Sing.</th> + <th class='c029'>Plur.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>My, -<i>lai</i>, masc.; <i>ai</i>, fem. and common.</td> + <td class='c031'>-<i>lainai</i>, masc.; -<i>ainai</i>, fem. and common.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>Thy, -<i>lino</i>, masc.; -<i>ino</i> or -<i>nono</i>, fem. and common.</td> + <td class='c031'>-<i>linono</i>, masc.; -<i>nono</i>, fem. and common.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031' colspan='2'>His, her, its, -<i>lenye</i>, masc.; -<i>enye</i>, fem. and common (sing. and plur.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031' colspan='2'>Our, -<i>laṅ</i>, masc.; -<i>aṅ</i>, fem. and common (sing. and plur.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031' colspan='2'>Your (doubtful; possibly -<i>inye</i> or -<i>enye</i>, the same as his, &c.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c031' colspan='2'>Their, -<i>lēnyěna</i>, masc.; -<i>ēnyěna</i>, fem. (sing. and plur.).</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Examples of above:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Arabe-lai</i>, my friend (masc.).</div> + <div class='line'><i>Anaši-ai</i>, my sister (fem.).</div> + <div class='line'><i>Eiboni-lino</i>, thy chief (masc.).</div> + <div class='line'><i>Naiu-ino</i>, thy mother (fem.).</div> + <div class='line'><i>Aji-enye</i>, his house (fem.).</div> + <div class='line'><i>Tokitin-ainai</i>, my things (fem.).</div> + <div class='line in20'>&c.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The relative pronouns in Masai seem to present but +<span class='pageno' id='Page_464'>464</span>one form, and that is a slight one. It consists of <i>n-</i> +prefixed to the pronominal particle preceding the verb, +as:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in2'><i>Ôl-duṅani nešam</i> (<i>n-e-šam</i>).</div> + <div class='line in2'>The man who loves.</div> + <div class='line in2'><i>En-doki našam nanu.</i></div> + <div class='line in2'>The thing which love I.</div> + <div class='line'>= The thing which I love.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The interrogatives are:—</p> + +<p class='c009'><i>Aṅai?</i> “who? which?” <i>Nyo?</i> and <i>Ainyo?</i> “what?” <i>K</i>-, <i>Ka?</i><a id='r68'></a><a href='#f68' class='c017'><sup>[68]</sup></a> +is often prefixed to nouns, and means “what sort of?” “what-?” +<i>Ka-l-kiteṅ?</i> “what sort of a bullock?” &c.</p> + +<p class='c008'>All these interrogatives need the relative <i>n</i>- before +the verb, as <i>Aṅai neno?</i> “Who is coming?” <i>Ken-doki +neti?</i> “What thing is here?”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The demonstratives are:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011' colspan='2'>Sing.</th> + <th class='c029' colspan='2'>Plur.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Masc.</th> + <th class='c011'>Fem.</th> + <th class='c011'>Masc.</th> + <th class='c029'>Fem.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Ele</i> or <i>elo</i>.</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Ena</i>, “this.”</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Kulo</i> or <i>Kule</i>.</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Kuna</i>, “these.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Elde.</i></td> + <td class='c014'><i>Enda</i>, “that.”</td> + <td class='c014'><i>Kulde.</i></td> + <td class='c031'><i>Kunda</i>, “those.”</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Sometimes <i>n</i> or <i>ni</i> (a form of the adv. <i>eni</i>, “here,”) +is prefixed to all the forms, and accentuates their position—<i>nelo</i> +means “this, here.” When prefixed to the +plural, <i>ku</i> is left out, as <i>nieldo</i>, “those, these.” All +these demonstratives may take their place as personal +pronouns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Adjectival pronouns are:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Poki</i> or <i>boki</i>, “all, every.”</div> + <div class='line'>(<i>Pokirare</i>, all two = both.)</div> + <div class='line'>-<i>kai</i>, other.</div> + </div> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in4'><i>Likai</i>, masc. sing. }</div> + <div class='line in4'><i>Eṅkai</i>, } fem. } the other.</div> + <div class='line in4'><i>Nakai</i>, } sing. and plur. } the others.</div> + <div class='line in4'><i>Kulikai</i>, common. }</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The adjectives in Masai are either independent +nouns used in an adjectival sense (like in many of our +<span class='pageno' id='Page_465'>465</span>compound substantives, such as, “dog-collar,” “mealworm,” +&c.) and unassociated with gender or class; +or else verb-roots, which are preceded by the class-prefix +of the noun they qualify, and which are adjectives +in a participial sense.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of the first description there are words like <i>torono</i>, +<i>torok</i>, originally a substantive meaning “destruction, +anything broken, spoilt,” but now only used as an +adjective with the meaning of “bad, very bad,” +according to termination. <i>Torok</i> is at once the plural +and the intensified form. Thus:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Ôl duṅani torono</i> is “the bad man.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>Ôl duṅani torok</i> is “the very bad man.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>El duṅanak torok</i> is “the bad men.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Adjectives of this description generally agree with +their governing substantive in <i>number</i> (unless they +are only found in a collective form possessing no +plural), but exhibit no prefixes indicative of gender; +but those of the second class, which comprise the bulk +of the adjectives, and which may possibly be present-participles, +always prefix to their stem the distinctive +particle showing the class of the noun they qualify. +Thus, <i>iroši</i>, a verb-root meaning “to be heavy,” +becomes <i>oiroši</i>, masc., <i>nairoši</i>, fem., <i>eiroši</i>, common, +according as it serves as adjective to—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Ôl-alem</i> (masc.), “the knife.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>En-dolu</i> (fem.), “the hatchet.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>El-ekari</i> (common), “the bread.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>These adjectives do <i>not</i> change their termination in +the plural. Masculine nouns, which, as I have already +explained, go into the common, neutral gender when +they become plural, change their adjectival prefix also. +Thus you say:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line in8'><span class='pageno' id='Page_466'>466</span><i>Ôl-doinyo oibor</i> (the white mountain), sing.;</div> + <div class='line'>but</div> + <div class='line in8'><i>El-doinyon eibor</i> (the white mountains), plur.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The adjectives, however, remain the same in both +numbers for feminine and common nouns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Masai, the adjectives always follow the nouns.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In treating of the prefixes, pronouns, and adjectives, +I have said so much about the substantive indirectly +that there remains but little to remark respecting this +important part of speech.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Masai, it seems to me that the substantive +originates from a verbal-root rather than that it gives +birth to the verb, as seems to be the case in the commencement +of Aryan speech, I shall treat of this +further when discussing the verb.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I have already treated of the three genders, or +classes of nouns, in Masai; I will now briefly explain +how the plural is formed. This, in the majority of +substantives, is done by adding <i>k</i> or <i>ki</i>, <i>n</i> or <i>ni</i><a id='r69'></a><a href='#f69' class='c017'><sup>[69]</sup></a> to +the root, with, unless it ends in a vowel or a liquid, a +vowel in between the root and the plural suffix. As a +matter of fact, most substantives end in a vowel.<a id='r70'></a><a href='#f70' class='c017'><sup>[70]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>One or two seemingly irregular plurals are formed +by adding <i>a</i> to the root, or <i>tin</i>,<a id='r71'></a><a href='#f71' class='c017'><sup>[71]</sup></a> as:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Kera</i>, plur. of</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Ker</i>, “a sheep.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Eweǰitin</i>, „</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Eweǰi</i>, “a place.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Tokitin</i>, „</td> + <td class='c031'><i>Toki</i>, “a thing.”</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Many collective nouns, or nouns of neuter gender, +form no plural, or occasionally (and this is also noticeable +in certain adjectives) form a plural by <i>prefixing +ku</i>. This prefix <i>ku</i> will have been already noticed in +<span class='pageno' id='Page_467'>467</span>the demonstrative pronouns where it forms the plural +(<i>ku-na</i>, <i>ku-lo</i>, <i>ku-lde</i>, &c.). It is evidently an old +plural prefix of neuter gender. There are no “cases” +distinguishable in the Masai noun, but when it is used +in a “vocative” sense the definite article is dropped +and the class prefix substituted. Thus, in addressing +children you say “<i>Na-kera!</i>” “Oh, children!” +instead of <i>Eṅ-kera</i>, “the children,” “<i>Ô-duṅani</i>!” +“Oh, man!” “<i>Eiboni!</i>” “Oh, chief!”</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is difficult to treat of the Masai verb without +entering somewhat into the question of the construction +of the Masai language.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I believe that it is possible to trace most of the +fundamental ideas which form the base of this speech +to monosyllabic roots. Many of these are still existing +in their primitive form, side by side with their polysyllabic +variants, and it is not difficult to guess at the +agglutinative processes which have built up the structure +of the language.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The particles which are used to form the different concepts +that are built up from a single root may be placed +before or after the stem. Sometimes they consist of independent +verbal roots, prefixed or affixed, or they may +be simple reduplications of the primitive idea with a view +of intensifying it, or adverbial or prepositional prefixes, +or affixed particles used in a passive sense, and so on. +An example will better illustrate my meaning.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the root, <i>ud</i>, “digging, boring, hollowing,” +is derived—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>eṅg-<i>ud</i>-uk</td> + <td class='c014'>(eṅg.</td> + <td class='c031'>= the art. fem.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>(“the mouth”)</td> + <td class='c014'><i>ud</i></td> + <td class='c031'>= the root.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c014'>uk</td> + <td class='c031'>= another stem, meaning “shining, glittering;” therefore</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031' colspan='2'>eṅg-<i>ud</i>-uk means the glittering cavity, viz. “the mouth.”)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='pageno' id='Page_468'>468</span>eṅg-<i>ud</i>-uk-aǰi<br>(the “door”)</td> + <td class='c014'>(aǰi</td> + <td class='c031'>= house. <i>Engudukaǰi</i>, lit. “the mouth of the house.”)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>e-<i>ud</i>-oto</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “hole.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>eṅg-<i>ud</i>-a</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “the digger,” viz. “the field rat.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>en-d-<i>ud</i>-e</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “the bowels;” lit. “a cavity.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>en-d-<i>ud</i>-ua</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “a basket;” lit. the plaited or “dug into.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>en-d-<i>ud</i>-unio</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “the heel,” in the sense of the heel’s continually “digging” into the ground.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>-<i>ud</i>-i, passive</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to be dug, hollowed.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>ud</i>-i-ki</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= a kind of double passive; lit. “to be furrowed (viz. wrinkled) repeatedly.” = to purpose, intend, after reflection.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>-<i>ud</i>-i-kini</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to be intended or destined for.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>i-<i>ud</i></td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to rub, to wipe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>im-<i>ud</i></td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= “im” = to pass; lit. to pass down, to set, as the sun. <i>Eṅ-goloṅ eimud</i> = “the sun sets.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>is-<i>ud</i>-o</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to hide, conceal.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>is-<i>ud</i>-orie</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to hide carefully, viz. hide different portions in different places. <i>Or</i> = to divide. The prefixed s is from the adv. <i>si</i> = again, and implies “repeated digging.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>ib-<i>ud</i><a id='r72'></a><a href='#f72' class='c017'><sup>[72]</sup></a></td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to fill up.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'>ib-<i>ud</i>-i</td> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c031'>= to be filled. &c.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Many of the leading verbal-roots will be found in +the Vocabulary.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I will now give a few illustrations of the Masai verb +and of its method of conjugation.</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Example I.</span></th></tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'>-<i>en</i>, to bind together.</th></tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Active Voice.</span></th></tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Present Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c032' colspan='2'>Affirmative.</th> + <th class='blt c032' colspan='2'>Negative.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Nanu<a id='r73'></a><a href='#f73' class='c017'><sup>[73]</sup></a> a<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>I bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Ma<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>I bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Iye i<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>Thou bindest.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Mi<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>Thou bindest not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Ele e<i>ën</i> (or <i>ēn</i>),</td> + <td class='c033'>He, she, it binds.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>M<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>He binds not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Iok ki<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>We bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Meki<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>We bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Endai ki<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>You bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Meki<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>You bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Kuloe<i>ën</i> (or <i>ēn</i>),</td> + <td class='c033'>They bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>M<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>They bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_469'>469</span> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Past Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c032' colspan='2'>Affirmative.</th> + <th class='blt c032' colspan='2'>Negative.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>At<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>I bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Itu<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>I bound not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>It<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>Thou boundedst.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Itu<i>ien</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>Thou boundedst not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Et<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>He bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Etu<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>He bound not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Kit<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>We bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Itu<i>kien</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>We bound not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Kit<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>You bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Itu<i>kien</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>You bound not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Et<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>They bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Etu<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>They bound not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Future Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>(The particles used in forming this tense are evidently relics of the roots <i>-lo</i>, <i>-po</i>, signifying “to go.” <i>Vide</i> Vocabulary, verbs.}</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Al<i>aēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>I shall find.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Mal<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>I shall not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033' rowspan='2'>(lit. <i>ālo</i>, I go. <i>aen</i>, to bind.)</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Mil<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>Thou shalt not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + + <td class='blt c034'>Mel<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>He shall not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Il<i>aēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>thou shalt bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Mekil<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>We shall not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>El<i>aēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>He shall bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034' rowspan='3'>Mekil<i>aen</i>, (or Mekipu<i>aen</i>),</td> + <td class='c034' rowspan='3'>You shall not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Kipu<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>We shall bind.</td> + + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033' colspan='2' rowspan='2'>(Kipu is an irregular plural of <i>alo</i>, to go, from another root.)</td> + + + </tr> + <tr> + + <td class='blt c034'>Mepu<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>They shall not bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Kipu<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>You shall bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034' colspan='2' rowspan='2'>(The vowels that come together in this tense are often contracted with one sound. Thus “Kipu<i>aen</i>” will be generally heard “Kip<i>wen</i>.” I spell them thus to show the proper mode of conjugating the tense.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Epu<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>They shall bind.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Imperative Mood.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Mat<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>let me bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034' rowspan='2'>Mi<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034' rowspan='2'>bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>T<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>bind thou.</td> + + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Mat<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>let us bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034' rowspan='2'>Mi<i>enieni</i>,</td> + <td class='c034' rowspan='2'>bind ye not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>End<i>ena</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>bind ye.</td> + + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Subjunctive Mood.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Present Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>P<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>If, when, whilst I bind.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Pema<i>en</i> or pem<i>ēn</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>If I bind not</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Pe<i>ien</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>If thou bindest.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Pemi<i>en</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>If thou bind not.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c032' colspan='2'>&c.</td> + <td class='blt c032' colspan='2'>&c.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>This tense is made by prefixing the preposition <i>pe</i>, +if, when, whilst, &c., to the present indicative.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another combination is with the relative particle <i>n</i>, +<i>ne</i>, and expresses, “that I may,” &c. It always +<span class='pageno' id='Page_470'>470</span>follows an interrogative pronoun or a preceding verb. +This tense is often expressed by an infinitive in +English, as:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Ayau</i> n<i>aen</i>, I wish to bind; lit. I wish that I may bind.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>After a relative or interrogative pronoun it is prefixed +to the verb in the same manner, as:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>Aṅai nēn</i>? Who is binding? lit. Who that is binding?</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Its manner of uniting with the personal prefixes of +the verb is the same as that of <i>pe</i>, <i>me</i>, and other +particles already given, viz.:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>N<i>aen</i>,</td> + <td class='blt c034' rowspan='6'><i>that</i> I may, thou mayest, he may, &c., bind.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>N<i>ein</i>,</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>N<i>ēn</i>,</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Ne<i>kien</i>,</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>Ne<i>kien</i>,</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>N<i>ēn</i>,</td> + + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Both these particles, <i>pe</i> and <i>ne</i> or <i>ni</i>, together with +others, such as <i>teni</i>, “if,” perchance, <i>K</i>, <i>Ka</i>, “What?” +(Ka<i>ien</i>? “What art thou binding?”) may be prefixed to +all the tenses of the indicative mood in the active and +passive voices, thus giving them a subjunctive or +potential sense.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Thus you may say:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>Pe<i>tena</i>, If he bound.</td></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>Ne<i>itukien</i>, That we bound not.</td></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>&c.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Passive Voice.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'><i>-eni</i>, to be bound.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Indicative Mood.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Present Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c032' colspan='2'>Affirmative.</th> + <th class='blt c032' colspan='2'>Negative,</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>A<i>eni</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>I am bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Ma<i>eni</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>I am not bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'>I<i>eni</i>,</td> + <td class='c033'>Thou art bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'>Mi<i>eni</i>,</td> + <td class='c034'>Thou art not bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c032' colspan='2'>&c.</td> + <td class='blt c032' colspan='2'>&c.</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c035' colspan='4'>Adding for this tense <i>-i</i> to the present indicative, active voice.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'><span class='pageno' id='Page_471'>471</span> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Past Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c032' colspan='2'>Affirmative.</th> + <th class='blt c032' colspan='2'>Negative.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'><i>Atēna</i>ki,</td> + <td class='c033'>I was bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'><i>Ituäten</i>aki,</td> + <td class='c034'>I was not bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'><i>Itēna</i>ki,</td> + <td class='c033'>Thou wast bound.</td> + <td class='blt c034'><i>Ituiten</i>aki,</td> + <td class='c034'>Thou was not bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c032' colspan='2'>And so on.</td> + <td class='blt c032' colspan='2'>&c.</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c035' colspan='4'>Adding <i>-ki</i> to termination of past tense, indicative; active voice.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Future Tense.</i></th></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Alaeni</i>, I shall be bound.</td></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>&c.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='c033'> </td> + <td class='blt c034'> </td> + <td class='c034'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Imperative Mood.</span></th></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Tena</i>ki, be thou bound.</td></tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'><i>Endena</i>ki, be ye bound.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Besides the above-mentioned tenses, others can be +formed by the aid of auxiliary verbs, as:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Aidipa atena</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I had bound, I have already bound; lit. I have finished, I have bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Ituaidip atena</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I had <i>not</i> bound, &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Ayau naen</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I would bind; lit. I would, will, desire that I bind.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>Many verbs, especially derivatives, and those commencing +with <i>i</i>, make their past tense differently from +the mode already described, viz. by simply affixing <i>a</i> +to the root. Thus:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Aidip</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I finish.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Aidipa</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I finished.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Aiken</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I count.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Aikena</i>,</td> + <td class='c031'>I counted.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>The mode of forming the past tense in other verbs +is, as in the first example, given by prefixing <i>-ta</i>, <i>-te</i>, +<i>-ti</i>, <i>-to</i>, or <i>-tu</i>, to the root, and adding <i>a</i> to stems +ending in a consonant, as:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='bbt c036'><i>A</i>-t-<i>ena</i><br>(properly <i>a</i>-te-<i>ena</i>),</td> + <td class='bbt blt c036'>I bound.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><i>A</i>-ta-<i>šama</i>,</td> + <td class='blt c036'>I loved (from <i>šam</i>, to love).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><i>A</i>-ti-<i>riša</i>,</td> + <td class='blt c036'>I equalled (from <i>riš</i>, to equal).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><i>A</i>-to-<i>roro</i>,</td> + <td class='blt c036'>I trod (from <i>roro</i>, to tread).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><i>A</i>-tu-<i>šuma</i>,</td> + <td class='blt c036'>I put down (from <i>šum</i>, to put down).</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_472'>472</span>It may be remarked that on the tonic vowel of the +root, the vowel of the prefix <i>-t-</i> generally depends.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The elements of construction in the verb may be +briefly summarized.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The present affirmative is simply the root with the +personal prefixes added. The past affirmative is +formed by prefixing <i>-ta</i>, <i>-te</i>, <i>-ti</i>, <i>-to</i>, or <i>-tu</i>, to the root, +and affixing <i>a</i>, or by doing the latter only in the case +of most derivative verbs commencing with <i>i</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is possible that the <i>-ta</i>, &c., prefixed to the verb +to form a past tense is related to the verb-root <i>-ta</i>, “to +be, become, have.” The origin of the future tense has +already been surmised. It is formed by prefixing <i>-l</i> +(<i>al</i>, <i>il</i>, <i>el</i>) to the three persons in the singular of the +present tense, and <i>-po</i> (<i>kipu</i>, <i>epu</i>) to the three persons +in the plural.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The imperative, it will have been remarked, resembles +greatly the past tense in the affirmative. In +those verbs which form their preterite without prefixing +<i>-t-</i>, the imperative also lacks this particle, and resembles +the past tense exactly in the 2nd pers. sing. In the +2nd pers. plural, the <i>e</i>, <i>en</i>, <i>em</i>, <i>end</i>, placed before the +verb, as in End<i>ašam</i>, “love ye;” End<i>en</i>, “bind ye,” +stands for <i>Endai</i>, “you.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>The negative is generally formed by prefixing <i>m</i> or +<i>me-</i> to the affirmative. This particle is derived from +the adverb <i>emme</i>, “no, not.” The exception to this +rule lies in the negative past tense of indicative where +<i>itu</i>, <i>etu</i> takes the place of <i>m</i>. I cannot obtain any +clue to the origin of this prefix, unless it is related +to <i>-toa</i>, “died, ceased” (<i>Atoa</i>, “I died.”)</p> + +<p class='c008'>The passive is usually formed by adding <i>i</i> in the +present, and <i>ki</i> in the past tenses to the form of the +active voice. In some verbs, <i>-i</i> is replaced by <i>-ki</i> or +<span class='pageno' id='Page_473'>473</span><i>-ni</i>, and either of these two may be doubled to intensify +or modify the sense.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The meanings of verbal-roots may be altered by +various affixes and prefixes. Among the former are—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>-šo</i>, causative (from <i>-išo</i>, to give).</div> + <div class='line'><i>-ate</i>, reciprocative.</div> + <div class='line'><i>-ie</i>, transitive.</div> + <div class='line'><i>-si</i>, intensitive (from <i>-si</i>, again).</div> + <div class='line'><i>-ge</i>, restrictive (from <i>-ge</i>, only, but).</div> + <div class='line'><i>-ka</i>, applicative.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>The verb “to be, to have (viz. be with), to become, +to exist,” is expressed by three forms:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>-ra</i>, <i>-ta</i>, and <i>-ti</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'><i>-ra</i> applies more to actual existence, and is only used +in the present tense, <i>-ta</i> is used in present and past, +and with compounds. It is often translated by “to +have.” <i>-ti</i> applies to locality generally, and is possibly +no thing but the preposition <i>ti</i>, “in, on” (<i>Ati</i>, “I am here,” +<i>Iti</i>, “thou art here, or there,” &c.). There are some few +defective verbs, and one or two such as “to go,” “to +come,” which are irregular, and made up of several +different roots, as happens often in other tongues.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As previously explained, great variety of meaning +may be obtained from the original monosyllabic roots, +which express simple concepts, by the agglutinative +process which tacks on before and behind other particles +which enlarge, diminish, or intensify the primitive +sense of the verb.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Adverbs in Masai are generally affixed, and prepositions +prefixed to the verb-root. Many independent +nouns or verbs have the form of adverbs and prepositions. +The conjunctions are <i>au</i>, “or, either;” <i>o</i> +and <i>na</i>, “and, with,” according to gender.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having now passed the main features of this language +<span class='pageno' id='Page_474'>474</span>in review, we may be better able to fix its +position and relationships among other African linguistic +groups.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the recognition of sexual gender it resembles +the Semitic, Hamitic, and Hottentot tongues; but, as +I have tried to show, this generic distinction is somewhat +hazy and seems to have originated rather in +differentiating the strong, big things from the small +and weak. The three classes in Masai, viz. strong or +masculine, neuter or common, feminine or weak, seem +to occupy a somewhat intermediate position between +the many arbitrary classes in the Fula and Bantu +languages, and the two genders of nouns—male and +female—in the Semitic and Hamitic families. The +“feminine” consonant in Masai is <i>n</i>. In the Hottentot,<a id='r74'></a><a href='#f74' class='c017'><sup>[74]</sup></a> +Hamitic, and Semitic languages it is generally <i>t</i> +(ϑ (<i>th</i>), <i>š</i>, <i>h</i>).</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the question of construction the primal roots of +the Masai language seem to have been monosyllabic—in +this differing from the Bantu and Hamitic (wherein +they were probably dissyllabic) and the Semitic (in +which they were trisyllabic and triliteral). The +manner of forming the plural by adding an affix to the +root resembles the plan adopted in certain Hamitic or +Ethiopic tongues, particularly in Galla, where the few +plurals that exist are made by adding <i>-n</i>, <i>-ni</i>, <i>-da</i> to the +singular form of the noun. The secondary and rarer +mode of giving a plural signification to a root (chiefly +in pronouns and adjectives, and in Bari in certain +nouns) by changing the prefix to <i>ku</i> (Bari, <i>ko</i>), reminds +one of the prefix-governed families of African tongues.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The mode of forming derivative verbs by affixing +<span class='pageno' id='Page_475'>475</span>various suffixes to the stem, thus imparting a reciprocal, +causative, or intensitive meaning to the simple root, +recalls the same method in the Galla and Bantu languages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the same time, although the Masai group offers +certain points of agreement in grammatical features +with the Hamitic and Bantu divisions, there is no +positive approximation to either. Certain of the +numerals bear a slight resemblance to those of the +Galla, and there are also a few words alike in the +vocabularies of both these groups, but the similarity is +possibly accidental, or some of the words may have +been borrowed, one from the other. Masai certainly +resembles Galla in its recognition of sexual gender, but +differs from it by the possession of a third or neuter +class of nouns (the Galla, all Hamitic or Semitic +tongues beside, only recognizes two genders, masc. +and fem.). Judging by certain indisputable resemblances +between the vocabularies of Masai and Bari +and the Diṅka-Šiluk tongues, there is a great probability +that the origin of the Masai family of languages +is to be traced to the basin of the White Nile. Its +affinities with the Galla branch of the Hamitic group +raise the same interesting problems as the similarity +which exists in certain grammatical features between +the Hausa language of the Niger basin and the Berber +tongues. On these points depend the solution of +many difficult questions respecting the origin of the +Hamitic and Semitic languages, and possibly races.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I append the following vocabulary of Masai for +purposes of reference rather than with any idea of +giving a glossary of the language. This would be out +of place in a work of this sort, and therefore the +following list of words is only given for the convenience +<span class='pageno' id='Page_476'>476</span>of the student of African philology who may +happen to take up this book.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I have added to the Masai vocabulary words from +other African languages, either belonging to the same +group or forming part of separate linguistic families +which might seem to be remotely connected with the +Masai.</p> + +<p class='c007'>The mode of spelling adopted in these and other +vocabularies which follow, and throughout the volume +where African names are introduced which have not a +generally accepted orthography, is practically the same +as that proposed in Lepsius’ “Standard Alphabet.” +The following letters are used:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>Vowels:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>a</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>ē</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>ō</i>, <i>ô</i>, <i>ö</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>ū</i>, <i>ü</i>.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Consonants:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, υ, χ, <i>h′</i>, <i>h</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>ǰ</i>, <i>č</i>, <i>d′</i>, <i>d</i>, ϑ, δ, <i>t</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>š</i>, z, ˇ, l, r, n, ṅ, ń (ny), m, b, p, f, v, w.</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>In their pronunciation it may be said roughly that +the vowels are sounded as in Italian and the consonants +as in English, but for the benefit of those who have +not studied Lepsius’ system I give a further explanation. +Among the vowels</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>a</i></td> + <td class='c010'>is sounded</td> + <td class='c010'>as in</td> + <td class='c012'>“master.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ā</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“rather.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>e</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“met.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ē</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“grey.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>i</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“bit.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ī</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“ravine.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>o</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“not.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ō</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“bone.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ô</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“store,” or <i>a</i> in “all.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ö</i></td> + <td class='c012' colspan='3'>like the German <i><span lang="de">ö</span></i> in “Böse,” or French <i><span lang="fr">œu</span></i> in “cœur.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_477'>477</span><i>u</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“put.”</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ū</i></td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c011'>„</td> + <td class='c012'>“rule” (oo).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'><i>ü</i></td> + <td class='c012' colspan='3'>like the French <i><span lang="fr">u</span></i> or German <i><span lang="de">ü</span></i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>The consonants are sounded thus:—</p> + +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>k</i> as in “kitten.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>g</i> as in “gate.”</div> + <div class='line'>γ (the Greek gamma) like the Arabic <span lang='ar' dir='rtl'>غ</span> (γain), a sound resembling the Northumberland “burr” or the French</div> + <div class='line'>“<i><span lang="fr">r grasséyé</span>.</i>”</div> + <div class='line'>χ (the Greek chi), like <i><span lang="de">ch</span></i> in German or <span lang='ar' dir='rtl'>خ</span> in Arabic.</div> + <div class='line'><i>h′</i>, like the Arabic <span lang='ar' dir='rtl'>ح</span>, a strongly aspirated <i>h</i>.</div> + <div class='line'><i>h</i> as in “house.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>y</i> as in “year.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>ǰ</i> as in “jar” (the English “j”).</div> + <div class='line'><i>č</i> as <i>ch</i> in English or <i>c</i> before <i>e</i> and <i><span lang="it">i</span></i> in Italian. Ča = cha.</div> + <div class='line'><i>d′</i> a sound like “dy,” intermediate between <i>ǰ</i> and <i>d</i>.</div> + <div class='line'><i>d</i> as in “day.”</div> + <div class='line'>ϑ as <i>th</i> in “think.”</div> + <div class='line'>δ as <i>th</i> in “that.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>t</i> as in “tale.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>s</i> as in “sail.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>š</i>, English <i>sh</i>, as in “shawl.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>z</i> as in “zinc.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>ž</i> as in “azure” = the French “<span lang="fr">j</span>.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>l</i> as in “lace.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>r</i> as in “Rome.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>n</i> as in “need.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>ṅ</i> as in “singing”—a ringing nasal sound like <i>ng</i>, but carrying on no sound of the <i>g</i>.</div> + <div class='line'><i>ń</i>, sometimes used at the end of words for <i>ny</i> = the Spanish <i>ñ</i>.</div> + <div class='line'><i>m</i> as in “maid” and “umpire.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>b</i> as in “boat.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>p</i> as in “perch.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>f</i> as in “fail.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>v</i> as in “veil.”</div> + <div class='line'><i>w</i> as in “wait” and “nawab” (a consonantal <i>u</i>).</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Where the accent is not marked, it generally falls +on the penultimate.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_478'>478</span>(<i>b</i>) The Bantu languages of Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>At the risk of wearying a majority of my readers, I +will preface my vocabularies of the Bantu languages +of the Kilima-njaro district by a slight sketch of the +main features of this most remarkable family of +tongues. The word “Bantu” has been so often used +in this book that there are some who may be unaware +of its meaning, and annoyed at its constant repetition +and apparently meaningless character. To these, and +not to the advanced in African studies, I tender this +little general dissertation.</p> + +<div id='map5' class='figcenter id001'> +<span class='pageno' id='Page_479'>479</span> +<img src='images/p4790_map5.jpg' alt='' class='ig001'> +<div class='ic001'> +<p>Map No. 5.—Map of Africa, showing range of Bantu Languages.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class='c008'>Any one who glances at a linguistic map of Africa—such +an one as Mr. Ravenstein has drawn for Mr. +Cust’s book on African languages—will hardly fail +to perceive how thickly certain districts, such as +Abyssinia, the basin of the White Nile, the Lower +Niger, or the country round Sierra Leone, are dotted +with the names of distinct languages. Nor is it +merely a question of numerous dialects of common +origin. Many of these tongues—spoken, it may be, +by only two or three thousand inhabitants of a single +cluster of villages in a circumscribed area—are quite +isolated, quite without relationships to other known +forms of speech; or again, some of the languages may +show faint indications of possible affinities—just a +few hints in their grammatical construction or +vocabulary, or phonology—sufficient to enable great +generalizers in philology to bundle them together in +one common group, in a desperate hope of simplifying +the arrangement of African languages. Even the +well-marked and undoubted natural families that overlie +these regions—the Hamitic, the Fula, the Nubian, +the Šiluk, the Hausa, the Mandiṅgo—exhibit only +sufficient similarity of structure in their different +branches to enable the philologist to satisfy himself +that he is justified in regarding them as forming +homogeneous groups. But the various members of +any one of these families often differ widely in their +vocabularies, and sometimes are unlike in many +grammatical points. For instance, Galla and Šilha +(Shlu) (the language of the Moroccan Berbers) are +both members of the Hamitic group, yet, beyond their +structural resemblance and their agreement in certain +main features of grammar, they scarcely possess a root +or test-word in common.<a id='r75'></a><a href='#f75' class='c017'><sup>[75]</sup></a> I need not multiply instances +<span class='pageno' id='Page_480'>480</span>of this; the fact is already recognized by students of +African languages, that in the northern half of the +continent there are bewildering multitudes of diverse +tongues belonging to many independent families, and +apparently irreducible to a common origin. Yet cross +the irregular boundary-line which runs over the continent +from 6° N. on the west coast to the Equator on +the east coast—viz. the northern limit of the Bantu +speech—and what do we find? Why that the whole +of the southern half of Africa, with the exception of +the Masai and Galla intrusion in the north-east and +the Hottentot enclave in the south-west,<a id='r76'></a><a href='#f76' class='c017'><sup>[76]</sup></a> is the +domain of a single homogeneous family of languages, +the Bantu differing perhaps less among themselves +than do the many offshoots of the Aryan stock. The +only other African tongues which in any way approach +the Bantu (as regards similarity of structure) occupy +little isolated patches of country in Central and +Western Africa, surrounded often by totally dissimilar +forms of speech. Originally, there is little doubt, the +primal Bantu language was as one of these, a member +of a little group of prefix-governed tongues developed +somewhere in the heart of Africa. Peculiar circumstances +gave the people who spoke it the opportunity +of playing a great <i>rôle</i> in unwritten African history; +and the Bantu negroes, at one time very likely an +obscure and unimportant tribe like the Temne and +Bulom of Sierra Leone, the Efik of Old Calabar, or +the Tumale of Kordofan, became the ruling and almost +<span class='pageno' id='Page_481'>481</span>the exclusive race of Southern Tropical Africa, swallowing +up, obliterating, absorbing the previous inhabitants +of the land, and carrying their own form of language +triumphantly from the Upper Nile to Natal, and from +the River Tana on the east coast to Fernando Po on the +west. In the spread of the Masai race and language +we may see, on a much smaller scale, a parallel to this +extension of the Bantu. It will be remembered that +I already have pointed out the relations which the +Masai language bears to the Šiluk and other tongues +spoken in the basin of the White Nile. Some of these +forms of speech resemble Masai about as much as the +Non-Bantu prefix-languages resemble Bantu-proper. +Most of them are spoken over small and confined +areas. Yet the range of the Masai tongue and its +various dialects extends almost uninterruptedly from +3° N. to 5° S. of the Equator, wherever the Masai +race has spread in its warlike raids. Now we know +that in many parts of Eastern Equatorial Africa the +Masai only arrived, as it were, the other day. In +many districts, too, in the centre of their present +home the remnant of aboriginal natives still retain the +oral tradition that several generations ago the Masai +were unknown in the land. Yet, with the exception +of a few isolated mountain-ranges where the Bantu-speaking +inhabitants still linger, the Masai language +is dominant throughout the whole length and breadth +of the huge country known as Masai-land. Moreover, it +is probable that had this warlike race not encountered +natives armed with firearms and dominated by Arabs +on the south, they would have overrun a considerably +larger district than the one they at present occupy, and +their language would have acquired an even greater +range, and in course of time have lost its uniformity, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_482'>482</span>and become split up into many separate dialects. Yet +it is probable that some centuries ago the Masai were +only a small section of a Nilotic race which adverse +circumstances drove from its original home, and forced +farther and farther south, the Masai all the time +developing their fighting qualities, first to save themselves +from extinction, and then in turn to pursue a +successful policy of rapine and dominion. Such, in all +likelihood, were the origin and history of the spread +of the Bantu race and language. It is quite possible +that before their advent the southern half of Africa +was sparsely populated, perhaps by a low type of +negro in the north and west, and Hottentots, Bushmen, +and Pigmies in the south and centre. The invading +Bantu carried all before him in the early days +of his invasion, and was probably little but a fighting-man, +as is the Masai at the present day. In the west, +however, he was stopped—choked, one might almost +say—by the dense negro population, and in the south-west +by the Hottentots, who were probably driven to +bay in this corner of the continent. In the centre of +Africa the race and language of the Bantu people are +purest to this day, probably from the much less intermixture +which took place between them and any previous +inhabitants. Judged by his purest types—the +inhabitants of the great lakes and the Congo basin—the +Bantu was probably a red race in its origin. +Intermixture with Hottentots has given the Zulus a +yellowish tinge, and clicks in their language, and the +fusing of Bantu and Negro on the west coast has +debased the character of the speech and deepened the +colour of the skin.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Taking into consideration the fact that the unwritten +languages of a savage people vary with +<span class='pageno' id='Page_483'>483</span>extraordinary rapidity, and noting at the same time +how great is the uniformity in grammar, construction, +and vocabulary between all the Bantu languages, we +can hardly believe that they are a very ancient offshoot +of the negro race, or that the date of their original +dispersion from their centre of development is very +far removed. I should think, as far as we may judge, +that it is about 2000 to 2500 years since the Bantu +people commenced their invasion of Southern Africa; +and that before this date—before the dispersal of +what was evidently a compact and homogeneous tribe—one +common language, the Bantu mother-speech,<a id='r77'></a><a href='#f77' class='c017'><sup>[77]</sup></a> +was spoken. One of the principal reasons which +induces me to hazard this guess as to the recent period +at which this family of languages split up into separate +branches and spread out over half the continent of +Africa, is the interesting fact that in nearly every +form of Bantu speech the domestic fowl is indicated +by words of one type, all pointing to a common origin. +This in its most archaic form is <i>ṅguku</i>. This is the +term used in Ki-nyoro,<a id='r78'></a><a href='#f78' class='c017'><sup>[78]</sup></a> in Lu-ganda (the language of +Buganda, on the north-west shore of the Victoria +Nyanza), in the tongues of the Upper Congo, of Lake +Tanganyika, of Kilima-njaro, at the present day, while +variants of the same word are found in Kafir (<i>iṅkuku</i>), +Zulu, Mpoṅgwe, and, in short, almost all the known +members of the Bantu group. Now this leads us to +believe that the domestic fowl must have been known +to the original Bantu race before it commenced its +migrations from the centre of its development, from +<span class='pageno' id='Page_484'>484</span>its primal home. Yet the era of the domestication of +<i>Gallus Bankiva</i> is not a very remote one, as far as we +can ascertain, even in Malacca and Indo-China, its +original habitat. Hindustan seems to have known it +as a domesticated bird about 2000 years <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, China +about 1200 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span>, and the Polynesians possibly carried +it with them when they started about two thousand +years ago to colonize the Pacific Archipelagoes. From +India it spread to Persia, and the Persians made it +known to the Greeks about 1000 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Aristophanes +called it the “Persian bird.” It was not known to +the Romans till much later, and the Ancient Jews +ignored it till long after the Babylonian captivity. +It was introduced into Egypt, as far as we can tell, +during the early part of the Ptolemic rule. Down the +Nile it quickly spread to the negro and negroid inhabitants—as +quickly as turkeys, Muscovy ducks, pine-apples, +manioc, Indian corn, and other American products +have penetrated to the heart of Africa during +the last two centuries—and thus probably reached the +ancestors of the Bantu race not more than some two +thousand years ago. Even yet there are many parts +of Africa where the fowl is not known, such as in +Masai-land and in some parts of South and West Africa. +The Bushmen have it not. Moreover, the fact that +there is such an absence of special varieties and peculiar +breeds seems to suggest that the fowl in Africa has +not yet had time to depart in any marked manner from +the original stock.<a id='r79'></a><a href='#f79' class='c017'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> + +<p class='c008'>By studying the comparative vocabularies of the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_485'>485</span>Bantu languages, many interesting conjectures may +be made as to the original home and primitive +condition of this people. Thus the fact that +similar words are used in the remotest and most +widely separated members of the group to express +“leopard,” “elephant,” “hippopotamus,” “buffalo,” +“pig,” “ape,” “monkey,” “grey parrot,” “bee,” +&c., leads us to believe that these creatures were +familiar to the primitive Bantu race; while we may +infer that because the rhinoceros, giraffe, lion, ostrich, +and zebra are known by many different and varying +terms in the dialects of those tribes acquainted with +them, they were unknown to the forefathers of the +people in their ancestral home. Now the first-mentioned +list of creatures (with many others which might +<span class='pageno' id='Page_486'>486</span>be cited but for want of space) suggest a well-forested +and well-watered country in West Central +Africa as the original abode of the Bantu race. The +grey parrot, for instance, is found as far east as the +Victoria Nyanza, and as far south as Angola, but +otherwise is confined to Western Africa. The leopard, +elephant, apes, and monkeys mostly affect densely-wooded +regions. The hippopotamus only inhabits +big rivers or lakes. The buffalo is rarely found <i>westward</i> +of the Niger. On the other hand the lion, +giraffe, rhinoceros, zebra, or ostrich decidedly prefer +the sparsely-wooded steppes and savannahs of Eastern +and Southern Africa; so that, on the whole, we may +conclude that the primitive Bantu being unacquainted +with them, and knowing other creatures (such as the +grey parrot) confined to the forested districts of Western +Central Africa, there had his primæval home, and +thence started on his career of conquest and colonization +over Western, Southern, and Eastern Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>From the fact that there is a common name for +“ox” (<i>ṅgombe, iṅkombo, iṅkomo, omo, ṅombe</i>) throughout +nearly all the Bantu languages, we may safely +infer that cattle-keeping was a feature of the primitive +life of the race, and also that they were agriculturists, +because the terms applied to various implements for +tilling the soil, to “ploughing,” “digging,” “sowing,” +“reaping,” are retained, very little altered, by some +of their remotest descendants. We may gather from +the same reasons that besides the ox they possessed +other domestic animals, namely, the goat, possibly the +sheep, the dog, the pig,<a id='r80'></a><a href='#f80' class='c017'><sup>[80]</sup></a> and the fowl. Of the present +<span class='pageno' id='Page_487'>487</span>cultivated plants, very few were known to them in +the days before their dispersal, perhaps only millet, +pumpkins, edible arums, the banana, and a few obscure +roots and fruits.</p> + +<p class='c008'>They seem to have been acquainted with the use of +iron and copper, used smelting-forges of the primitive +type still in vogue, and beat out knives, spears, and +arrow-heads as they do now. The bow was certainly +in common use, and its name is not only well-nigh +universal throughout Bantu Africa, but also seems to +have sprung from a very old root. Pottery, basket-weaving, +and some form of clothing, either of plaited +grass, banana-fibre, or imported cloth, was in use. +Canoes were familiar to the early Bantu people, to +judge by the universality of their primitive name. +A conception of a Supreme Being or Creator seems to +have existed, but a belief in spirits of the dead, in +magic, witchcraft, certain vague forms of “fetishism,” +and phallic worship certainly prevailed, and the +“medicine-man,” “rain-maker,” or magician most +undoubtedly exercised as powerful a sway over the +primitive Bantu as he does throughout every branch +of his widespread descendants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Apparently in that golden age before their dispersal +the Bantu people were neither acquainted with small-pox, +syphilis, nor many forms of disease which plague +them nowadays. They smoked hemp, possibly, but +not tobacco, and they drank one or two kinds of +fermented liquors. They anointed themselves with +oil, rancid butter, red earth, and the dyes of certain +trees. They sang and they danced, and they possessed +drums and musical instruments with strings.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Circumcision is not universal among all Bantu +nations at the present day, and it is possible that it +<span class='pageno' id='Page_488'>488</span>was not originally practised by their common ancestors, +though at the same time it may have been partially in +use. Initiatory ceremonies for youths on attaining +manhood were certainly in vogue. Just as the life of +the early Aryans may be conjectured from the examination +of word-roots common to most of the forms +of speech which are descended from an Aryan mother-tongue, +or in the same way by a careful study of the +modern Bantu languages, we are able not only to +reconstruct the primitive Bantu speech, but we can +also glean much information as to the relative culture +and mode of life existing in the original tribe of +negroes from which most of the Bantu races of Africa +are descended.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is just possible that some of my readers may +wish to know the meaning and origin of this term +“Bantu” which has been so frequently used in this +book, and which is generally accepted as the designation +of an important family of African languages and +a large section of the negro race. “Bantu” (properly +<i>Ba-ntu</i>) means “men, people, folk.” It is the plural +of <i>Mu-ntu</i> “a man,” “a human being,” and is a term +which under different variations is present in nearly +every one of the languages belonging to this family. +It may become <i>Wantu</i>, <i>Wandu</i>, <i>Watu</i>, <i>Vantu</i>, <i>o Vantu</i>, +<i>Vatu</i>, <i>Atu</i>, <i>Batu</i>, <i>Wanu</i>, <i>Vanu</i>, <i>Anu</i>, <i>o Manu</i>, but it is +always traceable back to the archaic form—<i>Bantu</i>. +This with the added article in some languages becomes +a <i>Bantu</i>. Such it is in Zulu, in Kaffir, and such it is +in Ki-nyoro and Lu-ganda, on the Victoria Nile and +the Victoria Nyanza. On account of the universality +of this form, and of its being so characteristic of the +structure of these languages, it was proposed by Bleek +as a fit designation for the great South African family +<span class='pageno' id='Page_489'>489</span>of prefix-governed tongues. Many other titles, of +course, have been suggested. Krapf proposes, firstly, +“Nilotic,” which is absurd, as only one or two outlying +members of the family touch the Nile; and Orphno-Cushitic, +which is utterly unmeaning and very cumbersome. +Another writer suggests “Kaffir-Congo” as a +fit appellation, but how is this term to include the +languages of Kilima-njaro and the Cameroons? “Zingian,” +“Zanjian,” are equally silly and inadequate. +“The prefixing languages” is not sufficiently restrictive, +as several other African groups are governed +by prefixes—in short we return to “Bantu” as the +only satisfactory designation of this class of languages +and of the tolerably homogeneous races who speak +them. The leading characteristics of the Bantu +languages have been much misinterpreted by various +writers on African philology. As a rule one original +author takes the question up in a superficial manner, +studies one particular language, or at most a small +section of the entire group, draws a few hasty conclusions, +and those who succeed him in a consideration +of the subject copy him like unreasoning parrots, and +spend neither time nor trouble in elaborating an +opinion of their own. Thus Bleek, who only made a +detailed study of Kaffir-Zulu, and was (through no +fault of his) unacquainted with more recently discovered +tongues, states that he considers the Kaffir-Zulu +to be the most archaic form of existing Bantu +speech and the nearest approach to the original mother-tongue. +Other writers succeeding him blindly copy +the same opinion and parade it as their own, whereas +had they taken the trouble to make any independent +researches, using recent material to aid them, they +would have long since ascertained that Kaffir-Zulu is +<span class='pageno' id='Page_490'>490</span>very far from proving to be the Sanskrit of the Bantu. +Again, other authors, speak of the concord (a feature +by no means peculiar to the Bantu, but present in +many other radically different languages, as I have +pointed out on page <a href='#Page_459'>459</a>) as “euphonic alliteration.” +This is rubbish. Its origin is clearly not euphony, +but lies in the laborious reiteration which in so many +savage languages is used to obtain certainty of meaning; +and as to alliteration, why in most languages it +does not exist because the nominal and other prefixes +no longer correspond in sound. For instance, in +Lu-ganda, one of the most archaic of Bantu languages, +we should say—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c025'> </td> + <td class='c010'>Mu<i>ti</i></td> + <td class='c011'>gu<i>li</i></td> + <td class='c011'>mu<i>vundo</i></td> + <td class='c011'>gu<i>tuka</i>;</td> + <td class='c029'><i>tu</i>gi<i>sale</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'> </td> + <td class='c010'>Tree</td> + <td class='c011'>that</td> + <td class='c011'>rotten</td> + <td class='c011'>falls;</td> + <td class='c029'>let us it cut down.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>=</td> + <td class='c010' colspan='4'>That rotten tree is falling;</td> + <td class='c029'>let us cut it down.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>If it were a question purely of euphonic alliteration +we should expect to find <i>mu</i> as the concord-prefix +applied to “Muti,” a noun of the third class. But, +as you see, it is sometimes <i>mu</i>, sometimes <i>gu</i>, and +sometimes <i>gi</i>. This is explained to the careful student +who finds by research that the original form of the +third prefix was <i>ṅgu</i>, which became changed in some +situations to <i>mu</i>, and in others to <i>gu</i> or <i>gi</i>. This is not +only the case in nearly all the Bantu languages, but it +applies to many of the prefixes, and shows that anything +like alliteration does not often occur.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another generally enunciated dictum about the +Bantu languages was that <i>all</i> their roots were polysyllabic. +This is, however, not the case. While +some of the simple concepts expressed in words of +more than one syllable cannot be dissolved any farther +into their component elements, at the same time many +most important ideas are expressed by monosyllabic +<span class='pageno' id='Page_491'>491</span>roots which are certainly not abbreviations. Such +are the widespread forms found in nearly every +member of the group: <i>-fa</i>, “dying, to die;” <i>-pa</i>, “to +give;” <i>-ndi</i> and <i>-ba</i>, “to be;” <i>-ta</i>, “to slay;” <i>ńa</i> (<i>nya</i>) +“to evacuate;” <i>ya</i>, <i>za</i>, “to come,” &c., and numberless +noun-roots, such as <i>-ti</i> (in <i>mu-ti</i>, “a tree”—anything +to do with wood; <i>ka-ti</i>, “a little stick;” <i>-ka</i>, +diminutive prefix), <i>-ntu</i>, “an object” (<i>mu-ntu</i>, “man;” +<i>ki-ntu</i>, “thing;” <i>pa-ntu</i>, “place,” &c.), and so on.</p> + +<p class='c008'>We may therefore reduce the real features of the +Bantu family of languages to these:—</p> + +<p class='c009'>I. They are agglutinative in their construction.</p> + +<p class='c009'>II. <i>None</i> of their words ever end in a consonant except in rare +instances, where the termination through contraction becomes a nasal +sound.</p> + +<p class='c009'>III. No two consonants come together without an intervening +vowel, except where one of them is a nasal or a labial.</p> + +<p class='c009'>IV. Substantives are divided into many classes or genders, the full +number of which is sixteen. These are governed by characteristic +prefixes, differing in singular and plural, and observing the “concord” +throughout the sentence.</p> + +<p class='c009'>V. No sexual gender is recognized, but two particular classes of +prefixes (one singular, and one plural) indicate sentient forms of animal +life only, though these may also be expressed by nouns bearing other +prefixes as well.</p> + +<p class='c009'>VI. The pronominal-particles (which are really identical in origin +with the prefixes) must always precede the verbal-root, except in the +imperative mood.</p> + +<p class='c009'>VII. The verbal-root may modify its termination by change of vowel +or by suffixing certain particles; or it may even change its radical +vowel, either to form a tense or to alter the original meaning of the +simple stem, this being actually inflection.</p> + +<p class='c009'>VIII. Adjectives and numerals always <i>follow</i> the noun.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The complete number of prefixes is, as before +remarked, sixteen. Bleek has made it eighteen, by +adding two prepositions to the list, which in a few of +the languages appear to adopt the concord; but they +<span class='pageno' id='Page_492'>492</span>are independent prepositions, and not true pronominal-prefixes.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the most archaic forms at present discoverable +the sixteen prefixes are as follows:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011' colspan='2'>Singular.</th> + <th class='c029' colspan='2'>Plural.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>1.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mŭ.</td> + <td class='c025'>2.</td> + <td class='c031'>Ba (Mŭ and Ba are only applied to sentient beings).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>3.</td> + <td class='c014'>Mū (Ṅgu).<a id='r81'></a><a href='#f81' class='c017'><sup>[81]</sup></a></td> + <td class='c025'>4.</td> + <td class='c031'>Mi (Ṅgi).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>5.</td> + <td class='c014'>Di or Li (Ndi).</td> + <td class='c025'>6.</td> + <td class='c031'>Ma (Ṅga).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>7.</td> + <td class='c014'>Ki (Ṅki?).</td> + <td class='c025'>8.</td> + <td class='c031'>Bi (Pi?).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>9.</td> + <td class='c014'>N- (Ni?).</td> + <td class='c025'>10.</td> + <td class='c031'>Ti, Ti-n (ϑi-n?).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>11.</td> + <td class='c014'>Lu.</td> + <td class='c025'>12.</td> + <td class='c031'>Tu (often diminutive in sense).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>13.</td> + <td class='c031' colspan='3'>Ka (often diminutive in sense).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>14.</td> + <td class='c031' colspan='3'>Bu (generally used to form abstract nouns from concrete roots).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>15.</td> + <td class='c031' colspan='3'>Ku (a directive; identical with preposition meaning “to.” Used as an infinitive with verb-roots).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c025'>16.</td> + <td class='c031' colspan='3'>Pa (locative; only applied to nouns or other forms of speech indicating place or position).</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>There are few instances of the prefixes changing +from plural to singular in signification, or <i>vice versâ</i>, +except that the 14th (Bu), which is generally used to +form abstract nouns, may occasionally serve as plural +to the 13th (Ka). The 15th and 16th (Ku and Pa) +are of no number, being practically prepositions. Ku +is used with verbs in the sense of “to,” and as an +adverb of locality. Pa only serves as concord to +nouns of place, and as a preposition generally means +“here” and “on.” The 9th prefix often adheres to +nouns in both numbers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As regards the correspondence of singular and +plural prefixes, it is by no means constant, though the +plan set forth above is considered by some the normal +<span class='pageno' id='Page_493'>493</span>one. The 1st (Mu) always takes the 2nd (Ba) as a +plural, but the 2nd prefix may occasionally become +plural to the 9th (N-). The 5th always takes the 6th +and the 7th and the 8th as plural, but the 6th prefix +(Ma) and the 8th (Bi) sometimes correspond with +other singular prefixes. Thus Ma may often be the +plural of Bu, or of N-, or of Lu. Again, the 12th +prefix (Tu) is very often the plural of the 13th (Ka), +and the 10th (Tin or ϑin) of the 11th (Lu). In some +languages certain prefixes drop out altogether, and are +either represented by a hiatus or replaced by another +prefix. Indeed, there are very few Bantu languages in +which all the sixteen prefixes are present, and probably +none in which they all retain their archaic forms.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Makonde, a language spoken about Cape Delgado +in East Africa, the entire sixteen are present, and +possibly this occurs also in Ki-nyoro, the tongue +spoken in Bu-nyoro, on the Victoria Nile, Oči-herero, +of Damara-land, and probably a few languages of the +Congo basin and the Upper Zambezi possess this +distinction. On the other hand, there are many Bantu +tongues in which the number of classes has become +very much diminished, while some of the prefixes +have so changed their forms as to become fused into +others, and no longer recognizable. Thus, in Mpoṅgwe, +the corrupt tongue of the Gaboon, there are only +twelve of the original sixteen classes represented, and +among these the 1st, 3rd, and 11th assume the same +form, and can only be distinguished by their corresponding +plurals or concord. In Swahili, also, the +classes are reduced to twelve, and in some other languages +to eleven, and even ten.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Again, the forms of the prefixes often vary from the +standard already cited. Thus Ba will become Va, Wa, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_494'>494</span>A, and even Ma. And ϑin or Tin change to Zin, Din, +Lin, or ϑon.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The Bantu languages have been divided for convenience +of description into four main branches, the +Western, Southern, Eastern, and Central. These are +not altogether natural and homogeneous divisions, as +some of the languages though geographically close to +one another are in reality widely separated in manner +and time of development. However, for the present +this arrangement, being a simple one, may stand.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It is, therefore, in the Eastern division that the +Bantu languages of Kilima-njaro are placed, though +they exhibit certain points of resemblance to the +tongues spoken on the Victoria Nyanza. On the +whole, perhaps, their most decided affinities lie with +the languages to the east of them, namely, the Ki-kamba, +Ki-taita, Ki-nyika, and Ki-pokomo.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The language spoken <i>on</i> Kilima-njaro is Ki-čaga. +This seems to be the speech of all the Bantu inhabitants +of the mountain, unless, indeed, the Wa-rombo +are to be excepted. These wild people seemed to me +to use a different dialect to the rest of the Wa-čaga. +(<i>Vide</i> Chapter XIV.)</p> + +<p class='c008'>To the south-east of the great mountain is the little +agricultural colony of Taveita. Ki-taveita is the language +used by the Bantu half of the population—Masai +being the speech of the remainder. Ki-gweno +closely resembles Ki-čaga. It is the dialect of the +Ugweno mountains to the south of Lake ǰipé.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ki-kamba is spoken by the A-kamba dwelling on the +upper waters of the Tzavo river, but as this language +has already been described by Krapf, and latterly by +the Rev. A. Downes-Shaw,<a id='r82'></a><a href='#f82' class='c017'><sup>[82]</sup></a> I do not think it necessary +<span class='pageno' id='Page_495'>495</span>to include it in my vocabularies, otherwise than to +point out an occasional correspondence of terms.</p> + +<p class='c008'>For the system of orthography used in spelling these +languages, I would refer the reader to the explanation +given on page <a href='#Page_476'>476</a> in connection with the Masai +vocabulary. In the phonology of these languages +several facts require to be noticed.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Ki-čaga</i>, which has evidently been an isolated tongue +for several centuries, surrounded by an ocean of Masai, +has developed rather a peculiar pronunciation. Some +of the vowels, especially <i>u</i>, have acquired a much duller +and more indistinct sound than is usual among Bantu +languages, where ordinarily the vowels have a clear, +open sound, as in Italian. In Ki-čaga it is often +difficult to distinguish between <i>a</i> and <i>u</i> (<i>ü</i>) and <i>i</i>. In +many words where <i>u</i> is the tonic vowel in other forms +of Bantu speech, it is changed to <i>i</i> in Ki-čaga.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>G</i> often becomes <i>h</i>, and sometimes γ. <i>H</i> may replace +several consonants, but generally stands where +a <i>g</i> is used in other tongues. <i>L</i> as an initial is very +frequently changed to <i>n</i>,<a id='r83'></a><a href='#f83' class='c017'><sup>[83]</sup></a> and sometimes <i>r</i>, while <i>r</i> is +an exceeding common sound, being constantly substituted +for <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, and <i>z</i>. Sometimes <i>d</i> stands for <i>t</i>, and +after the former letter a “trilled” sound like an <i>r</i> is +often heard, so that the listener hardly knows whether +to write such a word as <i>wanda</i>, “place,” <i>wanda</i>, or +<i>wandra</i>. <i>F</i> before <i>i</i> often becomes <i>š</i> (<i>ši</i>), and <i>p</i> changes +to <i>w</i>. In Ki-taveita <i>g</i> often becomes γ, but never <i>h</i>. +<i>D</i> sometimes replaces <i>t</i>, and so does <i>s</i> in a few words, +but otherwise <i>t</i> holds its place and does not change to +<i>r</i> or <i>h</i>, as is so frequently the case in Ki-čaga or +Kinyika. <i>V</i> has a tendency to become <i>w</i>, and <i>p</i> does +<span class='pageno' id='Page_496'>496</span>not exist in the language, its place being nearly always +taken by <i>h</i>, in foreign words by <i>b</i>, and in a few cases +by <i>f</i>. Ki-gweno offers much the same features as +Ki-čaga in its phonology, except that <i>h</i> instead of <i>w</i> +replaces <i>p</i>, and <i>t</i> is not so often changed to <i>r</i>.</p> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_497'>497</span> + <h3 class='c024'>A TABLE OF SUBSTANTIVAL PREFIXES IN KI-ČAGA, KI-GWENO, AND KI-TAVEITA.</h3> +</div> + +<table class='table3'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-čaga.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt blm c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-gweno.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt blm brt c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-taveita.</span></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='bbt blt c037' colspan='2'>Classes.</th> + <th class='bbt blm c037' colspan='2'>Classes.</th> + <th class='bbt blm brt c037' colspan='2'>Classes.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='blt c037'>Singular.</th> + <th class='blt c037'>Plural.</th> + <th class='blm c037'>Singular.</th> + <th class='blt c037'>Plural.</th> + <th class='blm c037'>Singular.</th> + <th class='blt brt c037'>Plural.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037' colspan='2'>1 Personal 2</td> + <td class='blm c037' colspan='2'>1 Personal 2</td> + <td class='blm brt c037' colspan='2'>1 Personal 2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Mu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Wa-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Mu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Wa-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Mu-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Wa-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>A-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>3</td> + <td class='blt c037'>4</td> + <td class='blm c037'>3</td> + <td class='blt c037'>4</td> + <td class='blm c037'>3</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Mū-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Mu-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Mū-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Mi-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Mū-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Mi-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Mwi-</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>M-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Mi-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>5</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6</td> + <td class='blm c037'>5</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6</td> + <td class='blm c037'>5</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Ni-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ma-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ni-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ma-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ni-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Ma-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Nyi-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Li-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>I-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>I-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Ri-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ri-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>ǰi-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>(—)</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>7</td> + <td class='blt c037'>8</td> + <td class='blm c037'>7</td> + <td class='blt c037'>8</td> + <td class='blm c037'>7</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Nki-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Nši-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ki-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Fi-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Nki-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Wi-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>(Ngi-)</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ši-</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ki-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Vi-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Ki-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Fi-</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Č-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>9</td> + <td class='blt c037'>10</td> + <td class='blm c037'>9</td> + <td class='blt c037'>10</td> + <td class='blm c037'>9</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>N-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>N- (M-)</td> + <td class='blm c038'>N-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>N-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>N- (M-)</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>N- (M-)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>(M-<a id='r84'></a><a href='#f84' class='c017'><sup>[84]</sup></a>)</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Nǰ-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>(M-)</td> + <td class='blt c038'>(M-)</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ni-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Ni-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>6 + 10</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ma-n-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>11</td> + <td class='blt c037'>10</td> + <td class='blm c037'>11</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6 + 11</td> + <td class='blm c037'>11</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>6 + 11</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Nu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>N-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Lu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ma-lu-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Lu-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Ma-lu-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Nyu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Nǰ-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Nu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Nyo-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>(M-)</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>N-(M-)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>(—)</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>U-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037' colspan='2'>13 Diminutive 8</td> + <td class='blm c037' colspan='2'>13 Diminutive 8</td> + <td class='blm brt c037' colspan='2'>13 Diminutive 8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Ka-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ši-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ka-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Fi-?</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Ka-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Tu-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>(Ki-?)</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'>Vi-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>14</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6 + 14</td> + <td class='blm c037'>14</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6 + 14</td> + <td class='blm c037'>14</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>6 + 14</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Wu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ma-wu-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Wu-</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Ma-wu-</td> + <td class='blm c038'>Wu-</td> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Ma-wu-</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>U-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ma-u-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'>U-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ma-u-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037'>15</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6</td> + <td class='blm c037'>15</td> + <td class='blt c037'>6</td> + <td class='blm c037'>15</td> + <td class='blt brt c037'>?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plural in nouns.</td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='blm c038'> </td> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ku-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ma-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'>Ku-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Ma-</td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'>Ku-</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c037' colspan='2'>16 Locative</td> + <td class='blm c037' colspan='2'>16 Locative</td> + <td class='blm brt c037' colspan='2'>16 Locative</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Wa-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'>Ha-</td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blm c038'>Ha-</td> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_498'>498</span> + <h3 class='c024'>EXAMPLES OF THE ABOVE PREFIXES APPLIED TO NOUNS.</h3> +</div> + +<table class='table3'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-čaga.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-gweno.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c037' colspan='2'><span class='sc'>Ki-taveita.</span></th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 1.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-ndu, <i>a man</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 1.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-ka, <i>a woman</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 1.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-ndu, <i>a man</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-gogo, <i>a girl</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-du, <i>a man</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-fuma, <i>a chief</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>A-suko, <i>a devil</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 2.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-ndu, <i>men</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 2.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-ka, <i>women</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 2.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-ndu, <i>men</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-gogo, <i>girls</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-ndu, <i>men</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-fuma, <i>chiefs</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-suko, <i>devils</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 3.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-ri, <i>a tree</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 3.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-ri, <i>a tree</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 3.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-ti, <i>a tree</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-tingo, <i>a drum</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-furo, <i>a river</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 4.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mi-ri, <i>trees</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 4.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mi-ri, <i>trees</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 4.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mi-ti, <i>trees</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-tingo, <i>drums</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mi-furo, <i>rivers</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Mwi-ša, <i>thorns</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>(Sing., Mu-ša.)</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 5.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ni-fuo, <i>a bone</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 5.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ni-fumo, <i>spear</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 5.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ni-ganza, <i>a hand</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nyi-ho, <i>a stone</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ri-so, <i>an eye</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-gi, <i>an egg</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Li-boro, <i>an egg</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰi-so, <i>an eye</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>I-ruṅ, <i>a leopard</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Ri-na, <i>a name</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 6.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-fuo, <i>bones</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 6.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-fumo, <i>spears</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 6.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-ganza, <i>hands</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-ho, <i>stones</i>, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Me-so, <i>eyes</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-gi, <i>eggs</i>, &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 7.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nki-mnyo, <i>a toe</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 7.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-ndu, <i>thing</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 7.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ṅki-kitu, <i>forest</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-ndu, <i>a thing</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-ndu, <i>a thing</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Č-oondi, <i>a sheep</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nši-mnyo, <i>toes</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fi-ndu, <i>things</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-kitu, <i>forests</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ši-ndu, <i>things</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wi-ndu, <i>things</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Ši-ondi, <i>sheep</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 9.</td> + <td class='c038'>N-umba, <i>a house</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 9.</td> + <td class='c038'>N-yumba, <i>house</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 9.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>N-goma, <i>a spirit</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-beho, <i>a wind</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-bua, <i>nose</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ni-wui, <i>a bed</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>N-dofu, <i>an elephant</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>M-budyi, <i>a goat</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 10.</td> + <td class='c038'>N-umba, <i>houses</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 10.</td> + <td class='c038'>N-yumba, <i>houses</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 10.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>N-goma, <i>spirits</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-beho, <i>winds</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>M-bua, <i>noses</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ni-wui, <i>beds</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 10.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-n-dofu, <i>elephants</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-budyi, <i>goats</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 11.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nu-čaa. <i>finger-nail</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 11.</td> + <td class='c038'>Lu-čaa, <i>nail of finger</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 11.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-tiko, <i>a zebra</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nyu-ruso, <i>a thread</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nu-ilimi, <i>the tongue</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-hembe, <i>a hoe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>U-tufo, <i>the heel</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Ošo, <i>sword</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 11.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-lu-čaa, <i>nails</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 11.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-lu-tiko, <i>zebras</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-lu-limi, <i>tongues</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 10.</td> + <td class='c038'>N-čaa, <i>nails</i>, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 10.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-bembe, <i>hoes</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Nǰ-ošo, <i>swords</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 13.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ka-rika, <i>a grave</i>, <i>a little ditch</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 13.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ka-mwana, <i>a little child</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 13.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-handi, <i>a knife</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-ṅonǰe, <i>a lamb</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 12.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-ṅonǰe, <i>lambs</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ši-rika, <i>graves</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8?</td> + <td class='c038'>Fi-mwana?, <i>little children</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 8.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-handi, <i>knives</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 14.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wu-ki, <i>honey</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 14.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wu-ra, <i>a bow</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 14.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wu-yaṅga, <i>sorcery</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-sawi, <i>a ghost</i>, <i>spirit</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-sawi, <i>a ghost, witchcraft</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 14.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-wuki, <i>honey-boxes</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 14.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-wu-ra, <i>bows</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Cl. 6 + 14.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-wu-yaṅga, <i>sorceries</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-u-sawi, <i>ghosts</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-u-sawi, <i>ghosts</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 15.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ku-ru, <i>an ear</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 15.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ku-ru, <i>ear</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 15.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Sing. and all infinitives.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ku-aša, <i>birth</i>, <i>to be born</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038' colspan='2'>Sing., & in infinitives of verbs.</td> + <td class='blt brt c038' colspan='2'>All infinitives of verbs.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 6.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-ru, <i>ears</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 6.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ma-ru, <i>ears</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'>Plur.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='blt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 16.</td> + <td class='c038'>Wa-ndu, <i>a place</i>, <i>places</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 16.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ha-ndu, <i>a place</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c038'>Class 16.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-ndu, <i>a place</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Sg. & pl.</td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Sg. & pl.</td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt blt c038'>Sg. & pl.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_499'>499</span> + <h3 class='c024'>THE CONCORD IN KI-ČAGA AND KI-GWENO.</h3> +</div> +<div class='overflow'> + +<table class='table3'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c037' rowspan='2'><span class='sc'>Classes.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c038' rowspan='4'></th> + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt c037'>1.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>2.</th> + <th class='bbt c037'>3.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>4.</th> + <th class='bbt c037'>5.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>6.</th> + <th class='bbt c037'>7.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>8.</th> + <th class='bbt c037'>9.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>10.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>11,<br>takes 10 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>13,<br>takes 8 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>14,<br>takes 6 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>15,<br>takes 6 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>16.</th> + + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='blt brt c037' rowspan='2'>Examples of Nouns.</th> + <th class='c038'>Mu-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='c038'>Mu-<i>ri</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Mi-<i>ri</i>.</th> + <th class='c038'>Ni-<i>fuo</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>fuo</i>.</th> + <th class='c038'>Ki-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Ši-ndu.</th> + <th class='c038'>N-<i>umba</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>N-<i>umba</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Nu-<i>čaa</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>rika</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Wu-<i>ki</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>du</i>.</th> + <th class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>nda</i>.</th> + + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt c038'>Mu-.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'>Nyi-.</th> + <th class='bbt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'>Nki-.</th> + <th class='bbt c038'>Fi-.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + <th class='bbt brt c038'> </th> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Adjectives.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Good.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mi-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-ča.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ča</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038' rowspan='35'>Ki-gweno differs in one or two points from Ki-čaga in its concords.<br><br>Thus the concord for the 6th class (Ma-) is A- or Nya-, and for the 8th always Fi-.<br><br>In the 14th class it is always Wu-, and in the 16th class Ha- instead of Wa-.<br><br>The nouns, pronouns, &c., given as examples of the concord are in Ki-čaga. They differ slightly from Ki-gweno.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Bad.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Mu-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mi-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-bi.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mȯi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>bi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>bi</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Possessive</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>My.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ly-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>G-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>ǧ-ako.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Š-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Y-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Z-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>L-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ako</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Thy.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Yi-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>fu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>fu</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>His, her, its.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fw-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ly-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>G-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Č-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Š-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Y-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Z-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>L-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>ake</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ake</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Our.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fw-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ly-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>G-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Č-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Š-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Y-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Z-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>L-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>aru</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>aru</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>(Fu-<i>ru</i>.)</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Your.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>nyo</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>nyi</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Their.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fo-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>wo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>wo</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Personal</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Nom.</i>:</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>He, it, &c.</td> + <td class='c038'>A-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-a.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-, Y-.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-, ly-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-, G-.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-, Č-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-, Fi-.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-, Y-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tzi-, Z-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-, L-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-, K-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wu-, W-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-Kw-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Acc.</i>:</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Him, &c.</td> + <td class='c038'>-mu-, m-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-wa-</td> + <td class='c038'>-u-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-i-.</td> + <td class='c038'>-li-, -ly-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ga-.</td> + <td class='c038'>-ki-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-fi-.</td> + <td class='c038'>-i-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-zi-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-lu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ka-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-u-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ku-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-wa-.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Demonstrative pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>This.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-u.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Awa.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-fu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ii.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ili.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Aha or aga.</td> + <td class='c038'>Iki.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Iši, Ifi.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ii.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Izi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ulu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Aka.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Uu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Uku.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Awa.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>That.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>la</i>,</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>la</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Interrogative.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Fi-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Which?</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Fi-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>ku</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ku</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>How many?</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>ṅga</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>ṅga</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>ṅga</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>ṅga</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Zi-<i>ṅga</i>-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'><i>Numerals.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>1.</td> + <td class='c038'>U-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Fu-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Li-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>Ki-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>I-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>mo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>mo</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>2.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>vi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>vi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>wi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>vi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tzi-<i>wi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'>ϑi-vi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>3.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ga-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Fi-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tzi-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>raro</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>4, &c.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>n-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Fi-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tzi-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ši-<i>na</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c038'>Many.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>eṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Iṅgi.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>eṅgi.</i></td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Si-<i>ṅai</i>.</td> + <td class='c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ny-<i>iṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>(Wa-<i>iṅgi.</i>)</td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>Nǰ-<i>iṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + + </tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<div> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_500'>500</span> + <h3 class='c024'>THE CONCORD IN KI-TAVEITA.</h3> +</div> + +<div class='overflow'> + +<table class='table3'> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt blt brt c037' rowspan='2'><span class='sc'>Classes.</span></th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Plur.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sing.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Sg. & P.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + + <th class='bbt brt c037'>1.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>2.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>3.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>4.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>5.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>6.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>7.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>8.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>9.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>10.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>11,<br>takes 6 & 10 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>12.<br>Plur to 13.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>13,<br>takes 12 & 8 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>14,<br>takes 6 as plur.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>15.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>16.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='bbt blt brt c037'>Examples of Nouns.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Mu-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Wa-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Mu-<i>ti</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Mi-<i>ti</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ni-<i>ganza</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ma-<i>ganza</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ki-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Wi-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ṅ-<i>goma</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ṅ-<i>goma</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Lu-<i>tiko</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Tu-<i>mwana</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ka-<i>handi</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Wu-<i>ta</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ku-<i>fwa</i>.</th> + <th class='bbt brt c037'>Ha-<i>ndu</i>.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Adjectives.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Good.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Li-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Wedi.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-<i>bedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>wedi</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Bad.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mu-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Mi-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Li-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Wiwi.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-<i>biwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>wiwi</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Possessive pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>My.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>aṅgu</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Thy.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>ako</i>,</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>ako</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>ako</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>His, her, its.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>akwe</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Our.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>etu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>etu</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Your.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>enu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>enu</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Their.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ly-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vy-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>K-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Kw-<i>awo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>H-<i>awo</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Personal pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Nom.</i>:</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>He, it, &c.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>A-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-, Y-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Li-, ly-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>A-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-, Či-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-, Vy-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰ, or Zi-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Acc.</i>:</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Him, it, &c.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-mu-, -m-, -wa-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>-u-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-i-, -y-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-li-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-a-, -ma-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ki-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-vi-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-i-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ǰ- or -Zi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-lu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-tu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ka-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-wu-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ku-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>-ha-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>-či-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Demonstrative pronouns.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>This.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-u.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-wa.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-u.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-yi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ili.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ma-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iki.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iwi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-i.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iǰi.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ulu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-utu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ka-.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-wu.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-uku.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Aha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>That.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-u-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-wa-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-u-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-yi-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ili-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ma-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iki-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iwi-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-i-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-iǰi-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ulu-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-utu-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-ka-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-wu-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'><i>Ha</i>-uku-<i>la</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Aha-<i>la</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Interrogative.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>Which?</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Nu-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Nu-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ni-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Li-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>A-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰi-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>hi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>hi</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>How many?</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>A-wo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Iyo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Amo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Iwyo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Iǰo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Utwo.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'><i>Numerals.</i></td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>1.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>li-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>i-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ki-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Lu-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ka-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>U-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ku-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>muezo</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>2.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>W-<i>ere</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Y-<i>ere</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>M-<i>ere</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>wi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰi-<i>wi</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tw-<i>ere</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>re</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>3.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>N-<i>datu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>tatu</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='blt brt c039'>4. &c.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Wa-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>I-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ma-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Vi-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>ǰi-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Tu-<i>nne</i>.</td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'> </td> + <td class='brt c038'>Ha-<i>nne</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt blt brt c039'>Many.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>W-<i>eṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>I-<i>ṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>M-<i>eṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>V-<i>iṅgi</i>.</td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'> </td> + <td class='bbt brt c038'>H-<i>engi</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_501'>501</span> + <h2 class='c006'>APPENDIX I.<br> <span class='c016'>MASAI—COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.</span></h2> +</div> + +<h3 class='c022'><span class='sc'>Nouns.</span></h3> +<div class='lg-container-b c005'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'>(The particle following the noun is the article, masculine, feminine, or neuter.)</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<table class='table4'> +<colgroup> +<col class='colwidth24'> +<col class='colwidth50'> +<col class='colwidth24'> +</colgroup> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>English.</th> + <th class='btt bbt brt c037'>Masai.</th> + <th class='btt bbt c037'>Latuka, Bari,<a id='r85'></a><a href='#f85' class='c017'><sup>[85]</sup></a> &c.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Air</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giǰabe, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Animal</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰaṅito, ol</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ečoṅ (Game).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ant</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oisusu, ol; pl. Oisusun</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Antelope</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Guruk, ol</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Galau, eṅ; pl. Galaun</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Anus</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kurum, ol</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Duli, ol</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ape (baboon)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Goroi, ol; pl. Goroin</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_502'>502</span>Arm (upper)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Beraṅgas, em</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (lower)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Daṅgule, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Arrow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bai, em; pl. Ba</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ass</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sigiria, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Segira, os.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Axe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dolu, en; pl. -an</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Edzolu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Back</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gorioṅ, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Orioṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Banana</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (fruit)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Marigo, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (tree)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Musalala, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Basket</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dam, en; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bat</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Neina.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Beads</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sirírim, os; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Beard</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Munyei, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nyeke</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bed</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ruat, er; pl. -an</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰoni, ôl; pl. -n.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bee</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ótoro, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Avatoro.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bell</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Piriri, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bellows</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gunei, eṅ; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Belly</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gošóke, eṅ; pl. Oišua</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bird</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kweni, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kwenti.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Blood</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sérige, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Body</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sesin, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bone</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oito, ôl; pl. Oik</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -yutyo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Lat., Ogoti.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_503'>503</span>Bottom</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gumodo, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Borowai, em</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Boy</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aion, ôl; pl. Aiok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Brains</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Isisi, eṅg</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Brass</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Suyai, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Breast (male)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gô, ôl; pl. Gon</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (female)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gina, ôl; pl. Gi</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Brother</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Alaše, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -načer.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (friend!)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oito, ôl; pl. Oie</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Buffalo</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ôsowan, ôl; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., As-suwani.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Butter</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Orṅo, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Buttocks</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kurumi, el</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cattle</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kišu, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kiču, Kičuk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Chair</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Origa, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cheek</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dakula, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Chief</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eibon, ôl,; pl. -ok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kiboroni, ôl; pl. Kiborok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Child</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gerai, eṅ; pl. Gera</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Claw</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oibôso, ôl; pl. -k</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cloth</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Naṅga, e; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cloud</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Būrwo, em; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Avuru = smoke.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cock</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Motonyi, ôl, ôlôle (the male fowl)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cold</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giǰabe, en (wind)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Copper</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Suyāi, os</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aǰel.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Corpse</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Meneṅgani, ôl (male); em (female)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Country (tribal district)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Manyara, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (land)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kob, eṅ; pl. -an</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kiteṅ, eṅ; pl. Kišu</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ne-iteṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kiteṅ; pl. Kiču.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (heifer)</td> + <td class='brt c039' rowspan='4'>Dawo, en; pl. -n. (Kiteṅ with the masc. article ôl means a bullock, a gelded ox.)</td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk } Diaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + + <td class='c039'>Šuli } Diaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + + <td class='c039'>Lur } Diaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + + <td class='c039'>Kavirondo } Diaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Wen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>γwen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Crocodile</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kinyaṅ, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Enya.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kinyoṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Nyaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur, Niaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Day (-light)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Barkiǰi, em</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-loṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Koloṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (from sunrise to sunset)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gôloṅ, eṅ; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Akol.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Death</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ôtoa, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Atoan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_504'>504</span>Dog</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dia, ôl; pl. Diain</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Eṅ-gōk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Dioṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, ǰio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Gwôk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Donkey</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sigiria, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Os-segira.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Door</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kutuk-aǰi, eṅ; pl. -n (lit. mouth</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>of house)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dream (<i>vide verb</i>)</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Drum</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dam, ôl; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siṅgôdio, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dwarf</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Didikimo, en (fem. diminutive)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Eagle</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kilit, ôl; pl. Kilili</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giok, eṅ; pl. Gia</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Nē-iok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Yig.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Čwet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Yit.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Egg</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mosor, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Et-telio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Orušia, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Otorui, em (ostrich egg?)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Elbow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dakule, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Oggole.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Elephant</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dome, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Tome.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Tome.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Excrement</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gik, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Eye</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Goṅ, eṅ; pl. Goniek</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Onyet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Konie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk, Waṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Nyen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Face</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gomon, eṅ; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Komon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sūnia, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Elata (grease, oil)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Welet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Father (genitor)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oiu, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Mon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (head of household)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mēnye, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Monye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (term of address)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Papa, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Baba.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Feather</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gobiro, ôl (large)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kofiret.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>„ eṅ (small)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Finger</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kimoǰino, ôl; pl. Kimoǰik</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fire</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gima, eṅ; pl. Giman</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ne-ima.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kiman.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Maǰ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Maǰ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fish</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Síṅgeri, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Food</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dā, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_505'>505</span>Fool</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dūrwei, ôl; pl. Durwan</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Foot</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Geǰu, eṅ; pl. Geǰek</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (lower part)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oilēle, ol; pl. -k</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (sole)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dap, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., At-tiva.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Foreigner</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Omoni, ôl (lit. beggar)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Forest</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dim, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Mudim.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fowl</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Guku, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>from Ṅguku, a universal</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bantu word.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Motonyi, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>(Bari, Čukoro; Lat.,</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Nogoro, logoro.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Friend</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Žore, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dōruet, ôl; pl. -a</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Frog</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dua, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Doke.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fruit</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gululwi, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Konie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Genitor</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oiu, ôl (masc.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Naiu, e (fem.) (from the root -iu-)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Giraffe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Maūti, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Girl</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dito, en; pl. Doiak</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Odueti.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siaṅgiki, es; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Goat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dare, en (common plur.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kine, ôl (he-goat); pl. Kineǰi.</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ne-ini.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kine, eṅ (female); pl. Kineǰin</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>God</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gai, eṅ (fem., also rain, sky, &c.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Grass</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kuǰita, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Grave</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gurare, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gumoto, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ume, el.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Gum of teeth</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Irt, eṅ.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Gun</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Diol, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hair (of the head)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Babit, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (body)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bon, em</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hand</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gaina, eṅ; pl. Gaik.</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-gas.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kanin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Čien.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk, Čiṅga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hare</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kitoǰo, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Itoǰo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Head</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Lugunia, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-gu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Heart</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dau, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Et-taǰi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Tewili.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Heel</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dudunio, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hill</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eibaṅgi, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ebak.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hippopotamus</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Makau, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hoe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰerembe, en</td> + <td class='c039'>A Bantu word.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Honey</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Neišo, e</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Essio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_506'>506</span>Horn</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Segegwa, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>House</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gaji, eṅ; pl. Gaǰiǰik</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., N-aǰi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kadi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Āt.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hunger</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ameo, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Idua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Magor.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Husband</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Môruo, ôl; pl. Môruak</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hyena (striped)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Otonu, ôl; pl. Otonak</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (spotted)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nyoǰine, ôl; pl. Nyoǰinak</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Insect</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kimamani, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Iron</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Seṅeṅge, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Island</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Abori, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat. N-abful.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Knee</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Guguṅ, eṅ; pl. Guṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Og-guṅi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kuṅo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Knife</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Alem, ôl; pl. -an</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ademi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Wale.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Pala.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Language (<i>vide</i> mouth)</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Leg</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Geǰu, eṅ; pl. Geǰek</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., N-eiǰu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Leopard</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Uwaru, ôl; pl. Uwarak</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Auvuru.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Gwaron (hyena).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Lion</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nyatun, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Locust</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mati, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Magic</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Setan, es</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Maize</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bayek, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Man</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Duṅani, ol; pl. Duṅana</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., E-duṅgoni, a</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>craftsman.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Market</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siṅgira, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Meat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giriṅgo, eṅ.</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Eriṅgo</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur and Šuli, Riṅgo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kore.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Milk</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kule</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Nā-li.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Le.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Monkey</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Boroši, ol; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Moon and</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Laba, ol; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aǰafa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>month</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yapa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Pei.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Morning</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tadekenia (East)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039' rowspan='2'>Mother (personal)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Yeyo</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Eaṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yaṅo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (general)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Noto, en; pl. Noton</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nwote.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (as mistress)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nain, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Mountain</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Doinyo, ôl; pl. Doinyak or Doinyon</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Adoṅge, Donye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_507'>507</span>Mouth</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gutuk, eṅ; pl. Gutuāk</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Edok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039' rowspan='2'>  (language, door, &c.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kotok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Vtok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk } Dŏga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Suli } Dŏga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur } Dŏga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Nail (finger and toe)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oibôso, ôl; pl. Oibôsok</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aviela.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Name</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Garna, eṅ; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Avure.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Karin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Rin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Navel</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Surôrwa, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Neck</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Murd, em; pl. -on</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Am-morit.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Murut.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Needle</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ditu, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Night</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kewarie (darkness)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kwaje.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ fall</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dara, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., At-tari.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Nose</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gume, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ne-imo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>„ eṅ (diminutive)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kume.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Ūm.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli } Ūme.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur } Ūme.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ox</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Moṅgi, ôl; pl. Kiteṅi</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Peace</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Serre, es</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sôtwa, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Penis</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰabo, en; pl. ǰabok (the</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>“wrapped-up,” “concealed,” is the</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>meaning of this word, although, as</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>a matter of fact, the Masai men</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>are the most shamelessly indecent</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>in the world)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pig</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bitir, ôl; pl. -on</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Abūtir.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Uri.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pipe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Modi, ôl; pl. -o</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Place</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Weiǰi, e; pl. -tin</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Plantation</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Guruma, eṅ; pl. -ni</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pot</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Modi, em; pl. -o</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Prostitute</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siǰ or Sid’, es</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rain</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gai, eṅ (Eṅgai, in one word)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ag-gede.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rat (burrowing)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Uda, eṅg; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (house)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Deroni, en; pl. Dero</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rhinoceros</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mūnyi, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Emoy’.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Mui.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>River</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gare, eṅ (water)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ari.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kare.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gwasu, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_508'>508</span> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mwipo, ol; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Geǰu, ôl (small stream)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>„ eṅ (brook)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Road</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Goitoi, eṅ; pl. -n.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Roof</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Geberi, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Saliva</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gāmulak, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Amēla.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kamolak.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Salt</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Munian, em</td> + <td class='c039'>A Bantu word.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sand</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gǘlukok, eṅ; pl. Gǘlukwa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shadow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oip, ôl; pl. -i</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sheep</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ger, ôl, eṅ; pl. Gera</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-ker (fem.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shield</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oṅo, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shoe (leathern sandal)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Namka, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sickness</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ea, eṅg (from ē, to die)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sister ắ</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ganä́ši, eṅ; pl. Ganä́šan</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kiačer.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Daṅgile, eṅ (a term of salutation)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Skin (hide)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰôni, ôl; pl. ǰonito</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-gon (fem.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sky</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gadamba, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Slave</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siṅga, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sleep</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰô, en (Dyo)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aǰôto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Doto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Nenǰo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Small-pox</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eṅg-ēa naibor (the white sickness)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Eibora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Smoke</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Būrwo, em</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Av-vuru.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kofuret, Kopuröt.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Snake</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Asurai, ôl; pl. Asuran</td> + <td class='c039'>(Lat. Am-monu. Bari, Munu.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Snow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Seret, es</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Snuff</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kombau, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gišuki, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Son</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aioni, Aiu, ôl or eṅg; pl. Aiok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Song</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siṅgolio, os; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Soul</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dau, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Spear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bere, em; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aveira.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Gor.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Speech</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Rorei, or</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Omon, el (words)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Spine</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giǰi, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Spinster</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gapiak, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Star</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Okirāi, ôl; pl. Ôkir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Stick</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sebua, os</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Stomach</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ošoke, eṅ; pl. Ošoa</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Noke.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Stone</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Soit, os; pl. -on</td> + <td class='c039'>(Lat., Amoru. Bari, Murufit.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_509'>509</span>String</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ene, eṅg</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sun</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oloṅ, eṅg, or Goloṅ, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-loṅ (fem.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Koloṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Akol.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Ceṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tail</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kidôṅoi, ôl; pl. Kidoṅo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tale</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Bai, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giǰo, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Širi, eš</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Testicles</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Derege, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thief</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aburon, ôl; pl. Aburok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thing</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Doki, en; pl. Dokitin</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thorn</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gikwa, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ikoa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kikwoti.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Throat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Murut, em</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Murut.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gos, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Yoṅin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thunder</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gurugur, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dara, en</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ed-diri.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tobacco</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kumbau, ol</td> + <td class='c039'>(from the word Tumbako, through the corrupt form Kumbatu.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Toe (<i>vide</i> finger)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kimoǰino, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Abuge.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tongue</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Geǰep, ôl; pl. -a</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aṅgaǰi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nedeb.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Lyeb.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Lieva.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur, Levve.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tooth</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ala, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ala.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kele.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Lāk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Lēk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Town</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gaṅ, eṅ; pl. Gaṅite</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Maniara, ôl; pl -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tree</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰáni, ôl, en; pl. ǰanito</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., At-tana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰata, en; pl. Gek</td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, ǰat.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dimi, en (a number of trees,</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kadini.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>forest)</td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Tim.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tribe (<i>vide</i> town and country)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kob, eṅ; Gaṅ, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Truth</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Edede</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Twins</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Mao, el</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Udder</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nyawo, en; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Anyava.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Panyak.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_510'>510</span>Ulcer</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dodudai, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Uncle</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Abulai, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Urine</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gūlak, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kūla.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Agola.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Vagina</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gwali, eṅg</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Boliš, em; pl. -an (the female</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>pudenda)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Village</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ganāsa, eṅ; pl. -n (a small group</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>of houses)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Vulture</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Modôni, e</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>War</td> + <td class='brt c039'>ǰore, en; pl. ǰoriak</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Avere.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ko.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Water</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gare, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Nare.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kari (river).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wax</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Došo, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Way</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Goidoi, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Well</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Duroto, ôl (also pond, lake)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wife</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siaṅgiki, es; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wilderness</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sero, ôs</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wind</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Giǰabe, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Iǰami.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Window (hole)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Udoto, eṅ; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Witchcraft</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dāsim, en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wizard</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oisakutoni, ôl; pl. Eisakutok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eiboni, ôl; pl. Eibonok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Woman</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Norion, en; pl. Noriok</td> + <td class='c039'>(Bari, Nuru = child.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Daṅadana, en (a mother)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Damonon, en (pregnant)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Siaṅgiki, es (wife)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Daṅgile, en, na (mode of address)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gogo, eṅ (old woman)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Word</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Omon, ôl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>World</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kob, eṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Year</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ari, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Zebra</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oitiko, ôl; pl. -n</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Edigo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Numerals.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>1</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bo (o-bo, masc.; na-bo, fem.)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -bodi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, Kob.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>2</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-arre (w-arre, masc.; n-arre, fem.)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -arrega.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Öri, murek.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Rōu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk } Arrio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli } Arrio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur } Arrio.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'><span class='pageno' id='Page_511'>511</span>3</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Uni</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Gonigo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ok (in compounds).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>4</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Uṅgwan; Otoni (Southern Masai)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aṅgon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Uṅgwan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Ṅgwan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk } Aṅgwēn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Suli } Aṅgwēn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur } Aṅgwēn.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>5</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Imiet</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Miyet.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kanat.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Vdieč.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk ) Abīč.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli } Abīč.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lur } Abīč.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>6</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ille</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Elle.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, Li.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Boni, Lī.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Dia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>7</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nabušana</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Attarit.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>8</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Isiet</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Otogoṅi (5 + 3).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Zadeta.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Boni, Siete.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>9</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sāl, or Sahal</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Otoṅgoṅ (5 + 4).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla } Sagalla.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Somali } Sagalla.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Boni } Sagalla.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>10</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tomon</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Tomon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, Tomon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, -tama (in the decades).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Woratta, Tama.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Boni, Tobenna.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Mere (in the decades).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Diṅka, Vtiar.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>11</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tomon obo</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Tomon abodi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>20</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dikitam</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., At-tomon abodi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kitikitam, Dígtam</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Diketama.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>(This is evidently a very ancient form. It is remarkable that it is almost identical with the Galla. It is probably composed of an old word for 2, viz. Dik or Tiki and Tama = 10.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>30</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Osom</td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, Sodon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_512'>512</span> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Sad-tam or Sodom.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>40</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Artam.</td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, Afarton.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>(Query: Is there here an evidence of an older form of 4 in Masai, related to the Galla, viz. Ar, Afur?)</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Afurtam.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>50</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Onom (also Neiduruǰa)</td> + <td class='c039'>Somali, χantom.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Šantam.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'>60</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ipi (“many”); beyond this the numerals do not seem to be further expressed in Masai. Ipi is used for 70, 80, 90, 100 indifferently.</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, D’iba = 100.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Adjectives.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>All</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Boki (perhaps -bo, one, pluralized)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Alone</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-beṅ, ô, na, or ei<a id='r86'></a><a href='#f86' class='c017'><sup>[86]</sup></a></td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Abodi (from Bodi, one).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bad</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Torono; pl. Torok. (In Masai the pl. of adjectives is often used in the singular as an intensitive; thus Torok means in the singular, “very bad.”)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari. -doro = fallen, spoilt, damaged.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Beautiful (<i>vide</i> good)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sidai</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bitter</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-dua</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -dua (ô, na, e).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Black</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-rok</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -riok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eloitwe</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Elurwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bold</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ol-ēṅoni; pl. Eṅok, el (the manly)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Ol-le.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Broad</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Dabaš</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ala</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Anagalan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Broken (spoilt)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-derie</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Clean (<i>vide</i> white)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibor</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -ibor.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Clever (cunning)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Nyen, or Ṅeṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kaṅa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cruel</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-maṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dead</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-toa</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Atoan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_513'>513</span> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Adua (dumb, silent).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Deep</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Akwa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dirty</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-sorto</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dry</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-doyo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Each</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kil</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Every</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Boki</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -ǰogo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bir</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -vir.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -ofir.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Feeble</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nana</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -nana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Few</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kuti</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fresh</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰon</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Full</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-puta</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -vot.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Good</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sidai. (This word comes from the root Sid’, “to be of easy manners,” “to be unchaste,” whence -sid’ or -siǰ, “incontinent.” It shows the notion of morality among the Masai, that such a term should come to mean “pleasant,” “handsome,” “good,” and even “useful”); pl. Sidan.</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Isidda (wanton).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Subad, or Subai (used as a greeting)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Mgada (good).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gai (from which root Rain and God)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Great</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kito; pl. Kitok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Green</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nyori</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰon (fresh, raw)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šal (in contradistinction to dry, burnt)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hard</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gol</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Al-ogo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Having</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ata</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Healthy</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-lulunga</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gol</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Heavy</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iroši</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -irosi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>High</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ado</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat. ôdo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -aǰo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hot</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ruwa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Left (hand)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kirian</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Little</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ti, Kiti; pl. Kutiti</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -dit.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Long</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ado (<i>vide</i> high)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, -aǰo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -odo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Low</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Abori</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Male</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ole; pl. Lewa</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Olle.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Logulao; Lo- (masc. article and prefix).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_514'>514</span>Many</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kumo, Kumok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Near</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Etana</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>New</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Neǰuk</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aṅgeǰuk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ludukotyo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Old</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Msana</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Meruan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Gogo (old in years)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Madoṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eos</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Open</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eigenu</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Aṅa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Aṅa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Other</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-kai, ôl, eṅ; pl. Kulikai</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pregnant</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Emena</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Red</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nyokie</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Right (hand)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Olewa (<i>vide</i> male)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ripe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Eo, Eoto</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -dori.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Toran.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Short</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Torop or Dorob</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Os-suk.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sick</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mui, Emui</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Uṅgwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Spotted</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-geri</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Mimyen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Strong</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gol</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sweet</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-melok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thick</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pir</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -vir.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, ofir.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Thin</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Roṅgai</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Weak</td> + <td class='brt c039' rowspan='2'>-nana (evidently connected with Na, the feminine particle)</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Na-, fem. article.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + + <td class='c039'>Bari, Na, No, Nu, fem. article.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šiluk, Nyano = she.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>White</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibor</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -ivor; Aboṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='3'>For <span class='sc'>Pronouns</span> see preceding sketch of grammar.</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Verbs.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Able, be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-idim</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Abound</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bore</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, ǰore = overflow.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Agree</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šiate</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Angry, to be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-goro</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Awaran = angry.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Anoint</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-el</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Wel-et = ointment.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pik</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Arrive</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-beki</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ask</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bar</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Avoid</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pal</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_515'>515</span>Awake</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tobiwo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-inyo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ra; -ta; -ti.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bear (to give birth)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-išo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Beat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ar</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Begin</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-aṅgas</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bend</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-lok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Benighted, to be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-muta</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bind</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-en, -gen, -igen (all sorts of variants from the primitive root -en)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bite</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-on</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Blow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yuk; -kut</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kudie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Boil (act.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>(neut.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tokitok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Break (act.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-rek</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>(neut.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-er (from this root a number of terms are derived, such as -derie, broken, from the past tense of -er = -derie, &c.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Break open</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bol</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Bel, Belen; Futukö.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ off</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pukus</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Breathe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yaṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yukakin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bring</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iau</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, ǰwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Build</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-itobir (from -ito, make, and -bir, big, wide, &c.)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Bury</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nuk</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tur (to excavate)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Buy</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-inyaṅu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Call</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibot</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Carry</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nap (-nab in conjugation)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Catch</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iwōn; -wab</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Choose</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ikebu; -šilu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Circumcise</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-murāt</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Clean</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰud</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Čea.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Climb</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ilebaki</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Clothe (act.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yop</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (pass.)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-išop</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Come</td> + <td class='brt c039'>an irregular verb conjugated by the imperfect and independent forms -lotu, -yuo, -ponu</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Po, Fo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Count</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iken</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ken.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (reckon)</td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Ken.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Copulate</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-urbono</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_516'>516</span>Cover</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pukur</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Rap.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (conceal)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-jab (from this root = Enjabo, penis, viz. “the covered, concealed”)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Cut</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-duṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ open</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-pūl</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ up</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-saǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dance</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-raṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Deceive</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-led’ or leǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Despise</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-men</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Die</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ē (irregular verb, past tense,</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tua)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Toan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dig</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tur</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Do</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-itobir (old form, -ito)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Dream</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-idetidet</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Drink</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mat</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Moǰu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Mate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Eat</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nya (irregular verb, past tense, -tama)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Tyam.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Empty</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bugu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ to be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mota</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Enter</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰiṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Erect</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ṅgada</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Escape</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-luaǰa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fall</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-doye</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Doro.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fatten</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bir</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ofir = fat.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ure</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Feel</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-niṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yin = to hear.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fight</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ara</td> + <td class='c039'>Latuka, Ivot.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fill</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibut</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Find</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šia?</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Finish</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-idip; -mit</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Fly</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ipiri</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Follow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tubake</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Forbid</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-anya</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Forget</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-torgine</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Frighten</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iture; -urešo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Generate</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iu (old form only existing in compounds and derivatives, such as -išo, the modern verb, past tense, -toiūo)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Get</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šia; -tum</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Give</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-išo (imperative irreg., Enǰo, Enǰoki)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Go</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Irregular verb composed of the independent forms, -lo; -po; -no; šom; and -beti</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., -lo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_517'>517</span>Greet</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-irorok (from -roro, to speak)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ro-man.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Grind</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-idoṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Grow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bulu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hang</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ik</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Likie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Have</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ata (to be with)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ra ( „ )</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Heal</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-išiu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-niṅ (the same as “feel”)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='c039'>Šuli, Win.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Help</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-retoki</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hide</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-isudo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hit</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ar</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Hunt</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iṅoru</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ill, be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mui</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Mimyen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Itch</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-oǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Judge</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iriš.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Jump</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-isioṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Kick</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ramo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Kill</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ar; -rem</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Rembu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Know</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yôlo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Laugh</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-kwen</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kweni.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Lick</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-meǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Lie</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-teleǰase</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Lie down</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ber</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Like</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nyon; -šam</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nyar.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Live, to (be alive)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-piu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Look</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iṅon; -imariri</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Lose</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-imim</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Love</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šam; -nyor; -iyan</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Nyar; Yap.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Make</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-itobir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Marry</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yam (for a man)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'> </td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yamišo (for a woman)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Yenbaǰi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Milk</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-leb</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Le = milk, n.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Mix</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gurd</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Move</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ipoṅ</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Bondu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Overcome</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pass</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-im</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Perish</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-min</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Perspire</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ilaṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Plant</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tur</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pregnant, be</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mena</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pull</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibuṅ; -yet</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, ǰik.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Pursue</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-suǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Push</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-rumo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Put</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-Šum; -rid</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_518'>518</span>Quarrel</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-arare; arate</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rain</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ša</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Remove</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-tau; -tumu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rend</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-giǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Reply</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iruk</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Resemble</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-wana</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Return</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-riṅyo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Roar</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-šir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Roast</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-beǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Rob</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-buro</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Run</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bor</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Say</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>See</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-dol (irregular; past tense, -tadūa)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Seek</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iṅoru</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Seize</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibuṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sell</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-mir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Send</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ipaya</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sew</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-rip</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shake</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-igusugusu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shave</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-barn</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Barandu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Shine</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-imer; iwaṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sing</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-raṅ; -isilil</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sit</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ton; -totona</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Skin</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰeṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sleep</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-irura</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Smell (stink)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ṅgu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>  (fragrant)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-robil</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Speak</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iro; iroro</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Stand</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-idaso</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Steal</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-buro</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Stoop</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ulud</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Suck</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-nak</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Swallow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iǰo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Take</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ya (past tense, -yawa)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Talk</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-iroro</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tear</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-giǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tell</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-liki</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Think</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ǰo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Throw</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ibugo; -idad</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tie</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-lid; -en</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tire</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-naura</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Tremble</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-girigira</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Twist</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-gur; -biaǰ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Urinate</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-lut</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Kula.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Vanquish</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-dim</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Vomit</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-lobišo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_519'>519</span>Want</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yau</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wash</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ug; -sul</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Watch</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-muda</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Weep</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-išir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wipe</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-yud</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Write</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-sir</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Yawn</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-aṅa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Adverbs</span>, <span class='sc'>Prepositions</span>, &c.</th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c039' colspan='3'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Above</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Keber</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ki.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Afterwards</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Pei</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Again</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Si</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ago</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Oba, muidi</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Although</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Pe</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Always</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Osake</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>And</td> + <td class='brt c039'>O (masculine); na (feminine)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>As, like</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kam</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Kam.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>At</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ti; T-</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Because</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Amu</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Before</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Teṅgomom (“in the face”)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Behind</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tolkurum</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Beyond</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Endalo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>But (only)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ke (generally enclitic)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Down</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Abori</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Either (or)</td> + <td class='brt c039'>au—ao</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Entirely</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Boki; naleṅ</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Far</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ba</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Faǰo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>First</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-bo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>For<br>From</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ko; K-</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ko.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Here</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ene; tene</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ni.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>How?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aˇi?</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>How much?<br> „ many?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-muaǰa (prefix according to gender of noun)</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Moda?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>If</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Den <i>or</i> Ten; Pe, P-</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>In</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-ti; T-, Te; Atwa</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Like</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kam</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Kam.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Much</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kumo, Kumok</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>No</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Emé</td> + <td class='c039'>Galla, Me, eme.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Not</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Me, M-</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Now</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tata</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Of</td> + <td class='brt c039'>-a (la, na, ra, according to gender)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Often</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Enake</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>On</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Keber</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ki.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Only</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ke</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Gelen.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'><span class='pageno' id='Page_520'>520</span>Outside</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aulo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Quickly</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Sarasara</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Really</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Edede</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Slowly</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Akidi</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>So</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Neǰa</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Čona.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>There</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ende, Tende</td> + <td class='c039'>Bari, Ni.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>To</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ko, K-; Te, T-</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>To-day</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Tata; Duo</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Agana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>To-morrow</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Teisere</td> + <td class='c039'>Lat., Taleloṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Under</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Abori</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Upon</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Keber</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Very</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kumo</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Well</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Subai</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>What sort?<br>What kind of?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Ka, K-? (prefixed to word)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>When?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Kaǰi?</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Where?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Aǰi? Akodēē?</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Why?</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Painyo? (For what?)</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>With</td> + <td class='brt c039'>La, na, e; ko; pe</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Yes</td> + <td class='brt c039'>Neǰata (It is so); Oi; iba; eo; iko, &c.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='bbt brt c039'>Yesterday</td> + <td class='bbt brt c039'>Ṅole</td> + <td class='bbt c039'>Lat., Golo-ṅgole</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_521'>521</span> + <h2 class='c006'>APPENDIX II.<br> <span class='c016'>VOCABULARIES OF KI-ČAGA, KI-GWENO, AND KI-TAVEITA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>For explanation of Orthography, see the preceding remarks on +pp. <a href='#Page_476'>476</a>, <a href='#Page_477'>477</a>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The number affixed to a substantive indicates the prefix class to +which it belongs, and shows how its plural may be formed. Unusual +or irregular plurals are given.</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Nouns.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <th class='btt bbt c032'>English.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c032'>Ki-čaga.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c032'>Ki-gweno, &c.</th> + <th class='btt bbt blt c032'>Ki-taveita.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Air</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbého, 9; Otanu, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kambambewo, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Animal</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyama</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyama, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyama, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ant</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbome, 9; Safu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Safu, 9; Maciči, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Anus</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Dako, 9; Kisi, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Itako, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ape (baboon)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ifubi, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iregēń, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Arm</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mkoṅo, 3; Kuoko, 15</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kuwoko, 15</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mukono, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Arrow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfi, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwasa, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Aunt</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msaǰa, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mudnēdu, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Axe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Soka, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Isoka, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Back</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muhoṅgo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwoṅgo, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Banana (fruit)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikundu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niru’u, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Idiō, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ (tree)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-teke, River Congo; nku, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nginda, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Baobab</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mku, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Basket</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwera, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kitaṅgo, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikoro, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ngoṅgolo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Beads</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mukazi, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Beard</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgerero, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba; Kiṅgelwa, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kōlo, 9?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bed</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nčoiṅ, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Masai, Ol-ǰoni)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niwai, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bee</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰuki, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzuki, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyoki, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bell</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimaṅga, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Manga? Kisumanze, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bellows</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nkumfura, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Belly</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndeu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Ivu, 5)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kinena, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bird</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndehe, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndege, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndege, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Blood</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msamu, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Sakame, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Body</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyimbi, mbi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwuri, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bone</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nifuo, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Iwindi, 5)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niwindi, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Book</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nčole, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bottom</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wanda, 16</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nisi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wuda, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wura, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wuta, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Boy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mana, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwana, Kume, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Brains</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Orongo, Nyorongo, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Yongo, 11)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wongo, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Brass</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Moro, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_522'>522</span>Breast (female)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ma-wehe, 6, pl.</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ (male)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbafu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbafui, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Brother</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mana-wama, 1 (son of mother)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mdu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndeho 9 (obsolete)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Buffalo</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbogo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Mboo, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mboγo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Butter</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mafuda, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mafuta, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Butterfly</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfugo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbambarito, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Buttocks</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Madako, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbweča, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nkite, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Munyawi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Chair</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kitembo, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Kitumbi, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kičumbi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cheek</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgundu, 9; pl. 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Itumbo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Chief</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maṅge, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Mgosi, 1)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfumu, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Zulu, Iṅkosi, 1)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mgosi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Child</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mtutu, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwana, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwana mdongo, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Chin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ngeru, 9; pl. 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kireǰu, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Circumcision</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyifuto, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kutawanwa, 15.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Civet-cat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyaha, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-swahili, Ṅgawa, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cloth</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguwo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nsori, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguo, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cloud</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mtuna, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Izua, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cock</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Oluṅôni, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguruwi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cold</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbeho, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbeho, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Copper</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kera, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Corpse</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Afa (he dies), 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Afwa (he is dead).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Country</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wanda, 16</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ntere, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅombe, 9; Mbe, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Ṅgoma, 9; Zulu, Inkomo, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅombe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Crab</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Inje, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kidaṅgoe, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Crocodile</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kinyaṅ, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(<i>Masai</i>, Ôl-ginyaṅ)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kinyaṅ, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Crow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iguru, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Ṅgolo, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikuru, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Day</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyimo, 5; pl. Mumo. 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfiri, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Zwale-muka?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dawn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgameni, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Heabu, 16.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Death</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Akomeka, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Čičafoiči (relative, the thing which is dead?)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Devil</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Asuko, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Luhuṅgu, 11; pl. 10.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dog</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbara, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kite, 7; (Ki-kamba, Ṅgite, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kibaru (also Jackal).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Donkey</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndsoi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Lu-ganda, Ndogoi)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰoe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Door</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwoṅgo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nimbenge, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dream</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyalodia, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Waota (? They dream).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Drum</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mtiṅgo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgoma, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dwarf</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Agu’ana, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfuhi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Eagle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Imaruea, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kudu, 15</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Isikio, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Egg</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Liboro, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Igi, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Elbow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Okokuo, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Lu-ganda, Lukokola, 11)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikokora, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Elephant</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndofu, 9; pl. 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzobu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Eunuch</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mavumi, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Acigo-makedi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Evil</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kibicu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiwiwi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Excrement</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Marifi, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mavi, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Eye</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Riso, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Riso, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Jiso, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ lid</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbawa, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ brow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyinyili, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Face</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiamu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nibušo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_523'>523</span>Fat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mafuda, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mafuta, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Father</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Baba, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mpapa, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Owu, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nifoli, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Feather</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mberi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Finger</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimunu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Munyu, 3 (Ki-kamba, Čaa, Ki-nyika, Čala)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ibiča, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fire</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Môdo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Môto, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fish</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikuṅga, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Kuyu, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguluma, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Flower</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kivaro, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiwaro, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Food</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyirafuna, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikijo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fool</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kitondo, 7; Mtondo, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ewukwa, 1; 3rd. pers. verb.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Foot</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyawayo, 9; Nutufü, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niwatu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Foreskin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ibutu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgigwala, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Forest</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msudu, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkititu, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fowl</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguku, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguku, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguku, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fox</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzudu, 9. (This is the name given to a wild dog which barks loudly; probably <i>Canis simensis</i>.)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Friend</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuia, 9 and 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuia, 9 and 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Frog</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgeli, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndunda, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fruit</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfuranˇe, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Gazelle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Sarulía. (This is the name often given to <i>Neotragus Kirkii</i>.)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ghost</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgilio, 9; pl. 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Giraffe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyôli, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndea, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Girl</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mgogo, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Munumuče, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Glass</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimele, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Goat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mburi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mburi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuǰi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>God</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Eruwa, 5 (<i>vide</i> Sun)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ruwa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nizuwa, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Grass</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mara, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mani, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Grave</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Karika, 13</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ground</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wanda, 16</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ntere, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Guinea-fowl</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iraṅa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgelélé, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Gum (of teeth)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Išino, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Gun</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Walebolo, 14;</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgebolebolo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkipolopolo, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ powder</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Baruti</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(<i>Swahili-Arabic</i>, Baruti)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Baruti.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hair</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndzui, Nǰi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzui, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyui, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Half</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ukeṅga, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kihindi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hand</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mkono, 3; pl. Mawoko, 6, irreg.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kuwoko, 15</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niganza, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hawk</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyokoro, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Kilui, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kilwi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Head</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mudo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Murue, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mutwe, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Heart</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgōō, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Ṅgolo, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgoro, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Heaven</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mabuži, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndēē, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Heel</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Utufo, 14; Nyutufo, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ntutunyi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hill</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ibiči, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅduwi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hippopotamus</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgerre, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgerere, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgerere, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hoe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikumbi, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Lu-gauda, Ṅkumbi, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkwima, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Honey</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wuki, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzoki, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Horn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Membe, 9?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Luhembe, 11; pl. Mbembe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_524'>524</span>House</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Numba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyumba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyumba, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hunger</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰāā, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzāā, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hyena</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ifulu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Kongo, Mbulu, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nibao, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hyrax</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimburu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ichneumon</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muha, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Insect</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Idudu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mukarakara, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Iron</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maringa, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Menya, 9?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Island</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nrua, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Kinwa, 7)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndiwa, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ivory</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mahēho, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Idyegu la Nzobu, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Knee</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyindru, nyindi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, Vuindi, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ikunguru, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Knife</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiošo, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kahandi, 13.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Language</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Matetu, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nakuwara? (I am speaking).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Leg</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuṅga, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kurende, 15</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikūū, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Leopard</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iruṅ, Irumu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mlula, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lukeri, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Lion</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Simba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Simba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Simba, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Lip</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Momo, 3?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Momō, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' rowspan='2'>Lizard<br>(Chameleon)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Sigabo, 9 or 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lugwe, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Magic</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aluo, 1 (wizard?); Usawi, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Usawi, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wuγaṅga, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Maize</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mahemba, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mahemba, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Man (homo)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mundu, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mdu, 1; pl. Wandu.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mundu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c040'>  (vir)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msoro, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Market</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mboma, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kičinda, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Meat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyama, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyama, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Milk</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mačuručuru, 6; malela, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mariwa, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mawee, mawere, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Monkey</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kinaṅgoyo, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgima, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgima, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>(<i>Colobus guereza</i>)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndoh’o, 9; pi. mandoh’o, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Moon</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwere, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwzi, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Morning and morrow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgameni, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Heabu, 16.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mother</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wama, 1; pl. same</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iya, 9; pl. Niwaya, 10.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mountain</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msari, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndui, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mouth</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lumbu, 5; pl. malumbu, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Momo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Nail (finger and toe)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nučaa, 11; pl. nǰaa, 10</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lukombwe, 11; pl. ṅgombwe, 10.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Name</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Rina, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nizina, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Navel</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkimbumbuču, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mkudu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Neck</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzingo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nisingo, 9; nigoši, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Needle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Sindano, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Luγumba, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Night</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kwaela, 15; mema, 9; kiu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Kiru, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Hekiu, 16; Wiu, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Nose</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbua, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbua, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nifuo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Old person</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mēgu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muγosi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ostrich</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyah’a, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyaγa, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ox</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅombe, 9; Mbe, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅumbi, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅombe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Peace</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuïa-tzimo, 1 (one friend)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Penis</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbolu, 9; Mkia, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mčunu</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰabo, 9 (<i>vide</i> Masai).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pig</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguwe, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgūwe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pigeon</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbeta, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nibeta, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pipe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Išaṅgo, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lumoti, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Place</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wanda, wandra, wandu, 16</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Handu, 16</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Handu, 16.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_525'>525</span>Porcupine</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyisasa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Isasa, 5)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzege, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Potatoes</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgumba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgumba, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>(sweet)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Prostitute</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msura, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-swahili, Sura = concubine)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Quietness</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuho, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Rain</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mvuo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mvua, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Rat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgyah’a, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgoswe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Rhinoceros</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbura, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Lu-ganda, Ṅkula, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mburia, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>River</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfoṅgo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Zulu, Mfula 3)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfuro, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Road</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰila, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzia, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Roof</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mčalo, 3; Ndiṅgo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Saliva</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mada, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mate, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sand</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nteri, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Semen</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Uro, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shadow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nteru, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, Kivuli)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiwuri, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sheep</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Coōndi, 7; pl. Šiondi.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mondo, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅonǰe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shield</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgawo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgao, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sickness</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Awabiu, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sister</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mšigiogo, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Skin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ncoiń, 9 (<i>vide</i> Masai)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kikonde, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sky</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Erua, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Waṅga-izeri, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Slave</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyišinga, 5 (<i>vide</i> Masai)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sleep</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Alā, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kušinzia, 15.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Small-pox</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mašigi, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nišiko, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Smith</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgaṅga, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mšana, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Smoke</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muzu, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mtzi, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Moši, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Snake</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰoka, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyoka, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Snuff</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbatu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Tumbatu-ninwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Son</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimana, 7 (13?); Mpaka, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwana, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Song</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aimba, 1 (he sings)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Soul</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgôro, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Spear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbere, 9 (<i>vide</i> Masai)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nifumo, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ničumo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Speech</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kafo, 13</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Spider</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuhu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mburazizi, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Spirit</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Usawi, ? 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgoma, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Star</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyenyeri, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, Nyenyesi, 9); Ki-taita, Ndonde, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndondo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Stick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiri, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nisibo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Stomach</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maula, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Matumbo, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Stone</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyiho, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nibabwe, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sugar-cane</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyihuwa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Mugera, 3)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nimugua, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sun</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Erūa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ruwa, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nizua, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sweat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰuki, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Masuṅgu, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sweet potato</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiašanda, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sword</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ošu, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muhandi, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Syphilis</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbuwa, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tail</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwasi, pl. Ṅgasi, 9 and 10</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kitizi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tale</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Irigia, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Luγano, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Afuha (verb); Mčeṅgeri, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Masoǰi, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Testicles</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbolu-tašimba, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbumba, 9; makedi, 6.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thief</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aiwa, 1; Ilaṅgo, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mdu wa hiwa, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thigh</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikisowu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikiγa, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_526'>526</span>Thing</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kindu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kindu, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kindu, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thorn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muša, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nimuowa, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thread</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyuruso, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Luzigi, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Throat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyoro, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Iraṅgi, 5)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muraṅgi, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thumb</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Munu-mnene, 3; Nohi, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiča, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thunder</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgururuma, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mvua-ruruma, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tobacco</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbatu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Tumbatu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>To-day</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lalu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nio, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Toe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkimnyo, 7</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiča, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>To-morrow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgama, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niawo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tongue</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Noilimi, 11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nuilimi, 11; pl. Malutimi, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nilumi, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tooth</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nihēho, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niyē’o, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niǰēgo, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Town</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kānie, 13?; Muri, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwaṅga, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tree</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muri, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muri, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muti, 3.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Trench</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfo, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nitego, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tribe</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Mbari, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbare.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Trumpet</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyombe, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndurere, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Truth</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Sorindi, 9; Ṅga-leh’a (verb, 1st pers.)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kakudidi, 13.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Twin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbasa, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, Patsa, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maza.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ulcer</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyodi, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kionda, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Uncle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Migi, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mdu-aweya, 1 (Mother’s brother). Mdu-awapa, 1 (Father’s brother).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Urine</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maǰi, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makozo, 6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Vagina</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbula, 9; Kinu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nirako, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiši, 7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Valley</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbǰini, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kongo, 9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Virgin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muka, 1. (This is the translation given by the natives, although in both cases it merely means woman. They have no precise term for virginity.)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbora, 1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Voice</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Afua (verb)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nigonda, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Vulture</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mtoń, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, Ndei, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndei, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>War</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgondu, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyiki, Ṅgondu, 9)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgondo, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Water</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mariṅga, 6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Kongo, Nlaṅgu, 9, 4)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mlaṅai, 3; Mbombe, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Week</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgikumi, 7 (ten days)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Misi Mfuṅgate, 4 (seven days).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Widow</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgaviani.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wife</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwanawaka, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mče, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbora, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wind</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndimu, 9; Mbeko, 9</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅguṅgu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wing</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikuṅgu, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅizaγu, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Witch</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aloa, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msawi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Witchcraft</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Usawi, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Usawi, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Usawi, 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wizard</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aloa, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Msawi, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Woman</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mbora, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mka, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mče, 1.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c040'>Id.: remaining unmarried—old maid</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Muhumba, 1</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndasa, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_527'>527</span>Wood</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lukuni, 11.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Word</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iteta, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nakuwara (I speak).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Year</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mwaka, 3</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nisika, 5.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Yesterday</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Alā-kiu (he sleeps at night)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niwu, 9.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Zebra</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nitiko, 5 (<i>vide</i> Masai)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nitiko, 5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lutiko, 11 (<i>vide</i> Masai).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Numerals.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>1</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kimo, -mo<a id='r87'></a><a href='#f87' class='c017'><sup>[87]</sup></a></td> + <td class='blt c036'>Umuē, -ume</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Moši, -muezo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>2</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Šivi. -bi, -vi, -wi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wawi, -wi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mere, -ere.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>3</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-raro</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Raro, -raro</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ndatu, -tatu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>4</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nna</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ne, -ne</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-inne.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>5</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tano</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Tano, -tano</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sano.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>6</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ndaru</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Randaro</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tandatu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>7</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Fuṅgare</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Fuṅgate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfuṅgate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>8</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyanya</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nana</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nane.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>9</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikenda</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kenda</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kenda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>10</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikumi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>11</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumi na kimo</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nikumi na umuē</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumi na kimuezo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>12, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ na šivi, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ „ wawi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumi na viwi, &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>20</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi gawi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅakumi awi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi mere.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>21, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ na kimo, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ na umuē, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ na kimuezo, &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>30</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi gararo</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi araro</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi matutu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>40</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ ganna</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ ana</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maku’manne.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>50</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ gatano</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ atano</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Makumi asano.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>60</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ garandaru</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ arandaro</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ atandatu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>70</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ mfuṅgare</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ mfuṅgare</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ fuṅgate.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>80</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ nyanya</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ anana</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ anane.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c042'>90</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ kenda</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ kenda</td> + <td class='blt c036'>„ kenda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c040'>100</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgama</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niγana</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niγana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>1000</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lule</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kangi kumi</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iraγana kumi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>½</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ukeṅga, 14</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kihindi, 7.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c041'>¼</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nututo, 11; Kenga, 10</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Vihindi, 8.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Adjectives.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>All</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ose (wose, yose, tzose, gose, &c., according to concord)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oše</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ose (wose, yose, ǰose &c., according to concord).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bad</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bi, -biču</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wiwi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Beautiful</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ča (<i>vide</i> Good)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wedi (<i>vide</i> Good).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bitter</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgawawa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wawa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Black</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rusa</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, nyiru)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ǰiru.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Blind</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Meso gafa (<i>lit.</i> eyes dead)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Emaǰi-kimeso.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Blue</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rusa, -rusu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅgoniṅgoni.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bold</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Auko-marima</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Tena-foli (he has no fear).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Broad</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅgirinǰi</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-arame.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Castrated</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ifutu?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Tena-makede.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_528'>528</span>Cheap</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nga-m-lemba (I cheat him)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Clean</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Yačia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-azera.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Clever, cunning</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyaṅana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čēē.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dead</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Deaf</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maru-afa (ears dead)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Yabičuo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Drunken</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Anaṅgo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Eṅge; Aeṅgeya.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dry</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyosa</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Oma)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Haoma (refers to class 16).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dumb</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyaši</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-guguma.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Every</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ilibana (verbal form)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Killa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyaṅana muno</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ebandi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Female</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-če.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Few</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tutu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-doṅgu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fierce</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-senge</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ekahe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Filthy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hōyo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enaikwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fine (narrow, delicate)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suse</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-zeri.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Foreign</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wanǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-geni.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Free</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-huǰi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fresh (raw)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hiēvo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bise.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Gentle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅgula</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Good</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wedi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Great</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅaneǰi; aṅana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-baha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Green</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Maranǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bisi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Handsome</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ačia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wedi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Happy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-huri</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Aṅara.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hard</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mumu-mumu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šini; -dindie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Having, possessing</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enye</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Healthy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Megu?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-dindie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Heavy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gunǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-eme.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>High</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sali</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-eza.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hot</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mfoiha</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nwe; Moto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Idle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kiwa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-doko.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Jealous</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nya-eṅa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Left (hand)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumoso</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kumoso.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Little</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-boma</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-doṅgo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Long</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-leše</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-weza.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mad</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suko; nya-suko</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ewukwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Male</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-soro; Mbuṅga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ume.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Many</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iṅgi</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iṅgi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mean</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ehē</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-edindie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Naked</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ntondo (simplicity)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ehotuho.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Narrow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sari</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sisiri.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>New</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nzaru</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ša.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Old</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kū</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-asakāā.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Open</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruwo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Other</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyumu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅgi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Plenty</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ntamu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Poor</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-roko</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kiwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Quick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅgula</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Quiet</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rarere; Tzirarere</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hoye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Raw</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bisi</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bisi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Red</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅare-ṅare; nya-rera (copper-coloured)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_529'>529</span>Rich</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nǰamu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fumwa (to be chief).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Right (hand)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kulyo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kume (<i>lit.</i>, “male”).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ripe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyenyele; -lali</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wibwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Rotten</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biču</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Same</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hiana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fwanane.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Short</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šimba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fuhi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-goro</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ewaǰua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sour</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wawa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čikie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Strong</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-laṅa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ečēē.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sweet</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čora</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enona.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šimba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ebandie; Wuruti.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suse</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sisiri.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Weak</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅgula</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Weary</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čoka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-remwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>White</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bô<a id='r88'></a><a href='#f88' class='c017'><sup>[88]</sup></a>; Pia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-dyewa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Young</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gogo.</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-doṅgo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Pronouns.</span></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>I</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Nyinyi; nǰi-, ṅg-</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-gweno, Nyi-, Ninyi)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Mi, n-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thou</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Šiowo; wu-, u-</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Uwe, u-, wu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>He, she, &c.</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Yiowu; a-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Iye, e-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>We</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Lukeria; lu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Uswi, tu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>You</td> + <td class='blt c036'>? Mu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Unwi, mu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>They</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Awa; wa-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Wawo, wa-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Me</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-n-, -ni-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ni-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thee</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ku-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ku-, -kw-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Him</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-m-, -mu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-m-, -mu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Us</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>You</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mu-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-m-, -mu-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Them</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wa-</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wa-.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mine</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ako</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aṅgu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thine</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ako.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>His</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-akwe; -nola?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-akwe.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Our</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aru, -ru</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-etu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Your</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyi</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enyu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Their</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-awo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>(For <span class='sc'>Demonstratives</span>, &c., <i>see</i> Tables of Concords.)</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Who?</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Ṅkiča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Niani?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Whom</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iki-?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ani-?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>What?</td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kiki?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>Kini?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Whose?</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ile?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kweni?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='4'>(For which, &c., <i>vide</i> Tables of Concords.)</td></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'><span class='pageno' id='Page_530'>530</span> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='4'><span class='sc'>Verbs.</span><a id='r89'></a><a href='#f89' class='c017'><sup>[89]</sup></a></th></tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036' colspan='4'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Able (be)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-weza</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-idima (<i>vide</i> Masai).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Adorn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-areha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Adultery (commit)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rumka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šinda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Agree</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gundana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kundana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Angry (be)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-waloana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-regidya.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Answer</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gambia ṅgile.</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Arrive</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wara</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fika.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ask</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gunda</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-budyanye.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Awake</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gura, -ra</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, -amuka)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wuka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bake (pottery)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gora</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wumba.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bark</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aboha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bathe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-samba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Be</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Beat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kapa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Begin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čiu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hira.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Believe</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enǰa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bewitch</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-loga, -loa</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-taita, Ku-loga)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bite</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyaši, -mari</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyuma.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Blow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyaϑa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nifuta.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Boil</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ndua</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nǰmoa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Born (be)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aša</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Break</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-funǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bā.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Breathe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-elo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hema.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Breed</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ganumba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-moγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bring</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wikia</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-swahili, -lete)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ete.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Build</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šiṅga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ǰenga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Burn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-numbaha</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aša.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Burst</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-anduka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Bury</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Buy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ndeūla, -ka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-zora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Call</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-alaγa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-itaṅge.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Can</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-weza</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-idima (<i>vide</i> Masai).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Carry</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rika</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tikie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Carve (sculpture)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-pačaneča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-soṅgoa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Castrate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-arino</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Catch</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kamara</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-swahili, -kamata; Ki-nyika, -kuira)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Change</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-busuo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Chase</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lasa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-matuka, -asa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cheat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lemba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kenga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Choose</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rua</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-kamba, -nuva; Ki-taita, -sagula)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sawura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Circumcise</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-arino?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tawanwa (pass.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Clean</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-pačaneča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oǰa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Climb</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aro</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kwea.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Come</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-za (nzo, imp.).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cook</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kora</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Copulate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lamba; -paro (for the first time)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tomba.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_531'>531</span>Cough</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-karuo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mbaǰa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cover</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fiṅgia; -funuo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ǰiwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Crack</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-abarika</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-baǰika.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cross</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fumaho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kela.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cry</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-alaha; afūa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iyia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Curse</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruma</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Cut</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wehaho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tema.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dance</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šina</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Kongo, -kina)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-toroka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Destroy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tiča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kašina.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Die</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fa; -komeka (vanish)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dig</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-selūo; -rema (hoe)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Swahili, -lima)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fora.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Do</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wuta</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-areha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dream</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-loria</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ota.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Drink</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyuwa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Dye</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sanǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Eat</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-la, -lya</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-la.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Enter</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-henda (to go?)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iṅgia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Erect</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lyika, -kura (obscene)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-somia, -dondoša (obscene).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fall</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fatten</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-banda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-awo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sikia foli.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Feel</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wareware (touch)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-guragura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fight</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wahana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bigana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Finish</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hira.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Fly</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-runduka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-buruka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Follow</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ratera.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Forbid</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suo, -aleha</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-asua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Forget</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aharima</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Get</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wara</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wona.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Give</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-neka, -pa</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Zulu, -nika; Ki-kamba, -nenga);</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iṅga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Go</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-henda, -tonga</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-gweno, γenda)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tonga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Grow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-aro (climb?)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mbaha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hang (a thing)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-anonoka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ a man</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-seṅgelela</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suo?</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Have</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kere na (“sit with” = possess)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Heal</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ačia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hoa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ranya</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sikia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Help</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-loša.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hide</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rika</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-visa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hit</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kapa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hoe</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rema</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ima.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hold</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-anduho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nagura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Hunt</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-alasa; -henda alasa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rā́tere.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Ill (be)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-luo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-waǰua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Jump</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-runduka (fly)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-toroka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Keep</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-suruma</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gure.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Kill</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-waha</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-koma</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Know</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-manya</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Lu-ganda, -manyi; Ki-swahili, -jua)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tisiwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Laugh</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-seka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-seka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Leave</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šiγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Lick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gombaho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sona.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Lift</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-raho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-meγwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_532'>532</span>Like</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda, -wesa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kundie.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Look</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mbuya</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iyuwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Lose</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-reta</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-teka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Love</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kundineso.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Make</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-areh’a.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Marry</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-riča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-owa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Meet</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gumhanana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-torana.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Menstruate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čora</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mčarua.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Milk</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kama</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kama.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Mix</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sanǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruṅganya.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Obey</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-bahe</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Open</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fuṅguo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nd’ugüa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pass</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-raïa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wetia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Plant</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-awaïa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-handa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pregnant (be)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wurô</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-me.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Prick</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-roǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tuṅga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Pull</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruarua</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-uta, -nd’yuta.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Push</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tindiga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šindik’a.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Put</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wekaho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wikia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Putrefy</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wira; -nyara</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-woa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Quarrel</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-loëa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-regid’a.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Rain</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kaba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Return</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ča</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nduki.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Run</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-riǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-matuka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Say</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hamba, gamba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tete.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>See</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wona</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wona.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Seek</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyinyina</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Seize</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-gura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sell</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-leria</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ntaγa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Send</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kuneka; -neka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tuma.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sew</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fuma</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-čuma.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shake</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sikasika</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hira.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shave</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ora</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-enǰa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shoot</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruita</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-asa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Show</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ambuïa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-onia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Shut</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fuṅga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fiṅga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sing</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-uimba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wina.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sit</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ramia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ikaa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Skin</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tana</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sinza.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sleep</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lala</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nšinžia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Smell (active)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rumšia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nuša.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>„ (neuter)</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nuka</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nyuka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Smile</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-šinika</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kišiniko.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Smoke</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ifia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Sow seeds</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wirawira</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-handa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Steal</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iwa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-iwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Swallow</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-mera</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-meia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Swear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-alanyamu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sua?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Take</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ruo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-anha.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Talk</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wesa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-teta.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Taste</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nunsa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-randu</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-badika</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tell</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-wesa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ura.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Think</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-larere</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-regid’i?</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Thirst</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-ṅga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Throw</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kumba</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-taga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tie</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-fuṅga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-nčuṅga.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'><span class='pageno' id='Page_533'>533</span>Tire</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lemo</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-remwa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Touch</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-angasaho; -wareware</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-činda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Tremble</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-arerema</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-dedema.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Understand</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-rikia</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sikia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Urinate</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-hama</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kosoa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Vanish</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-komeka</td> + <td class='blt c036'>(Ki-nyika, komeka, to vanish, die.)</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Vomit</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-arēga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-detaëka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Walk</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-henda mbuho</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tonga kusela.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Want</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wash</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-sanǰa</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-odia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wear</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-raë</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-doka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Weave</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-oga</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Weep</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-afua</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-eïa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Whisper</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-weweria</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-weweda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Whistle</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-murori</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biga mrosi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Wish</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-kunda.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Write</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-reh’a</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-tama.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c036'>Yawn</td> + <td class='blt c036'>-lya mwaë</td> + <td class='blt c036'> </td> + <td class='blt c036'>-biga miaïo.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<h3 class='c024'><span class='sc'>Some Tenses of the Verb in Ki-čaga and Ki-taveita.</span></h3> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c004'> + <div>(<i>The pronominal particle attached to the verb is in italics.</i>)</div> + </div> +</div> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='c037'>Ku-neka, <i>To give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c037'>Ku-tonga, <i>To go</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Present.</span></td> + <td class='blt c037'><span class='sc'>Present.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Ṅga.</i> } neka, <i>I give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Ni</i>-hu-<i>ni</i>-toṅga, <i>I am going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'><i>Nǰi</i> } neka, <i>I give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>„ 2 „ <i>Wu</i>-neka, <i>Thou givest</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 2 „ <i>U</i>-k’-<i>u</i>-toṅga, <i>Thou art going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>„ 3 „ <i>A</i>-neka, <i>He gives</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 3 „ <i>E</i>-kw-<i>e</i>-toṅga, <i>He is going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Plur. 1 „ <i>Lu</i>-neka, <i>We give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Plur. 1 „ <i>Tu</i>-ku-<i>tu</i>-toṅga, <i>We are going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>„ 2 „ <i>Mu</i>-neka, <i>You give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 2 „ <i>Mu</i>-ku-<i>mu</i>-toṅga, <i>You are going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>„ 3 „ <i>Wa</i>-neka, <i>They give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 3 „ <i>Wa</i>-ku-<i>wa</i>-toṅga, <i>They are going</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Past (Imperfect).</span></td> + <td class='blt c039' rowspan='4'>(This a curious affirmative form of the <i>present</i> in common use; the true simple present has become the <i>past</i>.)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Sing. 1 pers. Li-ka-<i>nǰi</i>-neka, <i>I was giving</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>„ 2 „ Li-ka-<i>wu</i>-neka, <i>Thou wast giving</i>.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>&c. &c.</td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Past (Perfect).</span></td> + <td class='blt c037'><span class='sc'>Past (Perfect).</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Ṅǰi</i>-li-neka, <i>I gave</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Na</i>-toṅga, <i>I went</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 2 „ <i>Wu</i>-toṅga, <i>Thou went</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'>„ 3 „ <i>E</i>-toṅga, <i>He went</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>&c. &c.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>&c. &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Future.</span></td> + <td class='blt c037'><span class='sc'>Future.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Ṅga</i>-ku-neka, <i>I shall give</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Na</i>-ku-toṅga, <i>I shall go</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>&c. &c.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>&c. &c.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'> </td> + <td class='blt c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Imperative.</span></td> + <td class='blt c037'><span class='sc'>Imperative.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Sing. 2 pers. Neka, <i>Give thou</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Sing. 2 pers. Toṅga, <i>Go thou</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c043'>Plur. 2 „ Nekani, <i>Give ye</i>.</td> + <td class='blt c039'>Plur. 2 „ Tongani, <i>Go ye</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_534'>534</span>I cannot ascertain the subjunctive (if there is any), nor am I able +to make out some of the more complicated tenses of the verb. It +seems to me that both in Ki-čaga and Ki-taveita—as in Ki-swahili +and some other North-eastern Bantu tongues—the verbal forms have +undergone considerable degradation and obliteration, just as happens +in our own English tongue. There is no trace of that mode of forming +the preterite tense by a true inflection, which may be observed in the +majority of existing Bantu languages, and which was certainly present +in the mother-speech.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The negative is formed (in connection with the verb) by incorporating +certain particles with the pronominal prefixes. These +together form the following mode of expressing negation:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'><span class='sc'>Ki-čaga.</span></td> + <td class='c039'><span class='sc'>Ki-taveita.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Si</i>-neka, <i>I give not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Sing. 1 pers. <i>Si</i>-toṅga-mi, <i>I go not</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ 2 „ <a id='r90'></a><a href='#f90' class='c017'><sup>[90]</sup></a> <i>Hu</i>-neka, <i>Thou givest not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>„ 2 „ <i>Tu</i>-toṅga-we, <i>Thou goest not</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ 3 „ <i>Ha</i>-neka, <i>He gives not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>„ 3 „ <i>Te</i>-toṅga-e, <i>He goes not</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Plur. 1 pers. <i>Halu</i>-neka, <i>We give not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Plur. 1 „ <i>Tetu</i>-toṅga-´swi, <i>We go not</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ 2 „ <i>Ham’</i>-neka, <i>You give not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>„ 2 „ <i>Tem´</i>-toṅga-´nwi, <i>You go not</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>„ 3 „ <i>Hawa</i>-neka, <i>They give not</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>„ 3 „ <i>Tewa</i>-toṅga-´wo, <i>They go not</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>(In Ki-taveita the negation is always emphasized by repeating <i>after</i> +the verb the full forms of the personal pronoun, such as: mi, ´we, +´nwi, ´swi, &c. Si-tonga-mi would literally be “I am not going, I!” +in the sense of the French, “<span lang="fr">Je ne vais pas, moi!</span>”)</p> + +<p class='c008'>A very emphatic negative adverb in Ki-čaga is Ôte, “no, certainly +no,” “not at all.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Among the adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions are:—</p> + +<table class='table2'> + <tr> + <td class='brt c037'><span class='sc'>Ki-čaga.</span></td> + <td class='c037'><span class='sc'>Ki-taveita.</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Na, <i>and</i>, <i>with</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Na, <i>and</i>, <i>with</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Ku, <i>to</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Ku, <i>to</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wa, <i>on</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Ha, <i>on</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Kwa, <i>for</i>, <i>in order</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Kwa, <i>for</i>, <i>in order</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>-a (wa, ya, za, la, &c., according to concord), <i>of</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>-a (wa, ya, kia, ǰa, la, &c., according to concord), <i>of</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Wala, <i>but</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'>Ela, <i>but</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Gana, <i>or</i>.</td> + <td class='c039'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Kiki? <i>why?</i></td> + <td class='c039'>Kini? <i>why?</i></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='brt c039'>Neku? Ako? <i>where?</i></td> + <td class='c039'>Kahe? <i>where?</i></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_535'>535</span> + <h2 class='c006'>CHAPTER XXI.<br> <span class='c016'>THE COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS OF E. EQUATORIAL AFRICA.</span></h2> +</div> + +<p class='c007'>As an anticipatory reply to the inquiries of such of +my readers as may be of a commercial turn, I conclude +this work on the district of Kilima-njaro by a short +summary of its commercial prospects and capabilities. +If in my natural history or geographical statements +I occasionally repeat information already given in +previous chapters, I deprecate the critic’s impatience; +I do so because the general reader is not likely to +peruse this chapter, and my commercial friends will +probably not have wasted their time over the other +portions of the book; consequently it will be suggested +to neither that he has seen these facts stated before, +while at the same time their reiteration may serve to +accentuate—what I believe to be—their great importance +from the point of view in which this chapter is +written.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Let me, then, first sketch out the physical geography +of this country, which I have broadly described as +Eastern Equatorial Africa. For present purposes, it +may be delineated as follows:—By the River Ruvu, or +Pangani, on the south; then westwards, following the +4th degree of south latitude to the 32nd degree of +east longitude, including the basin of the Victoria +Nyanza lake, and round again to the east, from the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_536'>536</span>northern border of the lake, by Bariṅgo, to Kenia, the +Tana river, and the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The most marked characteristics of this region are +its immense isolated mountain-masses, in most cases +volcanic, such as Kenia and Kilima-njaro, the latter +the highest known peak in Africa, its spacious level +plains, or, more strictly speaking, plateaux, and its +freedom from marshy or swampy ground, as contrasted +with other parts of Africa. The water supply +is fairly abundant, and equally distributed, though +there is but one river, the Tana, or Pokomo, which is +at all navigable. Besides the huge Victoria Nyanza, +there are a few very much smaller lakes, one or two +of which are salt, and the majority fresh. The highlands, +up to 10,000 feet, and also the banks and rivers +of streams, are generally clothed with forests of +splendid timber, the plateaux are often covered with +scattered bush and short grass—not the terrible giant +grass of six to eight feet high, which obstructs so +much of African country; while many districts I can +only compare to beautiful natural lawns, whereon you +meet with springy turf, closely cropped by the browsing +antelopes, and here and there a group of handsome +shady trees, disposed with so much regularity that it +would seem as if man and not Nature had planted +them. Such is the country that lies between Paré +and Usambara, or in the vicinity of Lake ǰipé, or +again, to the south of Kilima-njaro, and also in many +districts to the north, as we hear from Thomson.</p> + +<p class='c008'>These vast regions are very unequally populated. +On the coast there is a fringe of slightly civilized +races, nominally under the dominion of the Sayyid of +Zanzibar. These people belong principally to the +Bantu family of negroes, which includes all the inhabitants +<span class='pageno' id='Page_537'>537</span>of Africa from the Victoria Nyanza to the +Cape and Fernando Po to Mombasa, with very few +exceptions. There are also Gallas on the north between +the Sabaki and the Dana rivers, a few invading +Somalis in the same district, Arabs of pure blood and +Arab hybrids of every degree throughout the length +of the littoral, and about four thousand Banyans and +other natives of British India who come there to trade +and sometimes to settle. To add to this medley of +races, there are remains here and there of ancient +Persian and Portuguese colonization, but, as I have +before said, the bulk of the coast population is Bantu-negro, +a stock which seems to absorb and assimilate +easily most foreign strains. The lingua-franca spoken +is the celebrated Swahili language, one of the Bantu +tongues, which promises to be the French of Eastern +Africa.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On penetrating inland from the coast, the country +is for the first hundred miles, as a rule, very thinly +inhabited, except on certain mountainous districts, or +along the coast of the Ruvu, the Sabaki, or the Tana +rivers, and what people there are belong to the Bantu +stock, and speak languages related to Swahili. Whenever +you meet with people speaking Bantu languages +in this part of Africa, you find they are invariably +settled agriculturists, and never nomads. As a contrast +to them, may now be mentioned the celebrated +Masai, a negro race of splendid physical development. +The Masai are semi-nomads, that is to say, each tribe +has its home country wherein the married men and +women settle, and move about within a circumscribed +radius, while the warriors, who are forced to remain +unmarried, range over immense areas, for the sake of +plunder. These people were once, and are still in a +<span class='pageno' id='Page_538'>538</span>lesser way, the scourge of Eastern Equatorial Africa. +They have made previously well-populated, prosperous +districts abandoned wildernesses, driving away all the +cattle, killing such of the inhabitants as resisted, and +leaving the remainder to die of starvation. But of +late years they no longer play the same havoc. Between +the coast and Kilima-njaro they are rarely to +be met with, and in such cases as when they are encountered +away from their homes, the white traveller +will not find them very hard to deal with. Commerce +is slowly but surely humanizing the Masai. They +most of them prefer trading to fighting now. Yearly +they are visited by many native caravans from the +coast, who go to buy ivory with iron, wire, cloth, and +beads. Certain tribes of the Masai, generally known +as Wa-kwavi by the coast people, have abandoned +entirely this roving robber life, and now occupy large +districts as quiet, thrifty agriculturists. The Masai +are all of them great cattle-keepers, and possess not +only innumerable herds of splendid kine, but also +keep numbers of donkeys as beasts of burden. These +asses are very fine animals, resembling exactly the +Ethiopean wild ass, from which stock they are certainly +derived. The Masai are a people who in time +will become amenable to civilization, I am sure, and +commerce will temper their wild ways. They are +very different from the mad fanatics we have been +fighting in the Soudan, and if all Europeans behave +as well to them as Mr. Joseph Thomson has done, we +should soon be welcomed as traders and settlers in +their midst.</p> + +<p class='c008'>It may be roughly said, then, that between the +coast and the Victoria Nyanza, the plains or plateaux +are inhabited by the Masai and their helot races, and +<span class='pageno' id='Page_539'>539</span>the mountains and mountain-ranges by Bantu people. +These latter evidently occupied the land prior to the +incursion of the Masai from the north, and existed in +former times in greater numbers than at the present +day. Of late, however, their fortunes have begun to +revive. Forced, during their struggle for existence, +to take to the highlands that were difficult of access +to an invader, they have become a more hardy, independent +race than their relations on the coast, and +have also, in their wish to turn their mountain soil to +the best advantage, become skilful and laborious +agriculturists. Now their relations with the Masai +are becoming sensibly improved, the Masai raids have +ceased before the rude fortifications of the hill tribes, +and both parties are able to trade on equal terms. +The inhabitants of the mountains bring their honey +and vegetables, their smiths’ work, and dressed skins, +and exchange them against the ivory, rhinoceros horns, +and natron salt that are collected by the rovers of the +plains. These two distinct races, whose contact was +formerly so provocative of bloodshed and rapine, are +now exchanging peaceably their products, but also +their ideas, manners, and customs. The Bantu of +Kilima-njaro and Taveita loves to copy the Masai +costume and mode of fighting, he incorporates many +Masai words and salutations into his own tongue, +while the once nomadic and restless Masai are increasingly +taking to agriculture in the vicinity of +Bantu settlements, and are changing from lawless +robbers into quiet and honest tillers of the soil.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Around the Victoria Nyanza lake, the population +becomes very dense, and probably the littoral people +alone may be estimated at from ten to twelve millions. +With one small exception they are Bantu, and speak +<span class='pageno' id='Page_540'>540</span>languages of an archaic form, and more resembling +the typical Bantu mother-speech than any other we +have yet met with. The exception is a small enclosure +of Nilotic negroes settled in the country of Kavirondo +on the eastern shore of the lake, who have never yet +come into contact with Europeans. We know something +of their language from the Swahili traders, and +we find it to belong to the same group as the Šiluk of +the White Nile.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Besides the races above enumerated, dwarf tribes +are reported in the unknown country lying between +the Victoria Nyanza and Kilima-njaro, and there are +also curious helot tribes dwelling among the Masai as +hunters or smiths or slaves, who speak languages of +their own, and remain at present unclassified in their +affinities.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Of all the people I have mentioned in this hasty +recapitulation, the Bantu offers the greatest hope for +civilization. He is so industrious, so imitative, so +inquiring, that he is instinctively attracted towards +the white man. He is a born trader, and will travel +miles to sell a fowl, while his appreciation of Manchester +stuffs and Birmingham beads should ensure +him the favour of British merchants.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The animal and vegetable products of this vast +region are typically African. I might reiterate that +it is a sportsman’s paradise. Such quantities of big +game were surely never met with elsewhere. If you +want confirmation of my statements on this point, +read Mr. Thomson’s book, “Masai-land.” In some +districts you may stand on a hillock and see the plains +at your feet covered with compact herds of antelopes, +moving in squadrons, with straggling companies of +giraffes, with scattered flocks of ostriches. Buffaloes +<span class='pageno' id='Page_541'>541</span>abound so as to be dangerous. Rhinoceroses are so +numerous that their horns are an important item in +the trade, for they may be bought in the interior for +a few pence worth of cloth, and sold on the coast for +three and four rupees each. Hippopotami are abundant +in the rivers and lakes. The Vice-Consul at +Lamu, on the coast near the Pokomo river, informs +me that when properly prepared (which is done by +cutting the skin into long thin strips and drying it in +the sun), hippopotamus hides will fetch 5<i>l.</i> apiece in +Natal. But the great wealth of this country lies in +its ivory, which is preferred to any other in the +Zanzibar market. The elephant abounds in the neighbourhood +of Kilima-njaro to the extent of many thousands. +He here becomes quite a mountaineer, and +ranges through the magnificent forests that clothe the +upper slopes of this giant among African peaks. The +natives waylay his forest tracks with artfully devised +pitfalls and traps, preferring this more cowardly way +of procuring their ivory to facing the elephant in the +chase. Other tribes to the north and west of Kilima-njaro +kill the elephant with poisoned arrows, or +javelins, or sharp swords. Indeed, there is one district +on the northern borders of Masai-land where, according +to Mr. Thomson, “elephants are said to swarm unmolested +and their ivory to rot untouched, for the +people of the surrounding region have no trading +relations with any one, and do not know the value of +that precious article. A tusk worth 150<i>l.</i> in England +may be picked up for nothing, or bought from any +native for a pennyworth of beads, &c., &c.” However +this may be, whether the elephants are slain for their +ivory, or whether, as in the tales of Sinbad the Sailor, +there are districts in which the tusks may be simply +<span class='pageno' id='Page_542'>542</span>gathered from among the bones of elephants who for +centuries have died and died unnoticed in these untravelled +wilds, ivory is procured somehow and in such +quantities—even with the absurdly inadequate means +of exploitation and porterage—that there is always +more than enough to supply the many native caravans +led by Moslem natives from the coast, which annually +traverse this country between the Indian Ocean and +the Victoria Nyanza lake. Another item of trade +should not be forgotten, namely, the valuable and +handsome wild beast skins, which may either be procured +in the chase, or very cheaply purchased from +the natives. A leopard skin may be bought for about +two or three shillings’ worth of goods, and will sell on +the coast for eight or nine. Lions’ skins are less easy +to obtain from the natives, as that animal is rarely killed +by them, but European sportsmen might shoot him to +any extent, as he is both common and bold. Monkey +skins, of the handsome variety of white-tailed colobus, +which is alone found in this region, are valuable, and +fetch a good price on the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Ostriches are exceedingly numerous in the vicinity +of Kilima-njaro. When living at Taveita in the +summer and autumn of 1884, I and my men used to +largely subsist on their eggs, which were brought us +in numbers by the natives, and sold for about a pennyworth +of cloth each. Sometimes by searching we +would ourselves discover nests. In the month of +October I bought twelve young ostriches from the +natives at the rate of an ell of cloth apiece. I could +have purchased many more, and started an ostrich +farm had I wished, but as I was returning shortly to +the coast I did not feel disposed to commence the +undertaking. I tried to bring these young ostriches +<span class='pageno' id='Page_543'>543</span>away with me, but they all died before reaching +Zanzibar, as they suffered a great deal from the effects +of the land transit, being very young. Of course to +any ornithologist this country is exceedingly interesting, +but to those whom I am more immediately addressing, +rare or beautiful birds will not serve as a sufficient +inducement for opening up a new country; still I +might remark, for economic reasons, that there are +abundance of guinea fowl, francolin, pigeons, and +bustards, and all these serve materially to supply the +traveller with palatable food.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I cannot say much for the reptiles of this country, +as there are few species which would attract the +traveller’s attention, and none which, as far as I know, +would be useful commercially, unless the crocodiles of +Lake ǰipé might furnish some of the leather which is +now so fashionable for dressing-bags; but the very +scarcity and unobtrusiveness of the reptiles is a negative +advantage. Like most parts of Africa I have +ever visited, the snakes here are very few and infrequent +in their appearance. Most species, too, are +non-venomous.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In many of the streams, rivers, and lakes there are +fish in great quantities, representing most of the +African fresh-water genera. There are few that are +not edible, and some species are remarkably good to +eat, and of considerable size and weight. While at +Taveita I was often able to feed the entire caravan +during a week or more on the fish caught in the small +River Lumi; and at ǰipé they are so plentiful that a +fish-smoking establishment, similar to those on the +Upper Congo, might be set going to provide food for +long journeys. There are few things that Swahili +porters like better than a fish diet.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_544'>544</span>The insects are not likely to offer anything commercially +interesting, nor indeed any of the lower +invertebrate forms. I might, however, in their case +lay stress on the same favourable fact as with regard +to the snakes, viz. the scarcity or absence of noxious +forms. Thus there is no <i>tsetse fly</i>, such as, but a +short distance southward, interferes with the introduction +of horses and cattle. Mosquitoes only exist +in certain districts, near rivers or lakes, and are +entirely absent from most parts of the country. Fleas +and bed-bugs are unknown, nor has the American +jigger, which is such a pest on the Congo, been introduced. +White ants are not very numerous, and do +not exist at all above a moderate elevation. The tænia +intestinal worm, so often heard of in other parts of +Africa, is here never to my knowledge met with.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I might mention that a small edible fresh-water crab +is found in the rivers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As to the vegetable productions, they are, apart +from those cultivated and introduced by man, certainly +valuable. There is particularly fine timber growing +in many parts, particularly on Kilima-njaro and in the +mountainous districts to the northward, and again on +the west of the Victoria Nyanza. The forests in +Usambara and in Paré, both districts near the coast, +are full of magnificent lofty trees, which are much +prized at Zanzibar for shipbuilding. On the coast +and in Zanzibar, timber sells for 25 to 50 dollars per +50 cubic feet, according to quality.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Gums are produced in the interior, both copal and +a kind called false copal. India-rubber can be procured +from at least one creeper, the <i>Landolphia florida</i>, +and I think also another, a species of fig. Coffee grows +wild, especially on the northwards of the district, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_545'>545</span>where it is the same species as the Abyssinian plant, +which, it is supposed, being first introduced from the +kingdom of Kaffa to the south of Abyssinia, thence +derives its name. Coffee-planting would succeed admirably +in districts like Usambara, which may be +regarded as the natural home of this shrub, which is, +indeed, indigenous to the African continent. I might +mention that cardamums are produced here, and semsem +seed is also largely reported for making spurious +olive oil.</p> + +<p class='c008'>On the trees growing in the Kilima-njaro and Usambara +forests, orchilla weed, in incredible quantities, is +found growing. When delivered half clean, that is +to say, mixed with sticks and rubbish, on the coast, it +fetches from 3 to 3½ dollars per frasilah of 35 lbs.</p> + +<p class='c008'>As regards minerals, iron ore is found in some +abundance, and copper apparently also; since the +natives possess rude rings and ornaments of this metal +which have not come from the coast. Nitrate of soda +covers vast plains to the south, west, and north of +Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is good building stone in many parts of the +country. Limestone often appears.</p> + +<p class='c008'>And now, having briefly noted some of the productions +with which this part of Africa is naturally +endowed, I may mention others which owe their introduction +or development to the agency of man.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Vast herds of cattle are kept not only by the Masai, +whose very <i>raison-d’être</i>, as it were, consists in cattle +breeding, but also by the agricultural races on the +borders of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and in the mountain +districts everywhere. When I was residing on Kilima-njaro +I not only purchased excellent beef at about +ten shillings a bullock, but also procured daily so much +<span class='pageno' id='Page_546'>546</span>milk that I was able to make cream, butter, and cheese +in plenty. The oxen are not, as a rule, so large as the +Cape breeds, and, indeed, come from quite another +stock, being descendants of Asiatic humped variety—the +zebu—introduced into Africa by the ancient +Egyptians. The hides are held in such little account +by the natives that they may be purchased for the +merest trifle. As I have already mentioned, the Masai +keep large herds of fine strong asses, which they are +always ready to sell cheaply.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Goats and sheep are most abundant. The goats are +small, plump, and great milk-givers. The sheep +belong to the fat-tailed variety, and offer really excellent +juicy, tender mutton. Those who have visited +Usambara will agree with me that the mountain mutton +of East Africa rivals in tenderness and shortness that +furnished by the Welsh and Highland sheep. Like all +African sheep, they are hairy and without wool. +Fowls are not kept by the Masai, but are met with in +great quantities on Victoria Nyanza, and among all of +the agricultural Bantu races. On Kilima-njaro they +might be purchased at the rate of one ell of cloth each, +averaging a cost, when the local value of cloth is estimated, +of 2½<i>d.</i> each. In two days, at Mandara’s +capital, I purchased eighty fowls. Some of them are +a very handsome breed, pure white, with very long tail +feathers in the male. Another variety is plump and +dumpy, with exceedingly short legs. The hens are +very good layers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The vegetable productions of the natives’ cultivation +are the banana, the sweet potato, the edible arum root, +the sugar-cane, Indian corn, <i>mtama</i>, or red millet, and +many unnamed varieties of peas and beans.</p> + +<p class='c008'>A little rice is grown in some districts, namely, at +<span class='pageno' id='Page_547'>547</span>Taveita and on the River Tana. Tobacco is everywhere +abundant, and exceedingly cheap.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I might mention my own almost incredible experience +with the cultivation of European vegetables on Kilima-njaro. +Immediately after my arrival, I planted the +eyes of a few potatoes, onion bulbs, and the seeds of +mustard, cress, radishes, turnips, carrots, peas, beans, +spinach, borage, sage, tomatoes, cucumbers, and +melons. Everything came up and flourished amazingly. +In three months’ time I had a dozen fine cucumbers from +one plant, and so many potatoes that I was able to give +them away to my men, as well as supplying my own +table. I had everything else in abundance in a short +space of time. Before leaving, I had planted my land +at Taveita with wheat and coffee, limes, oranges, +mangoes, and cocoanuts. I also distributed numbers +of useful seeds among the natives.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I should have mentioned in its proper place before +the vegetables, that there is a great quantity of +delicious honey produced throughout this district. +The wax is of very good quality, but the natives have +no use for it, and merely throw it away.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I might now, perhaps, briefly summarize the principal +trade products, and in some cases give their cost in the +interior and on the coast. At present, no doubt, the +most paying thing is ivory. This may be bought in the +Masai countries, between the Victoria Nyanza and the +coast, at the rate of from one to two shillings a pound, +according to quality. When I refer to money in the +interior, I mean money’s worth in cloth or other trade +goods. On the coast ivory sells from six to ten shillings +a pound, sometimes reaching a higher price.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Hides may be almost got for nothing in the interior, +and merely cost the expense of transit. On the coast +<span class='pageno' id='Page_548'>548</span>they are sold, when dry, at about one dollar for seven +pounds.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Rhinoceros horns I have already alluded to. They +find a ready sale on the coast, fetching on an average, +five shillings apiece.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Live-stock of all kinds may be purchased cheaply in +the interior, and find a ready market on the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>There is even another source of profit in which, +although many people laugh when I suggest it, I see +nothing ridiculous, viz. the capture and sale of wild +animals. If it can pay Hamburg and Austrian firms +to hunt, and employ hunters on the confines of Abyssinia, +for the purpose of supplying the zoological +gardens of the world with wild animals, why should +not the same thing be done here, where animal life is +present to a degree which puts Abyssinia and the +Eastern Soudan to shame. If you can get from 100<i>l.</i> +to 200<i>l.</i> for a young rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus, +or giraffe, with lesser sums, in proportion, +for large antelopes, zebras, buffaloes, ostriches, lions, +leopards, snakes, and crocodiles, surely it is worth +while to capture them in districts like these, that are +actually nearer the sea than the hunting-grounds of +the German firms, and where the natives are already +familiar with such a trade, and with the mode of capturing +wild animals alive? When I was on Kilima-njaro +and Taveita, the natives were always bringing +me live creatures for sale, and I have already mentioned +how cheaply I bought young ostriches.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Another important trade product would be orchilla +weed, which may be gathered for nothing in the vast +forests of Kilima-njaro. I have already mentioned its +selling price on the coast.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Iron, copper, and nitrate of soda might pay profit +<span class='pageno' id='Page_549'>549</span>on their transit, when communications between the +coast and interior are facilitated.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Nevertheless, it is to be admitted that the special +wealth of this country lies in its agricultural future. +There are districts that might become the granaries of +the world, possessing, over a large area, a European +climate. There are other regions peculiarly adapted +by their elevation for the culture of quinine. Sugar-cane +already grows half wild, and its cultivation might +be increased to any extent. Coffee, tea, cacao, vanilla, +would thrive in countries and districts remarkably +suitable for their favourable growth. Above all, the +question arises that if it can pay people to open up +and trade with other parts of Africa, why should these +magnificent fertile lands remain untouched, when they +possess a climate superior in its salubrity to any other +part of the continent?</p> + +<p class='c008'>In the neighbourhood, and near the base of Kilima-njaro, +the greatest heat I registered was 81°; in the +warmest part of the interior, 91°. The average night +temperature in hilly districts is 60°; in the plains, 68°. +Except on the loftiest mountains, and on the Victoria +Nyanza lake, where it rains a few days in every month, +the seasons in Eastern Equatorial Africa are regular +in their divisions of wet and dry. From June to the +end of October there is almost no rain, and from +November to May there is an abundant rainfall during +certain months. On Kilima-njaro the climate up to +8000 feet is that of a Devonshire summer; above that +elevation you may have it as cold as you like, the +higher you go.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I hope I have now said sufficient to show you that if +Africa is worth opening up at all, the region which lies +between the coast and Victoria Nyanza is eminently so. +<span class='pageno' id='Page_550'>550</span>There is no doubt that Africa is the New World of the +nineteenth century. What America was to Europe in +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, that Africa is +now. Within the last two years, England, France, +Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and even +Sweden have taken decided steps towards founding +African colonies. Consequently I argue from this that +if land in Africa is worth having, how much more +profitable would it be in a fine country with a healthy +climate lying between a great lake and the Indian +Ocean.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having explained to you that from my point of view +this region is worth possessing, I now wish to indicate +to you as briefly as possible the best way of opening +it up to trade and civilization. Selecting some good +port on the coast—and there are three or four to choose +from, within a limit of a hundred miles of coast-line—the +expedition should establish themselves firstly in the +healthy and beautiful country of Usambara. The road +to the interior runs either to the north or south of this +little Switzerland, and joins to the west of it. In +Usambara the first station should be established, as +the country is very healthy. Here, too, the land +might be sown and planted with all kinds of crop, for +the proximity to the sea would render exportation easy +and cheap. From Usambara you should cross the rich +and fertile valley of the Mkomazi river and enter the +hill country of Paré, the trade route continuing along +the level plain at the foot of the hills. The scenery of +Paré I can only call enchanting. There are wooded +crags, waterfalls, secluded Alpine valleys, and splendid +views. The people are pleasant to deal with, and food +is plentiful. From Paré you might proceed to Ugwéno, +over against Lake ǰipé, the road still following the +<span class='pageno' id='Page_551'>551</span>plains, and the stations being established in the hills. +From Ugwéno it is a short distance to Kilima-njaro, +which offers splendid sites for large settlements, and +has also no scarcity of food. From Kilima-njaro there +are two routes to be opened up. One, or the most +important, leads past Mount Méru, another pleasant +site for a trading station, straight to Speke Gulf, on +the Nyanza. The other is more or less Thomson’s +track, leading to Lake Bariṅgo and the north-west. +This is the richest country for ivory. Hither every +year come the Swahili caravans, who trade nearly to +the borders of Abyssinia and the Nile. In all important +districts stations might be founded after +Stanley’s style along the Congo, and these would, in +time, become centres of civilization, cultivation, and +trade. Although there is no doubt that a railway, +under British auspices, made to connect the Victoria +Nyanza with the coast, would give the entire trade of +Eastern Central Africa into our hands, yet such an +enterprise seems at present utterly impossible. British +capitalists, shipowners, and manufacturers have lost +the spirit of “merchant adventurers,” and now regard +every venture that does not immediately promise +interest on preliminary outlay, with pardonable +timidity. Nevertheless, it seems to me that there +are still young energetic men in our country who love +a roving life, and who do not shrink from entering the +wild regions of Africa because there is no railway to +take them. Such as these flock year after year into +the unpleasing regions between the Cape Colony and +the Zambesi, attracted by the love of sport or a sheer +unreasoning, English desire to pry into new countries. +Why do not some of them band together, and instead +of spending their money, time, and energies on barren +<span class='pageno' id='Page_552'>552</span>Bechuana-land, boldly push into the countries west and +north of Kilima-njaro, trading, shooting, and exploring? +I can at least promise them far greater abundance of +game than in the much shot over regions of South +Africa, while they will never be likely to meet with +such unhealthy districts as the Zambesi valley. “But +the Masai?” people timidly suggest. Well, the Masai +are not, after all, worse than the Kaffirs, Zulus, or +even Hottentots were to the first explorers of Southern +Africa. They want a little managing, that is all, and +every fresh European will—or ought to—find his path +smoothed by his predecessors. Besides, in some of +the finest country there are no Masai. Along the +direct route between the Victoria Nyanza and the +coast only a strip of about 100 miles, viz. about a +fourth of the distance, is ranged over by Masai and is +annually traversed by Swahili caravans.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The first consideration in the development of this +country is to encourage trade and create agriculture. +Along many of the native tracks, as they at +present exist, there is no obstacle for stout waggons, +at any rate, as far into the interior as the precincts of +Méru and Kilima-njaro, that is to say, half way to the +Victoria Nyanza. Mules in plenty may be purchased +in Zanzibar, and will do well in the country, or asses +might be bought from the Masai. Oxen, doubtless, +might also be trained to draw waggons as on the +coast. As I have before remarked, <i>there is no tsetse fly</i> +in the country, so that even horse-breeding might be +attempted in time.<a id='r91'></a><a href='#f91' class='c017'><sup>[91]</sup></a> Human labour is plentiful on the +coast and fairly cheap. You may hire good stout +carriers at the rate of five dollars a month, and the cost +<span class='pageno' id='Page_553'>553</span>of their food is about twopence a day. Many of these +men make very decent soldiers and guards, as Stanley +has found on the Congo. As a rule the Zanzibar +porters are faithful, trustworthy men—I have always +found them so, and have even discovered very fine +qualities in their nature too. At any rate, if they fall +out with a white man it is generally his fault; a very +little discipline, together with a kind and quiet manner, +will always keep them in order. Many of them can +read and write their own language in the Arabic +character, so that if you wish to communicate with +them at a distance you can do so by letter. The cost +of keeping these men in the country would very much +lessen after the first year or two, as you might soon +grow sufficient food on your plantations to support the +entire expedition. These Zanzibaris are very easily +satisfied. They will subsist tranquilly on a few +handfuls of maize a day, or a little rice and dried fish, +or simply bananas; while if you manage to bring down +some zebra or antelope with your rifle they are overjoyed. +In two days ten men will construct you a +spacious dwelling with a grass-thatched rain-tight +roof, and in a much shorter time will build their own +simpler habitations. They are singularly handy, and +can plant gardens, make roads, trap animals, cure +skins, construct bird-cages, wash clothes, mend them, +make them, cook a dinner, and arrange a nosegay with +equal facility. They are much more ingenious than +English navvies, much more enduring of hardships, +and much more courteous in behaviour. Without +doubt, they are the means, the force, by which +Eastern Africa will be opened up.</p> + +<p class='c008'>The white men who should form the pioneers of +any commercial enterprise in Central Africa must be +<span class='pageno' id='Page_554'>554</span>young, vigorous, and active, not, as they are so often, +<i>usé</i>, battered men, who have failed in other careers, +and try Africa as a last chance. They should possess +sufficient education to be inspired with an intelligent +interest in the wonderful nature that will surround +them. There is no more miserable person in Africa +than your utterly uncultured man; he pines and +sickens for want of sympathy with his surroundings, +while he who is so far alive to natural history as to be +moved by the interesting fauna and flora of Equatorial +Africa will never be lonely, nor have time to be ill. If +any of them have a taste for sport, he will be never +unhappy, for this country surely offers, without exception, +the most splendid hunting-ground in the world. +Nor, in such a case, will his sport be mere useless +butchery of beautiful animals. He will be able to +supply his caravan with fresh meat, at no expense, +and may secure many valuable skins and hides. In +the case of elephants, a sportsman is a positive acquisition +to the party, as he can procure ivory for +nothing. I have, personally, known men in Southwestern +Africa who have made their fortunes over +ivory and ostrich feathers.</p> + +<p class='c008'>That the opening-up of this country would secure +a new field for commerce, I am convinced. Wherever +I went the natives were anxious to trade—more anxious +to trade than to fight, always. Constantly they have +said to me, “Why won’t you come here, and set up a +shop”—for shop they employ the word <i>duka</i>, which +the Swahilis have taught them—“and let us exchange +our goods for yours?” At places nearly two hundred +miles from the coast I have found people who had +never seen a white man before, in the possession of +Maria Theresa dollars and Indian rupees, with which +<span class='pageno' id='Page_555'>555</span>they came to buy cloth from me. They had, of course, +received this currency from the coast traders, but it +only shows they are beginning to understand the value +of money; nay, more, Mandara, the chief of Moši, on +Kilima-njaro, wanted me to open a banking account +for him at Zanzibar, and he had a distinct though +crude idea of drawing cheques. Even the fiercest +people here have wants for extraneous things that +must be satisfied. Then again, if you introduce commerce +and a ready market, you suppress the slave +trade. Chiefs now sell their people into slavery because +the Arabs will not buy anything else, slaves +being the most profitable investment for the coast +trader; but once convince them—and Africans are +much more practical than you think—that more money +is to be gained by employing their serfs to cultivate +the soil at home and produce food stuffs and other +products for sale, and I am sure the expatriation of +these wretched people will cease. Again, at the present +moment one chief makes war against another to procure +prisoners and sell them as slaves, but commercial +instinct will introduce peace by turning the sword +into a reaping-hook, and covering the devastated +fields with fair and marketable harvests. These people +are well worthy of civilization—yes, even the fierce +and roving Masai, who are already being softened +wherever they impinge on the rendezvous of coast trade.</p> + +<p class='c008'>I would suggest that in any undertaking to open up +Eastern Equatorial Africa, Kilima-njaro should be +made the centre of operations, both on account of its +fine climate and the placability of its inhabitants, and +for the further reason that the intervening country +between Kilima-njaro and the coast is quite safe for +travelling.</p> + +<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_556'>556</span>I have no doubt some, if not many, of my readers +have received several of these statements with irritable +incredulity. It is, somehow or other, vaguely annoying +to the placid nature of an Englishman, who has made +enough to live on and only wants to live quietly, to +come across travellers—whose works he skims through +in his easy-chair—that insist on bringing to his notice +new and wonderful tracts of land which are possible +El Dorados, and in which he <i>must</i> take an interest +and invest his money, or they will never leave him in +peace and will constantly din into his ears the appalling +news that he has let slip an unrecoverable +opportunity of showing his patriotism and his commercial +perspicacity. How well we know those cries +and laments that ever and anon sweep through the +public press and assail John Bull at his breakfast-table +or worry his return from business. “You have +lost the granary of Africa, or the granary of America,” +as the case may be. “You are about to abandon the +garden of Asia to the French, Russians, Germans!” +and so on. I must say I rather sympathize with my +readers if they display any restless petulance after +reading such a chapter as this. The feeling arises +partly from a lurking conviction of an element of +truth in the statements, and partly from resentment +at not being allowed to ignore these advantages which +they must either take up themselves or see pass into +the hands of aliens. “Why can’t you let us alone?” +they feel inclined to exclaim, “we’ve got quite enough +for our immediate wants, we have no need to embark +in fresh enterprises.” Or they try to satisfy themselves +and crush their disturber by anxiously endeavouring +to oppose argument to argument and +disprove all beguiling statistics. Yes, I am very sorry, +<span class='pageno' id='Page_557'>557</span>dear reader, if I have worried and bored you by +inserting a leaf or two of commercial propaganda into +what you thought, when you ordered it from the +library, was just going to be an average African book—adventures +with lions, tossings by buffaloes, encounters +with nasty natives, and so on. Believe me, I have +done so disinterestedly. I am not an African trader, +nor do I intend to be. I am not getting up a company +to develop East Africa and speculate in land. If a +railway is made to Kilima-njaro, I shall probably hear +of its accomplishment from the forests of Borneo or +the snow-peaks of the Andes, and remember I once +visited that part of the world. Scientific pursuits and +a love of rambling have led me to this richly endowed +region as they may next year lead me elsewhere, and +I have thought it well to let my countrymen know +what advantages it possesses, so that when British +merchants and philanthropists are bewailing the loss +of the great African sanatorium, they cannot at least +plead ignorance of its existence or advantages.</p> + +<p class='c008'>Having said this much I leave my poor remarks to +the kind consideration of the general public, by whom, +and Mr. Mudie, we authors of a day receive our <i>raison-d’être</i>.</p> + +<div class='chapter'> + <span class='pageno' id='Page_559'>559</span> + <h2 class='c006'>INDEX.</h2> +</div> +<p class='c019'><span class='sc'>Note.</span> All African names of countries, languages, or peoples, which +are not found under the initial letter in this index, should be looked for +under the initial of the root-form. Thus for Ki-taveita (the language of +Taveita), see Taveita, Ki-; for Usambara, Sambara, U-; Wa-čaga, +Čaga, Wa-; Bu-nyoro, Nyoro, Bu-. Inasmuch as the prefix in these cases +constantly varies with the meaning of the root, it is necessary to recognize +the unvarying root, alone, in this index.</p> + +<ul class='index'> + <li class='c044'>Abdallah, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Abyssinia, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Acacia, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Aden, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Africa, flora of, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <i>et seq.</i>; + <ul> + <li>resources of, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>——, Eastern, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#Page_535'>535</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>——, languages of, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Agreement with Mandara, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Elders of Taveita, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Albert Nyanza, the, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Albino, my,” <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Albizzia</i>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Alcelaphus Cokei</i>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Aloes, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Alphabet, Lepsius’ Standard, <a href='#Page_ix'>ix</a>, <a href='#Page_476'>476</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Alps, the, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— African, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>America, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Anas</i>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Anemones, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ant-bear, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Antelopes, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— and ant-hills, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ant-hills, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Anthropology, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>–445.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ants, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arabia, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arabic, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arab mongrels, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arabs, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arab town, an, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arnold, Edwin, <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Artemisia</i>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Arums, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Aruša, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Aryan languages, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a>, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Asses, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_538'>538</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Association, British, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Athmani, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Author, the, entrusted with command of Kilima-njaro Expedition, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>; + <ul> + <li>arrives at Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>;</li> + <li>falls ill, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>;</li> + <li>asserts sway over porters, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>;</li> + <li>is miserable at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>;</li> + <li>rejects Mandara’s ultimatum, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</li> + <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_560'>560</span>is besieged, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>;</li> + <li>frames projects of escape, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>;</li> + <li>endures great anxiety, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>;</li> + <li>resolves to quit Moši, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>;</li> + <li>falls into ambush, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>;</li> + <li>catches leopard in trap, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>;</li> + <li>goes hunting, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>ascends Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>flight from Wa-kibošo, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>;</li> + <li>takes leave of Mandara, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</li> + <li>frees Mabruki’s slaves, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>;</li> + <li>enters Maranu, <a href='#Page_251'>251</a>;</li> + <li>humours its chief, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>;</li> + <li>has accident to knee-cap, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>ascends Kibô, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>;</li> + <li>returns to camp, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>;</li> + <li>muses on the possibilities of a European settlement, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>;</li> + <li>has difficulties with Wa-rombo, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>;</li> + <li>anxiety to avoid bloodshed, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>;</li> + <li>fights with Wa-rombo, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>;</li> + <li>receives deputation of Wa-rombo, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>;</li> + <li>sets out for coast, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>;</li> + <li>ill at Lake ǰipe, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>;</li> + <li>meets the Masai, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>: escapes by a <i>ruse</i>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>;</li> + <li>enjoys mute hospitality at the Pangani Mission-station, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>voyages in Arab dau, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>;</li> + <li>returns to Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>;</li> + <li>reaches London, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c003'>Baboons, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Baker, Sir Samuel, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Baloza,” the, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Balsams, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Banana, the, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— beer, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— plantations, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— leaves, <a href='#Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bananas (fruit), <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Wild (<i>Musa Ensete</i>), <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bantu, meaning of the word, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— languages, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Bantu races, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_539'>539</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Baobab-trees, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Barawuio, Em-, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Barbel, a, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bari people, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_455'>455</a>, <a href='#Page_466'>466</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Baringo, Lake, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <a href='#Page_536'>536</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Baroni,” the (Baron v. d. Decken), <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bats, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Battle with Wa-kibošo, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Bauhinia</i>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Beads (for trading), <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>; + <ul> + <li>(ornaments of), <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Beans, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bed, a native’s, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bees, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Beetles, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>–377.</li> + <li class='c044'>Begonias, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Belgians, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bell, Prof. Jeffrey, on a nematoid worm, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Berber language, <a href='#Page_429'>429</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Birds, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>–361, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>–387, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Blackberries, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Blair, General, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bleek, Dr., <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Blessbok, the, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Blood-drinking, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bloody scene, a, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Bombax</i> tree, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bondei, Wa-, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Boni, Wa-, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a> (language), <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bonney, Professor, on the geology of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Borassus flabelliformis</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Borneo, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bracken fern, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Brambles, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bread, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_561'>561</span>Breakfast-table, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>British Association, the, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Ensign, Mandara’s request for, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Buceros</i>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Buffalo, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bulom language, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bura of Taita, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bushbuck, the, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Bushmen, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>, <a href='#Page_484'>484</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Butter, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Buttercups, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Butterflies, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— feeding on blood, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Calophyllum, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cameroons, the, Mountains, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_489'>489</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Camp at Habari, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>; + <ul> + <li>at Mkuyuni, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>;</li> + <li>at Mandara’s, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>;</li> + <li>on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>;</li> + <li>at Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>;</li> + <li>in Msai (Kimawenzi), <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>;</li> + <li>River Lumi, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>;</li> + <li>delights of, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>;</li> + <li>meals in, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Masai, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Canis</i>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cannibalism, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cape of Good Hope, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Carapace of kites’ feathers, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cardamums, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Carduus</i>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Carnivora</i>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Carrots, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cattle, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Africa, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Wa-čaga, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Masai, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_538'>538</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Cephalophus</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cephas, the cook, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_237'>237</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Cercopithēcus</i>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Chameleon, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Champagne, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Chella Mountains (Angola), <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Chervil, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Chief, the, of Mačame, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— Paré, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Usambara, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cicadas, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Circumcision, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Wa-čaga, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Masai, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a> (and foot-note).</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Wa-taveita, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Civet, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Clematis, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Climate of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>; + <ul> + <li>(Kitimbiriu), <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'><i>Clitorea</i>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cloth, for trade, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>; + <ul> + <li>a “hand” of, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Clouds on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Clover, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Cobus</i> antelopes, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cocoa-nut, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— palm, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Coffee, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cold, at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>; + <ul> + <li>on higher levels, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'><i>Coleoptera</i>, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>–377.</li> + <li class='c044'>Collectors, natural history, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Collocasia</i>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Colobus Guereza</i>, <i>var.</i> caudatus, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Kirkii, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Colobus skins, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>, <a href='#Page_542'>542</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Commelyna</i>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Commerce of Kilima-njaro district, <a href='#Page_535'>535</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Congo, River, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Concord,” the, in Aryan languages, <a href='#Page_461'>461</a>; + <ul> + <li>in Bantu, <a href='#Page_459'>459</a>, <a href='#Page_490'>490</a>;</li> + <li>in Ki-čaga, &c., <a href='#Page_499'>499</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>in Galla, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>;</li> + <li>in Hottentot, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>;</li> + <li>in Semitic languages, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Cooley, Mr. Desborough, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_562'>562</span>Copal, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Copper, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_548'>548</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Corissa</i>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cow, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Crabs, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cream, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Creepers, strange, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Crinum</i> lilies, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Crocodiles, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Crotons, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Crows, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cucumbers, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cust, Mr., R.N., <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Cycads, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Cynocephalus</i>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Cynoglossum</i>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Čaga, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, agriculture of, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, climate of, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Wa- (people of), <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_249'>249</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>, <i>et seq.</i>; + <ul> + <li>domestic animals of, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>their huts, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>;</li> + <li>mode of fighting, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</li> + <li>swords, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>;</li> + <li>smiths, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>;</li> + <li>utensils, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>;</li> + <li>their language (Ki-čaga), <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Čala, Lake, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>“Dacca,” s.s., <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dahalo, Wa-, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Daus, Arab, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Day, a typical, at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Decency, natives’ want of, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Decken, Baron von der, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Didunculus</i>, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Dierama</i>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Digo, A-, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Diṅka language, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Dishes, wooden, of Wa-čaga, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Dissotis</i>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dodo, the, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dogs of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>; + <ul> + <li>of Masai, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Doko people, The, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Domestic animals, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Donkey, <i>vide</i> Ass.</li> + <li class='c044'>Doorway, Čaga, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Taveita, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_250'>250</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dorobo, En-, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dowding, Captain, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Dracæna</i>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Drakensberg Mountains, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ducks, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Muscovy, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_484'>484</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Dwarf races, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Δaičo, Wa-, <a href='#Page_379'>379</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Earrings of Masai, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>; + <ul> + <li>of Wa-taita, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Eastern Africa, <i>see</i> Africa, Eastern.</li> + <li class='c044'>Efik language, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Eggs, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Egrets, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Egypt, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_484'>484</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Egyptians, Ancient, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Elaïs</i> palm, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Elands, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Elche, palm groves of, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Elephant-gun, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Elephants, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Emin-Bey, Dr., <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Enciso, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>En-dorobo, <i>vide</i> Dorobo, En-.</li> + <li class='c044'>England, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>English (Wa-ingrezi), <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— “Manowari,” <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Mission, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— vegetables, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Equator, snow under the, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Equus</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Erhardt, Rev., <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_563'>563</span><i>Erica</i>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Euphorbias, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>European settlements on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Euryops</i>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Everlasting” flowers, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Expedition, the Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— ——,funds for, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Famine in East Africa, 1884, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Faraǰi, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fariǰala, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Farler, Archdeacon, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fauna of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>–394.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fauna and flora of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— —— high mountains and islands, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— ——, ancient, of Africa, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ferns, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, tree-, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fever caught at Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>; + <ul> + <li>at ǰipé, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>——, causes of, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fig-trees, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fire, making, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fireworks, author’s display of, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fischer, Dr., <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fish, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Flies, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Flora of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>–349.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Abyssinia, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— South Africa, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Flour, maize, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>; + <ul> + <li>millet, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Fly-catcher, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Food in Africa, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Forests of Bura, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>; + <ul> + <li>enchanted, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>;</li> + <li>of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>;</li> + <li>of Kimawenzi, <a href='#Page_282'>282</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>of Paré, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>;</li> + <li>of Taveita, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>;</li> + <li>terrors of the, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>;</li> + <li>of Usambara, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Forge, a Čaga, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Forget-me-nots, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fowls, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>; + <ul> + <li>introduction of, into Africa, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Francolin, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>, <a href='#Page_343'>343</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>French (Wa-fransa), <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Frere Town, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Frogs, <a href='#Page_362'>362</a>; + <ul> + <li>tree-, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Frost, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Fula people (Fulbe), <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language (Fulde), <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Galago, the, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Galla Land, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— people, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Game, big, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— country, <i>the</i>, <a href='#Page_219'>219</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ganda, Bu-, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>; + <ul> + <li>Lu- (the language), <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>, <a href='#Page_490'>490</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Gazelles, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Geese, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gender, recognition of in Bantu, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— —— Galla, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— —— Masai, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— —— Semitic, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Genet, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Geographical Society, Royal, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— of Paris, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— education of British youth, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Geography, physical, of the Kilima-njaro district, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_535'>535</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Geology of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_328'>328</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Geraniums, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Germans, the (Wa-dači), <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Giraffe, the, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_564'>564</span>Gissing, Capt., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gladioli, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gnu, the, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Goats, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>God, names of, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Godman, Mr. F. D., on the lepidoptera of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gonǰa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Gora, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Grammar, Masai, <a href='#Page_455'>455</a>–476.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Graphic</i>, plates from, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Graphiurus</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Grasses, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Great personages, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Greffulhe, M., <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Guinea-fowls, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Guides from Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_259'>259</a>, <a href='#Page_263'>263</a>, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>, <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gums, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Gwéno, Ki-, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>——, U-, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_550'>550</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Wa-, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>“Habari” River, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Haggard, Lieut., <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hamitic languages, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Hand” of cloth, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Handford, Rev. J., <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hartebeests, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_355'>355</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hausa language, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Heaths, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Helot tribes, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hemlock, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Herero, Oči-, language, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Hibiscus</i>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hides, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Hindus at Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Pangani, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hippopotami, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_486'>486</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Hippotragus niger</i>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Hippotragus equinus</i>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Honey, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— boxes, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— guide (<i>indicator</i>), <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hornbills, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Hottentot languages, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_460'>460</a>, <a href='#Page_474'>474</a>, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Houses, building at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Gonǰa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Masai, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hunters, native, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hunting and travel, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hyena, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, a human, <a href='#Page_217'>217</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Hyphœne Thebaïca</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Hyraxes, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Ibrahim, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ichneumon, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Indian corn, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>India, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>India-rubber, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— creeper, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Indicator</i>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Insectivora</i>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Insects, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Irises, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Iron, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_548'>548</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Irrigation of plantations, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ivory, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Jackal, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Japan,” <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Java</i>, the, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>J̌emsi, En-, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>J̌ipé, Lake, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Johnston,” <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>J̌ub, River, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>J̌umba Kimemeta, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>J̌uwano people, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'><span class='pageno' id='Page_565'>565</span>Kadu Stanley, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kaffir language, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kahe, Wa-, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kamasia, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kamba, A-, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Ki-, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kambani, U-, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kaputei, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kara, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kavirondo, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kenia, Mount, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>, <a href='#Page_536'>536</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kibô, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kiboṅoto, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kibôšo, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, people of (Wa-kibôšo), <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>——, war with, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Mandara’s armies defeated by, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Kigelia Africana</i>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kihuṅgwe, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kikoro, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kikuyu, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kilaki, <a href='#Page_228'>228</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kilema, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>; + <ul> + <li>Upper, <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>——, River, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kilima-njaro, Mount, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>; + <ul> + <li>altitude of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_276'>276</a>;</li> + <li>anthropology of, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>–445;</li> + <li>ascents of, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>;</li> + <li>beetles of, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>–394;</li> + <li>birds of, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>–394;</li> + <li>butterflies of, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>;</li> + <li>climate of, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>colonization of, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</li> + <li>derivation of name, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>;</li> + <li>discovery of, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>;</li> + <li>early history of, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>;</li> + <li>European visitors to, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li> + <li>Expedition, <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>;</li> + <li>fauna of, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>–394;</li> + <li>fauna and flora of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>;</li> + <li>flora of, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>–349;</li> + <li>first sight of, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>;</li> + <li>geology of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>;</li> + <li>languages of, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>–496;</li> + <li>last view of, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>;</li> + <li>mammals of, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>–387;</li> + <li>northern side of, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>;</li> + <li>poem to, <a href='#Page_v'>v</a>., <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>;</li> + <li>politics of, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>;</li> + <li>pronunciation of, <a href='#Page_x'>x</a>;</li> + <li>purpose in going to, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>;</li> + <li>reptiles of, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>;</li> + <li>sanatorium, a future, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>;</li> + <li>situation and extent of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>;</li> + <li>snows of, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>;</li> + <li>spurs on buttresses of, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>;</li> + <li>start for, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>;</li> + <li>states of, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>;</li> + <li>by sunrise, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>;</li> + <li>vicinity of, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Kimaṅgelia, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kimawenzi, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_273'>273</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kingfisher, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kini Balu, Mount, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kioṅgwe, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_239'>239</a>, <a href='#Page_246'>246</a>, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kirk, Sir John, <a href='#Page_iii'>iii</a>., <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <a href='#Page_256'>256</a>, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>; + <ul> + <li>house of, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>;</li> + <li>at home, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>;</li> + <li>at Mbwéni, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Kirua, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kisiwani, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kisolutini, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kisoṅgo, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>, <a href='#Page_407'>407</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kitchen-garden, author’s, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kites, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kitimbiriu, walk to, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>; + <ul> + <li>site for, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>;</li> + <li>arrival at, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>;</li> + <li>position of, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</li> + <li>future of, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>;</li> + <li>view from, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>;</li> + <li>residence in, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>typical day at, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>author leaves, August 18th, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>;</li> + <li>returns to, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>;</li> + <li>remembrance of, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Kiulu Mountains, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Konono, El-, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kosova, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Krapf, Dr. (the missionary), <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>, <a href='#Page_489'>489</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_566'>566</span>Kudu, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Kwavi, Wa- (Masai), <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Labio, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Laikipia, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Laitokitok, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lamu, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Landolphia florida</i>, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Landscapes, descriptive, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lanes, the Ċaga, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Laṅgo, language of, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Languages of Africa, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Lanjora, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Laputa,” <a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Last, Mr., <a href='#Page_449'>449</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Latuka people, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_455'>455</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lava, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Lawson, Mr. Ed. L., <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>League, hostile, of Kibôso, &c., <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Legend of Solomon, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Leighton, Sir Frederick, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Leopards, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_542'>542</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Lepidoptera</i>, <a href='#Page_367'>367</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lepsius, Dr. (Standard Alphabet), <a href='#Page_ix'>ix</a>, <a href='#Page_446'>446</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lilies, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Limestone, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lions, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#Page_352'>352</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_542'>542</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Lissochilus</i> orchids, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lizard, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Lobelia Deckeni</i>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_333'>333</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Lonchitis pubescens</i>, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Loranthus</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lumbwa, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lumi River (of Taveita), <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Lūr language, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Luvu River, <i>vide</i> Ruvu.</li> + <li class='c003'>Mabruki, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Mačame, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Madagascar, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Madi language, <a href='#Page_450'>450</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Magdišu, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Magic, <a href='#Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Magician, author a, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Maidens, African, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Maize (Indian corn), <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Makonde language, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Malindi, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mamba, <a href='#Page_244'>244</a>, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mammals of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>–394.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mandara, <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>., <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>, <a href='#Page_555'>555</a>; + <ul> + <li>appearance of, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>;</li> + <li>biography of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>courtiers of, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#Page_186'>186</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>;</li> + <li>covetousness of, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>;</li> + <li>character of, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>;</li> + <li>conversations with, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>;</li> + <li>first sight of, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>;</li> + <li>fortifications 172;</li> + <li>Mandara and Mabruki, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>mother of, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>;</li> + <li>quarrels with neighbours, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>;</li> + <li>his reasons for slave-trading, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a>;</li> + <li>his relations with Sir John Kirk, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li> + <li>rule of, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>;</li> + <li>slave-trading of, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>;</li> + <li>soldiers of, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>, <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>treatment of European visitors, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>;</li> + <li>town of, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_156'>156</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>;</li> + <li>wives of, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a>;</li> + <li>Mandara’s interviews with author, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>;</li> + <li>messages to author, <a href='#Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</li> + <li>ideas about rent, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>;</li> + <li>threats, <a href='#Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</li> + <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_567'>567</span>ultimatum, <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>;</li> + <li>alliance with Masai, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>;</li> + <li>leave-taking with author, <a href='#Page_240'>240</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Mandiṅgo language, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Maṅge, <a href='#Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mango, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>; + <ul> + <li>mission to, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>chief of, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>his mother, <a href='#Page_253'>253</a>;</li> + <li>his palace, <a href='#Page_254'>254</a>;</li> + <li>his soldiers, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Market at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Marriage among Masai, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Wa-taita, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Wa-čaga, <a href='#Page_437'>437</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Wa-taveita, <a href='#Page_433'>433</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Masai, the, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>; + <ul> + <li>of Aruša, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>;</li> + <li>of Kisoṅgo, <a href='#Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>;</li> + <li>history of, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>;</li> + <li>physical appearance of, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>warriors, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>;</li> + <li>mode of circumcision, <a href='#Page_412'>412</a> (foot-note);</li> + <li>dress of, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a>;</li> + <li>marriage amongst, <a href='#Page_415'>415</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>burial of, <a href='#Page_416'>416</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>religion of, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>political constitution of, <a href='#Page_418'>418</a>;</li> + <li>blood-drinking of, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>;</li> + <li>houses of, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>, <i>et seq.</i>;</li> + <li>morals of, <a href='#Page_419'>419</a>;</li> + <li>domestic animals of, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>;</li> + <li>utensils of, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a>;</li> + <li>future of, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Masai-land, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Masai language, the, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a>, <a href='#Page_448'>448</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_453'>453</a>–476, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Matthews, General, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Matumbato, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mau, El-, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mauṅgu, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mauritius, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mazindi, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Mbe, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mbugu, Wa-, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Meal, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Means of transport in East Africa, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Medical aid, demands for, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Melons, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Méru, Mount, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>, <a href='#Page_335'>335</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mguu, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Miers, E. T., Mr., on the river-crabs of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Milk, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_425'>425</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Milkman, my,” <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Millet, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_442'>442</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Miltsiu, Mount., <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mint, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mission at Mombasa, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Universities’, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Missionaries, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mkindu palm, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mkomazi River, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <a href='#Page_550'>550</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mkuyuni River, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_207'>207</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mohammedanism, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mohammedans <i>v.</i> Christians, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mombasa, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_452'>452</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, inhabitants of, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, missions of, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, slave-trade of, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Monitor Niloticus</i>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Monkeys, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Moši, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, author’s settlement in, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_144'>144</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, invasion of, by Wa-kibôšo, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, a beautiful prison, <a href='#Page_203'>203</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Moths, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mountains, isolated, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Paré, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Usambara, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mpala (pallah) antelope, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mpokomo, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mpoṅgwe language, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Msai, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mtesa of Bu-ganda, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Musa Ensete</i>, <a href='#Page_331'>331</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_568'>568</span>Mustard and cress, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mwale palm, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Mwatate, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Naivaša, Lake, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nandi, country of, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Natal, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Natron salt, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ndara of Taita, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Negro languages, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— and Bantu races, distinction between, <a href='#Page_426'>426</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Negroes, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Nilotic, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Neotragus</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>New, Rev. Charles, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_193'>193</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ṅgiri, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ṅguru, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ṅguruṅgani, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Niger, River, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nile, River, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_475'>475</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nitrate of soda, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_548'>548</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nǰemps, <i>vide</i> ǰemsi, En-.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nuba grammar, Lepsius’, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— languages, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nyamwezi, U-, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nyara, Bu-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Nyika,” the, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Nyika, A-, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Ki-, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a> (and in vocabularies).</li> + <li class='c044'>Nyoro, Bu-, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Ki-, <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>, <a href='#Page_483'>483</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Oigob, El, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Oliver, Professor, on the flora of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Onions, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Orchids, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Lissochilus</i>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Orchilla-lichen, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_284'>284</a>, <a href='#Page_332'>332</a>, <a href='#Page_545'>545</a>, <a href='#Page_548'>548</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Oriole, a lovely, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ornithology of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>–387.</li> + <li class='c044'>Orthography of African words, <a href='#Page_ix'>ix</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Orycteropus Æthiopicus</i>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Osprey</i>, H.M.S., <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ostriches, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_293'>293</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>, <a href='#Page_542'>542</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Oxen, <i>vide</i> Cattle.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ozi, River, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Packing goods of Expedition, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Palms, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Borassus</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Cocos</i> (cocoanut), <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Elaïs</i>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Hyphœne</i>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_311'>311</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Phœnix</i> (Mkindu), <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, <i>Raphia</i> (Mwale), <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Palumbus arquatrix</i>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Pandanus</i>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pangani, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— route, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Paré, country of, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_536'>536</a>, <a href='#Page_550'>550</a>; + <ul> + <li>people of, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>;</li> + <li>language of, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'><i>Parinarium</i>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Parrot, the grey, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Party, author’s, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>; + <ul> + <li>number of, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Peas, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pelicans, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Persian influence, traces of, in Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Phacochœrus</i>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pig, the, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pigeons, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_296'>296</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Pinarochroa hypospodia</i>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pira Doǰi, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Plantations, the author’s, at Kitimbiriu, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Plovers, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pokomo, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>; + <ul> + <li>Ki-, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Polypodies, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Porters, food of, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>; + <ul> + <li>dispute with, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>;</li> + <li>Christian, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>;</li> + <li>punishment of, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>;</li> + <li>Rabai, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>;</li> + <li>without prevision or forethought, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>;</li> + <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_569'>569</span>Swahili, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>;</li> + <li>maladies of, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Portuguese, the, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Potatoes, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>; + <ul> + <li>sweet, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Pottery, Oriental, in Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Wa-čaga, <a href='#Page_440'>440</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Prefixes, Bantu, <a href='#Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#Page_491'>491</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_497'>497</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Presents for Mandara, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>, <a href='#Page_241'>241</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— from Mandara, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a>, <a href='#Page_238'>238</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— to Maraṅu, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Wa-rombo, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Semboǰa, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Taveita, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Pythons, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Quanza, River, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Queen, her Majesty the, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Quinine, the cultivation of, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Rabai, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, men of, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Radishes, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rain, <a href='#Page_300'>300</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'><i>Raphia</i> palms, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, fibre of, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ravens, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_271'>271</a>, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ravenstein, Mr. E. G., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rebmann, Rev. J., <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_108'>108</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Religious beliefs among natives, <a href='#Page_434'>434</a>, <a href='#Page_439'>439</a>, <a href='#Page_444'>444</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Reptiles of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>, <a href='#Page_543'>543</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rhinoceros, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rice, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>River of Gonǰa, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rivers of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Roan antelope, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Robinson Crusoe, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rocks, curious, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Rodentia</i>, the, <a href='#Page_353'>353</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rombo, <a href='#Page_281'>281</a>, <a href='#Page_283'>283</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, inhabitants of (Wa-), <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rombo the best approach to Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_289'>289</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Rori, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Royal Society, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_245'>245</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Ruminantia</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ruvu or Luvu River, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_327'>327</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_535'>535</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— ——, the valley of the, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_550'>550</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Sabaki, River, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sable antelope, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sambara, U-, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_536'>536</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>, <a href='#Page_550'>550</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Ki-, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Wa-, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Samburu, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Lake, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Samia, Ba-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Saṅga, U-, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>; + <ul> + <li>Wa-, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Sanya, Wa-, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Saracenic architecture of Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Savages, attack of, on Kioṅgwe, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Scenery of Čaga, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>; + <ul> + <li>of Paré, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>;</li> + <li>of Africa, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Sclater, Mr. P. L., <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>., <a href='#Page_3'>3</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Seasons, rainy, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Seeds of English vegetables, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Semboǰa, the chief, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_309'>309</a>, <a href='#Page_312'>312</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Semitic languages, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_441'>441</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Senecio Johnstoni</i>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_268'>268</a>, <a href='#Page_337'>337</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Seri, U-, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_236'>236</a>, <a href='#Page_287'>287</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a> 326, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>; + <ul> + <li>Wa-, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Settlement, first, on Kilima-njaro <i>vide</i> Kitimbiriu.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— at Taveita, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Upper Kilēma (11,000 feet), <a href='#Page_262'>262</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Msai (8500 ft), <a href='#Page_285'>285</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, European, on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_286'>286</a>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Shaw, Rev. Downes-, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sheep, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_229'>229</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_234'>234</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_306'>306</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_570'>570</span>Shelley, Captain, on the birds of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_377'>377</a>–387.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sickness among men at Upper Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_280'>280</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sierra Leone, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sigirari, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Silurus</i>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Skarm,” making a, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Slave-traders, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— trading, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_555'>555</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Slaves, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_247'>247</a>, <a href='#Page_555'>555</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Small-pox, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>, <a href='#Page_487'>487</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Masai dread of, <a href='#Page_303'>303</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Snakes, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Snider rifles, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>, <a href='#Page_292'>292</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Snow, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— on Kibô, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_274'>274</a>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Kimawenzi, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Mount Méru, <a href='#Page_325'>325</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>“Snow Fiend,” Mountain of the, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Snuff, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sogonoi, Es-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Somali Land, <a href='#Page_308'>308</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— people, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Spears, Masai, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Čaga, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Spitting, the ceremony of, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_411'>411</a>, <a href='#Page_438'>438</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sport, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>, <a href='#Page_554'>554</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sporting picnic, a, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sportsman’s paradise, a, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Spring, a warm, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Squills, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Squirrels, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Stanley, Mr. H. M., <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Sterculia</i>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Stonechat, a, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Storks, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, marabou, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Struthius Danaoides</i>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Strychnia</i>, <a href='#Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_330'>330</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sugar-cane, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_546'>546</a>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sūk, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>; + <ul> + <li>language, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Sumatra, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sun-birds, <a href='#Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_356'>356</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Swahili language, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_104'>104</a>, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>, <a href='#Page_316'>316</a>, <a href='#Page_459'>459</a>, <a href='#Page_537'>537</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— people, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_403'>403</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— traders, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_225'>225</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_294'>294</a>, <a href='#Page_314'>314</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_405'>405</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Switzerland, an African, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Sycamore-trees, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Šilha language, <a href='#Page_479'>479</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Šiluk people, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>; + <ul> + <li>language, <a href='#Page_421'>421</a>, <a href='#Page_447'>447</a>, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_478'>478</a>, <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Šira, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Šuli language, <a href='#Page_451'>451</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c003'>Ta, Wa-, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Taita, country of, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_142'>142</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a>, <a href='#Page_396'>396</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— language (Ki-), <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, people of (Wa-), <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_215'>215</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Tana, River (or Dana), <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>, <a href='#Page_481'>481</a>, <a href='#Page_536'>536</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Taru, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Taveita, <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_213'>213</a>, <a href='#Page_290'>290</a>, <a href='#Page_295'>295</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_320'>320</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, author’s settlement in, <a href='#Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_297'>297</a>; + <ul> + <li>T. a congeries of nations and tongues, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>;</li> + <li>elders of, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_436'>436</a>;</li> + <li>forest at, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>;</li> + <li>river of, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a> (bridge over, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>).</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>——, language of (Ki-taveita), <a href='#Page_435'>435</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_521'>521</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— people of (Wa-taveita), <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_243'>243</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a>, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a>; + <ul> + <li>their houses, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Temperature on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_275'>275</a>, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_549'>549</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Thelphusa</i>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>, <a href='#Page_365'>365</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thermometer, readings of, <a href='#Page_323'>323</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'><span class='pageno' id='Page_571'>571</span>Thirst, sufferings from, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_291'>291</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thistles, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thomas, Mr. Carmichael, <a href='#Page_vii'>vii</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thomas, Mr. Oldfield, on the mammals of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_387'>387</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thomson, Mr. Joseph, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>, <a href='#Page_208'>208</a>, <a href='#Page_252'>252</a>, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a>, <a href='#Page_449'>449</a>, <a href='#Page_538'>538</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>, <a href='#Page_541'>541</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thorns, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Thunderstorms on Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_261'>261</a>, <a href='#Page_265'>265</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Timber, <a href='#Page_544'>544</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Tobacco, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Tomatoes, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Trade goods in E. Africa, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Traders, native, <a href='#Page_264'>264</a>, <a href='#Page_540'>540</a>, <a href='#Page_554'>554</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, Swahili, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'><i>Tragelaphus</i>, <a href='#Page_354'>354</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Travel, African, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Tree-ferns, <a href='#Page_231'>231</a>, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Tumale language, <a href='#Page_480'>480</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Turaco, the (<i>Turacus Hartlaubi</i>), <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_260'>260</a>, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Turnips, <a href='#Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Tutwa, Wa-, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Ugweno, <i>vide</i> Gweno, U-.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ukambani, <i>vide</i> Kambani, U-.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ulcers, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Uru, <a href='#Page_277'>277</a>, <a href='#Page_443'>443</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Useri, <i>vide</i> Seri, U-.</li> + <li class='c003'>Varanus lizards, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Vegetables, European, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Venice, a vegetable, <a href='#Page_209'>209</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Victoria Nyanza, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#Page_324'>324</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>, <a href='#Page_399'>399</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>, <a href='#Page_494'>494</a>, <a href='#Page_535'>535</a>, <a href='#Page_538'>538</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>—— Nile, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>, <a href='#Page_551'>551</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>View from Mandara’s town, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— towards Mačame, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Méru, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Ugweno, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Violets, <a href='#Page_336'>336</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Virapan (Indian servant), <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a>, <a href='#Page_178'>178</a>, <a href='#Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_302'>302</a>, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Vocabularies, collecting, <a href='#Page_160'>160</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of Masai, Latuka, &c., <a href='#Page_501'>501</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Ki-čaga, Ki-taveita, &c., <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_521'>521</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Waboni and Galla, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— Šuli, Kavirondo, Bari, &c., <a href='#Page_400'>400</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Volcano, Kilima-njaro an extinct, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#Page_326'>326</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Vultures, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#Page_177'>177</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>, <a href='#Page_423'>423</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Waggons used for transport, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wakefield, Rev. Thomas, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>War fires, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wart-hog (<i>Phacochœrus</i>), <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#Page_424'>424</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wasps, <a href='#Page_269'>269</a>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Water-birds, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— falls, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— of ǰipé, <a href='#Page_298'>298</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Watercourses, artificial, of Čaga, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Waterhouse, Mr. Charles O., on the <i>Coleoptera</i> of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a>–377.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wax, <a href='#Page_547'>547</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wilderness, African, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#Page_395'>395</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wild animals, sale of, <a href='#Page_548'>548</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— flowers, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a>, <a href='#Page_233'>233</a>, <a href='#Page_235'>235</a>, <a href='#Page_267'>267</a>, <a href='#Page_329'>329</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wing of ostrich, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Wolof, the, Negroes, <a href='#Page_427'>427</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Worm, note on a nematoid, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'><i>Xyloropus</i>, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Yao people, the, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_299'>299</a>.</li> + <li class='c003'>Zambesi, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_334'>334</a>, <a href='#Page_422'>422</a>, <a href='#Page_493'>493</a>, <a href='#Page_552'>552</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— Expedition, the, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_248'>248</a>, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, architecture of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>; + <ul> + <li>army of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>history of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>;</li> + <li>houses of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>;</li> + <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_572'>572</span>population of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>position of, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>;</li> + <li>streets of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>trade of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>vegetation of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>;</li> + <li>zoology of, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Zanzibar, Sultan of (Sayyid Barγaš), <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>, <a href='#Page_315'>315</a>; + <ul> + <li>his appearance, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>;</li> + <li>clock-tower, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>;</li> + <li>flag, <a href='#Page_313'>313</a>;</li> + <li>income, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>;</li> + <li>a visit to, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>;</li> + <li>his palace, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + <li class='c044'>Zanzibaris, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_553'>553</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>——, author’s, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>, <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#Page_266'>266</a>, <a href='#Page_270'>270</a>, <a href='#Page_318'>318</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Zebras, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a>, <a href='#Page_301'>301</a>, <a href='#Page_485'>485</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Zegūha, or Zegūa, Wa-, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>, <a href='#Page_310'>310</a>, <a href='#Page_398'>398</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— ——, Ki-, <a href='#Page_307'>307</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Ziwani, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Zoology, the, of Kilima-njaro, <a href='#Page_350'>350</a>–394.</li> + <li class='c044'>—— —— —— Zanzibar, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.</li> + <li class='c044'>Zulu, <a href='#Page_288'>288</a>, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a>, <a href='#Page_482'>482</a>, <a href='#Page_488'>488</a>, <i>et seq.</i></li> + <li class='c044'>Zuṅgu, Wa- (white man), <a href='#Page_317'>317</a>.</li> +</ul> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div>THE END.</div> + <div class='c003'><span class='small'>GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, LONDON.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div id='end' class='figcenter id002'> +<a href='images/p5730_map_hr.jpg'><img src='images/p5730_map.jpg' alt='SKETCH MAP OF MT. KILIMA-NJARO BY MR. H.H. JOHNSTON' class='ig001'></a> +<div class='ic004'> +<p>E. Weller, <i>lith.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class='x-ebookmaker-drop'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> + <div class='nf-center'> + <div>[Click anywhere on map for high resolution image.]</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<hr class='c045'> +<div class='footnote' id='f1'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. From <i>kilima</i>, mountain, and <i>njaro</i>, the name of a demon supposed +to cause cold. This name is only known to the people of the coast, +and is unrecognized in the interior.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f2'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. I owe this information to the kind researches of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, +F.R.G.S., the learned African cartographer. The following is +a quotation from Enciso’s great work, the “Suma de Geographia que +trata de todas las partidas y provincias del Mundo,” published at +Seville in 1519 (later editions 1530, 1546), fol. 57.</p> + +<p class='c008'>(Translation.) “West of this port (Mombaça) is the Ethiopian +Mount Olympus, which is very high, and further off are the mountains +of the moon, in which are the sources of the Nile. In all this +country are much gold and ‘aiales fieros,’ and here devour the people +locusts (lãgostas).”</p> + +<p class='c008'>No gold has since been met with by succeeding travellers, and as +to the “aiales fieros,” neither Mr. Ravenstein nor myself can give any +translation to the former of the two words. “Aiales” <i>may</i> be a name +of a tribe, perhaps a hint at the Masai; or more possibly it may be +a printer’s contraction of “animales”—“animales fieros”—“fierce +animals.”</p> + +<p class='c008'>Enciso was a Spanish pilot, but his information is evidently derived +from the Portuguese, who held Mombaça as early as 1507.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f3'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. <i>Čaga</i> (which is pronounced Chaga) is the native name for the +inhabited belt, between 3000 and 7000 feet, stretching round the +mountain.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f4'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. Rebmann had made a second journey to Kilima-njaro soon after +his first, intending to proceed due east to the Unknown Lake (Victoria +Nyanza), but the chief of Mačame plundered him and compelled +him to return unsuccessfully to the coast.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f5'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. <i>Turacus Hartlaubi.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f6'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. In remarks of this character I do not wish it to be supposed that +while ardently admiring all British officials who have but one single-minded +purpose, viz. that of straining every effort to secure peculiar +advantages for the power and commerce of their own country, I +am hypocritical enough to think it immoral and unjust when the +same object is held in view by the servants of foreign powers—France, +Russia, Germany, and the like. From their point of view +they are acting quite rightly and deserve every credit from their +fellow-countrymen for their determined efforts to thwart our healthy +appetite, which must seem like greediness to them. Every one for +himself. Self-denial only creates selfishness.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f7'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Swahili is the name given to the predominant language of the +Zanzibar negroes. It is derived from the Arabic “Sabel,” the coast. +Swahili belongs to the Bantu family of African languages, <i>vide</i> +Chapter XX.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f8'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. <i>Alcelaphus Cokei.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f9'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. We were within the benign influences of the mountain, and had +entered the area of perpetual moisture surrounding its cloud-capped +peaks.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f10'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. This practice is called by the Wa-čaga “Kišoṅo.” The skin is +generally taken from the animal’s forehead, and the ceremony is +equivalent to blood-brotherhood.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f11'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. At the risk of reiteration I might remind my readers that Čaga is +the native name of the entire inhabited districts on the slopes of +Kilima-njaro.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f12'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. Baloza (Baluz) is a Persian term for consul, which is used in +Zanzibar to indicate Sir John Kirk.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f13'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. An English officer, the Commander-in-Chief of the Zanzibar army.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f14'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. Kibô, I might remind you, is the highest summit of Kilima-njaro. +Kibô means in Ki-čaga simply “whiteness.” We should pronounce +it “Keebaw.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f15'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. The country of Ugweno is very interesting, and offers the most +lovely landscapes in its midst, combining peaks of 7000 feet, rich +forests, cascades, green lawns, and peeps at the lake below and the +silver windings of the Luvu. The Wagweno speak a tongue that is +evidently more archaic than that of the Wa-čaga. They are an +inoffensive but very timid, wild people; much harried formerly by +the cruel Masai. Now they live so high up in the hills that they are +in safety, but, on the other hand, lack good soil for their crops and +pasture for their cattle.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f16'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. The height of its apex is 14,700 feet. It is occasionally, but +rarely, tipped with snow. Méru lies nearly due west of Kilima-njaro, +in lat. 3° 15′ S., and long. 36° 40′ E., and is visible across the +plains for a distance of at least seventy miles, and is at all times a +majestic object. It is said to be inhabited by a gentle race of agriculturists, +akin in origin and tongue to the Wa-čaga of Kilima-njaro. +At its base dwell tribes of Masai, who are great cattle-keepers, and +whose herds of kine range over the vast green plains that lie between +Méru and Kilima-njaro at the upper waters of the Luvu River.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f17'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. Vide illustration of Kilima-njaro, p. 234.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f18'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. By Arabs I do not mean pure-blooded Arabs of Arabia, but the half-breeds, +or Mohammedan mongrels, of the Zanzibar coast, who always +announce themselves to natives as “Wa-Arabu.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f19'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. He was, however, a good fellow and a good friend to me, and +only acted after his own lights.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f20'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. It was from him that I afterwards heard an account of this +conversation.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f21'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. A curious incident in my quarrel with Mandara was, that even +when our relations were at the worst, he would calmly send to me for +medicine for himself, his wives, and children. One of his Swahilis +cautioned him that perhaps I might take advantage of this to poison +him, but Mandara said quietly, “A black man might do so, but a +white man never would.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f22'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. Spitting, among these people, is a sign of respect and honour. +The most reverent way of returning thanks to the Ruler of the +universe is to spit in the direction of His visible embodiment, the sun.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f23'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. <i>Æpyceros Melampus.</i> I use here the common South African name. +The Wa-taveita call it “Kulungu” and the Wa-taita “Nosi.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f24'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. As this word often recurs it may be well to note that in accordance +with the system of spelling employed it would be pronounced +“Marang’u.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f25'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. <i>Dierama pendula.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f26'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. <i>Gladiolus Watsonioides.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f27'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. These were of two new species: <i>Nectarinia Johnstoni</i> and <i>Cinnyris +mediocris</i>. <i>Vide</i> Chapter XVIII., “Birds.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f28'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. <i>Aspidium aculeatum.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f29'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. <i>Pinarochroa hypospodia.</i> <i>Vide</i> Chapter XVIII.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f30'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. <i>Hyrax Brucei</i>, an Abyssinian form. <i>Vide</i> Chapter XVIII. +“Mammals of Kilima-njaro.”</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f31'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. From <i>-dorob</i> = short, stumpy, inferior. The <i>En-</i> preceding it +is the feminine article used in a depreciatory sense.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f32'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. <i>Hyphœne Thebaïca.</i></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f33'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. He feels for his honest, plodding relative the same contempt that +a Highland rover who was called Gow would evince for his cousin +who settled as a merchant in the lowlands and translated his name +into Smith.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f34'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. Dr. Williams, the kindest of hosts and best of good fellows, who +is since unhappily dead, to the universal regret of the English colony +in Zanzibar.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f35'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. This belief also prevails in the Nyassa region.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f36'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. The natives of many parts of Africa greatly esteem the baboon as +an article of food. <i>Vide</i> the paper on the Cameroons, by the Rev. +George Grenfell, in the “Proceedings of the Royal Geographical +Society,” October, 1882, p. 590. Doubtless the great resemblance to +human flesh is <i>not</i> held as a drawback.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f37'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. For illustration <i>vide</i> p. 392.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f38'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. <i>Vide</i> “The River Congo,” p. 356.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f39'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. Mostly reprinted (by permission) from the “Proceedings of the +Zoological Society, 1884–5”—in some cases with a few additions on my +own part.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f40'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. A plate illustrating the new and rare species in this collection is +given in the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” p. 231. 1885.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f41'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. The collection contains examples of fifty species, including the +following six considered to be new to science:—<i>Muscicapa Johnstoni</i>, +<i>Pinarochroa hypospodia</i>, <i>Pratincola axillaris</i>, <i>Nectarinia Johnstoni</i>, +<i>N. kilimensis</i>, and <i>Cynniris mediocris</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f42'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, +223. 1885.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f43'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, +223. 1885.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f44'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 556. 1884.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f45'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. P. Z. S., 1865, p. 417.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f46'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. P. Z. S., 1876, p. 282.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f47'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. The same fact has been noticed by Captain R. F. Burton on the +Cameroon Mountains. <i>Vide</i> “Abeokuta and the Cameroons,” vol. ii.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f48'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. “Through Masai Land,” pp. 412–414.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f49'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. The following comparison of a few words in Šuli (a Šiluk +dialect) and Bari may be interesting to the reader:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr><th class='c013' colspan='3'>Šuli.</th></tr> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>English.</th> + <th class='c011'>(Kavirondo & Lur.)</th> + <th class='c029'>Bari.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Goat</td> + <td class='c010'>Mindiel</td> + <td class='c012'>Metyo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Cow</td> + <td class='c010'>Diaṅ</td> + <td class='c012'>Kiteṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Leopard</td> + <td class='c010'>Kuač</td> + <td class='c012'>Koka.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Crocodile</td> + <td class='c010'>Nyaṅ</td> + <td class='c012'>Ki-nyoṅ.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Rain</td> + <td class='c010'>Kōt</td> + <td class='c012'>Kudu.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Water</td> + <td class='c010'>Pi</td> + <td class='c012'>Piom.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Blood</td> + <td class='c010'>Remo</td> + <td class='c012'>Rema.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Honey</td> + <td class='c010'>Kič</td> + <td class='c012'>Či.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>House</td> + <td class='c010'>Āt</td> + <td class='c012'>Kadi (Masai, Aǰi).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Cloth</td> + <td class='c010'>Obono</td> + <td class='c012'>Baṅo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Knife</td> + <td class='c010'>Pala</td> + <td class='c012'>Wale (Masai, Alem).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Ashes</td> + <td class='c010'>Vurr</td> + <td class='c012'>Kuren (Kö-puröt, smoke).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Wood</td> + <td class='c010'>Tim</td> + <td class='c012'>Mudim (Masai, Dim).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Brook</td> + <td class='c010'>Kulu</td> + <td class='c012'>Kolotok.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Man</td> + <td class='c010'>Netyo</td> + <td class='c012'>Nuto.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Nose</td> + <td class='c010'>Ume</td> + <td class='c012'>Kume.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Evening</td> + <td class='c010'>Otieno</td> + <td class='c012'>Kotian.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Sand</td> + <td class='c010'>Kuoyo</td> + <td class='c012'>Kuǰö.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>A little</td> + <td class='c010'>Tidi</td> + <td class='c012'>Ko-dik (Masai, Ku-titi).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>To count</td> + <td class='c010'>Ken</td> + <td class='c012'>Ken (Masai, Iken),</td> + </tr> + <tr><td class='c013' colspan='3'>&c.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><i>Vide</i> “Comparative Vocabulary of Masai,” chap. xx.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f50'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. </p> +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>English.</th> + <th class='c011'>Wa-boni.</th> + <th class='c029'>Galla.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>1.</td> + <td class='c010'>Koi</td> + <td class='c012'>Toko.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>2.</td> + <td class='c010'>Lamā</td> + <td class='c012'>Lama.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>3.</td> + <td class='c010'>Sadi</td> + <td class='c012'>Zadi.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>4.</td> + <td class='c010'>Afūr</td> + <td class='c012'>Afūr.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>5.</td> + <td class='c010'>Šan</td> + <td class='c012'>Šan.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>6.</td> + <td class='c010'>Li (Masai, Ile)</td> + <td class='c012'>Dya.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>7.</td> + <td class='c010'>Toïba</td> + <td class='c012'>Torba.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>8.</td> + <td class='c010'>Siete (Masai, Isiet)</td> + <td class='c012'>Zadeta.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>9.</td> + <td class='c010'>Sagala</td> + <td class='c012'>Zagala.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'>10.</td> + <td class='c010'>Tobenna (Masai, Tomon)</td> + <td class='c012'>Kudan (-tama, in the decades).</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'> </td> + <td class='c010'> </td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Man</td> + <td class='c010'>Riga.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Woman</td> + <td class='c010'>Idoho.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Woman as mother</td> + <td class='c010'>Nasā.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Young unmarried girl</td> + <td class='c010'>Oǰale.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Cow</td> + <td class='c010'>Lavon</td> + <td class='c012'>Lon.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Buffalo</td> + <td class='c010'>Kadarasa</td> + <td class='c012'>Gadersa.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Elephant</td> + <td class='c010'>Mororiē; Arba</td> + <td class='c012'>Arba.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Road</td> + <td class='c010'>Derbo</td> + <td class='c012'>Dirbo.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>House</td> + <td class='c010'>Minga</td> + <td class='c012'>Minna.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Village</td> + <td class='c010'>Kiluāni.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Sun</td> + <td class='c010'>Hado.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>„ setting</td> + <td class='c010'>Hadite.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Rain</td> + <td class='c010'>Boke</td> + <td class='c012'>Bokoia.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Lake</td> + <td class='c010'>Biwesi.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Snuff</td> + <td class='c010'>Ruso.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Good</td> + <td class='c010'>Surde.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>To eat</td> + <td class='c010'>Ademe.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>I am well</td> + <td class='c010'>Fila.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>Art thou well?</td> + <td class='c010'>Filalta?</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>You come</td> + <td class='c010'>Afarasi.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>You</td> + <td class='c010'>Isi</td> + <td class='c012'>Izin.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>I have not</td> + <td class='c010'>M’ovo.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c010'>I saw not</td> + <td class='c010'>M’arne.</td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f51'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. <i>Vide</i> Appendix to “A Pocket Vocabulary of East African +Languages.” By the Rev. A. Downes Shaw. S.P.C.K.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f52'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. The people of this district are considered by Thomson to be the +finest examples of their race.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f53'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. Kikoro is the Kwavi settlement in Taveita.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f54'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. To spit on any one is a sign of respect and friendship. To wipe +off the saliva is a great insult to the spitter.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f55'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. <span lang="la">Præputio e superiore parte diviso, duæ quasi lingulæ sub glandem +truduntur, ubi quum coaluerunt, fit molle et rotundum tuber glandi +subjectum, ita ut paullo longius conspiciente videtur penis duplicem +terminum habere. Hoc membrum apud Masaios enorme est: quod +celare turpe existimatur, honestum expromere, atque etiam ostentare. +Apud feminas clitoris ante matrimonium abscinditur quo facilius fiat +conceptio.</span></p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f56'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. Grass (gujita) is regarded as peculiarly sacred. It is a sign of +peace and goodwill. To throw grass at any one is to display goodwill +and favour.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f57'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. “The Modern Languages of Africa,” 2 vols., Trübner and Co.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f58'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. “Tsuñi-||goam; the Supreme Being of the Khoi-khoi.” T. Hahn, +Ph.D.; Trübner and Co.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f59'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. This, I must confess, is a conclusion so difficult of explanation +that I fail to understand how it was arrived at.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f60'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. To say nothing of irregularities.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f61'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. As in the masculine nouns, which in the plural take the neuter +article.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f62'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. This is a very common prefix in Bari, where it becomes <i>Ko</i> generally: +not always there used in a plural sense, but rather an intensitive.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f63'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. In Latuka the article is apparently <i>O</i> or <i>ol</i>, <i>na</i>, and <i>el</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'>In Bari the article is almost identical with the third personal +pronouns, the demonstrative, and the gender prefix. It is as +follows:—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Masc. sing.</th> + <th class='c011'>Fem. sing.</th> + <th class='c029'>Common plur.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'><i>Lo</i>, <i>lu</i></td> + <td class='c011'><i>Na</i>, <i>nu</i></td> + <td class='c029'><i>ti</i>, <i>či</i>, <i>ku</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'>As a demonstrative pronoun it is—</p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Masc. sing.</th> + <th class='c029'>Fem. sing.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'><i>Lo</i></td> + <td class='c029'><i>Na</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'> </td> + <td class='c029'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th class='c011'>Masc. plur.</th> + <th class='c029'>Fem. plur.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c011'><i>Či-lo</i>, <i>kulo</i></td> + <td class='c029'><i>Či-ne</i>, <i>ku-ne</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f64'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. This term <i>oigob</i> (with the article, <i>el-oigob</i>) is supposed to be +the origin of the Swahili term “Kwavi” for the agricultural Masai.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f65'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. The Hottentot is a sex-denoting language, but I do not imply +that it is necessarily related to the Hamitic tongues.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f66'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. Such as in Latin where the vowel “<span lang="la">a</span>” is particularly characteristic +of the final terminations of feminine nouns, and reappears in most of +the corresponding pronouns and adjectives, as in such a phrase as +this:—</p> + +<p class='c008'>“Ill<i>a</i> ancill<i>a</i> est bon<i>a</i>.” Here the concord is as apparent as in the +tongues we have been quoting.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f67'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. <i>Na</i> is still the form used in Central Masai-land, according to Dr. +Fischer.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f68'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. Sometimes pronounced <i>g</i>-, <i>ga</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f69'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. <i>Vide</i> passive of verbs.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f70'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. <i>Vide</i> verbs.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f71'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. <i>O</i> is sometimes a plural termination. Compare the plurals in +Bari given in Mitterrutzner’s Bari Grammar.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f72'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. Latuka—<i>ivot</i> = “full.” <i>Vide</i> Vocabulary.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f73'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. The personal pronouns are placed here for convenience of reference. +They are not always used with the verb unless emphasis is required.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f74'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. The Hottentot, like the Masai, has three classes, masc., fem., and +common.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f75'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. Compare with this <i>Lu-ganda</i> and <i>Oči-herrero</i>, languages spoken at +either extremity of the Bantu language-field, separated as widely as +are Galla and Šilha, yet differing from each other only as Latin from +Greek.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f76'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. I hardly think it worth while to except the languages of the +Pigmy races (Obongo and others) from this general statement, as we +know too little of them to pronounce as to their affinities.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f77'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. Itself, no doubt, in those early days but a sister-tongue or a +lateral branch of many cognate forms of prefix-governed speech descended +from an earlier stock.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f78'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Ki-nyoro, one of the most northerly forms of Bantu language, is +spoken in Bu-nyoro on the Victoria Nile, in lat. 2° N.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f79'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. I fancy some may be inclined to suggest that the fowl may have +been introduced at an earlier date into Africa by way of Madagascar, +and that the Malay invaders of that island might well have brought +it with them from the Indian Archipelago. Apart from the fact that +we can discover no introduction of any animal or plant in a domesticated +condition <i>from</i> Madagascar <i>into</i> Africa, but rather that most +domesticated animals in that island bear Bantu names, and in all +likelihood owe their origin to importation from the Mosambique +coast, we may further consider, for weighty linguistic reasons, that +the region of South-east Africa opposite Madagascar was a very +unlikely site for the original home and starting-point of the Bantu +people. Again, it might be argued that the fowl may have been +introduced from Madagascar to the opposite coast, and that it was +thence passed on into all parts of Bantu Africa—the Lake district, +Natal, the Cameroons, the Congo—carrying with it everywhere its +original name. But in this case how is it, while all the Bantu +languages know it by kindred (practically identical) terms, that in +neighbouring or intervening forms of speech of alien families it is +designated by entirely dissimilar words? Also it must be noted that +all foreign products introduced into Africa, and acclimatized there +since the discovery of America, do <i>not</i> carry their original names with +them from tribe to tribe as they pass across the dark continent. +Things like Indian corn, sweet potatoes, manioc, the Muscovy duck, +the pineapple, bear a different designation in almost every separate +dialect, and though sometimes their original foreign name may turn +up in the centre of Africa, in the intervening lands nearer the coast +it has been long since changed and distorted beyond recognition. +Lastly, the introduction into Madagascar of the domestic fowl is +usually ascribed to the Arabs, about eight or nine hundred years ago. +Few writers on Madagascar mention its presence in the island, and it +is probably not widely kept even at the present time.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f80'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. The word for pig is as widespread as that for ox. I have tried to +show in my book on the Congo that the pig was domesticated in +Africa long before its introduction by the Portuguese.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f81'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. Where an alternative rendering is added in brackets, it is meant +to indicate what the peculiarities of the concord and other reasons +lead us to regard as the older form of the prefix, now no longer in +actual use.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f82'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. “A Pocket Vocabulary of East African languages,” by the Rev. +A. Downes-Shaw. S.P.C.K.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f83'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. Where this occurs in the case of the 5th prefix <i>Li</i>, which I +believe is derived from an older form <i>Ndi</i>, it is probably only a case +of the <i>n</i> surviving.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f84'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. M- before labials.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f85'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. These are added for the purpose of comparison. The words +given of Latuka are copied from Dr. Emin-Bey’s vocabularies, published +in the <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i>, Berlin, 1882. Dr. Friedrich +Müller is my chief authority for Bari. The following are among the +languages occasionally cited in this vocabulary:—</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Latuka</i> and <i>Bari</i>, members of the Masai family.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Diṅka.</i></p> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Šiluk</i></td> + <td class='c012' rowspan='3'>Šiluk family.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Šuli</i></td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Lūr</i></td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c012'> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Galla</i></td> + <td class='c012' rowspan='4'>Ethiopic branch of Hamitic family.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Somali</i></td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Boni</i></td> + + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><i>Woratta</i></td> + + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c008'><i>Latuka</i> is spoken in a somewhat small district nearly 5° N. latitude, +to the east of the White Nile.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Bari</i> is the language of a slightly larger area on both banks of the +White Nile round about Gondokoro. It borders on <i>Latuka</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Diṅka</i> is the name given to a large group of languages spoken about +the junction of the White Nile and the Bahr al Ghazal, from 7° to +9° 30′ N.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Šiluk</i> is the tongue of the negroes inhabiting the western bank of +the White Nile from latitude 9° 30′ to 11° N. +<i>Šuli</i> is really only a dialect of <i>Šiluk</i>, and is spoken by a small tribe +to the south of <i>Latuka</i>, in latitude 4° N.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Lur</i> is also only a variant of <i>Šiluk</i>. It is the language of the +north-western bank of the Albert Nyanza, in 3° 30′ to 4° N. latitude. +(A further extension of the <i>Šiluk</i> tongues is the speech of +<i>Kavirondo</i>, spoken on the eastern shore of the Victoria Nyanza in +2° S. latitude, so that this closely-related group of languages—the +Šiluk—extends its colonies from 11° N. latitude to 2° S. of the +Equator.)</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Galla</i>, an important member of the Ethiopic branch of the Hamitic +family of languages, is spoken with relatively little variation over an +immense area, stretching from 12° N., in Abyssinia, to 4° S, in the +vicinity of Mombasa, and up the Sabaki river to within sight of +Kilima-njaro.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Somali</i>, the dominant language of the eastern horn of Africa, +closely related to <i>Galla</i>.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Boni</i> is a form of <i>Galla</i> spoken by the Boni (Wa-boni, as the +Swahilis call them), or San people, a helot race of hunters living on +the banks of certain rivers in Southern Galla-land.</p> + +<p class='c008'><i>Woratta</i>, an independent Ethiopic tongue, distantly allied to <i>Galla</i>, +and spoken in Central Galla-land.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f86'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. Whenever the adjective is given with a hyphen preceding it, the +reader must understand that it is merely the root, and that the +masc., fem., or neuter particles must be prefixed according to gender. +Invariable adjectives commence with a capital letter.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f87'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. The blanks before the root indicate that the concord prefix is to be inserted +according to rule.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f88'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. From this root is derived Kibô (whiteness), the name of Kilima-njaro’s highest +peak.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f89'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. Only the root of the verbs is given. The prefix in the infinitive answering to +our “to” is Ku-, No. 15.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f90'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. These forms in Ki-čaga are rather unsettled. I have sometimes +heard them pronounced <i>Gu</i>, <i>Ga</i>, &c., and sometimes <i>Ku</i>, <i>Ka</i>. The +more archaic-form prevailing in many Bantu languages would be <i>Ku</i>, +<i>Ka</i>, <i>Katu</i>, &c. This becomes <i>Hu</i>, <i>Ha</i> in Swahili, <i>A</i> in Zulu, <i>To</i>, <i>Ta</i> +in Lu-ganda, <i>Su</i>, <i>Sa</i> in Ki-nyanˇa, and so on. The archaic form of the +negative prefix was KA.</p> +</div> +<div class='footnote' id='f91'> +<p class='c008'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. In Samburu, to the north of Masai-land, horses are abundant, +and are often brought down to the Zanzibar coast for sale.</p> +</div> + +</main> +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='c016'><i>A LIST OF</i></span></div> + <div class='c004'><i>KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS</i>.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='lg-container-r c003'> + <div class='linegroup'> + <div class='group'> + <div class='line'><i>1 Paternoster Square,</i></div> + <div class='line in20'><i>London.</i></div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div><span class='c016'>A LIST OF</span></div> + <div class='c004'>KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class='nf-center-c0'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div>CONTENTS.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<table class='table0'> + <tr> + <td class='c014'> </td> + <td class='c026'>PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>General Literature</span></td> + <td class='c026'>2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Parchment Library</span></td> + <td class='c026'>18</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Pulpit Commentary</span></td> + <td class='c026'>20</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>International Scientific Series</span></td> + <td class='c026'>28</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Military Works</span></td> + <td class='c026'>30</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Poetry</span></td> + <td class='c026'>31</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Works of Fiction</span></td> + <td class='c026'>35</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class='c014'><span class='sc'>Books for the Young</span></td> + <td class='c026'>36</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class='c046'><i>A. 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An +Autobiography, with Fugitive Papers on Subjects of Public Importance. +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BALDWIN (Capt. J. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Large and Small Game of Bengal +and the North-Western Provinces of India.</span> Small 4to. With +20 Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BALLIN (Ada S. and F. L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Hebrew Grammar.</span> With Exercises +selected from the Bible. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BALL (John, F.R.S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Notes of a Naturalist in South America.</span> +Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BARCLAY (Edgar)</i>—<span class='sc'>Mountain Life in Algeria.</span> Crown 4to. +With numerous Illustrations by Photogravure. 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BARLOW (F. W.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Ultimatum of Pessimism.</span> An Ethical +Study. Demy 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Short History of the Normans in South Europe.</span> Demy 8vo. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BAUR (Ferdinand) Dr. Ph., Professor in Maulbronn.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Philological +Introduction to Greek and Latin for Students.</span> Translated and +adapted from the German by <span class='sc'>C. Kegan Paul, M.A.</span>, and the Rev. <span class='sc'>E. D. +Stone, M.A.</span> Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BAYLY (Capt. George)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sea Life Sixty Years Ago.</span> A Record of +Adventures which led up to the Discovery of the Relics of the long-missing +Expedition commanded by the Comte de la Perouse. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BELLASIS (Edward)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Money Jar of Plautus at the Oratory +School</span>: An Account of the Recent Representation. With Appendix and +16 Illustrations. Small 4to. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The New Terence at Edgbaston.</span> Being Notices of the Performances +in 1880 and 1881. With Preface, Notes, and Appendix. Third +Issue. Small 4to. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BENN (Alfred W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Greek Philosophers.</span> 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BIBLE FOLK-LORE.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Study in Comparative Mythology.</span> Large +crown 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BIRD (Charles) F.G.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>Higher Education in Germany and England</span>: +Being a Brief Practical Account of the Organisation and Curriculum +of the German Higher Schools. With Critical Remarks and Suggestions with +reference to those of England. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLACKBURN (Mrs. Hugh)</i>—<span class='sc'>Bible Beasts and Birds.</span> A New Edition +of ‘Illustrations of Scripture by an Animal Painter.’ With Twenty-two +Plates, Photographed from the Originals, and Printed in Platinotype. 4to. +cloth extra, gilt edges, 42<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLACKLEY (Rev. W. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Essays on Pauperism.</span> 16mo. sewed, +1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLECKLY (Henry)</i>—<span class='sc'>Socrates and the Athenians: an Apology.</span> +Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLOOMFIELD (The Lady)</i>—<span class='sc'>Reminiscences of Court and Diplomatic +Life.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLUNT (The Ven. Archdeacon)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Divine Patriot, and other +Sermons</span>, Preached in Scarborough and in Cannes. New and Cheaper +Edition. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLUNT (Wilfrid S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Future of Islam.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Ideas about India.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BODDY (Alexander A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>To Kairwân</span> the Holy. Scenes in Muhammedan +Africa. With Route Map, and 8 Illustrations by <span class='sc'>A. F. Jacassey</span>. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BOSANQUET (Bernard)</i>—<span class='sc'>Knowledge and Reality.</span> A Criticism of +Mr. F. H. Bradley’s ‘Principles of Logic.’ Crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BOUVERIE-PUSEY (S. E. B.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Permanence and Evolution.</span> An +Inquiry into the supposed Mutability of Animal Types. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BOWEN (H. C.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Studies in English</span>, for the use of Modern +Schools. 7th Thousand. Small crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Grammar for Beginners.</span> Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Simple English Poems.</span> English Literature for Junior Classes. In +Four Parts. Parts I., II., and III. 6<i>d.</i> each; Part IV. 1<i>s.</i>; complete, 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRADLEY (F. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Principles of Logic.</span> Demy 8vo. 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRIDGETT (Rev. T. E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>History of the Holy Eucharist in +Great Britain.</span> 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRODRICK (The Hon. G. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Political Studies.</span> Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BROOKE (Rev. S. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Life and Letters of the Late Rev. F. W. +Robertson, M. A.</span> Edited by.</p> + + <dl class='dl_1'> + <dt>I.</dt> + <dd>Uniform with Robertson’s Sermons. 2 vols. With Steel Portrait, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> + </dd> + <dt>II.</dt> + <dd>Library Edition. 8vo. With Portrait, 12<i>s.</i> + </dd> + <dt>III.</dt> + <dd>A Popular Edition. In 1 vol. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Fight of Faith.</span> Sermons preached on various occasions. +Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Spirit of the Christian Life.</span> Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Theology in the English Poets.</span>—Cowper, Coleridge, Wordsworth, +and Burns. Fifth Edition. Post 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Christ in Modern Life.</span> Sixteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sermons.</span> First Series. Thirteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sermons.</span> Second Series. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BROWNE (H. L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Reason and Religious Belief.</span> Crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BROWN (Rev. J. Baldwin) B.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Higher Life</span>: its Reality, +Experience, and Destiny. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Doctrine of Annihilation in the Light of the Gospel of +Love.</span> Five Discourses. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Christian Policy of Life.</span> A Book for Young Men of +Business. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BROWN (Horatio F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Life on the Lagoons.</span> With two Illustrations +and a Map. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BURDETT (Henry C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Help in Sickness</span>: Where to Go and What +to Do. Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Helps to Health</span>: The Habitation, The Nursery, The Schoolroom, +and The Person. With a Chapter on Pleasure and Health Resorts. Crown +8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BURKE (The late Very Rev. T. N.)</i>—<span class='sc'>His Life.</span> By <span class='sc'>W. J. Fitzpatrick</span>. +2 vols. With Portrait. Demy 8vo. 30<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BURTON (Mrs. Richard)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and +the Holy Land.</span> Post 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CAPES (J. M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Church of the Apostles</span>: an Historical Inquiry. +Demy 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Carlyle and the Open Secret of His Life.</span> By <span class='sc'>Henry Larkin</span>. +Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CARPENTER (W. B.) LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., &c.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Principles +of Mental Physiology.</span> With their Applications to the Training and +Discipline of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid Conditions. Illustrated. +Sixth Edition. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Catholic Dictionary</span>—Containing some account of the Doctrine, +Discipline, Rites, Ceremonies, Councils, and Religious Orders of the Catholic +Church. By <span class='sc'>William E. Addis</span> and <span class='sc'>Thomas Arnold</span>, M.A. Third +Edition, Demy 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CHARLES (Rev. R. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Forgiveness</span>, and other Sermons. Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CHEYNE (Rev. Canon, M.A., D.D., Edin.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Job and Solomon</span>; or, +the Wisdom of the Old Testament. Demy 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Prophecies of Isaiah.</span> Translated with Critical Notes and +Dissertations. 2 vols. Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 25<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Circulating Capital.</span> Being an Inquiry into the Fundamental Laws of +Money. An Essay by an East India Merchant. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLAIRAUT</i>—<span class='sc'>Elements of Geometry.</span> Translated by Dr. <span class='sc'>Kaines</span>. +With 145 Figures. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLAPPERTON (Jane Hume)</i>—<span class='sc'>Scientific Meliorism and the Evolution +of Happiness.</span> Large crown 8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLARKE (Rev. Henry James) A.K.C.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Fundamental Science.</span> +Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLAYDEN (P. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Samuel Sharpe—Egyptologist and Translator +of the Bible.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLODD (Edward) F.R.A.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Childhood of the World</span>: a +Simple Account of Man in Early Times. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>A Special Edition for Schools, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Childhood of Religions.</span> Including a Simple Account of the +Birth and Growth of Myths and Legends. Eighth Thousand. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c048'>A Special Edition for Schools, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Jesus of Nazareth.</span> With a brief sketch of Jewish History to the +Time of His Birth. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COGHLAN (J. Cole) D.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Modern Pharisee, and other +Sermons.</span> Edited by the Very Rev. <span class='sc'>H. H. Dickinson</span>, D.D., Dean of +Chapel Royal, Dublin. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COLE (George R. Fitz-Roy)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Peruvians at Home.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COLERIDGE (Sara)</i>—<span class='sc'>Memoir and Letters of Sara Coleridge.</span> +Edited by her Daughter. With Index. Cheap Edition. With one Portrait. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COLLECTS EXEMPLIFIED (The)</i>—Being Illustrations from the +Old and New Testaments of the Collects for the Sundays after Trinity. By +the Author of ‘A Commentary on the Epistles and Gospels.’ Edited by the +Rev. <span class='sc'>Joseph Jackson</span>. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CONNELL (A. K.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Discontent and Danger in India.</span> Small crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Economic Revolution of India.</span> Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COOK (Keningale, LL.D.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Fathers of Jesus.</span> A Study of the +Lineage of the Christian Doctrine and Traditions. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CORR (The late Rev. Thomas)</i>—<span class='sc'>Essays, Tales, Allegories, and +Poems.</span> Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CORY (William)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Guide to Modern English History.</span> Part I.—MDCCCXV.-MDCCCXXX. +Demy 8vo. 9<i>s.</i> Part II.—MDCCCXXX.-MDCCCXXXV. +15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COTTERILL (H. B.)</i>—<span class='sc'>An Introduction to the Study of Poetry.</span> +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COTTON (H. J. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>New India, or India in Transition.</span> Third +Edition. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Popular Edition, paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COUTTS (Francis Burdett Money)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Training of the Instinct of +Love.</span> With a Preface by the Rev. <span class='sc'>Edward Thring</span>, M.A. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COX (Rev. Sir George W.) M.A., Bart.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Mythology of the Aryan +Nations.</span> New Edition. Demy 8vo. 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Tales of Ancient Greece.</span> New Edition. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Manual of Mythology in the form of Question and Answer.</span> +New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>An Introduction to the Science of Comparative Mythology +and Folk-lore.</span> Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COX (Rev. Sir G. W.) M.A., Bart., and JONES (Eustace Hinton)</i>—<span class='sc'>Popular +Romances of the Middle Ages.</span> Third Edition, in 1 vol. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COX (Rev. Samuel) D.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Commentary on the Book of Job.</span> With +a Translation. Demy 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Salvator Mundi</span>; or, Is Christ the Saviour of all Men? Tenth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Larger Hope</span>: a Sequel to ‘<span class='sc'>Salvator Mundi</span>.’ Second Edition, +16mo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Genesis of Evil, and other Sermons</span>, mainly expository. +Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Balaam</span>: An Exposition and a Study. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Miracles.</span> An Argument and a Challenge. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CRAVEN (Mrs.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Year’s Meditations.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CRAWFURD (Oswald)</i>—<span class='sc'>Portugal, Old and New.</span> With Illustrations +and Maps. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CROZIER (John Beattie) M.B.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Religion of the Future.</span> +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CRUISE (F. R., M.D.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Thomas à Kempis.</span> Notes of a Visit to the +Scenes in which his Life was spent, with some Account of the Examination of +his Relics. Demy 8vo. Illustrated.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CUNNINGHAM (W., B.D.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Politics and Economics</span>: An Essay +on the Nature of the Principles of Political Economy, together with a Survey +of Recent Legislation. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DANIEL (Gerard)</i>—<span class='sc'>Mary Stuart</span>: a Sketch and a Defence. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DANIELL (Clarmont)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Gold Treasure of India</span>: An Inquiry +into its Amount, the Cause of its Accumulation, and the Proper Means of +Using it as Money. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Discarded Silver</span>: a Plan for its Use as Money. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DARMESTETER (Arsène)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Life of Words as the Symbols +of Ideas.</span> Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DAVIDSON (Rev. Samuel) D.D., LL.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Canon of the Bible</span>: Its +Formation, History, and Fluctuations. Third and revised Edition. Small +crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Doctrine of Last Things</span>, contained in the New Testament, +compared with the Notions of the Jews and the Statements of Church Creeds. +Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DAWSON (Geo.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Prayers, with a Discourse on Prayer.</span> +Edited by his Wife. First Series. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Prayers, with a Discourse on Prayer.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>George St. +Clair</span>. Second Series. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sermons on Disputed Points and Special Occasions.</span> Edited by +his Wife. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sermons on Daily Life and Duty.</span> Edited by his Wife. Fourth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Authentic Gospel</span>, and other Sermons. Edited by <span class='sc'>George +St. Clair</span>. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Biographical Lectures.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>George St. Clair</span>, F.G.S. +Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DE JONCOURT (Madame Marie)</i>—<span class='sc'>Wholesome Cookery.</span> Third +Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Democracy in the Old World and the New.</span> By the Author of ‘The +Suez Canal, the Eastern Question, and Abyssinia,’ &c. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DENT (H. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Year in Brazil.</span> With Notes on Religion, Meteorology, +Natural History, &c. Maps and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Discourse on the Shedding of Blood, and The Laws of War.</span> +Demy 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DOUGLAS (Rev. Herman)</i>—<span class='sc'>Into the Deep</span>; or, The Wonders of the +Lord’s Person. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DOWDEN (Edward) LL.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Shakspere</span>: a Critical Study of his Mind +and Art. Seventh Edition. Post 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Studies in Literature, 1789–1877.</span> Third Edition. Large post +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Dulce Domum.</span> Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DU MONCEL (Count)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Telephone, the Microphone, and the +Phonograph.</span> With 74 Illustrations. Second Edition. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DURUY (Victor)</i>—<span class='sc'>History of Rome and the Roman People.</span> +Edited by Professor <span class='sc'>Mahaffy</span>, with nearly 3,000 Illustrations. 4to. 6 Vols. +in 12 Parts, 30<i>s.</i> each volume.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EDGEWORTH (F. Y.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Mathematical Psychics.</span> An Essay on +the Application of Mathematics to Social Science. Demy 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Educational Code of the Prussian Nation, in its Present Form.</span> +In accordance with the Decisions of the Common Provincial Law, and with +those of Recent Legislation. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Education Library.</span> Edited by Sir <span class='sc'>Philip Magnus</span>:—</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>An Introduction to the History of Educational Theories.</span> +By <span class='sc'>Oscar Browning</span>, M.A. Second Edition. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Old Greek Education.</span> By the Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Mahaffy</span>, M.A. Second +Edition. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>School Management</span>; including a General View of the Work of +Education, Organization, and Discipline. By <span class='sc'>Joseph Landon</span>. Fifth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EDWARDES (Major-General Sir Herbert B.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Memorials of his +Life and Letters.</span> By his <span class='sc'>Wife</span>. With Portrait and Illustrations. 2 vols. +Demy 8vo. 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ELSDALE (Henry)</i>—<span class='sc'>Studies in Tennyson’s Idylls.</span> Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EMERSON’S (Ralph Waldo)</i> <span class='sc'>Life</span>. By <span class='sc'>Oliver Wendell Holmes</span>. +[English Copyright Edition.] With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Enoch, the Prophet.</span> The Book of. Archbishop Laurence’s Translation. +With an Introduction by the Author of the ‘Evolution of Christianity.’ +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ERANUS.</i> <span class='sc'>A Collection of Exercises in the Alcaic and Sapphic +Metres.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>F. W. Cornish</span>, Assistant Master at Eton. Second +Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EVANS (Mark)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Story of our Father’s Love</span>, told to Children. +Sixth and Cheaper Edition. With Four Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Faith of the Unlearned, The.</span> Authority, apart from the Sanction +of Reason, an Insufficient Basis for It. By ‘One Unlearned,’ Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>‘<i>FAN KWAE</i>’ <span class='sc'>at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825–1844</span>. By +<span class='sc'>An Old Resident</span>. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>FEIS (Jacob)</i>—<span class='sc'>Shakspere and Montaigne</span>: An Endeavour to Explain +the Tendency of Hamlet from Allusions in Contemporary Works. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Five o’Clock Tea.</span> Containing Receipts for Cakes of every description, +Savoury Sandwiches, Cooling Drinks, &c. By the Author of ‘Breakfast +Dishes’ and ‘Savouries and Sweets.’ Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, or 1<i>s.</i> sewed.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>FLOREDICE (W. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Month among the Mere Irish.</span> Small +crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Frank Leward.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Charles Bampton</span>. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>FULLER (Rev. Morris)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Lord’s Day</span>; or, Christian Sunday. Its +Unity, History, Philosophy, and Perpetual Obligation. Sermons. Demy 8vo. +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GARDINER (Samuel R.) and J. BASS MULLINGER, M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Introduction +to the Study of English History.</span> Second Edition. +Large crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GARDNER (Dorsey)</i>—<span class='sc'>Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo.</span> A +Narrative of the Campaign in Belgium, 1815. With Maps and Plans. Demy +8vo. 16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GELDART (E. M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Echoes of Truth.</span> Sermons, with a Short Selection +of Prayers and an Introductory Sketch, by the Rev. <span class='sc'>C. B. Upton</span>. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GEORGE (Henry)</i>—<span class='sc'>Progress and Poverty</span>: an Inquiry into the +Causes of Industrial Depressions, and of Increase of Want with Increase of +Wealth. The Remedy. Fifth Library Edition. Post 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Cabinet +Edition, crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c048'>⁂ Also a Cheap Edition, limp cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Social Problems.</span> Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c048'>⁂ Also a Cheap Edition, paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Protection, or Free Trade.</span> An Examination of the Tariff +Question, with especial regard to the Interests of Labour. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GLANVILL (Joseph)</i>—<span class='sc'>Scepsis Scientifica</span>; or, Confest Ignorance, the +Way to Science; in an Essay of the Vanity of Dogmatising and Confident +Opinion. Edited, with Introductory Essay, by <span class='sc'>John Owen</span>. Elzevir 8vo. +printed on hand-made paper, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Glossary of Terms and Phrases.</span> Edited by the Rev. <span class='sc'>H. Percy Smith</span> +and others. Medium 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GLOVER (F.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Exempla Latina.</span> A First Construing Book, with +Short Notes, Lexicon, and an Introduction to the Analysis of Sentences. Second +Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOLDSMID (Sir Francis Henry) Bart., Q.C., M.P.</i>—<span class='sc'>Memoir of.</span> +Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOODENOUGH (Commodore J. G)</i>—<span class='sc'>Memoir of</span>, with Extracts from +his Letters and Journals. Edited by his Widow. With Steel Engraved +Portrait. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GORDON (Major-Gen. C. G.)</i>—<span class='sc'>His Journals at Kartoum.</span> Printed +from the Original MS. With Introduction and Notes by <span class='sc'>A. Egmont Hake</span>. +Portrait, 2 Maps, and 30 Illustrations. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 21<i>s.</i> Also a +Cheap Edition in 1 vol., 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Gordon’s (General) Last Journal.</span> A Facsimile of the last +Journal received in England from General Gordon. Reproduced by Photolithography. +Imperial 4to. £3. 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Events in his Life.</span> From the Day of his Birth to the Day of his +Death. By Sir <span class='sc'>H. W. Gordon</span>. With Maps and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOSSE (Edmund)</i>—<span class='sc'>Seventeenth Century Studies.</span> A Contribution +to the History of English Poetry. Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOULD (Rev. S. Baring) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Germany, Present and Past.</span> New +and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Vicar of Morwenstow</span>: a Life of Robert Stephen Hawker, +M.A. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOWAN (Major Walter E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A. Ivanoff’s Russian Grammar.</span> +(16th Edition). Translated, enlarged, and arranged for use of Students of the +Russian Language. Demy 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOWER (Lord Ronald)</i>—<span class='sc'>My Reminiscences.</span> Limp Parchment, Antique, +with Etched Portrait, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Last Days of Mary Antoinette.</span> An Historical Sketch. With +Portrait and Facsimiles. Fcp. 4to. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Notes of a Tour from Brindisi to Yokohama, 1883–1884.</span> Fcp. +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GRAHAM (William) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Creed of Science</span>, Religious, Moral, +and Social. Second Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Social Problem in its Economic, Moral, and Political +Aspects.</span> Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GREY (Rowland)</i>—<span class='sc'>In Sunny Switzerland.</span> A Tale of Six Weeks. +Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Lindenblumen</span>, and other Stories. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GRIMLEY (Rev. H. N.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Tremadoc Sermons, chiefly on the +Spiritual Body, the Unseen World, and the Divine Humanity.</span> +Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Temple of Humanity</span>, and other Sermons. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GUSTAFSON (Axel)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Foundation of Death.</span> A Study of the +Drink Question. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Some Thoughts on Moderation.</span> Reprinted from a Paper read at +the Reeve Mission Room, Manchester Square, June 8, 1885. Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HADDON (Caroline)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Larger Life, Studies in Hinton’s +Ethics.</span> Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HAECKEL (Prof. Ernst)</i>—<span class='sc'>The History of Creation.</span> Translation +revised by Professor <span class='sc'>E. Ray Lankester</span>, M.A., F.R.S. With Coloured Plates +and Genealogical Trees of the various groups of both plants and animals. +2 vols. Third Edition. Post 8vo. 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The History of the Evolution of Man.</span> With numerous Illustrations. +2 vols. Post 8vo. 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Visit to Ceylon.</span> Post 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Freedom in Science and Teaching.</span> With a Prefatory Note by +<span class='sc'>T. H. Huxley</span>, F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Half-Crown Series</span>:—</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Lost Love.</span> By <span class='sc'>Anna C. Ogle</span> (Ashford Owen).</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sister Dora</span>: a Biography. By <span class='sc'>Margaret Lonsdale</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>True Words for Brave Men</span>: a Book for Soldiers and Sailors. +By the late <span class='sc'>Charles Kingsley</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Notes of Travel</span>: being Extracts from the Journals of Count <span class='sc'>von +Moltke</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Sonnets.</span> Collected and Arranged by <span class='sc'>J. Dennis</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Home Songs for Quiet Hours.</span> By the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>R. H. Baynes</span>.</p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Hamilton, Memoirs of Arthur, B.A.</span>, of Trinity College, Cambridge. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HARRIS (William)</i>—<span class='sc'>The History of the Radical Party in Parliament.</span> +Demy 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HARROP (Robert)</i>—<span class='sc'>Bolingbroke.</span> A Political Study and Criticism. +Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HART (Rev. J. W. T.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Autobiography of Judas Iscariot.</span> A Character-Study. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HAWEIS (Rev. H. R.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Current Coin.</span> Materialism—The +Devil—Crime—Drunkenness—Pauperism—Emotion—Recreation—The +Sabbath. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Arrows in the Air.</span> Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Speech in Season.</span> Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Thoughts for the Times.</span> Fourteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Unsectarian Family Prayers.</span> New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HAWKINS (Edwards Comerford)</i>—<span class='sc'>Spirit and Form.</span> Sermons +preached in the Parish Church of Leatherhead. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HAWTHORNE (Nathaniel)</i>—<span class='sc'>Works.</span> Complete in 12 vols. Large +post 8vo. each vol. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + + <dl class='dl_2'> + <dt> <span class='sc'>Vol.</span> I.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>Twice-Told Tales.</span> + </dd> + <dt> II.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>Mosses from an Old Manse.</span> + </dd> + <dt> III.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>The House of the Seven Gables</span>, and <span class='sc'>The Snow + Image</span>. + </dd> + <dt> IV.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>The Wonder Book</span>, <span class='sc'>Tanglewood Tales</span>, and + <span class='sc'>Grandfather’s Chair</span>. + </dd> + <dt> V.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>The Scarlet Letter</span>, and <span class='sc'>The Blithedale + Romance</span>. + </dd> + <dt> VI.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>The Marble Faun.</span> (Transformation.) + </dd> + <dt>VII. & VIII.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>Our Old Home</span>, and <span class='sc'>English Note-Books</span>. + </dd> + <dt> IX.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>American Note-Books.</span> + </dd> + <dt> X.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>French and Italian Note-Books.</span> + </dd> + <dt> XI.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>Septimius Felton</span>, <span class='sc'>The Dolliver Romance</span>, + <span class='sc'>Fanshawe</span>, and, in an appendix, <span + class='sc'>The Ancestral Footstep</span>. + </dd> + <dt> XII.</dt> + <dd><span class='sc'>Tales and Essays, and other Papers, with a Biographical + Sketch of Hawthorne.</span> + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c046'><i>HEATH (Francis George)</i>—<span class='sc'>Autumnal Leaves.</span> Third and Cheaper +Edition. Large crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sylvan Winter.</span> With 70 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HEGEL</i>—<span class='sc'>The Introduction to Hegel’s Philosophy of Fine Art.</span> +Translated from the German, with Notes and Prefatory Essay, by <span class='sc'>Bernard +Bosanquet</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HENNESSY (Sir John Pope)</i>—<span class='sc'>Ralegh in Ireland, with his Letters +on Irish Affairs and some Contemporary Documents.</span> Large crown +8vo. printed on hand-made paper, parchment, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HENRY (Philip)</i>—<span class='sc'>Diaries and Letters.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Matthew Henry +Lee</span>, M.A. Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HINTON (J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Mystery of Pain.</span> New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Life and Letters.</span> With an Introduction by Sir <span class='sc'>W. W. Gull</span>, +Bart., and Portrait engraved on Steel by <span class='sc'>C. H. Jeens</span>. Fifth Edition. +Crown 8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Philosophy and Religion.</span> Selections from the MSS. of the late +<span class='sc'>James Hinton</span>. Edited by <span class='sc'>Caroline Haddon</span>. Second Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Law Breaker and The Coming of the Law.</span> Edited by +<span class='sc'>Margaret Hinton</span>. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Hodson of Hodson’s Horse</span>; or, Twelve Years of a Soldier’s Life +in India. Being Extracts from the Letters of the late Major W. S. R. Hodson. +With a vindication from the attack of Mr. Bosworth Smith. Edited by his +brother, <span class='sc'>G. H. Hodson</span>, M.A. Fourth Edition. Large crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOLTHAM (E. G.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Eight Years in Japan, 1873–1881.</span> Work, +Travel, and Recreation. With 3 Maps. Large crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Homology of Economic Justice</span>: An Essay by an <span class='sc'>East India +Merchant</span>. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOOPER (Mary)</i>—<span class='sc'>Little Dinners: How to Serve them with +Elegance and Economy.</span> Twentieth Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Cookery for Invalids, Persons of Delicate Digestion, and +Children.</span> Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Every-Day Meals.</span> Being Economical and Wholesome Recipes +for Breakfast, Luncheon, and Supper. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOPKINS (Ellice)</i>—<span class='sc'>Work amongst Working Men.</span> Fifth Edition. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HORNADAY (W. T.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Two Years in a Jungle.</span> With Illustrations. +Demy 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOSPITALIER (E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Modern Applications of Electricity.</span> +Translated and Enlarged by <span class='sc'>Julius Maier</span>, Ph.D. 2 vols. Second Edition, +revised, with many additions and numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +each volume.</p> + + <dl class='dl_3'> + <dt><span class='sc'>Vol.</span> I.—</dt> + <dd>Electric Generators, Electric Light. + </dd> + <dt> II.—</dt> + <dd>Telephone: Various Applications: Electrical Transmission of Energy. + </dd> + </dl> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOWARD (Robert) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Church of England and other +Religious Communions.</span> A Course of Lectures delivered in the Parish +Church of Clapham. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUMPHREY (Rev. William)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Bible and Belief.</span> A Letter to +a Friend. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUNTER (William C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Bits of Old China.</span> Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUNTINGFORD (Rev. E.) D.C.L.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Apocalypse.</span> With a +Commentary and Introductory Essay. Demy 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUTCHINSON (H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Thought Symbolism and Grammatic Illusions</span>: +Being a Treatise on the Nature, Purpose, and Material of Speech. +Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUTTON (Rev. Charles F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Unconscious Testimony; or, the Silent +Witness of the Hebrew to the Truth of the Historical Scriptures.</span> +Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HYNDMAN (H. M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Historical Basis of Socialism in +England.</span> Large crown 8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>IDDESLEIGH (Earl of)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Pleasures, Dangers, and Uses of +Desultory Reading.</span> Fcp. 8vo. in Whatman paper cover, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>IM THURN (Everard F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Among the Indians of Guiana.</span> Being +Sketches, chiefly Anthropologic, from the Interior of British Guiana. With +53 Illustrations and a Map. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JACCOUD (Prof. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Curability and Treatment of Pulmonary +Phthisis.</span> Translated and Edited by <span class='sc'>Montagu Lubbock</span>, M.D. +Demy 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Jaunt in a Junk</span>: A Ten Days’ Cruise in Indian Seas. Large crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JENKINS (E.) and RAYMOND (J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Architect’s Legal +Handbook.</span> Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JENKINS (Rev. Canon R. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Heraldry</span>: English and Foreign. With +a Dictionary of Heraldic Terms and 156 Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Story of the Caraffa.</span> Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JERVIS (Rev. W. Henley)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Gallican Church and the Revolution.</span> +A Sequel to the History of the Church of France, from the Concordat +of Bologna to the Revolution. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JOEL (L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Consul’s Manual and Shipowner’s and Shipmaster’s +Practical Guide in Their Transactions Abroad.</span> With Definitions of +Nautical, Mercantile, and Legal Terms; a Glossary of Mercantile Terms in +English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish; Tables of the Money, Weights, +and Measures of the Principal Commercial Nations and their Equivalents in +British Standards; and Forms of Consular and Notarial Acts. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JOYCE (P. W.) LL.D. &c.</i>—<span class='sc'>Old Celtic Romances.</span> Translated from +the Gaelic. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KAUFMANN (Rev. M.) B.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Socialism</span>: its Nature, its Dangers, and +its Remedies considered. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Utopias</span>; or, Schemes of Social Improvement, from Sir Thomas More +to Karl Marx. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KAY (David)</i>—<span class='sc'>Education and Educators.</span> Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KAY (Joseph)</i>—<span class='sc'>Free Trade in Land.</span> Edited by his Widow. With +Preface by the Right Hon. <span class='sc'>John Bright</span>, M.P. Seventh Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ Also a cheaper edition, without the Appendix, but with a Review of Recent +Changes in the Land Laws of England, by the Right Hon. <span class='sc'>G. Osborne +Morgan</span>, Q.C., M.P. Cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KELKE (W. H. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>An Epitome of English Grammar for the +Use of Students.</span> Adapted to the London Matriculation Course and Similar +Examinations. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KEMPIS (Thomas à)</i>—<span class='sc'>Of the Imitation of Christ.</span> Parchment +Library Edition, parchment or cloth, 6<i>s.</i>; vellum, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> The Red Line +Edition, fcp. 8vo. red edges, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> The Cabinet Edition, small 8vo. +cloth limp, 1<i>s.</i>; or cloth boards, red edges, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> The Miniature Edition, +32mo. red edges, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ All the above Editions may be had in various extra bindings.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KETTLEWELL (Rev. S.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Thomas à Kempis and the +Brothers of Common Life.</span> 2 vols. With Frontispieces. Demy 8vo. +30<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ Also an Abridged Edition in 1 vol. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KIDD (Joseph) M.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Laws of Therapeutics</span>; or, the Science +and Art of Medicine. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KINGSFORD (Anna) M.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Perfect Way in Diet.</span> A Treatise +advocating a Return to the Natural and Ancient Food of Race. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KINGSLEY (Charles) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Letters and Memories of his Life.</span> +Edited by his <span class='sc'>Wife</span>. With Two Steel Engraved Portraits and Vignettes. +Fifteenth Cabinet Edition, in 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ Also a People’s Edition in 1 vol. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>All Saints’ Day</span>, and other Sermons. Edited by the Rev. <span class='sc'>W. +Harrison</span>. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>True Words for Brave Men.</span> A Book for Soldiers’ and Sailors’ +Libraries. Eleventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KNOX (Alexander A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The New Playground</span>; or, Wanderings in +Algeria. New and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Land Concentration and Irresponsibility of Political Power</span>, as +causing the Anomaly of a Widespread State of Want by the Side of the Vast +Supplies of Nature. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LANDON (Joseph)</i>—<span class='sc'>School Management</span>; including a General View +of the Work of Education, Organisation, and Discipline. Fifth Edition. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LAURIE (S. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Lectures on The Rise and Early Constitution +of Universities.</span> With a Survey of Mediæval Education. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LEE (Rev. F. G.) D.C.L.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Other World</span>; or, Glimpses of the +Supernatural. 2 vols. A New Edition. Crown 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Letters from an Unknown Friend.</span> By the Author of ‘Charles +Lowder.’ With a Preface by the Rev. W. H. Cleaver. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LEWARD (Frank)</i>—Edited by <span class='sc'>Chas. Bampton</span>. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LEWIS (Edward Dillon)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Draft Code of Criminal Law and +Procedure.</span> Demy 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Life of a Prig.</span> By <span class='sc'>One</span>. Third Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LILLIE (Arthur) M.R.A.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Popular Life of Buddha.</span> Containing +an Answer to the Hibbert Lectures of 1881. With Illustrations. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Buddhism in Christendom</span>; or, Jesus, the Essene. Demy 8vo. +with numerous Illustrations.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LLOYD (Walter)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Hope of the World</span>: An Essay on Universal +Redemption. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LONGFELLOW (H. Wadsworth)</i>—<span class='sc'>Life.</span> By his Brother, <span class='sc'>Samuel +Longfellow</span>. With Portraits and Illustrations. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LONSDALE (Margaret)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sister Dora</span>: a Biography. With Portrait. +Cheap Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>George Eliot</span>: Thoughts upon her Life, her Books, and Herself. +Second Edition. Small crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LOUNSBURY (Thomas R.)</i>—<span class='sc'>James Fenimore Cooper.</span> With Portrait. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LOWDER (Charles)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Biography.</span> By the Author of ‘St. Teresa.’ +New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. With Portrait. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LÜCKES (Eva C. E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Lectures on General Nursing</span>, delivered +to the Probationers of the London Hospital Training School for Nurses. +Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LYALL (William Rowe) D.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Propædeia Prophetica</span>; or, The Use +and Design of the Old Testament Examined. New Edition, with Notices by +<span class='sc'>George C. Pearson</span>, M.A., Hon. Canon of Canterbury. Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LYTTON (Edward Bulwer, Lord)</i>—<span class='sc'>Life, Letters, and Literary +Remains.</span> By his Son the <span class='sc'>Earl of Lytton</span>. With Portraits, Illustrations, +and Facsimiles. Demy 8vo. cloth. Vols. I. and II. 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MACAULAY (G. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Francis Beaumont</span>: A Critical Study. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MACCALLUM (M. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Studies in Low German and High +German Literature.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MACHIAVELLI (Niccolò)</i>—<span class='sc'>His Life and Times.</span> By Prof. <span class='sc'>Villari</span>. +Translated by <span class='sc'>Linda Villari</span>. 4 vols. Large post 8vo. 48<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius.</span> Translated from +the Italian by <span class='sc'>Ninian Hill Thomson</span>, M.A. Large crown 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Prince.</span> Translated from the Italian by N. H. T. Small crown +8vo. printed on hand-made paper, bevelled boards, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MACKENZIE (Alexander)</i>—<span class='sc'>How India is Governed.</span> Being an +Account of England’s work in India. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAC RITCHIE (David)</i>—<span class='sc'>Accounts of the Gypsies of India.</span> +With Map and Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAGNUS (Lady)</i>—<span class='sc'>About the Jews since Bible Times.</span> From the +Babylonian Exile till the English Exodus. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAGUIRE (Thomas)</i>—<span class='sc'>Lectures on Philosophy.</span> Demy 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAIR (R. S.) M.D., F.R.C.S.E.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Medical Guide for Angloindians.</span> +Being a Compendium of Advice to Europeans in India, relating +to the Preservation and Regulation of Health. With a Supplement on the +Management of Children in India. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MALDEN (Henry Elliot)</i>—<span class='sc'>Vienna, 1683.</span> The History and Consequences +of the Defeat of the Turks before Vienna, September 12, 1683, by +John Sobieski, King of Poland, and Charles Leopold, Duke of Lorraine. +Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Many Voices.</span>—A Volume of Extracts from the Religious Writers of +Christendom, from the First to the Sixteenth Century. With Biographical +Sketches. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, red edges, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MARKHAM (Capt. Albert Hastings) R.N.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Great Frozen Sea</span>: +a Personal Narrative of the Voyage of the <i>Alert</i> during the Arctic Expedition +of 1875–6. With Six Full-page Illustrations, Two Maps, and Twenty-seven +Woodcuts. Sixth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MARTINEAU (Gertrude)</i>—<span class='sc'>Outline Lessons on Morals.</span> Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MASON (Charlotte M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Home Education.</span> A Course of Lectures to +Ladies, delivered in Bradford in the winter of 1885–1886. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAUDSLEY (H.) M.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Body and Will.</span> Being an Essay Concerning +Will, in its Metaphysical, Physiological, and Pathological Aspects. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Natural Causes and Supernatural Seemings.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>McGRATH (Terence)</i>—<span class='sc'>Pictures from Ireland.</span> New and Cheaper +Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MEREDITH (M. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Theotokos, the Example for Woman.</span> +Dedicated, by permission, to Lady <span class='sc'>Agnes Wood</span>. Revised by the Venerable +Archdeacon <span class='sc'>Denison</span>. 32mo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MILLER (Edward)</i>—<span class='sc'>The History and Doctrines of Irvingism</span>; +or, the so-called Catholic and Apostolic Church. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Church in Relation to the State.</span> Large crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MILLS (Herbert)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poverty and the State</span>; or, Work for the Unemployed. +An Enquiry into the Causes and Extent of Enforced Idleness, together +with a statement of a remedy practicable here and now. Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MITCHELL (Lucy M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A History of Ancient Sculpture.</span> With +numerous Illustrations, including six Plates in Phototype. Super royal, 42<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Selections from Ancient Sculpture.</span> Being a Portfolio containing +Reproductions in Phototype of 36 Masterpieces of Ancient Art, to illustrate +Mrs. <span class='sc'>Mitchell’s</span> ‘History of Ancient Sculpture.’ 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MITFORD (Bertram)</i>—<span class='sc'>Through the Zulu Country.</span> Its Battlefields +and its People. With five Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MOCKLER (E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Grammar of the Baloochee Language</span>, as it is +spoken in Makran (Ancient Gedrosia), in the Persia-Arabic and Roman +characters. Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MOLESWORTH (W. Nassau)</i>—<span class='sc'>History of the Church of England +from 1660.</span> Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORELL (J. R.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Euclid Simplified in Method and Language.</span> +Being a Manual of Geometry. Compiled from the most important French +Works, approved by the University of Paris and the Minister of Public +Instruction. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORGAN (C. Lloyd)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Springs of Conduct.</span> An Essay in Evolution. +Large crown 8vo. cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORISON (James Cotter)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Service of Man.</span> An Essay towards +the Religion of the Future. Demy 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORRIS (George)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Duality of all Divine Truth in our +Lord Jesus Christ: For God’s Self-Manifestation in the Impartation +of the Divine Nature to Man.</span> Large Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORSE (E. S.) Ph.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>First Book of Zoology.</span> With numerous +Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NELSON (J. H.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Prospectus of the Scientific Study of +the Hindû Law.</span> Demy 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Indian Usage and Judge-made Law in Madras.</span> Demy 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NEWMAN (Cardinal)</i>—<span class='sc'>Characteristics from the Writings of.</span> +Being Selections from his various Works. Arranged with the Author’s +personal Approval. Seventh Edition. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ A Portrait of Cardinal Newman, mounted for framing, can be had, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>New Social Teachings.</span> By <span class='sc'>Politicus</span>. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NEWMAN (Francis William)</i>—<span class='sc'>Essays on Diet.</span> Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>New Truth and the Old Faith: Are they Incompatible?</span> By +a Scientific Layman. Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NICOLS (Arthur) F.G.S., F.R.G.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>Chapters from the Physical +History of the Earth</span>: an Introduction to Geology and Palæontology. +With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NOEL (The Hon. Roden)</i>—<span class='sc'>Essays on Poetry and Poets.</span> Demy +8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NOPS (Marianne)</i>—<span class='sc'>Class Lessons on Euclid.</span> Part I. containing the +First Two Books of the Elements. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Nuces: Exercises on the Syntax of the Public School Latin Primer.</span> +New Edition in Three Parts. Crown 8vo. each 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ The Three Parts can also be had bound together in cloth, 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OATES (Frank) F.R.G.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>Matabele Land and the Victoria Falls.</span> +A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Interior of South Africa. Edited by <span class='sc'>C. G. +Oates</span>, B.A. With numerous Illustrations and 4 Maps. Demy 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>O’CONNOR (T.P.) M.P.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Parnell Movement.</span> With a Sketch +of Irish Parties from 1843. Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OGLE (W.) M.D., F.R.C.P.</i>—<span class='sc'>Aristotle on the Parts of Animals.</span> +Translated, with Introduction and Notes. Royal 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>O’HAGAN (Lord) K.P.</i>—<span class='sc'>Occasional Papers and Addresses.</span> Large +crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>O’MEARA (Kathleen)</i>—<span class='sc'>Frederic Ozanam</span>, Professor of the Sorbonne: +his Life and Work. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Henri Perreyve and his Counsels to the Sick.</span> Small crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>One and a Half in Norway.</span> A Chronicle of Small Beer. By Either +and Both. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>O’NEIL (The late Rev. Lord)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sermons.</span> With Memoir and Portrait. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Essays and Addresses.</span> Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Only Passport to Heaven, The.</span> By One who has it. Small crown +8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OSBORNE (Rev. W. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Revised Version of the New Testament.</span> +A Critical Commentary, with Notes upon the Text. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OTTLEY (Henry Bickersteth)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Great Dilemma</span>: Christ His own +Witness or His own Accuser. Six Lectures. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Our Public Schools—Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster, +Marlborough, The Charterhouse.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OWEN (F. M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>John Keats</span>: a Study. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Across the Hills.</span> Small crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OWEN (Rev. Robert) B.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Sanctorale Catholicum</span>; or, Book of +Saints. With Notes, Critical, Exegetical, and Historical. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OXONIENSIS</i>—<span class='sc'>Romanism, Protestantism, Anglicanism.</span> Being a +Layman’s View of some Questions of the Day. Together with Remarks on +Dr. Littledale’s ‘Plain Reasons against Joining the Church of Rome.’ Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PALMER (the late William)</i>—<span class='sc'>Notes of a Visit to Russia in 1840–41.</span> +Selected and arranged by <span class='sc'>John H. Cardinal Newman</span>. With Portrait. Crown +8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Early Christian Symbolism.</span> A series of Compositions from Fresco-Paintings, +Glasses, and Sculptured Sarcophagi. Edited by the Rev. <span class='sc'>Provost +Northcote</span>, D.D., and the Rev. <span class='sc'>Canon Brownlow</span>, M.A. With Coloured +Plates, folio, 42<i>s.</i>; or with plain plates, folio, 25<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Parchment Library.</span> Choicely printed on hand-made paper, limp parchment +antique or cloth, 6<i>s.</i>; vellum, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each volume.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Milton’s Poetical Works.</span> 2 vols.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.</span> The Prologue; The Knightes +Tale; The Man of Lawes Tale; The Prioresses Tale; The Clerkes Tale. +Edited by <span class='sc'>Alfred W. Polland</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Selections from the Prose Writings of Jonathan Swift.</span> With +a Preface and Notes by <span class='sc'>Stanley Lane-Poole</span>, and Portrait.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Sacred Lyrics.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sir Joshua Reynolds’ Discourses.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Edmund Gosse</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Selections from Milton’s Prose Writings.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Ernest +Myers</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Book of Psalms.</span> Translated by the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Cheyne</span>, D.D.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Vicar of Wakefield.</span> With Preface and Notes by <span class='sc'>Austin +Dobson</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Comic Dramatists.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Oswald Crawfurd</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Lyrics.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Sonnets of John Milton.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Mark Pattison</span>. +With Portrait after Vertue.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>French Lyrics.</span> Selected and Annotated by <span class='sc'>George Saintsbury</span>. +With miniature Frontispiece, designed and etched by H. G. Glindoni.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Fables</span> by <span class='sc'>Mr. John Gay</span>. With Memoir by <span class='sc'>Austin Dobson</span>, +and an etched Portrait from an unfinished Oil-sketch by Sir Godfrey Kneller.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Select Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley.</span> Edited, with an Introduction, +by <span class='sc'>Richard Garnett</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Christian Year</span>; Thoughts in Verse for the Sundays and +Holy Days throughout the Year. With etched Portrait of the Rev. J. Keble, +after the Drawing by G. Richmond, R.A.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Shakspere’s Works.</span> Complete in Twelve Volumes.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Eighteenth Century Essays.</span> Selected and Edited by <span class='sc'>Austin +Dobson</span>. With a Miniature Frontispiece by R. Caldecott.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Q. Horati Flacci Opera.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>F. A. Cornish</span>, Assistant +Master at Eton. With a Frontispiece after a design by <span class='sc'>L. Alma Tadema</span>. +Etched by <span class='sc'>Leopold Lowenstam</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems.</span> With an Essay on his Poetry by +<span class='sc'>Andrew Lang</span>, and a Frontispiece by Linley Sambourne.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Shakspere’s Sonnets.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>Edward Dowden</span>. With a +Frontispiece etched by Leopold Lowenstam, after the Death Mask.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Odes.</span> Selected by <span class='sc'>Edmund Gosse</span>. With Frontispiece +on India paper by Hamo Thornycroft, A.R.A.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Of the Imitation of Christ.</span> By <span class='sc'>Thomas À Kempis</span>. A revised +Translation. With Frontispiece on India paper, from a Design by W. B. +Richmond.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Poems</span>: Selected from <span class='sc'>Percy Bysshe Shelley</span>. Dedicated to Lady +Shelley. With Preface by <span class='sc'>Richard Garnett</span> and a Miniature Frontispiece.</p> + +<p class='c048'>⁂ The above Volumes may also be had in a variety of leather bindings.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Poetical Works of John Milton.</span> 2 vols.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Letters and Journals of Jonathan Swift.</span> Selected and edited, +with a Commentary and Notes, by <span class='sc'>Stanley Lane Poole</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium Eater.</span> +Reprinted from the First Edition. Edited by <span class='sc'>Richard Garnett</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Gospel according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke.</span></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PARSLOE (Joseph)</i>—<span class='sc'>Our Railways.</span> Sketches, Historical and +Descriptive. With Practical Information as to Fares and Rates, &c., and a +Chapter on Railway Reform. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PASCAL (Blaise)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Thoughts of.</span> Translated from the Text of +<span class='sc'>Auguste Molinier</span> by <span class='sc'>C. Kegan Paul</span>. Large crown 8vo. with Frontispiece, +printed on hand-made paper, parchment antique, or cloth, 12<i>s.</i>; vellum, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PAUL (C. Kegan)</i>—<span class='sc'>Biographical Sketches.</span> Printed on hand-made +paper, bound in buckram. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PAUL (Alexander)</i>—<span class='sc'>Short Parliaments.</span> A History of the National +Demand for Frequent General Elections. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PEARSON (Rev. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Week-day Living.</span> A Book for Young Men +and Women. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PENRICE (Major J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Arabic and English Dictionary of the +Koran.</span> 4to. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PESCHEL (Dr. Oscar)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Races of Man and their Geographical +Distribution.</span> Second Edition, large crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PETERS (F. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle.</span> Translated +by. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PHIPSON (E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Animal Lore of Shakspeare’s Time.</span> Including +Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, and Insects. Large post 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PIDGEON (D.)</i>—<span class='sc'>An Engineer’s Holiday</span>; or, Notes of a Round +Trip from Long. 0° to 0°. New and Cheaper Edition. Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Old World Questions and New World Answers.</span> Large crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Plain Thoughts for Men.</span> Eight Lectures delivered at the Foresters’ +Hall, Clerkenwell, during the London Mission, 1884. Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; +paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>POE (Edgar Allan)</i>—<span class='sc'>Works of.</span> With an Introduction and a Memoir +by <span class='sc'>Richard Henry Stoddard</span>. In 6 vols. with Frontispieces and Vignettes. +Large crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> each vol.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PRICE (Prof. Bonamy)</i>—<span class='sc'>Chapters on Practical Political Economy.</span> +Being the Substance of Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford. +New and Cheaper Edition. Large post 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Prig’s Bede</span>: The Venerable Bede Expurgated, Expounded, and Exposed. +By the <span class='sc'>Prig</span>, Author of ‘The Life of a Prig.’ Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Pulpit Commentary (The).</span> Old Testament Series. Edited by the Rev. +<span class='sc'>J. S. Exell</span> and the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>H. D. M. Spence</span>.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Genesis.</span> By Rev. <span class='sc'>T. Whitelaw</span>, M.A. With Homilies by the Very +Rev. <span class='sc'>J. F. Montgomery</span>, D.D., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>R. A. Redford</span>, M.A., LL.B., +Rev. <span class='sc'>F. Hastings</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Roberts</span>, M.A.; an Introduction to the Study +of the Old Testament by the Venerable Archdeacon <span class='sc'>Farrar</span>, D.D., F.R.S.; +and Introductions to the Pentateuch by the Right Rev. <span class='sc'>H. Cotterill</span>, D.D., +and Rev. <span class='sc'>T. Whitelaw</span>, M.A. Eighth Edition. One vol. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Exodus.</span> By the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Rawlinson</span>. With Homilies by +Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Orr</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>D. Young</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>C. A. Goodhart</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Urquhart</span>, +and Rev. <span class='sc'>H. T. Robjohns</span>. Fourth Edition. Two vols. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Leviticus.</span> By the Rev. Prebendary <span class='sc'>Meyrick</span>, M.A. With Introductions +by Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Collins</span>, Rev. Professor <span class='sc'>A. Cave</span>, and Homilies by +Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Redford</span>, LL.B., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. A. Macdonald</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Clarkson</span>, +Rev. <span class='sc'>S. R. Aldridge</span>, LL.B., and Rev. <span class='sc'>Mccheyne Edgar</span>. Fourth +Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Numbers.</span> By the Rev <span class='sc'>R. Winterbotham</span>, LL.B. With Homilies by +the Rev. Professor <span class='sc'>W. Binnie</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>E. S. Prout</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>D. +Young</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Waite</span>; and an Introduction by the Rev. <span class='sc'>Thomas Whitelaw</span>, +M.A. Fifth Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Deuteronomy.</span> By Rev. <span class='sc'>W. L. Alexander</span>, D.D. With Homilies +by Rev. <span class='sc'>D. Davies</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>C. Clemance</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Orr</span>, B.D., +and Rev. <span class='sc'>R. M. Edgar</span>, M.A. Third Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Joshua.</span> By Rev. <span class='sc'>J. J. Lias</span>, M.A. With Homilies by Rev. <span class='sc'>S. R. +Aldridge</span>, LL.B., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Glover</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>E. De Pressensé</span>, D.D., +Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Waite</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>F. W. Adeney</span>, M.A.; and an Introduction by +the Rev. <span class='sc'>A. Plummer</span>, M.A. Fifth Edition. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Judges and Ruth.</span> By the Bishop of Bath and Wells and Rev. <span class='sc'>J. +Morison</span>, D.D. With Homilies by Rev. <span class='sc'>A. F. Muir</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>F. W. +Adeney</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. M. Statham</span>, and Rev. Professor <span class='sc'>J. Thomson</span>, +M.A. Fourth Edition, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>1 Samuel.</span> By the Very Rev. <span class='sc'>R. P. Smith</span>, D.D. With Homilies +by Rev. <span class='sc'>Donald Fraser</span>, D.D., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Chapman</span>, and Rev. <span class='sc'>B. Dale</span>. +Sixth Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>1 Kings.</span> By the Rev. <span class='sc'>Joseph Hammond</span>, LL.B. With Homilies +by the Rev. <span class='sc'>E. De Pressensé</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Waite</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>A. +Rowland</span>, LL.B., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. A. Macdonald</span>, and Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Urquhart</span>. +Fourth Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>1 Chronicles.</span> By the Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>P. C. Barker</span>, M.A., LL.B. +With Homilies by Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>J. R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Tuck</span>, B.A., +Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Clarkson</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>F. Whitfield</span>, M.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>Richard +Glover</span>. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther.</span> By Rev. <span class='sc'>Canon G. Rawlinson</span>, +M.A. With Homilies by Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>J. R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>R. A. +Redford</span>, LL.B., M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. S. Lewis</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. A. Macdonald</span>, +Rev. <span class='sc'>A. Mackennal</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Clarkson</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>F. Hastings</span>, +Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Dinwiddie</span>, LL.B., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Rowlands</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>G. Wood</span>, +B.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>P. C. Barker</span>, LL.B., M.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>J. S. Exell</span>, M.A. +Sixth Edition. One vol. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Jeremiah</span> (Vol. I.). By the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Cheyne</span>, D.D. With Homilies +by the Rev. <span class='sc'>F. W. Adeney</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>A. F. Muir</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>S. +Conway</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Waite</span>, B.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>D. Young</span>, B.A. Second +Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Jeremiah</span> (Vol. II.), <span class='sc'>and Lamentations</span>. By the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Cheyne</span>, +D.D. With Homilies by Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>J. R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. F. +Adeney</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>A. F. Muir</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>S. Conway</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>D. +Young</span>, B.A. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Pulpit Commentary (The).</span> New Testament Series.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>St. Mark.</span> By the Very Rev. <span class='sc'>E. Bickersteth</span>, D.D., Dean of +Lichfield. With Homilies by the Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. +<span class='sc'>Given</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>Johnson</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>A. Rowland</span>, LL.B., Rev. +<span class='sc'>A. Muir</span>, M.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Green</span>. Fourth Edition. 2 Vols. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Acts of the Apostles.</span> By the Bishop of <span class='sc'>Bath and Wells</span>. +With Homilies by Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>P. C. Barker</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>E. Johnson</span>, +M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>R. A. Redford</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Tuck</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. +Clarkson</span>, B.A. Second Edition. Two vols. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>I Corinthians.</span> By the Ven. Archdeacon <span class='sc'>Farrar</span>, D.D. With Homilies +by Rev. Ex-Chancellor <span class='sc'>Lipscomb</span>, LL.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>David Thomas</span>, D.D., +Rev. <span class='sc'>Donald Fraser</span>, D.D., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>J. R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. +Tuck</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>E. Hurndall</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Waite</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>H. +Bremner</span>, B.D. Second Edition. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>II Corinthians and Galatians.</span> By the Ven. Archdeacon +<span class='sc'>Farrar</span>, D.D., and Rev. Preb. <span class='sc'>E. Huxtable</span>. With Homilies by Rev. +Ex-Chancellor <span class='sc'>Lipscomb</span>, LL.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>David Thomas</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>Donald +Fraser</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Tuck</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>E. Hurndall</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. +<span class='sc'>J. R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Finlayson</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. F. Adeney</span>, +M.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. M. Edgar</span>, M.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>T. Croskerry</span>, D.D. Price 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians.</span> By the Rev. Prof. +<span class='sc'>W. G. Blaikie</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>B. C. Caffin</span>, M.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>G. G. Findlay</span>, +B.A. With Homilies by Rev. <span class='sc'>D. Thomas</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>R. M. Edgar</span>, M.A., +Rev. <span class='sc'>R. Finlayson</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>W. F. Adeney</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class='sc'>T. +Croskerry</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class='sc'>E. S. Prout</span>, M.A., Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Vernon Hutton</span>, +and Rev. <span class='sc'>U. R. Thomas</span>, D.D. Price 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Hebrews and James.</span> By the Rev. <span class='sc'>J. Barmby</span>, D.D., and Rev. +Prebendary <span class='sc'>E. C. S. Gibson</span>, M.A. With Homiletics by the Rev. <span class='sc'>C. Jerdan</span>, +M.A., LL.B., and Rev. Prebendary <span class='sc'>E. C. S. Gibson</span>. And Homilies by the +Rev. <span class='sc'>W. Jones</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>C. New</span>, Rev. <span class='sc'>D. Young</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class='sc'>J. S. Bright</span>, +Rev. <span class='sc'>T. F. Lockyer</span>, B.A., and Rev. <span class='sc'>C. Jerdan</span>, M.A., LL.B. Price 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PUNCHARD (E. G.) D.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Christ of Contention.</span> Three Essays. +Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PUSEY (Dr.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sermons for the Church’s Seasons from Advent +to Trinity.</span> Selected from the published Sermons of the late <span class='sc'>Edward +Bouverie Pusey</span>, D.D. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RADCLIFFE (Frank R. Y.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The New Politicus.</span> Small crown 8vo. +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RANKE (Leopold von)</i>—<span class='sc'>Universal History.</span> The Oldest Historical +Group of Nations and the Greeks. Edited by <span class='sc'>G. W. Prothero</span>. Demy 8vo. +16<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RENDELL (J. M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Concise Handbook of the Island of Madeira.</span> +With Plan of Funchal and Map of the Island. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>REYNOLDS (Rev. J. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Supernatural in Nature.</span> A +Verification by Free Use of Science. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. +Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Mystery of Miracles.</span> Third and Enlarged Edition. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Mystery of the Universe</span>: Our Common Faith. Demy +8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RIBOT (Prof. Th.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Heredity</span>: a Psychological Study on its Phenomena, +its Laws, its Causes, and its Consequences. Second Edition. Large crown +8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ROBERTSON (The late Rev. F. W.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Life and Letters of.</span> +Edited by the Rev. Stopford Brooke, M.A.</p> + +<p class='c048'>I. Two vols., uniform with the Sermons. With Steel Portrait. Crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c048'>II. Library Edition, in demy 8vo. with Portrait. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c048'>III. A Popular Edition, in 1 vol. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sermons.</span> Four Series. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Human Race</span>, and other Sermons. Preached at Cheltenham, +Oxford, and Brighton. New and Cheaper Edition. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Notes on Genesis.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. Small crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Expository Lectures on St. Paul’s Epistles to the Corinthians.</span> +A New Edition. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Lectures and Addresses</span>, with other Literary Remains. A New +Edition. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>An Analysis of Tennyson’s ‘In Memoriam.’</span> (Dedicated by +Permission to the Poet-Laureate.) Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Education of the Human Race.</span> Translated from the German +of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c049'> + <div>The above Works can also be had bound in half-morocco.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c048'>⁂A Portrait of the late Rev. F. W. Robertson, mounted for framing, can +be had, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ROMANES (G. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Mental Evolution in Animals.</span> With a Posthumous +Essay on Instinct, by <span class='sc'>Charles Darwin</span>, F.R.S. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ROSMINI SERBATI (A.) Founder of the Institute of Charity</i>—<span class='sc'>Life.</span> +By <span class='sc'>Father Lockhart</span>. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Rosmini’s Origin of Ideas.</span> Translated from the Fifth Italian Edition +of the Nuovo Saggio. <i>Sull’origine delle idee.</i> 3 vols. Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Rosmini’s Psychology.</span> 3 vols. Demy 8vo. [Vols. I. & II. now ready, +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.]</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RULE (Martin) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>The Life and Times of St. Anselm, Archbishop +of Canterbury and Primate of the Britains.</span> 2 vols. Demy +8vo. 32<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SAMUELL (Richard)</i>—<span class='sc'>Seven</span>, the Sacred Number. Its Use in +Scripture and its Application to Biblical Criticism, with a Chapter on the +Bible and Science. Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SAMUEL (Sydney M.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Jewish Life in the East.</span> Small crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SAYCE (Rev. Archibald Henry)</i>—<span class='sc'>Introduction to the Science of +Language.</span> 2 vols. Second Edition. Large post 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCOONES (W. Baptiste)</i>—<span class='sc'>Four Centuries of English Letters</span>: +A Selection of 350 Letters by 150 Writers, from the Period of the Paston +Letters to the Present Time. Third Edition. Large crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SÉE (Prof. Germain)</i>—<span class='sc'>Bacillary Phthisis of the Lungs.</span> Translated +and Edited for English Practitioners, by <span class='sc'>William Henry Weddell</span>, +M.R.C.S. Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SHAKSPEARE</i>—<span class='sc'>Works.</span> The Avon Edition, 12 vols. fcp. 8vo. cloth, +18<i>s.</i>; in cloth box, 21<i>s.</i>; bound in 6 vols., cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SHELLEY (Percy Bysshe)</i>—<span class='sc'>Life.</span> By <span class='sc'>Edward Dowden</span>, LL.D. +With Portraits and Illustrations, 2 vols., demy 8vo. 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SHILLITO (Rev. Joseph)</i>—<span class='sc'>Womanhood</span>: its Duties, Temptations, and +Privileges. A Book for Young Women. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SIDNEY (Algernon)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Review.</span> By <span class='sc'>Gertrude M. Ireland Blackburne</span>. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Sister Augustine</span>, Superior of the Sisters of Charity at the St. Johannis +Hospital at Bonn. Authorised Translation by <span class='sc'>Hans Tharau</span>, from the +German ‘Memorials of <span class='sc'>Amalie von Lasaulx</span>.’ Cheap Edition. Large +crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Skinner (James).</span> A Memoir. By the Author of ‘Charles Lowder.’ +With a Preface by the Rev. Canon <span class='sc'>Carter</span>, and Portrait. Large crown 8vo. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ Also a Cheap Edition, with Portrait. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SMEATON (Donald)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Karens of Burmah.</span> Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SMITH (Edward) M.D., LL.B., F.R.S.</i>—<span class='sc'>Tubercular Consumption +in its Early and Remediable Stages.</span> Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SMITH (Sir W. Cusack, Bart.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Our War Ships.</span> A Naval Essay. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Spanish Mystics.</span> By the Editor of ‘Many Voices.’ Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Specimens of English Prose Style from Malory to Macaulay.</span> +Selected and Annotated, with an Introductory Essay, by <span class='sc'>George Saintsbury</span>. +Large crown 8vo., printed on hand-made paper, parchment antique, or cloth, +12<i>s.</i>; vellum, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SPEDDING (James)</i>—<span class='sc'>Reviews and Discussions, Literary, Political, +and Historical not relating to Bacon.</span> Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Evenings with a Reviewer</span>; or, Bacon and Macaulay. With a +Prefatory Notice by <span class='sc'>G. S. Venables</span>, Q.C. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STAPFER (Paul)</i>—<span class='sc'>Shakspeare and Classical Antiquity</span>: Greek and +Latin Antiquity as presented in Shakspeare’s Plays. Translated by <span class='sc'>Emily J. +Carey</span>. Large post 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STATHAM (F. Reginald)</i>—<span class='sc'>Free Thought and True Thought.</span> A +Contribution to an Existing Argument. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Stray Papers on Education and Scenes from School Life.</span> By B. H. +Second Edition. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STREATFEILD (Rev. G. S.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Lincolnshire and the Danes.</span> +Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STRECKER-WISLICENUS</i>—<span class='sc'>Organic Chemistry.</span> Translated and +Edited, with Extensive Additions, by <span class='sc'>W. R. Hodgkinson</span>, Ph.D., and <span class='sc'>A. J. +Greenaway</span>, F.I.C. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Suakin, 1885</span>; being a Sketch of the Campaign of this Year. By an +Officer who was there. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SULLY (James) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Pessimism</span>: a History and a Criticism. Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Sunshine and Sea.</span> A Yachting Visit to the Channel Islands and +Coast of Brittany. With Frontispiece from a Photograph and 24 Illustrations. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SWEDENBORG (Eman.)</i>—<span class='sc'>De Cultu et Amore Dei, ubi Agitur de +Telluris ortu, Paradiso et Vivario, tum de Primogeniti seu Adami +Nativitate, Infantia, et Amore.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>On the Worship and Love of God.</span> Treating of the Birth of the +Earth, Paradise, and the Abode of Living Creatures. Translated from the +original Latin. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Prodromus Philosophiæ Ratiocinantis de Infinito, et Causa +Finali Creationis</span>; deque Mechanismo Operationis Animæ et Corporis. +Edidit <span class='sc'>Thomas Murray Gorman</span>, M.A. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Tacitus’ Agricola</span>: A Translation. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TARRING (Charles James) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Practical Elementary Turkish +Grammar.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Rev. Isaac)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Alphabet.</span> An Account of the Origin +and Development of Letters. With numerous Tables and Facsimiles. 2 vols. +Demy 8vo. 36<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Jeremy)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Marriage Ring.</span> With Preface, Notes, and +Appendices. Edited by <span class='sc'>Francis Burdett Money Coutts</span>. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Sedley)</i>—<span class='sc'>Profit Sharing between Capital and Labour.</span> +To which is added a Memorandum on the Industrial Partnership at the Whitwood +Collieries, by <span class='sc'>Archibald</span> and <span class='sc'>Henry Briggs</span>, with Remarks by <span class='sc'>Sedley +Taylor</span>. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>‘<span class='sc'>They Might Have Been Together Till the Last.</span>’ An Essay +on Marriage, and the Position of Women in England. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>THOM (John Hamilton)</i>—<span class='sc'>Laws of Life after the Mind of Christ.</span> +Two Series. Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>THOMPSON (Sir H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Diet in Relation to Age and Activity.</span> +Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TIDMAN (Paul F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Gold and Silver Money.</span> Part I.—A Plain +Statement. Part II.—Objections Answered. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. +1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TIPPLE (Rev. S. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sunday Mornings at Norwood.</span> Prayers +and Sermons. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TODHUNTER (Dr. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Study of Shelley.</span> Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TOLSTOI (Count Leo)</i>—<span class='sc'>Christ’s Christianity.</span> Translated from the +Russian. Large crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TRANT (William)</i>—<span class='sc'>Trade Unions</span>: Their Origin and Objects, Influence +and Efficacy. Small crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; paper covers, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TREMENHEERE (H. Seymour) C.B.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Manual of the Principles +of Government as set forth by the Authorities of Ancient +and Modern Times.</span> New and enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> +Cheap Edition, 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TRENCH (The late R. C., Archbishop)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sermons New and Old.</span> +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Notes on the Parables of Our Lord.</span> Fourteenth Edition. +8vo. 12<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Notes on the Miracles of Our Lord.</span> Twelfth Edition. +8vo. 12<i>s.</i>; Popular Edition, crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Studies in the Gospels.</span> Fifth Edition, Revised. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Brief Thoughts and Meditations on Some Passages in Holy +Scripture</span>. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Synonyms of the New Testament.</span> Tenth Edition, Enlarged. +8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>On the Authorised Version of the New Testament.</span> Second +Edition. 8vo. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Commentary on the Epistle to the Seven Churches in Asia.</span> +Fourth Edition, Revised. 8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Sermon on the Mount.</span> An Exposition drawn from the +Writings of St. Augustine, with an Essay on his Merits as an Interpreter of +Holy Scripture. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Shipwrecks of Faith.</span> Three Sermons preached before the University +of Cambridge in May 1867. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Lectures on Mediæval Church History.</span> Being the Substance +of Lectures delivered at Queen’s College, London. Second Edition. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English, Past and Present.</span> Thirteenth Edition, Revised and +Improved. Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>On the Study of Words.</span> Nineteenth Edition, Revised. Fcp. +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Select Glossary of English Words Used Formerly in Senses +Different from the Present.</span> Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. +Fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Proverbs and Their Lessons.</span> Seventh Edition, Enlarged. Fcp. +8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Collected and Arranged Anew. Ninth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Library Edition. 2 vols. Small crown 8vo. 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sacred Latin Poetry.</span> Chiefly Lyrical, Selected and Arranged +for Use. Third Edition, Corrected and Improved. Fcp. 8vo. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Household Book of English Poetry.</span> Selected and Arranged, +with Notes. Fourth Edition, Revised. Extra fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>An Essay on the Life and Genius of Calderon.</span> With Translations +from his ‘Life’s a Dream’ and ‘Great Theatre of the World.’ Second +Edition, Revised and Improved. Extra fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, and other Lectures on the +Thirty Years’ War.</span> Second Edition, Enlarged. Fcp. 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Plutarch: his Life, his Lives, and his Morals.</span> Second Edition, +Enlarged. Fcap. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Remains of the Late Mrs. Richard Trench.</span> Being Selections +from her Journals, Letters, and other Papers. New and Cheaper Issue. With +Portrait. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TUKE (Daniel Hack) M.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Chapters in the History of the Insane +in the British Isles.</span> With Four Illustrations. Large crown 8vo. +12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TWINING (Louisa)</i>—<span class='sc'>Workhouse Visiting and Management during +Twenty-five Years.</span> Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TYLER (J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Mystery of Being; or, What Do We Know?</span> +Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>VAUGHAN (H. Halford)</i>—<span class='sc'>New Readings and Renderings of +Shakespeare’s Tragedies.</span> 3 vols. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>VILLARI (Professor)</i>—<span class='sc'>Niccolò Machiavelli and his Times.</span> Translated +by Linda Villari. 4 vols. Large crown 8vo. 48<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>VILLIERS (The Right Hon. C. P.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Free Trade Speeches of.</span> With +Political Memoir. Edited by a Member of the Cobden Club. 2 vols. With +Portrait. Demy 8vo. 25<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>⁂ Also a People’s Edition, in 1 vol. crown 8vo. limp 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>VOGT (Lieut.-Col. Hermann)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Egyptian War of 1882.</span> A Translation. +With Map and Plans. Large crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>VOLCKXSOM (E. W. v.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Catechism of Elementary Modern +Chemistry.</span> Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WALLER (Rev. C. B.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Apocalypse</span>, reviewed under the Light of +the Doctrine of the Unfolding Ages, and the Restitution of All Things. Demy +8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WALPOLE (Chas. George)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Short History of Ireland from the +Earliest Times to the Union with Great Britain.</span> With 5 Maps and +Appendices. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WARD (William George) Ph.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Essays on the Philosophy of +Theism.</span> Edited, with an Introduction, by <span class='sc'>Wilfrid Ward</span>. 2 vols, demy +8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WARD (Wilfrid)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Wish to Believe</span>: A Discussion concerning +the Temper of Mind in which a reasonable Man should undertake Religious +Inquiry. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WARTER (J. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>An Old Shropshire Oak.</span> 2 vols, demy 8vo. 28<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WEDDERBURN (Sir David) Bart, M.P.</i>—<span class='sc'>Life of.</span> Compiled from +his Journals and Writings by his Sister, Mrs. <span class='sc'>E. H. Percival</span>. With etched +Portrait, and facsimiles of Pencil Sketches. Demy 8vo. 14<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WEDMORE (Frederick)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Masters of Genre Painting.</span> With +Sixteen Illustrations. Post 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WHITE (H. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Reform of the Church Establishment.</span> The +Nation’s Rights and Needs. Crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WHITNEY (Prof. William Dwight)</i>—<span class='sc'>Essentials of English Grammar</span>, +for the Use of Schools. Second Edition, crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WHITWORTH (George Clifford)</i>—<span class='sc'>An Anglo-Indian Dictionary</span>: +a Glossary of Indian Terms used in English, and of such English or other Non-Indian +Terms as have obtained special meanings in India. Demy 8vo. cloth, 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WILLIAMS (Rowland) D.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Psalms, Litanies, Counsels, and +Collects for Devout Persons.</span> Edited by his Widow. New and Popular +Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Stray Thoughts Collected from the Writings of the late +Rowland Williams, D.D.</span> Edited by his Widow. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WILSON (Lieut.-Col. C. T.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Duke of Berwick, Marshal of +France, 1702–1734.</span> Demy 8vo. 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WILSON (Mrs. R. F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Christian Brothers: their Origin +and Work.</span> With a Sketch of the Life of their Founder, the Ven. Jean +Baptiste, de la Salle. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WOLTMANN (Dr. Alfred), and WOERMANN (Dr. Karl)</i>—<span class='sc'>History +of Painting.</span> Vol. I. Ancient, Early, Christian, and Mediæval +Painting. With numerous Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo. 28<i>s.</i>; bevelled +boards, gilt leaves, 30<i>s.</i> Vol. II. The Painting of the Renascence. Cloth, +42<i>s.</i>; cloth extra, bevelled boards, 45<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>YOUMANS (Eliza A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>First Book of Botany.</span> Designed to cultivate +the Observing Powers of Children. With 300 Engravings. New and Cheaper +Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>YOUMANS (Edward L.) M.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Class Book of Chemistry</span>, on the +Basis of the New System. With 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>Y. Z.</i>—<span class='sc'>Parochial Parleys on the Athanasian Creed, The Inspiration +of the Bible, Scientific Heresies, and other kindred subjects.</span> +Between the Rev. Hugh Hierous, M.A., M.C.U., and his Parishioner, +Theophilos Truman. Edited by Y. Z. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c050'> + <div>THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c046'>I. <span class='sc'>Forms of Water</span>: a Familiar Exposition +of the Origin and Phenomena of +Glaciers. By J. Tyndall, LL.D., +F.R.S. With 25 Illustrations. +Ninth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>II. <span class='sc'>Physics and Politics</span>; or, Thoughts +on the Application of the Principles +of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Inheritance’ +to Political Society. By Walter +Bagehot. Seventh Edition. Crown +8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>III. <span class='sc'>Foods.</span> By Edward Smith, M.D., +LL.B., F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. +Ninth Edition. Crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>IV. <span class='sc'>Mind and Body</span>: the Theories of +their Relation. By Alexander Bain, +LL.D. With Four Illustrations. +Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>V. <span class='sc'>The Study of Sociology.</span> By Herbert +Spencer. Twelfth Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>VI. <span class='sc'>On the Conservation of Energy.</span> +By Balfour Stewart, M.A., LL.D., +F.R.S. With 14 Illustrations. Sixth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>VII. <span class='sc'>Animal Locomotion</span>; or, Walking, +Swimming, and Flying. By J. B. +Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., &c. With +130 Illustrations. Third Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>VIII. <span class='sc'>Responsibility in Mental +Disease.</span> By Henry Maudsley, M.D. +Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>IX. <span class='sc'>The New Chemistry.</span> By Professor +J. P. Cooke. With 31 Illustrations. +Eighth Edition, remodelled and enlarged. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>X. <span class='sc'>The Science of Law.</span> By Professor +Sheldon Amos. Sixth Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XI. <span class='sc'>Animal Mechanism</span>: a Treatise on +Terrestrial and Aërial Locomotion. +By Professor E. J. Marey. With 117 +Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XII. <span class='sc'>The Doctrine of Descent and +Darwinism.</span> By Professor Oscar +Schmidt. With 26 Illustrations. Sixth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XIII. <span class='sc'>The History of the Conflict +between Religion and Science.</span> +By J. W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. +Nineteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XIV. <span class='sc'>Fungi</span>: their Nature, Influences, +Uses, &c. By M. C. Cooke, M.D., +LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. +Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. With numerous +Illustrations. Third Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XV. <span class='sc'>The Chemical Effects of Light +and Photography.</span> By Dr. Hermann +Vogel. Translation thoroughly +revised. With 100 Illustrations. Fourth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XVI. <span class='sc'>The Life and Growth of Language.</span> +By Professor William Dwight +Whitney. Fifth Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XVII. <span class='sc'>Money and the Mechanism of +Exchange.</span> By W. Stanley Jevons, +M.A., F.R.S. Seventh Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XVIII. <span class='sc'>The Nature of Light.</span> With +a General Account of Physical Optics. +By Dr. Eugene Lommel. With 188 +Illustrations and a Table of Spectra +in Chromo-lithography. Fourth Edit. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XIX. <span class='sc'>Animal Parasites and Messmates.</span> +By P. J. Van Beneden. +With 83 Illustrations. Third Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XX. <span class='sc'>Fermentation.</span> By Professor +Schützenberger. With 28 Illustrations. +Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXI. <span class='sc'>The Five Senses of Man.</span> By +Professor Bernstein. With 91 Illustrations. +Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXII. <span class='sc'>The Theory of Sound in its +Relation to Music.</span> By Professor +Pietro Blaserna. With numerous Illustrations. +Third Edition. Crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXIII. <span class='sc'>Studies in Spectrum Analysis.</span> +By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S. +Fourth Edition. With six Photographic +Illustrations of Spectra, and numerous +Engravings on Wood. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXIV. <span class='sc'>A History of the Growth of +the Steam Engine.</span> By Professor +R. H. Thurston. With numerous +Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXV. <span class='sc'>Education as a Science.</span> By +Alexander Bain, LL.D. Sixth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXVI. <span class='sc'>The Human Species.</span> By Prof. +A. De Quatrefages. Third Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXVII. <span class='sc'>Modern Chromatics.</span> With +Applications to Art and Industry. By +Ogden N. Rood. With 130 original +Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXVIII. <span class='sc'>The Crayfish</span>: an Introduction +to the Study of Zoology. By +Professor T. H. Huxley. With 82 +Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXIX. <span class='sc'>The Brain as an Organ of +Mind.</span> By H. Charlton Bastian, +M.D. With numerous Illustrations. +Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXX. <span class='sc'>The Atomic Theory.</span> By Prof. +Wurtz. Translated by G. Cleminshaw, +F.C.S. Fourth Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXI. <span class='sc'>The Natural Conditions of +Existence as they affect Animal +Life.</span> By Karl Semper. With 2 Maps +and 106 Woodcuts. Third Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXII. <span class='sc'>General Physiology of +Muscles and Nerves.</span> By Prof. J. +Rosenthal. Third Edition. With +Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXIII. <span class='sc'>Sight</span>: an Exposition of the +Principles of Monocular and Binocular +Vision. By Joseph Le Conte, LL.D. +Second Edition. With 132 Illustrations. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXIV. <span class='sc'>Illusions</span>: a Psychological +Study. By James Sully. Second +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXV. <span class='sc'>Volcanoes: what they are +and what they teach.</span> By +Professor J. W. Judd, F.R.S. With +92 Illustrations on Wood. Third +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXVI. <span class='sc'>Suicide</span>: an Essay on Comparative +Moral Statistics. By Prof. +H. Morselli. Second Edition. With +Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXVII. <span class='sc'>The Brain and its Functions.</span> +By J. Luys. Second Edition. +With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXVIII. <span class='sc'>Myth and Science</span>: an +Essay. By Tito Vignoli. Second +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XXXIX. <span class='sc'>The Sun.</span> By Professor Young. +With Illustrations. Second Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XL. <span class='sc'>Ants, Bees, and Wasps</span>: a Record +of Observations on the Habits of the +Social Hymenoptera. By Sir John +Lubbock, Bart., M.P. With 5 Chromolithographic +Illustrations. Eighth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLI. <span class='sc'>Animal Intelligence.</span> By G. J. +Romanes, LL.D., F.R.S. Fourth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLII. <span class='sc'>The Concepts and Theories of +Modern Physics.</span> By J. B. Stallo. +Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLIII. <span class='sc'>Diseases of Memory</span>: an Essay +in the Positive Pyschology. By Prof. +Th. Ribot. Third Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLIV. <span class='sc'>Man before Metals.</span> By N. +Joly. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLV. <span class='sc'>The Science of Politics.</span> By +Prof. Sheldon Amos. Third Edit. +Crown. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLVI. <span class='sc'>Elementary Meteorology.</span> +By Robert H. Scott. Third Edition. +With numerous Illustrations. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLVII. <span class='sc'>The Organs of Speech and +their Application in the Formation +of Articulate Sounds.</span> +By Georg Hermann von Meyer. +With 47 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLVIII. <span class='sc'>Fallacies</span>: a View of Logic +from the Practical Side. By Alfred +Sidgwick. Second Edition. Crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>XLIX. <span class='sc'>Origin of Cultivated Plants.</span> +By Alphonse de Candolle. Crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>L. <span class='sc'>Jelly Fish, Star Fish, and Sea +Urchins.</span> Being a Research on +Primitive Nervous Systems. By +G. J. Romanes. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LI. <span class='sc'>The Common Sense of the Exact +Sciences.</span> By the late William Kingdon +Clifford. Second Edition. With +100 Figures. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LII. <span class='sc'>Physical Expression: Its Modes +and Principles.</span> By Francis Warner, +M.D., F.R.C.P. With 50 Illustrations. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LIII. <span class='sc'>Anthropoid Apes.</span> By Robert +Hartmann. With 63 Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LIV. <span class='sc'>The Mammalia in their Relation +to Primeval Times.</span> By +Oscar Schmidt. With 51 Woodcuts. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LV. <span class='sc'>Comparative Literature.</span> By H. +Macaulay Posnett, LL.D. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LVI. <span class='sc'>Earthquakes and other Earth +Movements.</span> By Prof. John Milne. +With 38 Figures. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'>LVII. <span class='sc'>Microbes, Ferments, and +Moulds.</span> By E. L. Trouessart. +With 107 Illustrations. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c050'> + <div><span class='large'>MILITARY WORKS.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c046'><i>BARRINGTON (Capt. J. T.)</i>—<span class='sc'>England +on the Defensive</span>; or, the Problem +of Invasion Critically Examined. +Large crown 8vo. with Map, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRACKENBURY (Col. C. B.) R.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Military +Handbooks for Regimental +Officers</span>:</p> + +<p class='c047'>I. <span class='sc'>Military Sketching and Reconnaissance.</span> +By Colonel F. J. +Hutchison and Major H. G. MacGregor. +Fourth Edition. With 15 +Plates. Small crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>II. <span class='sc'>The Elements of Modern +Tactics Practically applied to +English Formations.</span> By Lieut.-Col. +Wilkinson Shaw. Fifth Edit. +With 25 Plates and Maps. Small +crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>III. <span class='sc'>Field Artillery</span>: its Equipment, +Organisation, and Tactics. By +Major Sisson C. Pratt, R.A. With +12 Plates. Second Edition. Small +crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>IV. <span class='sc'>The Elements of Military +Administration.</span> First Part: Permanent +System of Administration. +By Major J. W. Buxton. Small +crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>V. <span class='sc'>Military Law</span>: its Procedure and +Practice. By Major Sisson C. Pratt, +R.A. Second Edition. Small crown +8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>VI. <span class='sc'>Cavalry in Modern War.</span> By +Col. F. Chenevix Trench. Small +crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>VII. <span class='sc'>Field Works.</span> Their Technical +Construction and Tactical Application. +By the Editor, Col. C. B. +Brackenbury, R.A. Small crown 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRENT (Brig.-Gen. J. L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Mobilizable +Fortifications and their +Controlling Influence in War.</span> +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BROOKE (Major C. K.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A System of +Field Training.</span> Small crown 8vo. +2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLERY (C.) Lieut.-Col.</i>—<span class='sc'>Minor Tactics.</span> +With 26 Maps and Plans. +Sixth and cheaper Edition, revised. +Crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COLVILE (Lieut.-Col. C. F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Military +Tribunals.</span> Sewed, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CRAUFURD (Capt. H. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Suggestions +for the Military Training +of a Company of Infantry.</span> +Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HAMILTON (Capt. Ian) A.D.C.</i>—<span class='sc'>The +Fighting of the Future.</span> 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HARRISON (Lieut.-Col. R.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The +Officer’s Memorandum Book for +Peace and War.</span> Third Edition. +Oblong 32mo. roan, with pencil, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Notes on Cavalry Tactics, Organisation</span>, +&c. By a Cavalry Officer. +With Diagrams. Demy 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PARR (Capt. H. Hallam) C.M.G.</i>—<span class='sc'>The +Dress, Horses, and Equipment of +Infantry and Staff Officers.</span> +Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCHAW (Col. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Defence and +Attack of Positions and Localities.</span> +Third Edition, revised and +corrected. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STONE (Capt. F. Gleadowe) R.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Tactical +Studies from the Franco-German +War of 1870–71.</span> With +22 Lithographic Sketches and Maps. +Demy 8vo. 30<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>The Campaign of Fredericksburg</span>, +November to December, 1862: a +Study for Officers of Volunteers. By +a Line Officer. Crown 8vo. With +Five Maps and Plans.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WILKINSON (H. Spenser) Capt. 20th +Lancashire R.V.</i>—<span class='sc'>Citizen Soldiers.</span> +Essays towards the Improvement of +the Volunteer Force. Crown 8vo. +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c050'> + <div><span class='large'>POETRY.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c046'><i>ADAM OF ST. VICTOR</i>—<span class='sc'>The Liturgical +Poetry of Adam of St. +Victor.</span> From the text of Gautier. +With Translations into English in the +Original Metres, and Short Explanatory +Notes. By Digby S. Wrangham, +M.A. 3 vols. Crown 8vo. printed on +hand-made paper, boards, 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>AUCHMUTY (A. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems of English +Heroism</span>: From Brunanburgh +to Lucknow; from Athelstan to Albert. +Small crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BARNES (William)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems of Rural +Life, in the Dorset Dialect.</span> +New Edition, complete in one vol. +Crown 8vo. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BAYNES (Rev. Canon H. R.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Home +Songs for Quiet Hours.</span> Fourth +and cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BEVINGTON (L. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Key Notes.</span> +Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BLUNT (Wilfrid Scawen)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Wind +and the Whirlwind.</span> Demy 8vo. +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Love Sonnets of Proteus.</span> Fifth +Edition. 18mo. cloth extra, gilt top, +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BOWEN (H. C.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Simple English +Poems.</span> English Literature for +Junior Classes. In Four Parts. Parts +I. II. and III. 6<i>d.</i> each, and +Part IV. 1<i>s.</i>, complete 3<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BRYANT (W. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Cheap +Edition, with Frontispiece. Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Calderon’s Dramas</span>: the Wonderworking +Magician—Life is a Dream—the +Purgatory of St. Patrick. Translated +by Denis Florence MacCarthy. +Post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Camoens Lusiads.</span> Portuguese Text +with English Translation, by <span class='sc'>J. J. +Aubertin</span>. Second Edition. 2 vols. +Crown 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CAMPBELL (Lewis)</i>—<span class='sc'>Sophocles.</span> The +Seven Plays in English Verse. Crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CERVANTES.</i>—<span class='sc'>Journey to Parnassus.</span> +Spanish Text, with Translation +into English Tercets, Preface, +and Illustrative Notes, by <span class='sc'>James Y. +Gibson</span>. Crown 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Numantia</span>; a Tragedy. Translated +from the Spanish, with Introduction +and Notes, by <span class='sc'>James Y. Gibson</span>. +Crown 8vo., printed on hand-made +paper, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CHAVANNES (Mary Charlotte)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Few +Translations from Victor Hugo, +and other Poets</span>. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CHRISTIE (A. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The End of Man.</span> +With 4 Autotype Illustrations. 4to. +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CLARKE (Mary Cowden)</i>—<span class='sc'>Honey from +the Weed.</span> Verses. Crown 8vo. +7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COCKLE (Mrs. Moss)</i>—<span class='sc'>Fantasias.</span> +Small cr. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COXHEAD (Ethel)</i>—<span class='sc'>Birds and Babies.</span> +Imp. 16mo. With 33 Illustrations. +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DANTE</i>—<span class='sc'>The Divina Commedia of +Dante Alighieri.</span> Translated, line +for line, in the ‘Terza Rima’ of the +original, with Notes, by <span class='sc'>Frederick +K. H. Haselfoot</span>, M.A. Demy 8vo.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DE BERANGER.</i>—<span class='sc'>A Selection from +his Songs.</span> In English Verse. By +<span class='sc'>William Toynbee</span>. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DENNIS (J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>English Sonnets.</span> +Collected and Arranged by. Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DENT (Mrs. William)</i>—<span class='sc'>Ceylon</span>: a +Descriptive Poem, with Notes. Small +crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DERRY and RAPHOE (William Alexander) +Bishop of, D.D., D.C.L.</i>—<span class='sc'>St. +Augustine’s Holiday</span>, and +other Poems. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DE VERE (Aubrey)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poetical Works</span>:</p> + +<p class='c047'>I. <span class='sc'>The Search after Proserpine</span>, +&c. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>II. <span class='sc'>The Legends of St. Patrick</span>, +&c. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>III. <span class='sc'>Alexander the Great</span>, &c. +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Foray of Queen Meave</span>, and +other Legends of Ireland’s Heroic +Age. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Legends of the Saxon Saints.</span> +Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DILLON (Arthur)</i>—<span class='sc'>River Songs</span> and +other Poems. With 13 Autotype +Illustrations from designs by Margery +May. Fcp. 4to. cloth extra, gilt +leaves, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DOBSON (Austin)</i>—<span class='sc'>Old World Idylls</span>, +and other Verses. Sixth Edition. +18mo. cloth extra, gilt tops, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>At the Sign of the Lyre.</span> Fourth +Edition. Elzevir 8vo., gilt top, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DOMETT (Alfred)</i>—<span class='sc'>Ranolf and Amohia</span>: +a Dream of Two Lives. New +Edition revised. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. +12<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Dorothy</span>: a Country Story in Elegiac +Verse. With Preface. Demy 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DOWDEN (Edward) LL.D.</i>—<span class='sc'>Shakspere’s +Sonnets.</span> With Introduction +and Notes. Large post 8vo. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Dulce Cor</span>: being the Poems of Ford +Berêton. With Two Illustrations. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DUTT (Toru)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Sheaf Gleaned in +French Fields.</span> New Edition. +Demy 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Ancient Ballads and Legends of +Hindustan.</span> With an Introductory +Memoir by <span class='sc'>Edmund Gosse</span>. Second +Edition. 18mo. Cloth extra, gilt top, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EDWARDS (Miss Betham)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> +Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ELDRYTH (Maud)</i>—<span class='sc'>Margaret</span>, and +other Poems. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>All Souls’ Eve</span>, ‘<span class='sc'>No God</span>,’ and other +Poems. Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ELLIOTT (Ebenezer), The Corn Law +Rhymer</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Edited by his Son, +the Rev. Edwin Elliott, of St. John’s, +Antigua. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>English Verse.</span> Edited by <span class='sc'>W. J. Linton</span> +and <span class='sc'>R. H. Stoddard</span>. In 5 +vols. Crown 8vo. each 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'>1. <span class='sc'>Chaucer to Burns.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'>2. <span class='sc'>Translations.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'>3. <span class='sc'>Lyrics of the Nineteenth Century.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'>4. <span class='sc'>Dramatic Scenes and Characters.</span></p> + +<p class='c047'>5. <span class='sc'>Ballads and Romances.</span></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EVANS (Anne)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems and Music.</span> +With Memorial Preface by <span class='sc'>Ann +Thackeray Ritchie</span>. Large crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>FOSKETT (Edward)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOODCHILD (John A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Somnia +Medici.</span> Small crown 8vo. Two +Series, 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GOSSE (Edmund W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>New Poems.</span> +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Firdausi in Exile</span>, and other Poems. +Elzevir 8vo. gilt top, 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GRINDROD (Charles)</i>—<span class='sc'>Plays from +English History.</span> Crown 8vo. +7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Stranger’s Story</span> and his Poem, +<span class='sc'>The Lament of Love</span>: An Episode +of the Malvern Hills. Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GURNEY (Rev. Alfred)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Vision of +the Eucharist</span>, and other Poems. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Christmas Faggot.</span> Small crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HEYWOOD (J.C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Herodias.</span> A +Dramatic Poem. New Edition revised. +Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Antonius.</span> A Dramatic Poem. New +Edition, Revised. Small crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HICKEY (E. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Sculptor</span>, and +other Poems. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HOLE (W. G.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Procris</span>, and other +Poems. Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KEATS (John)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poetical Works.</span> +Edited by <span class='sc'>W. T. Arnold</span>. Large +crown 8vo. choicely printed on hand-made +paper, with Portrait in <i>eau forte</i>. +Parchment, or cloth, 12<i>s.</i>; vellum, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KING (Mrs. Hamilton)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Disciples.</span> +Eighth Edition, with Portrait and +Notes. Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Book of Dreams.</span> Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KNOX (The Hon. Mrs. O. N.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Four +Pictures from a Life</span>, and other +Poems. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Kosmos</span>; or, The Hope of the World. +Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LANG (A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>XXXII Ballades in Blue +China.</span> Elzevir 8vo. parchment, or +cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Rhymes à la Mode.</span> With Frontispiece +by E. A. Abbey. Elzevir 8vo. +cloth extra, gilt top, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LASCELLES (John)</i>—<span class='sc'>Golden Fetters</span>, +and other Poems. Small crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LAWSON (Right Hon. Mr. Justice)</i>—<span class='sc'>Hymni +Usitati Latine Redditi</span>, +with other Verses. Small 8vo. parchment, +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Lessing’s Nathan the Wise.</span> Translated +by Eustace K. Corbett. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Living English Poets. mdccclxxxii.</span> +With Frontispiece by Walter Crane. +Second Edition. Large crown 8vo. +printed on hand-made paper. Parchment, +or cloth, 12<i>s.</i>; vellum, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LOCKER (F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>London Lyrics.</span> New +Edition, with Portrait. 18mo. cloth +extra, gilt tops, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Love in Idleness.</span> A Volume of Poems. +With an etching by W. B. Scott. +Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Love Sonnets of Proteus.</span> With +Frontispiece by the Author. Elzevir +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LUMSDEN (Lieut.-Col. H. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Beowulf</span>: +an Old English Poem. +Translated into Modern Rhymes. +Second and revised Edition. Small +crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LYSAGHT (Sidney Royse)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Modern +Ideal.</span> A Dramatic Poem. Small +crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAGNUSSON (Eirikr) M.A., and +PALMER (E. H.) M.A.</i>—<span class='sc'>Johan +Ludvig Runeberg’s Lyrical Songs, +Idylls, and Epigrams.</span> Fcp. 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAKCLOUD (Even)</i>—<span class='sc'>Ballads of the +Western Highlands and Islands +of Scotland.</span> Small crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MCNAUGHTON (J. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Onnalinda.</span> +A Romance. Small crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>M.D.C.</i>—<span class='sc'>Passages from some Journals</span>, +and other Poems. Small crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>M.D.C.</i>—<span class='sc'>Three Lyrical Dramas</span>: +Sintram, The Friends of Syracuse, +The Lady of Kynast. Small crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Kaleefeh and the Wag</span>; or, +the Quintuple Deceit. An Extravaganza +in Two Acts. Crown 8vo. 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Chronicles of Christopher Columbus</span>: +a Poem in Twelve Cantos. +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MEREDITH (Owen)</i> [<i>The Earl of +Lytton</i>] <span class='sc'>Lucile.</span> New Edition. With +32 Illustrations. 16mo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth +extra, gilt edges, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORRIS (Lewis)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poetical Works.</span> +New and Cheaper Editions, with Portrait, +complete in 3 vols. 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> + +<p class='c047'>Vol. I. contains Songs of Two Worlds. +Eleventh Edition.</p> + +<p class='c047'>Vol. II. contains The Epic of Hades. +Twentieth Edition.</p> + +<p class='c047'>Vol. III. contains Gwen and the Ode of +Life. Sixth Edition.</p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Epic of Hades.</span> With 16 Autotype +Illustrations after the drawings by +the late George R. Chapman. 4to. +cloth extra, gilt leaves, 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Epic of Hades.</span> Presentation +Edition. 4to. cloth extra, gilt leaves, +10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Songs Unsung.</span> Fifth Edition. Fcp. +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Gycia</span>: a Tragedy in Five Acts. Fcp. +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Lewis Morris Birthday Book.</span> +Edited by S. S. Copeman. With +Frontispiece after a design by the late +George R. Chapman. 32mo. cloth +extra, gilt edges, 2<i>s.</i>; cloth limp, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MORSHEAD (E. D. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The House +Atreus.</span> Being the Agamemnon, +Libation-Bearers, and Furies of Æschylus. +Translated into English Verse. +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Suppliant Maidens of Æschylus.</span> +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MOZLEY (J. Rickards).</i>—<span class='sc'>The Romance +of Dennell.</span> A Poem in Five Cantos. +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MULHOLLAND (Rosa)</i>—<span class='sc'>Vagrant +Verses.</span> Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>NOEL (The Hon. Roden)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Little +Child’s Monument.</span> Third +Edition. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Red Flag</span>, and other Poems. +New Edition. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The House of Ravensburg.</span> New +Edition. Small crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Songs of the Heights and Deeps.</span> +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>OBBARD (Constance Mary)</i>—<span class='sc'>Burley +Bells.</span> Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>O’HAGAN (John)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Song of +Roland.</span> Translated into English +Verse. New and Cheaper Edition. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PFEIFFER (Emily)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Rhyme of +the Lady of the Rock and How +it Grew.</span> Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Gerard’s Monument</span>, and other Poems. +Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Under the Aspens</span>: Lyrical and +Dramatic. With Portrait. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PIATT (J. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Idyls and Lyrics of +the Ohio Valley.</span> Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PIATT (Sarah M. B.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Voyage to +the Fortunate Isles</span>, and other +Poems. 1 vol. Small crown 8vo. +gilt top, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>In Primrose Time.</span> A New Irish +Garland. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PREVOST (Francis)</i>—<span class='sc'>Melilot.</span> Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Rare Poems of the 16th and 17th +Centuries.</span> Edited by W. J. Linton. +Crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>RHOADES (James)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Georgics of +Virgil.</span> Translated into English +Verse. Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ROBINSON (A. Mary F.)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Handful +of Honeysuckle.</span> Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Crowned Hippolytus.</span> Translated +from Euripides. With New +Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>ROUS (Lieut.-Col.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Conradin.</span> Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCHILLER (Friedrich)</i>—<span class='sc'>Wallenstein.</span> +A Drama. Done in English Verse, +by <span class='sc'>J. A. W. Hunter</span>, M.A. Crown +8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCHWARTZ (J. M. W.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Nivalis</span>: +a Tragedy in Five Acts. Crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCOTT (E. J. L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Eclogues of +Virgil.</span> Translated into English +Verse. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SCOTT (George F. E.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Theodora</span>, and +other Poems. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SEYMOUR (F. H. A.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Rienzi.</span> A +Play in Five Acts. Small crown 8vo. +5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Shakspere’s Works.</span> The Avon Edition, +12 vols. fcp. 8vo. cloth, 18<i>s.</i>; and +in box, 21<i>s.</i>; bound in 6 vols. +cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SHERBROOKE (Viscount)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems of +a Life.</span> Second Edition. Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SMITH (J. W. Gilbart)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Loves of +Vandyck</span>: a Tale of Genoa. Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Log o’ the ‘Norseman,’</span> Small +crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Songs of Coming Day.</span> Small crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Sophocles</span>: The Seven Plays in English +Verse. Translated by Lewis Campbell. +Crown 8vo. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SPICER (Henry)</i>—<span class='sc'>Haska</span>: a Drama in +Three Acts (as represented at the +Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, March +10th, 1877). Third Edition, crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Uriel Acosta</span>, in Three Acts. From +the German of Gatzkow. Small +crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SYMONDS (John Addington)</i>—<span class='sc'>Vagabunduli +Libellus.</span> Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Tasso’s Jerusalem Delivered.</span> Translated +by Sir John Kingston James, +Bart. 2 vols. printed on hand-made +paper, parchment, bevelled boards, +large crown 8vo. 21<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Sir H.)</i>—Works Complete in +Five Volumes. Crown 8vo. 30<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Philip van Artevelde.</span> Fcp. 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Virgin Widow</span>, &c. Fcp. 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Statesman.</span> Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Augustus)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> Fcp. +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TODHUNTER (Dr. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Laurella</span>, +and other Poems. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Forest Songs.</span> Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The True Tragedy of Rienzi</span>: a +Drama. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Alcestis</span>: a Dramatic Poem. Extra +fcp. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Helena in Troas.</span> Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TYLER (M. C.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Anne Boleyn</span>: a +Tragedy in Six Acts. Small crown +8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TYNAN (Katherine)</i>—<span class='sc'>Louise de la +Valliere</span>, and other Poems. Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WATTS (Alaric Alfred and Emma Mary +Howitt)</i>—<span class='sc'>Aurora</span>: a Medley of +Verse. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, bevelled +boards, 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WEBSTER (Augusta)</i>—<span class='sc'>In a Day</span>: a +Drama. Small crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Disguises</span>: a Drama. Small crown +8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Wet Days.</span> By a Farmer. Small crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WOOD (Rev. F. H.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Echoes of the +Night</span>, and other Poems. Small +crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Wordsworth Birthday Book, The.</span> +Edited by <span class='sc'>Adelaide</span> and <span class='sc'>Violet +Wordsworth</span>. 32mo. limp cloth, +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth extra, 2<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>YOUNGMAN (Thomas George)</i>—<span class='sc'>Poems.</span> +Small crown 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>YOUNGS (Ella Sharpe)</i>—<span class='sc'>Paphus</span>, and +other Poems. Small crown 8vo. +3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Heart’s Life</span>, <span class='sc'>Sarpedon</span>, and other +Poems. Small crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c050'> + <div><span class='large'>WORKS OF FICTION.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c046'>‘<span class='sc'>All But</span>:’ a Chronicle of Laxenford +Life. By <span class='sc'>Pen Oliver</span>, F.R.C.S. +With 20 Illustrations. Second Edit. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>BANKS (Mrs. G. L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>God’s Providence +House.</span> New Edition. Crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>CHICHELE (Mary)</i>—<span class='sc'>Doing and Undoing</span>: +a Story. Crown 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Danish Parsonage.</span> By an Angler. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>GRAY (Maxwell)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Silence of +Dean Maitland.</span> A Novel. 3 vols. +Crown 8vo. 31<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUNTER (Hay)</i>—<span class='sc'>Crime of Christmas +Day.</span> A Tale of the Latin +Quarter. By the Author of ‘My +Ducats and My Daughter.’ 1<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>HUNTER (Hay) and WHYTE (Walter)</i>—<span class='sc'>My +Ducats and My Daughter.</span> +New and Cheaper Edition. With +Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Hurst and Hanger.</span> A History in +Two Parts. 3 vols. 31<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>INGELOW (Jean)</i>—<span class='sc'>Off the Skelligs.</span> +A Novel. With Frontispiece. Second +Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>JENKINS (Edward)</i>—<span class='sc'>A Secret of +Two Lives.</span> Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>KIELLAND (Alexander L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Garman +and Worse.</span> A Norwegian Novel. +Authorised Translation by W. W. +Kettlewell. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>LANG (Andrew)</i>—<span class='sc'>In the Wrong Paradise</span>, +and other Stories. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MACDONALD (G.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Donal Grant.</span> +A Novel. New and Cheap Edition, +with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Castle Warlock.</span> A Novel. New +and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Malcolm.</span> With Portrait of the Author +engraved on Steel. Sixth Edition. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Marquis of Lossie.</span> Fifth +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>St. George and St. Michael.</span> Fourth +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Paul Faber, Surgeon.</span> Crown 8vo. +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Thomas Wingfold, Curate.</span> Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>What’s Mine’s Mine.</span> Second Edition. +With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood.</span> +Fifth Edition. With Frontispiece. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Seaboard Parish</span>: a Sequel to +‘Annals of a Quiet Neighbourhood.’ +Fourth Edition. With Frontispiece. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Wilfred Cumbermede.</span> An Autobiographical +Story. Fourth Edition. +With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MALET (Lucas)</i>—<span class='sc'>Colonel Enderby’s +Wife.</span> A Novel. New and Cheaper +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MULHOLLAND (Rosa)</i>—<span class='sc'>Marcella +Grace.</span> An Irish Novel. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>PALGRAVE (W. Gifford)</i>—<span class='sc'>Hermann +Agha</span>: an Eastern Narrative. Third +Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>SHAW (Flora L.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Castle Blair</span>; a +Story of Youthful Days. New and +Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STRETTON (Hesba)</i>—<span class='sc'>Through a +Needle’s Eye.</span> A Story. New and +Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>TAYLOR (Col. Meadows) C.S.I., M.R.I.A.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Seeta.</span> A Novel. New and Cheaper +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Tippoo Sultaun</span>: a Tale of the Mysore +War. New Edition, with Frontispiece. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Ralph Darnell.</span> New and Cheaper +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>A Noble Queen.</span> New and Cheaper +Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown +8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>The Confessions of a Thug.</span> +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Tara</span>: a Mahratta Tale. Crown 8vo. +6<i>s.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Within Sound of the Sea.</span> New +and Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. +Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c050'> + <div><span class='large'>BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.</span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p class='c046'><span class='sc'>Brave Men’s Footsteps.</span> A Book of +Example and Anecdote for Young +People. By the Editor of ‘Men who +have Risen.’ With Four Illustrations +by C. Doyle. Eighth Edition. Crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>COXHEAD (Ethel)</i>—<span class='sc'>Birds and Babies.</span> +With 33 Illustrations. Imp. 16mo. +cloth gilt, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>DAVIES (G. Christopher)</i>—<span class='sc'>Rambles +and Adventures of our School +Field Club.</span> With Four Illustrations. +New and Cheaper Edition. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EDMONDS (Herbert)</i>—<span class='sc'>Well-spent +Lives</span>: a Series of Modern Biographies. +New and Cheaper Edition. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>EVANS (Mark)</i>—<span class='sc'>The Story of our +Father’s Love</span>, told to Children. +Sixth and Cheaper Edition of Theology +for Children. With Four Illustrations. +Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>MAC KENNA (S. J.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Plucky Fellows.</span> +A Book for Boys. With Six +Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>REANEY (Mrs. G. S.)</i>—<span class='sc'>Waking and +Working</span>; or, From Girlhood to +Womanhood. New and Cheaper +Edition. With a Frontispiece. Cr. +8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Blessing and Blessed</span>: a Sketch of +Girl Life. New and Cheaper Edition. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Rose Gurney’s Discovery.</span> A Book +for Girls. Dedicated to their Mothers. +Crown 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>English Girls</span>: Their Place and Power. +With Preface by the Rev. R. W. Dale. +Fourth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Just Anyone</span>, and other Stories. Three +Illustrations. Royal 16mo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sunbeam Willie</span>, and other Stories. +Three Illustrations. Royal 16mo. +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c047'><span class='sc'>Sunshine Jenny</span>, and other Stories. +Three Illustrations. Royal 16mo. +1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STORR (Francis) and TURNER (Hawes).</i>—<span class='sc'>Canterbury +Chimes</span>; or, Chaucer +Tales Re-told to Children. With Six +Illustrations from the Ellesmere MS. +Third Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>STRETTON (Hesba)</i>—<span class='sc'>David Lloyd’s +Last Will.</span> With Four Illustrations. +New Edition. Royal 16mo. +2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<p class='c046'><i>WHITAKER (Florence)</i>—<span class='sc'>Christy’s Inheritance</span>: +A London Story. Illustrated. +Royal 16mo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c003'> + <div><span class='small'><i>Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London.</i></span></div> + </div> +</div> + +<div class='pbb'> + <hr class='pb c004'> +</div> +<div class='tnotes x-ebookmaker'> + +<div class='chapter ph2'> + +<div class='nf-center-c1'> +<div class='nf-center c001'> + <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> + </div> +</div> + +</div> + + <ul class='ul_1 c003'> + <li>Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + + </li> + <li>Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final chapter. + </li> + </ul> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78816 ***</div> +</body> +<!-- created with ppgen.py 3.57i (with regex) on 2026-04-23 21:48:21 GMT --> +</html> diff --git a/78816-h/images/a0000_frontispiece.jpg b/78816-h/images/a0000_frontispiece.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..64e09cd --- /dev/null +++ b/78816-h/images/a0000_frontispiece.jpg diff --git a/78816-h/images/a0050_ill.jpg b/78816-h/images/a0050_ill.jpg Binary files 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