path: root/78728-0.txt

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 ***




  The Cambridge Manuals of Science and
  Literature



  CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
  London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
  C. F. CLAY, MANAGER

  [Illustration]

  Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET
  Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.
  Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
  New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
  Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

  _All rights reserved_




  BRASSES

  BY
  J. S. M. WARD
  B.A., F.R.HIST.S.

  Cambridge:
  at the University Press
  1912




  Cambridge:

  PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
  AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS


_With the exception of the coat-of-arms at the foot, the design on the
cover is a reproduction of one used by the earliest known Cambridge
printer, John Siberch, 1521_




PREFACE


Of late years there has been a marked awakening of general interest
in monumental brasses. Previously, the more imposing realism of
statuary--either in single figures or in groups--may be said to have
deprived these ancient relics of the recognition they deserved. But
recently it has begun to dawn upon the more artistic members, at least
of the thinking public, how much of real archaeological interest
attaches to memorial brasses, hitherto known and appreciated only by
the few.

As yet, however, there has been no cheap and handy manual which will
give the ordinary man in the street a fair idea of the classes into
which they may most readily be grouped, and at the same time furnish
him with such essential details as will enable him to distinguish
instinctively the salient points of the subject, and assimilate them
to the full. It is hoped that this little volume will succeed in
fulfilling this aim.

The arrangement of the chapters is into periods corresponding with
those of History instead of the artificial method of grouping into
_knights_, _knights and ladies_, _demi-figures_, etc. Those who
would wish to follow up the subject in more extended form should read
Mr Macklin’s excellent work _The Brasses of England_, also Haines’
_Manual_ and Boutell’s _Monumental Brasses_.

Most of the illustrations are from the author’s own collection of
rubbings (numbering over 1500), and practically all the letter-press
and descriptions are based on his personal observations either from the
rubbings or from the brasses themselves. In a few cases where this is
not so, the author is indebted to one or other of those authors above
mentioned. The Editor of _The Builder_ has kindly given us permission
for the use of two of the blocks made from the author’s rubbings, which
appeared in a recent number of that paper.

                                                         J. S. M. W.

    _August 16, 1912._




CONTENTS


        Preface                                    v

     I. Edward I and II. 1272-1327                 1

    II. Edward III and Richard II. 1328-99         9

   III. Lancastrian Period. 1400-53               14

    IV. The Yorkist Period. 1453-85               24

     V. Medieval Clergy                           31

    VI. The Monasteries                           43

   VII. The Early Tudors. 1485-1547               52

  VIII. Edward VI and Mary. Transitional Period   60

    IX. Elizabeth and James I. 1558-1625          62

     X. The Caroline Brasses. 1625-60             70

    XI. The Last Brasses. 1660-1773               75

   XII. Special Types                             76

  XIII. Foreign Brasses                           83

   XIV. Architectural Details                     87

    XV. Conclusion                                99

        Appendix                                 112

        Bibliography                             148

        Index                                    149




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


  1. Sir John Daubernon

  2. Sir John de Creke

  3. Sir John and Lady de Northwode

  4. Lady Joan de Cobham

  5. Sir Nicholas Burnell

  6. Margaret, Lady Cobham

  7. Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick

  8. Sir Symon de Felbrigge and Margaret, his wife

  9. William Grevel and Wife

  10. Sir John Cassy and Wife

  11. Sir William and Lady Vernon

  12. Sir Thomas Urswyk and family

  13. Laurence de St Maur

  14. John Blodwell

  15. Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin

  16. Thomas Neolond

  17. Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester

  18. John Shelley and Wife

  19. Lady Tiptoft

  20. Richard Wakehurst and Wife

  21. John Wingfield

  22. Alice, wife of William Wade

  23. Sir Edward Filmer and family

  24. John Strete

  25. Robert de Paris and Wife




CHAPTER I

EDWARD I AND II. 1272-1327


The study of monumental brasses is one for which Englishmen have
special opportunities, for in England there are more brasses than in
all the other countries of Europe put together. The English brasses
moreover differ curiously from those of the Continent. On the Continent
the early engravers, probably influenced by the Limoges plates and
incised slabs which preceded them, engraved figures, inscriptions
and other details on rectangular plates. The monument of Geoffrey
Plantagenet, 1150, father of Henry II of England, which is now in
the Museum at Le Mans is such a plate. The enamelled effigy rests on
a diapered background. The earliest brass is that of Bishop Iso von
Wilpe, 1231, at Verden. (See Ch. XIII.)

In England, as the engravers copied the stone figures without
backgrounds, they took the gravestone itself for the groundwork, and
figures, canopies, inscriptions, etc. are each set into separate
casements. The earliest _matrix_ (at St Paul’s, Bedford) shows a large
Latin cross and is believed to commemorate Sir Simon de Beauchamp,
1208. The earliest brass now extant is that of 1277 at Stoke d’Abernon.
To the first period belong in all twenty brasses (see Appendix).

[Illustration: Fig. 1. Sir John Daubernon, 1277, Stoke d’Abernon,
Surrey]

The figure of Sir John Daubernon (1) shows the armour which had been
worn for the last three centuries. He is in chain mail with _coif de
mailles_, hawberk and _chausses_ complete, but the junctions of these
are not distinct. Single-pointed prickspurs are buckled round the
ankles. The only sign of the coming change to plate armour are the
_genouillères_, which protect the knees and are adorned with a fine
pattern. They were probably at first made of leather, but later were of
plate.

Over the mail is a linen surcoat, drawn tight round the waist by
a cord. Suspended upon his left shoulder is his shield, small and
heater-shaped, charged with his arms: _azure_, a _chevron or_. The
ground of the shield is in actual enamel--an almost unique feature.
The cross-handled sword is attached to a broad belt and hangs in front
of the body. This is the only brass which shows the lance. His feet
rest on a lion, which is said to signify that he fell in battle.

Sir Roger de Trumpington differs from Sir John in several points.
He has _ailettes_ on his shoulders charged with his arms--three
trumpets--and his shield is long instead of heater-shaped. Further,
the great tilting helmet is placed under his head and is secured to
his waist by a chain, and his legs are crossed. In 1270 he went on the
Seventh Crusade with Prince Edward. So far as can be discovered, this
is the only brass extant of a Crusader, but several other brasses of
the same date have their legs crossed. This does not prove that they
were Crusaders, but only that in some way they were benefactors to the
Church.

Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe (a demi-figure) wears gloves of
fish-scale plates and holds a heart. Sir Robert de Bures is considered
to be the finest military figure among all the brasses of England.

Sir Robert de Setvans is bare-headed and his gloves hang loosely from
the wrists, leaving his hands bare. His arms (winnowing fans, hence the
name Setvans) are shown on his surcoat, _ailettes_, and long shield.
Both he and Sir Robert de Bures are cross-legged. There is probably
French influence in this brass.

[Illustration: Fig. 2. Sir John de Creke, c. 1325, Westley Waterless,
Cambs.]

Next follow two transitional figures at Pebmarsh and Gorleston. Both
originally had canopies, which have now entirely disappeared. In these
the outsides of the upper and forearms are protected by steel plates
strapped over the mail, small elbow-pieces are added, and round plates
are fixed in front of the shoulders and at the bend of the arms. Shin
plates may also be noticed.

Sir John de Creke is a fair example of a fourteenth century knight
clad almost entirely in plate armour, for we now pass definitely to
the second type of armour known as the “cyclas.” This garment is shown
in the illustration and is also depicted in the brass of Sir John
Daubernon II. It takes the place of the surcoat, is slit up the sides,
and is shorter in front than behind.

It therefore shows beneath, first the gambeson, then the hawberk of
mail, and, finally, the padded haqueton. The hands are bare and the
hawberk sleeves short, thus showing the forearms entirely protected by
vambraces of plate worn under, not over, the mail. The upper arms have
pieces of plate over the chain, as before. A steel bascinet is on the
head, and the quatrefoil device on its apex was probably meant to hold
a crest or a lady’s favour.

Sir John (II) has the earliest ogee-arch canopy. There was a fine
double one at Westley Waterless, but not a vestige of it remains.

Sir John de Northwode’s effigy is almost certainly the work of a
French craftsman. His shield hangs at his left hip instead of on
his arm, which was a very usual method in France. The style of the
engraving, too, points in the same direction. His helmet is secured
by a chain, his head rests on a pillow and his forearms are protected
by scale-armour. About 1510, the lower portion of the figure having
been lost, new legs were engraved. Though an effort has been made to
preserve the style of 1330, yet the new work is obviously Tudor. The
altered shape of the feet and badly depicted lion readily show this.
At the same time, a strip was cut out of the middle to make the knight
of the same length as his wife! This removed the arm of the cross in
his shield, as shown in the illustration, but the missing piece has
recently been restored.

[Illustration: Fig. 3. Sir John and Lady de Northwode, c. 1330,
Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent]

[Illustration: Fig. 4. Lady Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, Cobham, Kent]

We must now consider the costume of the ladies, of whom the first is
Margarete de Camoys, c. 1310. There was originally a canopy of the
earlier, or straight-sided type, and a border inscription in Lombardic
letters. Further, there were eight shields and thirty-one stars or
other devices on the slab. The figure alone survives and has on it
nine blank shields, probably the matrices of shields of enamel.

Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, is the next lady. Her straight-sided canopy is
the only survivor of this early type. She wears a loose-fitting robe
with short sleeves, below which can be seen the sleeves of her kirtle.
Her head and neck are covered with a veil and wimple.

Lady de Creke wears a long mantle fastened across the breast by a cord
and gathered up under the arm. The mark of the engraver is at her foot.
This is almost unique.

Lady de Northwode has a mantle with side openings, through which the
arms pass. It is turned back in front to show the lining of variegated
fur. The head is bare and the hair plaited; a stiff wimple covers the
neck. Her head rests on a handsome cushion.

Maud de Bladigdone has a dress similar to Joan de Cobham’s.

She and her husband are small demi-figures in the centre of an octofoil
cross, most of which had to be restored in 1887. He wears a tunic
buttoned down the front, with tight sleeves having long lappets from
the elbows and a tippet over his shoulders. His beard is small and
forked.

The remaining brasses are to priests in mass vestments, excepting
Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld. But we shall deal with the vestments of
the clergy in a separate chapter.

The Chinnor, Merton College and Woodchurch brasses are in varying forms
of crosses. Chinnor has only the head in the centre, Merton a fine
demi-figure, and Woodchurch a small figure. Until 1857 there existed
a fine, large brass to a priest Adam de Bacon (1310), at Oulton in
Suffolk. Unfortunately in that year it was stolen (and probably melted
down). The two remaining priests are simple demi-figures.

There was originally a fine canopy over Archbishop Grenefeld with side
shafts containing saints. All this has long since perished and 18
inches of the lower portion of the figure were stolen in 1829.

These early figures all have very curly hair.




CHAPTER II

EDWARD III AND RICHARD II. 1328-99


We now find brasses commemorating members of almost every class, but
the first to claim our attention will be the military ones.

A small group of three transitional but mutilated brasses must be taken
first:

Of these that of Sir Hugh Hastings (1347) at Elsing, in Norfolk, is the
most interesting. His legs are now missing, but from an old rubbing
in the British Museum we know they were enclosed in chain mail. The
cyclas, worn shorter than hitherto, only reaches to the middle of
the thighs. Upon it is the maunche or sleeve of the Hastings family,
richly diapered, and differenced with a label of three points. This
also appears on his small heater-shaped shield. A belt hangs over his
hips with the sword on the left side, fastened in front. A hawberk of
mail was worn beneath the cyclas and the haqueton shows at the wrists.
A bascinet protects his head and a gorget of plate encircles his neck.
Additional plates are attached to the arms, and roundels are placed at
the elbows and below the shoulders. Cuisses of pourpoint appear for the
first time upon the thighs. These were of leather (_cuir-bouilli_)
studded with small steel plates.

The canopy (now much mutilated) is very fine. Originally there were
four canopied niches on either side with “weepers,” or mourners, in
the military costume of the day. Three were missing, though of these
one, Lord Grey de Ruthyn, was preserved at the Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge, and has lately, we believe, been restored to its place.
Those left are: Top dexter side, Edward III crowned, with the arms
of England and France on his cyclas. Below him, Thos. de Beauchamp,
holding a lance. Top sinister side, the Earl of Lancaster--Henry
Plantagenet, the next is lost, then Lord Stafford, and then Almeric,
Lord St Armand, who wears a ridged steel hat with a broad rim over his
bascinet, which is almost unique.

Within a circle in the arch of the canopy is St George, and beneath him
the soul is being borne upwards by two angels.

There are several other interesting details which it would take too
long to describe. The brass at Wimbish, in Essex (1347), consists of
a much mutilated cross, which contains within its head Sir John de
Wantone and his lady. He greatly resembles Sir Hugh, save that his legs
are partly clad in plate, as in the de Creke brass.

Sir John Giffard (1348) at Bowers Gifford in Essex, has a suit of
banded chain with very few pieces of plate, and at first sight might
be considered a reversion to the type of Sir John Daubernon I, but a
closer inspection will show that his linen cloak is much more like the
jupon, which was destined very soon to take the place of the cyclas.
The head is lost. The Giffard coat-of-arms (six _fleurs-de-lys_) is
displayed on his shield.

[Illustration: Fig. 5. Sir Nicholas Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Salop]

The Hundred Years’ War caused a development of armour which lasted
practically unaltered for fifty years.

The type is clearly depicted in the illustration of Sir Nicholas
Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Shropshire. The hawberk of mail has
shrunk to a vest and shows only at the armpits and lower edge. A
cuirass of steel covers this and has over it a leather jupon, which
is often ornamented with its owner’s coat-of-arms. The Burnell brass
here illustrated shows the armour of this type. The sharply-pointed
bascinet is connected with the body armour by a camail of chain, hence
this style of armour is often called the _camail style_. The arms and
legs are entirely enclosed in plate in the later examples, but in the
earlier cuirasses of pourpoint are used for the thighs, as in the brass
of Sir John de Cobham, 1365. A bawdric, or broad belt, worn straight
round the hips, held on the right a misericorde (dagger) and on the
left a sword.

The dress of ladies of this period consists usually of a close-fitting
kirtle, buttoned tightly from neck to waist and from elbow to wrist,
and sometimes right down the front. Over this is worn a mantle, open
in front, and kept in position by a cord across the breast, see
illustration.

Sometimes a third dress appears (with or without the mantle) over
the kirtle. It has two forms, one very like the kirtle, but with
close-fitting sleeves cut short at the elbow, with long lappets; the
other form is the sideless _cote-hardi_. This is slit up at the sides
and edged with fur at the openings. It has no sleeves or sides as far
as the hips.

The first form is seen at Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356, Bray,
Berks., 1378, and elsewhere. The second is found at Lingfield, Surrey,
c. 1370, and Cobham, Kent, 1375.

[Illustration: Fig. 6. Margaret, Lady Cobham, 1395, Cobham, Kent]

A long overcoat sometimes takes the place of the mantle, as at Chinnor,
Oxford, c. 1385. The hair is usually enclosed in a net and plaited.
Mittens are often worn. Widows wear a veil with a barbe and wimple and
are often hard to distinguish from Vowesses, i.e. ladies who at the
death of their husbands take the vows in a nunnery.

Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester (1399), being a vowess, is
illustrated in the chapter dealing with the religious orders. With its
triple canopy it is one of the most splendid brasses still existing.

The Cobham brasses especially should be noticed. This church has the
most magnificent series extant anywhere. They number 19 and most of
them have fine canopies. A visit to this little village is therefore
well repaid.

We must now turn to the civilians. These are often of considerable
interest.

By far the finest is the mutilated brass of Walter Pescod. He lies
beneath a fine canopy and super-canopy, and further reference will
be made to this in the chapter on architectural detail. He wears a
close-fitting tunic buttoned down the front, and a mantle with a hood.
In the small demi-figures the mantle is usually omitted.

Frankelins wore a tunic, hood, and mantle buttoned over the right
shoulder. From the girdle hung an anlace, or short sword. This dress
can be seen at King’s Somborne, Felbrigg and Wimington. Beards are
usually, though not always, worn. Richard Torrington’s feet rest on a
lion, as if he were a knight, but this is unusual. (See list.)




CHAPTER III

LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 1400-1453


There now begins to be evident a slight deterioration; careless and
poor work is found side by side with some of the very finest. In part
this is because so many different classes were now adopting this type
of monument.

About 500 brasses belong to this period, including clergy and laity.

The armed figures may be conveniently divided into three groups, and it
will be found that their wives naturally fall into similar divisions.

The first is practically the same as that of the later Plantagenets and
still retains the camail. (See list (I).)

Sir Wm. Bagot and his wife wear the collar of S. S. This collar was
conferred by Henry IV and the other Lancastrians on their friends. It
is found on many brasses during this period and is worn by ladies as
well as knights. We may appropriately refer here to the Order of the
Garter. Unfortunately there are not many instances of its being shown
on brasses, only six or seven being known. (See Appendix.)

[Illustration: Fig. 7. Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1401, St
Mary’s, Warwick]

Our illustration of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, not only
shows the style of armour, but also that the armorial charges on his
jupon and on his wife’s mantle are wrought with a beautiful diaper
work. This way of depicting arms (by lightly engraving the surface with
dots, instead of lines) is unique.

The ladies in this division, like their husbands, wear practically
the same costume as before. But at the same time other brasses were
being laid down showing that changes were taking place. The jupon
was abandoned, and the plain cuirass shown. This has a skirt of hoops,
known as taces. These cover the mail shirt, which gradually disappears.
The camail is likewise covered by a gorget of steel and later
abandoned. The bascinet becomes globular.

An interesting example of the transitional period is the brass of
Sir Thos. Swynborne and his father at Little Horkesley in Essex. The
father, Sir Robert (died 1391), is shown in the armour of that date,
while his son shows the armour of 1412.

Later, roundels are placed at the elbow and in front of the armpits.
(See list (II).)

The illustration of Sir Simon Felbrigge is of special interest. He
holds the Royal Standard in his right hand charged with the arms of
Edward the Confessor impaling France and England. He was the Royal
Standard bearer during Richard II’s reign, yet was made K.G. by Henry
V. He did not die till 1443, but probably prepared his tomb in 1416.
The palettes at his armpits are charged with the cross of St George,
and he wears the Garter. Additional plates are placed on the shoulders
and cuirass. More changes now occur, the left side begins to be more
fully protected than the right, since the extra weight would have
prevented free action. Tuilles or plates are strapped to the lowest
tace, and other slight changes become noticeable.

For examples of these changes see list (III) in the Appendix.

[Illustration: Fig. 8. Sir Symon de Felbrigge, K.G., and Margaret, his
wife, 1416, Felbrigg, Norfolk]

Sir Christopher Baynham (c. 1448) at Newland, Gloucester, has a most
curious crest--a miner with a candle in his mouth, a bag on his back
and a pickaxe in his hand. The brass is unfortunately rather mutilated.

In the last section (section (iv)) the helmet is discarded and the hair
is close-cropped. The skirt of taces is very long, having often ten
hoops; tuilles are not used. Pauldrons are worn on the shoulders.

The ladies do not vary in costume so much. The mantle is often omitted
and a high-waisted gown with long sleeves and turned-down collar worn.
The hair is gathered into a net and a kerchief draped over the top.

Examples may be found at Routh, Yorks., c. 1410; East Markham, Notts.,
1419; Digswell, Herts., 1415; Horley, Surrey (canopy), c. 1420.

From 1420-1450 we find the plain kirtle and mantle (occasionally
the sideless _cote-hardi_, as at Trotton) and the horned or mitred
head-dress. This means that the hair, enclosed in a net, is raised
above the head in the design indicated and then draped with a kerchief.
Most of the ladies depicted with their husbands follow this arrangement.

Examples alone, at Hever, Kent, 1419; Lingfield, Surrey, 1420; Cobham,
Kent, 1433, etc.

The civilians are of great importance during this period, and two
groups demand special attention, the Woolmen and the Judges. Wm. Grevel
and wife, Chipping Campden, Glos., 1401 (woolman) may be taken as an
example of the earlier type. He wears a long gown buttoned right down
the front, a belt with an anlace, and mantle opening at the right
shoulder. His wife has no mantle and wears a similar dress to that of
the Plantagenet period. The magnificent double canopy has a central
column, a rare feature.

[Illustration: Fig. 9. William Grevel (woolman) and wife, 1401,
Chipping Campden, Glos.]

This type of dress, with slight variations, continued for the whole of
the Lancastrian period. Towards its close, however, certain changes
became more and more common. Mantle and hood are seldom seen, except as
a sign of municipal office. The dress becomes shorter, reaching only
a little below the knees, the hair is cropped and there is no beard.
Nicholas Canteys, St John’s, Margate, 1431, is an exception, having a
long beard.

The brasses of the woolmen are the finest, as they were the richest.
Their feet often rest upon woolpacks or lambs.

In many brasses, merchants’ marks on shields will be found, as in
Grevel’s. At Fletching, Sussex, there is a curious brass to Peter
Denot, glover, 1450. It consists of a pair of gloves and an inscription.

The fine series of woolmen’s brasses at Northleach are specially
noticeable, and Gloucestershire takes the lead throughout England,
Lincolnshire coming next.

We cannot leave the subject of the civilians without referring to
the legal profession. The judges are by far the most important. (See
Appendix.)

John Cottusmore and his wife (1439) have two brasses; the first large,
with a fine canopy on the floor, the second small, on the wall, showing
them kneeling.

The costume consists of a gown reaching to the feet, with close
sleeves. A fur tippet, a mantle lined with minever, a hood and a close
cap or coif.

[Illustration: Fig. 10.

    Sir John Cassy and wife (part of marginal inscription omitted),
    1400, Deerhurst, Glos.
]

Sir John Cassy, chief baron of the Exchequer (1400), has a magnificent
brass at Deerhurst. He shows most of these features but the tippet,
which is concealed. The fine double canopy no longer has the figure
of St John the Baptist, which was still there when the rubbing was
taken. The other figure is of St Anne and the Virgin as a child. The
inscription, as is often the case in Gloucestershire, is in raised
letters with curious leaves, and a dragon separating the words, but
the lower part is here omitted. The dog beneath Lady Cassy’s feet was
evidently meant to represent an old pet. It has a collar of bells round
its neck and its name, Terri, underneath. This is the only named pet
now extant, but a “Jakke” existed formerly at Ingham, Norfolk, on the
brass of Sir Bryan de Stapleton, 1438. It was sold as old metal in 1800.

Three Serjeants-at-law belong to this period: John Rede, Checkendon,
Oxon. (triple canopy), 1404, Nich. Roland and wife, Cople, Beds., c.
1410, and Thos. Rolf, Gosfield, Essex, 1439.

Thomas Rolf has the most characteristic dress, consisting of a cassock
and academical tabard, a tippet, hood with two bands and a coif.

These include most types of civilian brasses, but there are numerous
variations, and therein lies the interest of the subject.




CHAPTER IV

THE YORKIST PERIOD. 1453-1485


During the Wars of the Roses, England was practically isolated from
the Continent. It is therefore not surprising that this period has a
character of its own.

There are about 350 brasses, and these include an entirely distinct
type of armour and a characteristic female head-dress.

There are not many really fine brasses, canopies are few and heavy in
design, and the engraving is poor. The proportions are often bad. In
particular the head is often made too big or too small.

The great characteristic of the armour of this period is the addition
of extra pieces of huge size and curious shape. Yet all were the
outcome of the exigencies of the time. So too were the ridges and
flutings which were meant to deflect the point of a weapon. The armour
was also decorated with punching, engraving, etc.

During the wars in France, the knights had often dismounted and
fought on foot. During the Wars of the Roses, they usually charged on
horseback. This explains why the heavier armour is on the upper part of
the body, while the lower is more lightly protected.

Often the upper half therefore seems out of proportion.

Usually the head is bare, but occasionally the “sallad” or shell helmet
is found, as at Castle Donington, Cirencester, Addington, Sprotborough
and elsewhere. Among other peculiarities, a hooked lance-rest is
often screwed to the right side of the cuirass, as at Hildersham. The
elbow-pieces often attain to an enormous size. The tuilles have been
re-introduced. The shoes are long and pointed, the sword slung in front.

[Illustration: Fig. 11. Sir William and Lady Vernon, 1467, Tong, Salop]

The illustration of Sir Wm. and Lady Vernon, Tong, Salop, 1467, betrays
one of the signs of deterioration: the head rests on the helmet with
crest, yet the figure _stands_ on a field of grass. His wife wears
kirtle, sideless _cote-hardi_, mantle, veil and the widow’s wimple.
Her feet rest against an extraordinary dragon. This is probably in
allusion to her name and patron saint, Margaret, whose emblem was a
dragon.

In the Morley brass (1470) the knight rests his head on his helmet and
stands on grass and flowers. The two wives wear the mitre head-dress
and there are three saints above. These are St Christopher, St Anne and
the Virgin, and St Mary and Child.

During this period, armorial tabards and heraldic kirtles and mantles
became common.

The earliest tabard is at Amberley, Sussex, 1424.

Examples during the Yorkist period are found as follows: Wm. Stapilton
and wife, Edenhall, Cumberland, 1458; Hen. Grene and wife, Lowick,
Northants., 1467; Sir Jn. Say and wife, Broxbourne, Herts., 1473; Sir
Thos. Sellynger and wife, St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 1475; Philip
Mede and two wives, St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, 1475.

The Yorkist collar of stars and roses takes the place of the S.S. It is
found at Broxbourne, St Albans, Little Easton, 1483, and elsewhere.

The horned head-dress of the ladies changes to the mitred, as at
Thornton and Morley. The memorial of Ly. Joyce Tiptoft, Enfield,
Middlesex, c. 1470, is one of the few really fine brasses of the
period and shows the dress and armorial bearings well. The canopy is
fine, possibly copied from that of the Duchess of Gloucester (1399) in
Westminster Abbey. The arrangement of shields hung from the shafts of
the canopy is only one of several similar features. The head is far
too large, as is often the case at this date, and spoils the general
effect. Her jewelled necklace should be noticed (page 57).

[Illustration: Fig. 12. Sir Thomas Urswyk and family, 1479, Dagenham,
Essex]

The butterfly head-dress begins to replace the mitred head-dress,
hitherto in vogue. A veil of gauze was extended over wires. In real
life it was doubtless light and beautiful, but in brass it looks heavy
and ungainly. The wife of Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, Essex, shows this
type of _coiffure_. She also wears a low-necked gown, showing the upper
part of the corsage. Her cuffs and necklace are characteristic, and
her somewhat awkward poise is typical of the period. Her daughters are
of special interest. The head-dresses of the six younger are formed by
conical nets of several designs, their long hair hanging down behind.
These examples are unique. The eldest daughter is a nun, and the other
two resemble their mother, but wear no mantle. The sons wore the
ordinary civilian costume of the time, but have quite recently been
stolen.

Widows still wear the wimple, and maidens have long, flowing hair.

There is but little variety in the dress of civilians. The anlace
becomes rare and its place is often taken by a rosary. The hair is
close-cropped, and the figures usually small. Mantles are only worn as
a sign of office.

The _Woolmen_ and the _Lawyers_ represent the best work to be seen
at this epoch. Of the latter, Sir Thos. Urswyk, 1479, Chief Baron of
the Exchequer, already mentioned, will serve as an example. He is
bare-headed, and the fur lining of his mantle is visible, as is his
rosary. His sons display the usual costume of the day without the
mantle.

Notaries wear a plain gown with pencase and inkhorn hanging from the
belt. A scarf and a cap are fastened on the left shoulder. (Appendix.)

We have now come to the close of the Middle Ages. The signs of
deterioration of this, as of other medieval arts, are apparent.

The question may be asked--In what language and type were the
inscriptions engraved? Briefly, the earlier (in Norman French) are
engraved in separated Lombardic letters which were inserted round the
edge of the slab. This gave place to a border fillet. This fillet soon
began to be engraved in Gothic characters. In the fifteenth century
Latin became the usual language--from the beginning it had been used
for _ecclesiastics_. It never entirely fell out of use, but towards
the end of the fifteenth century English began to appear. During
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the latter takes the place
of Latin to a large extent. Roman characters replaced Gothic in the
seventeenth century.

The arbitrary contractions of words employed by the engravers from
the earliest to the latest periods render the deciphering of a large
proportion of the inscriptions no easy task.




CHAPTER V

MEDIEVAL CLERGY


_Deacons._

There is no complete brass to a deacon now extant, and there exists but
one solitary mutilated example at Burwell, Cambridge, on the reverse of
part of the brass of John Lawrence, Abbot of Ramsey.

The dalmatic was their distinguishing vestment. It was shorter than an
alb, slit up on either side for a short distance and had a straight
edge before and behind. The left side and lower edge were fringed for a
deacon, _both_ sides when worn by a bishop.

When St Stephen, St Philip or St Lawrence appear in canopies, they wear
this vestment.

The tunicle was worn by sub-deacons. It is similar to the dalmatic,
but of linen, whereas the latter was usually of silk and often richly
decorated.


_Mass Vestments._

The most numerous brasses to the clergy are to the incumbents of our
country churches, and these are usually depicted in mass vestments.
The average country parson was, as now, a man of modest means, and so
it is not surprising that these brasses as a rule are small, and very
few have canopies or even marginal inscriptions. There is but little
development in any of the vestments, as these had become fixed in their
main features many centuries earlier.

The chief characteristic change is that the hair of early ecclesiastics
is long and curly and tends to become less so, till by Tudor times it
is absolutely straight. In fourteenth century brasses the material of
the vestments seems to be thin and fits closely to the body, whereas
later it is stiff and heavy.

The fylfot cross is found on the vestments of many priests, as at
Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320, and in the brass of Rich. de Hakebourne, Merton
College, Oxford, 1310. This ancient symbol, known in the Sanscrit as
the _swastika_, is found on Buddhist inscriptions in India and China,
on Greek vases and Roman pavements (as at Brading, I.o.W.) and on Runic
inscriptions and elsewhere. On brasses it is mainly found upon those of
the fourteenth century.

We will consider in detail the monument of Lawrence de St Maur,
1337; at Higham Ferrers, which must serve for all the others (see
frontispiece). It is by far the finest, and, indeed, there are only
four or five others with canopies at all, and hardly a dozen have
effigies over three feet long. The central panel of the canopy contains
God the Father, the soul and two angels, St Peter and St Paul, St
Andrew and St Thomas. At the four corners are the Evangelists. Then, St
Gabriel opposite (perhaps) St Mary; St John Baptist opposite (perhaps)
the Magdalene; St Stephen opposite (perhaps) St Lawrence; the Abbot St
Maur opposite St Christopher, whose bare feet can be seen standing in a
river. Beneath the priest’s feet are two dogs quarrelling over a bone.

The total length of the brass is 8 ft. 3 inches, and breadth 3 ft. 5
inches.

The figure wears an _alb_ with apparels at the foot and on each
arm. In the earliest brasses these pieces of embroidery went right
round the wrists, but they were soon reduced to simple squares. The
amice encircles the neck and is like a handkerchief with a strip of
embroidery along one side. As worn it looks like a collar. The stole
was crossed over the breast and held in place by the girdle of the alb.
Usually, as here, only the ends can be seen. At Sudborough, Northants.,
1415, at Horsham, Sussex, c. 1430, and at Upwell, Norfolk, 1435, it
can be seen in entirety. Over the left arm hangs the maniple, a strip
of embroidery, similar to a stole. Over all he wears a fine chasuble.
In this case there is a narrow band of embroidery round the edge, but
this is unusual. The ordinary type is perfectly plain. In the sixteenth
century a central pillar of embroidery or orphrey is common. It is
also found on the chasubles of bishops and abbots at an earlier date.
Occasionally, the whole ground was covered with a pattern.

It will be noticed that many priests are represented holding chalices.
There is quite a considerable group of brasses consisting of chalices
only. They all commemorate priests. The selected list in the Appendix
will be useful to those who wish to study them more closely. It was
customary to bury pewter chalices with priests who were interred in
their mass vestments. The author himself has one of these coffin
chalices. It was probably from this custom that the idea originated of
making chalice brasses. The earliest are in Yorkshire; there are many
in Norfolk, but few outside these counties.

Robt. Wodehowse’s brass at Holwell, Beds., 1515, has as a rebus two
wode-howses, or wild men, with clubs, on either side of the chalice.

There is a peculiar brass at Winwick, Lancashire, to Sir Peter Legh,
1527. On the death of his wife, he gave up his calling as a knight and
became a priest.

He is bare-headed and has a tonsure. Over his armour he wears a
chasuble, and between his hands is a coat-of-arms.


CHOIR AND PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS


_The Almuce._

Except when at Mass, the usual vestments worn were cassock and
surplice, almuce, hood and cope.

The cassock was the ordinary walking dress of the clergy. In a few
cases it is shown alone. (Appendix.)

The almuce was a large cape turned down over the shoulders and lined
with fur. D.D.’s and canons wore one lined with grey fur, and the
former had the outside cloth scarlet.

All others wore dark-brown fur. The tails of the animals were sewn
round the edge and two long lappets hung down in front. The fur lining
is the only part shown in brasses, and this is usually represented by
cutting away the metal and filling up the surface with lead or coloured
earths. Of these there are a fair number. (Appendix.)


_The Cope._

More usually the _cope_ accompanies the almuce. Over a hundred brasses
of coped priests remain. Many are both large and fine, with canopies.
They usually commemorate Church dignitaries.

The cope was a beautiful and costly vestment, shaped like a cloak,
and was fastened across the breast by the morse. Orphreys adorned
the straight edges. The general surface was usually plain, though
occasionally covered by a pattern, as in the case of Robt. Langton,
Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518, and John White, Winchester College,
Hants., c. 1548. This is generally a sign of late work. A small,
semicircular hood attached to the back of the cope was usually hidden
by the upper part of the almuce, the lappets of which are also visible
beyond the long sleeves of the surplice.

The two following are among the finest extant:

John Sleford, Balsham, Cambs., 1401, was Rector of Balsham, Master of
the Wardrobe to Edward III, Chaplain to Queen Philippa, Canon of Wells
and later of Ripon, Archdeacon of Wells, etc. The whole composition
measures 8½ ft. × 4½ ft., and the figure is 5 ft. 2 in. long. The
triple canopy supports a shrine which is divided in half. The lower
portion shows the soul of the deceased supported in a sheet by two
angels. He is being borne up to the Holy Trinity, who are represented
in the upper story. Two seraphim are poised on the finials of the two
side arches.

The shields are: dexter, quarterly Old France and England; sinister,
the same impaling Hainault. The arms of the See of Ely (three crowns)
are shown on the third shield, and the fourth is lost.

Down the orphreys of the cope are depicted five pairs of saints under
embattled canopies: St Mary and St John Baptist; St John the Evangelist
and St Etheldreda; St Catherine and St Peter; St Paul and St Margaret;
St Mary Magdalene and St Wilfred. The sacred monogram I. S. is shown on
the morse and also on two roundels.

The other brass is equally fine and measures 8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in.

John Blodwell was Dean of St Asaph, Prebend of Lichfield and of
Hereford, Canon of St David’s and Rector of Balsham. His canopy is of
a different type to Sleford’s. It has a single arch resting on broad
shafts, in each of which are four niches with saints. The cope has
saints down the orphreys which are rather worn. The whole surface is
adorned with lions’ heads. The inscription is in a dialogue between
Blodwell and his guardian angel. The Dean’s words are in relief.

The alb and amice are substituted for surplice and almuce at Horsham,
1411, Upwell, 1428 and 1435, Beeford, Yorks., 1472, Hitchin, 1498, and
Rauceby, 1536.

Canons of Windsor, instead of a cope, wore the mantle of the Order of
the Garter. It has a small cross on the left shoulder and is found on
the brasses of Roger Parker (headless demi), Northstroke, Oxon., 1370;
Unknown, Bennington, Herts, (mutilated, an ordinary cope with badge
on shoulder), c. 1450; Roger Lupton, Eton College, 1540; Arthur Cole,
Magdalen College, Oxford, 1558.


_Academic Dress._

There are a considerable number of brasses showing the academic dress,
in all 75 to 80.

About one-third are at Oxford and Cambridge, and the rest are widely
scattered. The distinction between the various degrees being usually
made by the colour and material rather than by the shape renders the
task of differentiating difficult.

The academic tabard without sleeves, the cape or tippet, and the hood
are usually worn over a cassock, as on the brasses of Thos. Mason,
M.A., of Magdalen, Oxford, 1501, and of John London, M.A., S.T.P., of
New College, Oxford, 1508. Sometimes the academic tabard has short
sleeves.

The taberdium talare is longer and probably implies a B.D., though it
is worn by others who had not this degree. Good examples are to be seen
on the brasses of John Bloxham, B.D., Merton College, Oxford, c. 1420
(with John Whytton on bracket) (see Chap. XIV), and of Wm. Blakwey,
Little Wilbraham, Cambs (kn.), 1521.

D.D.’s have the _cappa clausa_. This is a plain, sleeveless gown, and
the arms appear through a single opening, which only reaches to the
waist. The tippet is usually of fur, and a cap is worn. The latter
is either a skull cap or raised one or two inches and brought to a
low point in the centre. The first type is shown in the brass of Dr
Billingford, St Bene’t’s, Cambridge, 1432; the second in the brass of
Dr Towne, at King’s College, Cambridge, 1496.

Doctors of other faculties wear the cap and pallium, a long gown
similar to the taberdium talare. It must not be confounded with the
pallium of an archbishop. Many academic persons wear the cope or
almuce, sometimes with the doctor’s cap. There are a few academic
brasses of Elizabethan and Jacobean date. They usually show the
long, civilian gown of the period. From it has developed the present
University gown, which has not sprung from the ancient tabard.


_Bishops._

Bishops and Mitred Abbots wore the mass vestments of the priests
with certain additions. The tunicle and dalmatic were worn below the
chasuble. The former is often of the same length as the dalmatic and
so cannot be seen. Sandals adorned with jewels and gloves similarly
ornamented were usually worn. The episcopal ring had a single precious
stone.

The mitre and crozier are perhaps the most characteristic vestments.
The earliest mitres were low with plain edges; they gradually became
higher and crockets were added to the sides of the horns. In brasses
the extreme height to which they developed is not shown. They were made
of plain linen, of embroidered linen and of precious metals. Two narrow
strips of silk called “infulae” hung down from the back of the mitre.
These can be seen in the brasses at York and East Horsley.

The crozier and pastoral staff are the same, the cross staff of the
archbishop is not really a crozier at all. The latter represents
the shepherd’s crook. A scarf was often fastened to the knob below
the crook. It was called either an “infula”--like the ribbons of a
mitre--or “vexillum.” The latter name refers to the Cross banner of
Constantine.

Croziers and mitres are depicted long after vestments had fallen into
disuse. The last crozier, 1631, is at Chigwell, Essex. Mitres are found
even later, but are probably used as a crest.

Archbishops generally hold the cross staff instead of a crozier and
wear the _pall_. It was simply a narrow loop of white lamb’s wool
placed round the neck and with a weighted band hanging down before and
behind.

[Illustration: Fig. 15. Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin, 1417, New
College, Oxford]

Thos. Cranley, 1417, clearly shows all the vestments; his cross, as was
often the case, was a crucifix. The triple canopy with super-canopy is
exceptionally fine, though somewhat mutilated.

The crozier, or cross, is usually held in the left hand. The mitred
abbots wore exactly similar robes.

Bishop Wyvil of Salisbury, in three-quarter length, 1375, is shown
within a battlemented castle with his champion standing under the gate
beneath. This commemorates his recovery of Sherborne Castle for his See.

The Edenham brass (c. 1500) was formerly in a panel on the outer face
of the church tower, 40 feet from the ground. It is now inside the
church. Probably it represents St Thomas à Becket, the patron saint of
the donor of the tower.

Bishop Goodryke of Ely, 1554, wrote “My duty towards my neighbour,” and
holds the prayer book in his hand. He also holds the Great Seal, as
he was formerly Lord Chancellor. Both he and Bishop Bell died during
the reign of Mary, which might be considered sufficient explanation of
their wearing vestments. Bishop Pursglove, however, whose brass is at
Tideswell, died in the middle of Elizabeth’s reign.

The fact is that vestments only gradually fell into disuse. They were
undoubtedly worn by some of the clergy right into the seventeenth
century.

The figure of John Bell at St James’s, Clerkenwell, the lower part of
which is lost, was sold in 1788 when the old church was pulled down. It
passed into the collection of Mr J. B. Nichols and on his death was
replaced in the new church.

The vestments in which the king is crowned are largely of an
ecclesiastical nature. They include the dalmatic, the surcoat, the
belt, the stole and a surplice without sleeves. On monuments, kings
are shown wearing a long tunic with close sleeves, a cloak, or cope,
and a tippet of ermine. The only _brass_ is a demi-figure, c. 1440,
at Wimborne Minster, Dorset, laid down in memory of King Ethelred,
martyred 872 A.D. He is crowned and holds a sceptre.




CHAPTER VI

THE MONASTERIES


The influence of the monasteries during the Middle Ages was
considerable, and it was in them that the lamp of learning and art was
kept burning. The causes which led to their destruction would be too
long a matter to discuss here. In justice we must say that the charges
of gross immorality levied against the monks were neither fair nor were
they the real reason for the dissolution of the monasteries.

The last monastery had fallen by 1540. In most cases the churches were
destroyed, and even when they were preserved the brasses were taken
from the gravestones and sold by the Commissioners who confiscated the
property.

Thus at St Albans there were over 270 brasses, and now there are hardly
a dozen. In all England there are barely 30 monastic brasses left.
They include seven monks and a friar, two abbesses, a prior and five
vowesses, besides one or two doubtful examples.

Besides the three abbots already mentioned as showing episcopal
vestments, there are four mutilated fragments on the reverse of
palimpsests (see below). These will be given in the list of palimpsests.

The dress of a monk included the tunic, an undergarment, with the gown
over it, the scapula and cowl or hood. The tonsure is much larger than
that of a parish priest.

Abbot John Lawrence at Burwell, 1542, was originally shown in full
vestments, but as he survived the dissolution his brass was changed.
He now appears in cassock, surplice and almuce. The upper part of
the figure is new, but the lower shows on the reverse the original
engraving. There is a canopy, part of which is palimpsest and shows, on
the reverse, part of a deacon, c. 1320.

The Benedictines were by far the richest and largest of the Orders. The
Cluniacs were a reformed order of Benedictines. The chief difference
was that each monastery was under the direct supervision of Cluny,
and not of the mother monastery from which it sprung. In England there
was an exception and Lewes stood in the position of Cluny to the other
English Cluniac monasteries. It alone was directly under Cluny.

[Illustration: Fig. 16. Thomas Neolond, Prior of Lewes, 1433, Cowfold,
Sussex]

Prior Neolond, here illustrated, was therefore a very important man.
His dress is exactly similar to that of the Benedictines. The canopy,
as shown, is the finest still extant of purely English type. The
central pediment is itself triple and holds a shrine with the Virgin
and Child within. St Pancras and St Thomas à Becket stand on the
finials of the other pediments. The whole brass measures 10 ft. 2 in. ×
4 ft. 3 in.

The Augustinian abbot wears gown and cowl over the ordinary choir
vestments. The crozier rests on the right arm and he wears no mitre.

A vowess was a widow who took monastic vows. It is not easy to
distinguish the dress from that of the ordinary widow.

The Duchess of Gloucester, after the murder of her husband in 1397,
entered the nunnery at Barking, Essex, and died there two years later.
She appears in the first act of _Richard II_. Her brass lies on an
altar tomb in St Edmund’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Her heraldic
badge--the swan--adorns the inscription and the central pediment of
her triple canopy. Five armorial shields still hang from the shafts,
but the sixth is lost. The pinnacle between the central and the
sinister arch is now lost, but was still intact when this rubbing was
taken. (See illustration.) Thus year by year portions of these ancient
monuments are carelessly lost or stolen.

[Illustration: Fig. 17. Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester
(Vowess), 1399. Westminster Abbey]

The friar, in gown and cowl, with knotted cord (c. 1440), at Denham,
Bucks., is on the reverse of Amphillis Peckham, 1545.

The other brasses call for no further attention, save that in the case
of the two nuns from Sion their convent had already been dissolved.
The abbess is shown without her crosier and Margaret Dely without her
mantle.


_Palimpsest Brasses._

By this we mean brasses which have been twice used. The dissolution of
the monasteries led to thousands of brasses being sold for old metal,
both from the churches destroyed and from those that were allowed
to remain. In 1551 an order was issued confiscating all the church
plate. It is therefore not surprising that great numbers of brasses
were stolen. It is noteworthy that Elizabeth disapproved of these
proceedings and ordered that fresh plate should be procured, and that
the damaged monuments should be restored. The stolen brasses often went
into the melting pot, but sometimes they were re-engraved and used to
commemorate contemporary persons.

Palimpsests are produced in three ways:

    I. By engraving the back of the brasses.

    II. By re-engraving and altering the figures.

    III. By simply substituting a fresh inscription.

Those contained in the first group are probably the most numerous, and
are subdivided into three groups:

(_a_) Plunder from English churches at the Reformation; (_b_) plunder
from Flemish churches at the same period; (_c_) shop-wastes and earlier
stolen brasses.

The Flemish or German brasses, about 50 in number, were probably
plunder from the Dutch churches, which were sacked by the Calvinists in
1566. So complete was the destruction wrought in that short week that
to-day there are fewer complete Flemish brasses in their original home
than there are fragments of Flemish brasses in England. (See Appendix.)

The reverses vary considerably in date and subject. Those laid down
from 1540-1570 show that even before the great outbreak of iconoclasm
of 1566 a good many brasses had been stolen.

Taillor at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, was burnt during the Marian
persecution in 1555, and an inscription was laid down in 1560. The
reverse, c. 1500, shows the head and shoulders and hands of a civilian
on a diapered background with certain other details. The Margate
brass, 1582, shows on the reverse scenes from the life of man. One is
of a child catching butterflies, and the other, two boys walking on
stilts.

Besides these groups there is a third type consisting mostly of
shop-wastes, i.e. sometimes a brass which had been ordered was not
approved; the engraver then either melted it down or re-engraved it
on the other side. Also, brasses were stolen and sold to the brass
engravers, who would use them again in the same way. Many of these are
quite early and often only a few years separate the engravings on the
two sides.

In a few cases the same person is depicted with certain details
altered. John Lawrence of Burwell has already been mentioned.

The demi-figure of Thos. Cod, St Margaret’s, Rochester, 1465, is a
striking example. The reverse shows him in almuce and cope, but for
some unknown reason this apparently was disapproved. He is therefore
shown on the obverse with an amice in place of the almuce.

A late example is at Walton-on-Thames. John Selwyn, 1587, was Gentleman
Keeper of the Royal Park at Oatlands. At a stag-hunt in the presence
of Elizabeth he leapt from his horse on to the back of the stag when
both were going at full speed. There he kept his seat, with his sword
guided the animal towards the Queen, and then plunged the steel into
its throat so that it fell dead at her feet.

This is depicted on a small plate placed between the heads of Selwyn
and his wife. The subject is engraved on both sides. The reverse was
lightly sketched and was rejected. It shows him hatless holding the
stag’s right horn.

The two remaining groups, II and III, are much less numerous. Group II
consists of figures which have been altered.

Examples of this kind are Robt. Hanson, 1545, Chalfont St Peters,
Bucks., altered (by adding shading, etc.) from a priest, 1440. Humphrey
Oker and wife, 1538, Okeover, Staffs., altered from Wm. Lord Zouche
and two wives, c. 1447. The figure of one wife was left intact and the
other was turned over and engraved with the children and an oak-tree
bearing a shield.

There are a few other examples, but perhaps the most interesting is
that to Walter Curzon and wife, Waterperry, Oxon., 1527, altered from
c. 1445. A new head and shoulders were engraved, the palettes were
partly erased and shading was added on arms, cuirass and legs. The
taces have been re-engraved to form a skirt of mail. The ends of the
shoes have been partly erased and the toes rounded. The upper half of
the lady is Tudor, the lower half has had shading added to the lines,
and a chain hanging from the belt added.

Group III consists of appropriate brasses which have not been
re-engraved. A new inscription, and sometimes shields, are merely added.

Good examples of this group are the brasses of Sir John Dyve, 1535,
wife and mother, Bromham, Beds., appropriated from Thos. Wideville and
two wives under triple canopy, c. 1435; John Wybarne (in armour), c.
1546, Ticehurst, Sussex, appropriated from c. 1370; Laughton, Lincs.,
1549, man under triple canopy, appropriated from c. 1400; Joan ffenner,
1516, Horley, Surrey, appropriated from c. 1420, with fine canopy.

There are several other examples and they must be carefully
distinguished from those brasses which have been _copied_ from an
earlier brass, as has happened in the effigy of Peter Rede at St Peter
Mancroft, Norwich.




CHAPTER VII

THE EARLY TUDORS. 1485-1547


During this period more brasses were laid down than in the whole of the
preceding time. Over 1100 belong to the reigns of Henrys VII and VIII.
From Edward I to Richard III, 1000 were laid down.

But the work shows lamentable signs of steady deterioration; metal and
engraving are usually poor, the former thin and the latter shallow and
with too much detail. There is a greater variety of design, but many
are in bad taste, such as figures shown in shrouds or as skeletons.
At this date brasses are often placed on the wall, and sometimes are
quadrangular. The latter must be carefully distinguished from foreign
ones (see later).

Canopies are few and heavy, but continue to follow the traditional
lines.

In the military brasses a sudden change becomes noticeable. The
Yorkist armour is changed to the Tudor between 1490 and 1500. Its
characteristics are that the placates are omitted, the pauldrons are
single and have passe-gards to protect the neck, shorter tuilles
are attached to the taces, a skirt of mail has been re-introduced
and reaches well down over the thighs. The graceful, pointed
sollerets--which must have been rather uncomfortable--were replaced by
sabbatons with large rounded or square toes.

The sword is usually hung across the back of the legs. The hair is long
and straight. Most of these and other characteristics will be seen in
the illustration of John Shelley and wife, Clapham, Sussex, 1526. The
Tabard of Arms covers the body armour.

[Illustration: Fig. 18. John Shelley and wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex]

The Yorkist armour was certainly more beautiful, but one is apt
to get rather an unfair impression from the brasses. There still
survives a considerable amount of actual armour of this period, and
from it we can see that it was often truly magnificent. At times it
was engraved and embossed, and there are several variations not shown
in the brasses, such as the skirt of plate. Those interested in the
subject should study the fine collections at the Tower of London and
elsewhere. It is most fortunate that our national collection of armour
was begun just when the brasses by deterioration began to furnish less
trustworthy evidence. Of the armour previous to the Yorkist period,
practically none survives, hence the importance of the good engraving
of the earlier brasses. (See Appendix.)

Serjeants-at-arms usually carry maces.

One of the most characteristic features of the period is the armorial
tabard. Often, too, the wife has an armorial mantle: as in the brass
of John Shelley and his wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex, here shown. The
arms are repeated on Shelley’s sleeves and his wife bears her own arms
impaling those of her husband on her mantle. The Holy Trinity is shown
above the figures.

The tabard replaced the heraldic jupon of the Plantagenets during the
Lancastrian period. The earliest is to John Wantele, 1424, Amberley,
Sussex, but the arms are not repeated on the sleeves. There are but
few examples, however, till the Yorkist period, and they only became
plentiful under the Tudors. They died out in the opening years of
Elizabeth, the last being to Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, Dorset,
1565.

Examples of Tabards of Arms during the Yorkist period are: Sir John Say
and wife, Broxbourne, Herts., 1473, and Philip Mede and two wives, St
Mary, Redcliff.

[Illustration: Fig. 19. Lady Tiptoft (Partly covered), c. 1470,
Enfield, Middlesex]

Lady Tiptoft at Enfield, Middlesex, c. 1470 (here illustrated), is
a very splendid brass, and shows the armorial bearings well. (See
Appendix.)

The colour of the coats-of-arms was probably shown by means of lead for
_argent_, coloured earths for _colour_, and the plain brass for _or_.
At Ardingley, Sussex, are three brasses in all of which the coloured
earth is still in place. Unless this has been replaced later, it is a
striking example, for in most cases all trace of the coloured earths
has vanished. At Broxbourne, real enamel was used (as also at Stoke
d’Abernon, 1279), and in consequence most of the colour is still in
place.

It is held by some that all engraved lines on all brasses were filled
in with black wax or some similar substance, just as in our modern
inscriptions. That this was so in some cases seems certain, and at the
Victoria and Albert Museum in the foreign brass to Henry Oskens (canon)
from Nippes, near Cologne, 1535, much of the wax is still there. It
is, of course, impossible to make a good rubbing of such a brass.

It does not seem likely that most of the brasses were so treated, but
it would take too long to go into all the evidence which leads one to
hold this view, nor is it desirable to use it now.

The ladies’ dress also changes at the same time as their husbands’.
The butterfly head-dress gives way to the kennel head-dress. This has
a stiff point in front and is carried back like the roof of a kennel
(hence the name) and has long side lappets, usually of embroidery. In
some of the earlier examples these are pinned up (Ardingley), but, as a
rule, they fall straight down (Clapham).

The dress is close-fitting and has a square collar and fur cuffs.
Round the waist is a girdle with a chain pendant in front, to which is
attached an ornament of varying shape. Occasionally mantles are worn,
as at Cobham, Kent, but seldom, except when they bear a coat-of-arms.

Quite often babies will be found wrapped in chrysoms with swaddling
bands round them. This robe was placed on the child by the priest as
soon as it was baptised (which was when it was only a few days old). It
was worn till the mother came to be churched, when it was returned to
the priest. These brasses therefore show that the child died during the
time that elapsed between baptism and the churching. Chrysom children
are found alone or with parents. This type of brass survived till the
middle of the seventeenth century.

Occasionally brasses are found commemorating women who died in
childbirth. The infant is then usually shown in a chrysom robe, and in
later brasses the mother is often shown lying on a four-post bedstead.
Anne Asteley, Blickling, Norfolk, 1512, probably belongs to this group.
During the reign of Elizabeth, several examples of bedstead brasses are
found. The first is at Heston, Middlesex, 1581, another is at Halling,
Kent, 1587, and there are several others.

The civilians at this period are numerous, but not particularly
interesting. The hair is long and straight, the gown reaches to the
feet and is usually lined and edged with fur. The sleeves are wide,
and a girdle surrounds the waist, from which hangs a short rosary and
a purse. Broad-toed shoes are worn. The brass at Ardingley shows this
dress, the canopy is an unusual feature.

[Illustration: Fig. 20. Richard Wakehurst and wife, engr. c. 1500,
Ardingley, Sussex]




CHAPTER VIII

EDWARD VI AND MARY. TRANSITIONAL PERIOD


During this period not more than sixty brasses were laid down. This was
largely due to the religious and political turmoil of the period and is
the more to be regretted, especially in the case of the clergy, as the
brasses might have thrown much light on the question of the vestments
worn during the time when the first and second Prayer Books of Edward
VI were in use.

The engraving grows steadily poorer and the metal thinner.

Of the ecclesiastics, the following is believed to be a complete
list for both reigns, but the Marian clergy, being naturally in full
vestments, have for the most part been mentioned before.

    Hugh Brystowe (parson), Waddesdon, Bucks. (in shroud), 1548.

    Jn. White (Warden of Winchester College and later Bp. of
    Winchester), Winchester College is in cope, laid down in 1548.

    Thos. Magnus (archdeacon), Sessay, Yorks. (cope), 1550.

    Bp. Goodryke of Ely, Ely Cathedral (full vestments), 1554.

    Bp. Bell of Worcester, St James, Clerkenwell (ditto), 1556.

    James Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Church, Oxford
    (in almuce), 1557.

    Arthur Cole (Canon of Windsor), Magdalen College, Oxford (in
    mantle of the Order), 1558.

    Robt. Brassie (in almuce), King’s College, Cambridge, 1558.

The largest number of transitional brasses represent men in armour
either with or without the tabard of arms.

The chief changes are that the mail skirt has often an indented edge,
the taces are divided at the lower part by an arched opening between
the tuilles, and frills are worn at the wrists.

The most noteworthy change in the ladies’ attire is that the kennel
head-dress is abandoned. The hair is parted in front and a linen cap
supports a bonnet, often of velvet and having a jewelled edge. It is
generally of horseshoe shape. A kerchief hangs down over the neck and
shoulders behind. This head-dress is continued during the reign of
Elizabeth and was known as the Queen Mary cap, at first after Mary
Tudor, and later after Mary Stuart. The sleeves are slashed and puffed
at the shoulders and from the belt hangs a mirror or other ornament.
The collar is thrown open and reveals a gathered underbodice. A long
cloak with false sleeves is often found, and heraldic mantles are
still worn when the husband appears in a tabard. These died out in the
opening years of Elizabeth, as already stated.

Of civilians little need be said. Their wives follow the new style, but
little alteration in their own dress is noticeable. Three examples may
be given, the last a woolman, the other two judges. These are Henry
Bradschawe and wife, Halton, Bucks., 1553; Wm. Coke and wife, Milton,
Cambridge, 1553; Anthony Cave and wife, Chicheley, Bucks., 1558.




CHAPTER IX

ELIZABETH AND JAMES I. 1558-1625


During this last period there was a considerable revival both in the
number and quality of brasses. About 800 were laid down in these two
reigns and at first there is a marked improvement in the engraving. It
is usual to speak as if the deterioration continued steadily from the
time of Henry VIII through the Edwardian and Elizabethan brasses to the
final disappearance of the art in the eighteenth century. This is not
quite the case. The Elizabethan brasses (with which are included those
of James I) are decidedly better in many instances than those of the
Transitional period. Even some of the Caroline examples are better than
those laid down between 1547 and 1558.

Early in the reign of Elizabeth, the plate of brass itself began to
be manufactured in England. It was usually thin, however, and the
engraving as in the Transitional brasses was shallow and too much
detail and shading were attempted. The thinness of metal led to their
becoming battered and worn and they are often in far worse condition
than those laid down a couple of centuries earlier.

Many brasses were, however, fixed to the walls and these are in a
much better state of preservation. These sometimes take the form of
rectangular plates: at times the figures are fixed against the wall in
a recess over a tomb. They are then usually depicted kneeling at desks.

The new style of armour which took the place of that worn in the
Transitional period became finally established by 1575. Its main
characteristics are these: The use of the long-waisted doublet and the
short hose rendered the old style of armour unwearable. The cuirass
becomes long and is brought forward to a peak with a projecting rim. It
is known as a “peascod.” The pauldrons are large and have no ridges,
they are lined with leather the escalloped edge of which is allowed to
extend beyond the plates. The neck is encircled by a ruff, as are the
wrists. The helmet is seldom worn, but is often placed behind the head,
though the figure is depicted standing.

Kneeling figures in many cases have the helmet on the ground, together
with the gauntlets.

The front of the thighs are protected by laminated cuissarts under the
trunk hose, and the legs by knee-caps and greaves. The sollerets are
of a more graceful shape and fit the feet closely. Two long tassets
are buckled to the edge of the cuirass, and hang down over the trunk
hose. They are all formed of several hinged plates and take the place
of tuilles. They are not infrequently rounded at the lower edge and
are fastened by straps to the breeches. The sword hangs at the left
side from a leather belt and the dagger at the right side from a sash.
Swords usually possess guarded hilts.

[Illustration: Fig. 21. John Wingfield, 1584, Easton, Suffolk]

The illustration of Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, shows these
characteristics, and there are but few variations. The most noticeable
is where, the puffed breeches not being worn, continuous plates from
knee to cuirass protect the legs. This type is shown in the brasses of
Thos. Hawkins, Boughton-under-Blean, Kent, 1587, and Thos. Nevynson and
wife, Eastry, Kent, 1590.

It is remarkable how, in spite of gunpowder being in general use, the
men of the age of Elizabeth were still encased in a panoply of plate.

The ladies fall naturally into two divisions. The Transitional form,
or Queen Mary dress, changed about 1560. The gown is fastened only at
the waist by a sash, and thus shows below an embroidered or quilted
petticoat. Between the bodice and the throat, the bust is covered by a
gathered partlet with a frill and the Paris bonnet continues in use.
From about 1575 a new style comes into vogue and is well shown in
the illustration of the wife of Wm. Wade, Bildeston, Suffolk, 1599.
Her skirt is distended at the hips by the farthingale and shows the
embroidered petticoat beneath. The sleeves are slashed and a large ruff
is round the neck. Usually frills are also worn at the wrists, but here
Alice Wade is an exception. A broad-brimmed hat is worn.

[Illustration: Fig. 22. Alice, wife of William Wade, 1599, Bildeston,
Suffolk]

There are several variations. The lappet of the bonnet is sometimes
turned up over the head, and when it comes far enough forward to shade
the face, it is called a “Shadow.” At the end of the period, a large
veil was substituted. Sometimes the hair is brushed up to a lace crown,
supported by a wire frame. This fashion is shown in the brass of Margt.
Chute, Marden, Hereford, 1614. She wears besides the wheel farthingale,
a peaked stomacher, and a starched collar ornamented with point lace.

The bedstead brasses have already been mentioned in reference to the
chrysom children, but are really a peculiarity of this period.

The civilian costume is not over-interesting, because doublet and
hose are usually covered by a long gown, such as is seen in the
memorial to Wm. Dunche and wife, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham,
Berks., engraved c. 1585. Here husband and wife kneel at desks under
two classical arches. Two sons kneel behind their father. They wear
short cloaks, doublet and hose. This is also the costume of the sons of
Alice Wade, who wear pointed beards.

The brasses of children, especially boys, become fairly numerous and
are not without interest, as they exhibit the doublet and hose under
a short cloak. The brass of W. Browne, Holton, Oxon., 1599, is a good
example, showing the long hose fastened above the knee by garters of
ribbon.

The clergy for the most part wear the ordinary civilian dress of the
day without cassock or surplice, and a long gown with long sleeves,
known as the Geneva gown. Some also wear a hood to denote they hold a
degree, as does Dr Wm. Bill, Dean of Westminster, Westminster Abbey,
1561.

Of clergy in surplice and cassock only two brasses now survive.
Formerly at Denham, Bucks., there was one portraying Leonard Hurst,
1561, in cassock and surplice opening in front like a college surplice
and a long scarf. It is now lost, but is illustrated in Haine’s
_Manual_. The two that still survive are Wm. Dye (priest), Westerham,
Kent, 1567, who wears cassock, a closed and gathered surplice and a
scarf, and Nich. Asheton, Winchford, Warwick, 1582, very similar to
the lost brass at Denham, Bucks.

The remaining clergy are in civilian costume, but one or two wear a
scarf over the Geneva gown, as at Stonham Aspal, 1606.

In many cases the title of the ecclesiastic is given, and these are of
some interest. (See Appendix.)

Tyndall’s figure is 5 ft. 4 in. long and there is a border fillet and
several shields.

There are three bishops, but Robt. Pursglove, 1579, is in full mass
vestments, and has been mentioned before.

Edmund Geste, Bishop of Salisbury, in his Cathedral, 1578, wears rochet
and chimere, a scarf and lawn sleeves. Instead of a crozier, he holds
a walking stick in his right and a book in his left hand. It should be
remembered that this was the outdoor garb, hence probably the walking
stick.

H. Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616, has two brasses, that at Queen’s
College, Oxford, being copied and put over his grave in Carlisle
Cathedral. His brass, like Airay’s, who succeeded him as Provost
of Queen’s, differs from the usual type. They resemble the copper
plates used in books and are very finely engraved and filled with
many additional emblems. A good rubbing cannot be taken owing to the
thinness of the engraving, which nevertheless is well done.

On a quadrilateral plate, Robinson kneels in front of Queen’s College
and Carlisle Cathedral. There are three sheep folds to signify he
was a shepherd to his flock. Several peasants with their tools and
in the dress of the period stand in one corner and dons are entering
Queen’s College in the other. He wears a skull cap and ruff, rochet and
chimere. In his left hand he holds his crozier, which has a human eye
in the centre, and a stork on the outer curve of the volute. The infula
is a napkin and bears the word “Velando.”

From the Elizabethan period some attempt at portraiture is made: in
the case of Robinson and Airay with considerable success. The brass to
Erasmus Williams, Rector at Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, is probably by the
same hand as these two and is signed R. Haydock. It is very similar in
general treatment to them, and on Airay’s brass are the same initials
R. H.




CHAPTER X

THE CAROLINE BRASSES. 1625-60


The art of monumental brasses shows signs of rapid deterioration, and
from it there was to be no recovery. About 150 were laid down during
the reign of Charles I and 13 during the Commonwealth.

Only two are really fine: Archbp. Harsnett’s brass at Chigwell, 1631,
and Sir Edw. Filmer’s, here shown.

[Illustration: Fig. 23. Sir Edward Filmer and family, 1638, East
Sutton, Kent]

Armour is seldom worn, knights being usually depicted in civilian
dress, and where it is worn, it generally consists of a demi-suit of
cuirass, with laminated plates for the thighs and small knee pieces.
Jack boots protect the legs. There are many variations, but the brass
of Sir Edw. Filmer and wife, East Sutton, Kent, is fairly typical.

Of the nine sons, only one wears armour and none wear ruffs. The
eight daughters are similar to their mother, who wears a gown without
farthingale and a veil over the head. The brass consists of two large
rectangular plates and though too much shading is put in, yet is a good
example for the period.

The ladies have abandoned the farthingale and wear more graceful gowns,
sometimes with ruffs and sometimes with falling collars. A light veil
often covers the head. Sometimes the embroidered petticoat can be seen
underneath the gown, which is divided in front. An example is to be
found at Ardingley, Sussex, to Eliz. Culpeper, aged 7, 1634, and also
in a larger brass to her mother.

The civilians are still fairly numerous, but the engraving is usually
poor. The long gown is worn no more, the costume being the tunic with
falling collar, knee-breeches, stockings and shoes or jack boots and
a short cloak. Sometimes a ruff is worn instead of a collar. Most
of these details will be seen in the sons of Sir Edw. Filmer. Point
lace was often worn and is occasionally seen, as in the small, badly
engraved brass of Thos. Holl, 1630.

The brass of John Moorwood and wife is characteristic. He kneels
opposite his wife, Grace, at a desk. Besides the costume described
above, he wears a ruff and a skull cap. His hair is long and he has a
moustache and a pointed beard. His sons are similar, save that they are
hatless and have no beard or moustache. His wife has a very plain dress
and a high-crowned hat, her daughters have no ruffs, veils, or bonnets.

The six at Llanrwst, Denbigh, are quite distinct and represent either
the work of a local school or of a special artist. There was also a
local school at York. Its peculiarity was that the figures were large
demi-figures, usually on a quadrilateral plate, which was narrower at
the top than at the bottom. A considerable amount of fur is displayed,
and the faces appear to be good portraits. The Elizabethan have already
been mentioned in the last chapter, but there are several others.

There is one good Caroline brass--that to Thos. Atkinson, All Saints,
North St., York, 1642. It may have been engraved a few years earlier.

Among ecclesiastics there is but one fine example, and that is
perhaps the best Caroline brass still extant. It commemorates Samuel
Harsnett, Archbp. of York at Chigwell, Essex, 1631. He had left special
instructions in his will as to how it was to be made. The metal was to
be an inch thick and to be rivetted right through the stone so that it
could not easily be torn up. The result is a fine monument. He wears
cope, rochet, chimere and a mitre. He holds his crozier in his left
hand and a book in the right. The face is evidently a portrait. There
is a border inscription with the evangelists at the corners. The figure
is 6 ft. long. The crozier is not a cross, but a crook and has a rose
in the volute.

During the Commonwealth naturally few brasses were laid down, and
the distrust with which all representations of the human form were
regarded by the Puritans, who considered them a breach of the Second
Commandment, probably gave the death blow to the failing art. Besides
those already mentioned, the following have been noticed: Ralph
Assheton (in armour) and wife, Middleton, Lancs., 1650; Adam Beaumont
(in armour) and wife, Kirkheaton, Yorks., 1655. These are the only
men in armour. Assheton was a leader on the Puritan side and did good
service. Beaumont was his son-in-law and is clad in similar style.
The armour is a demi-suit, consisting of skirted cuirass, pauldrons,
elbow-pieces and laminar cuissarts extending to the top of his tall
boots. There is no actual representations of a cleric, but Dan.
Evance, rector, quadrilateral plate, Calbourne, I.o.W., 1652 is
commemorated by a plate with a drawing of Time and Death.

Most of these are but miserable caricatures and reveal the final
stage of decay. Yet they are not without interest, though perhaps a
melancholy one.

During the Caroline period many brasses to young children were laid
down. Sometimes the babe is shown lying on a tomb, at others it is
represented in its cradle. Two in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, may be
quoted, and commemorate the children of Dr John King. They are dated
1630 and 1633.




CHAPTER XI

THE LAST BRASSES. 1660-1773


The last few brasses are of little artistic value. (See Appendix.)

Robt. Shiers, 1668, is perhaps the best of them. He wears a long,
flowing gown reaching to the feet and holds a book in his hand.
Nicholas Toke is in Jacobean armour, but with a fall collar and long
hair. Probably his figure was copied from an earlier brass, for his
daughters, who are on a separate plate, are very crudely drawn.

The last two brasses are the only Georgian ones known to exist and
they are separated by a great space of time from the others. Whether
they were each engraved at the dates given on the plates or whether
they were both done at the same time is difficult to say. Benjamin
Greenwood’s brass is certainly the best, his wife’s figure being very
crude. She has on a plain gown and a veil. He is in a coat with open
skirts, a figured waistcoat, knee-breeches, and wig. He points to a
skull with his left hand and to a ship with his right. Probably he was
a merchant captain.

Both plates have a pair of cherubs’ heads in the upper corners and are
upon separate gravestones; the engraving is very thin.

Thus we have seen the art of the engravers rise in the thirteenth
century and die in the eighteenth.




CHAPTER XII

SPECIAL TYPES


Besides the ordinary figure brasses, there are a certain number of
special types. Those representing Scriptural subjects are perhaps the
most interesting. They are less numerous than might be expected and
usually form part of a canopy, or, at any rate, part of a composition
which includes large figures.

The Holy Trinity is the most common emblem and is depicted as a
venerable man seated, holding Christ crucified. The Holy Ghost in the
form of a dove is sometimes perched on one arm of the Cross, or hovers
over the head, but it is often omitted.

The Holy Trinity is found at Cobham, 1407; Peperharrow, 1487; Shirburn,
1493, and Witney, Oxon., 1500; Childrey, Berks., 1507; Floore,
Northants., 1510; Wooburn, Bucks., 1520; Clapham, Sussex, 1526;
Beaumaris, Anglesea, c. 1530; Cheam, Surrey, 1542.

The Virgin is found at Cobham, 1395; Bottesford, Leics., 1404; Morley,
Derbys., 1470; Etwall, Derbys., 1512; St George’s Chapel, Windsor,
1522; and elsewhere.

Numerous other saints are depicted as well as those in canopy niches
and on the orphreys of copes.

The Annunciation is found in several places. That at Fovant, Wilts.,
1492, is contained in a rectangular plate commemorating Geo. Rede,
rector. He wears cassock and scarf, kneels on a chequered pavement and
prays to the Virgin, who, dressed in mantle, sideless _cote-hardi_ and
kirtle, with a wreath of roses on her head, kneels at a _prie-dieu_ in
the centre of the plate. A pot of lilies stands behind her and an angel
kneels on the further side, wearing an alb and mantle. The Dove flies
towards the Virgin from a cloud in the corner. The whole composition
is reminiscent of foreign work, but is almost certainly English. An
Annunciation is to be seen at March, Cambs. (1517), above the figures
of Antony Hansart and his wife. A third is in the canopy of William
Porter, S.T.P., 1524, Hereford Cathedral.

The Adoration of the Shepherds is found at Cobham, Surrey, c. 1500.

The Resurrection is more widely distributed, and in two forms according
as (_a_) there are or (_b_) are not soldiers round the tomb.

Of class (_a_), those at Swansea, c. 1500; Cranley, Surrey, 1503;
All Hallows, Barking, c. 1510; and Narburgh, Norfolk, 1545, are
characteristic.

Of class (_b_), examples may be seen at Stoke Charity, Hants., 1482;
Stoke Lyne, Oxon., 1535 and Burwell, Cambs., 1542. Of this latter
class, the Burwell brass is the best. The Saviour’s form is unclothed
and the lower half hidden within the tomb; His hands are raised and He
holds no cross.

Class (_a_) is the more interesting. The Cranley and Swansea
representations are the best. In the former, which is to Robt. Hardyng
and his wife, 1503, Christ steps from the sarcophagus unclothed save
for a loin cloth. Four out of the five wounds are thus plainly shown.
He holds a cross (in His left hand) bearing a pennon, with a cross in
its centre. A nimbus is around His head. The four soldiers are clad in
armour with morions on their heads and halberts in their hands.

The Swansea representation measures 12 × 11 inches and is to Sir Hugh
Johnys and his wife, c. 1500. He was a knight of the Holy Sepulchre,
and fought against the Turks under John, at that time Emperor of
Constantinople. One of the soldiers round the tomb evidently represents
a Saracen. He is shown sleeping with a scimitar at his left, a spiked
mace at his right side.

One other curious pictorial example must not be omitted. It represents
the Mass of St Gregory. The Pope kneels before an altar, while the
figure of our Lord rises from behind the chalice, changed from the
consecrated wafer. It is in the brass of Roger Legh and wife (lost),
Macclesfield, Cheshire, 1506, and is unique. The original story is in
the _Golden Legend_.


_Heart Brasses._

The next curious type is that known as Heart Brasses. A heart is often
shown held in the hands of the deceased, as at Buslingthorpe, Lincs.,
c. 1290. At other times it is found quite separate from the figure
and often with two or three inscribed scrolls coming from it. Thos.
Knyghtley, Fawsley, Northants., 1516, is typical of this class.

But the name applies more especially to those monuments in which the
heart appears alone. Often these doubtless marked the spot where the
heart alone was buried. We have many authentic records of men who
ordered their hearts to be buried apart from their bodies. Some of
these were knights who perished abroad and ordered their bodies to be
buried where they died, but their hearts to be brought back to England.
From the inscription upon one of the four scrolls of the Wiggenhall
brass, _Cuius cor hic humatur_, we may reasonably infer that the heart
only lies beneath the stone. There are several stone monuments showing
only hearts, which records prove cover only that organ. Thus, Sir Thos.
Neville’s body was buried at Billing, 1535, and his heart at Mereworth,
Kent. At the latter place his stone monument consists of a heart held
by two hands.

Heart brasses proper fall into two main divisions: (_a_) plain,
sometimes inscribed or with scrolls, (_b_) held by hands, usually
coming out of a cloud.

Class (_a_) includes Thos. Smyth, priest, St John’s, Margate, Kent,
1433; an unknown person, Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, c. 1450; and Sir Robt.
Kervile, Wiggenhall St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1450.

Good representatives of class (_b_) are the brasses of John Merstun,
priest, Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., 1446; Wm. Stapilton, Helbroughton,
Norfolk, c. 1450; Dionysius Willys, Loddon, Norfolk, 1462; and Thos.
Denton, Caversfield, Bucks., 1533. (See Appendix.)


_Shrouds._

These and the following group are neither beautiful nor pleasing
monuments. They are signs of the morbid feeling that seems to have
begun to spread over England about the middle of the fifteenth century
and which did not pass away until the nineteenth.

Many stone monuments exist showing reclining figures in the costume of
the period on a raised tomb, while beneath, visible through openings in
the sides, are the same persons shown as skeletons or shrouded figures.
This contrast is seldom exhibited in _brasses_, but the kneeling figure
of Lionel Dymoke, Horncastle, Lincs. (1519), in armour, is engraved
upon a small plate on the wall, while on the pavement below he is
represented by a shrouded figure.

In some cases the brass was laid down on the death of one of those
commemorated. The latter is then shown in a shroud, while those who
survived are shown in the dress of the period.

Women can be recognised by their long, flowing hair, and priests by
their tonsure. The purpose of this type of brass was probably to remind
us that “such as we are, such shall ye be.” (See Appendix.)

Under the Tudors, this type of brass increased in favour, and its
persistence is remarkable. The last brass of 1660 was probably
inspired by the earlier one of 1505.

At Childrey, c. 1520, husband and wife rise from their tombs, but at
Oddington devouring worms crawl out of the body, which is almost a
skeleton.

This leads us to


_Skeletons._

They are not so common as shroud brasses, but belong to the same class.
Indeed, some of the former are really shrouded skeletons.


_Other designs._

A few other designs may be found scattered up and down the country.
Perhaps the most interesting is to Roger Morris, Margate, Kent, 1615.
He was an official in the Navy and his brass consists of a square
plate showing a three-masted square rigged man-o’-war. It has a lion
figure-head, high poop and many guns showing through the port holes.




CHAPTER XIII

FOREIGN BRASSES


Brasses on the Continent, as already stated, were engraved on
quadrilateral plates, the inscription, canopy and background, all being
engraved on the same plates, there is therefore no background of stone,
as in England. Any space left over was usually filled with diaper
work or some similar pattern. Many of those which still survive on
the Continent are remarkably splendid. There were originally at least
three great schools, besides several minor subdivisions. These were the
German, Flemish, and French. The Revolutionaries destroyed almost all
those in France and the Reformers played sad havoc with the Dutch and
German monuments. Still, many fine examples remain of the German and
Flemish schools. The former are found at Ringstead, Denmark, engr. c.
1350, to King Eric and Queen Ingeborg, at Lübeck, Schwerin, Stralsund
(Pomerania), Thorn and elsewhere. The latter exist at Ghent 14th c.,
Brussels 1398, Bruges 15th c. Most of these were Hanse towns and all
carried on trade with England. Merchants from them settled in England
and in some cases had their brasses made abroad. It thus came about
that 14 remain of undoubtedly foreign work, besides two which were
bought abroad and are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. These
form an entirely separate group and must be dealt with apart.

On the other hand, one English brass is known to exist on the
Continent. It is at Constance, to the memory of an English bishop who
died at the Council of Constance.

The finest foreign brasses are those of the fourteenth century, and
are as follows: Adam de Walsokne and wife, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1349;
Abbot Thos. Delamere, St Albans Abbey, c. 1360; Simon de Wenslagh,
priest, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360; a Priest, North Mimms, Herts., c.
1360; Robt. Braunche and two wives, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1364; Ralph
de Knevyngton (in armour, small) Aveley, Essex, 1370; Alan Fleming,
Newark, Notts., c. 1375; and Thos. de Topclyffe and wife, Topcliffe,
Yorks., 1391.

There seems little doubt that these fall into two schools--North German
and Flemish.

The first may be called North German, and five brasses of Hanseatic
merchants are so exactly alike that they must come from the very same
workshop. They are the two at King’s Lynn and one each at St Peter’s,
Lübeck, 1356, at Thorn, 1357, and at Stralsund, 1361.

The trefoils on the background are similar, and so are the cushions on
which rest the heads of the figures. A woodhouse (a wild man) struggles
with an animal between the feet of the merchant, in each case.

The most interesting feature in each is that beneath the feet of the
figures a long compartment is reserved for a scene. In the Walsokne
brass, a horseman carrying corn to be ground at a mill is followed by
two men bearing their master on a litter. There are also hunting scenes
and a forester fighting with an outlaw. In the Braunche brass there
is a representation (probably) of the mayor’s feast at Lynn. Braunche
was mayor in 1349 or 1359. The three peacocks are being borne by fair
ladies heralded by trumpets.

There is in every brass a magnificent canopy with figures either of
saints or of “weepers” in niches. The soul, a small naked figure, is
being borne aloft by angels to God the Father.

The large number of figures included may be judged when we consider
that the Walsokne brass has 57 alone. The principal figures are clad in
the civilian costume already described, and their wives in the mantle,
sideless _cote-hardi_ and kirtle. In some the mantle is omitted, when
it is easier to see the beautiful figured pattern with which the kirtle
is adorned.

The Walsokne brass measures 9 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 8 in., and the
Braunche 8 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 1 in., and some of the Continental ones
are even larger.

The second group springs from a second workshop and includes three
ecclesiastical brasses and the Royal brass at Ringstead. The former
are at St Albans, Lübeck and Schwerin (1347) respectively. The
distinguishing feature of this group is that the cushions are omitted.
A few other details differ, but in the main they follow the same lines
as the others of North Germany. These two sub-groups probably both came
from Lübeck, but are by different hands.

The Newark brass is also North German, but of later work than the
other, for, though dated 1361, it was probably engraved about 1375. The
most striking difference is that the canopy is drawn in perspective,
with very unsatisfactory results. It is rather similar to the huge
brass of Bishops Godfrey and Frederic de Bulowe at Schwerin, 1375.
The latter measures 13 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 5 in. and is the largest in
the world. The Newark brass measures 9 ft. 4 in. × 5 ft. 7 in. It
is unfortunately much worn, and has been removed from its original
position and placed against the wall.

The Wensley brass is also North German. The robes of the priest are
embroidered in a similar design to those of Abbot Delamere, but there
is no canopy or background.

The North Mimms brass is similar, but not so well engraved and the
figure is only 27 inches long. The canopy has niches with the apostles,
two angels with censor and the soul in the arms of the Father. There is
no background, but probably it was cut away by the English workmen who
laid it in the stone to make it suit English ideas. The composition
rises from a bracket on which is a coat-of-arms and two lions.

The Aveley and Topcliffe brasses are almost certainly Flemish. The
former is very small, but beautifully engraved; there is a canopy, and
the background has no design, being simply cross-hatched. The other
brass measures 5 ft. 9 in. × 3 ft. 1 in. and represents a civilian and
his wife. The ground work is a diaper pattern, and there is a fine
canopy. On the reverse of several pieces earlier work exists and in one
place a Flemish inscription.

There are five other English brasses of foreign work, and two foreign
ones are in the Victoria and Albert Museum. There are also a few
fragments among the palimpsests (see Chap. VI) and a fragment in the
British Museum. (See Appendix.)




CHAPTER XIV

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

(See special articles on this subject by the author in _The Builder_,
vol. CII.)


Brasses frequently contain a considerable amount of architectural
detail in their composition. Sometimes they were placed on altar tombs
under stone canopies, but it is of those details depicted in the brass
itself that the author purposes to write.

Canopies are by far the most important group, and the magnificence of
some of these can be but faintly realised from the illustrations.

The earliest follow the Decorated style which was in fashion when they
were laid down.

The first type consists of slender shafts supporting a pediment, of
which the upper sides are straight, forming a triangle ornamented with
crockets and terminated by a bunch of foliage. The arch beneath is
trefoil and the cusps are filled with leaves. This form lasted from
1300 to c. 1325, but unfortunately only one example survives--that of
Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1320 (cf. p. 7). The side shafts were
missing, but have, we believe, been restored. This is the second lady
to be depicted on a brass, and she leads the fine series of nineteen
brasses at Cobham. The slab of Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, Sussex, c.
1310, shows the matrix of a similar canopy. The fragments of the canopy
of Sir Hugh Hastings, 1347, Elsing, Norfolk, also appear to belong
to this type, but with later variations. In it, as in the canopy of
Lawrence de St Maur, the canopies in the shafts are straight-sided.

This low pedimental form was soon superseded by the ogee arch rising to
a considerable height. This is supported by equally tall side shafts.
Sometimes, in place of a bunch of foliage, figures of saints are seen
on the finial, as on several examples at Cobham, Kent, notably Lady
Margaret (cf. p. 13). At other times a shield with a coat-of-arms takes
its place, as in the brass of Archbishop Waldeby, Westminster Abbey,
1397.

The next development was to widen the shafts, so as to form panels
or niches containing canopied saints. Often these are surmounted by
a super-canopy. The brass of Lawrence de St Maur, Higham Ferrers,
Northants. (cf. fig. 13) shows this type. Canopies over mass
priests are very rare and this is by far the finest. The details have
been given before, so we will turn to another variation of this type.

Instead of canopy and super-canopy, an embattled canopy with an ogee
pediment within is found. A splendid example is to a former Dean of
St Asaph’s and rector of Balsham, John Blodwell, 1462 (cf. p. 37). It
measures 8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in.

Another development was, in place of a single arch to have double or
triple arches. The former type was used almost exclusively where two
persons were commemorated. The latter was sometimes used over three
figures, but more often over one. Thus in the brass of the Duchess
of Gloucester, Westminster Abbey, 1399 (cf. p. 47), we have a truly
magnificent brass. Five shields hang from the shafts (the sixth is
lost) and between the finials of her triple canopy are two other
finials, one of which has been lost since this rubbing was made. A
tabernacle with the Holy Trinity is often placed above the ogee arch in
place of the central finial, as in the brass of Sir Nicholas Hawberk,
Cobham, Kent, 1407. But not only the finest of this group, but of
all _English_ brasses now extant is the monument to Thomas Neolond,
Cluniac Prior of Lewes, at Cowfold, Sussex, 1433 (cf. p. 45). This has
a tabernacle with the Virgin and Child, and, moreover, the finials
of the other two arches support St Pancras and St Thomas à Becket.
Further, the central arch is also triple, and the shafts are supported
by side shafts and connected by flying buttresses, as is likewise the
tabernacle. The entire scheme is very graceful and recalls the lantern
at Ely in its lightness. It is 10 ft. 2 in. × 4 ft. 3 in. A somewhat
similar brass is that to John Sleford at Balsham, 1401.

The earlier canopies were not groined, one of the earliest exceptions
being that over Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382 (cf.
p. 11). But during the fifteenth century this became more common (see
the canopy of John Bloxham and John Whytton). It is an unsatisfactory
feature, and characteristic of the gradual deterioration and coarsening
of the engraving. This latter is also shown by the heavy finials and
crockets.

In the sixteenth century, these peculiarities became more marked,
though canopies still follow the traditional lines. There are two
or three early Renaissance canopies, e.g. a large, triple one to Wm.
Porter, S.T.P., Hereford Cathedral, 1524, and Dean Frowsetoure, in
cope, Hereford Cathedral, 1529.

It is difficult to say whether the classical arches shown in a few of
the later brasses can be termed canopies. An example is to be found to
Wm. Dunche and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks, (double) engr., c. 1585.
(See Appendix.)


_Brackets._

The idea of this group probably originated with the brackets supporting
figures of saints, which were common in our churches before the
Reformation. The brackets usually projected from a wall or column, and
a small pillar helped to support them. Above was a canopy of carved
stone or wood.

One would naturally expect that, if this idea were copied, the bracket
would hold a saint and the deceased would kneel before it. There are,
however, only two examples extant. The brass of John Spycer and wife,
Burford, Oxon., 1437, is terribly mutilated. The canopy and Virgin and
Child are lost, and only the deceased couple remain, kneeling on either
side of the stem. The other example is practically complete and is to
John Strete (priest in academics), Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 (cf. p.
93). St Peter and St Paul stand on the bracket, and there is no canopy.

[Illustration: Fig. 24. John Strete, M.A. 1405, Upper Hardres, Kent]

In all other cases the deceased persons themselves stand on the
bracket. The earlier ones are much mutilated, and only one fourteenth
century brass is at all perfect. It is to Sir John Foxley and two
wives, Bray, Berks., 1378. The canopy is lost. The three figures are on
a bracket with a short stem rising from the back of a fox, the family
crest. The total length of the composition is just over 5 ft. Though
the ladies are standing, the knight rests with his head on his helm and
his feet on a lion.

The fifteenth century brasses are far more complete. (See Appendix.)

The Merton College brass is one of the finest. The stem rises from a
tabernacle holding the Lamb with the banner.

In the sixteenth century should be noted the brasses of Sir Roger
le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506; John Terry and wife, St
John, Maddermarket, Norwich, 1524; John Marsham and wife, St John,
Maddermarket, Norwich, 1525; and Robt. Rugge and wife, St John,
Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558.

Sir Roger stands on a low bracket without a stem, placed _within_, not
supporting, a magnificent canopy with figures of weepers in the side
shafts.

The other three evidently come from a local school of engravers.
Terry’s bracket resembles a tree, the branches support pedestals
for himself, his wife and for his children. The whole is on a single
plate. The Marsham bracket has a stem like that of a table and the top
is covered with skulls and bones. In the Rugge brass there is only a
corbel supporting an inscription.

So far as is known, there are no later bracket brasses.


_Crosses._

These also form a group which may conveniently be dealt with here.
At one time they were very numerous, but provoked the wrath of the
Reformers more than any other type of brass, hence barely thirty
remain. Matrices are still numerous and many might doubtless be
restored as has been successfully done at Ely.

They fall into three main divisions: (1) plain crosses, (2) crosses
with some saint in the centre, (3) crosses with the deceased in the
centre.

This last group may be subdivided into: (_a_) quatrefoil, (_b_)
octofoil. (See Appendix.)

(1) These vary considerably in form. At Higham Ferrers, the arms
terminate in the Evangelistic symbols. At Royston, a bleeding heart
and the four wounds are shown. At Eversley, the whole cross is formed
of interlocking bands, or links of a chain. The cross at Floore,
Northants., is drawn in perspective.

(2) There are but few examples of the second type. The best is to Robt.
de Paris and wife, Hildersham, Cambs., 1379, here shown. The figures
kneel on either side of a cross with an octofoil head, in which is the
Holy Trinity. Robt. de Paris wears a long cloak, thrown open so as to
show his undergarment, which stops short above the knees. A belt holds
an anlace and his legs are covered with long hose.

[Illustration: Fig. 25. Robert de Paris and wife, 1379, Hildersham,
Cambs.]

Another example is that of John Mulsho and wife, Newton-by-Geddington,
Northants., c. 1400, commemorated by a quatrefoil cross, holding a
figure of St Faith. This brass was restored by Messrs Waller, but there
seems little reason to doubt that the design is correct.

The brass of Robt. de Brun (priest), Chelsfield, Kent, 1417, is a much
mutilated crucifix; the figure of St John is lost, the head of the
Virgin and most of the cross. On the ground are Adam’s skull, Jacob’s
ladder and the jawbone of an ass. The latter refers to the scriptural
legend that from it flowed a stream of water to revive Samson’s spirit
(Judges xv. 19).

(3) (_a_) This division includes a small group of much interest. Some
of the earliest belong to it, and many others--of the fourteenth
century--have perished. They are used to commemorate priests. These
are: Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton College, Oxford, c. 1310; A
Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1320; Nichol. de Gore (priest), Woodchurch,
Kent, c. 1320; and Britell Avenel (priest), Buxted, Sussex, 1408.

The first three brasses have lost their stems. The Merton and Chinnor
crosses hold a demi-figure and a head respectively. Nicholas de Gore
is a small, full-length figure, and the composition is very pleasing.
The Buxted cross is the only one which is nearly perfect. The priest
is a demi-figure, resting on a diapered background. There is a border
inscription.

(_b_) Octofoil crosses are more numerous. Those at East Wickham, 1325,
and Wimbish, 1347, have already been described.

The East Wickham brass had the missing parts restored in 1887. The
Taplow cross (c. 1350) rises from a dolphin, an appropriate emblem for
a fishmonger.

The octofoil consists of eight ogee arches, alternately large and
small, with finials of foliage.


_Other Architectural Features._

There are several brasses in which architectural features are included
which do not come under these headings. Thus, Bishop Wyvil, Salisbury
Cathedral, 1375, is shown as a demi-figure within a castle, with his
champion at the portcullis below. This commemorates his recovery of the
Castle of Sherborne for the See. There are several rabbits at the foot
of the castle, and these probably commemorate his recovery of a piece
of ground known as “The Warren.”

Bp. Robinson’s brass shows Carlisle Cathedral and Queen’s College,
Oxford, and many sixteenth century brasses show walls, pillars, etc.

In an interesting series of three sixteenth century brasses, probably
by the same hand, to Robt. Honywode, St George’s Chapel, Windsor,
1522; Robt. Sutton, St Patrick’s, Dublin, 1528; and Geoff. Fyche, St
Patrick’s, Dublin, 1537; what is really a view of a side-chapel is
shown.

At Windsor, beneath the Tudor arch, Honywode kneels at a _prie-dieu_
before a statue of the Virgin and Child. In the Irish examples, the
resemblance to a side-chapel is still more complete. Fyche kneels at
a faldstool before an altar with a picture above it of the descent
from the Cross. The vaulting of part of the roof is visible, and the
walls have linenfold panelling. A shield hangs from a hook at one side
bearing a bush with several birds on it and the initials F. G., which
evidently refer to and are probably meant as a pun on his name--Finch
for Fyche.

The floor is laid with tiles and a Renaissance arch forms a kind of
canopy in the foreground. Parts of rooms are often shown in sixteenth
century brasses.

In a few cases, brasses were laid down to founders of churches. They
usually hold a model of the church in their hands. An example exists at
Cobham, to Sir John de Cobham, 1365. The building is in the decorated
style, has a small spire and a large porch.




CHAPTER XV

CONCLUSION


The great fascination of monumental brasses can only be realised by
studying them on the spot. One of the best methods is to take rubbings
of them.

Most of our readers doubtless know the method, but since a few may not,
some particulars are appended.

A piece of cobblers wax should be procured from some boot repairer.
The black kind is the only one which produces satisfactory results
on white paper. It can usually be got in small lumps about the size
of a halfpenny across. Melt down six of these to make a single ball.
Procure a roll of plain white ceiling paper, the thinner the better,
from a paper-hanger’s. It should cost from 6_d._ to 8_d._ according to
quality. A penny nail-brush and a duster complete the outfit.

First ask permission from the Rector or Vicar. This should not be
omitted, and will avoid unpleasantness. The clergy are usually most
considerate in the matter, and very rarely refuse. But naturally they
do not like absolute strangers to take rubbings without first asking
permission. So far as the writer knows, permission is refused only at
_two_ churches, though probably there are a few others. In those cases
the reason given was that it wore away the brass. We have never seen
any real cause to think this can be correct. If we did, we should be
the last to advocate brass-rubbing.

There _is_ a kind of rubbing which does damage. Well-meaning vergers
have been known to _polish_ an old brass. This is absolutely
destructive of the engraving.

Permission granted, remove the mat which probably covers and protects
it. Brush off the accumulated dust, finishing off with the duster. Then
carefully spread the paper over it and fix it down by weights round the
edge. For these, hassocks are handy; prayer-books should be avoided,
their misuse causes offence.

Then rub the paper down well with a _clean_ part of the duster, so as
to mark the main features and edges, and after that the rubbing with
the wax ball itself will be easy.

The aim should be to produce a clear, dark impression. To get it, the
rubbing must be hard and the paper must not slip. If there is a canopy,
it will probably be found that the wax will mark parts of the paper
beyond the design itself. In such a case, the rubbing should be cut
out and mounted on paper or calico. Paste is better than gum for this
purpose. The rubbing should always be polished by rubbing over with a
clean part of the duster _before_ being removed from the brass.

The completed rubbing may be mounted on rollers.

A good way of cataloguing, is to photograph each rubbing, mount a print
in a book, and then number and name print and rubbing alike.

The proper treatment of the brasses themselves demands considerable
attention. We spend huge sums on buying old pictures by foreigners, yet
we take no trouble to preserve these matchless works of art, the work
of our own ancestors.

There have been four great periods of destruction, each with its own
characteristics. Indeed, from the Reformation down to the present day
the work has gone on intermittently.

During the sixteenth century, the extreme Reformers united with those
bent on plunder to rob our churches of these monuments. Brass has at
all times been a valuable metal, and when religious zeal is combined
with greed of gain, it is not surprising that thousands of brasses
perished. The destruction of the great monastic churches brought with
it of necessity the spoliation of their tombs which stood within; but
even the parish churches were not safe. So keen was the thirst for
plunder that the ministers of Edward VI confiscated even the church
plate and the money for the poor.

Elizabeth,--all credit to her,--disapproved of such conduct and ordered
that the plate should be replaced, though at whose cost is unknown;
and, further, that all monuments broken down should be restored. If
possible, this was to be done at the cost of those who had wrought the
damage, otherwise the parish was to bear the burden.

The latter command seems to have been but slightly enforced, and there
are but few examples of Elizabethan restoration of earlier monuments or
brasses, though a few do exist.

During the seventeenth century, the Parliamentarians wrought tremendous
havoc, but have had more than their fair share credited to them. Nearly
as much destruction was wrought during the eighteenth century through
neglect, and often these losses are laid to the door of the Puritans by
the modern guide.

But perhaps the most lamentable devastations are those wrought in the
nineteenth century. They were usually done by those who claimed to
be “restoring” their parish churches. For example, while restoring a
certain country church some twenty or thirty years ago, the architect
found there were several old brasses which were being abominably
treated. He informed a well-known firm of art metal workers, who sent
down one of the partners. He found the workmen using one of the figures
as a frying-pan over a wood fire in the churchyard! He rescued it,
and many others which had been thrown out into the churchyard. Then
he brought the matter to the notice of the incumbent, who absolutely
refused to have anything to do with them, and declared that he would
not have them in the church. Further, he told the partner that he could
take them away. The latter hesitated to do so, and left them behind. A
few days later, he received a box containing them. Not knowing what to
do with them, he stored them away and forgot all about them.

Some twenty years later, they were re-discovered by his son, who showed
them to some friends, and in the end he returned them to the church,
suggesting that they should be restored to their proper places. He
never even received an acknowledgement, but learnt later they were
still lying neglected in the box.

The little value attached by many to brasses may be judged from the
fact that Gilbert Scott replaced the fine brass at St John’s College,
Cambridge, beneath the organ loft; and Pearson hid another away in the
crypt of Truro. Often this scant respect was not shown, and they were
sold as old metal, or, at best, torn from their stone matrices and
fixed to a wall.

This latter is a constant trick of restorers, and should be strongly
discouraged. Within the last year it has happened at Merstham, Surrey,
and, indeed, hardly a year passes but it takes place somewhere.
Firstly, the stone should not be removed at all, if in its original
spot it marks the grave of the deceased, and this alone should be a
sufficient reason for not removing it. If it must be removed and placed
against the wall, the whole stone should be moved, and not merely the
brass. Brass and stone are one and should not be separated. They may
fitly be compared to a jewel and its setting.

Moreover, in raising them, the brasses become bent and twisted, and
parts are nearly always lost. Further, if in its original matrix, one
can fairly accurately judge of what is missing and, if it is desired,
restore it.

Sometimes the excuse given for the removal is that it is to preserve
them from the wear of people walking over them. This can be far better
done by placing carpet or matting over them.

Even where only the matrix remains, it should be carefully preserved,
as it is often of considerable interest and always the remnant of
ancient work. They are of far more interest than a series of slabs of
black and white marble or a series of modern machine-made tiles.

In some cases they might be carefully restored. The matrix gives a
very faithful guide, and sometimes descriptions still exist. In the
case where only part of the brass is lost, this should most certainly
be done. Recently the author helped to restore an old brass at Shere,
Surrey, the cost of the work being most generously borne by the Rector
(Mr Hill).

John Touchet, Lord Audley, was executed on the charge of high treason
by Henry VII in 1490. An altar tomb was set up in his memory about
1525. It showed a figure in armour with a marginal inscription on a
chamfered edge. About 1745 the tomb was destroyed, and the top slab
laid in the floor of the chancel. As the chamfered edge would thus be
hidden, some person stole the brass fillet. About 1800 the lower half
of the effigy was also stolen. When the church was restored in 1896,
a parishioner gave the Rector a piece of the inscription which she
had found hidden away in an old cottage she had recently bought. Not
knowing to what figure it belonged, he fastened it to a window sill.
Recently the writer drew his attention to the fact that it undoubtedly
belonged to the mutilated figure, and suggested that a fresh matrix
should be cut round the edge of the stone, and that the remainder of
the inscription and the legs should be restored. To this he agreed, and
the work was carefully executed by Messrs Gawthorp of 16, Long Acre.
Fortunately the piece of inscription contained almost all the personal
details save the year of Touchet’s death. This was discovered from
documentary evidence to be 1490. A description of the legs was also
found, taken just before they were stolen. This was fortunate, as one
would not otherwise have known that there was a greyhound _between_
his feet. Our thanks are due to Mr Mill Stephenson for much valuable
advice and information. Every care was taken to make the new work
as exactly like the old in colour and engraving as possible. But to
prevent deception, each new piece was marked on the back with the date,
1911, and, further, a careful rubbing was taken before the restoration,
showing the old work and the matrix, and this was framed and hung in
the South Porch.

The matrix of a fine cross with a prior kneeling at the foot was
restored some years ago at Ely.

Where a brass is loose, it should be refixed. Palimpsests may cause
some difficulty. By far the best method is to have careful electrotypes
made of the reverses and fastened up in the church, and the originals
should then be permanently refixed in their matrices.

One cannot close without emphasizing the terrible destruction of these
priceless works of art.

In St Albans Abbey, a few years ago, no less than 270 matrices were
counted. Durham Cathedral, once paved with brasses, has not _one_ left!

These matrices should be preserved, and, as yet, a complete catalogue
of them has not been made. It is to be hoped that some antiquary will
ere long undertake the task. There are still a great number--perhaps
6000--and often of unique interest. In several cases these slabs are
older than the earliest surviving brasses. For example, the earliest
of all is at St Paul’s, Bedford. It is believed to commemorate Sir
Simon de Beauchamp, 1208, mentioned by Leland. There was a large cross
5 ft. 9 in. × 2 ft. 6 in. springing from a plate with an inscription,
and having a small shield on either side of the head. There was also a
border fillet.

Again, there is a splendid matrix at Durham, now carefully protected
beneath a thick carpet. It is to Bp. Beaumont, 1333, and is larger and
finer than any brass now extant, measuring 15 ft. × 10 ft. As a very
complete description of it exists in a sixteenth century book, it would
be comparatively easy to restore it to its former magnificence. And
it must have been a splendid brass! The bishop is in full canonicals
and a small angel censing him on either side, he stands beneath a fine
triple canopy with super-canopy and saints. The shafts contain niches
with the apostles, and on either side are side shafts connected to
the canopy by flying buttresses and containing twelve figures of his
ancestors. There are two lions beneath his feet and a border fillet,
besides other interesting details. Is it too much to hope that some day
money will be forthcoming to restore it?

Though we advocate a judicious restoration, it must be _well_ done,
or not at all. We all know the harm that has been wrought by zealous
“restorers” of our churches, and we must not allow the same evil to
befall the brasses.

The right lines to follow, in the author’s opinion, have already been
described. The _wrong_ way is to break the following rules:

    (1) Never destroy any of the original brass.

    (2) Never destroy the original matrix, and always let it act as
    a guide.

    (3) Be sure and use the proper alloy. The old latten is of
    different alloy from the ordinary brass of modern commerce,
    which is much softer.

    (4) Do not get an amateur or a local artist, who has had little
    or no experience in this kind of work, to do it. Go to one of
    the few firms which have made a special study of this kind of
    work. They may seem a little expensive, but in the end it is
    well worth the difference.

    (5) If you want advice, write to the Monumental Brass Society,
    London, or, if you prefer it, to the author, who would always
    be glad to help in any way he could.

    (6) See if there are any rubbings or description extant in the
    British Museum or elsewhere.

Perhaps this is an appropriate place at which to draw attention to the
latent possibilities of a revival of brasses for modern memorials.
When one reflects on the over-crowded state of some of our finest
cathedrals with hideous and cumbersome monuments, the desirability
of this revival becomes apparent. They would take up practically no
space, and therefore would not interfere with the architecture of the
building, as do the statues in Westminster Abbey. They are in keeping
with the Gothic style of most of our churches. If good, they can be of
considerable beauty and interest; if bad, a mat readily hides them from
view.

One difficulty undoubtedly obtrudes itself, viz. modern dress. However,
both Church and Army lend themselves to picturesque and fortuitous
treatment. For the civilian, university gowns, mayoral and civic robes
and even court dress are quite amenable to the engraver’s art.

As to women’s attire, a simple arrangement of veil or scarf about the
head would be acceptable and dignified, in conjunction with garments
of flowing and harmonious lines. Grotesque contours and eccentric
mannerisms of attire would naturally be avoided. In this matter one
need but follow in the steps of the old engravers.

The faces would either be portraits or not, as seemed desirable to
those who had the brass laid down.

Two types might be followed:

    (1) The old Gothic, with the figures recumbent, in which case
    the brass should be placed on the floor.

    (2) The Renaissance, with the figure kneeling, as in many of
    the Elizabethan examples. These should be affixed to the wall.
    The faults of these latter are usually:

        (_a_) Thin metal.

        (_b_) Too much detail.

        (_c_) Lack of depth in graving.

    All these defects could be avoided to-day.

Certain modern specimens do exist, but cannot, as a rule, be placed in
the front rank. An exception must be made in favour of a modern brass
on the old lines laid down by Messrs Gawthorp at Islip, Northants.
It is meant to replace a fifteenth century brass long since entirely
vanished. A civilian and his wife, in the dress of c. 1460, stand
beneath a double canopy, and the effect is most pleasing.

There is also a rather fine one to W. S. Sanders, Rector of St
Nicholas, Guildford, 1901, and two in Westminster Abbey.

But so far no really fine example showing the figures in modern dress
has been laid down. In the author’s opinion, it is to be hoped that the
art of enamelling brasses will not be restored to favour at the same
time. Nor does he consider that the engraved lines should be filled in
with coloured matter or black wax.

In conclusion; if even a few, by reading this little book, are
persuaded to study and help to preserve the ancient relics of the past,
the author will feel that it has not been written in vain.

There is undoubtedly a decided awakening of interest in the subject,
but it behoves us to exert ourselves to make _all_ realize how
priceless are the four thousand which alone survive out of the large
number (some 150,000, including inscriptions) which were at one time or
another laid down.




APPENDIX


I. 1277-1327

Nearly life-size figures are marked with a star, and d = demi.

/#
    Sir John Daubernon, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1277. *

    Sir Roger de Trumpington, Trumpington, Cambs., 1289. *

    Sir Rich. de Boselyngthorpe, Buslingthorpe, Lincs., c. 1290. d

    Unknown Knight, Croft, Lincs., c. 1300. d

    Sir Robert de Bures, Acton, Suffolk, 1302. *

    Sir Robert de Setvans, Chatham, Kent, 1306. *

    Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, Sussex, c. 1310. *

    Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton Coll., Oxford, c. 1310. d

    Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld, York Minster, 1315. *

    Sir ---- Fitzralph, Pebmarsh, Essex, c. 1320. *

    Sir ---- Bacon, Gorleston, Suffolk, c. 1320. *

    Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1320. *

    Nichol de Gore (priest), Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320.

    A Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1320. d

    Thos. de Hop (priest), Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320. d

    A Priest, Wantage, Berks., c. 1320. d

    John de Bladigdone and wife (civilian), demi, in cross, East
    Wickham, Kent, c. 1325. d

    Sir John de Creke and wife, Westley Waterless, Cambs., c. 1325.
    *

    Sir John Daubernon II, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1327. *

    Sir John de Northwode and wife, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent, c.
    1330. *
#/

II. 1327-1399

In this list those which are starred * show armorial jupons, and those
with daggers † have canopies.

The following is believed to be a complete list of the military brasses
of this period:--

  Sir John de Cobham (with church), Cobham, Kent, 1354. †

  John Bodiam, Bodiam, Sussex (small), c. 1360.

  Wm. de Aldeburgh (on bracket), Aldborough, Yorks., c. 1360. *

  Sir Philip Peletoot, Watton, Herts., 1361.

  Unknown, Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., c. 1365.

  John de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1365.

  Sir Thos. de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1367. †

  Sir Adam de Clyfton, Methwold, Norfolk, 1367. †

  Thos. Cheyne, Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks., 1368.

  Ralph de Knevyngton, Aveley, Essex, 1370.

  Sir John de la Pole and wife, Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370. †

  Unknown, Freshwater, I. o. W., c. 1370.

  Sir Henry Redford and wife, Broughton, Lincs., c. 1370.

  Edmund Flambard (on bracket), Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370.

  John Wybarne, Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370.

  Thos. Stapel (Serj.-at-arms), Shopland, Essex, 1371.

  Sir John de Mereworth, Mereworth, Kent, 1371.

  Sir John de Foxley and two wives (on bracket), Bray, Berks., 1378.

  Unknown, Calbourne, I. o. W., c. 1380.

  Unknown, St Michael’s, St Albans, Herts., c. 1380.

  Roger de Felbrigg, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380.

  A Dallingridge and wife, Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380. †*

  A Quinton, Clyffe Pypard, Wilts., c. 1380.

  Rich. de Feversham, Graveney, Kent, 1381.

  Sir John de Argentine, Horseheath, Cambs., 1382.

  Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382. †

  Sir John Harsyck and wife, in armorial mantle, Southacre,
    Norfolk, 1384. *

  Regd. de Malyn and two wives, Chinnor, Oxon., 1385.

  Sir Thos. de Audley, Audley, Staffs., 1385.

  Esmoun de Malyn and wife, Chinnor, Oxon., 1386.

  Sir Robt. de Grey, Rotherfield Grays, Oxon., 1387.

  Sir Wm. de Echingham, Etchingham, Sussex, 1388.

  Sir John de Wyngefield, Letheringham, Suffolk, 1389. †

  Sir Andrew Louttrell, Irnham, Lincs., 1390.

  John Flambard, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1390.

  Robt. Russel, Strensham, Worc., c. 1390.

  Sir Wm. Kerdeston and wife, Reepham, Norfolk, 1391. †

  Thos. Ld. Berkley and wife, Wootton-under-Edge, Glos., 1392.

  John Gray, Chinnor, Oxon., 1392.

  Sir Thos. Walsch and wife, Wanlip, Leics., 1393.

  Henry English and wife, Wood Ditton, Cambs., 1393.

  Ld. Rich. Atte Lese and wife, Sheldwich, Kent, 1394. †

  Sir Edw. Cerne and wife, Draycott Cerne, Wilts., 1394.

  Ld. Wm. de Bryene, Seal, Kent, 1395.

  Sir Jn. de Quintin and wife, Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397.

  John Bettesthorne, Mere, Wilts., 1398.


Some examples of ladies _alone_, in addition to those included in the
text, are given:--

  Unknown, Norbury, Staffs., c. 1350.

  Joan Plessi, Quainton, Bucks., c. 1360.

  Isabella Beaufo, Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370.

  A Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1370.

  Ismayne Winston, Necton, Norfolk, 1372.

  Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1375.

  Lady Maud de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1380.

  Margt. Holes, Watford, Herts., c. 1390.

  Margery Wyllughby, Spilsby, Lincs., 1391.

  Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1395.

  Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Glo’ster, Westminster Abbey, 1399.


Civilians: a selection.

  Man and wife, Upchurch, Kent, demi, 1340.

  Rich. Torrington and wife (fine), Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356.

  John de Walden, Ashbury, Berks., demi, c. 1360.

  A frankelein and a priest (fine), Shottesbrook, Berks., c. 1370.

  John de Feversham and mother, Graveney, Kent, demi, c. 1370.

  A frankelein, Cheam, Surrey, c. 1370.

  Two Civilians, Kings Somborne, Hants., c. 1380.

  Symon de Felbrigg and wife, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1382.

  Unknown, Hampsthwaite, Yorks., c. 1380.

  John Alderburne, Lewknor, Oxon., demi, 1380.

  John Corp and granddaughter, under peculiar double canopy, Stoke
    Fleming, Devon, 1391.

  John Curteys and wife, under double canopy (a woolman),
    Wimington, Beds., 1391.

  Unknown, Temple Church, Bristol, 1396.

  Walter Pescod (wife lost) under fine double triple canopy,
    Boston, Lincs., 1398.


III. 1400-1453

(i)

  Sir Geo. Felbrigg, Playford, Suffolk, 1400.

  Sir Thos. Massingberd and wife, Gunby St Peter, Lincs. (double
    canopy), c. 1400.

  Unknown (triple canopy), Laughton, Lincs., c. 1400.

  Thos. de Beauchamp, E. of Warwick, and wife, St Mary’s, Warwick,
    1401.

  Sir Nich. Dagworth, Blickling, Norfolk, 1401.

  Sir Wm. Fienlez, Hurstmonceaux, Sussex (canopy), 1402.

  Sir Reg. Braybrok, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1405.

  Sir Roger Drury and wife, Rougham, Suffolk, 1405.

  Sir Nich. Hawberk, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1407.

  Sir Wm. Bagot and wife, Baginton, Warwick, 1407.

  Wm. Snayth, Esq. and wife, Addington, Kent (double canopy), 1409.

  Lord Bourgchier and two wives, Halstead, Essex, 1409.

  Wm., Lord Willoughby d’Eresby and wife, Spilsby, Lincs. (double
    triple canopy), 1410.

  Sir Thos. Burton and wife, Little Casterton, Rutland, c. 1410.

  Sir Robt. Swynborne, Little Horkesley, Essex (triple canopy),
    1412. (See below.)

  Robt., Lord Ferrers and wife, Merevale Abbey, Warwick, 1412.

  Sir Geo. Felbrigg and Sir Wm. Bagot (1400) at Playford in
    Suffolk, (1407) at Baginton, Warwick, wear armorial jupons.

The Order of the Garter is found at Exeter Cathedral, 1409, Felbrigg,
Norfolk, 1416, and Trotton, Sussex, 1419. These wear the Garter only.
Perhaps at Tattershall, Lincs., 1455, and certainly at Little Easton,
Essex, 1483, both Garter and Mantle are worn. Finally, Thos. Bullen,
Hever, Kent, 1538, wears the full insignia. There is a palimpsest (see
_Palimpsests_) fragment c. 1530 showing part of the Mantle and Garter
at Holy Trinity, Chester.

Transitional examples:--

  Sir Reg. de Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, 1403.

  John Hanley and two wives, Dartmouth, Devon, 1408 (triple canopy).

  Thos. Seintleger, Otterden, Kent, 1408.

  John Wylcotes and wife (canopy), Gt. Tew, Oxon., 1410.

  Sir Thos. Swynborne and father (under double triple canopy),
    Little Horkesley, Essex, 1412.


(ii) Typical Lancastrian examples.

  Sir Jn. Routh and wife (with S.S.), Routh, Yorks., c. 1410.

  Thos. de Crewe and wife, Wixford, Warw. (canopy and additional
    badges), 1411.

  Geof. Fransham, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk (canopy), 1414.

  Sir Jn. Phelip, Walter Cookesey, and wife (S.S.) (triple canopy),
    Kidderminster, Worc., 1415.

  Sir Jn. Erpingham, Erpingham, Norfolk, c. 1415. (He built the
    Erpingham Gate, Norwich Cathedral.)

  Sir Thos. de Skelton and two wives, Hinxton, Cambs., 1416.

  Sir Symon Felbrigge, K.G., and wife (canopy), Felbrigg, Norfolk,
    1416.

  Lord Thos. Camoys, K.G., and wife (double canopy), Trotton,
    Sussex, 1419.

  John Doreward and wife, Bocking, Essex, 1420.

  Sir Wm. Calthorpe (S.S.), Burnhamthorpe, Norfolk (canopy and
    super-canopy), 1420.

  Peter Halle and wife, Herne, Kent, c. 1420.

  Sir John Lysle, Thruxton, Hants. (triple canopy), died 1407,
    engraved c. 1425.

  John Lowe, Battle, Sussex, 1426.

  Sir John de Brewys, Wiston, Sussex (additional scrolls), 1426.

  Lord Thos. de Straunge (S.S.), Wellesbourne, Warw., 1426.

  John Norwiche and wife, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1428.

  Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433.

  Wm. Scot, Brabourn, Kent, 1434.

  Thos. Wideville, Esq. and two wives (triple canopy), Bromham,
    Beds., c. 1435.

  Thos. Chaucer and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1436.

  Sir John Harpedon, Westminster Abbey, 1437.


(iii) Changes.

  Sir John Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1433.

  Sir Rich. Delamere and wife, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), 1435.

  John Weston, Albury, Surrey (headless), 1440.

  Man in Armour, Arkesden, Essex, c. 1440.

  Sir Wm. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, c. 1440 (double
    triple canopy and super-canopy).

  Reg. Barantyn, Chalgrove, Oxon., 1441.

  Thos. de St Quintin, Harpham, Yorks., 1445.

  Sir Chris. Baynham and Wife, Newland, Glos., c. 1448.


(iv) Transitional.

  Sir Wm. Etchingham, wife and son (triple canopy), Etchingham,
    Sussex, 1444.

  John Gaynesford, Crowhurst, Surrey, 1450.

  Walter Grene, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1450.

  Unknown, Isleworth, Middlesex, c. 1450.

  Thos. Reynes and wife, Marston Mortayne, Beds., 1451.

  Sir John Bernard and wife (S.S.), Isleham, Cambs. (double
    canopy), 1451.


Woolmen and Civilians: a selection.

  A Woolman and wife and several others, Northleach, Glos., c. 1400.

  A Civilian and wife and several others, Ore, Sussex, c. 1400.

  Rich. Martyn and wife, Dartford, Kent (double canopy), 1402.

  Robt. de Haitfield and wife, Owston, Yorks., 1409.

  Nich. Atte Heel, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1410.

  Hugo de Gondeby, Tattershall, Lincs., 1411.

  Thos. Fayreman and wife, St Albans Abbey (Woolman), 1411.

  John Lyndewode and wife (double canopy), Lyndewode, Lincs., 1419
    (Woolman), and others.

  Harry Hawes (English Inscription), Arreton, I. o. W., c. 1430.

  Nich. Carrew and wife, Beddington, Surrey, 1432.

  Simon Seeman, Barton-on-Humber (Vintner), 1433.

  Robt. Skern and wife, Kingston, Surrey, 1437.

  John Bacon and wife (Woolman), All Hallows, Barking, 1437.

  Wm. Markeby and wife, St Bartholomew-the-Less, London, 1439.

  Robt. Page and wife (double canopy), Cirencester, Glos., 1440.

  John Hicchecok, Ampthill, Beds. (Woolman), 1450.

  Laurence Pygott and wife, Dunstable, Beds. (Woolman), 1450.

  John Yonge and wife, Chipping Norton, Oxon. (Woolman), 1451.

  Edm. Mille and wife, Pulborough, Sussex, 1452.


Judges: complete list.

  Sir Jn. Cassy and wife, Deerhurst, Glos. (canopy), 1400.

  Sir Hugh de Holes (mutilated), Watford, Herts., 1415.

  Wm. de Lodyngton, Gunby, Lincs. (canopy), 1419.

  Rich. Norton and wife (worn), Wath, Yorks., 1420.

  Jn. Staverton (mutilated), Eyke, Suffolk, c. 1430.

  Jn. Martyn and wife, Graveney, Kent (double canopy), 1436.

  Sir Jn. Juyn, St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, 1439.

  Jn. Cottusmore and wife, Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon., 1439.


IV. 1453-1485

About 70 knights still exist, from which the following are selected:--

  Robert Staunton and wife, Castle Donington, Leics. (canopy), 1458.

  Sir Thos. Shernborne and wife, Shernborne, Norfolk, 1458.

  Sir Robt. del Bothe and wife, Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460.

  Rich. Quatremayns, wife and son, Thame, Oxon., c. 1460.

  Wm. Prelatte, Esq. and two wives, Cirencester, Glos., 1462.

  Robt. Eyr and wife, Hathersage, Derbys., 1463.

  John Threel and wife, Arundel, Sussex, 1463.

  John Ansty, Stow-cum-Quy, Camb., c. 1465.

  Hen. Paris, Hildersham, Cambs. (canopy), 1466.

  Rich. Ask and wife, Aughton, Yorks., 1466.

  Sir Thos. Strathum and two wives, Morley, Derbys., 1470.

  Unknown, Holbrook, Suffolk, 1470.

  Robt. Wotton and wife, Addington, Kent, 1470.

  Robt. Ingylton and three wives, Thornton, Bucks., 1472 (fine
    under quadruple canopy).

  Wm. Fitz-William and widow, Sprotborough, Yorks., 1474.

  Sir Antony Grey, St Albans Abbey, 1480.

  Sir Thos. Vaughan (mutilated), Westminster Abbey, 1483.

  Thos. Peyton and two wives, Isleham, Cambs., 1484.

  Sir Thos. Brewes and wife, Fressingfield, Suffolk (engraved), c.
    1485.


Ladies’ Dress.

A few examples are given:--

  Agnes Molyngton (widow), Dartford, Kent, 1454.

  Eliz. Dencourt, Upminster, Essex (heraldic), 1455.

  Cecilie Boleyn (maid), Blickling, Norfolk, 1458.

  Jane Keriell, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent (peculiar head-dress), c.
    1460.

  Christine Phelip, Herne, Kent (peculiar), 1470.

  Marg. Elmes, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1471.

  Joan Haselden, Oxted, Surrey, 1480.

  Margery Clopton and Alice Harleston, Long Melford, Suffolk
    (heraldic), c. 1480.


Lawyers.


(_a_) Judges.

  Nich. Assheton and wife, Callington, Cornwall, c. 1465.

  Sir Peter Arderne and wife, Latton, Essex, 1467.

  Sir Wm. Yelverton and wife, Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470 (in armour,
    mantle, coif and hood, and wearing collar of roses and suns).

  Sir Wm. Laken, Bray, Berks, (wife lost), 1475.

  Sir Rich. Byngham and wife, Middleton, Warw., 1476.

  Sir Thos. Urswyk and wife, Dagenham, Essex, 1479.

  Sir Thos. Billyng and wife, Wappenham, Northants., 1481.

  Brian Rouclyff, Cowthorpe, Yorks, (wife lost), 1494.

The last may be included here, as his costume belongs more nearly
to the Yorkist than to the Tudor period. It was a most interesting
brass, including the model of the church, which he founded, and a bier
commemorating his uncle. It had also a double canopy. Several of the
most interesting features remain, but the rest was stolen a few years
after Waller described it in 1841.


(_b_) Notaries.

  Unknown, Gt. Chart, Kent, c. 1470.

  Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, c. 1475.

  Barth. Willesdon, Willesdon, Middlesex (peculiar), 1492.

  Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, 1506.

  Unknown, New College, Oxford, c. 1510.


Other Civilians.

  Jn. Fortey (Woolman), Northleach, Glos. (canopy), 1458, and
    others.

  Jn. Browne and wife (Woolman), All Saints, Stamford, Lincs.
    (canopy), c. 1460.

  Edward Courtenay, Ch. Ch. Cath., Oxon., c. 1460.

  John Lethenard and wife, Chipping Campden, Glos., 1467.

  Jn. Waliston and two wives (a smith), Chenies, Bucks., 1469.

  Jn. Wynter (mayor), St Margt., Canterbury, 1470.

  Ralph Segrim and wife (mayor), St John, Maddermarket, Norwich,
    1472.

  John Feld (Woolman), Standon, Herts., 1477.

  Thos. Rowley and wife (sheriff), St John’s, Bristol, 1478.

  John Cobleigh and two wives, Chittlehampton, Devon, 1480.

  Jn. Jay and wife (sheriff), St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480.

  Robt. Lytton and wife, Tideswell, Derbys., 1483.

At Stopham, Sussex, there is an interesting series of brasses to
officials of Arundel Castle, c. 1460 and onwards.


V

There are about 450 brasses of mass priests, of which the following are
worthy of note.

Those over 3 ft. long are marked with a star:--

  St Lawrence de St Maur, Higham Ferrers (with canopy),
    Northants., 1337. *

  John de Grovehurst, Horsmonden, Kent (with canopy), c. 1340. *

  Wm. de Herleston, Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360.

  Unknown, with chalice, North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360.

  Esmund de Burnedissh, Brundish, Suffolk, c. 1360.

  Simon de Wenslagh, with chalice, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360. *

  John Seys, West Hanney, Berks., c. 1370. *

  Unknown, Shottesbrook, Berks., with franklin (under double
    canopy), c. 1370. *

  Unknown, Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon, c. 1370.

  Wm. de Lound, Althorpe, Lincs., c. 1370.

  Robt. Levee, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1370.

  Peter de Lacy, Northfleet, Kent, 1375. *

  Unknown, Beachamwell St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1385.

  John de Swynsteade, Ashridge House, Herts., formerly at
    Edlesborough (with part of canopy), 1395. *

  Unknown, with chalice, Stanford-on-Soar, Leic., c. 1400.

  Wm. de Thorp, West Wickham, Kent, 1407.

  John Mordon, Emberton, Bucks., c. 1410.

  Rich. Bayly, Hoo St Werburgh, Kent, 1412. *

  Robt. Scarclyf, Shere, Surrey, 1412.

  Robt. Fyn, Little Easton, Essex, c. 1420.

  Robt. Willardsey, St Nicholas, Warwick, 1424.

  Adam Babyngton, Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1427.

  Roger Godeale, with chalice, Bainton, Yorks., 1429.

  Robt. Clere, Battle, Sussex, c. 1430.

  Edw. Cranford, Puttenham, Surrey, 1431.

  John Heyne, Yelden, Beds., 1434.

  John Colt, Tansor, Northants., 1440.

  John Baker, Arundel, Sussex, 1445.

  Rich. Goldon, with heart, Willian, Herts., 1446.

  Unknown, Turweston, Bucks., c. 1450.

  Roger Gery, with chalice, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1456.

  Robt. Lond, with chalice, St Peter’s, Bristol, 1461.

  John Spycer (?), Monkton-in-Thanet, Kent, c. 1465. *

  John Swetecock, Lingfield, Surrey, 1469.

  Thos. Wyrley, with heart, Letchworth, Herts., 1475.

  Gulfrid Bysschop (hands crossed downwards), Fulbourn, Cambs.,
    1477.

  Unknown, with chalice, Laindon, Essex, c. 1480.

  Roger Clerk, St Ethelred, Norwich, 1487.

  John Balam, Blewbury, Berks., 1496.

  Alex. Inglisshe, with chalice, Campsey Ash, Suffolk, 1504.

  Thos. Warner, Soulderne, Oxon., 1508.

  Thos. Symons, Gt. Greenford, Middlesex, c. 1515.

  John Wright, with chalice, Clothall, Herts., 1519.

  Wm. Grey, with chalice, Evershot, Dorset, 1524.

  John ap Meredyth, with chalice, Bettws, Montgy., 1531.

  Wm. Wardsworth, with chalice, Betchworth, Surrey, 1533.

  Wm. Harman, with chalice, Eton College, Bucks., 1535.

  Robt. Hanson (small), Chalfont St Peter, Bucks., 1545.

In a few brasses the stole or maniple is omitted. These are probably
the work of careless local engravers. Examples are found at Dronfield,
Derby, 1399; Clothall, Herts., 1404; Newton Bromshold, Northants.,
1426; Sparham, Norfolk, 1490; Blockley, Worc., c. 1500; Laindon, Essex,
c. 1510; and elsewhere.


Chalice Brasses.


(_a_) Yorkshire.

  Rich. Kendale, Ripley, 1429.

  Peter Johnson, Bishop Burton, 1460.

  Wm. Langton, St Michael Spurriergate, York, 1466.

  Thos. Clarell, St Peter’s, Leeds, 1469.


(_b_) Norfolk.

  John Smyth, St Giles, Norwich, 1499.

  Rich. Grene, Hedenham, 1502.

  Robt. Northen, Buxton, 1508.

  Rich. Louhouwys, Surlingham, 1513.

  Edmund Ward, North Walsham, 1519.

  Wm. Westow, Little Walsingham, c. 1520, and several others.

There are but few elsewhere, such as:

  Robt. Wodehowse, Holwell, Beds., 1515.

  Thos. Elys, Shorne, Kent, 1519.

  Thos. King, Rendham, Suffolk, 1523.

  Unknown, Gazeley, Suffolk, 1530.


Cassock alone.

  Thos. Awmarle, Cardynham, Cornwall, c. 1400.

  Unknown (kn.), peculiar, Aspley Guise, Beds., c. 1410.

  John Lewys (kn.), Quainton, Bucks., 1422.

  Unknown, Cirencester, Glos., c. 1480.

  Unknown, North Creake, Norfolk, c. 1500.

  Rich. Bethel, Shorwell, I. o. W., 1518.

  John Yslyngton, with chalice, Cley, Norfolk, c. 1520.

  Wm. Lawnder (kn.), Northleach, Glos., c. 1530.


Almuce.

  John Morys, First Warden, Winchester College, Hants., 1413

  Win. Whyte, Arundel, Sussex, 1419.

  John Huntington, Warden, Manchester Cathedral, 1458.

  Robt. Brerely, Billingham, Durham, 1480.

  Thos. Barker, Eton College, Bucks. (fellow), 1489.

  Canon Thos. Teylar, Byfleet, Surrey, 1489.

  Wm. Fordmell, Bordon, Kent, 1490.

  Thos. Parker, Dean, Beds., 1501.

  Henry Bost (Provost), Eton College, Bucks., 1503.

  Ralph Elcock, Tong, Salop, 1510.

  John Fynexs, Archdeacon of Sudbury, St Mary’s, Bury St Edmunds,
    1514.

  Wm. Goberd, B. A., Archdeacon, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1515.

  Robt. Honywode, LL.D., quadrilateral plate, St George’s Chapel,
    Windsor (peculiar), 1522.

  Rich. Adams, with chalice, East Maling, Kent, 1522.

  Robt. Hacombleyn (Provost), King’s College, Cambridge, 1528.

  Robt. Sutton (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral
    plate, peculiar), 1528.

  Geoff. Fyche (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral
    plate, peculiar), 1537.

  Jas. Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Ch., Oxford, 1557.

  Robt. Brassie, S.T.P., Provost, King’s College, Cambridge, 1558.


The Cope: a selection.

  Wm. de Rothwelle, Rothwell, Northants. (curious), 1361.

  John de Campden, St Cross, Winchester, 1382.

  Nich. de Luda, Cottingham, Yorks., 1383.

  Wm. de Fubburne, Fulbourn, Cambs. (canopy), 1391.

  Math. de Asscheton, Shillington, Beds., 1400.

  John Sleford, Balsham, Cambridge, 1401.


    Rich. Malford, New College, Oxford, 1403.

    Hen. de Codryngton, Bottesford, Leic. (canopy), 1404.

    Wm. Langeton, Exeter Cathedral (kn.), 1403.

    Simon Bache, Knebworth, Herts., 1414.

    John Prophete, Ringwood, Hants., 1416.

    Thos. Patteslie, Gt Shelford, Cambs., 1418.

    Robt. Wyntryngham, Cotterstock, Northants., 1420.

    Thos. Harlyng, Pulborough, Sussex, 1423.

    Rich. Cassey, Tredington, Worcs., 1427.

    Hen. Mowbray, Upwell, Norfolk, 1428.

    John Mapilton, Broadwater, Sussex (canopy), 1432.

    John Stanwey, Hereford Cathedral, 1434.

    Wm. Prestwyk, Warbleton, Sussex, 1436.

    Jn. Lovelle, St Geo., Canterbury (no almuce), 1438.

    Simon Marcheford, Harrow, Middlesex, 1442.

    Robt. Arthur, Chartham, Kent, 1454.

    John Blodwell, Balsham, Cambs., 1462.

    Hen. Sever, Merton College, Oxford, 1471.

    Wm. Langley, Buckland, Herts., (with chalice), 1478.

    Wm. Gisburne, Kirby Wharfe, Yorks., 1480.

    Wm. Malster, Girton, Cambs., 1492.

    Walter Hyll, New College, Oxford, 1494.

    Jas. Hart, B.D., Hitchin, Herts., 1498.

    Hen. Wykys, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1508.

    Unknown, Tattershall, Lincs., c. 1510.

    Silvester Gabriel, Croydon, Surrey, 1512.

    Walter Hewke, D.C.L., Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1517.[1]

    Wm. Lichfield, LL.D., Willesdon, Middlesex, 1517.

    Robt. Langton, Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518.

    Thos. Swayn, Wooburn, Bucks., 1519.

    Christopher Urswic, Hackney, Middlesex, 1521.

    Wm. Boutrod, Eton College, Bucks., 1522.

    Edm. Frowsetoure, Hereford Cathedral (Renais. canopy), 1536.

    Wm. Styrlay, Rauceby, Lincs., 1536.

    Thos. Dalyson, Clothall, Herts. (no almuce), 1541.

    John White, Winchester College, 1548.

    Thos. Magnus, Sessay, Yorks., 1550.

[1] Hewke’s cope was one in use at the College at the time, and a
contemporary description of it still survives. It was of red samite.


Academic Dress: a selection.

  Unknown in cap, Gt. Brington, Northants., c. 1340.

  John Hotham, Chinnor, Oxon., demi in cap, 1361.

  John Strete, M.A., in skull cap, Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405
    (kneeling before bracket, see Illus.).

  Eudo de la Zouch, St John’s College, Cambridge, c. 1410 (large,
    but mutilated).

  Wm. Calwe, Ledbury, Heref., sm., kn., c. 1410.

  John Mottesfont, B.C.L., Lydd, Kent, 1420.

  John Lowthe, New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1427.

  Priest and parents, large, Melton, Suffolk (mut. trip. canopy),
    1430.

  Wm. Hautryve, D.D., New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1441, and
    several others.

  John Darley, Herne, Kent, skull cap, c. 1450.

  Wm. Snell, M.A., Boxley, Kent, 1451.

  John Alnwik, M.A., Surlingham, Norfolk, 1460.

  Unknown, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1460.

  Thos. Sondes, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, and several others.

  Unknown, D.D., Little St Mary’s, Cambridge, skull cap, c. 1480.

  Unknown, Little Shelford, Cambs., c. 1480.

  Unknown, with chalice, Barking, Essex, c. 1480.

  Nich. Wotton, LL.B., Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1482.

  Philip Worthyn, M.A., Blockley, Worc., kn., 1488.

  Geo. Rede, Fovant, Wilts., quadrilateral plate (peculiar), 1492
    (he kneels before a large Annunciation).

  Wm. Towne, D.D., in cap, King’s College, Cambridge, 1496, and
    others.

  Wm. Heyward, Abingdon, Berks., 1501.

  David Lloyde, LL.B., and Thos. Baker, demi, All Souls, Oxford,
    1510.

  John Trembras, M.A., St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 1515.

  Arthur Vernon, M.A., Tong, Salop, 1517.

  John Yslyngton, S.T.P., Cley, Norfolk, in cap with chalice, c.
    1520.

  Bryan Roos, LL.D., Childrey, Berks., 1529.

  Unknown, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, c. 1530.

  Unknown, Queens’ College, Cambridge, c. 1535.

  Unknown, Christ’s College, Cambridge, c. 1535.

  Wm. Bill, Westminster Abbey, 1561.


Bishops and mitred Abbots: a complete list.

  Wm. de Grenefeld, Archbp. of York, York Minister, 1315.

  John Trilleck, Bp. of Hereford, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), 1360.

  Thos. Delamere, Abbot of St Albans, St Albans, c. 1360 (very fine
    foreign work, canopy, etc.).

  Robt. Wyvil, Bp. of Salisbury, Salisbury Cathedral (peculiar),
    1375.

  Unknown, Adderley, Salop, c. 1390.

  John de Waltham, Bp. of Salisbury, Westminster Abbey (with fine
    but mutilated canopy), 1395.

  Robt. de Waldeby, Archbp. of York, Westminster Abbey (canopy),
    1397.

  Abbot Moote (lower half), St Albans Abbey, 1401.

  Thos. Cranley, Archbp. of Dublin, New College, Oxford (canopy),
    1417.

  John Bowthe, Bp. of Exeter, East Horsley, Surrey, 1478 (small,
    side view).

  Rich. Bell, Bp. of Carlisle, Carlisle Cathedral (worn, canopy),
    1496.

  John Estney, Abbot of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, patron of
    Caxton (canopy), 1498.

  Unknown Archbp., Edenham, Lincs., c. 1500.

  Jas. Stanley, Bp. of Ely, Manchester Cathedral, 1515.

  John Yong, Titular Bp. of Callipolis (headless), New College,
    Oxford, c. 1525.

  Thos. Goodryke, Bp. of Ely, Ely Cathedral, 1554.

  John Bell, Bp. of Worcester, St James’s, Clerkenwell, 1556.

  Robt. Pursglove, Suffragan Bp. of Hull, Tideswell, Derbys., 1579.


VI

Monastic brasses.

  A Monk, Watton, Herts., c. 1370.

  The head of a Nun, St Mary’s, Kilburn, c. 1380.

  The Duchess of Gloucester, Vowess, Westminster Abbey (canopy),
    1399.

  Joan Clopton, Vowess, Quinton, Glos., c. 1430.

  Thos. Neolond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes, Cowfold, Sussex (canopy),
    1433.

  Dame Maria Gore, Prioress, Nether Wallop, Hants., 1436.

  Geof. Langley, Benedictine Prior of Horsham St Faith, St
    Lawrence, Norwich, 1437.

  John Pyke, Friar, Denham, Bucks. (palimpsest), c. 1440.

  A Nun, daughter of a Lady, c. 1440, on reverse of inscription to
    Nich. Suttherton, St John, Maddermarket, Norwich.

  A Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1450.

  Wm. Jernemut, Monk, demi, c. 1460, on reverse of Alice Swane
    (1540), Halvergate, Norfolk.

  Martin Forester, Monk, demi, on a _lectern_, Yeovil, Somerset, c.
    1460.

  Robt. Beauver, Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470.

  A Benedictine Monk, demi, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470.

  An Abbot (or Bishop), one of the children of Wm. Lucas,
    Wendensloft, Essex, c. 1470.

  A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, Essex,
    1479.

  A Nun, one of the children of Thos. Mountford, Hornby, Yorks.,
    1489.

  A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Barnardiston, Gt. Cotes,
    Lincs., 1503.

  Juliana Amyell, Vowess, Witton, Norfolk, c. 1505.

  John Norton, with cope and crozier, South Creake, Norfolk, 1509.

  A Monk and a Nun, among children of John Hampton, Minchinhampton,
    Glos., c. 1510.

  Rich. Bewfforeste, Augustinian Abbot of Dorchester, Dorchester,
    Oxon., c. 1510.

  John Stodeley, Augustinian Canon of St Frideswide’s, Oxford, Over
    Winchendon, Bucks., 1515.

  Joan Braham, Vowess, Frenze, Norfolk, 1519.

  Thos. Rutlond, Sub Prior, St Albans Abbey, 1521.

  Dame Eliz. Herwy, Benedictine Abbess, Elstow, Beds., c. 1525.

  Joan Cook, Vowess, St Mary de Crypt, Glos., 1529.

  Susan Kyngeston, Vowess, Shalston, Bucks., 1540.

  Dame Agnes Jordon, Abbess of Sion, Denham, Bucks., c. 1540.

  John Lawrence, Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey, Burwell, Camb.
    (palimpsest), 1542.

  Marg. Dely, Nun, Treasurer of Sion, Isleworth, Middlesex, 1561.

It is believed that this includes all those brasses which can in any
way be regarded as monastic, and one or two of these are doubtful. The
most complete series are those of the Benedictines at St Albans.


Palimpsests engraved on back.

(_a_) From English Churches: a selection.

  St Lawrence, Reading, 1538 (Walt. Barton). _Rev._ parts of brass
    of Sir John Popham, 1463.

  Hedgerley, Bucks., 1540 (Bulstrode). _Rev._ various parts of
    abbot, etc., c. 1312-1530.

  Taplow, Bucks., 1540 (Manfelde). _Rev._ eight pieces, c.
    1470-1490.

  Halvergate, Norf., 1540 (Swane). _Rev._ bust of Wm. Jernemut
    (monk), c. 1460.

  Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, c. 1540 (a lady). _Rev._ part of abbot,
    c. 1400.

  Upminster, Essex, c. 1540 (a civilian). _Rev._ part of abbot, c.
    1410.

  Odiham, Hants., c. 1540 (a knight). _Rev._ several pieces, c.
    1460.

  Cheam, Surrey, 1542 (Fromondes). _Rev._ several pieces, c. 1500.

  Holy Trinity, Chester, 1545 (Gee). _Rev._ part of Garter knight,
    c. 1530.

  All Hallows, Barking, London, 1546 (Thynne). _Rev._ several
    pieces, c. 1510-1530.

  Winchester College, 1548 (White). _Rev._ part of a widow, c. 1440.

  Manchester Cathedral, 1548 (Ordsall). _Rev._ a lady, c. 1450.

  Sessay, Yorks., 1550 (Magnus). _Rev._ several pieces, c. 1450.

  Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 (a knight). _Rev._ a priest, c. 1510.

  Binfield, Berks., 1558 (Turner). _Rev._ part of abbot, c. 1420.

  St John Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558 (Rugge). _Rev._ an abbot, c.
    1320.

  Morland, Westmorland, 1562 (Blythe). _Rev._ two knights, c. 1520.

  Howden, Yorks., 1621 (Dolman). _Rev._ part of civilian, c. 1520.

There are about one hundred brasses included in this type.


(_b_) From Flemish or German Brasses.

  Winestead, Yorks., c. 1540 (Hildyard). _Rev._ frag. of civilian,
    c. 1360.

  Isleworth, Middlesex, 1544 (Chase). _Rev._ saint in niche, c.
    1360.

  Upminster, Essex, 1545 (Wayte). _Rev._ frag. of abbot, c. 1480.

  Aylesford, Kent, 1545 (Savell). _Rev._ canopy, possibly French,
    c. 1530.

  Bayford, Herts., c. 1545 (Knighton). _Rev._ frag. of abbot, c.
    1480.

  Ossington, Notts., 1551 (Peckham). _Rev._ frag. of lady, etc., c.
    1360.

  Hadleigh, Suffolk, c. 1560 (Taillor). _Rev._ civilian and angel,
    c. 1500.

  Westerham, Kent, 1563 (Potter). _Rev._ column and shield, c. 1530.

  St Peter Mancroft, Norwich, 1568 (Rede). _Rev._ civilian, c. 1500.

  Haseley, Warw., 1573 (Throkmorton). _Rev._ canopy work, c. 1390.

  Constantine, Cornwall, 1574 (Gerveys). _Rev._ man in armour, c.
    1375.

  Harrow, Middlesex, 1574 (Frankishe). _Rev._ border and lady, c.
    1360 and c. 1370.

  St Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1574 (Atkinson). _Rev._ canopy, c.
    1520.

  British Museum, fr. Wimbish, Essex, 1575 (fragment). _Rev._
    marginal inscription, c. 1420.

  Cookham, Berks., 1577 (Moore). _Rev._ head and background, etc.,
    c. 1380 and c. 1480.

  Wardour Castle, Wilts., c. 1577 and 1578 (Arundell). _Rev._ part
    of saint, canopy, etc., 1374.

  Yealmpton, Devon, 1580 (Copleston). _Rev._ head, saint, etc., c.
    1460.

  Holme-next-Sea, Norfolk, 1582 (Strickland). _Rev._ canopy, c.
    1400.

  Margate, Kent, 1582 (Flitt). _Rev._ border, c. 1400.


(_c_) Shop-wastes etc.

  A priest, Temple Ch., Bristol, c. 1460. _Rev._ lady, c. 1460.

  A lady, Ampton, Suffolk, c. 1490. _Rev._ lady, c. 1470.

  A lady (demi) on bracket, c. 1360. _Rev._ cross-legged knight, c.
    1300. At Clifton Campville, Staffs.

  Thos. and Isabel Englysche, 1525, Ipsden, Oxon. _Rev._ a lady and
    inscription, c. 1420.


VII

Early Tudor Canopies.

The following are remarkably fine:

  Winwick, Lancs., triple, 1492.

  Westminster (Estney), triple, 1498.

  Hunstanton, Norf. (with saints), triple, 1506.

  Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507.

  Ardingley, Sussex, small, double, c. 1500. Illustrated.

  Ardingley, Sussex, double (only upper half), 1504.

  Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509.

  Little Wenham, Suffolk, double, 1514.

  Faversham, Kent, double, 1533.


Early Tudor armour (still showing Yorkist characteristics): a selection.

  Jn. Bohun and wife, Latton, Essex, c. 1485.

  Edm. Clere and wife, Stokesby, Norfolk, 1488.

  Nich. Gaynesford and wife, Carshalton, Surrey, c. 1490.

  Rich. Curzon and wife, Kedlestone, Derbyshire, 1496.

  Rich. Culpeper and wife (canopy), Ardingley, Sussex, 1504.

  Sir Humphrey Stanley, Westminster Abbey, 1505.

  Willm. Viscount Beaumont, Wyvenhoe, Essex (very fine, with triple
    canopy), 1507.


Typical.

  Jn., Lord le Strange and wife, Hillingdon, Middlesex (double
    canopy), 1509.

  Jn. Leventhorp, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1510.

  Thos. Pekham and wife, Wrotham, Kent, 1512.

  Jn. Ackworth and two wives, Luton, Beds., 1513.

  Sir Jn. Danvers and wife, Dauntsey, Wilts., 1514.

  Thos. Broke (Serjeant-at-arms) and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1518.

  Philip Chatwyn (gent. usher), Alvechurch, Worc., 1524.

  Sir Edw. Grey and two wives, Kinver, Staffs., 1528.

  Sir Thos. Brooke, Ld. Cobham and wife, Cobham, Kent, 1529.

  John Borell (Serjeant-at-arms), Broxbourne, Herts., 1531.

  Sir Thos. Bullen, Hever, Kent (in full Garter insignia), 1538.

  Thos. Hatteclyff, Addington, Surrey, 1540.

  Sir Robt. Dymoke, Scrivelsby, Lincs., 1545.

  John Lymsey, Hackney, Middlesex, 1545.

  Thos. Clere, St Mary’s, Lambeth, Surrey, 1545.


Tabard brasses: a selection.

  John Fitz-Lewis and four wives, Ingrave, Essex, c. 1500.

  Jn. Burgoyn and wife, Impington, Cambridge, 1505.

  Sir Roger le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506. (Very fine. On
    bracket within canopy which has weepers, also in tabards of
    arms.)

  Anthy. Fetyplace, Swinbrook, Oxon., 1510.

  Anthy. Hansart and wife, kn., March, Cambs., 1517.

  Ly. Jane Iwarby, kn., Ewell, Surrey, 1519.

  Jn. Garney and wife, kn., quadrilateral plate, Kenton, Suffolk,
    1524.

    Sir Godfrey Foljambe and wife, Chesterfield, Derbys., 1529.

    Ly. Cath. Howard, St Mary’s, Lambeth, 1535.

    A lady, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, c. 1535.

    Ly. Eliz. Scroope, Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1537.

    Sir Ralph Verney and wife, Aldbury, Herts. (canopy), 1546.


Babies (alone).

  Rougham, Norfolk, 1510.

  Chesham Bois, Bucks., c. 1520.


(With parents.)

  Cranbrook, Kent, c. 1520.


Later examples:--

  Pinner, Middlesex, c. 1580.

  Edgeware, Middlesex, 1599.

  Upper Deal, Kent, 1606.

  Odiham, Hants., 1636.


Civilians: a selection.

Over 400 are extant, mostly small and often poorly engraved.

  Rich. Amondesham and wife (wool merchant), Ealing, Middlesex, c.
    1490 (under fine double canopy).

  Sir Rich. Wakehurst and wife, Ardingley, Sussex, died 1464,
    engraved c. 1500.

  Rich. Wenman and two wives, Witney, Oxon., 1500.

  Hen. Eliot and wife, Wonersh, Surrey, 1503.

  Wm. Andrew and Jn. Monkeden and their wives, Cookham, Berks.,
    1503.

  Robt. Foster and wife (wool merchant), Mattishall, Norfolk, 1507.

  Sir Wm. Grevill and wife (judge), Cheltenham, Glos., 1513.

  Chris. Rawson and two wives (wool merchant), All Hallows,
    Barking, 1518.

  Rauf. Rowlatt and two wives (wool merchant), St Albans Abbey,
    Herts., 1519.

  Thos. Bush and wife (under double canopy) (wool merchant),
    Northleach, Glos., 1526.

  Henry Hatche and wife (under double canopy), Faversham, Kent,
    1533.

  Sir Anth. Fitzherbert and wife (judge), Norbury, Derbys., 1538.

  Nich. Leveson and wife (wool merchant), St Andrew Undershaft,
    London, 1539.

  Sir Walter Lake and wife (judge), Cople, Beds., 1544.

  Thos. Holte and wife (judge), Aston, Warwick, 1545.

The inscriptions are chiefly in English and often quaintly spelt.


VIII

Transitional Period (1547-1558)

Men in armour: a selection.


(_a_) Without tabards.

  Sir Humphrey Stafford and wife, Blatherwycke, Northants., 1548.

  Thos. Giffard, Twyford, Bucks., 1551.

  Rich. Fermer and wife, Easton Neston, Northants., 1552.

  Sir Jn. Hampden and two wives, Gt. Hampden, Bucks., 1553.

  Nich. Saunders and wife, Charlwood, Surrey, 1553.

  Robt. Bulkeley and wife, quadrilateral plate, Cople, Beds., 1556.


(_b_) With tabards.

The brasses are usually small and badly engraved.

  John Latton and wife, Blewbury, Berks., 1548.

  Sir Humphrey Style and two wives, Beckenham, Kent, 1552.

  Ly. Jane Guyldeford, Chelsea, Middlesex, 1555.

  Henry Hobart, Loddon, Norfolk, 1561.

  Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, Dorset, 1565.


IX. 1558-1625.

A few examples are given below, the earlier, up to about 1575, are in
the Transitional style, the later in the “tasset” armour.

  Jn. Colby and wife, Brundish, Suffolk, 1560.

  Sir Jn. Arundell and two wives, Stratton, Cornwall, 1561.

  Geo. Medley and wife, Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1562.

  Sir Wm. Molyneux and two wives, Sefton, Lancs., 1568.

  Jn. Clavell and two wives, Knowle, Dorset, 1572.

  Thos. Higate and wife, Hayes, Middlesex, 1576.

  Thos. Shurley and wife, Isfield, Sussex, 1579.

  Rowland Lytton and two wives, Knebworth, Herts., 1582.

  John Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, 1584.

  Thos. Carewe, Haccombe, Devon, 1586.

  Thos. Stoughton, St Martin’s, Canterbury, 1591.

  Humphrey Brewster, Wrentham, Suffolk, 1593.

  Jn. Clippesby and wife, Clippesby, Norfolk, 1594.

  Edw. Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., c. 1600.

  Christopher Septvans and wife, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, 1602.

  Thos. Windham, Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1608.

  Rich. Barttelot and two wives, Stopham, Sussex, 1614.

  Nich. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, 1618.

  Sir Clem. Edmonds and wife, Preston Deanery, Northants., 1622.


Civilians.

A few examples are given, but there are a fair number scattered up and
down the country.

  Sir Rich. Peyton and wife, Isleham, Cambs., 1574.

  Wm. Dunche and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks., quadrilateral
    plate, engraved, c. 1585.

  Robt. Cotton and wife, Richmond, Surrey, 1591.

  Walter Bailey, New Coll., Oxford, 1592.

  Jn. Martin and wife, Barton, Cambs., c. 1593.

  Jn. Tedcastle and wife, Barking, Essex, 1596.

  Jacob Verzelini and wife, Downe, Kent, 1607.

  Anth. Cooke, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1613.

  Rich. Gadburye and wife, Eyworth, Beds., 1624.

The York school of brasses will be referred to later; they include
among others:--

  Eliz. Fynes, York Minster, 1585.

  James Cotrel, York Minster, 1595.

  Robert Askwith, St Crux, York, 1597.


Clergy.

  Jn. Fenton, Priest and Vicar, Coleshill, Warwick, 1566.

  Patrick Fearne and wife, Parson, Sandon, Essex, c. 1580.

  Jn. Garbrand, D.D., Parson, quadrilateral plate, N. Crawley,
    Bucks., 1589.

  Edw. Leeds, LL.D., Rector, Croxton, Cambs., 1589.

  Vincent Huffam and wife, Priest, St James, Dover, c. 1590.

  Griffin Lloyd and wife, Chevening, Kent, 1596.

  Wm. Lucas, M.A., Parson, Clothall, Herts., 1602.

  Jn. Metcalfe, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, 1606.

  Jn. Burton, Rector, kn., Burgh St Margaret, Norfolk, 1608.

  Isaiah Bures, M.A., Pastor, sm., kn., Northolt, Middlesex, 1610.

  Peter Winder, Curate, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1610.

  Humphrey Tyndall, Dean, Ely Cathedral (fine), 1614.

  Jn. Wythines, D.D., Dean, Battle, Sussex, 1615.

  Hen. Airay, Provost, Queen’s Coll., Oxford, 1616.

  Wm. Palke and wife, Minister, High Halstow, Kent, 1618.

  Hugh Johnson (in pulpit), Vicar, Hackney, Middlesex, 1618.

  Andrew Willet, D.D., Minister, Barley, Herts., 1621.


X. 1625-1660.

Of other knights in armour than the illustration, the following are
noteworthy:

  Simon Mayne and wife, Dinton, Bucks., 1628.

  Sir Jn. Arundel and wife, St Columb, Cornwall, c. 1630.

  Christopher Playters, Sotterley, Suffolk, c. 1630.

  Edm. Sawyer and wife, quadrilateral plate, Kettering, Northants.,
    1631.

  Rich. Bugges and two wives, Harlow, Essex, 1636.

  Wm. Penn and wife, Penn, Bucks., 1638.

  Jn. Boscawen, quadrilateral plate, St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall,
    c. 1640.

  Wm. Strode and wife, quadrilateral plate, Shepton Mallet,
    Somerset, 1649.


Civilians.

The following are characteristic examples:

  Thos. Holl, Heigham, Norfolk, 1630.

  Rich. Chiverton and wife, Quethiock, Cornwall, 1631.

  Robt. Chambers, Swaffham Priory, Cambs., 1638.

  Geo. Coles and two wives, St Sepulchre’s, Northampton, 1640.

  John Moorwood and wife, quadrilateral plate, Bradfield, near
    Ecclesfield, Yorks., 1647.

At Llanrwst, Denbigh. The plates are lozenge-shaped, showing usually
only the bust of the deceased and are quite good portraits.

    Sir John Wynne, 1620, and his wife, 1632, his daughter, Lady
    Mary Mostyn, 1658, Sir Owen Wynne, 1660, Kath. Lewis, 1669,
    Dame Sarah Wynne, 1671.


Clergy.

Of the clergy, only six brasses are known:

  Arch. Lightfoot, rector, quadrilateral plate, Stoke Bruerne,
    Northants., 1625.

  Thos. Stones (demi), Acle, Norfolk, 1627.

  Wm. Procter, rector, Upper Boddington, Northants., 1627.

  Maurice Hughes, vicar, Abergavenny, Monm., 1631.

  Edw. Nayler and wife, kn., Bigby, Lincs., 1642.

  Rice, Jem, rector, Husbands Bosworth, Leics., 1648.

In three cases bishops are commemorated by a mitre:

  Arthur Lake, Bp. of Bath and Wells, Wells Cath., 1626.

  John Prideaux, Bp. of Worcester, Bredon, Worc., 1650.

  Henry Ferne, Bp. of Chester, Westminster Abbey, 1661.


Commonwealth Civilians and Women.

  Bonham Faunce and two wives, Cliffe, Kent, 1652.

  Jn. Davids, Haverfordwest, Pembrokes., 1654.

  Anne Cary (a child), Clovelly, Devon, 1655.

  Thos. Carewe and wife, quadrilateral plate, Haccombe, Devon, 1656.

  Thos. Lawe (mayor), demi, Boston, Lincs., 1657.

  Mary Hall, Sheriff Hutton, Yorks., 1657.

  Lady Mary Mostyn, Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1658.

  Rich. Breton and wife, Barwell, Leics., 1659.


XI. 1660-1773.

  John Harris and wife, Milton, Cambs., 1660.

  The Llanrwst series.

  Philip Tenison, S.T.P., in shroud, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660.

  Mary Thorne and three daughters, St Mary, Bedford, 1663.

  Robt. Shiers, Gt. Bookham, Surrey, 1668.

  Shrouded Effigy on tomb, Thornton Watlass, Yorks., 1669.

  Nich. Toke in armour and three daughters kneeling, Gt. Chart,
    Kent, 1680.

  Edm. West, Serjeant-at-law, in armour, and wife, quadrilateral
    plate, Marsworth, Bucks., 1681.

  Ann Dunch, a child, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham,
    Berks., 1683.

  Edw. Turpin and wife, Bassingbourn, Cambs., 1683.

  Dorothy Williams, Pimperne, Dorset., 1694.

  John Price (naval officer) and wife, Leigh, Essex, 1709.

  John Massie and family, St Peter’s, Leeds, Yorks., 1709.

  Thos. Lund (mayor), Newark, Notts., 1715.

  Philadelphia Greenwood, quadrilateral plate, St Mary Cray, Kent,
    1747.

  Benj. Greenwood, St Mary Cray, Kent, 1773.


XII

Special Types: Heart Brasses.

Some others which differ in various ways from the two types described
in the text are included below:

    Anne Muston, Saltwood, Kent, 1496.

    Unknown, Fakenham, Norfolk, c. 1500.

    Unknown, Higham Ferrers, Northants., c. 1510.

    Crystofer Tonson and wife, Melton Mowbray, Leics., 1543.

    Thos. Hodges, Wedmore, Somerset, c. 1630.

    Grace White, Ludham, Norfolk, 1633.

In the Saltwood and Wedmore brasses it is distinctly stated that only
the bowel or heart is buried there.

Sir Thos. Hodges was killed at the siege of Antwerp 1583, and asked
that his body should be buried there and his heart sent home to his
wife.

At Saltwood an angel, rising from a cloud, holds a heart.

At Fakenham there are four double hearts inscribed “Jhu, mercy,” “Lady,
help.” It is evidently to the memory of a husband and wife whose names
are unknown.


Shroud Brasses.

  John Brigge, Sall, Norfolk, 1454.

  John Manfield, Taplow, Bucks., 1455.

  Thos. Pethyn, priest, Lytchett Maltravers, Dorset, c. 1470.

  Man and wife, Sedgefield, Durham, c. 1470.

  Thos. Fleming, New Coll., Oxford, 1472.

  A Priest, Stifford, Essex, c. 1480.

  Man and wife, Baldock, Herts., c. 1480.

  Tomesina Tendryng, Yoxford, Suff., 1485.

  Thos. Spryng and wife, Lavenham, Staff., 1486.

  Several at Hitchin, Herts., 1480-1490.

  A Man and wife, Sawston, Cambs., c. 1500.

  A Lady, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk, c. 1500.

  Ralph Hamsterley, a priest, Oddington, Oxon., c. 1500.

  Wm. Gibsson and wife, Watlington, Oxon., 1501.

  Thos. Tyard, priest, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1505.

  Joan Strangbon, Childrey, Berks., 1507.

  Man and wife, West Molesey, Surrey, c. 1510.

  Hen. Scolows and wife, St Michael Coslany, Norwich, 1515.

  John Goodryngton, Appleton, Berks., 1518.

  Unknown, Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520.

  Unknown and wife, Childrey, Berks., c. 1520.

  John Claimond, Corpus Christi, Oxford, c. 1530.

  Eliz. Rok, Penn, Bucks., 1540.

  Wm. Fyssher, master, Wigston’s Hospital, Leicester, 1543.

  Lucas Goodyere, Aldenham, Herts., 1547.

  Hugh Brystowe, priest, Waddesdon, Bucks., 1548.

  Unknown, Chicheley, Bucks., 1560.

  A Lady, Leigh, Kent, c. 1580.

  Thos. Nele, Cassington, Oxon., 1590.

  John Maunsell, Haversham, Bucks., 1605.

  Eliz. Popeley, Birstall, Yorks., 1632.

  Lady Mary Howard, West Firle, Sussex, 1638.

  Wives of Clere Talbot, Dunston, Norfolk, 1649.

  Philipp Tenison, S.T.P., Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660.


Skeleton Brasses.

  Rich. Notfelde, St John’s, Margate, Kent, c. 1446.

  Thos. Childes, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1452.

  Three Skeletons, Weybridge, Surrey, c. 1520.

  A Skeleton in shroud, Hildersham, Cambs., c. 1530.

  Barbara Ferrer, St Michael-at-Plea, Norwich, 1588.


XIII

Later Foreign Brasses.

  Roger Thornton and wife, All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1429.

  Thos. Pownder and wife, St Mary Quay, Ipswich, 1525.

  Margaret Hornebolt, Fulham, Middlesex, 1529.

  Andrew Evyngar and wife, All Hallows, Barking, c. 1535.

  Duncan Liddell, M.D., St Nicholas, Aberdeen, 1613.

The Newcastle brass measures 7 ft. × 4 ft. 4 in. The civilian and his
wife completely fill the spaces under the canopy, so that no background
is necessary. There are saints and angels in the niches, and each soul
is shown borne aloft by angels and again in God the Father’s arms.

Below the main figures are seven sons and seven daughters, each under
a canopy. It is probably North German work. There are no less than 92
figures altogether.

The brasses to Pownder and Evyngar are both Flemish, and somewhat
similar in size and design. These sixteenth century brasses are much
smaller than those of the fourteenth century.

Pownder’s has a marginal inscription and an outer border of foliage.
The merchant and his wife stand beneath a Renaissance canopy. Two sons
and six daughters kneel at his feet.

Evyngar’s brass is very similar, but there is no border, and the
inscription is at the foot instead of round the edge.

Margaret Hornebolt was the wife of a Flemish painter from Ghent. The
brass is lozenge-shaped and shows her as a demi-figure in a shroud with
angels supporting the inscription. The Scotch brass was engraved in
Antwerp by the instruction of Liddel’s brother John. It is just over 5
ft. high. There is a marginal inscription, and half the space within it
is also filled with inscription.

The doctor is shown above this seated at table, with books, writing
materials, etc. around him. It reminds us of the seventeenth century
brasses to Airay and Bp. Robinson.

In the Victoria and Albert Museum are two other foreign brasses. The
larger is also Flemish, to Sire Louis Corteville and wife, 1504. It was
originally in the ruined chapel of the Castle of Corteville, Flanders,
thence passed to a shop in Antwerp and thence to the Jermyn Street
Museum. Recently it has been set up at South Kensington. It has a
fillet of foliage and within that a border inscription. The places of
the four Evangelists at the corners are filled by shields; there is no
canopy. Above the knight, his crest, helmet and coat-of-arms appear,
above his wife, a coat-of-arms is supported by an angel. The heads of
both rest on embroidered cushions, and the background is covered with a
design of foliage.

The armour of the knight, though similar to that of the same date in
England, shows several minor variations, which should be studied by
those interested in the subject.

The other brass is much smaller and is of German origin. It is
to Henry Oskens, canon, from Nippes, near Cologne, 1535. It is
beautifully engraved. Oskens kneels in adoration to the Virgin. Rays
of light stream from behind her. These are coloured red, the rest of
the engraving being mostly filled in with black wax or some similar
substance. This, coupled with the fineness of the engraving, renders it
impossible to take a good rubbing.

This completes the list of foreign brasses in England. It will be
noticed that the majority of the earlier ones are German, and the later
Flemish.

One or two other brasses show traces of foreign (probably French)
work, but to them reference has already been made. Thus the knights
at Chartham and Minster, and the priest at Horsmonden were probably
engraved by French craftsmen. Since, however, only five or six late
brasses still survive in France, it is impossible to say for certain.


XIV

Canopies: a selection.


_Fourteenth Century._

  Several at Cobham.

  Hereford Cathedral, canopy and super-canopy, 1360.

  Fletching, Sussex, double with centre shaft, c. 1380.

  Letheringham, Suffolk, single, 1389.

  Fulbourn, Cambs., single, 1391.

  Stoke Fleming, Devon, double (peculiar), 1391.

  Westminster Abbey, single, 1397.

  Boston, Lincs., double triple, with super-canopy and saints in
    shafts, 1398.


_Fifteenth Century._

  Balsham, Cambs., triple, 1401.

  Bottesford, Leics., triple, 1404.

  Burgate, Suffolk, double, 1409.

  Kidderminster, Worcs., triple, 1415.

  Lynwode, Lincs., double with super-canopy, 1419.

  Trotton, Sussex, double with super-canopy, 1419.

  Horley, Surrey, single, c. 1420.

  Warbleton, Sussex, single, 1436.

  Okeover, Staffs., triple, 1447.

  Hildersham, Cambs., single, 1466.

  Enfield, Middlesex, triple, c. 1470.

  Thornton, Bucks., quadruple, 1472.

  Isleham, Cambs., triple, 1484.

  Westminster Abbey, triple, 1498.


_Sixteenth Century._

  Two, Ardingley, Sussex, double, engraved c. 1500 and 1504.

  Cobham, double, 1506.

  Hunstanton, triple with figures in side shafts, etc., 1506.

  Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507.

  Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509.

  Northleach, Glos., double, 1526.

  Faversham, Kent, double, 1533.

  Ashbourn, Derbs., double, 1538.


Fifteenth century brackets.

  A Lady, Southfleet, Kent, 1414.

  A Priest, Cotterstock, Northants. (with canopy), 1420.

  A Priest, Cobham, Kent (with triple canopy), c. 1420.

  John Bloxham and Jn. Whytton, priests, Merton Coll., Oxford, c.
    1420.

  Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433.

  Prior Langley, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1437.

  Thos. Roose and wife, Sall, Norfolk, 1440.

  Civilian and wife, St George, Colegate, Norwich, 1472.


Plain Crosses.

  Unknown, Grainthorpe, Lincs., c. 1380.

  Thos. Chichele and wife, Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1400.

  Sir Roger Cheyne, Cassington, Oxon., 1414.

  Margaret Oliver, Beddington, Surrey, 1425.

  Rich. Tooner (priest), Broadwater, Sussex, 1445.

  Joan Brokes, Peperharrow, Surrey, 1487.

  Unknown, Royston, Herts., c. 1500.

  Rich. Pendilton, Eversley, Hants., 1502.

  Herward Bwllayen, Hever, Kent, c. 1520.

  Alice Wyrley, Floore, Northants., 1537.


Octofoil Crosses with the deceased in the centre.

  Nich. Aumberdene (fishmonger), Taplow, Bucks., 1350.

  Wm. de Herleston (priest), Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360.

  A priest in civil dress, Merton College, Oxford, 1372.

  A priest in cope, Hereford Cathedral, c. 1390.

  John Lumbarde (priest), Stone, Kent, 1408.




BIBLIOGRAPHY


_General._

Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses (Oxon., 1848).

Boutell’s Monumental Brasses (Lond., 1849).

Haines. Manual of Monumental Brasses (1861).

Waller’s Series of Monumental Brasses (Lond. and Oxford, 1863).

H. W. Macklin. Monumental Brasses (1890).

H. W. Macklin. The Brasses of England (Methuen, 1907).


_Counties._

Cotman’s Brasses of Norfolk (1813-16). Second Edition (Lond. 1839).

Brasses in Cambridge. Camden Society (1846).

F. Hudson. Brasses of Northamptonshire (1853).

G. Kite. Brasses of Wiltshire (1860).

E. H. W. Dunken. Brasses of Cornwall (1882).

C. T. Davis. Brasses in Worcestershire and Herefordshire (1884).

W. D. Belcher. Kentish Brasses (1888).

Rev. E. Farrar. Brasses of Norfolk (1890).

Ja. Thornely. Brasses in Lancs. and Cheshire (1893, Hull).

Grace Isherwood. Brasses in the Bedfordshire Churches.

W. F. Andrews. Brasses in Herefordshire (1903).

The Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society, London, since 1886.


_Foreign._

Monumental Brasses and Incised Slabs in Belgium (1849).

Books of Facsimiles of Monumental Brasses of the Continent of Europe by
Rev. W. F. Creeny, 1884.

[Illustration: Fig. 13. Laurence de St Maur, 1337, Higham Ferrers,
Northants.]

[Illustration: Fig. 14. John Blodwell, Dean of St Asaph, 1462, Balsham,
Cambs.]




INDEX

This index is meant as a guide to the most interesting brasses in each
county. At the same time, though it includes all mentioned in this
manual, it does not profess to be exhaustive. Where there are several
brasses at one church the author has often only given one or two,
knowing that when there the _brass-rubber_ will look round for others.


  BEDFORDSHIRE--

  Ampthill, _1450_, 119

  Aspley Guise, _c. 1410_, 124

  Bedford, _1663_, 140

  Bromham, _c. 1435_, 52, 117; _1535_, 52

  Cople, _c. 1410_, 24; _1544_, 136; _1556_, 136

  Dean, _1501_, 125

  Dunstable, _1450_, 119

  Elstow, _c. 1525_, 130

  Eyworth, _1624_, 138

  Holwell, _1515_, 34

  Luton, _1513_, 134

  Marston Mortayne, _1451_, 118

  Shillington, _1400_, 125

  Wimington, _1391_, 14, 115

  Yelden, _1434_, 123


  BERKSHIRE--

  Abingdon, _1501_, 128

  Appleton, _1518_, 142

  Ashbury, _c. 1360_, 115

  Binfield, _1558_, 131

  Blewbury, _1496_, 123; _1548_, 136

  Bray, _1378_, 12, 92, 113; _1475_, 126

  Childrey, _1507_, 77, 142; _1520_, 82, 142; _1529_, 128

  Cookham, _1503_, 135; _1577_, 132

  Hanney, West, _c. 1370_, 122

  Reading, St Lawrence, _1538_, 131

  Shottesbrook, _c. 1370_, 115

  Sparsholt, _c. 1360_, 122, 147

  Windsor, St Geo. Chapel, _1475_, 27; _1522_, 77, 98, 125; _1630_, 75;
        _1633_, 75

  Wittenham, Little, _c. 1585_, 68, 91, 137; _1683_, 141


  BUCKINGHAMSHIRE--

  Caversfield, _1538_, 80

  Chalfont St Peter, _1545_, 51, 123

  Chenies, _1469_, 121

  Chesham Bois, _1520_, 135

  Chicheley, _1558_, 62; _1560_, 142

  Crawley, North, _1589_, 138

  Denham, _c. 1440_, 48, 129; _1540_, 48, 130; _1561_ (lost), 68

  Dinton, _1628_, 139

  Drayton Beauchamp, _1368_, 113

  Emberton, _1410_, 122

  Eton College, _1489_, 125; _1503_, 125; _1522_, 126; _1535_, 123;
        _1540_, 38

  Halton, _1553_, 62

  Hampden, Great, _1553_, 136

  Haversham, _1605_, 142

  Hedgerley, _1540_, 131

  Marsworth, _1681_, 141

  Milton Keynes, _1427_, 123

  Penn, _1540_, 142; _1638_, 139

  Quainton, _1360_, 116

  Shalston, _1540_, 130

  Taplow, _1350_, 97, 147; _1455_, 142; _1540_, 131

  Thornton, _1472_, 27, 120, 146

  Tingewick, _1608_, 70

  Turweston, _1450_, 123

  Twyford, _1550_, 136

  Waddesdon, _1548_, 60, 142

  Winchendon, Over, _1515_, 130

  Wooburn, _1519_, 126; _c. 1520_, 77, 142


  CAMBRIDGESHIRE--

  Balsham, _1401_, 36, 90, 125, 145; _1462_, 37, 89, 126, end

  Barton, _c. 1593_, 137

  Bassingbourn, _1683_, 141

  Burwell, _1542_, 31, 44, 78, 130

  Cambridge,
    Christ’s College, _c. 1535_, 128
    King’s College, _1496_, 39, 127; _1528_, 125; _1558_, 61, 125
    Queens’ College, _c. 1535_, 128
    St John’s College, _1410_, 127
    Trinity Hall, _1517_, 126; _c. 1530_, 127
    St Bene’t’s, _1432_, 39
    St Mary-the-Less, _c. 1480_, 127

  Croxton, _1589_, 138

  Ely Cathedral, _1554_, 42, 61, 129; _1614_, 138

  Fulbourn, _1391_, 125, 145; _1477_, 123

  Girton, _1492_, 126

  Hildersham, _1379_, 95, 96; _1466_, 25, 119, 146; _1530_, 142

  Hinxton, _1416_, 117

  Horseheath, _1382_, 113

  Impington, _1505_, 134

  Isleham, _1451_, 118; _1484_, 120, 146

  March, _1517_, 77, 134

  Milton, _1553_, 62; _1660_, 140

  Sawston, _1500_, 142

  Shelford, Great, _1418_, 126

  Shelford, Little, _c. 1480_, 127

  Stow-cum-Quy, _c. 1465_, 119

  Swaffham, _1638_, 139

  Trumpington, _1289_, 3, 112

  Westley Waterless, _c. 1325_, 4, 7, 112

  Wilbraham, Little, _1521_, 38

  Wood Ditton, _1393_, 114


  CHESHIRE--

  Chester, Holy Trinity, _1530_, 116; _1545_, 131

  Macclesfield, _1460_, 119

  Wilmslow, _1506_, 79


  CORNWALL--

  Callington, _c. 1465_, 120

  Cardynham, _c. 1400_, 124

  Quethiock, _1631_, 139

  St Columb Major, _c. 1630_, 139

  St Michael Penkevil, _1515_, 128; _c. 1640_, 139

  Stratton, _1561_, 137


  CUMBERLAND--

  Carlisle Cathedral, _1496_, 128; _1616_, 69, 70, 98

  Edenhall, _1458_, 27


  DERBYSHIRE--

  Ashbourn, _1538_, 146

  Chesterfield, _1529_, 134

  Dronfield, _1399_, 123

  Etwall, _1512_, 77

  Hathersage, _1463_, 119

  Kedlestone, _1496_, 133

  Morley, _1470_, 27, 77, 120

  Norbury, _1538_, 136

  Tideswell, _1483_, 122


  DEVONSHIRE--

  Chittlehampton, _1480_, 121

  Clovelly, _1655_, 140

  Dartmouth, _1408_, 116

  Exeter Cathedral, _1403_, 126; _1409_, 116

  Haccombe, _1586_, 137; _1656_, 140

  Stoke Fleming, _1391_, 115, 145

  Stoke-in-Teignmouth, _c. 1370_, 121


  DORSETSHIRE--

  Evershot, _1524_, 123

  Knowle, _1572_, 137

  Lytchett Maltravers, _c. 1470_, 142

  Milton Abbey, _1565_, 56, 136

  Pimperne, _1694_, 141

  Wimborne Minster, _c. 1440_, 43


  DURHAM--

  Billingham, _1480_, 125

  Sedgefield, _c. 1470_, 142


  ESSEX--

  Arkesden, _1440_, 118

  Aveley, _1370_, 84, 113

  Barking, _c. 1480_, 127; _1596_, 138

  Bocking, _1420_, 117

  Bowers Gifford, _1348_, 10

  Chigwell, _1631_, 70, 72, 74

  Chrishall, _c. 1370_, 113

  Dagenham, _1479_, 28, 29, 30, 121, 130

  Easton, Little, _c. 1420_, 122; _1483_, 27, 116

  Gosfield, _1439_, 24

  Halstead, _1409_, 116

  Harlow, _1636_, 139

  Horkesley, Little, _1412_, 17, 116

  Ingrave, _c. 1500_, 134

  Laindon, _c. 1480_, 123; _c. 1510_, 123

  Latton, _1467_, 120; _c. 1485_, 133

  Leigh, _1709_, 141

  Pebmarsh, _c. 1320_, 4, 112

  Sandon, _c. 1580_, 138

  Shopland, _1371_, 113

  Stifford, _c. 1480_, 142

  Tiltey Abbey, _1562_, 137

  Tolleshunt Darcy, _c. 1540_, 131

  Upminster, _1455_, 120; _c. 1540_, 131; _1545_, 132

  Wendensloft, _c. 1470_, 130

  Wimbish, _1347_, 10, 97

  Wyvenhoe, _1507_, 133, 134, 146; _1537_, 135


  GLOUCESTERSHIRE--

  Bristol,
    St John, _1478_, 121
    St Mary Redcliff, _1439_, 119; _1475_, 27; _c. 1480_, 122
    St Peter, _1461_, 123
    Temple Church, _1396_, 115; _c. 1460_, 133

  Campden, Chipping, _1401_, 20; _1467_, 121

  Cheltenham, _1513_, 135

  Cirencester, _1440_, 119; _1462_, 25, 119; _c. 1480_, 124

  Deerhurst, _1400_, 22, 23, 119

  Gloucester, St Mary de Crypt, _1529_, 130

  Minchinhampton, _c. 1510_, 130

  Newland, _c. 1448_, 19, 118

  Northleach, _c. 1400_, 118; _1458_, 121; _c. 1530_, 124; _1526_, 136,
        146

  Quinton, _c. 1430_, 129

  Wootton-under-Edge, _1392_, 114


  HAMPSHIRE--

  Eversley, _1502_, 94, 147

  Odiham, _c. 1540_, 131; _1636_, 135

  Ringwood, _1416_, 126

  Somborne, King’s, _c. 1380_, 14, 115

  Stoke Charity, _1482_, 78

  Thruxton, _c. 1425_, 117

  Wallop, Nether, _1436_, 129

  Winchester College, _1413_, 125; _1548_, 36, 61, 127, 131
    St Cross, _1382_, 125

  Isle of Wight,
    Arreton, _1430_, 118
    Calbourne, _c. 1380_, 113; _1652_, 75
    Freshwater, _1370_, 113
    Shorwell, _1518_, 124


  HEREFORDSHIRE--

  Hereford Cathedral, _1360_, 128, 145; _c. 1390_, 147; _1434_, 126;
        _1435_, 117; _1524_, 78, 91; _1529_, 91; _1536_, 126

  Ledbury, _c. 1410_, 127

  Marden, _1614_, 66


  HERTFORDSHIRE--

  Aldbury, _1546_, 135

  Aldenham, _1547_, 142

  Ashridge House, _1395_, 122

  Baldock, _c. 1480_, 142

  Bayford, _c. 1545_, 132

  Bennington, _c. 1450_, 37

  Berkhampstead, Great, _1356_, 12, 115; _1365_, 113

  Broxbourne, _1473_, 27, 56; _1531_, 134

  Buckland, _1478_, 126

  Clothall, _1519_, 123; _1541_, 127; _1602_, 138

  Digswell, _1415_, 19

  Hitchin, _1480-90_, 142; _1498_, 37, 126

  Knebworth, _1414_, 126; _1582_, 137

  Letchworth, _1475_, 123

  Mimms, North, _c. 1360_, 84, 122

  Royston, _c. 1500_, 147

  St Albans,
    Abbey, _1360_, 84, 128; _1401_, 128; _1411_, 118; _c. 1450_, 129;
        _c. 1470_, 129; _1480_, 27, 120; _1519_, 136; _1521_, 130
    St Michael, _c. 1380_, 113

  Sawbridgeworth, _1433_, 117; _c. 1600_, 137

  Standon, _1477_, 121

  Watford, _1415_, 119

  Watton, _1361_, 113; _c. 1370_, 129

  Willian, _1446_, 123


  KENT--

  Addington, _1409_, 116; _1470_, 25, 120

  Ash-next-Sandwich, _c. 1460_, 120; _1602_, 137

  Aylesford, _1545_, 132

  Beckenham, _1552_, 136

  Borden, _1490_, 125

  Boughton-under-Blean, _1587_, 64

  Boxley, _1451_, 127

  Brabourn, _1434_, 117

  Canterbury,
    St George, _1438_, 126
    St Margaret, _1470_, 121
    St Martin, _1591_, 137

  Chart, Great, _c. 1470_, 121; _1680_, 75, 140

  Chartham, _1306_, 3, 112, 145; _1456_, 126

  Chelsfield, _1417_, 96

  Chevening, _1596_, 138

  Cliffe, _1652_, 140

  Cobham, _1320_, 7, 88; _1354_, 113; _c. 1365_, 12, 99, 113; _1367_,
        113; _1375_, 13, 114; _c. 1380_, 114; _1395_, 13, 77, 88, 115;
        _1405_, 116; _1407_, 77, 90, 116; _1420_, 146; _1433_, 19;
        _1506_, 146; _1529_, 134

  Cranbrook, _c. 1520_, 135

  Cray, St Mary, _1747_, _1773_, 76, 140

  Dartford, _1402_, 118; _1454_, 120

  Deal, Upper, _1606_, 135

  Dover, St James, _c. 1590_, 138

  Downe, _1596_, 138

  Eastry, _1590_, 64

  Faversham, _1533_, 133, 136, 146

  Graveney, _c. 1370_, 115; _1436_, 119

  Halstow, High, _1618_, 38

  Hardres, Upper, _1405_, 91, 92, 93, 127

  Herne, _c. 1420_, 118; _c. 1450_, 127; _1470_, 120

  Hever, _1419_, 19; _c. 1520_, 147; _1538_, 116, 134

  Hoo St Werburgh, _1412_, 122

  Horsmonden, _c. 1340_, 122, 145

  Kemsing, _c. 1320_, 32, 112

  Leigh, _c. 1580_, 142

  Lydd, _1420_, 127

  Maling, East, _1522_, 125

  Margate, St John, _1431_, 20; _1433_, 80; _1446_, 142; _1582_, 133;
        _1615_, 82

  Mereworth, _1371_, 113

  Minster-in-Sheppey, _c. 1330_, 5, 7, 112, 145

  Monkton-in-Thanet, _c. 1465_, 123

  Northfleet, _1375_, 122

  Otterden, _1408_, 116

  Rochester, St Margaret, _1465_, 50

  Saltwood, _1496_, 141

  Seal, _1395_, 114

  Sheldwich, _1394_, 114

  Shorne, _1519_, 124

  Southfleet, _1414_, 146

  Stone, _1408_, 147

  Sutton, East, _1638_, 71, 72

  Upchurch, _1340_, 115

  Westerham, _1563_, 132; _1567_, 68

  Wickham, East, _c. 1325_, 8, 97, 112

  Woodchurch, _c. 1320_, 8, 97, 112

  LANCASHIRE--

  Manchester Cathedral, _1458_, 125; _1515_, 129; _1548_, 131

  Middleton, _1650_, 74

  Sefton, _1568_, 137

  Winwick, _1492_, 133; _1527_, 34


  LEICESTERSHIRE--

  Barwell, _1659_, 140

  Bosworth, Husbands, _1648_, 140

  Bottesford, _1404_, 77, 126, 145

  Castle Donington, _1458_, 25, 119

  Leicester, Wigston’s Hospital, _1543_, 142

  Melton Mowbray, _1543_, 141

  Stanford-on-Soar, _c. 1400_, 122

  Wanlip, _1393_, 114


  LINCOLNSHIRE--

  Althorpe, _c. 1370_, 122

  Bigby, _1642_, 140

  Boston, _1398_, 14, 115, 145; _1657_, 140

  Broughton, _c. 1370_, 113

  Buslingthorpe, _c. 1290_, 3, 79, 112

  Cotes, Great, _1503_, 130

  Croft, _c. 1300_, 112

  Edenham, _c. 1500_, 42, 129

  Grainthorpe, _c. 1380_, 146

  Gunby, _1400_, 115; _1419_, 119

  Horncastle, _1519_, 81

  Irnham, _1390_, 114

  Laughton, _c. 1400_, 115; _1549_, 52

  Lyndewode, _1419_, 118, 145

  Rauceby, _1536_, 37, 126

  Scrivelsby, _1545_, 134

  Spilsby, _1410_, 116

  Stamford, All Saints, _c. 1460_, 121; _1471_, 120; _1508_, 126

  Tattershall, _1411_, 118; _1455_, 116; _c. 1510_, 126


  MIDDLESEX--

  Chelsea, _1555_, 136

  Clerkenwell, St James, _1556_, 42, 61, 129

  Ealing, _c. 1490_, 135

  Edgeware, _1599_, 135

  Enfield, _1470_, 27, 56, 57, 145

  Fulham, _1529_, 143, 144

  Greenford, Great, _c. 1515_, 123

  Hackney, _1521_, 126; _1545_, 134

  Harrow, _c. 1370_, 113; _c. 1390_, 114; _1442_, 126; _c. 1460_, 127

  Hayes, _c. 1370_, 127; _c. 1450_, 118; _1576_, 137

  Hillingdon, _1509_, 133, 134, 146

  Isleworth, _1450_, 118; _1544_, 132; _1561_, 130, 148

  Kilburn, St Mary, _1380_, 129

  London (The City),
    All Hallows’, Barking, _1437_, 118; _c. 1510_, 78; _1518_, 135; _c.
        1535_, 143, 144; _1546_, 131
    Great St Helen, _1482_, 127; _1510_, 134; _c. 1535_, 135
    St Andrew Undershaft, _1539_, 136
    St Bartholomew-the-Less, _1439_, 119
    Museum, British, _1575_, 132
    Museum, South Kensington, _1504_, 144; _1535_, 58

  Northolt, _1610_, 138

  Pinner, _c. 1580_, 135

  Westminster Abbey, _1395_, 128; _1397_, 128, 145; _1399_, 13, 46,
        47, 88, 115, 129; _1437_, 117; _1483_, 120; _1498_, 129, 146;
        _1505_, 134; _1561_, 68, 128; _1661_, 140

  Willesdon, _1517_, 126


  MONMOUTHSHIRE--

  Abergavenny, _1631_, 140


  NORFOLK--

  Acle, _1627_, 140

  Bawburgh, _1505_, 82, 142; _1660_, 82, 143

  Beachamwell St Mary, _c. 1385_, 122

  Bedon, Kirby, _c. 1450_, 80

  Blickling, _1401_, 116; _1458_, 120

  Burg St Margaret, _1608_, 138

  Burnham Thorpe, _1420_, 117

  Buxton, _1508_, 124

  Cley, _c. 1520_, 124, 128

  Clippesby, _1594_, 137

  Creake, North, _c. 1500_, 124

  Creake, South, _1509_, 130

  Dunston, _1649_, 143

  Elsing, _1347_, 9, 88

  Erpingham, _c. 1415_, 117

  Fakenham, _c. 1500_, 141

  Felbrigg, _c. 1380_, 113; _c. 1382_, 14, 115; _1461_, 17, 18, 116,
        117; _1608_, 137

  Fransham, Great, _1414_, 117; _c. 1500_, 142

  Frenze, _1519_, 130

  Halvergate, _c. 1460_, 129; _1540_, 129, 131

  Hedenham, _1502_, 124

  Heigham, _1630_, 139

  Helbroughton, _c. 1450_, 80

  Hunstanton, _1506_, 92, 133, 134, 146

  Loddon, _1462_, 80

  Ludham, _1633_, 141

  Lynn, St Margaret, _1349_, 84, 85; _1364_, 84, 85

  Mattishall, _1507_, 135

  Methwold, _1637_, 113

  Narburgh, _1545_, 78

  Necton, _1372_, 114

  Norwich,
    St Ethelred, _1487_, 123
    St George, Colgate, _1472_, 146
    St Giles, _1499_, 124
    St John, Maddermarket, _1440_, 129; _1472_, 121; _1524_, _1525_,
        92, 94; _1558_, 92, 94, 131
    St Laurence, _1437_, 129, 146; _1452_, 143
    St Michael-at-Plea, _1588_, 143
    St Michael Coslany, _1515_, 142
    St Peter Mancroft, _1568_, 132

  Reepham, _1391_, 114

  Rougham, _1470_, 120; _1510_, 135

  Sall, _1440_, 146; _1454_, 142

  Shernborne, _1458_, 119

  Sparham, _1490_, 123

  Stokesby, _1488_, 133

  Surlingham, _1460_, 127; _1513_, 124

  Upwell, _1428_, 37, 126; _1435_, 33, 37

  Walsham, North, _1519_, 124

  Walsingham, Little, _c. 1520_, 124

  Wiggenhall, _1450_, 80

  Witton, _1505_, 130


  NORTHAMPTONSHIRE--

  Blatherwycke, _1548_, 136

  Boddington, Upper, _1627_, 140

  Brington, Great, _c. 1340_, 127

  Cotterstock, _1420_, 126, 146

  Easton Neston, _1552_, 136

  Fawsley, _1516_, 79

  Floore, _1510_, 77; _1537_, 96, 147

  Harrowden, Great, _1433_, 117, 146

  Higham Ferrers, _1337_, 32, 33, 88, 89, 122, end; _c. 1510_, 141

  Kettering, _1631_, 139

  Lowick, _1467_, 27

  Newton-by-Geddington, _c. 1400_, 96

  Newton Bromshold, _1426_, 123

  Northampton, St Sepulchre, _1640_, 139

  Preston Deanery, _1622_, 137

  Rothwell, _1361_, 125

  Stoke Bruerne, _1625_, 140

  Sudborough, _1415_, 33

  Tansor, _1440_, 123

  Wappenham, _1481_, 121


  NORTHUMBERLAND--

  Newcastle, _1429_, 143


  NOTTINGHAMSHIRE--

  Markham, East, _1419_, 19

  Newark, _1715_, 141

  Ossington, _1551_, 132


  OXFORDSHIRE--

  Brightwell Baldwin, _1439_, 22, 119

  Burford, _1437_, 91

  Cassington, _1414_, 146; _1590_, 142

  Chalgrove, _1441_, 118

  Checkendon, _1404_, 24

  Chinnor, _c. 1320_, 8, 97, 112; _1361_, 127; _1385_, 13, 114; _1386_,
        114; _1392_, 114; _1410_, 118

  Dorchester, _c. 1510_, 46, 130

  Ewelme, _1436_, 117; _1518_, 134

  Holton, _1599_, 68

  Ipsden, _1525_, 77, 133

  Lewknor, _1380_, 115

  Lillingstone Lovell, _1446_, 80

  Lyne, Stoke, _1535_, 142

  Northstoke, _1370_, 37

  Norton, Chipping, _1451_, 119

  Oddington, _c. 1500_, 82, 142

  Oxford,
    All Souls College, _1510_, 128
    Christ Church, _c. 1460_, 121; _1557_, 61, 125
    Corpus Christi, _c. 1530_, 142
    Magdalen College, _1478_, 127; _1501_, 38; _1515_, 125; _1558_, 38,
        61
    Merton College, _c. 1310_, 8, 32, 97, 112; _1372_, 147; _c. 1420_,
        38, 90, 92, 146; _1471_, 126
    New College, _1403_, 126; _1417_, 40, 41, 128; _1427_, 127; _1441_,
        127; _1472_, 142; _1494_, 126; _1508_, 38; _c. 1510_, 121; _c.
        1525_, 129; _1592_, 137
    Queen’s College, _1518_, 36, 126; _1616_, 69, 98, 138; _1616_
        (another), 69, 70

  Rotherfield Grays, _1387_, 114

  Shirburn, _1493_, 77

  Soulderne, _1508_, 123

  Swinbrook, _1510_, 134

  Tew, Great, _1410_, 116

  Thame, _c. 1460_, 119

  Waterperry, _c. 1370_, 114; _1527_, 51

  Watlington, _1501_, 142

  Whitchurch, _1456_, 123; _1610_, 138

  Witney, _c. 1500_, 135


  RUTLAND--

  Casterton, Little, _c. 1410_, 116


  SHROPSHIRE--

  Acton Burnell, _1382_, 11, 90, 113

  Adderley, _1390_, 128

  Tong, _1467_, 25, 26, 125, 128


  SOMERSETSHIRE--

  Ilminster, _c. 1440_, 118; _1618_, 137

  Shepton Mallet, _1649_, 139

  Wedmore, _c. 1630_, 141

  Wells Cathedral, _1626_, 160

  Yeovil, _c. 1460_, 129


  STAFFORDSHIRE--

  Clifton Campville, _c. 1360_, 133

  Kinver, _1528_, 134

  Norbury, _c. 1350_, 114

  Okeover, _1538_, 51, 146


  SUFFOLK--

  Acton, _1302_, 3, 112

  Ampton, _c. 1490_, 133

  Bildeston, _1599_, 66, 67

  Brundish, _c. 1360_, 122; _1560_, 136

  Burgate, _1409_, 145

  Bury St Edmunds, _1519_, 125

  Campsey Ash, _1504_, 123

  Easton, _1584_, 64, 65, 137

  Eyke, _c. 1430_, 119

  Fressingfield, _c. 1485_, 120

  Gazeley, _1530_, 124

  Gorleston, _c. 1320_, 4, 112

  Hadleigh, _c. 1560_, 49, 132

  Holbrook, _1470_, 120

  Ipswich,
    St Mary Quay, _1525_, 143
    St Mary Tower, _c. 1475_, 121; _1506_, 121

  Kenton, _1524_, 134

  Lavenham, _1486_, 142

  Letheringham, _1389_, 114, 145

  Melford, Long, _c. 1480_, 120

  Melton, _1430_, 127

  Oulton, _1310_ (lost), 8

  Playford, _1400_, 115

  Rendham, _1523_, 124

  Rougham, _1405_, 116

  Sotterley, _c. 1630_, 139

  Stonham Aspal, _1606_, 69

  Wenham, Little, _1514_, 133

  Wrentham, _1593_, 137

  Yoxford, _1428_, 117; _1485_, 142; _1613_, 138


  SURREY--

  Addington, _1540_, 134

  Albury, _1440_, 118

  Beddington, _1425_, 146; _1432_, 118

  Betchworth, _1533_, 123

  Bookham, Great, _1668_, 75, 160

  Byfleet, _1489_, 125

  Carshalton, _c. 1490_, 133

  Charlwood, _1553_, 136

  Cheam, _1370_, 115; _1542_, 77, 131

  Cobham, _c. 1500_, 78; _c. 1550_, 131

  Cranley, _1503_, 78

  Crowhurst, _1450_, 118

  Croydon, _1512_, 126

  Ewell, _1519_, 134

  Guildford, _1901_, 111

  Horley, _1420_, 19; _1516_, 52, 145

  Horsley, East, _1478_, 40, 128

  Kingston-on-Thames, _1437_, 118

  Lambeth St Mary, _1535_, 135; _1545_, 136

  Lingfield, _c. 1370_, 13, 114; _1403_, 116; _1420_, 19; _1469_, 123

  Molesey, West, _c. 1510_, 142

  Oxted, _1480_, 120

  Peperharrow, _1487_, 77, 147

  Puttenham, _1431_, 123

  Richmond, _1591_, 137

  Shere, _1412_, 122; _c. 1525_, 105

  Stoke d’Abernon, _1277_, 2, 56, 112; _1327_, 4, 5, 112

  Walton-on-Thames, _1587_, 50

  Weybridge, _c. 1520_, 143

  Wonersh, _1503_, 135


  SUSSEX--

  Amberley, _1424_, 27

  Ardingley, _c. 1500_, 56, 58, 133, 135, 146; _1504_, 56, 133, 134,
        146; _1634_, 72

  Arundel, _1419_, 125; _1445_, 123; _1463_, 119

  Battle, _1426_, 117; _c. 1430_, 123; _1615_, 138

  Bodiam, _c. 1360_, 113

  Broadwater, _1432_, 126

  Buxted, _1408_, 97

  Clapham, _1526_, 53, 54, 55, 77

  Cowfold, _1433_, 45, 46, 90, 129

  Etchingham, _1388_, 114

  Firle, West, _1638_, 142

  Fletching, _c. 1380_, 113, 145; _1450_, 20

  Horsham, _1411_, 37; _c. 1430_, 33

  Hurstmonceaux, _1407_, 116

  Isfield, _1579_, 136

  Ore, _c. 1440_, 118

  Pulborough, _1423_, 126; _1452_, 119

  Stopham, _c. 1460_, 122; _1614_, 137

  Ticehurst, _c. 1370_, 113; _1546_, 52

  Trotton, _1310_, 5, 8, 112; _1419_, 116, 117, 145

  Warbleton, _1436_, 126, 145

  Wiston, _1426_, 117


  WARWICKSHIRE--

  Aston, _1545_, 136

  Baginton, _1407_, 15, 116

  Coleshill, _1566_, 138

  Merevale Abbey, _1412_, 116

  Middleton, _1476_, 121

  Warwick,
    St Mary, _1401_, 15, 16, 115
    St Nicholas, _1424_, 122

  Wellesbourne, _1426_, 117

  Wixford, _1411_, 116


  WESTMORLAND--

  Morland, _1562_, 131


  WILTSHIRE--

  Dauntsey, _1514_, 134

  Draycott Cerne, _1394_, 114

  Fovant, _1492_, 77, 127

  Mere, _1398_, 114

  Salisbury Cathedral, _1375_, 63, 98, 128; _1578_, 69


  WORCESTERSHIRE--

  Alvechurch, _1524_, 134

  Blockley, _1488_, 127; _c. 1500_, 123

  Bredon, _1650_, 140

  Kidderminster, _1415_, 117, 145

  Strensham, _c. 1390_, 114

  Tredington, _1427_, 126


  YORKSHIRE--

  Aldborough, _c. 1360_, 113

  Aughton, _1466_, 120

  Bainton, _1429_, 123

  Barton-on-Humber, _1433_, 118

  Beeford, _1472_, 37

  Borstall, _1632_, 142

  Bradfield, _1647_, 139

  Brandsburton, _1397_, 114

  Burton, Bishop, _1460_, 124

  Cottingham, _1383_, 125

  Cowthorpe, _1494_, 121

  Hampsthwaite, _c. 1380_, 115

  Harpham, _1445_, 118

  Hornby, _1489_, 130

  Howden, _1621_, 131

  Hutton, Sheriff, _1657_, 140

  Kirby Wharfe, _1480_, 126

  Kirkheaton, _1655_, 74

  Leeds St Peter, _1469_, 124; _1709_, 141

  Owston, _1409_, 118

  Ripley, _1429_, 124

  Routh, _c. 1410_, 19, 117

  Sessay, _1550_, 61, 127, 131

  Sprotborough, _1474_, 25, 120

  Thornton Watlass, _1669_, 140

  Topcliffe, _1391_, 84

  Wath, _1420_, 119

  Wensley, _c. 1360_, 84, 86, 122

  Winestead, _c. 1540_, 132

  York,
    Minster, _1315_, 8, 40, 112, 128; _1585_, 138; _1595_, 138
    All Saints, _1642_, 139
    St Crux, _1597_, 138
    St Michael Spurriergate, _1466_, 124


  IRELAND--

  Dublin, St Patrick, _1528_, 98, 125; _1537_, 98, 99, 125


  WALES--

  Anglesea, Beaumaris, _c. 1530_, 115

  Denbigh, Llanrwst, _1620_, _1632_, _1658_, _1660_, _1669_, _1671_,
        73, 139, 140

  Glamorgan, Swansea, _c. 1500_, 78, 79

  Montgomery, Bettws, _1531_, 123

  Pembroke, Haverfordwest, _1654_, 140


  SCOTLAND--

  Aberdeen, _1613_, 143, 144


  THE CONTINENT--

  Belgium,
    Bruges, _15th cent._, 83
    Brussels, _1398_, 83
    Ghent, _14th cent._, 83

  Denmark, Ringstead, engr. _c. 1350_, 83, 85

  Germany,
    Lübeck, _1356_, 83, 84
    Schwerin, _1347_, 86; _1375_, 86
    Stralsund, _1361_, 83, 84
    Thorn, _1357_, 83, 84
    Verden, _1231_, 1

  Switzerland, Constance, _15th cent._, 84


  Cambridge:
  PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
  AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS


Transcriber’s Notes.

Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=.
Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.

Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation/punctuation has been
normalised.

Reiterations of the title have been discarded.

To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated between
paragraphs. Page number references in the list of illustrations have
been discarded.

Title-page decoration (same as cover) has not been attempted. A
reference to the decoration is redirected to the cover image.


*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 ***