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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/78728-0.txt b/78728-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82f987e --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6024 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 *** + + + + + The Cambridge Manuals of Science and + Literature + + + + CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS + London: FETTER LANE, E.C. + C. F. CLAY, MANAGER + + [Illustration] + + Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET + Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. + Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS + New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS + Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. + + _All rights reserved_ + + + + + BRASSES + + BY + J. S. M. WARD + B.A., F.R.HIST.S. + + Cambridge: + at the University Press + 1912 + + + + + Cambridge: + + PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. + AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS + + +_With the exception of the coat-of-arms at the foot, the design on the +cover is a reproduction of one used by the earliest known Cambridge +printer, John Siberch, 1521_ + + + + +PREFACE + + +Of late years there has been a marked awakening of general interest +in monumental brasses. Previously, the more imposing realism of +statuary--either in single figures or in groups--may be said to have +deprived these ancient relics of the recognition they deserved. But +recently it has begun to dawn upon the more artistic members, at least +of the thinking public, how much of real archaeological interest +attaches to memorial brasses, hitherto known and appreciated only by +the few. + +As yet, however, there has been no cheap and handy manual which will +give the ordinary man in the street a fair idea of the classes into +which they may most readily be grouped, and at the same time furnish +him with such essential details as will enable him to distinguish +instinctively the salient points of the subject, and assimilate them +to the full. It is hoped that this little volume will succeed in +fulfilling this aim. + +The arrangement of the chapters is into periods corresponding with +those of History instead of the artificial method of grouping into +_knights_, _knights and ladies_, _demi-figures_, etc. Those who +would wish to follow up the subject in more extended form should read +Mr Macklin’s excellent work _The Brasses of England_, also Haines’ +_Manual_ and Boutell’s _Monumental Brasses_. + +Most of the illustrations are from the author’s own collection of +rubbings (numbering over 1500), and practically all the letter-press +and descriptions are based on his personal observations either from the +rubbings or from the brasses themselves. In a few cases where this is +not so, the author is indebted to one or other of those authors above +mentioned. The Editor of _The Builder_ has kindly given us permission +for the use of two of the blocks made from the author’s rubbings, which +appeared in a recent number of that paper. + + J. S. M. W. + + _August 16, 1912._ + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Preface v + + I. Edward I and II. 1272-1327 1 + + II. Edward III and Richard II. 1328-99 9 + + III. Lancastrian Period. 1400-53 14 + + IV. The Yorkist Period. 1453-85 24 + + V. Medieval Clergy 31 + + VI. The Monasteries 43 + + VII. The Early Tudors. 1485-1547 52 + + VIII. Edward VI and Mary. Transitional Period 60 + + IX. Elizabeth and James I. 1558-1625 62 + + X. The Caroline Brasses. 1625-60 70 + + XI. The Last Brasses. 1660-1773 75 + + XII. Special Types 76 + + XIII. Foreign Brasses 83 + + XIV. Architectural Details 87 + + XV. Conclusion 99 + + Appendix 112 + + Bibliography 148 + + Index 149 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + 1. Sir John Daubernon + + 2. Sir John de Creke + + 3. Sir John and Lady de Northwode + + 4. Lady Joan de Cobham + + 5. Sir Nicholas Burnell + + 6. Margaret, Lady Cobham + + 7. Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick + + 8. Sir Symon de Felbrigge and Margaret, his wife + + 9. William Grevel and Wife + + 10. Sir John Cassy and Wife + + 11. Sir William and Lady Vernon + + 12. Sir Thomas Urswyk and family + + 13. Laurence de St Maur + + 14. John Blodwell + + 15. Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin + + 16. Thomas Neolond + + 17. Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester + + 18. John Shelley and Wife + + 19. Lady Tiptoft + + 20. Richard Wakehurst and Wife + + 21. John Wingfield + + 22. Alice, wife of William Wade + + 23. Sir Edward Filmer and family + + 24. John Strete + + 25. Robert de Paris and Wife + + + + +CHAPTER I + +EDWARD I AND II. 1272-1327 + + +The study of monumental brasses is one for which Englishmen have +special opportunities, for in England there are more brasses than in +all the other countries of Europe put together. The English brasses +moreover differ curiously from those of the Continent. On the Continent +the early engravers, probably influenced by the Limoges plates and +incised slabs which preceded them, engraved figures, inscriptions +and other details on rectangular plates. The monument of Geoffrey +Plantagenet, 1150, father of Henry II of England, which is now in +the Museum at Le Mans is such a plate. The enamelled effigy rests on +a diapered background. The earliest brass is that of Bishop Iso von +Wilpe, 1231, at Verden. (See Ch. XIII.) + +In England, as the engravers copied the stone figures without +backgrounds, they took the gravestone itself for the groundwork, and +figures, canopies, inscriptions, etc. are each set into separate +casements. The earliest _matrix_ (at St Paul’s, Bedford) shows a large +Latin cross and is believed to commemorate Sir Simon de Beauchamp, +1208. The earliest brass now extant is that of 1277 at Stoke d’Abernon. +To the first period belong in all twenty brasses (see Appendix). + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Sir John Daubernon, 1277, Stoke d’Abernon, +Surrey] + +The figure of Sir John Daubernon (1) shows the armour which had been +worn for the last three centuries. He is in chain mail with _coif de +mailles_, hawberk and _chausses_ complete, but the junctions of these +are not distinct. Single-pointed prickspurs are buckled round the +ankles. The only sign of the coming change to plate armour are the +_genouillères_, which protect the knees and are adorned with a fine +pattern. They were probably at first made of leather, but later were of +plate. + +Over the mail is a linen surcoat, drawn tight round the waist by +a cord. Suspended upon his left shoulder is his shield, small and +heater-shaped, charged with his arms: _azure_, a _chevron or_. The +ground of the shield is in actual enamel--an almost unique feature. +The cross-handled sword is attached to a broad belt and hangs in front +of the body. This is the only brass which shows the lance. His feet +rest on a lion, which is said to signify that he fell in battle. + +Sir Roger de Trumpington differs from Sir John in several points. +He has _ailettes_ on his shoulders charged with his arms--three +trumpets--and his shield is long instead of heater-shaped. Further, +the great tilting helmet is placed under his head and is secured to +his waist by a chain, and his legs are crossed. In 1270 he went on the +Seventh Crusade with Prince Edward. So far as can be discovered, this +is the only brass extant of a Crusader, but several other brasses of +the same date have their legs crossed. This does not prove that they +were Crusaders, but only that in some way they were benefactors to the +Church. + +Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe (a demi-figure) wears gloves of +fish-scale plates and holds a heart. Sir Robert de Bures is considered +to be the finest military figure among all the brasses of England. + +Sir Robert de Setvans is bare-headed and his gloves hang loosely from +the wrists, leaving his hands bare. His arms (winnowing fans, hence the +name Setvans) are shown on his surcoat, _ailettes_, and long shield. +Both he and Sir Robert de Bures are cross-legged. There is probably +French influence in this brass. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2. Sir John de Creke, c. 1325, Westley Waterless, +Cambs.] + +Next follow two transitional figures at Pebmarsh and Gorleston. Both +originally had canopies, which have now entirely disappeared. In these +the outsides of the upper and forearms are protected by steel plates +strapped over the mail, small elbow-pieces are added, and round plates +are fixed in front of the shoulders and at the bend of the arms. Shin +plates may also be noticed. + +Sir John de Creke is a fair example of a fourteenth century knight +clad almost entirely in plate armour, for we now pass definitely to +the second type of armour known as the “cyclas.” This garment is shown +in the illustration and is also depicted in the brass of Sir John +Daubernon II. It takes the place of the surcoat, is slit up the sides, +and is shorter in front than behind. + +It therefore shows beneath, first the gambeson, then the hawberk of +mail, and, finally, the padded haqueton. The hands are bare and the +hawberk sleeves short, thus showing the forearms entirely protected by +vambraces of plate worn under, not over, the mail. The upper arms have +pieces of plate over the chain, as before. A steel bascinet is on the +head, and the quatrefoil device on its apex was probably meant to hold +a crest or a lady’s favour. + +Sir John (II) has the earliest ogee-arch canopy. There was a fine +double one at Westley Waterless, but not a vestige of it remains. + +Sir John de Northwode’s effigy is almost certainly the work of a +French craftsman. His shield hangs at his left hip instead of on +his arm, which was a very usual method in France. The style of the +engraving, too, points in the same direction. His helmet is secured +by a chain, his head rests on a pillow and his forearms are protected +by scale-armour. About 1510, the lower portion of the figure having +been lost, new legs were engraved. Though an effort has been made to +preserve the style of 1330, yet the new work is obviously Tudor. The +altered shape of the feet and badly depicted lion readily show this. +At the same time, a strip was cut out of the middle to make the knight +of the same length as his wife! This removed the arm of the cross in +his shield, as shown in the illustration, but the missing piece has +recently been restored. + +[Illustration: Fig. 3. Sir John and Lady de Northwode, c. 1330, +Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent] + +[Illustration: Fig. 4. Lady Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, Cobham, Kent] + +We must now consider the costume of the ladies, of whom the first is +Margarete de Camoys, c. 1310. There was originally a canopy of the +earlier, or straight-sided type, and a border inscription in Lombardic +letters. Further, there were eight shields and thirty-one stars or +other devices on the slab. The figure alone survives and has on it +nine blank shields, probably the matrices of shields of enamel. + +Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, is the next lady. Her straight-sided canopy is +the only survivor of this early type. She wears a loose-fitting robe +with short sleeves, below which can be seen the sleeves of her kirtle. +Her head and neck are covered with a veil and wimple. + +Lady de Creke wears a long mantle fastened across the breast by a cord +and gathered up under the arm. The mark of the engraver is at her foot. +This is almost unique. + +Lady de Northwode has a mantle with side openings, through which the +arms pass. It is turned back in front to show the lining of variegated +fur. The head is bare and the hair plaited; a stiff wimple covers the +neck. Her head rests on a handsome cushion. + +Maud de Bladigdone has a dress similar to Joan de Cobham’s. + +She and her husband are small demi-figures in the centre of an octofoil +cross, most of which had to be restored in 1887. He wears a tunic +buttoned down the front, with tight sleeves having long lappets from +the elbows and a tippet over his shoulders. His beard is small and +forked. + +The remaining brasses are to priests in mass vestments, excepting +Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld. But we shall deal with the vestments of +the clergy in a separate chapter. + +The Chinnor, Merton College and Woodchurch brasses are in varying forms +of crosses. Chinnor has only the head in the centre, Merton a fine +demi-figure, and Woodchurch a small figure. Until 1857 there existed +a fine, large brass to a priest Adam de Bacon (1310), at Oulton in +Suffolk. Unfortunately in that year it was stolen (and probably melted +down). The two remaining priests are simple demi-figures. + +There was originally a fine canopy over Archbishop Grenefeld with side +shafts containing saints. All this has long since perished and 18 +inches of the lower portion of the figure were stolen in 1829. + +These early figures all have very curly hair. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +EDWARD III AND RICHARD II. 1328-99 + + +We now find brasses commemorating members of almost every class, but +the first to claim our attention will be the military ones. + +A small group of three transitional but mutilated brasses must be taken +first: + +Of these that of Sir Hugh Hastings (1347) at Elsing, in Norfolk, is the +most interesting. His legs are now missing, but from an old rubbing +in the British Museum we know they were enclosed in chain mail. The +cyclas, worn shorter than hitherto, only reaches to the middle of +the thighs. Upon it is the maunche or sleeve of the Hastings family, +richly diapered, and differenced with a label of three points. This +also appears on his small heater-shaped shield. A belt hangs over his +hips with the sword on the left side, fastened in front. A hawberk of +mail was worn beneath the cyclas and the haqueton shows at the wrists. +A bascinet protects his head and a gorget of plate encircles his neck. +Additional plates are attached to the arms, and roundels are placed at +the elbows and below the shoulders. Cuisses of pourpoint appear for the +first time upon the thighs. These were of leather (_cuir-bouilli_) +studded with small steel plates. + +The canopy (now much mutilated) is very fine. Originally there were +four canopied niches on either side with “weepers,” or mourners, in +the military costume of the day. Three were missing, though of these +one, Lord Grey de Ruthyn, was preserved at the Fitzwilliam Museum, +Cambridge, and has lately, we believe, been restored to its place. +Those left are: Top dexter side, Edward III crowned, with the arms +of England and France on his cyclas. Below him, Thos. de Beauchamp, +holding a lance. Top sinister side, the Earl of Lancaster--Henry +Plantagenet, the next is lost, then Lord Stafford, and then Almeric, +Lord St Armand, who wears a ridged steel hat with a broad rim over his +bascinet, which is almost unique. + +Within a circle in the arch of the canopy is St George, and beneath him +the soul is being borne upwards by two angels. + +There are several other interesting details which it would take too +long to describe. The brass at Wimbish, in Essex (1347), consists of +a much mutilated cross, which contains within its head Sir John de +Wantone and his lady. He greatly resembles Sir Hugh, save that his legs +are partly clad in plate, as in the de Creke brass. + +Sir John Giffard (1348) at Bowers Gifford in Essex, has a suit of +banded chain with very few pieces of plate, and at first sight might +be considered a reversion to the type of Sir John Daubernon I, but a +closer inspection will show that his linen cloak is much more like the +jupon, which was destined very soon to take the place of the cyclas. +The head is lost. The Giffard coat-of-arms (six _fleurs-de-lys_) is +displayed on his shield. + +[Illustration: Fig. 5. Sir Nicholas Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Salop] + +The Hundred Years’ War caused a development of armour which lasted +practically unaltered for fifty years. + +The type is clearly depicted in the illustration of Sir Nicholas +Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Shropshire. The hawberk of mail has +shrunk to a vest and shows only at the armpits and lower edge. A +cuirass of steel covers this and has over it a leather jupon, which +is often ornamented with its owner’s coat-of-arms. The Burnell brass +here illustrated shows the armour of this type. The sharply-pointed +bascinet is connected with the body armour by a camail of chain, hence +this style of armour is often called the _camail style_. The arms and +legs are entirely enclosed in plate in the later examples, but in the +earlier cuirasses of pourpoint are used for the thighs, as in the brass +of Sir John de Cobham, 1365. A bawdric, or broad belt, worn straight +round the hips, held on the right a misericorde (dagger) and on the +left a sword. + +The dress of ladies of this period consists usually of a close-fitting +kirtle, buttoned tightly from neck to waist and from elbow to wrist, +and sometimes right down the front. Over this is worn a mantle, open +in front, and kept in position by a cord across the breast, see +illustration. + +Sometimes a third dress appears (with or without the mantle) over +the kirtle. It has two forms, one very like the kirtle, but with +close-fitting sleeves cut short at the elbow, with long lappets; the +other form is the sideless _cote-hardi_. This is slit up at the sides +and edged with fur at the openings. It has no sleeves or sides as far +as the hips. + +The first form is seen at Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356, Bray, +Berks., 1378, and elsewhere. The second is found at Lingfield, Surrey, +c. 1370, and Cobham, Kent, 1375. + +[Illustration: Fig. 6. Margaret, Lady Cobham, 1395, Cobham, Kent] + +A long overcoat sometimes takes the place of the mantle, as at Chinnor, +Oxford, c. 1385. The hair is usually enclosed in a net and plaited. +Mittens are often worn. Widows wear a veil with a barbe and wimple and +are often hard to distinguish from Vowesses, i.e. ladies who at the +death of their husbands take the vows in a nunnery. + +Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester (1399), being a vowess, is +illustrated in the chapter dealing with the religious orders. With its +triple canopy it is one of the most splendid brasses still existing. + +The Cobham brasses especially should be noticed. This church has the +most magnificent series extant anywhere. They number 19 and most of +them have fine canopies. A visit to this little village is therefore +well repaid. + +We must now turn to the civilians. These are often of considerable +interest. + +By far the finest is the mutilated brass of Walter Pescod. He lies +beneath a fine canopy and super-canopy, and further reference will +be made to this in the chapter on architectural detail. He wears a +close-fitting tunic buttoned down the front, and a mantle with a hood. +In the small demi-figures the mantle is usually omitted. + +Frankelins wore a tunic, hood, and mantle buttoned over the right +shoulder. From the girdle hung an anlace, or short sword. This dress +can be seen at King’s Somborne, Felbrigg and Wimington. Beards are +usually, though not always, worn. Richard Torrington’s feet rest on a +lion, as if he were a knight, but this is unusual. (See list.) + + + + +CHAPTER III + +LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 1400-1453 + + +There now begins to be evident a slight deterioration; careless and +poor work is found side by side with some of the very finest. In part +this is because so many different classes were now adopting this type +of monument. + +About 500 brasses belong to this period, including clergy and laity. + +The armed figures may be conveniently divided into three groups, and it +will be found that their wives naturally fall into similar divisions. + +The first is practically the same as that of the later Plantagenets and +still retains the camail. (See list (I).) + +Sir Wm. Bagot and his wife wear the collar of S. S. This collar was +conferred by Henry IV and the other Lancastrians on their friends. It +is found on many brasses during this period and is worn by ladies as +well as knights. We may appropriately refer here to the Order of the +Garter. Unfortunately there are not many instances of its being shown +on brasses, only six or seven being known. (See Appendix.) + +[Illustration: Fig. 7. Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1401, St +Mary’s, Warwick] + +Our illustration of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, not only +shows the style of armour, but also that the armorial charges on his +jupon and on his wife’s mantle are wrought with a beautiful diaper +work. This way of depicting arms (by lightly engraving the surface with +dots, instead of lines) is unique. + +The ladies in this division, like their husbands, wear practically +the same costume as before. But at the same time other brasses were +being laid down showing that changes were taking place. The jupon +was abandoned, and the plain cuirass shown. This has a skirt of hoops, +known as taces. These cover the mail shirt, which gradually disappears. +The camail is likewise covered by a gorget of steel and later +abandoned. The bascinet becomes globular. + +An interesting example of the transitional period is the brass of +Sir Thos. Swynborne and his father at Little Horkesley in Essex. The +father, Sir Robert (died 1391), is shown in the armour of that date, +while his son shows the armour of 1412. + +Later, roundels are placed at the elbow and in front of the armpits. +(See list (II).) + +The illustration of Sir Simon Felbrigge is of special interest. He +holds the Royal Standard in his right hand charged with the arms of +Edward the Confessor impaling France and England. He was the Royal +Standard bearer during Richard II’s reign, yet was made K.G. by Henry +V. He did not die till 1443, but probably prepared his tomb in 1416. +The palettes at his armpits are charged with the cross of St George, +and he wears the Garter. Additional plates are placed on the shoulders +and cuirass. More changes now occur, the left side begins to be more +fully protected than the right, since the extra weight would have +prevented free action. Tuilles or plates are strapped to the lowest +tace, and other slight changes become noticeable. + +For examples of these changes see list (III) in the Appendix. + +[Illustration: Fig. 8. Sir Symon de Felbrigge, K.G., and Margaret, his +wife, 1416, Felbrigg, Norfolk] + +Sir Christopher Baynham (c. 1448) at Newland, Gloucester, has a most +curious crest--a miner with a candle in his mouth, a bag on his back +and a pickaxe in his hand. The brass is unfortunately rather mutilated. + +In the last section (section (iv)) the helmet is discarded and the hair +is close-cropped. The skirt of taces is very long, having often ten +hoops; tuilles are not used. Pauldrons are worn on the shoulders. + +The ladies do not vary in costume so much. The mantle is often omitted +and a high-waisted gown with long sleeves and turned-down collar worn. +The hair is gathered into a net and a kerchief draped over the top. + +Examples may be found at Routh, Yorks., c. 1410; East Markham, Notts., +1419; Digswell, Herts., 1415; Horley, Surrey (canopy), c. 1420. + +From 1420-1450 we find the plain kirtle and mantle (occasionally +the sideless _cote-hardi_, as at Trotton) and the horned or mitred +head-dress. This means that the hair, enclosed in a net, is raised +above the head in the design indicated and then draped with a kerchief. +Most of the ladies depicted with their husbands follow this arrangement. + +Examples alone, at Hever, Kent, 1419; Lingfield, Surrey, 1420; Cobham, +Kent, 1433, etc. + +The civilians are of great importance during this period, and two +groups demand special attention, the Woolmen and the Judges. Wm. Grevel +and wife, Chipping Campden, Glos., 1401 (woolman) may be taken as an +example of the earlier type. He wears a long gown buttoned right down +the front, a belt with an anlace, and mantle opening at the right +shoulder. His wife has no mantle and wears a similar dress to that of +the Plantagenet period. The magnificent double canopy has a central +column, a rare feature. + +[Illustration: Fig. 9. William Grevel (woolman) and wife, 1401, +Chipping Campden, Glos.] + +This type of dress, with slight variations, continued for the whole of +the Lancastrian period. Towards its close, however, certain changes +became more and more common. Mantle and hood are seldom seen, except as +a sign of municipal office. The dress becomes shorter, reaching only +a little below the knees, the hair is cropped and there is no beard. +Nicholas Canteys, St John’s, Margate, 1431, is an exception, having a +long beard. + +The brasses of the woolmen are the finest, as they were the richest. +Their feet often rest upon woolpacks or lambs. + +In many brasses, merchants’ marks on shields will be found, as in +Grevel’s. At Fletching, Sussex, there is a curious brass to Peter +Denot, glover, 1450. It consists of a pair of gloves and an inscription. + +The fine series of woolmen’s brasses at Northleach are specially +noticeable, and Gloucestershire takes the lead throughout England, +Lincolnshire coming next. + +We cannot leave the subject of the civilians without referring to +the legal profession. The judges are by far the most important. (See +Appendix.) + +John Cottusmore and his wife (1439) have two brasses; the first large, +with a fine canopy on the floor, the second small, on the wall, showing +them kneeling. + +The costume consists of a gown reaching to the feet, with close +sleeves. A fur tippet, a mantle lined with minever, a hood and a close +cap or coif. + +[Illustration: Fig. 10. + + Sir John Cassy and wife (part of marginal inscription omitted), + 1400, Deerhurst, Glos. +] + +Sir John Cassy, chief baron of the Exchequer (1400), has a magnificent +brass at Deerhurst. He shows most of these features but the tippet, +which is concealed. The fine double canopy no longer has the figure +of St John the Baptist, which was still there when the rubbing was +taken. The other figure is of St Anne and the Virgin as a child. The +inscription, as is often the case in Gloucestershire, is in raised +letters with curious leaves, and a dragon separating the words, but +the lower part is here omitted. The dog beneath Lady Cassy’s feet was +evidently meant to represent an old pet. It has a collar of bells round +its neck and its name, Terri, underneath. This is the only named pet +now extant, but a “Jakke” existed formerly at Ingham, Norfolk, on the +brass of Sir Bryan de Stapleton, 1438. It was sold as old metal in 1800. + +Three Serjeants-at-law belong to this period: John Rede, Checkendon, +Oxon. (triple canopy), 1404, Nich. Roland and wife, Cople, Beds., c. +1410, and Thos. Rolf, Gosfield, Essex, 1439. + +Thomas Rolf has the most characteristic dress, consisting of a cassock +and academical tabard, a tippet, hood with two bands and a coif. + +These include most types of civilian brasses, but there are numerous +variations, and therein lies the interest of the subject. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE YORKIST PERIOD. 1453-1485 + + +During the Wars of the Roses, England was practically isolated from +the Continent. It is therefore not surprising that this period has a +character of its own. + +There are about 350 brasses, and these include an entirely distinct +type of armour and a characteristic female head-dress. + +There are not many really fine brasses, canopies are few and heavy in +design, and the engraving is poor. The proportions are often bad. In +particular the head is often made too big or too small. + +The great characteristic of the armour of this period is the addition +of extra pieces of huge size and curious shape. Yet all were the +outcome of the exigencies of the time. So too were the ridges and +flutings which were meant to deflect the point of a weapon. The armour +was also decorated with punching, engraving, etc. + +During the wars in France, the knights had often dismounted and +fought on foot. During the Wars of the Roses, they usually charged on +horseback. This explains why the heavier armour is on the upper part of +the body, while the lower is more lightly protected. + +Often the upper half therefore seems out of proportion. + +Usually the head is bare, but occasionally the “sallad” or shell helmet +is found, as at Castle Donington, Cirencester, Addington, Sprotborough +and elsewhere. Among other peculiarities, a hooked lance-rest is +often screwed to the right side of the cuirass, as at Hildersham. The +elbow-pieces often attain to an enormous size. The tuilles have been +re-introduced. The shoes are long and pointed, the sword slung in front. + +[Illustration: Fig. 11. Sir William and Lady Vernon, 1467, Tong, Salop] + +The illustration of Sir Wm. and Lady Vernon, Tong, Salop, 1467, betrays +one of the signs of deterioration: the head rests on the helmet with +crest, yet the figure _stands_ on a field of grass. His wife wears +kirtle, sideless _cote-hardi_, mantle, veil and the widow’s wimple. +Her feet rest against an extraordinary dragon. This is probably in +allusion to her name and patron saint, Margaret, whose emblem was a +dragon. + +In the Morley brass (1470) the knight rests his head on his helmet and +stands on grass and flowers. The two wives wear the mitre head-dress +and there are three saints above. These are St Christopher, St Anne and +the Virgin, and St Mary and Child. + +During this period, armorial tabards and heraldic kirtles and mantles +became common. + +The earliest tabard is at Amberley, Sussex, 1424. + +Examples during the Yorkist period are found as follows: Wm. Stapilton +and wife, Edenhall, Cumberland, 1458; Hen. Grene and wife, Lowick, +Northants., 1467; Sir Jn. Say and wife, Broxbourne, Herts., 1473; Sir +Thos. Sellynger and wife, St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 1475; Philip +Mede and two wives, St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, 1475. + +The Yorkist collar of stars and roses takes the place of the S.S. It is +found at Broxbourne, St Albans, Little Easton, 1483, and elsewhere. + +The horned head-dress of the ladies changes to the mitred, as at +Thornton and Morley. The memorial of Ly. Joyce Tiptoft, Enfield, +Middlesex, c. 1470, is one of the few really fine brasses of the +period and shows the dress and armorial bearings well. The canopy is +fine, possibly copied from that of the Duchess of Gloucester (1399) in +Westminster Abbey. The arrangement of shields hung from the shafts of +the canopy is only one of several similar features. The head is far +too large, as is often the case at this date, and spoils the general +effect. Her jewelled necklace should be noticed (page 57). + +[Illustration: Fig. 12. Sir Thomas Urswyk and family, 1479, Dagenham, +Essex] + +The butterfly head-dress begins to replace the mitred head-dress, +hitherto in vogue. A veil of gauze was extended over wires. In real +life it was doubtless light and beautiful, but in brass it looks heavy +and ungainly. The wife of Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, Essex, shows this +type of _coiffure_. She also wears a low-necked gown, showing the upper +part of the corsage. Her cuffs and necklace are characteristic, and +her somewhat awkward poise is typical of the period. Her daughters are +of special interest. The head-dresses of the six younger are formed by +conical nets of several designs, their long hair hanging down behind. +These examples are unique. The eldest daughter is a nun, and the other +two resemble their mother, but wear no mantle. The sons wore the +ordinary civilian costume of the time, but have quite recently been +stolen. + +Widows still wear the wimple, and maidens have long, flowing hair. + +There is but little variety in the dress of civilians. The anlace +becomes rare and its place is often taken by a rosary. The hair is +close-cropped, and the figures usually small. Mantles are only worn as +a sign of office. + +The _Woolmen_ and the _Lawyers_ represent the best work to be seen +at this epoch. Of the latter, Sir Thos. Urswyk, 1479, Chief Baron of +the Exchequer, already mentioned, will serve as an example. He is +bare-headed, and the fur lining of his mantle is visible, as is his +rosary. His sons display the usual costume of the day without the +mantle. + +Notaries wear a plain gown with pencase and inkhorn hanging from the +belt. A scarf and a cap are fastened on the left shoulder. (Appendix.) + +We have now come to the close of the Middle Ages. The signs of +deterioration of this, as of other medieval arts, are apparent. + +The question may be asked--In what language and type were the +inscriptions engraved? Briefly, the earlier (in Norman French) are +engraved in separated Lombardic letters which were inserted round the +edge of the slab. This gave place to a border fillet. This fillet soon +began to be engraved in Gothic characters. In the fifteenth century +Latin became the usual language--from the beginning it had been used +for _ecclesiastics_. It never entirely fell out of use, but towards +the end of the fifteenth century English began to appear. During +the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the latter takes the place +of Latin to a large extent. Roman characters replaced Gothic in the +seventeenth century. + +The arbitrary contractions of words employed by the engravers from +the earliest to the latest periods render the deciphering of a large +proportion of the inscriptions no easy task. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +MEDIEVAL CLERGY + + +_Deacons._ + +There is no complete brass to a deacon now extant, and there exists but +one solitary mutilated example at Burwell, Cambridge, on the reverse of +part of the brass of John Lawrence, Abbot of Ramsey. + +The dalmatic was their distinguishing vestment. It was shorter than an +alb, slit up on either side for a short distance and had a straight +edge before and behind. The left side and lower edge were fringed for a +deacon, _both_ sides when worn by a bishop. + +When St Stephen, St Philip or St Lawrence appear in canopies, they wear +this vestment. + +The tunicle was worn by sub-deacons. It is similar to the dalmatic, +but of linen, whereas the latter was usually of silk and often richly +decorated. + + +_Mass Vestments._ + +The most numerous brasses to the clergy are to the incumbents of our +country churches, and these are usually depicted in mass vestments. +The average country parson was, as now, a man of modest means, and so +it is not surprising that these brasses as a rule are small, and very +few have canopies or even marginal inscriptions. There is but little +development in any of the vestments, as these had become fixed in their +main features many centuries earlier. + +The chief characteristic change is that the hair of early ecclesiastics +is long and curly and tends to become less so, till by Tudor times it +is absolutely straight. In fourteenth century brasses the material of +the vestments seems to be thin and fits closely to the body, whereas +later it is stiff and heavy. + +The fylfot cross is found on the vestments of many priests, as at +Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320, and in the brass of Rich. de Hakebourne, Merton +College, Oxford, 1310. This ancient symbol, known in the Sanscrit as +the _swastika_, is found on Buddhist inscriptions in India and China, +on Greek vases and Roman pavements (as at Brading, I.o.W.) and on Runic +inscriptions and elsewhere. On brasses it is mainly found upon those of +the fourteenth century. + +We will consider in detail the monument of Lawrence de St Maur, +1337; at Higham Ferrers, which must serve for all the others (see +frontispiece). It is by far the finest, and, indeed, there are only +four or five others with canopies at all, and hardly a dozen have +effigies over three feet long. The central panel of the canopy contains +God the Father, the soul and two angels, St Peter and St Paul, St +Andrew and St Thomas. At the four corners are the Evangelists. Then, St +Gabriel opposite (perhaps) St Mary; St John Baptist opposite (perhaps) +the Magdalene; St Stephen opposite (perhaps) St Lawrence; the Abbot St +Maur opposite St Christopher, whose bare feet can be seen standing in a +river. Beneath the priest’s feet are two dogs quarrelling over a bone. + +The total length of the brass is 8 ft. 3 inches, and breadth 3 ft. 5 +inches. + +The figure wears an _alb_ with apparels at the foot and on each +arm. In the earliest brasses these pieces of embroidery went right +round the wrists, but they were soon reduced to simple squares. The +amice encircles the neck and is like a handkerchief with a strip of +embroidery along one side. As worn it looks like a collar. The stole +was crossed over the breast and held in place by the girdle of the alb. +Usually, as here, only the ends can be seen. At Sudborough, Northants., +1415, at Horsham, Sussex, c. 1430, and at Upwell, Norfolk, 1435, it +can be seen in entirety. Over the left arm hangs the maniple, a strip +of embroidery, similar to a stole. Over all he wears a fine chasuble. +In this case there is a narrow band of embroidery round the edge, but +this is unusual. The ordinary type is perfectly plain. In the sixteenth +century a central pillar of embroidery or orphrey is common. It is +also found on the chasubles of bishops and abbots at an earlier date. +Occasionally, the whole ground was covered with a pattern. + +It will be noticed that many priests are represented holding chalices. +There is quite a considerable group of brasses consisting of chalices +only. They all commemorate priests. The selected list in the Appendix +will be useful to those who wish to study them more closely. It was +customary to bury pewter chalices with priests who were interred in +their mass vestments. The author himself has one of these coffin +chalices. It was probably from this custom that the idea originated of +making chalice brasses. The earliest are in Yorkshire; there are many +in Norfolk, but few outside these counties. + +Robt. Wodehowse’s brass at Holwell, Beds., 1515, has as a rebus two +wode-howses, or wild men, with clubs, on either side of the chalice. + +There is a peculiar brass at Winwick, Lancashire, to Sir Peter Legh, +1527. On the death of his wife, he gave up his calling as a knight and +became a priest. + +He is bare-headed and has a tonsure. Over his armour he wears a +chasuble, and between his hands is a coat-of-arms. + + +CHOIR AND PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS + + +_The Almuce._ + +Except when at Mass, the usual vestments worn were cassock and +surplice, almuce, hood and cope. + +The cassock was the ordinary walking dress of the clergy. In a few +cases it is shown alone. (Appendix.) + +The almuce was a large cape turned down over the shoulders and lined +with fur. D.D.’s and canons wore one lined with grey fur, and the +former had the outside cloth scarlet. + +All others wore dark-brown fur. The tails of the animals were sewn +round the edge and two long lappets hung down in front. The fur lining +is the only part shown in brasses, and this is usually represented by +cutting away the metal and filling up the surface with lead or coloured +earths. Of these there are a fair number. (Appendix.) + + +_The Cope._ + +More usually the _cope_ accompanies the almuce. Over a hundred brasses +of coped priests remain. Many are both large and fine, with canopies. +They usually commemorate Church dignitaries. + +The cope was a beautiful and costly vestment, shaped like a cloak, +and was fastened across the breast by the morse. Orphreys adorned +the straight edges. The general surface was usually plain, though +occasionally covered by a pattern, as in the case of Robt. Langton, +Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518, and John White, Winchester College, +Hants., c. 1548. This is generally a sign of late work. A small, +semicircular hood attached to the back of the cope was usually hidden +by the upper part of the almuce, the lappets of which are also visible +beyond the long sleeves of the surplice. + +The two following are among the finest extant: + +John Sleford, Balsham, Cambs., 1401, was Rector of Balsham, Master of +the Wardrobe to Edward III, Chaplain to Queen Philippa, Canon of Wells +and later of Ripon, Archdeacon of Wells, etc. The whole composition +measures 8½ ft. × 4½ ft., and the figure is 5 ft. 2 in. long. The +triple canopy supports a shrine which is divided in half. The lower +portion shows the soul of the deceased supported in a sheet by two +angels. He is being borne up to the Holy Trinity, who are represented +in the upper story. Two seraphim are poised on the finials of the two +side arches. + +The shields are: dexter, quarterly Old France and England; sinister, +the same impaling Hainault. The arms of the See of Ely (three crowns) +are shown on the third shield, and the fourth is lost. + +Down the orphreys of the cope are depicted five pairs of saints under +embattled canopies: St Mary and St John Baptist; St John the Evangelist +and St Etheldreda; St Catherine and St Peter; St Paul and St Margaret; +St Mary Magdalene and St Wilfred. The sacred monogram I. S. is shown on +the morse and also on two roundels. + +The other brass is equally fine and measures 8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in. + +John Blodwell was Dean of St Asaph, Prebend of Lichfield and of +Hereford, Canon of St David’s and Rector of Balsham. His canopy is of +a different type to Sleford’s. It has a single arch resting on broad +shafts, in each of which are four niches with saints. The cope has +saints down the orphreys which are rather worn. The whole surface is +adorned with lions’ heads. The inscription is in a dialogue between +Blodwell and his guardian angel. The Dean’s words are in relief. + +The alb and amice are substituted for surplice and almuce at Horsham, +1411, Upwell, 1428 and 1435, Beeford, Yorks., 1472, Hitchin, 1498, and +Rauceby, 1536. + +Canons of Windsor, instead of a cope, wore the mantle of the Order of +the Garter. It has a small cross on the left shoulder and is found on +the brasses of Roger Parker (headless demi), Northstroke, Oxon., 1370; +Unknown, Bennington, Herts, (mutilated, an ordinary cope with badge +on shoulder), c. 1450; Roger Lupton, Eton College, 1540; Arthur Cole, +Magdalen College, Oxford, 1558. + + +_Academic Dress._ + +There are a considerable number of brasses showing the academic dress, +in all 75 to 80. + +About one-third are at Oxford and Cambridge, and the rest are widely +scattered. The distinction between the various degrees being usually +made by the colour and material rather than by the shape renders the +task of differentiating difficult. + +The academic tabard without sleeves, the cape or tippet, and the hood +are usually worn over a cassock, as on the brasses of Thos. Mason, +M.A., of Magdalen, Oxford, 1501, and of John London, M.A., S.T.P., of +New College, Oxford, 1508. Sometimes the academic tabard has short +sleeves. + +The taberdium talare is longer and probably implies a B.D., though it +is worn by others who had not this degree. Good examples are to be seen +on the brasses of John Bloxham, B.D., Merton College, Oxford, c. 1420 +(with John Whytton on bracket) (see Chap. XIV), and of Wm. Blakwey, +Little Wilbraham, Cambs (kn.), 1521. + +D.D.’s have the _cappa clausa_. This is a plain, sleeveless gown, and +the arms appear through a single opening, which only reaches to the +waist. The tippet is usually of fur, and a cap is worn. The latter +is either a skull cap or raised one or two inches and brought to a +low point in the centre. The first type is shown in the brass of Dr +Billingford, St Bene’t’s, Cambridge, 1432; the second in the brass of +Dr Towne, at King’s College, Cambridge, 1496. + +Doctors of other faculties wear the cap and pallium, a long gown +similar to the taberdium talare. It must not be confounded with the +pallium of an archbishop. Many academic persons wear the cope or +almuce, sometimes with the doctor’s cap. There are a few academic +brasses of Elizabethan and Jacobean date. They usually show the +long, civilian gown of the period. From it has developed the present +University gown, which has not sprung from the ancient tabard. + + +_Bishops._ + +Bishops and Mitred Abbots wore the mass vestments of the priests +with certain additions. The tunicle and dalmatic were worn below the +chasuble. The former is often of the same length as the dalmatic and +so cannot be seen. Sandals adorned with jewels and gloves similarly +ornamented were usually worn. The episcopal ring had a single precious +stone. + +The mitre and crozier are perhaps the most characteristic vestments. +The earliest mitres were low with plain edges; they gradually became +higher and crockets were added to the sides of the horns. In brasses +the extreme height to which they developed is not shown. They were made +of plain linen, of embroidered linen and of precious metals. Two narrow +strips of silk called “infulae” hung down from the back of the mitre. +These can be seen in the brasses at York and East Horsley. + +The crozier and pastoral staff are the same, the cross staff of the +archbishop is not really a crozier at all. The latter represents +the shepherd’s crook. A scarf was often fastened to the knob below +the crook. It was called either an “infula”--like the ribbons of a +mitre--or “vexillum.” The latter name refers to the Cross banner of +Constantine. + +Croziers and mitres are depicted long after vestments had fallen into +disuse. The last crozier, 1631, is at Chigwell, Essex. Mitres are found +even later, but are probably used as a crest. + +Archbishops generally hold the cross staff instead of a crozier and +wear the _pall_. It was simply a narrow loop of white lamb’s wool +placed round the neck and with a weighted band hanging down before and +behind. + +[Illustration: Fig. 15. Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin, 1417, New +College, Oxford] + +Thos. Cranley, 1417, clearly shows all the vestments; his cross, as was +often the case, was a crucifix. The triple canopy with super-canopy is +exceptionally fine, though somewhat mutilated. + +The crozier, or cross, is usually held in the left hand. The mitred +abbots wore exactly similar robes. + +Bishop Wyvil of Salisbury, in three-quarter length, 1375, is shown +within a battlemented castle with his champion standing under the gate +beneath. This commemorates his recovery of Sherborne Castle for his See. + +The Edenham brass (c. 1500) was formerly in a panel on the outer face +of the church tower, 40 feet from the ground. It is now inside the +church. Probably it represents St Thomas à Becket, the patron saint of +the donor of the tower. + +Bishop Goodryke of Ely, 1554, wrote “My duty towards my neighbour,” and +holds the prayer book in his hand. He also holds the Great Seal, as +he was formerly Lord Chancellor. Both he and Bishop Bell died during +the reign of Mary, which might be considered sufficient explanation of +their wearing vestments. Bishop Pursglove, however, whose brass is at +Tideswell, died in the middle of Elizabeth’s reign. + +The fact is that vestments only gradually fell into disuse. They were +undoubtedly worn by some of the clergy right into the seventeenth +century. + +The figure of John Bell at St James’s, Clerkenwell, the lower part of +which is lost, was sold in 1788 when the old church was pulled down. It +passed into the collection of Mr J. B. Nichols and on his death was +replaced in the new church. + +The vestments in which the king is crowned are largely of an +ecclesiastical nature. They include the dalmatic, the surcoat, the +belt, the stole and a surplice without sleeves. On monuments, kings +are shown wearing a long tunic with close sleeves, a cloak, or cope, +and a tippet of ermine. The only _brass_ is a demi-figure, c. 1440, +at Wimborne Minster, Dorset, laid down in memory of King Ethelred, +martyred 872 A.D. He is crowned and holds a sceptre. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE MONASTERIES + + +The influence of the monasteries during the Middle Ages was +considerable, and it was in them that the lamp of learning and art was +kept burning. The causes which led to their destruction would be too +long a matter to discuss here. In justice we must say that the charges +of gross immorality levied against the monks were neither fair nor were +they the real reason for the dissolution of the monasteries. + +The last monastery had fallen by 1540. In most cases the churches were +destroyed, and even when they were preserved the brasses were taken +from the gravestones and sold by the Commissioners who confiscated the +property. + +Thus at St Albans there were over 270 brasses, and now there are hardly +a dozen. In all England there are barely 30 monastic brasses left. +They include seven monks and a friar, two abbesses, a prior and five +vowesses, besides one or two doubtful examples. + +Besides the three abbots already mentioned as showing episcopal +vestments, there are four mutilated fragments on the reverse of +palimpsests (see below). These will be given in the list of palimpsests. + +The dress of a monk included the tunic, an undergarment, with the gown +over it, the scapula and cowl or hood. The tonsure is much larger than +that of a parish priest. + +Abbot John Lawrence at Burwell, 1542, was originally shown in full +vestments, but as he survived the dissolution his brass was changed. +He now appears in cassock, surplice and almuce. The upper part of +the figure is new, but the lower shows on the reverse the original +engraving. There is a canopy, part of which is palimpsest and shows, on +the reverse, part of a deacon, c. 1320. + +The Benedictines were by far the richest and largest of the Orders. The +Cluniacs were a reformed order of Benedictines. The chief difference +was that each monastery was under the direct supervision of Cluny, +and not of the mother monastery from which it sprung. In England there +was an exception and Lewes stood in the position of Cluny to the other +English Cluniac monasteries. It alone was directly under Cluny. + +[Illustration: Fig. 16. Thomas Neolond, Prior of Lewes, 1433, Cowfold, +Sussex] + +Prior Neolond, here illustrated, was therefore a very important man. +His dress is exactly similar to that of the Benedictines. The canopy, +as shown, is the finest still extant of purely English type. The +central pediment is itself triple and holds a shrine with the Virgin +and Child within. St Pancras and St Thomas à Becket stand on the +finials of the other pediments. The whole brass measures 10 ft. 2 in. × +4 ft. 3 in. + +The Augustinian abbot wears gown and cowl over the ordinary choir +vestments. The crozier rests on the right arm and he wears no mitre. + +A vowess was a widow who took monastic vows. It is not easy to +distinguish the dress from that of the ordinary widow. + +The Duchess of Gloucester, after the murder of her husband in 1397, +entered the nunnery at Barking, Essex, and died there two years later. +She appears in the first act of _Richard II_. Her brass lies on an +altar tomb in St Edmund’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Her heraldic +badge--the swan--adorns the inscription and the central pediment of +her triple canopy. Five armorial shields still hang from the shafts, +but the sixth is lost. The pinnacle between the central and the +sinister arch is now lost, but was still intact when this rubbing was +taken. (See illustration.) Thus year by year portions of these ancient +monuments are carelessly lost or stolen. + +[Illustration: Fig. 17. Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester +(Vowess), 1399. Westminster Abbey] + +The friar, in gown and cowl, with knotted cord (c. 1440), at Denham, +Bucks., is on the reverse of Amphillis Peckham, 1545. + +The other brasses call for no further attention, save that in the case +of the two nuns from Sion their convent had already been dissolved. +The abbess is shown without her crosier and Margaret Dely without her +mantle. + + +_Palimpsest Brasses._ + +By this we mean brasses which have been twice used. The dissolution of +the monasteries led to thousands of brasses being sold for old metal, +both from the churches destroyed and from those that were allowed +to remain. In 1551 an order was issued confiscating all the church +plate. It is therefore not surprising that great numbers of brasses +were stolen. It is noteworthy that Elizabeth disapproved of these +proceedings and ordered that fresh plate should be procured, and that +the damaged monuments should be restored. The stolen brasses often went +into the melting pot, but sometimes they were re-engraved and used to +commemorate contemporary persons. + +Palimpsests are produced in three ways: + + I. By engraving the back of the brasses. + + II. By re-engraving and altering the figures. + + III. By simply substituting a fresh inscription. + +Those contained in the first group are probably the most numerous, and +are subdivided into three groups: + +(_a_) Plunder from English churches at the Reformation; (_b_) plunder +from Flemish churches at the same period; (_c_) shop-wastes and earlier +stolen brasses. + +The Flemish or German brasses, about 50 in number, were probably +plunder from the Dutch churches, which were sacked by the Calvinists in +1566. So complete was the destruction wrought in that short week that +to-day there are fewer complete Flemish brasses in their original home +than there are fragments of Flemish brasses in England. (See Appendix.) + +The reverses vary considerably in date and subject. Those laid down +from 1540-1570 show that even before the great outbreak of iconoclasm +of 1566 a good many brasses had been stolen. + +Taillor at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, was burnt during the Marian +persecution in 1555, and an inscription was laid down in 1560. The +reverse, c. 1500, shows the head and shoulders and hands of a civilian +on a diapered background with certain other details. The Margate +brass, 1582, shows on the reverse scenes from the life of man. One is +of a child catching butterflies, and the other, two boys walking on +stilts. + +Besides these groups there is a third type consisting mostly of +shop-wastes, i.e. sometimes a brass which had been ordered was not +approved; the engraver then either melted it down or re-engraved it +on the other side. Also, brasses were stolen and sold to the brass +engravers, who would use them again in the same way. Many of these are +quite early and often only a few years separate the engravings on the +two sides. + +In a few cases the same person is depicted with certain details +altered. John Lawrence of Burwell has already been mentioned. + +The demi-figure of Thos. Cod, St Margaret’s, Rochester, 1465, is a +striking example. The reverse shows him in almuce and cope, but for +some unknown reason this apparently was disapproved. He is therefore +shown on the obverse with an amice in place of the almuce. + +A late example is at Walton-on-Thames. John Selwyn, 1587, was Gentleman +Keeper of the Royal Park at Oatlands. At a stag-hunt in the presence +of Elizabeth he leapt from his horse on to the back of the stag when +both were going at full speed. There he kept his seat, with his sword +guided the animal towards the Queen, and then plunged the steel into +its throat so that it fell dead at her feet. + +This is depicted on a small plate placed between the heads of Selwyn +and his wife. The subject is engraved on both sides. The reverse was +lightly sketched and was rejected. It shows him hatless holding the +stag’s right horn. + +The two remaining groups, II and III, are much less numerous. Group II +consists of figures which have been altered. + +Examples of this kind are Robt. Hanson, 1545, Chalfont St Peters, +Bucks., altered (by adding shading, etc.) from a priest, 1440. Humphrey +Oker and wife, 1538, Okeover, Staffs., altered from Wm. Lord Zouche +and two wives, c. 1447. The figure of one wife was left intact and the +other was turned over and engraved with the children and an oak-tree +bearing a shield. + +There are a few other examples, but perhaps the most interesting is +that to Walter Curzon and wife, Waterperry, Oxon., 1527, altered from +c. 1445. A new head and shoulders were engraved, the palettes were +partly erased and shading was added on arms, cuirass and legs. The +taces have been re-engraved to form a skirt of mail. The ends of the +shoes have been partly erased and the toes rounded. The upper half of +the lady is Tudor, the lower half has had shading added to the lines, +and a chain hanging from the belt added. + +Group III consists of appropriate brasses which have not been +re-engraved. A new inscription, and sometimes shields, are merely added. + +Good examples of this group are the brasses of Sir John Dyve, 1535, +wife and mother, Bromham, Beds., appropriated from Thos. Wideville and +two wives under triple canopy, c. 1435; John Wybarne (in armour), c. +1546, Ticehurst, Sussex, appropriated from c. 1370; Laughton, Lincs., +1549, man under triple canopy, appropriated from c. 1400; Joan ffenner, +1516, Horley, Surrey, appropriated from c. 1420, with fine canopy. + +There are several other examples and they must be carefully +distinguished from those brasses which have been _copied_ from an +earlier brass, as has happened in the effigy of Peter Rede at St Peter +Mancroft, Norwich. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE EARLY TUDORS. 1485-1547 + + +During this period more brasses were laid down than in the whole of the +preceding time. Over 1100 belong to the reigns of Henrys VII and VIII. +From Edward I to Richard III, 1000 were laid down. + +But the work shows lamentable signs of steady deterioration; metal and +engraving are usually poor, the former thin and the latter shallow and +with too much detail. There is a greater variety of design, but many +are in bad taste, such as figures shown in shrouds or as skeletons. +At this date brasses are often placed on the wall, and sometimes are +quadrangular. The latter must be carefully distinguished from foreign +ones (see later). + +Canopies are few and heavy, but continue to follow the traditional +lines. + +In the military brasses a sudden change becomes noticeable. The +Yorkist armour is changed to the Tudor between 1490 and 1500. Its +characteristics are that the placates are omitted, the pauldrons are +single and have passe-gards to protect the neck, shorter tuilles +are attached to the taces, a skirt of mail has been re-introduced +and reaches well down over the thighs. The graceful, pointed +sollerets--which must have been rather uncomfortable--were replaced by +sabbatons with large rounded or square toes. + +The sword is usually hung across the back of the legs. The hair is long +and straight. Most of these and other characteristics will be seen in +the illustration of John Shelley and wife, Clapham, Sussex, 1526. The +Tabard of Arms covers the body armour. + +[Illustration: Fig. 18. John Shelley and wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex] + +The Yorkist armour was certainly more beautiful, but one is apt +to get rather an unfair impression from the brasses. There still +survives a considerable amount of actual armour of this period, and +from it we can see that it was often truly magnificent. At times it +was engraved and embossed, and there are several variations not shown +in the brasses, such as the skirt of plate. Those interested in the +subject should study the fine collections at the Tower of London and +elsewhere. It is most fortunate that our national collection of armour +was begun just when the brasses by deterioration began to furnish less +trustworthy evidence. Of the armour previous to the Yorkist period, +practically none survives, hence the importance of the good engraving +of the earlier brasses. (See Appendix.) + +Serjeants-at-arms usually carry maces. + +One of the most characteristic features of the period is the armorial +tabard. Often, too, the wife has an armorial mantle: as in the brass +of John Shelley and his wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex, here shown. The +arms are repeated on Shelley’s sleeves and his wife bears her own arms +impaling those of her husband on her mantle. The Holy Trinity is shown +above the figures. + +The tabard replaced the heraldic jupon of the Plantagenets during the +Lancastrian period. The earliest is to John Wantele, 1424, Amberley, +Sussex, but the arms are not repeated on the sleeves. There are but +few examples, however, till the Yorkist period, and they only became +plentiful under the Tudors. They died out in the opening years of +Elizabeth, the last being to Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, Dorset, +1565. + +Examples of Tabards of Arms during the Yorkist period are: Sir John Say +and wife, Broxbourne, Herts., 1473, and Philip Mede and two wives, St +Mary, Redcliff. + +[Illustration: Fig. 19. Lady Tiptoft (Partly covered), c. 1470, +Enfield, Middlesex] + +Lady Tiptoft at Enfield, Middlesex, c. 1470 (here illustrated), is +a very splendid brass, and shows the armorial bearings well. (See +Appendix.) + +The colour of the coats-of-arms was probably shown by means of lead for +_argent_, coloured earths for _colour_, and the plain brass for _or_. +At Ardingley, Sussex, are three brasses in all of which the coloured +earth is still in place. Unless this has been replaced later, it is a +striking example, for in most cases all trace of the coloured earths +has vanished. At Broxbourne, real enamel was used (as also at Stoke +d’Abernon, 1279), and in consequence most of the colour is still in +place. + +It is held by some that all engraved lines on all brasses were filled +in with black wax or some similar substance, just as in our modern +inscriptions. That this was so in some cases seems certain, and at the +Victoria and Albert Museum in the foreign brass to Henry Oskens (canon) +from Nippes, near Cologne, 1535, much of the wax is still there. It +is, of course, impossible to make a good rubbing of such a brass. + +It does not seem likely that most of the brasses were so treated, but +it would take too long to go into all the evidence which leads one to +hold this view, nor is it desirable to use it now. + +The ladies’ dress also changes at the same time as their husbands’. +The butterfly head-dress gives way to the kennel head-dress. This has +a stiff point in front and is carried back like the roof of a kennel +(hence the name) and has long side lappets, usually of embroidery. In +some of the earlier examples these are pinned up (Ardingley), but, as a +rule, they fall straight down (Clapham). + +The dress is close-fitting and has a square collar and fur cuffs. +Round the waist is a girdle with a chain pendant in front, to which is +attached an ornament of varying shape. Occasionally mantles are worn, +as at Cobham, Kent, but seldom, except when they bear a coat-of-arms. + +Quite often babies will be found wrapped in chrysoms with swaddling +bands round them. This robe was placed on the child by the priest as +soon as it was baptised (which was when it was only a few days old). It +was worn till the mother came to be churched, when it was returned to +the priest. These brasses therefore show that the child died during the +time that elapsed between baptism and the churching. Chrysom children +are found alone or with parents. This type of brass survived till the +middle of the seventeenth century. + +Occasionally brasses are found commemorating women who died in +childbirth. The infant is then usually shown in a chrysom robe, and in +later brasses the mother is often shown lying on a four-post bedstead. +Anne Asteley, Blickling, Norfolk, 1512, probably belongs to this group. +During the reign of Elizabeth, several examples of bedstead brasses are +found. The first is at Heston, Middlesex, 1581, another is at Halling, +Kent, 1587, and there are several others. + +The civilians at this period are numerous, but not particularly +interesting. The hair is long and straight, the gown reaches to the +feet and is usually lined and edged with fur. The sleeves are wide, +and a girdle surrounds the waist, from which hangs a short rosary and +a purse. Broad-toed shoes are worn. The brass at Ardingley shows this +dress, the canopy is an unusual feature. + +[Illustration: Fig. 20. Richard Wakehurst and wife, engr. c. 1500, +Ardingley, Sussex] + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +EDWARD VI AND MARY. TRANSITIONAL PERIOD + + +During this period not more than sixty brasses were laid down. This was +largely due to the religious and political turmoil of the period and is +the more to be regretted, especially in the case of the clergy, as the +brasses might have thrown much light on the question of the vestments +worn during the time when the first and second Prayer Books of Edward +VI were in use. + +The engraving grows steadily poorer and the metal thinner. + +Of the ecclesiastics, the following is believed to be a complete +list for both reigns, but the Marian clergy, being naturally in full +vestments, have for the most part been mentioned before. + + Hugh Brystowe (parson), Waddesdon, Bucks. (in shroud), 1548. + + Jn. White (Warden of Winchester College and later Bp. of + Winchester), Winchester College is in cope, laid down in 1548. + + Thos. Magnus (archdeacon), Sessay, Yorks. (cope), 1550. + + Bp. Goodryke of Ely, Ely Cathedral (full vestments), 1554. + + Bp. Bell of Worcester, St James, Clerkenwell (ditto), 1556. + + James Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Church, Oxford + (in almuce), 1557. + + Arthur Cole (Canon of Windsor), Magdalen College, Oxford (in + mantle of the Order), 1558. + + Robt. Brassie (in almuce), King’s College, Cambridge, 1558. + +The largest number of transitional brasses represent men in armour +either with or without the tabard of arms. + +The chief changes are that the mail skirt has often an indented edge, +the taces are divided at the lower part by an arched opening between +the tuilles, and frills are worn at the wrists. + +The most noteworthy change in the ladies’ attire is that the kennel +head-dress is abandoned. The hair is parted in front and a linen cap +supports a bonnet, often of velvet and having a jewelled edge. It is +generally of horseshoe shape. A kerchief hangs down over the neck and +shoulders behind. This head-dress is continued during the reign of +Elizabeth and was known as the Queen Mary cap, at first after Mary +Tudor, and later after Mary Stuart. The sleeves are slashed and puffed +at the shoulders and from the belt hangs a mirror or other ornament. +The collar is thrown open and reveals a gathered underbodice. A long +cloak with false sleeves is often found, and heraldic mantles are +still worn when the husband appears in a tabard. These died out in the +opening years of Elizabeth, as already stated. + +Of civilians little need be said. Their wives follow the new style, but +little alteration in their own dress is noticeable. Three examples may +be given, the last a woolman, the other two judges. These are Henry +Bradschawe and wife, Halton, Bucks., 1553; Wm. Coke and wife, Milton, +Cambridge, 1553; Anthony Cave and wife, Chicheley, Bucks., 1558. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +ELIZABETH AND JAMES I. 1558-1625 + + +During this last period there was a considerable revival both in the +number and quality of brasses. About 800 were laid down in these two +reigns and at first there is a marked improvement in the engraving. It +is usual to speak as if the deterioration continued steadily from the +time of Henry VIII through the Edwardian and Elizabethan brasses to the +final disappearance of the art in the eighteenth century. This is not +quite the case. The Elizabethan brasses (with which are included those +of James I) are decidedly better in many instances than those of the +Transitional period. Even some of the Caroline examples are better than +those laid down between 1547 and 1558. + +Early in the reign of Elizabeth, the plate of brass itself began to +be manufactured in England. It was usually thin, however, and the +engraving as in the Transitional brasses was shallow and too much +detail and shading were attempted. The thinness of metal led to their +becoming battered and worn and they are often in far worse condition +than those laid down a couple of centuries earlier. + +Many brasses were, however, fixed to the walls and these are in a +much better state of preservation. These sometimes take the form of +rectangular plates: at times the figures are fixed against the wall in +a recess over a tomb. They are then usually depicted kneeling at desks. + +The new style of armour which took the place of that worn in the +Transitional period became finally established by 1575. Its main +characteristics are these: The use of the long-waisted doublet and the +short hose rendered the old style of armour unwearable. The cuirass +becomes long and is brought forward to a peak with a projecting rim. It +is known as a “peascod.” The pauldrons are large and have no ridges, +they are lined with leather the escalloped edge of which is allowed to +extend beyond the plates. The neck is encircled by a ruff, as are the +wrists. The helmet is seldom worn, but is often placed behind the head, +though the figure is depicted standing. + +Kneeling figures in many cases have the helmet on the ground, together +with the gauntlets. + +The front of the thighs are protected by laminated cuissarts under the +trunk hose, and the legs by knee-caps and greaves. The sollerets are +of a more graceful shape and fit the feet closely. Two long tassets +are buckled to the edge of the cuirass, and hang down over the trunk +hose. They are all formed of several hinged plates and take the place +of tuilles. They are not infrequently rounded at the lower edge and +are fastened by straps to the breeches. The sword hangs at the left +side from a leather belt and the dagger at the right side from a sash. +Swords usually possess guarded hilts. + +[Illustration: Fig. 21. John Wingfield, 1584, Easton, Suffolk] + +The illustration of Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, shows these +characteristics, and there are but few variations. The most noticeable +is where, the puffed breeches not being worn, continuous plates from +knee to cuirass protect the legs. This type is shown in the brasses of +Thos. Hawkins, Boughton-under-Blean, Kent, 1587, and Thos. Nevynson and +wife, Eastry, Kent, 1590. + +It is remarkable how, in spite of gunpowder being in general use, the +men of the age of Elizabeth were still encased in a panoply of plate. + +The ladies fall naturally into two divisions. The Transitional form, +or Queen Mary dress, changed about 1560. The gown is fastened only at +the waist by a sash, and thus shows below an embroidered or quilted +petticoat. Between the bodice and the throat, the bust is covered by a +gathered partlet with a frill and the Paris bonnet continues in use. +From about 1575 a new style comes into vogue and is well shown in +the illustration of the wife of Wm. Wade, Bildeston, Suffolk, 1599. +Her skirt is distended at the hips by the farthingale and shows the +embroidered petticoat beneath. The sleeves are slashed and a large ruff +is round the neck. Usually frills are also worn at the wrists, but here +Alice Wade is an exception. A broad-brimmed hat is worn. + +[Illustration: Fig. 22. Alice, wife of William Wade, 1599, Bildeston, +Suffolk] + +There are several variations. The lappet of the bonnet is sometimes +turned up over the head, and when it comes far enough forward to shade +the face, it is called a “Shadow.” At the end of the period, a large +veil was substituted. Sometimes the hair is brushed up to a lace crown, +supported by a wire frame. This fashion is shown in the brass of Margt. +Chute, Marden, Hereford, 1614. She wears besides the wheel farthingale, +a peaked stomacher, and a starched collar ornamented with point lace. + +The bedstead brasses have already been mentioned in reference to the +chrysom children, but are really a peculiarity of this period. + +The civilian costume is not over-interesting, because doublet and +hose are usually covered by a long gown, such as is seen in the +memorial to Wm. Dunche and wife, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham, +Berks., engraved c. 1585. Here husband and wife kneel at desks under +two classical arches. Two sons kneel behind their father. They wear +short cloaks, doublet and hose. This is also the costume of the sons of +Alice Wade, who wear pointed beards. + +The brasses of children, especially boys, become fairly numerous and +are not without interest, as they exhibit the doublet and hose under +a short cloak. The brass of W. Browne, Holton, Oxon., 1599, is a good +example, showing the long hose fastened above the knee by garters of +ribbon. + +The clergy for the most part wear the ordinary civilian dress of the +day without cassock or surplice, and a long gown with long sleeves, +known as the Geneva gown. Some also wear a hood to denote they hold a +degree, as does Dr Wm. Bill, Dean of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, +1561. + +Of clergy in surplice and cassock only two brasses now survive. +Formerly at Denham, Bucks., there was one portraying Leonard Hurst, +1561, in cassock and surplice opening in front like a college surplice +and a long scarf. It is now lost, but is illustrated in Haine’s +_Manual_. The two that still survive are Wm. Dye (priest), Westerham, +Kent, 1567, who wears cassock, a closed and gathered surplice and a +scarf, and Nich. Asheton, Winchford, Warwick, 1582, very similar to +the lost brass at Denham, Bucks. + +The remaining clergy are in civilian costume, but one or two wear a +scarf over the Geneva gown, as at Stonham Aspal, 1606. + +In many cases the title of the ecclesiastic is given, and these are of +some interest. (See Appendix.) + +Tyndall’s figure is 5 ft. 4 in. long and there is a border fillet and +several shields. + +There are three bishops, but Robt. Pursglove, 1579, is in full mass +vestments, and has been mentioned before. + +Edmund Geste, Bishop of Salisbury, in his Cathedral, 1578, wears rochet +and chimere, a scarf and lawn sleeves. Instead of a crozier, he holds +a walking stick in his right and a book in his left hand. It should be +remembered that this was the outdoor garb, hence probably the walking +stick. + +H. Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616, has two brasses, that at Queen’s +College, Oxford, being copied and put over his grave in Carlisle +Cathedral. His brass, like Airay’s, who succeeded him as Provost +of Queen’s, differs from the usual type. They resemble the copper +plates used in books and are very finely engraved and filled with +many additional emblems. A good rubbing cannot be taken owing to the +thinness of the engraving, which nevertheless is well done. + +On a quadrilateral plate, Robinson kneels in front of Queen’s College +and Carlisle Cathedral. There are three sheep folds to signify he +was a shepherd to his flock. Several peasants with their tools and +in the dress of the period stand in one corner and dons are entering +Queen’s College in the other. He wears a skull cap and ruff, rochet and +chimere. In his left hand he holds his crozier, which has a human eye +in the centre, and a stork on the outer curve of the volute. The infula +is a napkin and bears the word “Velando.” + +From the Elizabethan period some attempt at portraiture is made: in +the case of Robinson and Airay with considerable success. The brass to +Erasmus Williams, Rector at Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, is probably by the +same hand as these two and is signed R. Haydock. It is very similar in +general treatment to them, and on Airay’s brass are the same initials +R. H. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE CAROLINE BRASSES. 1625-60 + + +The art of monumental brasses shows signs of rapid deterioration, and +from it there was to be no recovery. About 150 were laid down during +the reign of Charles I and 13 during the Commonwealth. + +Only two are really fine: Archbp. Harsnett’s brass at Chigwell, 1631, +and Sir Edw. Filmer’s, here shown. + +[Illustration: Fig. 23. Sir Edward Filmer and family, 1638, East +Sutton, Kent] + +Armour is seldom worn, knights being usually depicted in civilian +dress, and where it is worn, it generally consists of a demi-suit of +cuirass, with laminated plates for the thighs and small knee pieces. +Jack boots protect the legs. There are many variations, but the brass +of Sir Edw. Filmer and wife, East Sutton, Kent, is fairly typical. + +Of the nine sons, only one wears armour and none wear ruffs. The +eight daughters are similar to their mother, who wears a gown without +farthingale and a veil over the head. The brass consists of two large +rectangular plates and though too much shading is put in, yet is a good +example for the period. + +The ladies have abandoned the farthingale and wear more graceful gowns, +sometimes with ruffs and sometimes with falling collars. A light veil +often covers the head. Sometimes the embroidered petticoat can be seen +underneath the gown, which is divided in front. An example is to be +found at Ardingley, Sussex, to Eliz. Culpeper, aged 7, 1634, and also +in a larger brass to her mother. + +The civilians are still fairly numerous, but the engraving is usually +poor. The long gown is worn no more, the costume being the tunic with +falling collar, knee-breeches, stockings and shoes or jack boots and +a short cloak. Sometimes a ruff is worn instead of a collar. Most +of these details will be seen in the sons of Sir Edw. Filmer. Point +lace was often worn and is occasionally seen, as in the small, badly +engraved brass of Thos. Holl, 1630. + +The brass of John Moorwood and wife is characteristic. He kneels +opposite his wife, Grace, at a desk. Besides the costume described +above, he wears a ruff and a skull cap. His hair is long and he has a +moustache and a pointed beard. His sons are similar, save that they are +hatless and have no beard or moustache. His wife has a very plain dress +and a high-crowned hat, her daughters have no ruffs, veils, or bonnets. + +The six at Llanrwst, Denbigh, are quite distinct and represent either +the work of a local school or of a special artist. There was also a +local school at York. Its peculiarity was that the figures were large +demi-figures, usually on a quadrilateral plate, which was narrower at +the top than at the bottom. A considerable amount of fur is displayed, +and the faces appear to be good portraits. The Elizabethan have already +been mentioned in the last chapter, but there are several others. + +There is one good Caroline brass--that to Thos. Atkinson, All Saints, +North St., York, 1642. It may have been engraved a few years earlier. + +Among ecclesiastics there is but one fine example, and that is +perhaps the best Caroline brass still extant. It commemorates Samuel +Harsnett, Archbp. of York at Chigwell, Essex, 1631. He had left special +instructions in his will as to how it was to be made. The metal was to +be an inch thick and to be rivetted right through the stone so that it +could not easily be torn up. The result is a fine monument. He wears +cope, rochet, chimere and a mitre. He holds his crozier in his left +hand and a book in the right. The face is evidently a portrait. There +is a border inscription with the evangelists at the corners. The figure +is 6 ft. long. The crozier is not a cross, but a crook and has a rose +in the volute. + +During the Commonwealth naturally few brasses were laid down, and +the distrust with which all representations of the human form were +regarded by the Puritans, who considered them a breach of the Second +Commandment, probably gave the death blow to the failing art. Besides +those already mentioned, the following have been noticed: Ralph +Assheton (in armour) and wife, Middleton, Lancs., 1650; Adam Beaumont +(in armour) and wife, Kirkheaton, Yorks., 1655. These are the only +men in armour. Assheton was a leader on the Puritan side and did good +service. Beaumont was his son-in-law and is clad in similar style. +The armour is a demi-suit, consisting of skirted cuirass, pauldrons, +elbow-pieces and laminar cuissarts extending to the top of his tall +boots. There is no actual representations of a cleric, but Dan. +Evance, rector, quadrilateral plate, Calbourne, I.o.W., 1652 is +commemorated by a plate with a drawing of Time and Death. + +Most of these are but miserable caricatures and reveal the final +stage of decay. Yet they are not without interest, though perhaps a +melancholy one. + +During the Caroline period many brasses to young children were laid +down. Sometimes the babe is shown lying on a tomb, at others it is +represented in its cradle. Two in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, may be +quoted, and commemorate the children of Dr John King. They are dated +1630 and 1633. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE LAST BRASSES. 1660-1773 + + +The last few brasses are of little artistic value. (See Appendix.) + +Robt. Shiers, 1668, is perhaps the best of them. He wears a long, +flowing gown reaching to the feet and holds a book in his hand. +Nicholas Toke is in Jacobean armour, but with a fall collar and long +hair. Probably his figure was copied from an earlier brass, for his +daughters, who are on a separate plate, are very crudely drawn. + +The last two brasses are the only Georgian ones known to exist and +they are separated by a great space of time from the others. Whether +they were each engraved at the dates given on the plates or whether +they were both done at the same time is difficult to say. Benjamin +Greenwood’s brass is certainly the best, his wife’s figure being very +crude. She has on a plain gown and a veil. He is in a coat with open +skirts, a figured waistcoat, knee-breeches, and wig. He points to a +skull with his left hand and to a ship with his right. Probably he was +a merchant captain. + +Both plates have a pair of cherubs’ heads in the upper corners and are +upon separate gravestones; the engraving is very thin. + +Thus we have seen the art of the engravers rise in the thirteenth +century and die in the eighteenth. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +SPECIAL TYPES + + +Besides the ordinary figure brasses, there are a certain number of +special types. Those representing Scriptural subjects are perhaps the +most interesting. They are less numerous than might be expected and +usually form part of a canopy, or, at any rate, part of a composition +which includes large figures. + +The Holy Trinity is the most common emblem and is depicted as a +venerable man seated, holding Christ crucified. The Holy Ghost in the +form of a dove is sometimes perched on one arm of the Cross, or hovers +over the head, but it is often omitted. + +The Holy Trinity is found at Cobham, 1407; Peperharrow, 1487; Shirburn, +1493, and Witney, Oxon., 1500; Childrey, Berks., 1507; Floore, +Northants., 1510; Wooburn, Bucks., 1520; Clapham, Sussex, 1526; +Beaumaris, Anglesea, c. 1530; Cheam, Surrey, 1542. + +The Virgin is found at Cobham, 1395; Bottesford, Leics., 1404; Morley, +Derbys., 1470; Etwall, Derbys., 1512; St George’s Chapel, Windsor, +1522; and elsewhere. + +Numerous other saints are depicted as well as those in canopy niches +and on the orphreys of copes. + +The Annunciation is found in several places. That at Fovant, Wilts., +1492, is contained in a rectangular plate commemorating Geo. Rede, +rector. He wears cassock and scarf, kneels on a chequered pavement and +prays to the Virgin, who, dressed in mantle, sideless _cote-hardi_ and +kirtle, with a wreath of roses on her head, kneels at a _prie-dieu_ in +the centre of the plate. A pot of lilies stands behind her and an angel +kneels on the further side, wearing an alb and mantle. The Dove flies +towards the Virgin from a cloud in the corner. The whole composition +is reminiscent of foreign work, but is almost certainly English. An +Annunciation is to be seen at March, Cambs. (1517), above the figures +of Antony Hansart and his wife. A third is in the canopy of William +Porter, S.T.P., 1524, Hereford Cathedral. + +The Adoration of the Shepherds is found at Cobham, Surrey, c. 1500. + +The Resurrection is more widely distributed, and in two forms according +as (_a_) there are or (_b_) are not soldiers round the tomb. + +Of class (_a_), those at Swansea, c. 1500; Cranley, Surrey, 1503; +All Hallows, Barking, c. 1510; and Narburgh, Norfolk, 1545, are +characteristic. + +Of class (_b_), examples may be seen at Stoke Charity, Hants., 1482; +Stoke Lyne, Oxon., 1535 and Burwell, Cambs., 1542. Of this latter +class, the Burwell brass is the best. The Saviour’s form is unclothed +and the lower half hidden within the tomb; His hands are raised and He +holds no cross. + +Class (_a_) is the more interesting. The Cranley and Swansea +representations are the best. In the former, which is to Robt. Hardyng +and his wife, 1503, Christ steps from the sarcophagus unclothed save +for a loin cloth. Four out of the five wounds are thus plainly shown. +He holds a cross (in His left hand) bearing a pennon, with a cross in +its centre. A nimbus is around His head. The four soldiers are clad in +armour with morions on their heads and halberts in their hands. + +The Swansea representation measures 12 × 11 inches and is to Sir Hugh +Johnys and his wife, c. 1500. He was a knight of the Holy Sepulchre, +and fought against the Turks under John, at that time Emperor of +Constantinople. One of the soldiers round the tomb evidently represents +a Saracen. He is shown sleeping with a scimitar at his left, a spiked +mace at his right side. + +One other curious pictorial example must not be omitted. It represents +the Mass of St Gregory. The Pope kneels before an altar, while the +figure of our Lord rises from behind the chalice, changed from the +consecrated wafer. It is in the brass of Roger Legh and wife (lost), +Macclesfield, Cheshire, 1506, and is unique. The original story is in +the _Golden Legend_. + + +_Heart Brasses._ + +The next curious type is that known as Heart Brasses. A heart is often +shown held in the hands of the deceased, as at Buslingthorpe, Lincs., +c. 1290. At other times it is found quite separate from the figure +and often with two or three inscribed scrolls coming from it. Thos. +Knyghtley, Fawsley, Northants., 1516, is typical of this class. + +But the name applies more especially to those monuments in which the +heart appears alone. Often these doubtless marked the spot where the +heart alone was buried. We have many authentic records of men who +ordered their hearts to be buried apart from their bodies. Some of +these were knights who perished abroad and ordered their bodies to be +buried where they died, but their hearts to be brought back to England. +From the inscription upon one of the four scrolls of the Wiggenhall +brass, _Cuius cor hic humatur_, we may reasonably infer that the heart +only lies beneath the stone. There are several stone monuments showing +only hearts, which records prove cover only that organ. Thus, Sir Thos. +Neville’s body was buried at Billing, 1535, and his heart at Mereworth, +Kent. At the latter place his stone monument consists of a heart held +by two hands. + +Heart brasses proper fall into two main divisions: (_a_) plain, +sometimes inscribed or with scrolls, (_b_) held by hands, usually +coming out of a cloud. + +Class (_a_) includes Thos. Smyth, priest, St John’s, Margate, Kent, +1433; an unknown person, Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, c. 1450; and Sir Robt. +Kervile, Wiggenhall St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1450. + +Good representatives of class (_b_) are the brasses of John Merstun, +priest, Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., 1446; Wm. Stapilton, Helbroughton, +Norfolk, c. 1450; Dionysius Willys, Loddon, Norfolk, 1462; and Thos. +Denton, Caversfield, Bucks., 1533. (See Appendix.) + + +_Shrouds._ + +These and the following group are neither beautiful nor pleasing +monuments. They are signs of the morbid feeling that seems to have +begun to spread over England about the middle of the fifteenth century +and which did not pass away until the nineteenth. + +Many stone monuments exist showing reclining figures in the costume of +the period on a raised tomb, while beneath, visible through openings in +the sides, are the same persons shown as skeletons or shrouded figures. +This contrast is seldom exhibited in _brasses_, but the kneeling figure +of Lionel Dymoke, Horncastle, Lincs. (1519), in armour, is engraved +upon a small plate on the wall, while on the pavement below he is +represented by a shrouded figure. + +In some cases the brass was laid down on the death of one of those +commemorated. The latter is then shown in a shroud, while those who +survived are shown in the dress of the period. + +Women can be recognised by their long, flowing hair, and priests by +their tonsure. The purpose of this type of brass was probably to remind +us that “such as we are, such shall ye be.” (See Appendix.) + +Under the Tudors, this type of brass increased in favour, and its +persistence is remarkable. The last brass of 1660 was probably +inspired by the earlier one of 1505. + +At Childrey, c. 1520, husband and wife rise from their tombs, but at +Oddington devouring worms crawl out of the body, which is almost a +skeleton. + +This leads us to + + +_Skeletons._ + +They are not so common as shroud brasses, but belong to the same class. +Indeed, some of the former are really shrouded skeletons. + + +_Other designs._ + +A few other designs may be found scattered up and down the country. +Perhaps the most interesting is to Roger Morris, Margate, Kent, 1615. +He was an official in the Navy and his brass consists of a square +plate showing a three-masted square rigged man-o’-war. It has a lion +figure-head, high poop and many guns showing through the port holes. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +FOREIGN BRASSES + + +Brasses on the Continent, as already stated, were engraved on +quadrilateral plates, the inscription, canopy and background, all being +engraved on the same plates, there is therefore no background of stone, +as in England. Any space left over was usually filled with diaper +work or some similar pattern. Many of those which still survive on +the Continent are remarkably splendid. There were originally at least +three great schools, besides several minor subdivisions. These were the +German, Flemish, and French. The Revolutionaries destroyed almost all +those in France and the Reformers played sad havoc with the Dutch and +German monuments. Still, many fine examples remain of the German and +Flemish schools. The former are found at Ringstead, Denmark, engr. c. +1350, to King Eric and Queen Ingeborg, at Lübeck, Schwerin, Stralsund +(Pomerania), Thorn and elsewhere. The latter exist at Ghent 14th c., +Brussels 1398, Bruges 15th c. Most of these were Hanse towns and all +carried on trade with England. Merchants from them settled in England +and in some cases had their brasses made abroad. It thus came about +that 14 remain of undoubtedly foreign work, besides two which were +bought abroad and are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. These +form an entirely separate group and must be dealt with apart. + +On the other hand, one English brass is known to exist on the +Continent. It is at Constance, to the memory of an English bishop who +died at the Council of Constance. + +The finest foreign brasses are those of the fourteenth century, and +are as follows: Adam de Walsokne and wife, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1349; +Abbot Thos. Delamere, St Albans Abbey, c. 1360; Simon de Wenslagh, +priest, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360; a Priest, North Mimms, Herts., c. +1360; Robt. Braunche and two wives, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1364; Ralph +de Knevyngton (in armour, small) Aveley, Essex, 1370; Alan Fleming, +Newark, Notts., c. 1375; and Thos. de Topclyffe and wife, Topcliffe, +Yorks., 1391. + +There seems little doubt that these fall into two schools--North German +and Flemish. + +The first may be called North German, and five brasses of Hanseatic +merchants are so exactly alike that they must come from the very same +workshop. They are the two at King’s Lynn and one each at St Peter’s, +Lübeck, 1356, at Thorn, 1357, and at Stralsund, 1361. + +The trefoils on the background are similar, and so are the cushions on +which rest the heads of the figures. A woodhouse (a wild man) struggles +with an animal between the feet of the merchant, in each case. + +The most interesting feature in each is that beneath the feet of the +figures a long compartment is reserved for a scene. In the Walsokne +brass, a horseman carrying corn to be ground at a mill is followed by +two men bearing their master on a litter. There are also hunting scenes +and a forester fighting with an outlaw. In the Braunche brass there +is a representation (probably) of the mayor’s feast at Lynn. Braunche +was mayor in 1349 or 1359. The three peacocks are being borne by fair +ladies heralded by trumpets. + +There is in every brass a magnificent canopy with figures either of +saints or of “weepers” in niches. The soul, a small naked figure, is +being borne aloft by angels to God the Father. + +The large number of figures included may be judged when we consider +that the Walsokne brass has 57 alone. The principal figures are clad in +the civilian costume already described, and their wives in the mantle, +sideless _cote-hardi_ and kirtle. In some the mantle is omitted, when +it is easier to see the beautiful figured pattern with which the kirtle +is adorned. + +The Walsokne brass measures 9 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 8 in., and the +Braunche 8 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 1 in., and some of the Continental ones +are even larger. + +The second group springs from a second workshop and includes three +ecclesiastical brasses and the Royal brass at Ringstead. The former +are at St Albans, Lübeck and Schwerin (1347) respectively. The +distinguishing feature of this group is that the cushions are omitted. +A few other details differ, but in the main they follow the same lines +as the others of North Germany. These two sub-groups probably both came +from Lübeck, but are by different hands. + +The Newark brass is also North German, but of later work than the +other, for, though dated 1361, it was probably engraved about 1375. The +most striking difference is that the canopy is drawn in perspective, +with very unsatisfactory results. It is rather similar to the huge +brass of Bishops Godfrey and Frederic de Bulowe at Schwerin, 1375. +The latter measures 13 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 5 in. and is the largest in +the world. The Newark brass measures 9 ft. 4 in. × 5 ft. 7 in. It +is unfortunately much worn, and has been removed from its original +position and placed against the wall. + +The Wensley brass is also North German. The robes of the priest are +embroidered in a similar design to those of Abbot Delamere, but there +is no canopy or background. + +The North Mimms brass is similar, but not so well engraved and the +figure is only 27 inches long. The canopy has niches with the apostles, +two angels with censor and the soul in the arms of the Father. There is +no background, but probably it was cut away by the English workmen who +laid it in the stone to make it suit English ideas. The composition +rises from a bracket on which is a coat-of-arms and two lions. + +The Aveley and Topcliffe brasses are almost certainly Flemish. The +former is very small, but beautifully engraved; there is a canopy, and +the background has no design, being simply cross-hatched. The other +brass measures 5 ft. 9 in. × 3 ft. 1 in. and represents a civilian and +his wife. The ground work is a diaper pattern, and there is a fine +canopy. On the reverse of several pieces earlier work exists and in one +place a Flemish inscription. + +There are five other English brasses of foreign work, and two foreign +ones are in the Victoria and Albert Museum. There are also a few +fragments among the palimpsests (see Chap. VI) and a fragment in the +British Museum. (See Appendix.) + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS + +(See special articles on this subject by the author in _The Builder_, +vol. CII.) + + +Brasses frequently contain a considerable amount of architectural +detail in their composition. Sometimes they were placed on altar tombs +under stone canopies, but it is of those details depicted in the brass +itself that the author purposes to write. + +Canopies are by far the most important group, and the magnificence of +some of these can be but faintly realised from the illustrations. + +The earliest follow the Decorated style which was in fashion when they +were laid down. + +The first type consists of slender shafts supporting a pediment, of +which the upper sides are straight, forming a triangle ornamented with +crockets and terminated by a bunch of foliage. The arch beneath is +trefoil and the cusps are filled with leaves. This form lasted from +1300 to c. 1325, but unfortunately only one example survives--that of +Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1320 (cf. p. 7). The side shafts were +missing, but have, we believe, been restored. This is the second lady +to be depicted on a brass, and she leads the fine series of nineteen +brasses at Cobham. The slab of Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, Sussex, c. +1310, shows the matrix of a similar canopy. The fragments of the canopy +of Sir Hugh Hastings, 1347, Elsing, Norfolk, also appear to belong +to this type, but with later variations. In it, as in the canopy of +Lawrence de St Maur, the canopies in the shafts are straight-sided. + +This low pedimental form was soon superseded by the ogee arch rising to +a considerable height. This is supported by equally tall side shafts. +Sometimes, in place of a bunch of foliage, figures of saints are seen +on the finial, as on several examples at Cobham, Kent, notably Lady +Margaret (cf. p. 13). At other times a shield with a coat-of-arms takes +its place, as in the brass of Archbishop Waldeby, Westminster Abbey, +1397. + +The next development was to widen the shafts, so as to form panels +or niches containing canopied saints. Often these are surmounted by +a super-canopy. The brass of Lawrence de St Maur, Higham Ferrers, +Northants. (cf. fig. 13) shows this type. Canopies over mass +priests are very rare and this is by far the finest. The details have +been given before, so we will turn to another variation of this type. + +Instead of canopy and super-canopy, an embattled canopy with an ogee +pediment within is found. A splendid example is to a former Dean of +St Asaph’s and rector of Balsham, John Blodwell, 1462 (cf. p. 37). It +measures 8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in. + +Another development was, in place of a single arch to have double or +triple arches. The former type was used almost exclusively where two +persons were commemorated. The latter was sometimes used over three +figures, but more often over one. Thus in the brass of the Duchess +of Gloucester, Westminster Abbey, 1399 (cf. p. 47), we have a truly +magnificent brass. Five shields hang from the shafts (the sixth is +lost) and between the finials of her triple canopy are two other +finials, one of which has been lost since this rubbing was made. A +tabernacle with the Holy Trinity is often placed above the ogee arch in +place of the central finial, as in the brass of Sir Nicholas Hawberk, +Cobham, Kent, 1407. But not only the finest of this group, but of +all _English_ brasses now extant is the monument to Thomas Neolond, +Cluniac Prior of Lewes, at Cowfold, Sussex, 1433 (cf. p. 45). This has +a tabernacle with the Virgin and Child, and, moreover, the finials +of the other two arches support St Pancras and St Thomas à Becket. +Further, the central arch is also triple, and the shafts are supported +by side shafts and connected by flying buttresses, as is likewise the +tabernacle. The entire scheme is very graceful and recalls the lantern +at Ely in its lightness. It is 10 ft. 2 in. × 4 ft. 3 in. A somewhat +similar brass is that to John Sleford at Balsham, 1401. + +The earlier canopies were not groined, one of the earliest exceptions +being that over Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382 (cf. +p. 11). But during the fifteenth century this became more common (see +the canopy of John Bloxham and John Whytton). It is an unsatisfactory +feature, and characteristic of the gradual deterioration and coarsening +of the engraving. This latter is also shown by the heavy finials and +crockets. + +In the sixteenth century, these peculiarities became more marked, +though canopies still follow the traditional lines. There are two +or three early Renaissance canopies, e.g. a large, triple one to Wm. +Porter, S.T.P., Hereford Cathedral, 1524, and Dean Frowsetoure, in +cope, Hereford Cathedral, 1529. + +It is difficult to say whether the classical arches shown in a few of +the later brasses can be termed canopies. An example is to be found to +Wm. Dunche and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks, (double) engr., c. 1585. +(See Appendix.) + + +_Brackets._ + +The idea of this group probably originated with the brackets supporting +figures of saints, which were common in our churches before the +Reformation. The brackets usually projected from a wall or column, and +a small pillar helped to support them. Above was a canopy of carved +stone or wood. + +One would naturally expect that, if this idea were copied, the bracket +would hold a saint and the deceased would kneel before it. There are, +however, only two examples extant. The brass of John Spycer and wife, +Burford, Oxon., 1437, is terribly mutilated. The canopy and Virgin and +Child are lost, and only the deceased couple remain, kneeling on either +side of the stem. The other example is practically complete and is to +John Strete (priest in academics), Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 (cf. p. +93). St Peter and St Paul stand on the bracket, and there is no canopy. + +[Illustration: Fig. 24. John Strete, M.A. 1405, Upper Hardres, Kent] + +In all other cases the deceased persons themselves stand on the +bracket. The earlier ones are much mutilated, and only one fourteenth +century brass is at all perfect. It is to Sir John Foxley and two +wives, Bray, Berks., 1378. The canopy is lost. The three figures are on +a bracket with a short stem rising from the back of a fox, the family +crest. The total length of the composition is just over 5 ft. Though +the ladies are standing, the knight rests with his head on his helm and +his feet on a lion. + +The fifteenth century brasses are far more complete. (See Appendix.) + +The Merton College brass is one of the finest. The stem rises from a +tabernacle holding the Lamb with the banner. + +In the sixteenth century should be noted the brasses of Sir Roger +le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506; John Terry and wife, St +John, Maddermarket, Norwich, 1524; John Marsham and wife, St John, +Maddermarket, Norwich, 1525; and Robt. Rugge and wife, St John, +Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558. + +Sir Roger stands on a low bracket without a stem, placed _within_, not +supporting, a magnificent canopy with figures of weepers in the side +shafts. + +The other three evidently come from a local school of engravers. +Terry’s bracket resembles a tree, the branches support pedestals +for himself, his wife and for his children. The whole is on a single +plate. The Marsham bracket has a stem like that of a table and the top +is covered with skulls and bones. In the Rugge brass there is only a +corbel supporting an inscription. + +So far as is known, there are no later bracket brasses. + + +_Crosses._ + +These also form a group which may conveniently be dealt with here. +At one time they were very numerous, but provoked the wrath of the +Reformers more than any other type of brass, hence barely thirty +remain. Matrices are still numerous and many might doubtless be +restored as has been successfully done at Ely. + +They fall into three main divisions: (1) plain crosses, (2) crosses +with some saint in the centre, (3) crosses with the deceased in the +centre. + +This last group may be subdivided into: (_a_) quatrefoil, (_b_) +octofoil. (See Appendix.) + +(1) These vary considerably in form. At Higham Ferrers, the arms +terminate in the Evangelistic symbols. At Royston, a bleeding heart +and the four wounds are shown. At Eversley, the whole cross is formed +of interlocking bands, or links of a chain. The cross at Floore, +Northants., is drawn in perspective. + +(2) There are but few examples of the second type. The best is to Robt. +de Paris and wife, Hildersham, Cambs., 1379, here shown. The figures +kneel on either side of a cross with an octofoil head, in which is the +Holy Trinity. Robt. de Paris wears a long cloak, thrown open so as to +show his undergarment, which stops short above the knees. A belt holds +an anlace and his legs are covered with long hose. + +[Illustration: Fig. 25. Robert de Paris and wife, 1379, Hildersham, +Cambs.] + +Another example is that of John Mulsho and wife, Newton-by-Geddington, +Northants., c. 1400, commemorated by a quatrefoil cross, holding a +figure of St Faith. This brass was restored by Messrs Waller, but there +seems little reason to doubt that the design is correct. + +The brass of Robt. de Brun (priest), Chelsfield, Kent, 1417, is a much +mutilated crucifix; the figure of St John is lost, the head of the +Virgin and most of the cross. On the ground are Adam’s skull, Jacob’s +ladder and the jawbone of an ass. The latter refers to the scriptural +legend that from it flowed a stream of water to revive Samson’s spirit +(Judges xv. 19). + +(3) (_a_) This division includes a small group of much interest. Some +of the earliest belong to it, and many others--of the fourteenth +century--have perished. They are used to commemorate priests. These +are: Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton College, Oxford, c. 1310; A +Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1320; Nichol. de Gore (priest), Woodchurch, +Kent, c. 1320; and Britell Avenel (priest), Buxted, Sussex, 1408. + +The first three brasses have lost their stems. The Merton and Chinnor +crosses hold a demi-figure and a head respectively. Nicholas de Gore +is a small, full-length figure, and the composition is very pleasing. +The Buxted cross is the only one which is nearly perfect. The priest +is a demi-figure, resting on a diapered background. There is a border +inscription. + +(_b_) Octofoil crosses are more numerous. Those at East Wickham, 1325, +and Wimbish, 1347, have already been described. + +The East Wickham brass had the missing parts restored in 1887. The +Taplow cross (c. 1350) rises from a dolphin, an appropriate emblem for +a fishmonger. + +The octofoil consists of eight ogee arches, alternately large and +small, with finials of foliage. + + +_Other Architectural Features._ + +There are several brasses in which architectural features are included +which do not come under these headings. Thus, Bishop Wyvil, Salisbury +Cathedral, 1375, is shown as a demi-figure within a castle, with his +champion at the portcullis below. This commemorates his recovery of the +Castle of Sherborne for the See. There are several rabbits at the foot +of the castle, and these probably commemorate his recovery of a piece +of ground known as “The Warren.” + +Bp. Robinson’s brass shows Carlisle Cathedral and Queen’s College, +Oxford, and many sixteenth century brasses show walls, pillars, etc. + +In an interesting series of three sixteenth century brasses, probably +by the same hand, to Robt. Honywode, St George’s Chapel, Windsor, +1522; Robt. Sutton, St Patrick’s, Dublin, 1528; and Geoff. Fyche, St +Patrick’s, Dublin, 1537; what is really a view of a side-chapel is +shown. + +At Windsor, beneath the Tudor arch, Honywode kneels at a _prie-dieu_ +before a statue of the Virgin and Child. In the Irish examples, the +resemblance to a side-chapel is still more complete. Fyche kneels at +a faldstool before an altar with a picture above it of the descent +from the Cross. The vaulting of part of the roof is visible, and the +walls have linenfold panelling. A shield hangs from a hook at one side +bearing a bush with several birds on it and the initials F. G., which +evidently refer to and are probably meant as a pun on his name--Finch +for Fyche. + +The floor is laid with tiles and a Renaissance arch forms a kind of +canopy in the foreground. Parts of rooms are often shown in sixteenth +century brasses. + +In a few cases, brasses were laid down to founders of churches. They +usually hold a model of the church in their hands. An example exists at +Cobham, to Sir John de Cobham, 1365. The building is in the decorated +style, has a small spire and a large porch. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +CONCLUSION + + +The great fascination of monumental brasses can only be realised by +studying them on the spot. One of the best methods is to take rubbings +of them. + +Most of our readers doubtless know the method, but since a few may not, +some particulars are appended. + +A piece of cobblers wax should be procured from some boot repairer. +The black kind is the only one which produces satisfactory results +on white paper. It can usually be got in small lumps about the size +of a halfpenny across. Melt down six of these to make a single ball. +Procure a roll of plain white ceiling paper, the thinner the better, +from a paper-hanger’s. It should cost from 6_d._ to 8_d._ according to +quality. A penny nail-brush and a duster complete the outfit. + +First ask permission from the Rector or Vicar. This should not be +omitted, and will avoid unpleasantness. The clergy are usually most +considerate in the matter, and very rarely refuse. But naturally they +do not like absolute strangers to take rubbings without first asking +permission. So far as the writer knows, permission is refused only at +_two_ churches, though probably there are a few others. In those cases +the reason given was that it wore away the brass. We have never seen +any real cause to think this can be correct. If we did, we should be +the last to advocate brass-rubbing. + +There _is_ a kind of rubbing which does damage. Well-meaning vergers +have been known to _polish_ an old brass. This is absolutely +destructive of the engraving. + +Permission granted, remove the mat which probably covers and protects +it. Brush off the accumulated dust, finishing off with the duster. Then +carefully spread the paper over it and fix it down by weights round the +edge. For these, hassocks are handy; prayer-books should be avoided, +their misuse causes offence. + +Then rub the paper down well with a _clean_ part of the duster, so as +to mark the main features and edges, and after that the rubbing with +the wax ball itself will be easy. + +The aim should be to produce a clear, dark impression. To get it, the +rubbing must be hard and the paper must not slip. If there is a canopy, +it will probably be found that the wax will mark parts of the paper +beyond the design itself. In such a case, the rubbing should be cut +out and mounted on paper or calico. Paste is better than gum for this +purpose. The rubbing should always be polished by rubbing over with a +clean part of the duster _before_ being removed from the brass. + +The completed rubbing may be mounted on rollers. + +A good way of cataloguing, is to photograph each rubbing, mount a print +in a book, and then number and name print and rubbing alike. + +The proper treatment of the brasses themselves demands considerable +attention. We spend huge sums on buying old pictures by foreigners, yet +we take no trouble to preserve these matchless works of art, the work +of our own ancestors. + +There have been four great periods of destruction, each with its own +characteristics. Indeed, from the Reformation down to the present day +the work has gone on intermittently. + +During the sixteenth century, the extreme Reformers united with those +bent on plunder to rob our churches of these monuments. Brass has at +all times been a valuable metal, and when religious zeal is combined +with greed of gain, it is not surprising that thousands of brasses +perished. The destruction of the great monastic churches brought with +it of necessity the spoliation of their tombs which stood within; but +even the parish churches were not safe. So keen was the thirst for +plunder that the ministers of Edward VI confiscated even the church +plate and the money for the poor. + +Elizabeth,--all credit to her,--disapproved of such conduct and ordered +that the plate should be replaced, though at whose cost is unknown; +and, further, that all monuments broken down should be restored. If +possible, this was to be done at the cost of those who had wrought the +damage, otherwise the parish was to bear the burden. + +The latter command seems to have been but slightly enforced, and there +are but few examples of Elizabethan restoration of earlier monuments or +brasses, though a few do exist. + +During the seventeenth century, the Parliamentarians wrought tremendous +havoc, but have had more than their fair share credited to them. Nearly +as much destruction was wrought during the eighteenth century through +neglect, and often these losses are laid to the door of the Puritans by +the modern guide. + +But perhaps the most lamentable devastations are those wrought in the +nineteenth century. They were usually done by those who claimed to +be “restoring” their parish churches. For example, while restoring a +certain country church some twenty or thirty years ago, the architect +found there were several old brasses which were being abominably +treated. He informed a well-known firm of art metal workers, who sent +down one of the partners. He found the workmen using one of the figures +as a frying-pan over a wood fire in the churchyard! He rescued it, +and many others which had been thrown out into the churchyard. Then +he brought the matter to the notice of the incumbent, who absolutely +refused to have anything to do with them, and declared that he would +not have them in the church. Further, he told the partner that he could +take them away. The latter hesitated to do so, and left them behind. A +few days later, he received a box containing them. Not knowing what to +do with them, he stored them away and forgot all about them. + +Some twenty years later, they were re-discovered by his son, who showed +them to some friends, and in the end he returned them to the church, +suggesting that they should be restored to their proper places. He +never even received an acknowledgement, but learnt later they were +still lying neglected in the box. + +The little value attached by many to brasses may be judged from the +fact that Gilbert Scott replaced the fine brass at St John’s College, +Cambridge, beneath the organ loft; and Pearson hid another away in the +crypt of Truro. Often this scant respect was not shown, and they were +sold as old metal, or, at best, torn from their stone matrices and +fixed to a wall. + +This latter is a constant trick of restorers, and should be strongly +discouraged. Within the last year it has happened at Merstham, Surrey, +and, indeed, hardly a year passes but it takes place somewhere. +Firstly, the stone should not be removed at all, if in its original +spot it marks the grave of the deceased, and this alone should be a +sufficient reason for not removing it. If it must be removed and placed +against the wall, the whole stone should be moved, and not merely the +brass. Brass and stone are one and should not be separated. They may +fitly be compared to a jewel and its setting. + +Moreover, in raising them, the brasses become bent and twisted, and +parts are nearly always lost. Further, if in its original matrix, one +can fairly accurately judge of what is missing and, if it is desired, +restore it. + +Sometimes the excuse given for the removal is that it is to preserve +them from the wear of people walking over them. This can be far better +done by placing carpet or matting over them. + +Even where only the matrix remains, it should be carefully preserved, +as it is often of considerable interest and always the remnant of +ancient work. They are of far more interest than a series of slabs of +black and white marble or a series of modern machine-made tiles. + +In some cases they might be carefully restored. The matrix gives a +very faithful guide, and sometimes descriptions still exist. In the +case where only part of the brass is lost, this should most certainly +be done. Recently the author helped to restore an old brass at Shere, +Surrey, the cost of the work being most generously borne by the Rector +(Mr Hill). + +John Touchet, Lord Audley, was executed on the charge of high treason +by Henry VII in 1490. An altar tomb was set up in his memory about +1525. It showed a figure in armour with a marginal inscription on a +chamfered edge. About 1745 the tomb was destroyed, and the top slab +laid in the floor of the chancel. As the chamfered edge would thus be +hidden, some person stole the brass fillet. About 1800 the lower half +of the effigy was also stolen. When the church was restored in 1896, +a parishioner gave the Rector a piece of the inscription which she +had found hidden away in an old cottage she had recently bought. Not +knowing to what figure it belonged, he fastened it to a window sill. +Recently the writer drew his attention to the fact that it undoubtedly +belonged to the mutilated figure, and suggested that a fresh matrix +should be cut round the edge of the stone, and that the remainder of +the inscription and the legs should be restored. To this he agreed, and +the work was carefully executed by Messrs Gawthorp of 16, Long Acre. +Fortunately the piece of inscription contained almost all the personal +details save the year of Touchet’s death. This was discovered from +documentary evidence to be 1490. A description of the legs was also +found, taken just before they were stolen. This was fortunate, as one +would not otherwise have known that there was a greyhound _between_ +his feet. Our thanks are due to Mr Mill Stephenson for much valuable +advice and information. Every care was taken to make the new work +as exactly like the old in colour and engraving as possible. But to +prevent deception, each new piece was marked on the back with the date, +1911, and, further, a careful rubbing was taken before the restoration, +showing the old work and the matrix, and this was framed and hung in +the South Porch. + +The matrix of a fine cross with a prior kneeling at the foot was +restored some years ago at Ely. + +Where a brass is loose, it should be refixed. Palimpsests may cause +some difficulty. By far the best method is to have careful electrotypes +made of the reverses and fastened up in the church, and the originals +should then be permanently refixed in their matrices. + +One cannot close without emphasizing the terrible destruction of these +priceless works of art. + +In St Albans Abbey, a few years ago, no less than 270 matrices were +counted. Durham Cathedral, once paved with brasses, has not _one_ left! + +These matrices should be preserved, and, as yet, a complete catalogue +of them has not been made. It is to be hoped that some antiquary will +ere long undertake the task. There are still a great number--perhaps +6000--and often of unique interest. In several cases these slabs are +older than the earliest surviving brasses. For example, the earliest +of all is at St Paul’s, Bedford. It is believed to commemorate Sir +Simon de Beauchamp, 1208, mentioned by Leland. There was a large cross +5 ft. 9 in. × 2 ft. 6 in. springing from a plate with an inscription, +and having a small shield on either side of the head. There was also a +border fillet. + +Again, there is a splendid matrix at Durham, now carefully protected +beneath a thick carpet. It is to Bp. Beaumont, 1333, and is larger and +finer than any brass now extant, measuring 15 ft. × 10 ft. As a very +complete description of it exists in a sixteenth century book, it would +be comparatively easy to restore it to its former magnificence. And +it must have been a splendid brass! The bishop is in full canonicals +and a small angel censing him on either side, he stands beneath a fine +triple canopy with super-canopy and saints. The shafts contain niches +with the apostles, and on either side are side shafts connected to +the canopy by flying buttresses and containing twelve figures of his +ancestors. There are two lions beneath his feet and a border fillet, +besides other interesting details. Is it too much to hope that some day +money will be forthcoming to restore it? + +Though we advocate a judicious restoration, it must be _well_ done, +or not at all. We all know the harm that has been wrought by zealous +“restorers” of our churches, and we must not allow the same evil to +befall the brasses. + +The right lines to follow, in the author’s opinion, have already been +described. The _wrong_ way is to break the following rules: + + (1) Never destroy any of the original brass. + + (2) Never destroy the original matrix, and always let it act as + a guide. + + (3) Be sure and use the proper alloy. The old latten is of + different alloy from the ordinary brass of modern commerce, + which is much softer. + + (4) Do not get an amateur or a local artist, who has had little + or no experience in this kind of work, to do it. Go to one of + the few firms which have made a special study of this kind of + work. They may seem a little expensive, but in the end it is + well worth the difference. + + (5) If you want advice, write to the Monumental Brass Society, + London, or, if you prefer it, to the author, who would always + be glad to help in any way he could. + + (6) See if there are any rubbings or description extant in the + British Museum or elsewhere. + +Perhaps this is an appropriate place at which to draw attention to the +latent possibilities of a revival of brasses for modern memorials. +When one reflects on the over-crowded state of some of our finest +cathedrals with hideous and cumbersome monuments, the desirability +of this revival becomes apparent. They would take up practically no +space, and therefore would not interfere with the architecture of the +building, as do the statues in Westminster Abbey. They are in keeping +with the Gothic style of most of our churches. If good, they can be of +considerable beauty and interest; if bad, a mat readily hides them from +view. + +One difficulty undoubtedly obtrudes itself, viz. modern dress. However, +both Church and Army lend themselves to picturesque and fortuitous +treatment. For the civilian, university gowns, mayoral and civic robes +and even court dress are quite amenable to the engraver’s art. + +As to women’s attire, a simple arrangement of veil or scarf about the +head would be acceptable and dignified, in conjunction with garments +of flowing and harmonious lines. Grotesque contours and eccentric +mannerisms of attire would naturally be avoided. In this matter one +need but follow in the steps of the old engravers. + +The faces would either be portraits or not, as seemed desirable to +those who had the brass laid down. + +Two types might be followed: + + (1) The old Gothic, with the figures recumbent, in which case + the brass should be placed on the floor. + + (2) The Renaissance, with the figure kneeling, as in many of + the Elizabethan examples. These should be affixed to the wall. + The faults of these latter are usually: + + (_a_) Thin metal. + + (_b_) Too much detail. + + (_c_) Lack of depth in graving. + + All these defects could be avoided to-day. + +Certain modern specimens do exist, but cannot, as a rule, be placed in +the front rank. An exception must be made in favour of a modern brass +on the old lines laid down by Messrs Gawthorp at Islip, Northants. +It is meant to replace a fifteenth century brass long since entirely +vanished. A civilian and his wife, in the dress of c. 1460, stand +beneath a double canopy, and the effect is most pleasing. + +There is also a rather fine one to W. S. Sanders, Rector of St +Nicholas, Guildford, 1901, and two in Westminster Abbey. + +But so far no really fine example showing the figures in modern dress +has been laid down. In the author’s opinion, it is to be hoped that the +art of enamelling brasses will not be restored to favour at the same +time. Nor does he consider that the engraved lines should be filled in +with coloured matter or black wax. + +In conclusion; if even a few, by reading this little book, are +persuaded to study and help to preserve the ancient relics of the past, +the author will feel that it has not been written in vain. + +There is undoubtedly a decided awakening of interest in the subject, +but it behoves us to exert ourselves to make _all_ realize how +priceless are the four thousand which alone survive out of the large +number (some 150,000, including inscriptions) which were at one time or +another laid down. + + + + +APPENDIX + + +I. 1277-1327 + +Nearly life-size figures are marked with a star, and d = demi. + +/# + Sir John Daubernon, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1277. * + + Sir Roger de Trumpington, Trumpington, Cambs., 1289. * + + Sir Rich. de Boselyngthorpe, Buslingthorpe, Lincs., c. 1290. d + + Unknown Knight, Croft, Lincs., c. 1300. d + + Sir Robert de Bures, Acton, Suffolk, 1302. * + + Sir Robert de Setvans, Chatham, Kent, 1306. * + + Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, Sussex, c. 1310. * + + Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton Coll., Oxford, c. 1310. d + + Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld, York Minster, 1315. * + + Sir ---- Fitzralph, Pebmarsh, Essex, c. 1320. * + + Sir ---- Bacon, Gorleston, Suffolk, c. 1320. * + + Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1320. * + + Nichol de Gore (priest), Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320. + + A Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1320. d + + Thos. de Hop (priest), Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320. d + + A Priest, Wantage, Berks., c. 1320. d + + John de Bladigdone and wife (civilian), demi, in cross, East + Wickham, Kent, c. 1325. d + + Sir John de Creke and wife, Westley Waterless, Cambs., c. 1325. + * + + Sir John Daubernon II, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1327. * + + Sir John de Northwode and wife, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent, c. + 1330. * +#/ + +II. 1327-1399 + +In this list those which are starred * show armorial jupons, and those +with daggers † have canopies. + +The following is believed to be a complete list of the military brasses +of this period:-- + + Sir John de Cobham (with church), Cobham, Kent, 1354. † + + John Bodiam, Bodiam, Sussex (small), c. 1360. + + Wm. de Aldeburgh (on bracket), Aldborough, Yorks., c. 1360. * + + Sir Philip Peletoot, Watton, Herts., 1361. + + Unknown, Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., c. 1365. + + John de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1365. + + Sir Thos. de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1367. † + + Sir Adam de Clyfton, Methwold, Norfolk, 1367. † + + Thos. Cheyne, Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks., 1368. + + Ralph de Knevyngton, Aveley, Essex, 1370. + + Sir John de la Pole and wife, Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370. † + + Unknown, Freshwater, I. o. W., c. 1370. + + Sir Henry Redford and wife, Broughton, Lincs., c. 1370. + + Edmund Flambard (on bracket), Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370. + + John Wybarne, Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370. + + Thos. Stapel (Serj.-at-arms), Shopland, Essex, 1371. + + Sir John de Mereworth, Mereworth, Kent, 1371. + + Sir John de Foxley and two wives (on bracket), Bray, Berks., 1378. + + Unknown, Calbourne, I. o. W., c. 1380. + + Unknown, St Michael’s, St Albans, Herts., c. 1380. + + Roger de Felbrigg, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380. + + A Dallingridge and wife, Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380. †* + + A Quinton, Clyffe Pypard, Wilts., c. 1380. + + Rich. de Feversham, Graveney, Kent, 1381. + + Sir John de Argentine, Horseheath, Cambs., 1382. + + Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382. † + + Sir John Harsyck and wife, in armorial mantle, Southacre, + Norfolk, 1384. * + + Regd. de Malyn and two wives, Chinnor, Oxon., 1385. + + Sir Thos. de Audley, Audley, Staffs., 1385. + + Esmoun de Malyn and wife, Chinnor, Oxon., 1386. + + Sir Robt. de Grey, Rotherfield Grays, Oxon., 1387. + + Sir Wm. de Echingham, Etchingham, Sussex, 1388. + + Sir John de Wyngefield, Letheringham, Suffolk, 1389. † + + Sir Andrew Louttrell, Irnham, Lincs., 1390. + + John Flambard, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1390. + + Robt. Russel, Strensham, Worc., c. 1390. + + Sir Wm. Kerdeston and wife, Reepham, Norfolk, 1391. † + + Thos. Ld. Berkley and wife, Wootton-under-Edge, Glos., 1392. + + John Gray, Chinnor, Oxon., 1392. + + Sir Thos. Walsch and wife, Wanlip, Leics., 1393. + + Henry English and wife, Wood Ditton, Cambs., 1393. + + Ld. Rich. Atte Lese and wife, Sheldwich, Kent, 1394. † + + Sir Edw. Cerne and wife, Draycott Cerne, Wilts., 1394. + + Ld. Wm. de Bryene, Seal, Kent, 1395. + + Sir Jn. de Quintin and wife, Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397. + + John Bettesthorne, Mere, Wilts., 1398. + + +Some examples of ladies _alone_, in addition to those included in the +text, are given:-- + + Unknown, Norbury, Staffs., c. 1350. + + Joan Plessi, Quainton, Bucks., c. 1360. + + Isabella Beaufo, Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370. + + A Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1370. + + Ismayne Winston, Necton, Norfolk, 1372. + + Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1375. + + Lady Maud de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1380. + + Margt. Holes, Watford, Herts., c. 1390. + + Margery Wyllughby, Spilsby, Lincs., 1391. + + Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1395. + + Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Glo’ster, Westminster Abbey, 1399. + + +Civilians: a selection. + + Man and wife, Upchurch, Kent, demi, 1340. + + Rich. Torrington and wife (fine), Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356. + + John de Walden, Ashbury, Berks., demi, c. 1360. + + A frankelein and a priest (fine), Shottesbrook, Berks., c. 1370. + + John de Feversham and mother, Graveney, Kent, demi, c. 1370. + + A frankelein, Cheam, Surrey, c. 1370. + + Two Civilians, Kings Somborne, Hants., c. 1380. + + Symon de Felbrigg and wife, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1382. + + Unknown, Hampsthwaite, Yorks., c. 1380. + + John Alderburne, Lewknor, Oxon., demi, 1380. + + John Corp and granddaughter, under peculiar double canopy, Stoke + Fleming, Devon, 1391. + + John Curteys and wife, under double canopy (a woolman), + Wimington, Beds., 1391. + + Unknown, Temple Church, Bristol, 1396. + + Walter Pescod (wife lost) under fine double triple canopy, + Boston, Lincs., 1398. + + +III. 1400-1453 + +(i) + + Sir Geo. Felbrigg, Playford, Suffolk, 1400. + + Sir Thos. Massingberd and wife, Gunby St Peter, Lincs. (double + canopy), c. 1400. + + Unknown (triple canopy), Laughton, Lincs., c. 1400. + + Thos. de Beauchamp, E. of Warwick, and wife, St Mary’s, Warwick, + 1401. + + Sir Nich. Dagworth, Blickling, Norfolk, 1401. + + Sir Wm. Fienlez, Hurstmonceaux, Sussex (canopy), 1402. + + Sir Reg. Braybrok, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1405. + + Sir Roger Drury and wife, Rougham, Suffolk, 1405. + + Sir Nich. Hawberk, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1407. + + Sir Wm. Bagot and wife, Baginton, Warwick, 1407. + + Wm. Snayth, Esq. and wife, Addington, Kent (double canopy), 1409. + + Lord Bourgchier and two wives, Halstead, Essex, 1409. + + Wm., Lord Willoughby d’Eresby and wife, Spilsby, Lincs. (double + triple canopy), 1410. + + Sir Thos. Burton and wife, Little Casterton, Rutland, c. 1410. + + Sir Robt. Swynborne, Little Horkesley, Essex (triple canopy), + 1412. (See below.) + + Robt., Lord Ferrers and wife, Merevale Abbey, Warwick, 1412. + + Sir Geo. Felbrigg and Sir Wm. Bagot (1400) at Playford in + Suffolk, (1407) at Baginton, Warwick, wear armorial jupons. + +The Order of the Garter is found at Exeter Cathedral, 1409, Felbrigg, +Norfolk, 1416, and Trotton, Sussex, 1419. These wear the Garter only. +Perhaps at Tattershall, Lincs., 1455, and certainly at Little Easton, +Essex, 1483, both Garter and Mantle are worn. Finally, Thos. Bullen, +Hever, Kent, 1538, wears the full insignia. There is a palimpsest (see +_Palimpsests_) fragment c. 1530 showing part of the Mantle and Garter +at Holy Trinity, Chester. + +Transitional examples:-- + + Sir Reg. de Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, 1403. + + John Hanley and two wives, Dartmouth, Devon, 1408 (triple canopy). + + Thos. Seintleger, Otterden, Kent, 1408. + + John Wylcotes and wife (canopy), Gt. Tew, Oxon., 1410. + + Sir Thos. Swynborne and father (under double triple canopy), + Little Horkesley, Essex, 1412. + + +(ii) Typical Lancastrian examples. + + Sir Jn. Routh and wife (with S.S.), Routh, Yorks., c. 1410. + + Thos. de Crewe and wife, Wixford, Warw. (canopy and additional + badges), 1411. + + Geof. Fransham, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk (canopy), 1414. + + Sir Jn. Phelip, Walter Cookesey, and wife (S.S.) (triple canopy), + Kidderminster, Worc., 1415. + + Sir Jn. Erpingham, Erpingham, Norfolk, c. 1415. (He built the + Erpingham Gate, Norwich Cathedral.) + + Sir Thos. de Skelton and two wives, Hinxton, Cambs., 1416. + + Sir Symon Felbrigge, K.G., and wife (canopy), Felbrigg, Norfolk, + 1416. + + Lord Thos. Camoys, K.G., and wife (double canopy), Trotton, + Sussex, 1419. + + John Doreward and wife, Bocking, Essex, 1420. + + Sir Wm. Calthorpe (S.S.), Burnhamthorpe, Norfolk (canopy and + super-canopy), 1420. + + Peter Halle and wife, Herne, Kent, c. 1420. + + Sir John Lysle, Thruxton, Hants. (triple canopy), died 1407, + engraved c. 1425. + + John Lowe, Battle, Sussex, 1426. + + Sir John de Brewys, Wiston, Sussex (additional scrolls), 1426. + + Lord Thos. de Straunge (S.S.), Wellesbourne, Warw., 1426. + + John Norwiche and wife, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1428. + + Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433. + + Wm. Scot, Brabourn, Kent, 1434. + + Thos. Wideville, Esq. and two wives (triple canopy), Bromham, + Beds., c. 1435. + + Thos. Chaucer and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1436. + + Sir John Harpedon, Westminster Abbey, 1437. + + +(iii) Changes. + + Sir John Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1433. + + Sir Rich. Delamere and wife, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), 1435. + + John Weston, Albury, Surrey (headless), 1440. + + Man in Armour, Arkesden, Essex, c. 1440. + + Sir Wm. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, c. 1440 (double + triple canopy and super-canopy). + + Reg. Barantyn, Chalgrove, Oxon., 1441. + + Thos. de St Quintin, Harpham, Yorks., 1445. + + Sir Chris. Baynham and Wife, Newland, Glos., c. 1448. + + +(iv) Transitional. + + Sir Wm. Etchingham, wife and son (triple canopy), Etchingham, + Sussex, 1444. + + John Gaynesford, Crowhurst, Surrey, 1450. + + Walter Grene, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1450. + + Unknown, Isleworth, Middlesex, c. 1450. + + Thos. Reynes and wife, Marston Mortayne, Beds., 1451. + + Sir John Bernard and wife (S.S.), Isleham, Cambs. (double + canopy), 1451. + + +Woolmen and Civilians: a selection. + + A Woolman and wife and several others, Northleach, Glos., c. 1400. + + A Civilian and wife and several others, Ore, Sussex, c. 1400. + + Rich. Martyn and wife, Dartford, Kent (double canopy), 1402. + + Robt. de Haitfield and wife, Owston, Yorks., 1409. + + Nich. Atte Heel, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1410. + + Hugo de Gondeby, Tattershall, Lincs., 1411. + + Thos. Fayreman and wife, St Albans Abbey (Woolman), 1411. + + John Lyndewode and wife (double canopy), Lyndewode, Lincs., 1419 + (Woolman), and others. + + Harry Hawes (English Inscription), Arreton, I. o. W., c. 1430. + + Nich. Carrew and wife, Beddington, Surrey, 1432. + + Simon Seeman, Barton-on-Humber (Vintner), 1433. + + Robt. Skern and wife, Kingston, Surrey, 1437. + + John Bacon and wife (Woolman), All Hallows, Barking, 1437. + + Wm. Markeby and wife, St Bartholomew-the-Less, London, 1439. + + Robt. Page and wife (double canopy), Cirencester, Glos., 1440. + + John Hicchecok, Ampthill, Beds. (Woolman), 1450. + + Laurence Pygott and wife, Dunstable, Beds. (Woolman), 1450. + + John Yonge and wife, Chipping Norton, Oxon. (Woolman), 1451. + + Edm. Mille and wife, Pulborough, Sussex, 1452. + + +Judges: complete list. + + Sir Jn. Cassy and wife, Deerhurst, Glos. (canopy), 1400. + + Sir Hugh de Holes (mutilated), Watford, Herts., 1415. + + Wm. de Lodyngton, Gunby, Lincs. (canopy), 1419. + + Rich. Norton and wife (worn), Wath, Yorks., 1420. + + Jn. Staverton (mutilated), Eyke, Suffolk, c. 1430. + + Jn. Martyn and wife, Graveney, Kent (double canopy), 1436. + + Sir Jn. Juyn, St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, 1439. + + Jn. Cottusmore and wife, Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon., 1439. + + +IV. 1453-1485 + +About 70 knights still exist, from which the following are selected:-- + + Robert Staunton and wife, Castle Donington, Leics. (canopy), 1458. + + Sir Thos. Shernborne and wife, Shernborne, Norfolk, 1458. + + Sir Robt. del Bothe and wife, Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460. + + Rich. Quatremayns, wife and son, Thame, Oxon., c. 1460. + + Wm. Prelatte, Esq. and two wives, Cirencester, Glos., 1462. + + Robt. Eyr and wife, Hathersage, Derbys., 1463. + + John Threel and wife, Arundel, Sussex, 1463. + + John Ansty, Stow-cum-Quy, Camb., c. 1465. + + Hen. Paris, Hildersham, Cambs. (canopy), 1466. + + Rich. Ask and wife, Aughton, Yorks., 1466. + + Sir Thos. Strathum and two wives, Morley, Derbys., 1470. + + Unknown, Holbrook, Suffolk, 1470. + + Robt. Wotton and wife, Addington, Kent, 1470. + + Robt. Ingylton and three wives, Thornton, Bucks., 1472 (fine + under quadruple canopy). + + Wm. Fitz-William and widow, Sprotborough, Yorks., 1474. + + Sir Antony Grey, St Albans Abbey, 1480. + + Sir Thos. Vaughan (mutilated), Westminster Abbey, 1483. + + Thos. Peyton and two wives, Isleham, Cambs., 1484. + + Sir Thos. Brewes and wife, Fressingfield, Suffolk (engraved), c. + 1485. + + +Ladies’ Dress. + +A few examples are given:-- + + Agnes Molyngton (widow), Dartford, Kent, 1454. + + Eliz. Dencourt, Upminster, Essex (heraldic), 1455. + + Cecilie Boleyn (maid), Blickling, Norfolk, 1458. + + Jane Keriell, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent (peculiar head-dress), c. + 1460. + + Christine Phelip, Herne, Kent (peculiar), 1470. + + Marg. Elmes, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1471. + + Joan Haselden, Oxted, Surrey, 1480. + + Margery Clopton and Alice Harleston, Long Melford, Suffolk + (heraldic), c. 1480. + + +Lawyers. + + +(_a_) Judges. + + Nich. Assheton and wife, Callington, Cornwall, c. 1465. + + Sir Peter Arderne and wife, Latton, Essex, 1467. + + Sir Wm. Yelverton and wife, Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470 (in armour, + mantle, coif and hood, and wearing collar of roses and suns). + + Sir Wm. Laken, Bray, Berks, (wife lost), 1475. + + Sir Rich. Byngham and wife, Middleton, Warw., 1476. + + Sir Thos. Urswyk and wife, Dagenham, Essex, 1479. + + Sir Thos. Billyng and wife, Wappenham, Northants., 1481. + + Brian Rouclyff, Cowthorpe, Yorks, (wife lost), 1494. + +The last may be included here, as his costume belongs more nearly +to the Yorkist than to the Tudor period. It was a most interesting +brass, including the model of the church, which he founded, and a bier +commemorating his uncle. It had also a double canopy. Several of the +most interesting features remain, but the rest was stolen a few years +after Waller described it in 1841. + + +(_b_) Notaries. + + Unknown, Gt. Chart, Kent, c. 1470. + + Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, c. 1475. + + Barth. Willesdon, Willesdon, Middlesex (peculiar), 1492. + + Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, 1506. + + Unknown, New College, Oxford, c. 1510. + + +Other Civilians. + + Jn. Fortey (Woolman), Northleach, Glos. (canopy), 1458, and + others. + + Jn. Browne and wife (Woolman), All Saints, Stamford, Lincs. + (canopy), c. 1460. + + Edward Courtenay, Ch. Ch. Cath., Oxon., c. 1460. + + John Lethenard and wife, Chipping Campden, Glos., 1467. + + Jn. Waliston and two wives (a smith), Chenies, Bucks., 1469. + + Jn. Wynter (mayor), St Margt., Canterbury, 1470. + + Ralph Segrim and wife (mayor), St John, Maddermarket, Norwich, + 1472. + + John Feld (Woolman), Standon, Herts., 1477. + + Thos. Rowley and wife (sheriff), St John’s, Bristol, 1478. + + John Cobleigh and two wives, Chittlehampton, Devon, 1480. + + Jn. Jay and wife (sheriff), St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480. + + Robt. Lytton and wife, Tideswell, Derbys., 1483. + +At Stopham, Sussex, there is an interesting series of brasses to +officials of Arundel Castle, c. 1460 and onwards. + + +V + +There are about 450 brasses of mass priests, of which the following are +worthy of note. + +Those over 3 ft. long are marked with a star:-- + + St Lawrence de St Maur, Higham Ferrers (with canopy), + Northants., 1337. * + + John de Grovehurst, Horsmonden, Kent (with canopy), c. 1340. * + + Wm. de Herleston, Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360. + + Unknown, with chalice, North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360. + + Esmund de Burnedissh, Brundish, Suffolk, c. 1360. + + Simon de Wenslagh, with chalice, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360. * + + John Seys, West Hanney, Berks., c. 1370. * + + Unknown, Shottesbrook, Berks., with franklin (under double + canopy), c. 1370. * + + Unknown, Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon, c. 1370. + + Wm. de Lound, Althorpe, Lincs., c. 1370. + + Robt. Levee, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1370. + + Peter de Lacy, Northfleet, Kent, 1375. * + + Unknown, Beachamwell St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1385. + + John de Swynsteade, Ashridge House, Herts., formerly at + Edlesborough (with part of canopy), 1395. * + + Unknown, with chalice, Stanford-on-Soar, Leic., c. 1400. + + Wm. de Thorp, West Wickham, Kent, 1407. + + John Mordon, Emberton, Bucks., c. 1410. + + Rich. Bayly, Hoo St Werburgh, Kent, 1412. * + + Robt. Scarclyf, Shere, Surrey, 1412. + + Robt. Fyn, Little Easton, Essex, c. 1420. + + Robt. Willardsey, St Nicholas, Warwick, 1424. + + Adam Babyngton, Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1427. + + Roger Godeale, with chalice, Bainton, Yorks., 1429. + + Robt. Clere, Battle, Sussex, c. 1430. + + Edw. Cranford, Puttenham, Surrey, 1431. + + John Heyne, Yelden, Beds., 1434. + + John Colt, Tansor, Northants., 1440. + + John Baker, Arundel, Sussex, 1445. + + Rich. Goldon, with heart, Willian, Herts., 1446. + + Unknown, Turweston, Bucks., c. 1450. + + Roger Gery, with chalice, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1456. + + Robt. Lond, with chalice, St Peter’s, Bristol, 1461. + + John Spycer (?), Monkton-in-Thanet, Kent, c. 1465. * + + John Swetecock, Lingfield, Surrey, 1469. + + Thos. Wyrley, with heart, Letchworth, Herts., 1475. + + Gulfrid Bysschop (hands crossed downwards), Fulbourn, Cambs., + 1477. + + Unknown, with chalice, Laindon, Essex, c. 1480. + + Roger Clerk, St Ethelred, Norwich, 1487. + + John Balam, Blewbury, Berks., 1496. + + Alex. Inglisshe, with chalice, Campsey Ash, Suffolk, 1504. + + Thos. Warner, Soulderne, Oxon., 1508. + + Thos. Symons, Gt. Greenford, Middlesex, c. 1515. + + John Wright, with chalice, Clothall, Herts., 1519. + + Wm. Grey, with chalice, Evershot, Dorset, 1524. + + John ap Meredyth, with chalice, Bettws, Montgy., 1531. + + Wm. Wardsworth, with chalice, Betchworth, Surrey, 1533. + + Wm. Harman, with chalice, Eton College, Bucks., 1535. + + Robt. Hanson (small), Chalfont St Peter, Bucks., 1545. + +In a few brasses the stole or maniple is omitted. These are probably +the work of careless local engravers. Examples are found at Dronfield, +Derby, 1399; Clothall, Herts., 1404; Newton Bromshold, Northants., +1426; Sparham, Norfolk, 1490; Blockley, Worc., c. 1500; Laindon, Essex, +c. 1510; and elsewhere. + + +Chalice Brasses. + + +(_a_) Yorkshire. + + Rich. Kendale, Ripley, 1429. + + Peter Johnson, Bishop Burton, 1460. + + Wm. Langton, St Michael Spurriergate, York, 1466. + + Thos. Clarell, St Peter’s, Leeds, 1469. + + +(_b_) Norfolk. + + John Smyth, St Giles, Norwich, 1499. + + Rich. Grene, Hedenham, 1502. + + Robt. Northen, Buxton, 1508. + + Rich. Louhouwys, Surlingham, 1513. + + Edmund Ward, North Walsham, 1519. + + Wm. Westow, Little Walsingham, c. 1520, and several others. + +There are but few elsewhere, such as: + + Robt. Wodehowse, Holwell, Beds., 1515. + + Thos. Elys, Shorne, Kent, 1519. + + Thos. King, Rendham, Suffolk, 1523. + + Unknown, Gazeley, Suffolk, 1530. + + +Cassock alone. + + Thos. Awmarle, Cardynham, Cornwall, c. 1400. + + Unknown (kn.), peculiar, Aspley Guise, Beds., c. 1410. + + John Lewys (kn.), Quainton, Bucks., 1422. + + Unknown, Cirencester, Glos., c. 1480. + + Unknown, North Creake, Norfolk, c. 1500. + + Rich. Bethel, Shorwell, I. o. W., 1518. + + John Yslyngton, with chalice, Cley, Norfolk, c. 1520. + + Wm. Lawnder (kn.), Northleach, Glos., c. 1530. + + +Almuce. + + John Morys, First Warden, Winchester College, Hants., 1413 + + Win. Whyte, Arundel, Sussex, 1419. + + John Huntington, Warden, Manchester Cathedral, 1458. + + Robt. Brerely, Billingham, Durham, 1480. + + Thos. Barker, Eton College, Bucks. (fellow), 1489. + + Canon Thos. Teylar, Byfleet, Surrey, 1489. + + Wm. Fordmell, Bordon, Kent, 1490. + + Thos. Parker, Dean, Beds., 1501. + + Henry Bost (Provost), Eton College, Bucks., 1503. + + Ralph Elcock, Tong, Salop, 1510. + + John Fynexs, Archdeacon of Sudbury, St Mary’s, Bury St Edmunds, + 1514. + + Wm. Goberd, B. A., Archdeacon, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1515. + + Robt. Honywode, LL.D., quadrilateral plate, St George’s Chapel, + Windsor (peculiar), 1522. + + Rich. Adams, with chalice, East Maling, Kent, 1522. + + Robt. Hacombleyn (Provost), King’s College, Cambridge, 1528. + + Robt. Sutton (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral + plate, peculiar), 1528. + + Geoff. Fyche (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral + plate, peculiar), 1537. + + Jas. Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Ch., Oxford, 1557. + + Robt. Brassie, S.T.P., Provost, King’s College, Cambridge, 1558. + + +The Cope: a selection. + + Wm. de Rothwelle, Rothwell, Northants. (curious), 1361. + + John de Campden, St Cross, Winchester, 1382. + + Nich. de Luda, Cottingham, Yorks., 1383. + + Wm. de Fubburne, Fulbourn, Cambs. (canopy), 1391. + + Math. de Asscheton, Shillington, Beds., 1400. + + John Sleford, Balsham, Cambridge, 1401. + + + Rich. Malford, New College, Oxford, 1403. + + Hen. de Codryngton, Bottesford, Leic. (canopy), 1404. + + Wm. Langeton, Exeter Cathedral (kn.), 1403. + + Simon Bache, Knebworth, Herts., 1414. + + John Prophete, Ringwood, Hants., 1416. + + Thos. Patteslie, Gt Shelford, Cambs., 1418. + + Robt. Wyntryngham, Cotterstock, Northants., 1420. + + Thos. Harlyng, Pulborough, Sussex, 1423. + + Rich. Cassey, Tredington, Worcs., 1427. + + Hen. Mowbray, Upwell, Norfolk, 1428. + + John Mapilton, Broadwater, Sussex (canopy), 1432. + + John Stanwey, Hereford Cathedral, 1434. + + Wm. Prestwyk, Warbleton, Sussex, 1436. + + Jn. Lovelle, St Geo., Canterbury (no almuce), 1438. + + Simon Marcheford, Harrow, Middlesex, 1442. + + Robt. Arthur, Chartham, Kent, 1454. + + John Blodwell, Balsham, Cambs., 1462. + + Hen. Sever, Merton College, Oxford, 1471. + + Wm. Langley, Buckland, Herts., (with chalice), 1478. + + Wm. Gisburne, Kirby Wharfe, Yorks., 1480. + + Wm. Malster, Girton, Cambs., 1492. + + Walter Hyll, New College, Oxford, 1494. + + Jas. Hart, B.D., Hitchin, Herts., 1498. + + Hen. Wykys, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1508. + + Unknown, Tattershall, Lincs., c. 1510. + + Silvester Gabriel, Croydon, Surrey, 1512. + + Walter Hewke, D.C.L., Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1517.[1] + + Wm. Lichfield, LL.D., Willesdon, Middlesex, 1517. + + Robt. Langton, Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518. + + Thos. Swayn, Wooburn, Bucks., 1519. + + Christopher Urswic, Hackney, Middlesex, 1521. + + Wm. Boutrod, Eton College, Bucks., 1522. + + Edm. Frowsetoure, Hereford Cathedral (Renais. canopy), 1536. + + Wm. Styrlay, Rauceby, Lincs., 1536. + + Thos. Dalyson, Clothall, Herts. (no almuce), 1541. + + John White, Winchester College, 1548. + + Thos. Magnus, Sessay, Yorks., 1550. + +[1] Hewke’s cope was one in use at the College at the time, and a +contemporary description of it still survives. It was of red samite. + + +Academic Dress: a selection. + + Unknown in cap, Gt. Brington, Northants., c. 1340. + + John Hotham, Chinnor, Oxon., demi in cap, 1361. + + John Strete, M.A., in skull cap, Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 + (kneeling before bracket, see Illus.). + + Eudo de la Zouch, St John’s College, Cambridge, c. 1410 (large, + but mutilated). + + Wm. Calwe, Ledbury, Heref., sm., kn., c. 1410. + + John Mottesfont, B.C.L., Lydd, Kent, 1420. + + John Lowthe, New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1427. + + Priest and parents, large, Melton, Suffolk (mut. trip. canopy), + 1430. + + Wm. Hautryve, D.D., New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1441, and + several others. + + John Darley, Herne, Kent, skull cap, c. 1450. + + Wm. Snell, M.A., Boxley, Kent, 1451. + + John Alnwik, M.A., Surlingham, Norfolk, 1460. + + Unknown, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1460. + + Thos. Sondes, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, and several others. + + Unknown, D.D., Little St Mary’s, Cambridge, skull cap, c. 1480. + + Unknown, Little Shelford, Cambs., c. 1480. + + Unknown, with chalice, Barking, Essex, c. 1480. + + Nich. Wotton, LL.B., Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1482. + + Philip Worthyn, M.A., Blockley, Worc., kn., 1488. + + Geo. Rede, Fovant, Wilts., quadrilateral plate (peculiar), 1492 + (he kneels before a large Annunciation). + + Wm. Towne, D.D., in cap, King’s College, Cambridge, 1496, and + others. + + Wm. Heyward, Abingdon, Berks., 1501. + + David Lloyde, LL.B., and Thos. Baker, demi, All Souls, Oxford, + 1510. + + John Trembras, M.A., St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 1515. + + Arthur Vernon, M.A., Tong, Salop, 1517. + + John Yslyngton, S.T.P., Cley, Norfolk, in cap with chalice, c. + 1520. + + Bryan Roos, LL.D., Childrey, Berks., 1529. + + Unknown, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, c. 1530. + + Unknown, Queens’ College, Cambridge, c. 1535. + + Unknown, Christ’s College, Cambridge, c. 1535. + + Wm. Bill, Westminster Abbey, 1561. + + +Bishops and mitred Abbots: a complete list. + + Wm. de Grenefeld, Archbp. of York, York Minister, 1315. + + John Trilleck, Bp. of Hereford, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), 1360. + + Thos. Delamere, Abbot of St Albans, St Albans, c. 1360 (very fine + foreign work, canopy, etc.). + + Robt. Wyvil, Bp. of Salisbury, Salisbury Cathedral (peculiar), + 1375. + + Unknown, Adderley, Salop, c. 1390. + + John de Waltham, Bp. of Salisbury, Westminster Abbey (with fine + but mutilated canopy), 1395. + + Robt. de Waldeby, Archbp. of York, Westminster Abbey (canopy), + 1397. + + Abbot Moote (lower half), St Albans Abbey, 1401. + + Thos. Cranley, Archbp. of Dublin, New College, Oxford (canopy), + 1417. + + John Bowthe, Bp. of Exeter, East Horsley, Surrey, 1478 (small, + side view). + + Rich. Bell, Bp. of Carlisle, Carlisle Cathedral (worn, canopy), + 1496. + + John Estney, Abbot of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, patron of + Caxton (canopy), 1498. + + Unknown Archbp., Edenham, Lincs., c. 1500. + + Jas. Stanley, Bp. of Ely, Manchester Cathedral, 1515. + + John Yong, Titular Bp. of Callipolis (headless), New College, + Oxford, c. 1525. + + Thos. Goodryke, Bp. of Ely, Ely Cathedral, 1554. + + John Bell, Bp. of Worcester, St James’s, Clerkenwell, 1556. + + Robt. Pursglove, Suffragan Bp. of Hull, Tideswell, Derbys., 1579. + + +VI + +Monastic brasses. + + A Monk, Watton, Herts., c. 1370. + + The head of a Nun, St Mary’s, Kilburn, c. 1380. + + The Duchess of Gloucester, Vowess, Westminster Abbey (canopy), + 1399. + + Joan Clopton, Vowess, Quinton, Glos., c. 1430. + + Thos. Neolond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes, Cowfold, Sussex (canopy), + 1433. + + Dame Maria Gore, Prioress, Nether Wallop, Hants., 1436. + + Geof. Langley, Benedictine Prior of Horsham St Faith, St + Lawrence, Norwich, 1437. + + John Pyke, Friar, Denham, Bucks. (palimpsest), c. 1440. + + A Nun, daughter of a Lady, c. 1440, on reverse of inscription to + Nich. Suttherton, St John, Maddermarket, Norwich. + + A Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1450. + + Wm. Jernemut, Monk, demi, c. 1460, on reverse of Alice Swane + (1540), Halvergate, Norfolk. + + Martin Forester, Monk, demi, on a _lectern_, Yeovil, Somerset, c. + 1460. + + Robt. Beauver, Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470. + + A Benedictine Monk, demi, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470. + + An Abbot (or Bishop), one of the children of Wm. Lucas, + Wendensloft, Essex, c. 1470. + + A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, Essex, + 1479. + + A Nun, one of the children of Thos. Mountford, Hornby, Yorks., + 1489. + + A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Barnardiston, Gt. Cotes, + Lincs., 1503. + + Juliana Amyell, Vowess, Witton, Norfolk, c. 1505. + + John Norton, with cope and crozier, South Creake, Norfolk, 1509. + + A Monk and a Nun, among children of John Hampton, Minchinhampton, + Glos., c. 1510. + + Rich. Bewfforeste, Augustinian Abbot of Dorchester, Dorchester, + Oxon., c. 1510. + + John Stodeley, Augustinian Canon of St Frideswide’s, Oxford, Over + Winchendon, Bucks., 1515. + + Joan Braham, Vowess, Frenze, Norfolk, 1519. + + Thos. Rutlond, Sub Prior, St Albans Abbey, 1521. + + Dame Eliz. Herwy, Benedictine Abbess, Elstow, Beds., c. 1525. + + Joan Cook, Vowess, St Mary de Crypt, Glos., 1529. + + Susan Kyngeston, Vowess, Shalston, Bucks., 1540. + + Dame Agnes Jordon, Abbess of Sion, Denham, Bucks., c. 1540. + + John Lawrence, Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey, Burwell, Camb. + (palimpsest), 1542. + + Marg. Dely, Nun, Treasurer of Sion, Isleworth, Middlesex, 1561. + +It is believed that this includes all those brasses which can in any +way be regarded as monastic, and one or two of these are doubtful. The +most complete series are those of the Benedictines at St Albans. + + +Palimpsests engraved on back. + +(_a_) From English Churches: a selection. + + St Lawrence, Reading, 1538 (Walt. Barton). _Rev._ parts of brass + of Sir John Popham, 1463. + + Hedgerley, Bucks., 1540 (Bulstrode). _Rev._ various parts of + abbot, etc., c. 1312-1530. + + Taplow, Bucks., 1540 (Manfelde). _Rev._ eight pieces, c. + 1470-1490. + + Halvergate, Norf., 1540 (Swane). _Rev._ bust of Wm. Jernemut + (monk), c. 1460. + + Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, c. 1540 (a lady). _Rev._ part of abbot, + c. 1400. + + Upminster, Essex, c. 1540 (a civilian). _Rev._ part of abbot, c. + 1410. + + Odiham, Hants., c. 1540 (a knight). _Rev._ several pieces, c. + 1460. + + Cheam, Surrey, 1542 (Fromondes). _Rev._ several pieces, c. 1500. + + Holy Trinity, Chester, 1545 (Gee). _Rev._ part of Garter knight, + c. 1530. + + All Hallows, Barking, London, 1546 (Thynne). _Rev._ several + pieces, c. 1510-1530. + + Winchester College, 1548 (White). _Rev._ part of a widow, c. 1440. + + Manchester Cathedral, 1548 (Ordsall). _Rev._ a lady, c. 1450. + + Sessay, Yorks., 1550 (Magnus). _Rev._ several pieces, c. 1450. + + Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 (a knight). _Rev._ a priest, c. 1510. + + Binfield, Berks., 1558 (Turner). _Rev._ part of abbot, c. 1420. + + St John Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558 (Rugge). _Rev._ an abbot, c. + 1320. + + Morland, Westmorland, 1562 (Blythe). _Rev._ two knights, c. 1520. + + Howden, Yorks., 1621 (Dolman). _Rev._ part of civilian, c. 1520. + +There are about one hundred brasses included in this type. + + +(_b_) From Flemish or German Brasses. + + Winestead, Yorks., c. 1540 (Hildyard). _Rev._ frag. of civilian, + c. 1360. + + Isleworth, Middlesex, 1544 (Chase). _Rev._ saint in niche, c. + 1360. + + Upminster, Essex, 1545 (Wayte). _Rev._ frag. of abbot, c. 1480. + + Aylesford, Kent, 1545 (Savell). _Rev._ canopy, possibly French, + c. 1530. + + Bayford, Herts., c. 1545 (Knighton). _Rev._ frag. of abbot, c. + 1480. + + Ossington, Notts., 1551 (Peckham). _Rev._ frag. of lady, etc., c. + 1360. + + Hadleigh, Suffolk, c. 1560 (Taillor). _Rev._ civilian and angel, + c. 1500. + + Westerham, Kent, 1563 (Potter). _Rev._ column and shield, c. 1530. + + St Peter Mancroft, Norwich, 1568 (Rede). _Rev._ civilian, c. 1500. + + Haseley, Warw., 1573 (Throkmorton). _Rev._ canopy work, c. 1390. + + Constantine, Cornwall, 1574 (Gerveys). _Rev._ man in armour, c. + 1375. + + Harrow, Middlesex, 1574 (Frankishe). _Rev._ border and lady, c. + 1360 and c. 1370. + + St Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1574 (Atkinson). _Rev._ canopy, c. + 1520. + + British Museum, fr. Wimbish, Essex, 1575 (fragment). _Rev._ + marginal inscription, c. 1420. + + Cookham, Berks., 1577 (Moore). _Rev._ head and background, etc., + c. 1380 and c. 1480. + + Wardour Castle, Wilts., c. 1577 and 1578 (Arundell). _Rev._ part + of saint, canopy, etc., 1374. + + Yealmpton, Devon, 1580 (Copleston). _Rev._ head, saint, etc., c. + 1460. + + Holme-next-Sea, Norfolk, 1582 (Strickland). _Rev._ canopy, c. + 1400. + + Margate, Kent, 1582 (Flitt). _Rev._ border, c. 1400. + + +(_c_) Shop-wastes etc. + + A priest, Temple Ch., Bristol, c. 1460. _Rev._ lady, c. 1460. + + A lady, Ampton, Suffolk, c. 1490. _Rev._ lady, c. 1470. + + A lady (demi) on bracket, c. 1360. _Rev._ cross-legged knight, c. + 1300. At Clifton Campville, Staffs. + + Thos. and Isabel Englysche, 1525, Ipsden, Oxon. _Rev._ a lady and + inscription, c. 1420. + + +VII + +Early Tudor Canopies. + +The following are remarkably fine: + + Winwick, Lancs., triple, 1492. + + Westminster (Estney), triple, 1498. + + Hunstanton, Norf. (with saints), triple, 1506. + + Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507. + + Ardingley, Sussex, small, double, c. 1500. Illustrated. + + Ardingley, Sussex, double (only upper half), 1504. + + Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509. + + Little Wenham, Suffolk, double, 1514. + + Faversham, Kent, double, 1533. + + +Early Tudor armour (still showing Yorkist characteristics): a selection. + + Jn. Bohun and wife, Latton, Essex, c. 1485. + + Edm. Clere and wife, Stokesby, Norfolk, 1488. + + Nich. Gaynesford and wife, Carshalton, Surrey, c. 1490. + + Rich. Curzon and wife, Kedlestone, Derbyshire, 1496. + + Rich. Culpeper and wife (canopy), Ardingley, Sussex, 1504. + + Sir Humphrey Stanley, Westminster Abbey, 1505. + + Willm. Viscount Beaumont, Wyvenhoe, Essex (very fine, with triple + canopy), 1507. + + +Typical. + + Jn., Lord le Strange and wife, Hillingdon, Middlesex (double + canopy), 1509. + + Jn. Leventhorp, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1510. + + Thos. Pekham and wife, Wrotham, Kent, 1512. + + Jn. Ackworth and two wives, Luton, Beds., 1513. + + Sir Jn. Danvers and wife, Dauntsey, Wilts., 1514. + + Thos. Broke (Serjeant-at-arms) and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1518. + + Philip Chatwyn (gent. usher), Alvechurch, Worc., 1524. + + Sir Edw. Grey and two wives, Kinver, Staffs., 1528. + + Sir Thos. Brooke, Ld. Cobham and wife, Cobham, Kent, 1529. + + John Borell (Serjeant-at-arms), Broxbourne, Herts., 1531. + + Sir Thos. Bullen, Hever, Kent (in full Garter insignia), 1538. + + Thos. Hatteclyff, Addington, Surrey, 1540. + + Sir Robt. Dymoke, Scrivelsby, Lincs., 1545. + + John Lymsey, Hackney, Middlesex, 1545. + + Thos. Clere, St Mary’s, Lambeth, Surrey, 1545. + + +Tabard brasses: a selection. + + John Fitz-Lewis and four wives, Ingrave, Essex, c. 1500. + + Jn. Burgoyn and wife, Impington, Cambridge, 1505. + + Sir Roger le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506. (Very fine. On + bracket within canopy which has weepers, also in tabards of + arms.) + + Anthy. Fetyplace, Swinbrook, Oxon., 1510. + + Anthy. Hansart and wife, kn., March, Cambs., 1517. + + Ly. Jane Iwarby, kn., Ewell, Surrey, 1519. + + Jn. Garney and wife, kn., quadrilateral plate, Kenton, Suffolk, + 1524. + + Sir Godfrey Foljambe and wife, Chesterfield, Derbys., 1529. + + Ly. Cath. Howard, St Mary’s, Lambeth, 1535. + + A lady, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, c. 1535. + + Ly. Eliz. Scroope, Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1537. + + Sir Ralph Verney and wife, Aldbury, Herts. (canopy), 1546. + + +Babies (alone). + + Rougham, Norfolk, 1510. + + Chesham Bois, Bucks., c. 1520. + + +(With parents.) + + Cranbrook, Kent, c. 1520. + + +Later examples:-- + + Pinner, Middlesex, c. 1580. + + Edgeware, Middlesex, 1599. + + Upper Deal, Kent, 1606. + + Odiham, Hants., 1636. + + +Civilians: a selection. + +Over 400 are extant, mostly small and often poorly engraved. + + Rich. Amondesham and wife (wool merchant), Ealing, Middlesex, c. + 1490 (under fine double canopy). + + Sir Rich. Wakehurst and wife, Ardingley, Sussex, died 1464, + engraved c. 1500. + + Rich. Wenman and two wives, Witney, Oxon., 1500. + + Hen. Eliot and wife, Wonersh, Surrey, 1503. + + Wm. Andrew and Jn. Monkeden and their wives, Cookham, Berks., + 1503. + + Robt. Foster and wife (wool merchant), Mattishall, Norfolk, 1507. + + Sir Wm. Grevill and wife (judge), Cheltenham, Glos., 1513. + + Chris. Rawson and two wives (wool merchant), All Hallows, + Barking, 1518. + + Rauf. Rowlatt and two wives (wool merchant), St Albans Abbey, + Herts., 1519. + + Thos. Bush and wife (under double canopy) (wool merchant), + Northleach, Glos., 1526. + + Henry Hatche and wife (under double canopy), Faversham, Kent, + 1533. + + Sir Anth. Fitzherbert and wife (judge), Norbury, Derbys., 1538. + + Nich. Leveson and wife (wool merchant), St Andrew Undershaft, + London, 1539. + + Sir Walter Lake and wife (judge), Cople, Beds., 1544. + + Thos. Holte and wife (judge), Aston, Warwick, 1545. + +The inscriptions are chiefly in English and often quaintly spelt. + + +VIII + +Transitional Period (1547-1558) + +Men in armour: a selection. + + +(_a_) Without tabards. + + Sir Humphrey Stafford and wife, Blatherwycke, Northants., 1548. + + Thos. Giffard, Twyford, Bucks., 1551. + + Rich. Fermer and wife, Easton Neston, Northants., 1552. + + Sir Jn. Hampden and two wives, Gt. Hampden, Bucks., 1553. + + Nich. Saunders and wife, Charlwood, Surrey, 1553. + + Robt. Bulkeley and wife, quadrilateral plate, Cople, Beds., 1556. + + +(_b_) With tabards. + +The brasses are usually small and badly engraved. + + John Latton and wife, Blewbury, Berks., 1548. + + Sir Humphrey Style and two wives, Beckenham, Kent, 1552. + + Ly. Jane Guyldeford, Chelsea, Middlesex, 1555. + + Henry Hobart, Loddon, Norfolk, 1561. + + Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, Dorset, 1565. + + +IX. 1558-1625. + +A few examples are given below, the earlier, up to about 1575, are in +the Transitional style, the later in the “tasset” armour. + + Jn. Colby and wife, Brundish, Suffolk, 1560. + + Sir Jn. Arundell and two wives, Stratton, Cornwall, 1561. + + Geo. Medley and wife, Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1562. + + Sir Wm. Molyneux and two wives, Sefton, Lancs., 1568. + + Jn. Clavell and two wives, Knowle, Dorset, 1572. + + Thos. Higate and wife, Hayes, Middlesex, 1576. + + Thos. Shurley and wife, Isfield, Sussex, 1579. + + Rowland Lytton and two wives, Knebworth, Herts., 1582. + + John Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, 1584. + + Thos. Carewe, Haccombe, Devon, 1586. + + Thos. Stoughton, St Martin’s, Canterbury, 1591. + + Humphrey Brewster, Wrentham, Suffolk, 1593. + + Jn. Clippesby and wife, Clippesby, Norfolk, 1594. + + Edw. Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., c. 1600. + + Christopher Septvans and wife, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, 1602. + + Thos. Windham, Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1608. + + Rich. Barttelot and two wives, Stopham, Sussex, 1614. + + Nich. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, 1618. + + Sir Clem. Edmonds and wife, Preston Deanery, Northants., 1622. + + +Civilians. + +A few examples are given, but there are a fair number scattered up and +down the country. + + Sir Rich. Peyton and wife, Isleham, Cambs., 1574. + + Wm. Dunche and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks., quadrilateral + plate, engraved, c. 1585. + + Robt. Cotton and wife, Richmond, Surrey, 1591. + + Walter Bailey, New Coll., Oxford, 1592. + + Jn. Martin and wife, Barton, Cambs., c. 1593. + + Jn. Tedcastle and wife, Barking, Essex, 1596. + + Jacob Verzelini and wife, Downe, Kent, 1607. + + Anth. Cooke, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1613. + + Rich. Gadburye and wife, Eyworth, Beds., 1624. + +The York school of brasses will be referred to later; they include +among others:-- + + Eliz. Fynes, York Minster, 1585. + + James Cotrel, York Minster, 1595. + + Robert Askwith, St Crux, York, 1597. + + +Clergy. + + Jn. Fenton, Priest and Vicar, Coleshill, Warwick, 1566. + + Patrick Fearne and wife, Parson, Sandon, Essex, c. 1580. + + Jn. Garbrand, D.D., Parson, quadrilateral plate, N. Crawley, + Bucks., 1589. + + Edw. Leeds, LL.D., Rector, Croxton, Cambs., 1589. + + Vincent Huffam and wife, Priest, St James, Dover, c. 1590. + + Griffin Lloyd and wife, Chevening, Kent, 1596. + + Wm. Lucas, M.A., Parson, Clothall, Herts., 1602. + + Jn. Metcalfe, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, 1606. + + Jn. Burton, Rector, kn., Burgh St Margaret, Norfolk, 1608. + + Isaiah Bures, M.A., Pastor, sm., kn., Northolt, Middlesex, 1610. + + Peter Winder, Curate, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1610. + + Humphrey Tyndall, Dean, Ely Cathedral (fine), 1614. + + Jn. Wythines, D.D., Dean, Battle, Sussex, 1615. + + Hen. Airay, Provost, Queen’s Coll., Oxford, 1616. + + Wm. Palke and wife, Minister, High Halstow, Kent, 1618. + + Hugh Johnson (in pulpit), Vicar, Hackney, Middlesex, 1618. + + Andrew Willet, D.D., Minister, Barley, Herts., 1621. + + +X. 1625-1660. + +Of other knights in armour than the illustration, the following are +noteworthy: + + Simon Mayne and wife, Dinton, Bucks., 1628. + + Sir Jn. Arundel and wife, St Columb, Cornwall, c. 1630. + + Christopher Playters, Sotterley, Suffolk, c. 1630. + + Edm. Sawyer and wife, quadrilateral plate, Kettering, Northants., + 1631. + + Rich. Bugges and two wives, Harlow, Essex, 1636. + + Wm. Penn and wife, Penn, Bucks., 1638. + + Jn. Boscawen, quadrilateral plate, St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, + c. 1640. + + Wm. Strode and wife, quadrilateral plate, Shepton Mallet, + Somerset, 1649. + + +Civilians. + +The following are characteristic examples: + + Thos. Holl, Heigham, Norfolk, 1630. + + Rich. Chiverton and wife, Quethiock, Cornwall, 1631. + + Robt. Chambers, Swaffham Priory, Cambs., 1638. + + Geo. Coles and two wives, St Sepulchre’s, Northampton, 1640. + + John Moorwood and wife, quadrilateral plate, Bradfield, near + Ecclesfield, Yorks., 1647. + +At Llanrwst, Denbigh. The plates are lozenge-shaped, showing usually +only the bust of the deceased and are quite good portraits. + + Sir John Wynne, 1620, and his wife, 1632, his daughter, Lady + Mary Mostyn, 1658, Sir Owen Wynne, 1660, Kath. Lewis, 1669, + Dame Sarah Wynne, 1671. + + +Clergy. + +Of the clergy, only six brasses are known: + + Arch. Lightfoot, rector, quadrilateral plate, Stoke Bruerne, + Northants., 1625. + + Thos. Stones (demi), Acle, Norfolk, 1627. + + Wm. Procter, rector, Upper Boddington, Northants., 1627. + + Maurice Hughes, vicar, Abergavenny, Monm., 1631. + + Edw. Nayler and wife, kn., Bigby, Lincs., 1642. + + Rice, Jem, rector, Husbands Bosworth, Leics., 1648. + +In three cases bishops are commemorated by a mitre: + + Arthur Lake, Bp. of Bath and Wells, Wells Cath., 1626. + + John Prideaux, Bp. of Worcester, Bredon, Worc., 1650. + + Henry Ferne, Bp. of Chester, Westminster Abbey, 1661. + + +Commonwealth Civilians and Women. + + Bonham Faunce and two wives, Cliffe, Kent, 1652. + + Jn. Davids, Haverfordwest, Pembrokes., 1654. + + Anne Cary (a child), Clovelly, Devon, 1655. + + Thos. Carewe and wife, quadrilateral plate, Haccombe, Devon, 1656. + + Thos. Lawe (mayor), demi, Boston, Lincs., 1657. + + Mary Hall, Sheriff Hutton, Yorks., 1657. + + Lady Mary Mostyn, Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1658. + + Rich. Breton and wife, Barwell, Leics., 1659. + + +XI. 1660-1773. + + John Harris and wife, Milton, Cambs., 1660. + + The Llanrwst series. + + Philip Tenison, S.T.P., in shroud, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660. + + Mary Thorne and three daughters, St Mary, Bedford, 1663. + + Robt. Shiers, Gt. Bookham, Surrey, 1668. + + Shrouded Effigy on tomb, Thornton Watlass, Yorks., 1669. + + Nich. Toke in armour and three daughters kneeling, Gt. Chart, + Kent, 1680. + + Edm. West, Serjeant-at-law, in armour, and wife, quadrilateral + plate, Marsworth, Bucks., 1681. + + Ann Dunch, a child, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham, + Berks., 1683. + + Edw. Turpin and wife, Bassingbourn, Cambs., 1683. + + Dorothy Williams, Pimperne, Dorset., 1694. + + John Price (naval officer) and wife, Leigh, Essex, 1709. + + John Massie and family, St Peter’s, Leeds, Yorks., 1709. + + Thos. Lund (mayor), Newark, Notts., 1715. + + Philadelphia Greenwood, quadrilateral plate, St Mary Cray, Kent, + 1747. + + Benj. Greenwood, St Mary Cray, Kent, 1773. + + +XII + +Special Types: Heart Brasses. + +Some others which differ in various ways from the two types described +in the text are included below: + + Anne Muston, Saltwood, Kent, 1496. + + Unknown, Fakenham, Norfolk, c. 1500. + + Unknown, Higham Ferrers, Northants., c. 1510. + + Crystofer Tonson and wife, Melton Mowbray, Leics., 1543. + + Thos. Hodges, Wedmore, Somerset, c. 1630. + + Grace White, Ludham, Norfolk, 1633. + +In the Saltwood and Wedmore brasses it is distinctly stated that only +the bowel or heart is buried there. + +Sir Thos. Hodges was killed at the siege of Antwerp 1583, and asked +that his body should be buried there and his heart sent home to his +wife. + +At Saltwood an angel, rising from a cloud, holds a heart. + +At Fakenham there are four double hearts inscribed “Jhu, mercy,” “Lady, +help.” It is evidently to the memory of a husband and wife whose names +are unknown. + + +Shroud Brasses. + + John Brigge, Sall, Norfolk, 1454. + + John Manfield, Taplow, Bucks., 1455. + + Thos. Pethyn, priest, Lytchett Maltravers, Dorset, c. 1470. + + Man and wife, Sedgefield, Durham, c. 1470. + + Thos. Fleming, New Coll., Oxford, 1472. + + A Priest, Stifford, Essex, c. 1480. + + Man and wife, Baldock, Herts., c. 1480. + + Tomesina Tendryng, Yoxford, Suff., 1485. + + Thos. Spryng and wife, Lavenham, Staff., 1486. + + Several at Hitchin, Herts., 1480-1490. + + A Man and wife, Sawston, Cambs., c. 1500. + + A Lady, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk, c. 1500. + + Ralph Hamsterley, a priest, Oddington, Oxon., c. 1500. + + Wm. Gibsson and wife, Watlington, Oxon., 1501. + + Thos. Tyard, priest, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1505. + + Joan Strangbon, Childrey, Berks., 1507. + + Man and wife, West Molesey, Surrey, c. 1510. + + Hen. Scolows and wife, St Michael Coslany, Norwich, 1515. + + John Goodryngton, Appleton, Berks., 1518. + + Unknown, Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520. + + Unknown and wife, Childrey, Berks., c. 1520. + + John Claimond, Corpus Christi, Oxford, c. 1530. + + Eliz. Rok, Penn, Bucks., 1540. + + Wm. Fyssher, master, Wigston’s Hospital, Leicester, 1543. + + Lucas Goodyere, Aldenham, Herts., 1547. + + Hugh Brystowe, priest, Waddesdon, Bucks., 1548. + + Unknown, Chicheley, Bucks., 1560. + + A Lady, Leigh, Kent, c. 1580. + + Thos. Nele, Cassington, Oxon., 1590. + + John Maunsell, Haversham, Bucks., 1605. + + Eliz. Popeley, Birstall, Yorks., 1632. + + Lady Mary Howard, West Firle, Sussex, 1638. + + Wives of Clere Talbot, Dunston, Norfolk, 1649. + + Philipp Tenison, S.T.P., Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660. + + +Skeleton Brasses. + + Rich. Notfelde, St John’s, Margate, Kent, c. 1446. + + Thos. Childes, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1452. + + Three Skeletons, Weybridge, Surrey, c. 1520. + + A Skeleton in shroud, Hildersham, Cambs., c. 1530. + + Barbara Ferrer, St Michael-at-Plea, Norwich, 1588. + + +XIII + +Later Foreign Brasses. + + Roger Thornton and wife, All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1429. + + Thos. Pownder and wife, St Mary Quay, Ipswich, 1525. + + Margaret Hornebolt, Fulham, Middlesex, 1529. + + Andrew Evyngar and wife, All Hallows, Barking, c. 1535. + + Duncan Liddell, M.D., St Nicholas, Aberdeen, 1613. + +The Newcastle brass measures 7 ft. × 4 ft. 4 in. The civilian and his +wife completely fill the spaces under the canopy, so that no background +is necessary. There are saints and angels in the niches, and each soul +is shown borne aloft by angels and again in God the Father’s arms. + +Below the main figures are seven sons and seven daughters, each under +a canopy. It is probably North German work. There are no less than 92 +figures altogether. + +The brasses to Pownder and Evyngar are both Flemish, and somewhat +similar in size and design. These sixteenth century brasses are much +smaller than those of the fourteenth century. + +Pownder’s has a marginal inscription and an outer border of foliage. +The merchant and his wife stand beneath a Renaissance canopy. Two sons +and six daughters kneel at his feet. + +Evyngar’s brass is very similar, but there is no border, and the +inscription is at the foot instead of round the edge. + +Margaret Hornebolt was the wife of a Flemish painter from Ghent. The +brass is lozenge-shaped and shows her as a demi-figure in a shroud with +angels supporting the inscription. The Scotch brass was engraved in +Antwerp by the instruction of Liddel’s brother John. It is just over 5 +ft. high. There is a marginal inscription, and half the space within it +is also filled with inscription. + +The doctor is shown above this seated at table, with books, writing +materials, etc. around him. It reminds us of the seventeenth century +brasses to Airay and Bp. Robinson. + +In the Victoria and Albert Museum are two other foreign brasses. The +larger is also Flemish, to Sire Louis Corteville and wife, 1504. It was +originally in the ruined chapel of the Castle of Corteville, Flanders, +thence passed to a shop in Antwerp and thence to the Jermyn Street +Museum. Recently it has been set up at South Kensington. It has a +fillet of foliage and within that a border inscription. The places of +the four Evangelists at the corners are filled by shields; there is no +canopy. Above the knight, his crest, helmet and coat-of-arms appear, +above his wife, a coat-of-arms is supported by an angel. The heads of +both rest on embroidered cushions, and the background is covered with a +design of foliage. + +The armour of the knight, though similar to that of the same date in +England, shows several minor variations, which should be studied by +those interested in the subject. + +The other brass is much smaller and is of German origin. It is +to Henry Oskens, canon, from Nippes, near Cologne, 1535. It is +beautifully engraved. Oskens kneels in adoration to the Virgin. Rays +of light stream from behind her. These are coloured red, the rest of +the engraving being mostly filled in with black wax or some similar +substance. This, coupled with the fineness of the engraving, renders it +impossible to take a good rubbing. + +This completes the list of foreign brasses in England. It will be +noticed that the majority of the earlier ones are German, and the later +Flemish. + +One or two other brasses show traces of foreign (probably French) +work, but to them reference has already been made. Thus the knights +at Chartham and Minster, and the priest at Horsmonden were probably +engraved by French craftsmen. Since, however, only five or six late +brasses still survive in France, it is impossible to say for certain. + + +XIV + +Canopies: a selection. + + +_Fourteenth Century._ + + Several at Cobham. + + Hereford Cathedral, canopy and super-canopy, 1360. + + Fletching, Sussex, double with centre shaft, c. 1380. + + Letheringham, Suffolk, single, 1389. + + Fulbourn, Cambs., single, 1391. + + Stoke Fleming, Devon, double (peculiar), 1391. + + Westminster Abbey, single, 1397. + + Boston, Lincs., double triple, with super-canopy and saints in + shafts, 1398. + + +_Fifteenth Century._ + + Balsham, Cambs., triple, 1401. + + Bottesford, Leics., triple, 1404. + + Burgate, Suffolk, double, 1409. + + Kidderminster, Worcs., triple, 1415. + + Lynwode, Lincs., double with super-canopy, 1419. + + Trotton, Sussex, double with super-canopy, 1419. + + Horley, Surrey, single, c. 1420. + + Warbleton, Sussex, single, 1436. + + Okeover, Staffs., triple, 1447. + + Hildersham, Cambs., single, 1466. + + Enfield, Middlesex, triple, c. 1470. + + Thornton, Bucks., quadruple, 1472. + + Isleham, Cambs., triple, 1484. + + Westminster Abbey, triple, 1498. + + +_Sixteenth Century._ + + Two, Ardingley, Sussex, double, engraved c. 1500 and 1504. + + Cobham, double, 1506. + + Hunstanton, triple with figures in side shafts, etc., 1506. + + Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507. + + Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509. + + Northleach, Glos., double, 1526. + + Faversham, Kent, double, 1533. + + Ashbourn, Derbs., double, 1538. + + +Fifteenth century brackets. + + A Lady, Southfleet, Kent, 1414. + + A Priest, Cotterstock, Northants. (with canopy), 1420. + + A Priest, Cobham, Kent (with triple canopy), c. 1420. + + John Bloxham and Jn. Whytton, priests, Merton Coll., Oxford, c. + 1420. + + Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433. + + Prior Langley, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1437. + + Thos. Roose and wife, Sall, Norfolk, 1440. + + Civilian and wife, St George, Colegate, Norwich, 1472. + + +Plain Crosses. + + Unknown, Grainthorpe, Lincs., c. 1380. + + Thos. Chichele and wife, Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1400. + + Sir Roger Cheyne, Cassington, Oxon., 1414. + + Margaret Oliver, Beddington, Surrey, 1425. + + Rich. Tooner (priest), Broadwater, Sussex, 1445. + + Joan Brokes, Peperharrow, Surrey, 1487. + + Unknown, Royston, Herts., c. 1500. + + Rich. Pendilton, Eversley, Hants., 1502. + + Herward Bwllayen, Hever, Kent, c. 1520. + + Alice Wyrley, Floore, Northants., 1537. + + +Octofoil Crosses with the deceased in the centre. + + Nich. Aumberdene (fishmonger), Taplow, Bucks., 1350. + + Wm. de Herleston (priest), Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360. + + A priest in civil dress, Merton College, Oxford, 1372. + + A priest in cope, Hereford Cathedral, c. 1390. + + John Lumbarde (priest), Stone, Kent, 1408. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +_General._ + +Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses (Oxon., 1848). + +Boutell’s Monumental Brasses (Lond., 1849). + +Haines. Manual of Monumental Brasses (1861). + +Waller’s Series of Monumental Brasses (Lond. and Oxford, 1863). + +H. W. Macklin. Monumental Brasses (1890). + +H. W. Macklin. The Brasses of England (Methuen, 1907). + + +_Counties._ + +Cotman’s Brasses of Norfolk (1813-16). Second Edition (Lond. 1839). + +Brasses in Cambridge. Camden Society (1846). + +F. Hudson. Brasses of Northamptonshire (1853). + +G. Kite. Brasses of Wiltshire (1860). + +E. H. W. Dunken. Brasses of Cornwall (1882). + +C. T. Davis. Brasses in Worcestershire and Herefordshire (1884). + +W. D. Belcher. Kentish Brasses (1888). + +Rev. E. Farrar. Brasses of Norfolk (1890). + +Ja. Thornely. Brasses in Lancs. and Cheshire (1893, Hull). + +Grace Isherwood. Brasses in the Bedfordshire Churches. + +W. F. Andrews. Brasses in Herefordshire (1903). + +The Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society, London, since 1886. + + +_Foreign._ + +Monumental Brasses and Incised Slabs in Belgium (1849). + +Books of Facsimiles of Monumental Brasses of the Continent of Europe by +Rev. W. F. Creeny, 1884. + +[Illustration: Fig. 13. Laurence de St Maur, 1337, Higham Ferrers, +Northants.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 14. John Blodwell, Dean of St Asaph, 1462, Balsham, +Cambs.] + + + + +INDEX + +This index is meant as a guide to the most interesting brasses in each +county. At the same time, though it includes all mentioned in this +manual, it does not profess to be exhaustive. Where there are several +brasses at one church the author has often only given one or two, +knowing that when there the _brass-rubber_ will look round for others. + + + BEDFORDSHIRE-- + + Ampthill, _1450_, 119 + + Aspley Guise, _c. 1410_, 124 + + Bedford, _1663_, 140 + + Bromham, _c. 1435_, 52, 117; _1535_, 52 + + Cople, _c. 1410_, 24; _1544_, 136; _1556_, 136 + + Dean, _1501_, 125 + + Dunstable, _1450_, 119 + + Elstow, _c. 1525_, 130 + + Eyworth, _1624_, 138 + + Holwell, _1515_, 34 + + Luton, _1513_, 134 + + Marston Mortayne, _1451_, 118 + + Shillington, _1400_, 125 + + Wimington, _1391_, 14, 115 + + Yelden, _1434_, 123 + + + BERKSHIRE-- + + Abingdon, _1501_, 128 + + Appleton, _1518_, 142 + + Ashbury, _c. 1360_, 115 + + Binfield, _1558_, 131 + + Blewbury, _1496_, 123; _1548_, 136 + + Bray, _1378_, 12, 92, 113; _1475_, 126 + + Childrey, _1507_, 77, 142; _1520_, 82, 142; _1529_, 128 + + Cookham, _1503_, 135; _1577_, 132 + + Hanney, West, _c. 1370_, 122 + + Reading, St Lawrence, _1538_, 131 + + Shottesbrook, _c. 1370_, 115 + + Sparsholt, _c. 1360_, 122, 147 + + Windsor, St Geo. Chapel, _1475_, 27; _1522_, 77, 98, 125; _1630_, 75; + _1633_, 75 + + Wittenham, Little, _c. 1585_, 68, 91, 137; _1683_, 141 + + + BUCKINGHAMSHIRE-- + + Caversfield, _1538_, 80 + + Chalfont St Peter, _1545_, 51, 123 + + Chenies, _1469_, 121 + + Chesham Bois, _1520_, 135 + + Chicheley, _1558_, 62; _1560_, 142 + + Crawley, North, _1589_, 138 + + Denham, _c. 1440_, 48, 129; _1540_, 48, 130; _1561_ (lost), 68 + + Dinton, _1628_, 139 + + Drayton Beauchamp, _1368_, 113 + + Emberton, _1410_, 122 + + Eton College, _1489_, 125; _1503_, 125; _1522_, 126; _1535_, 123; + _1540_, 38 + + Halton, _1553_, 62 + + Hampden, Great, _1553_, 136 + + Haversham, _1605_, 142 + + Hedgerley, _1540_, 131 + + Marsworth, _1681_, 141 + + Milton Keynes, _1427_, 123 + + Penn, _1540_, 142; _1638_, 139 + + Quainton, _1360_, 116 + + Shalston, _1540_, 130 + + Taplow, _1350_, 97, 147; _1455_, 142; _1540_, 131 + + Thornton, _1472_, 27, 120, 146 + + Tingewick, _1608_, 70 + + Turweston, _1450_, 123 + + Twyford, _1550_, 136 + + Waddesdon, _1548_, 60, 142 + + Winchendon, Over, _1515_, 130 + + Wooburn, _1519_, 126; _c. 1520_, 77, 142 + + + CAMBRIDGESHIRE-- + + Balsham, _1401_, 36, 90, 125, 145; _1462_, 37, 89, 126, end + + Barton, _c. 1593_, 137 + + Bassingbourn, _1683_, 141 + + Burwell, _1542_, 31, 44, 78, 130 + + Cambridge, + Christ’s College, _c. 1535_, 128 + King’s College, _1496_, 39, 127; _1528_, 125; _1558_, 61, 125 + Queens’ College, _c. 1535_, 128 + St John’s College, _1410_, 127 + Trinity Hall, _1517_, 126; _c. 1530_, 127 + St Bene’t’s, _1432_, 39 + St Mary-the-Less, _c. 1480_, 127 + + Croxton, _1589_, 138 + + Ely Cathedral, _1554_, 42, 61, 129; _1614_, 138 + + Fulbourn, _1391_, 125, 145; _1477_, 123 + + Girton, _1492_, 126 + + Hildersham, _1379_, 95, 96; _1466_, 25, 119, 146; _1530_, 142 + + Hinxton, _1416_, 117 + + Horseheath, _1382_, 113 + + Impington, _1505_, 134 + + Isleham, _1451_, 118; _1484_, 120, 146 + + March, _1517_, 77, 134 + + Milton, _1553_, 62; _1660_, 140 + + Sawston, _1500_, 142 + + Shelford, Great, _1418_, 126 + + Shelford, Little, _c. 1480_, 127 + + Stow-cum-Quy, _c. 1465_, 119 + + Swaffham, _1638_, 139 + + Trumpington, _1289_, 3, 112 + + Westley Waterless, _c. 1325_, 4, 7, 112 + + Wilbraham, Little, _1521_, 38 + + Wood Ditton, _1393_, 114 + + + CHESHIRE-- + + Chester, Holy Trinity, _1530_, 116; _1545_, 131 + + Macclesfield, _1460_, 119 + + Wilmslow, _1506_, 79 + + + CORNWALL-- + + Callington, _c. 1465_, 120 + + Cardynham, _c. 1400_, 124 + + Quethiock, _1631_, 139 + + St Columb Major, _c. 1630_, 139 + + St Michael Penkevil, _1515_, 128; _c. 1640_, 139 + + Stratton, _1561_, 137 + + + CUMBERLAND-- + + Carlisle Cathedral, _1496_, 128; _1616_, 69, 70, 98 + + Edenhall, _1458_, 27 + + + DERBYSHIRE-- + + Ashbourn, _1538_, 146 + + Chesterfield, _1529_, 134 + + Dronfield, _1399_, 123 + + Etwall, _1512_, 77 + + Hathersage, _1463_, 119 + + Kedlestone, _1496_, 133 + + Morley, _1470_, 27, 77, 120 + + Norbury, _1538_, 136 + + Tideswell, _1483_, 122 + + + DEVONSHIRE-- + + Chittlehampton, _1480_, 121 + + Clovelly, _1655_, 140 + + Dartmouth, _1408_, 116 + + Exeter Cathedral, _1403_, 126; _1409_, 116 + + Haccombe, _1586_, 137; _1656_, 140 + + Stoke Fleming, _1391_, 115, 145 + + Stoke-in-Teignmouth, _c. 1370_, 121 + + + DORSETSHIRE-- + + Evershot, _1524_, 123 + + Knowle, _1572_, 137 + + Lytchett Maltravers, _c. 1470_, 142 + + Milton Abbey, _1565_, 56, 136 + + Pimperne, _1694_, 141 + + Wimborne Minster, _c. 1440_, 43 + + + DURHAM-- + + Billingham, _1480_, 125 + + Sedgefield, _c. 1470_, 142 + + + ESSEX-- + + Arkesden, _1440_, 118 + + Aveley, _1370_, 84, 113 + + Barking, _c. 1480_, 127; _1596_, 138 + + Bocking, _1420_, 117 + + Bowers Gifford, _1348_, 10 + + Chigwell, _1631_, 70, 72, 74 + + Chrishall, _c. 1370_, 113 + + Dagenham, _1479_, 28, 29, 30, 121, 130 + + Easton, Little, _c. 1420_, 122; _1483_, 27, 116 + + Gosfield, _1439_, 24 + + Halstead, _1409_, 116 + + Harlow, _1636_, 139 + + Horkesley, Little, _1412_, 17, 116 + + Ingrave, _c. 1500_, 134 + + Laindon, _c. 1480_, 123; _c. 1510_, 123 + + Latton, _1467_, 120; _c. 1485_, 133 + + Leigh, _1709_, 141 + + Pebmarsh, _c. 1320_, 4, 112 + + Sandon, _c. 1580_, 138 + + Shopland, _1371_, 113 + + Stifford, _c. 1480_, 142 + + Tiltey Abbey, _1562_, 137 + + Tolleshunt Darcy, _c. 1540_, 131 + + Upminster, _1455_, 120; _c. 1540_, 131; _1545_, 132 + + Wendensloft, _c. 1470_, 130 + + Wimbish, _1347_, 10, 97 + + Wyvenhoe, _1507_, 133, 134, 146; _1537_, 135 + + + GLOUCESTERSHIRE-- + + Bristol, + St John, _1478_, 121 + St Mary Redcliff, _1439_, 119; _1475_, 27; _c. 1480_, 122 + St Peter, _1461_, 123 + Temple Church, _1396_, 115; _c. 1460_, 133 + + Campden, Chipping, _1401_, 20; _1467_, 121 + + Cheltenham, _1513_, 135 + + Cirencester, _1440_, 119; _1462_, 25, 119; _c. 1480_, 124 + + Deerhurst, _1400_, 22, 23, 119 + + Gloucester, St Mary de Crypt, _1529_, 130 + + Minchinhampton, _c. 1510_, 130 + + Newland, _c. 1448_, 19, 118 + + Northleach, _c. 1400_, 118; _1458_, 121; _c. 1530_, 124; _1526_, 136, + 146 + + Quinton, _c. 1430_, 129 + + Wootton-under-Edge, _1392_, 114 + + + HAMPSHIRE-- + + Eversley, _1502_, 94, 147 + + Odiham, _c. 1540_, 131; _1636_, 135 + + Ringwood, _1416_, 126 + + Somborne, King’s, _c. 1380_, 14, 115 + + Stoke Charity, _1482_, 78 + + Thruxton, _c. 1425_, 117 + + Wallop, Nether, _1436_, 129 + + Winchester College, _1413_, 125; _1548_, 36, 61, 127, 131 + St Cross, _1382_, 125 + + Isle of Wight, + Arreton, _1430_, 118 + Calbourne, _c. 1380_, 113; _1652_, 75 + Freshwater, _1370_, 113 + Shorwell, _1518_, 124 + + + HEREFORDSHIRE-- + + Hereford Cathedral, _1360_, 128, 145; _c. 1390_, 147; _1434_, 126; + _1435_, 117; _1524_, 78, 91; _1529_, 91; _1536_, 126 + + Ledbury, _c. 1410_, 127 + + Marden, _1614_, 66 + + + HERTFORDSHIRE-- + + Aldbury, _1546_, 135 + + Aldenham, _1547_, 142 + + Ashridge House, _1395_, 122 + + Baldock, _c. 1480_, 142 + + Bayford, _c. 1545_, 132 + + Bennington, _c. 1450_, 37 + + Berkhampstead, Great, _1356_, 12, 115; _1365_, 113 + + Broxbourne, _1473_, 27, 56; _1531_, 134 + + Buckland, _1478_, 126 + + Clothall, _1519_, 123; _1541_, 127; _1602_, 138 + + Digswell, _1415_, 19 + + Hitchin, _1480-90_, 142; _1498_, 37, 126 + + Knebworth, _1414_, 126; _1582_, 137 + + Letchworth, _1475_, 123 + + Mimms, North, _c. 1360_, 84, 122 + + Royston, _c. 1500_, 147 + + St Albans, + Abbey, _1360_, 84, 128; _1401_, 128; _1411_, 118; _c. 1450_, 129; + _c. 1470_, 129; _1480_, 27, 120; _1519_, 136; _1521_, 130 + St Michael, _c. 1380_, 113 + + Sawbridgeworth, _1433_, 117; _c. 1600_, 137 + + Standon, _1477_, 121 + + Watford, _1415_, 119 + + Watton, _1361_, 113; _c. 1370_, 129 + + Willian, _1446_, 123 + + + KENT-- + + Addington, _1409_, 116; _1470_, 25, 120 + + Ash-next-Sandwich, _c. 1460_, 120; _1602_, 137 + + Aylesford, _1545_, 132 + + Beckenham, _1552_, 136 + + Borden, _1490_, 125 + + Boughton-under-Blean, _1587_, 64 + + Boxley, _1451_, 127 + + Brabourn, _1434_, 117 + + Canterbury, + St George, _1438_, 126 + St Margaret, _1470_, 121 + St Martin, _1591_, 137 + + Chart, Great, _c. 1470_, 121; _1680_, 75, 140 + + Chartham, _1306_, 3, 112, 145; _1456_, 126 + + Chelsfield, _1417_, 96 + + Chevening, _1596_, 138 + + Cliffe, _1652_, 140 + + Cobham, _1320_, 7, 88; _1354_, 113; _c. 1365_, 12, 99, 113; _1367_, + 113; _1375_, 13, 114; _c. 1380_, 114; _1395_, 13, 77, 88, 115; + _1405_, 116; _1407_, 77, 90, 116; _1420_, 146; _1433_, 19; + _1506_, 146; _1529_, 134 + + Cranbrook, _c. 1520_, 135 + + Cray, St Mary, _1747_, _1773_, 76, 140 + + Dartford, _1402_, 118; _1454_, 120 + + Deal, Upper, _1606_, 135 + + Dover, St James, _c. 1590_, 138 + + Downe, _1596_, 138 + + Eastry, _1590_, 64 + + Faversham, _1533_, 133, 136, 146 + + Graveney, _c. 1370_, 115; _1436_, 119 + + Halstow, High, _1618_, 38 + + Hardres, Upper, _1405_, 91, 92, 93, 127 + + Herne, _c. 1420_, 118; _c. 1450_, 127; _1470_, 120 + + Hever, _1419_, 19; _c. 1520_, 147; _1538_, 116, 134 + + Hoo St Werburgh, _1412_, 122 + + Horsmonden, _c. 1340_, 122, 145 + + Kemsing, _c. 1320_, 32, 112 + + Leigh, _c. 1580_, 142 + + Lydd, _1420_, 127 + + Maling, East, _1522_, 125 + + Margate, St John, _1431_, 20; _1433_, 80; _1446_, 142; _1582_, 133; + _1615_, 82 + + Mereworth, _1371_, 113 + + Minster-in-Sheppey, _c. 1330_, 5, 7, 112, 145 + + Monkton-in-Thanet, _c. 1465_, 123 + + Northfleet, _1375_, 122 + + Otterden, _1408_, 116 + + Rochester, St Margaret, _1465_, 50 + + Saltwood, _1496_, 141 + + Seal, _1395_, 114 + + Sheldwich, _1394_, 114 + + Shorne, _1519_, 124 + + Southfleet, _1414_, 146 + + Stone, _1408_, 147 + + Sutton, East, _1638_, 71, 72 + + Upchurch, _1340_, 115 + + Westerham, _1563_, 132; _1567_, 68 + + Wickham, East, _c. 1325_, 8, 97, 112 + + Woodchurch, _c. 1320_, 8, 97, 112 + + LANCASHIRE-- + + Manchester Cathedral, _1458_, 125; _1515_, 129; _1548_, 131 + + Middleton, _1650_, 74 + + Sefton, _1568_, 137 + + Winwick, _1492_, 133; _1527_, 34 + + + LEICESTERSHIRE-- + + Barwell, _1659_, 140 + + Bosworth, Husbands, _1648_, 140 + + Bottesford, _1404_, 77, 126, 145 + + Castle Donington, _1458_, 25, 119 + + Leicester, Wigston’s Hospital, _1543_, 142 + + Melton Mowbray, _1543_, 141 + + Stanford-on-Soar, _c. 1400_, 122 + + Wanlip, _1393_, 114 + + + LINCOLNSHIRE-- + + Althorpe, _c. 1370_, 122 + + Bigby, _1642_, 140 + + Boston, _1398_, 14, 115, 145; _1657_, 140 + + Broughton, _c. 1370_, 113 + + Buslingthorpe, _c. 1290_, 3, 79, 112 + + Cotes, Great, _1503_, 130 + + Croft, _c. 1300_, 112 + + Edenham, _c. 1500_, 42, 129 + + Grainthorpe, _c. 1380_, 146 + + Gunby, _1400_, 115; _1419_, 119 + + Horncastle, _1519_, 81 + + Irnham, _1390_, 114 + + Laughton, _c. 1400_, 115; _1549_, 52 + + Lyndewode, _1419_, 118, 145 + + Rauceby, _1536_, 37, 126 + + Scrivelsby, _1545_, 134 + + Spilsby, _1410_, 116 + + Stamford, All Saints, _c. 1460_, 121; _1471_, 120; _1508_, 126 + + Tattershall, _1411_, 118; _1455_, 116; _c. 1510_, 126 + + + MIDDLESEX-- + + Chelsea, _1555_, 136 + + Clerkenwell, St James, _1556_, 42, 61, 129 + + Ealing, _c. 1490_, 135 + + Edgeware, _1599_, 135 + + Enfield, _1470_, 27, 56, 57, 145 + + Fulham, _1529_, 143, 144 + + Greenford, Great, _c. 1515_, 123 + + Hackney, _1521_, 126; _1545_, 134 + + Harrow, _c. 1370_, 113; _c. 1390_, 114; _1442_, 126; _c. 1460_, 127 + + Hayes, _c. 1370_, 127; _c. 1450_, 118; _1576_, 137 + + Hillingdon, _1509_, 133, 134, 146 + + Isleworth, _1450_, 118; _1544_, 132; _1561_, 130, 148 + + Kilburn, St Mary, _1380_, 129 + + London (The City), + All Hallows’, Barking, _1437_, 118; _c. 1510_, 78; _1518_, 135; _c. + 1535_, 143, 144; _1546_, 131 + Great St Helen, _1482_, 127; _1510_, 134; _c. 1535_, 135 + St Andrew Undershaft, _1539_, 136 + St Bartholomew-the-Less, _1439_, 119 + Museum, British, _1575_, 132 + Museum, South Kensington, _1504_, 144; _1535_, 58 + + Northolt, _1610_, 138 + + Pinner, _c. 1580_, 135 + + Westminster Abbey, _1395_, 128; _1397_, 128, 145; _1399_, 13, 46, + 47, 88, 115, 129; _1437_, 117; _1483_, 120; _1498_, 129, 146; + _1505_, 134; _1561_, 68, 128; _1661_, 140 + + Willesdon, _1517_, 126 + + + MONMOUTHSHIRE-- + + Abergavenny, _1631_, 140 + + + NORFOLK-- + + Acle, _1627_, 140 + + Bawburgh, _1505_, 82, 142; _1660_, 82, 143 + + Beachamwell St Mary, _c. 1385_, 122 + + Bedon, Kirby, _c. 1450_, 80 + + Blickling, _1401_, 116; _1458_, 120 + + Burg St Margaret, _1608_, 138 + + Burnham Thorpe, _1420_, 117 + + Buxton, _1508_, 124 + + Cley, _c. 1520_, 124, 128 + + Clippesby, _1594_, 137 + + Creake, North, _c. 1500_, 124 + + Creake, South, _1509_, 130 + + Dunston, _1649_, 143 + + Elsing, _1347_, 9, 88 + + Erpingham, _c. 1415_, 117 + + Fakenham, _c. 1500_, 141 + + Felbrigg, _c. 1380_, 113; _c. 1382_, 14, 115; _1461_, 17, 18, 116, + 117; _1608_, 137 + + Fransham, Great, _1414_, 117; _c. 1500_, 142 + + Frenze, _1519_, 130 + + Halvergate, _c. 1460_, 129; _1540_, 129, 131 + + Hedenham, _1502_, 124 + + Heigham, _1630_, 139 + + Helbroughton, _c. 1450_, 80 + + Hunstanton, _1506_, 92, 133, 134, 146 + + Loddon, _1462_, 80 + + Ludham, _1633_, 141 + + Lynn, St Margaret, _1349_, 84, 85; _1364_, 84, 85 + + Mattishall, _1507_, 135 + + Methwold, _1637_, 113 + + Narburgh, _1545_, 78 + + Necton, _1372_, 114 + + Norwich, + St Ethelred, _1487_, 123 + St George, Colgate, _1472_, 146 + St Giles, _1499_, 124 + St John, Maddermarket, _1440_, 129; _1472_, 121; _1524_, _1525_, + 92, 94; _1558_, 92, 94, 131 + St Laurence, _1437_, 129, 146; _1452_, 143 + St Michael-at-Plea, _1588_, 143 + St Michael Coslany, _1515_, 142 + St Peter Mancroft, _1568_, 132 + + Reepham, _1391_, 114 + + Rougham, _1470_, 120; _1510_, 135 + + Sall, _1440_, 146; _1454_, 142 + + Shernborne, _1458_, 119 + + Sparham, _1490_, 123 + + Stokesby, _1488_, 133 + + Surlingham, _1460_, 127; _1513_, 124 + + Upwell, _1428_, 37, 126; _1435_, 33, 37 + + Walsham, North, _1519_, 124 + + Walsingham, Little, _c. 1520_, 124 + + Wiggenhall, _1450_, 80 + + Witton, _1505_, 130 + + + NORTHAMPTONSHIRE-- + + Blatherwycke, _1548_, 136 + + Boddington, Upper, _1627_, 140 + + Brington, Great, _c. 1340_, 127 + + Cotterstock, _1420_, 126, 146 + + Easton Neston, _1552_, 136 + + Fawsley, _1516_, 79 + + Floore, _1510_, 77; _1537_, 96, 147 + + Harrowden, Great, _1433_, 117, 146 + + Higham Ferrers, _1337_, 32, 33, 88, 89, 122, end; _c. 1510_, 141 + + Kettering, _1631_, 139 + + Lowick, _1467_, 27 + + Newton-by-Geddington, _c. 1400_, 96 + + Newton Bromshold, _1426_, 123 + + Northampton, St Sepulchre, _1640_, 139 + + Preston Deanery, _1622_, 137 + + Rothwell, _1361_, 125 + + Stoke Bruerne, _1625_, 140 + + Sudborough, _1415_, 33 + + Tansor, _1440_, 123 + + Wappenham, _1481_, 121 + + + NORTHUMBERLAND-- + + Newcastle, _1429_, 143 + + + NOTTINGHAMSHIRE-- + + Markham, East, _1419_, 19 + + Newark, _1715_, 141 + + Ossington, _1551_, 132 + + + OXFORDSHIRE-- + + Brightwell Baldwin, _1439_, 22, 119 + + Burford, _1437_, 91 + + Cassington, _1414_, 146; _1590_, 142 + + Chalgrove, _1441_, 118 + + Checkendon, _1404_, 24 + + Chinnor, _c. 1320_, 8, 97, 112; _1361_, 127; _1385_, 13, 114; _1386_, + 114; _1392_, 114; _1410_, 118 + + Dorchester, _c. 1510_, 46, 130 + + Ewelme, _1436_, 117; _1518_, 134 + + Holton, _1599_, 68 + + Ipsden, _1525_, 77, 133 + + Lewknor, _1380_, 115 + + Lillingstone Lovell, _1446_, 80 + + Lyne, Stoke, _1535_, 142 + + Northstoke, _1370_, 37 + + Norton, Chipping, _1451_, 119 + + Oddington, _c. 1500_, 82, 142 + + Oxford, + All Souls College, _1510_, 128 + Christ Church, _c. 1460_, 121; _1557_, 61, 125 + Corpus Christi, _c. 1530_, 142 + Magdalen College, _1478_, 127; _1501_, 38; _1515_, 125; _1558_, 38, + 61 + Merton College, _c. 1310_, 8, 32, 97, 112; _1372_, 147; _c. 1420_, + 38, 90, 92, 146; _1471_, 126 + New College, _1403_, 126; _1417_, 40, 41, 128; _1427_, 127; _1441_, + 127; _1472_, 142; _1494_, 126; _1508_, 38; _c. 1510_, 121; _c. + 1525_, 129; _1592_, 137 + Queen’s College, _1518_, 36, 126; _1616_, 69, 98, 138; _1616_ + (another), 69, 70 + + Rotherfield Grays, _1387_, 114 + + Shirburn, _1493_, 77 + + Soulderne, _1508_, 123 + + Swinbrook, _1510_, 134 + + Tew, Great, _1410_, 116 + + Thame, _c. 1460_, 119 + + Waterperry, _c. 1370_, 114; _1527_, 51 + + Watlington, _1501_, 142 + + Whitchurch, _1456_, 123; _1610_, 138 + + Witney, _c. 1500_, 135 + + + RUTLAND-- + + Casterton, Little, _c. 1410_, 116 + + + SHROPSHIRE-- + + Acton Burnell, _1382_, 11, 90, 113 + + Adderley, _1390_, 128 + + Tong, _1467_, 25, 26, 125, 128 + + + SOMERSETSHIRE-- + + Ilminster, _c. 1440_, 118; _1618_, 137 + + Shepton Mallet, _1649_, 139 + + Wedmore, _c. 1630_, 141 + + Wells Cathedral, _1626_, 160 + + Yeovil, _c. 1460_, 129 + + + STAFFORDSHIRE-- + + Clifton Campville, _c. 1360_, 133 + + Kinver, _1528_, 134 + + Norbury, _c. 1350_, 114 + + Okeover, _1538_, 51, 146 + + + SUFFOLK-- + + Acton, _1302_, 3, 112 + + Ampton, _c. 1490_, 133 + + Bildeston, _1599_, 66, 67 + + Brundish, _c. 1360_, 122; _1560_, 136 + + Burgate, _1409_, 145 + + Bury St Edmunds, _1519_, 125 + + Campsey Ash, _1504_, 123 + + Easton, _1584_, 64, 65, 137 + + Eyke, _c. 1430_, 119 + + Fressingfield, _c. 1485_, 120 + + Gazeley, _1530_, 124 + + Gorleston, _c. 1320_, 4, 112 + + Hadleigh, _c. 1560_, 49, 132 + + Holbrook, _1470_, 120 + + Ipswich, + St Mary Quay, _1525_, 143 + St Mary Tower, _c. 1475_, 121; _1506_, 121 + + Kenton, _1524_, 134 + + Lavenham, _1486_, 142 + + Letheringham, _1389_, 114, 145 + + Melford, Long, _c. 1480_, 120 + + Melton, _1430_, 127 + + Oulton, _1310_ (lost), 8 + + Playford, _1400_, 115 + + Rendham, _1523_, 124 + + Rougham, _1405_, 116 + + Sotterley, _c. 1630_, 139 + + Stonham Aspal, _1606_, 69 + + Wenham, Little, _1514_, 133 + + Wrentham, _1593_, 137 + + Yoxford, _1428_, 117; _1485_, 142; _1613_, 138 + + + SURREY-- + + Addington, _1540_, 134 + + Albury, _1440_, 118 + + Beddington, _1425_, 146; _1432_, 118 + + Betchworth, _1533_, 123 + + Bookham, Great, _1668_, 75, 160 + + Byfleet, _1489_, 125 + + Carshalton, _c. 1490_, 133 + + Charlwood, _1553_, 136 + + Cheam, _1370_, 115; _1542_, 77, 131 + + Cobham, _c. 1500_, 78; _c. 1550_, 131 + + Cranley, _1503_, 78 + + Crowhurst, _1450_, 118 + + Croydon, _1512_, 126 + + Ewell, _1519_, 134 + + Guildford, _1901_, 111 + + Horley, _1420_, 19; _1516_, 52, 145 + + Horsley, East, _1478_, 40, 128 + + Kingston-on-Thames, _1437_, 118 + + Lambeth St Mary, _1535_, 135; _1545_, 136 + + Lingfield, _c. 1370_, 13, 114; _1403_, 116; _1420_, 19; _1469_, 123 + + Molesey, West, _c. 1510_, 142 + + Oxted, _1480_, 120 + + Peperharrow, _1487_, 77, 147 + + Puttenham, _1431_, 123 + + Richmond, _1591_, 137 + + Shere, _1412_, 122; _c. 1525_, 105 + + Stoke d’Abernon, _1277_, 2, 56, 112; _1327_, 4, 5, 112 + + Walton-on-Thames, _1587_, 50 + + Weybridge, _c. 1520_, 143 + + Wonersh, _1503_, 135 + + + SUSSEX-- + + Amberley, _1424_, 27 + + Ardingley, _c. 1500_, 56, 58, 133, 135, 146; _1504_, 56, 133, 134, + 146; _1634_, 72 + + Arundel, _1419_, 125; _1445_, 123; _1463_, 119 + + Battle, _1426_, 117; _c. 1430_, 123; _1615_, 138 + + Bodiam, _c. 1360_, 113 + + Broadwater, _1432_, 126 + + Buxted, _1408_, 97 + + Clapham, _1526_, 53, 54, 55, 77 + + Cowfold, _1433_, 45, 46, 90, 129 + + Etchingham, _1388_, 114 + + Firle, West, _1638_, 142 + + Fletching, _c. 1380_, 113, 145; _1450_, 20 + + Horsham, _1411_, 37; _c. 1430_, 33 + + Hurstmonceaux, _1407_, 116 + + Isfield, _1579_, 136 + + Ore, _c. 1440_, 118 + + Pulborough, _1423_, 126; _1452_, 119 + + Stopham, _c. 1460_, 122; _1614_, 137 + + Ticehurst, _c. 1370_, 113; _1546_, 52 + + Trotton, _1310_, 5, 8, 112; _1419_, 116, 117, 145 + + Warbleton, _1436_, 126, 145 + + Wiston, _1426_, 117 + + + WARWICKSHIRE-- + + Aston, _1545_, 136 + + Baginton, _1407_, 15, 116 + + Coleshill, _1566_, 138 + + Merevale Abbey, _1412_, 116 + + Middleton, _1476_, 121 + + Warwick, + St Mary, _1401_, 15, 16, 115 + St Nicholas, _1424_, 122 + + Wellesbourne, _1426_, 117 + + Wixford, _1411_, 116 + + + WESTMORLAND-- + + Morland, _1562_, 131 + + + WILTSHIRE-- + + Dauntsey, _1514_, 134 + + Draycott Cerne, _1394_, 114 + + Fovant, _1492_, 77, 127 + + Mere, _1398_, 114 + + Salisbury Cathedral, _1375_, 63, 98, 128; _1578_, 69 + + + WORCESTERSHIRE-- + + Alvechurch, _1524_, 134 + + Blockley, _1488_, 127; _c. 1500_, 123 + + Bredon, _1650_, 140 + + Kidderminster, _1415_, 117, 145 + + Strensham, _c. 1390_, 114 + + Tredington, _1427_, 126 + + + YORKSHIRE-- + + Aldborough, _c. 1360_, 113 + + Aughton, _1466_, 120 + + Bainton, _1429_, 123 + + Barton-on-Humber, _1433_, 118 + + Beeford, _1472_, 37 + + Borstall, _1632_, 142 + + Bradfield, _1647_, 139 + + Brandsburton, _1397_, 114 + + Burton, Bishop, _1460_, 124 + + Cottingham, _1383_, 125 + + Cowthorpe, _1494_, 121 + + Hampsthwaite, _c. 1380_, 115 + + Harpham, _1445_, 118 + + Hornby, _1489_, 130 + + Howden, _1621_, 131 + + Hutton, Sheriff, _1657_, 140 + + Kirby Wharfe, _1480_, 126 + + Kirkheaton, _1655_, 74 + + Leeds St Peter, _1469_, 124; _1709_, 141 + + Owston, _1409_, 118 + + Ripley, _1429_, 124 + + Routh, _c. 1410_, 19, 117 + + Sessay, _1550_, 61, 127, 131 + + Sprotborough, _1474_, 25, 120 + + Thornton Watlass, _1669_, 140 + + Topcliffe, _1391_, 84 + + Wath, _1420_, 119 + + Wensley, _c. 1360_, 84, 86, 122 + + Winestead, _c. 1540_, 132 + + York, + Minster, _1315_, 8, 40, 112, 128; _1585_, 138; _1595_, 138 + All Saints, _1642_, 139 + St Crux, _1597_, 138 + St Michael Spurriergate, _1466_, 124 + + + IRELAND-- + + Dublin, St Patrick, _1528_, 98, 125; _1537_, 98, 99, 125 + + + WALES-- + + Anglesea, Beaumaris, _c. 1530_, 115 + + Denbigh, Llanrwst, _1620_, _1632_, _1658_, _1660_, _1669_, _1671_, + 73, 139, 140 + + Glamorgan, Swansea, _c. 1500_, 78, 79 + + Montgomery, Bettws, _1531_, 123 + + Pembroke, Haverfordwest, _1654_, 140 + + + SCOTLAND-- + + Aberdeen, _1613_, 143, 144 + + + THE CONTINENT-- + + Belgium, + Bruges, _15th cent._, 83 + Brussels, _1398_, 83 + Ghent, _14th cent._, 83 + + Denmark, Ringstead, engr. _c. 1350_, 83, 85 + + Germany, + Lübeck, _1356_, 83, 84 + Schwerin, _1347_, 86; _1375_, 86 + Stralsund, _1361_, 83, 84 + Thorn, _1357_, 83, 84 + Verden, _1231_, 1 + + Switzerland, Constance, _15th cent._, 84 + + + Cambridge: + PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. + AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS + + +Transcriber’s Notes. + +Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=. +Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS. + +Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected +silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation/punctuation has been +normalised. + +Reiterations of the title have been discarded. + +To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated between +paragraphs. Page number references in the list of illustrations have +been discarded. + +Title-page decoration (same as cover) has not been attempted. A +reference to the decoration is redirected to the cover image. + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 *** diff --git a/78728-h/78728-h.htm b/78728-h/78728-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dea31ea --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-h/78728-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7809 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> + <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no"> + <title> + Brasses | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; +} +.p1 {margin-top:1.5em;} +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; 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margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; +} + + +.sm {font-size: .8em;} +.xsm {font-size: .7em;} + +.big {font-size:1.2em} + +.tight {margin-left:20%;margin-right:20%;} + + +/* disable underlining of links */ +a {text-decoration: none} + + +.clear{clear:both} + +/* illustration columns*/ + +/* adjust width to circumstances e.g. 25% for four pics, 50% for two*/ +.column2 { + float: left; + width: 50%; + /* padding: 5px; */ +} + +/* stacks column-wide images in smaller viewports */ +@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { + .column2 { + width: 100%; + } +} + +/*inserted text*/ +ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + +/*page number color */ +.pagenum { + color: gray; +} + + +/* table with no borders*/ +table.autotable3 {border-collapse: collapse;} +table.autotable3 td, +table.autotable3 th {padding: 0.25em;} + + + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowe8 {width: 8em;} +.illowp40 {width: 40%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp40 {width: 100%;} +.illowp25 {width: 25%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp25 {width: 100%;} +.illowp48 {width: 48%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} +.illowp32 {width: 32%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp32 {width: 100%;} +.illowp31 {width: 31%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp31 {width: 100%;} +.illowp55 {width: 55%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp55 {width: 100%;} +.illowp59 {width: 59%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp59 {width: 100%;} +.illowp50 {width: 50%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp50 {width: 100%;} +.illowp51 {width: 51%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp51 {width: 100%;} +.illowp47 {width: 47%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp47 {width: 100%;} +.illowp49 {width: 49%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp49 {width: 100%;} +.illowp38 {width: 38%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp38 {width: 100%;} +.illowp36 {width: 36%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp36 {width: 100%;} +.illowp44 {width: 44%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp44 {width: 100%;} +.illowp53 {width: 53%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;} +.illowp54 {width: 54%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp54 {width: 100%;} +.illowp56 {width: 56%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp56 {width: 100%;} +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} + </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 ***</div> + + + + + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> + +<p class="center">The Cambridge Manuals of Science and +Literature</p> + + +<p class="center p4">CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS<br> +London: FETTER LANE, E.C.<br> +C. F. CLAY, <span class="smcap">Manager</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowe8" id="f002"> + <img class="w100" src="images/f002.jpg" alt="" data-role="presentation"> +</figure> + +<p class="center">Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET<br> +Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.<br> +Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS<br> +New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS<br> +Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., <span class="smcap">Ltd.</span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>All rights reserved</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> + + +<h1> +BRASSES +</h1> + + +<p class="center"><span class="sm">BY</span><br> +<span class="big">J. S. M. WARD</span><br> +B.A., <span class="smcap"><span class="sm">F.R.Hist.S.</span></span></p> + +<p class="center p4">Cambridge:<br> +at the University Press<br> +1912</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span></p> + + +<p class="center">Cambridge:<br> +<span class="sm">PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.<br>AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS</span></p> + + +<p class="p4 tight"><i>With the exception of the coat-of-arms at +the foot, the design on the cover is a +reproduction of one used by the earliest known +Cambridge printer, John Siberch, 1521</i></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE"> + PREFACE + </h2> +</div> + + +<p>Of late years there has been a marked awakening +of general interest in monumental brasses. +Previously, the more imposing realism of statuary—either +in single figures or in groups—may be said to +have deprived these ancient relics of the recognition +they deserved. But recently it has begun to dawn +upon the more artistic members, at least of the +thinking public, how much of real archaeological +interest attaches to memorial brasses, hitherto known +and appreciated only by the few.</p> + +<p>As yet, however, there has been no cheap and +handy manual which will give the ordinary man in +the street a fair idea of the classes into which they +may most readily be grouped, and at the same time +furnish him with such essential details as will enable +him to distinguish instinctively the salient points of +the subject, and assimilate them to the full. It is +hoped that this little volume will succeed in fulfilling +this aim.</p> + +<p>The arrangement of the chapters is into periods +corresponding with those of History instead of the +artificial method of grouping into <i>knights</i>, <i>knights +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span>and ladies</i>, <i>demi-figures</i>, etc. Those who would wish +to follow up the subject in more extended form +should read Mr Macklin’s excellent work <i>The +Brasses of England</i>, also Haines’ <i>Manual</i> and +Boutell’s <i>Monumental Brasses</i>.</p> + +<p>Most of the illustrations are from the author’s +own collection of rubbings (numbering over 1500), +and practically all the letter-press and descriptions +are based on his personal observations either from +the rubbings or from the brasses themselves. In a +few cases where this is not so, the author is indebted +to one or other of those authors above mentioned. +The Editor of <i>The Builder</i> has kindly given us +permission for the use of two of the blocks made +from the author’s rubbings, which appeared in a +recent number of that paper.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p class="right"> + J. S. M. W. +</p> + +<p><i>August 16, 1912.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span></p> +</blockquote> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS"> + CONTENTS + </h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="autotable3"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Preface +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#PREFACE">v</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +I. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Edward I and II. 1272-1327 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_I">1</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +II. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Edward III and Richard II. 1328-99 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_II">9</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +III. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Lancastrian Period. 1400-53 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_III">14</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +IV. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The Yorkist Period. 1453-85 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IV">24</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +V. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Medieval Clergy +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_V">31</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +VI. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The Monasteries +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VI">43</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +VII. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The Early Tudors. 1485-1547 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VII">52</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +VIII. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Edward VI and Mary. Transitional Period +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">60</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +IX. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Elizabeth and James I. 1558-1625 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_IX">62</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +X. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The Caroline Brasses. 1625-60 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_X">70</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +XI. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +The Last Brasses. 1660-1773 +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XI">75</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +XII. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Special Types +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XII">76</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +XIII. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Foreign Brasses +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">83</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +XIV. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Architectural Details +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">87</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +XV. +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Conclusion +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#CHAPTER_XV">99</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Appendix +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#APPENDIX">112</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Bibliography +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">148</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> + +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Index +</td> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#INDEX">149</a> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"> + LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + </h2> +</div> + + + +<table class="autotable3"> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig01_p002">1.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir John Daubernon +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig02_p004">2.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir John de Creke +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig03_p006">3.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir John and Lady de Northwode +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig04_p007">4.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Lady Joan de Cobham +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig05_p011">5.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir Nicholas Burnell +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig06_p013">6.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Margaret, Lady Cobham +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig07_p016">7.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig08_p018">8.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir Symon de Felbrigge and Margaret, his wife +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig09_p021">9.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +William Grevel and Wife +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig10_p023">10.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir John Cassy and Wife +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig11_p026">11.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir William and Lady Vernon +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig12_p029">12.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir Thomas Urswyk and family +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig13_p148">13.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Laurence de St Maur +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig14_p148">14.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +John Blodwell +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig15_p041">15.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig16_p045">16.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Thomas Neolond +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig17_p047">17.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig18_p054">18.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +John Shelley and Wife +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig19_p057">19.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Lady Tiptoft +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig20_p059">20.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Richard Wakehurst and Wife +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig21_p065">21.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +John Wingfield +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig22_p067">22.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Alice, wife of William Wade +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig23_p071">23.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Sir Edward Filmer and family +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig24_p093">24.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +John Strete +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdr"> +<a href="#fig25_p095">25.</a> +</td> +<td class="tdl"> +Robert de Paris and Wife +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I"> + CHAPTER I + <br><span class="sm"> + EDWARD I AND II. 1272-1327 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>The study of monumental brasses is one for which +Englishmen have special opportunities, for in England +there are more brasses than in all the other countries +of Europe put together. The English brasses moreover +differ curiously from those of the Continent. +On the Continent the early engravers, probably influenced +by the Limoges plates and incised slabs which +preceded them, engraved figures, inscriptions and +other details on rectangular plates. The monument +of Geoffrey Plantagenet, 1150, father of Henry II of +England, which is now in the Museum at Le Mans +is such a plate. The enamelled effigy rests on a +diapered background. The earliest brass is that of +Bishop Iso von Wilpe, 1231, at Verden. (See Ch. XIII.)</p> + +<p>In England, as the engravers copied the stone +figures without backgrounds, they took the gravestone +itself for the groundwork, and figures, canopies, inscriptions, +etc. are each set into separate casements. +The earliest <i>matrix</i> (at St Paul’s, Bedford) shows a +large Latin cross and is believed to commemorate +Sir Simon de Beauchamp, 1208. The earliest brass +now extant is that of 1277 at Stoke d’Abernon. To +the first period belong in all twenty brasses (see +Appendix).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span></p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp40" id="fig01_p002" style="max-width: 20.0em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig01_p002.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 1. Sir John Daubernon, 1277, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The figure of Sir John +Daubernon (1) shows the +armour which had been +worn for the last three +centuries. He is in chain +mail with <i>coif de mailles</i>, +hawberk and <i>chausses</i> complete, +but the junctions of +these are not distinct. +Single-pointed prickspurs +are buckled round the +ankles. The only sign of +the coming change to plate +armour are the <i>genouillères</i>, +which protect the +knees and are adorned with +a fine pattern. They were +probably at first made of +leather, but later were of +plate.</p> + +<p>Over the mail is a +linen surcoat, drawn tight +round the waist by a cord. +Suspended upon his left +shoulder is his shield, small +and heater-shaped, charged +with his arms: <i>azure</i>, a +<i>chevron or</i>. The ground of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span>the shield is in actual enamel—an almost unique +feature. The cross-handled sword is attached to a +broad belt and hangs in front of the body. This is +the only brass which shows the lance. His feet rest +on a lion, which is said to signify that he fell in +battle.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger de Trumpington differs from Sir John +in several points. He has <i>ailettes</i> on his shoulders +charged with his arms—three trumpets—and his +shield is long instead of heater-shaped. Further, the +great tilting helmet is placed under his head and is +secured to his waist by a chain, and his legs are +crossed. In 1270 he went on the Seventh Crusade +with Prince Edward. So far as can be discovered, +this is the only brass extant of a Crusader, but several +other brasses of the same date have their legs crossed. +This does not prove that they were Crusaders, but +only that in some way they were benefactors to the +Church.</p> + +<p>Sir Richard de Boselyngthorpe (a demi-figure) +wears gloves of fish-scale plates and holds a heart. +Sir Robert de Bures is considered to be the finest +military figure among all the brasses of England.</p> + +<p>Sir Robert de Setvans is bare-headed and his +gloves hang loosely from the wrists, leaving his hands +bare. His arms (winnowing fans, hence the name +Setvans) are shown on his surcoat, <i>ailettes</i>, and long +shield. Both he and Sir Robert de Bures are +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span>cross-legged. There is probably French influence in +this brass.</p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp25" id="fig02_p004" style="max-width: 10.0em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig02_p004.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 2. + Sir John de + Creke, c. 1325, + Westley Waterless, + Cambs. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Next follow two transitional figures at Pebmarsh +and Gorleston. Both originally had canopies, which +have now entirely disappeared. In these +the outsides of the upper and forearms +are protected by steel plates strapped +over the mail, small elbow-pieces are +added, and round plates are fixed in front +of the shoulders and at the bend of the +arms. Shin plates may also be noticed.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Creke is a fair example +of a fourteenth century knight clad +almost entirely in plate armour, for we +now pass definitely to the second type +of armour known as the “cyclas.” This +garment is shown in the illustration and +is also depicted in the brass of Sir John +Daubernon II. It takes the place of +the surcoat, is slit up the sides, and is +shorter in front than behind.</p> + +<p>It therefore shows beneath, first the +gambeson, then the hawberk of mail, and, +finally, the padded haqueton. The hands +are bare and the hawberk sleeves short, +thus showing the forearms entirely protected +by vambraces of plate worn under, +not over, the mail. The upper arms have pieces of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span>plate over the chain, as before. A steel bascinet is +on the head, and the quatrefoil device on its apex +was probably meant to hold a crest or a lady’s favour.</p> + +<p>Sir John (II) has the earliest ogee-arch canopy. +There was a fine double one at Westley Waterless, +but not a vestige of it remains.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Northwode’s effigy is almost certainly +the work of a French craftsman. His shield hangs at +his left hip instead of on his arm, which was a very +usual method in France. The style of the engraving, +too, points in the same direction. His helmet is secured +by a chain, his head rests on a pillow and his forearms +are protected by scale-armour. About 1510, the lower +portion of the figure having been lost, new legs were +engraved. Though an effort has been made to preserve +the style of 1330, yet the new work is obviously +Tudor. The altered shape of the feet and badly depicted +lion readily show this. At the same time, a +strip was cut out of the middle to make the knight of +the same length as his wife! This removed the arm +of the cross in his shield, as shown in the illustration, +but the missing piece has recently been restored.</p> + +<div class="clear"> +</div> +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="fig03_p006" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig03_p006.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 3. Sir John and Lady de Northwode, + c. 1330, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<figure class="figleft illowp40" id="fig04_p007" style="max-width: 20em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig04_p007.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 4. Lady Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, Cobham, Kent + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>We must now consider the costume of the ladies, +of whom the first is Margarete de Camoys, c. 1310. +There was originally a canopy of the earlier, or straight-sided +type, and a border inscription in Lombardic +letters. Further, there were eight shields and thirty-one +stars or other devices on the slab. The figure alone +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a><a id="Page_7"></a>7</span>survives and has on it nine +blank shields, probably the +matrices of shields of +enamel.</p> + +<p>Joan de Cobham, c. 1320, +is the next lady. Her +straight-sided canopy is the +only survivor of this early +type. She wears a loose-fitting +robe with short +sleeves, below which can +be seen the sleeves of her +kirtle. Her head and neck +are covered with a veil and +wimple.</p> + +<p>Lady de Creke wears a +long mantle fastened across +the breast by a cord and +gathered up under the arm. +The mark of the engraver +is at her foot. This is +almost unique.</p> + +<p>Lady de Northwode has +a mantle with side openings, +through which the arms +pass. It is turned back in +front to show the lining of +variegated fur. The head +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span>is bare and the hair plaited; a stiff wimple covers +the neck. Her head rests on a handsome cushion.</p> + +<p>Maud de Bladigdone has a dress similar to Joan +de Cobham’s.</p> + +<p>She and her husband are small demi-figures in +the centre of an octofoil cross, most of which had to +be restored in 1887. He wears a tunic buttoned +down the front, with tight sleeves having long lappets +from the elbows and a tippet over his shoulders. His +beard is small and forked.</p> + +<p>The remaining brasses are to priests in mass +vestments, excepting Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld. +But we shall deal with the vestments of the clergy in +a separate chapter.</p> + +<p>The Chinnor, Merton College and Woodchurch +brasses are in varying forms of crosses. Chinnor has +only the head in the centre, Merton a fine demi-figure, +and Woodchurch a small figure. Until 1857 +there existed a fine, large brass to a priest Adam de +Bacon (1310), at Oulton in Suffolk. Unfortunately in +that year it was stolen (and probably melted down). +The two remaining priests are simple demi-figures.</p> + +<p>There was originally a fine canopy over Archbishop +Grenefeld with side shafts containing saints. All this +has long since perished and 18 inches of the lower +portion of the figure were stolen in 1829.</p> + +<p>These early figures all have very curly hair.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II"> + CHAPTER II + <br><span class="sm"> + EDWARD III AND RICHARD II. 1328-99 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>We now find brasses commemorating members of +almost every class, but the first to claim our attention +will be the military ones.</p> + +<p>A small group of three transitional but mutilated +brasses must be taken first:</p> + +<p>Of these that of Sir Hugh Hastings (1347) at +Elsing, in Norfolk, is the most interesting. His legs +are now missing, but from an old rubbing in the +British Museum we know they were enclosed in chain +mail. The cyclas, worn shorter than hitherto, only +reaches to the middle of the thighs. Upon it is the +maunche or sleeve of the Hastings family, richly +diapered, and differenced with a label of three points. +This also appears on his small heater-shaped shield. +A belt hangs over his hips with the sword on the left +side, fastened in front. A hawberk of mail was worn +beneath the cyclas and the haqueton shows at the +wrists. A bascinet protects his head and a gorget +of plate encircles his neck. Additional plates are +attached to the arms, and roundels are placed at the +elbows and below the shoulders. Cuisses of pourpoint +appear for the first time upon the thighs. These +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>were of leather (<i>cuir-bouilli</i>) studded with small steel +plates.</p> + +<p>The canopy (now much mutilated) is very fine. +Originally there were four canopied niches on either +side with “weepers,” or mourners, in the military +costume of the day. Three were missing, though of +these one, Lord Grey de Ruthyn, was preserved at +the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, and has lately, +we believe, been restored to its place. Those left +are: Top dexter side, Edward III crowned, with the +arms of England and France on his cyclas. Below +him, Thos. de Beauchamp, holding a lance. Top +sinister side, the Earl of Lancaster—Henry Plantagenet, +the next is lost, then Lord Stafford, and +then Almeric, Lord St Armand, who wears a ridged +steel hat with a broad rim over his bascinet, which is +almost unique.</p> + +<p>Within a circle in the arch of the canopy is +St George, and beneath him the soul is being borne +upwards by two angels.</p> + +<p>There are several other interesting details which +it would take too long to describe. The brass at +Wimbish, in Essex (1347), consists of a much mutilated +cross, which contains within its head Sir John de +Wantone and his lady. He greatly resembles Sir +Hugh, save that his legs are partly clad in plate, as +in the de Creke brass.</p> + +<p>Sir John Giffard (1348) at Bowers Gifford in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>Essex, has a suit of banded +chain with very few pieces +of plate, and at first sight +might be considered a reversion +to the type of Sir +John Daubernon I, but a +closer inspection will show +that his linen cloak is much +more like the jupon, which +was destined very soon to +take the place of the cyclas. +The head is lost. The Giffard +coat-of-arms (six <i>fleurs-de-lys</i>) +is displayed on his +shield.</p> + +<figure class="figleft illowp32" id="fig05_p011" style="max-width: 20em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig05_p011.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 5. Sir Nicholas Burnell, 1382, Acton Burnell, Salop + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The Hundred Years’ +War caused a development +of armour which lasted +practically unaltered for +fifty years.</p> + +<p>The type is clearly depicted +in the illustration of +Sir Nicholas Burnell, 1382, +Acton Burnell, Shropshire. +The hawberk of mail has +shrunk to a vest and shows +only at the armpits and +lower edge. A cuirass of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>steel covers this and has over it a leather jupon, +which is often ornamented with its owner’s coat-of-arms. +The Burnell brass here illustrated shows the +armour of this type. The sharply-pointed bascinet is +connected with the body armour by a camail of chain, +hence this style of armour is often called the <i>camail +style</i>. The arms and legs are entirely enclosed in +plate in the later examples, but in the earlier +cuirasses of pourpoint are used for the thighs, as in +the brass of Sir John de Cobham, 1365. A bawdric, +or broad belt, worn straight round the hips, held +on the right a misericorde (dagger) and on the left a +sword.</p> + +<p>The dress of ladies of this period consists usually +of a close-fitting kirtle, buttoned tightly from neck +to waist and from elbow to wrist, and sometimes +right down the front. Over this is worn a mantle, +open in front, and kept in position by a cord across +the breast, see illustration.</p> + +<p>Sometimes a third dress appears (with or without +the mantle) over the kirtle. It has two forms, one +very like the kirtle, but with close-fitting sleeves cut +short at the elbow, with long lappets; the other form +is the sideless <i>cote-hardi</i>. This is slit up at the sides +and edged with fur at the openings. It has no sleeves +or sides as far as the hips.</p> + +<p>The first form is seen at Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., +1356, Bray, Berks., 1378, and elsewhere. The second +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>is found at Lingfield, Surrey, +c. 1370, and Cobham, Kent, +1375.</p> + +<div class="clear"> +</div> + +<figure class="figleft illowp31" id="fig06_p013" style="max-width: 20em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig06_p013.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 6. Margaret, Lady Cobham, 1395, Cobham, Kent + </figcaption> +</figure> + + +<p>A long overcoat sometimes +takes the place of the +mantle, as at Chinnor, Oxford, +c. 1385. The hair is +usually enclosed in a net +and plaited. Mittens are +often worn. Widows wear +a veil with a barbe and +wimple and are often hard +to distinguish from Vowesses, +i.e. ladies who at the +death of their husbands take +the vows in a nunnery.</p> + +<p>Alianore de Bohun, +Duchess of Gloucester (1399), +being a vowess, is illustrated +in the chapter dealing with +the religious orders. With +its triple canopy it is one of +the most splendid brasses +still existing.</p> + +<p>The Cobham brasses especially +should be noticed. +This church has the most +magnificent series extant +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>anywhere. They number 19 and most of them have +fine canopies. A visit to this little village is therefore +well repaid.</p> + +<p>We must now turn to the civilians. These are +often of considerable interest.</p> + +<p>By far the finest is the mutilated brass of Walter +Pescod. He lies beneath a fine canopy and super-canopy, +and further reference will be made to this +in the chapter on architectural detail. He wears a +close-fitting tunic buttoned down the front, and a +mantle with a hood. In the small demi-figures the +mantle is usually omitted.</p> + +<p>Frankelins wore a tunic, hood, and mantle buttoned +over the right shoulder. From the girdle +hung an anlace, or short sword. This dress can be +seen at King’s Somborne, Felbrigg and Wimington. +Beards are usually, though not always, worn. Richard +Torrington’s feet rest on a lion, as if he were a +knight, but this is unusual. (See list.)</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III"> + CHAPTER III + <br><span class="sm"> + LANCASTRIAN PERIOD. 1400-1453 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>There now begins to be evident a slight deterioration; +careless and poor work is found side +by side with some of the very finest. In part this is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span>because so many different classes were now adopting +this type of monument.</p> + +<p>About 500 brasses belong to this period, including +clergy and laity.</p> + +<p>The armed figures may be conveniently divided +into three groups, and it will be found that their +wives naturally fall into similar divisions.</p> + +<p>The first is practically the same as that of the +later Plantagenets and still retains the camail. (See +list (I).)</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Bagot and his wife wear the collar of S. S. +This collar was conferred by Henry IV and the other +Lancastrians on their friends. It is found on many +brasses during this period and is worn by ladies as +well as knights. We may appropriately refer here +to the Order of the Garter. Unfortunately there are +not many instances of its being shown on brasses, +only six or seven being known. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp55" id="fig07_p016" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig07_p016.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 7. Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1401, + St Mary’s, Warwick + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Our illustration of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl +of Warwick, not only shows the style of armour, but +also that the armorial charges on his jupon and on +his wife’s mantle are wrought with a beautiful diaper +work. This way of depicting arms (by lightly engraving +the surface with dots, instead of lines) is +unique.</p> + +<p>The ladies in this division, like their husbands, +wear practically the same costume as before. But +at the same time other brasses were being laid down +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a><a id="Page_17"></a>17</span>showing that changes were taking place. The jupon +was abandoned, and the plain cuirass shown. This +has a skirt of hoops, known as taces. These cover +the mail shirt, which gradually disappears. The +camail is likewise covered by a gorget of steel and +later abandoned. The bascinet becomes globular.</p> + +<p>An interesting example of the transitional period +is the brass of Sir Thos. Swynborne and his father +at Little Horkesley in Essex. The father, Sir Robert +(died 1391), is shown in the armour of that date, while +his son shows the armour of 1412.</p> + +<p>Later, roundels are placed at the elbow and in +front of the armpits. (See list (II).)</p> + +<p>The illustration of Sir Simon Felbrigge is of +special interest. He holds the Royal Standard in +his right hand charged with the arms of Edward +the Confessor impaling France and England. He +was the Royal Standard bearer during Richard II’s +reign, yet was made K.G. by Henry V. He did not +die till 1443, but probably prepared his tomb in +1416. The palettes at his armpits are charged with +the cross of St George, and he wears the Garter. +Additional plates are placed on the shoulders and +cuirass. More changes now occur, the left side +begins to be more fully protected than the right, +since the extra weight would have prevented free +action. Tuilles or plates are strapped to the lowest +tace, and other slight changes become noticeable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a><a id="Page_19"></a>19</span></p> + +<p>For examples of these changes see list (III) in +the Appendix.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp59" id="fig08_p018" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig08_p018.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 8. Sir Symon de Felbrigge, K.G., and Margaret, his wife, + 1416, Felbrigg, Norfolk + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Sir Christopher Baynham (c. 1448) at Newland, +Gloucester, has a most curious crest—a miner with +a candle in his mouth, a bag on his back and a pickaxe +in his hand. The brass is unfortunately rather +mutilated.</p> + +<p>In the last section (section (iv)) the helmet is +discarded and the hair is close-cropped. The skirt +of taces is very long, having often ten hoops; tuilles +are not used. Pauldrons are worn on the shoulders.</p> + +<p>The ladies do not vary in costume so much. The +mantle is often omitted and a high-waisted gown +with long sleeves and turned-down collar worn. The +hair is gathered into a net and a kerchief draped +over the top.</p> + +<p>Examples may be found at Routh, Yorks., c. 1410; +East Markham, Notts., 1419; Digswell, Herts., 1415; +Horley, Surrey (canopy), c. 1420.</p> + +<p>From 1420-1450 we find the plain kirtle and +mantle (occasionally the sideless <i>cote-hardi</i>, as at +Trotton) and the horned or mitred head-dress. This +means that the hair, enclosed in a net, is raised above +the head in the design indicated and then draped +with a kerchief. Most of the ladies depicted with +their husbands follow this arrangement.</p> + +<p>Examples alone, at Hever, Kent, 1419; Lingfield, +Surrey, 1420; Cobham, Kent, 1433, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p> + +<p>The civilians are of great importance during this +period, and two groups demand special attention, the +Woolmen and the Judges. Wm. Grevel and wife, +Chipping Campden, Glos., 1401 (woolman) may be +taken as an example of the earlier type. He wears +a long gown buttoned right down the front, a belt +with an anlace, and mantle opening at the right +shoulder. His wife has no mantle and wears a +similar dress to that of the Plantagenet period. The +magnificent double canopy has a central column, a +rare feature.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="fig09_p021" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig09_p021.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 9. William Grevel (woolman) and wife, 1401, + Chipping Campden, Glos. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>This type of dress, with slight variations, continued +for the whole of the Lancastrian period. Towards +its close, however, certain changes became more and +more common. Mantle and hood are seldom seen, +except as a sign of municipal office. The dress +becomes shorter, reaching only a little below the +knees, the hair is cropped and there is no beard. +Nicholas Canteys, St John’s, Margate, 1431, is an +exception, having a long beard.</p> + +<p>The brasses of the woolmen are the finest, as +they were the richest. Their feet often rest upon +woolpacks or lambs.</p> + +<p>In many brasses, merchants’ marks on shields will +be found, as in Grevel’s. At Fletching, Sussex, there +is a curious brass to Peter Denot, glover, 1450. It +consists of a pair of gloves and an inscription.</p> + +<p>The fine series of woolmen’s brasses at Northleach +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a><a id="Page_22"></a>22</span>are specially noticeable, and Gloucestershire takes +the lead throughout England, Lincolnshire coming +next.</p> + +<p>We cannot leave the subject of the civilians without +referring to the legal profession. The judges +are by far the most important. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>John Cottusmore and his wife (1439) have two +brasses; the first large, with a fine canopy on the +floor, the second small, on the wall, showing them +kneeling.</p> + +<p>The costume consists of a gown reaching to the +feet, with close sleeves. A fur tippet, a mantle lined +with minever, a hood and a close cap or coif.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="fig10_p023" style="max-width: 40.0em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig10_p023.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 10. + Sir John Cassy + and wife (part + of marginal inscription + omitted), + 1400, Deerhurst, + Glos. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Sir John Cassy, chief baron of the Exchequer +(1400), has a magnificent brass at Deerhurst. He +shows most of these features but the tippet, which +is concealed. The fine double canopy no longer has +the figure of St John the Baptist, which was still +there when the rubbing was taken. The other figure +is of St Anne and the Virgin as a child. The +inscription, as is often the case in Gloucestershire, +is in raised letters with curious leaves, and a dragon +separating the words, but the lower part is here +omitted. The dog beneath Lady Cassy’s feet was +evidently meant to represent an old pet. It has a +collar of bells round its neck and its name, Terri, +underneath. This is the only named pet now extant, +but a “Jakke” existed formerly at Ingham, Norfolk, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a><a id="Page_24"></a>24</span>on the brass of Sir Bryan de Stapleton, 1438. It +was sold as old metal in 1800.</p> + +<p>Three Serjeants-at-law belong to this period: +John Rede, Checkendon, Oxon. (triple canopy), 1404, +Nich. Roland and wife, Cople, Beds., c. 1410, and +Thos. Rolf, Gosfield, Essex, 1439.</p> + +<p>Thomas Rolf has the most characteristic dress, +consisting of a cassock and academical tabard, a +tippet, hood with two bands and a coif.</p> + +<p>These include most types of civilian brasses, but +there are numerous variations, and therein lies the +interest of the subject.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV"> + CHAPTER IV + <br><span class="sm"> + THE YORKIST PERIOD. 1453-1485 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>During the Wars of the Roses, England was +practically isolated from the Continent. It is therefore +not surprising that this period has a character +of its own.</p> + +<p>There are about 350 brasses, and these include +an entirely distinct type of armour and a characteristic +female head-dress.</p> + +<p>There are not many really fine brasses, canopies +are few and heavy in design, and the engraving is +poor. The proportions are often bad. In particular +the head is often made too big or too small.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p> + +<p>The great characteristic of the armour of this +period is the addition of extra pieces of huge size +and curious shape. Yet all were the outcome of the +exigencies of the time. So too were the ridges and +flutings which were meant to deflect the point of a +weapon. The armour was also decorated with punching, +engraving, etc.</p> + +<p>During the wars in France, the knights had often +dismounted and fought on foot. During the Wars +of the Roses, they usually charged on horseback. +This explains why the heavier armour is on the +upper part of the body, while the lower is more +lightly protected.</p> + +<p>Often the upper half therefore seems out of +proportion.</p> + +<p>Usually the head is bare, but occasionally the +“sallad” or shell helmet is found, as at Castle +Donington, Cirencester, Addington, Sprotborough +and elsewhere. Among other peculiarities, a hooked +lance-rest is often screwed to the right side of the +cuirass, as at Hildersham. The elbow-pieces often +attain to an enormous size. The tuilles have been +re-introduced. The shoes are long and pointed, the +sword slung in front.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp51" id="fig11_p026" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig11_p026.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 11. Sir William and Lady Vernon, 1467, Tong, Salop + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The illustration of Sir Wm. and Lady Vernon, Tong, +Salop, 1467, betrays one of the signs of deterioration: +the head rests on the helmet with crest, yet the +figure <i>stands</i> on a field of grass. His wife wears +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a><a id="Page_27"></a>27</span>kirtle, sideless <i>cote-hardi</i>, mantle, veil and the +widow’s wimple. Her feet rest against an extraordinary +dragon. This is probably in allusion to +her name and patron saint, Margaret, whose emblem +was a dragon.</p> + +<p>In the Morley brass (1470) the knight rests his +head on his helmet and stands on grass and flowers. +The two wives wear the mitre head-dress and there +are three saints above. These are St Christopher, +St Anne and the Virgin, and St Mary and Child.</p> + +<p>During this period, armorial tabards and heraldic +kirtles and mantles became common.</p> + +<p>The earliest tabard is at Amberley, Sussex, 1424.</p> + +<p>Examples during the Yorkist period are found as +follows: Wm. Stapilton and wife, Edenhall, Cumberland, +1458; Hen. Grene and wife, Lowick, Northants., +1467; Sir Jn. Say and wife, Broxbourne, Herts., 1473; +Sir Thos. Sellynger and wife, St George’s Chapel, +Windsor, 1475; Philip Mede and two wives, St Mary, +Redcliff, Bristol, 1475.</p> + +<p>The Yorkist collar of stars and roses takes the +place of the S.S. It is found at Broxbourne, St +Albans, Little Easton, 1483, and elsewhere.</p> + +<p>The horned head-dress of the ladies changes to +the mitred, as at Thornton and Morley. The +memorial of Ly. Joyce Tiptoft, Enfield, Middlesex, +c. 1470, is one of the few really fine brasses of the +period and shows the dress and armorial bearings +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span>well. The canopy is fine, possibly copied from that +of the Duchess of Gloucester (1399) in Westminster +Abbey. The arrangement of shields hung from the +shafts of the canopy is only one of several similar +features. The head is far too large, as is often the +case at this date, and spoils the general effect. Her +jewelled necklace should be noticed (page 57).</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp55" id="fig12_p029" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig12_p029.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 12. Sir Thomas Urswyk and family, 1479, Dagenham, Essex + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The butterfly head-dress begins to replace the +mitred head-dress, hitherto in vogue. A veil of +gauze was extended over wires. In real life it was +doubtless light and beautiful, but in brass it looks +heavy and ungainly. The wife of Sir Thos. Urswyk, +Dagenham, Essex, shows this type of <i>coiffure</i>. She +also wears a low-necked gown, showing the upper +part of the corsage. Her cuffs and necklace are +characteristic, and her somewhat awkward poise is +typical of the period. Her daughters are of special +interest. The head-dresses of the six younger are +formed by conical nets of several designs, their long +hair hanging down behind. These examples are +unique. The eldest daughter is a nun, and the other +two resemble their mother, but wear no mantle. +The sons wore the ordinary civilian costume of the +time, but have quite recently been stolen.</p> + +<p>Widows still wear the wimple, and maidens have +long, flowing hair.</p> + +<p>There is but little variety in the dress of civilians. +The anlace becomes rare and its place is often taken +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a><a id="Page_30"></a>30</span>by a rosary. The hair is close-cropped, and the +figures usually small. Mantles are only worn as a +sign of office.</p> + +<p>The <i>Woolmen</i> and the <i>Lawyers</i> represent the +best work to be seen at this epoch. Of the latter, +Sir Thos. Urswyk, 1479, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, +already mentioned, will serve as an example. He is +bare-headed, and the fur lining of his mantle is visible, +as is his rosary. His sons display the usual costume +of the day without the mantle.</p> + +<p>Notaries wear a plain gown with pencase and +inkhorn hanging from the belt. A scarf and a cap +are fastened on the left shoulder. (Appendix.)</p> + +<p>We have now come to the close of the Middle +Ages. The signs of deterioration of this, as of other +medieval arts, are apparent.</p> + +<p>The question may be asked—In what language +and type were the inscriptions engraved? Briefly, +the earlier (in Norman French) are engraved in +separated Lombardic letters which were inserted +round the edge of the slab. This gave place +to a border fillet. This fillet soon began to be +engraved in Gothic characters. In the fifteenth +century Latin became the usual language—from the +beginning it had been used for <i>ecclesiastics</i>. It +never entirely fell out of use, but towards the end +of the fifteenth century English began to appear. +During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span>latter takes the place of Latin to a large extent. +Roman characters replaced Gothic in the seventeenth +century.</p> + +<p>The arbitrary contractions of words employed by +the engravers from the earliest to the latest periods +render the deciphering of a large proportion of the +inscriptions no easy task.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V"> + CHAPTER V + <br><span class="sm"> + MEDIEVAL CLERGY + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><i>Deacons.</i></p> + +<p>There is no complete brass to a deacon now +extant, and there exists but one solitary mutilated +example at Burwell, Cambridge, on the reverse of +part of the brass of John Lawrence, Abbot of +Ramsey.</p> + +<p>The dalmatic was their distinguishing vestment. +It was shorter than an alb, slit up on either side for +a short distance and had a straight edge before and +behind. The left side and lower edge were fringed +for a deacon, <i>both</i> sides when worn by a bishop.</p> + +<p>When St Stephen, St Philip or St Lawrence +appear in canopies, they wear this vestment.</p> + +<p>The tunicle was worn by sub-deacons. It is +similar to the dalmatic, but of linen, whereas the +latter was usually of silk and often richly decorated.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Mass Vestments.</i></p> + +<p>The most numerous brasses to the clergy are to +the incumbents of our country churches, and these +are usually depicted in mass vestments. The average +country parson was, as now, a man of modest means, +and so it is not surprising that these brasses as a +rule are small, and very few have canopies or even +marginal inscriptions. There is but little development +in any of the vestments, as these had become +fixed in their main features many centuries earlier.</p> + +<p>The chief characteristic change is that the hair +of early ecclesiastics is long and curly and tends to +become less so, till by Tudor times it is absolutely +straight. In fourteenth century brasses the material +of the vestments seems to be thin and fits closely to +the body, whereas later it is stiff and heavy.</p> + +<p>The fylfot cross is found on the vestments of +many priests, as at Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320, and in +the brass of Rich. de Hakebourne, Merton College, +Oxford, 1310. This ancient symbol, known in the +Sanscrit as the <i>swastika</i>, is found on Buddhist +inscriptions in India and China, on Greek vases and +Roman pavements (as at Brading, I.o.W.) and on Runic +inscriptions and elsewhere. On brasses it is mainly +found upon those of the fourteenth century.</p> + +<p>We will consider in detail the monument of +Lawrence de St Maur, 1337; at Higham Ferrers, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span>which must serve for all the others (see frontispiece). +It is by far the finest, and, indeed, there are only four +or five others with canopies at all, and hardly a dozen +have effigies over three feet long. The central panel +of the canopy contains God the Father, the soul and +two angels, St Peter and St Paul, St Andrew and +St Thomas. At the four corners are the Evangelists. +Then, St Gabriel opposite (perhaps) St Mary; St +John Baptist opposite (perhaps) the Magdalene; St +Stephen opposite (perhaps) St Lawrence; the Abbot +St Maur opposite St Christopher, whose bare feet can +be seen standing in a river. Beneath the priest’s +feet are two dogs quarrelling over a bone.</p> + +<p>The total length of the brass is 8 ft. 3 inches, and +breadth 3 ft. 5 inches.</p> + +<p>The figure wears an <i>alb</i> with apparels at the foot +and on each arm. In the earliest brasses these +pieces of embroidery went right round the wrists, +but they were soon reduced to simple squares. The +amice encircles the neck and is like a handkerchief +with a strip of embroidery along one side. As worn +it looks like a collar. The stole was crossed over the +breast and held in place by the girdle of the alb. +Usually, as here, only the ends can be seen. At +Sudborough, Northants., 1415, at Horsham, Sussex, +c. 1430, and at Upwell, Norfolk, 1435, it can be seen +in entirety. Over the left arm hangs the maniple, +a strip of embroidery, similar to a stole. Over all +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>he wears a fine chasuble. In this case there is a +narrow band of embroidery round the edge, but this +is unusual. The ordinary type is perfectly plain. +In the sixteenth century a central pillar of embroidery +or orphrey is common. It is also found on the +chasubles of bishops and abbots at an earlier date. +Occasionally, the whole ground was covered with a +pattern.</p> + +<p>It will be noticed that many priests are represented +holding chalices. There is quite a considerable +group of brasses consisting of chalices only. +They all commemorate priests. The selected list in +the Appendix will be useful to those who wish to +study them more closely. It was customary to bury +pewter chalices with priests who were interred in +their mass vestments. The author himself has one +of these coffin chalices. It was probably from this +custom that the idea originated of making chalice +brasses. The earliest are in Yorkshire; there are +many in Norfolk, but few outside these counties.</p> + +<p>Robt. Wodehowse’s brass at Holwell, Beds., 1515, +has as a rebus two wode-howses, or wild men, with +clubs, on either side of the chalice.</p> + +<p>There is a peculiar brass at Winwick, Lancashire, +to Sir Peter Legh, 1527. On the death of his wife, +he gave up his calling as a knight and became a +priest.</p> + +<p>He is bare-headed and has a tonsure. Over his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>armour he wears a chasuble, and between his hands +is a coat-of-arms.</p> + + +<p class="p2 center">CHOIR AND PROCESSIONAL VESTMENTS</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>The Almuce.</i></p> + +<p>Except when at Mass, the usual vestments worn +were cassock and surplice, almuce, hood and cope.</p> + +<p>The cassock was the ordinary walking dress of the +clergy. In a few cases it is shown alone. (Appendix.)</p> + +<p>The almuce was a large cape turned down over +the shoulders and lined with fur. D.D.’s and canons +wore one lined with grey fur, and the former had the +outside cloth scarlet.</p> + +<p>All others wore dark-brown fur. The tails of the +animals were sewn round the edge and two long +lappets hung down in front. The fur lining is the +only part shown in brasses, and this is usually represented +by cutting away the metal and filling up the +surface with lead or coloured earths. Of these there +are a fair number. (Appendix.)</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>The Cope.</i></p> + +<p>More usually the <i>cope</i> accompanies the almuce. +Over a hundred brasses of coped priests remain. +Many are both large and fine, with canopies. They +usually commemorate Church dignitaries.</p> + +<p>The cope was a beautiful and costly vestment, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>shaped like a cloak, and was fastened across the +breast by the morse. Orphreys adorned the straight +edges. The general surface was usually plain, though +occasionally covered by a pattern, as in the case of +Robt. Langton, Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518, and +John White, Winchester College, Hants., c. 1548. +This is generally a sign of late work. A small, semicircular +hood attached to the back of the cope was +usually hidden by the upper part of the almuce, +the lappets of which are also visible beyond the long +sleeves of the surplice.</p> + +<p>The two following are among the finest extant:</p> + +<p>John Sleford, Balsham, Cambs., 1401, was Rector +of Balsham, Master of the Wardrobe to Edward III, +Chaplain to Queen Philippa, Canon of Wells and +later of Ripon, Archdeacon of Wells, etc. The whole +composition measures 8½ ft. × 4½ ft., and the figure is +5 ft. 2 in. long. The triple canopy supports a shrine +which is divided in half. The lower portion shows +the soul of the deceased supported in a sheet by two +angels. He is being borne up to the Holy Trinity, +who are represented in the upper story. Two +seraphim are poised on the finials of the two side +arches.</p> + +<p>The shields are: dexter, quarterly Old France +and England; sinister, the same impaling Hainault. +The arms of the See of Ely (three crowns) are shown +on the third shield, and the fourth is lost.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span></p> + +<p>Down the orphreys of the cope are depicted five +pairs of saints under embattled canopies: St Mary +and St John Baptist; St John the Evangelist and +St Etheldreda; St Catherine and St Peter; St Paul +and St Margaret; St Mary Magdalene and St Wilfred. +The sacred monogram I. S. is shown on the +morse and also on two roundels.</p> + +<p>The other brass is equally fine and measures +8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in.</p> + +<p>John Blodwell was Dean of St Asaph, Prebend +of Lichfield and of Hereford, Canon of St David’s +and Rector of Balsham. His canopy is of a different +type to Sleford’s. It has a single arch resting on +broad shafts, in each of which are four niches with +saints. The cope has saints down the orphreys which +are rather worn. The whole surface is adorned with +lions’ heads. The inscription is in a dialogue between +Blodwell and his guardian angel. The Dean’s words +are in relief.</p> + +<p>The alb and amice are substituted for surplice +and almuce at Horsham, 1411, Upwell, 1428 and +1435, Beeford, Yorks., 1472, Hitchin, 1498, and +Rauceby, 1536.</p> + +<p>Canons of Windsor, instead of a cope, wore the +mantle of the Order of the Garter. It has a small +cross on the left shoulder and is found on the brasses +of Roger Parker (headless demi), Northstroke, Oxon., +1370; Unknown, Bennington, Herts, (mutilated, an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span>ordinary cope with badge on shoulder), c. 1450; Roger +Lupton, Eton College, 1540; Arthur Cole, Magdalen +College, Oxford, 1558.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Academic Dress.</i></p> + +<p>There are a considerable number of brasses +showing the academic dress, in all 75 to 80.</p> + +<p>About one-third are at Oxford and Cambridge, +and the rest are widely scattered. The distinction +between the various degrees being usually made by +the colour and material rather than by the shape +renders the task of differentiating difficult.</p> + +<p>The academic tabard without sleeves, the cape or +tippet, and the hood are usually worn over a cassock, +as on the brasses of Thos. Mason, M.A., of Magdalen, +Oxford, 1501, and of John London, M.A., S.T.P., of +New College, Oxford, 1508. Sometimes the academic +tabard has short sleeves.</p> + +<p>The taberdium talare is longer and probably +implies a B.D., though it is worn by others who had +not this degree. Good examples are to be seen on +the brasses of John Bloxham, B.D., Merton College, +Oxford, c. 1420 (with John Whytton on bracket) (see +Chap. XIV), and of Wm. Blakwey, Little Wilbraham, +Cambs (kn.), 1521.</p> + +<p>D.D.’s have the <i>cappa clausa</i>. This is a plain, +sleeveless gown, and the arms appear through a +single opening, which only reaches to the waist. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span>The tippet is usually of fur, and a cap is worn. The +latter is either a skull cap or raised one or two +inches and brought to a low point in the centre. +The first type is shown in the brass of Dr Billingford, +St Bene’t’s, Cambridge, 1432; the second in the brass +of Dr Towne, at King’s College, Cambridge, 1496.</p> + +<p>Doctors of other faculties wear the cap and +pallium, a long gown similar to the taberdium talare. +It must not be confounded with the pallium of an +archbishop. Many academic persons wear the cope +or almuce, sometimes with the doctor’s cap. There +are a few academic brasses of Elizabethan and +Jacobean date. They usually show the long, civilian +gown of the period. From it has developed the +present University gown, which has not sprung from +the ancient tabard.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Bishops.</i></p> + +<p>Bishops and Mitred Abbots wore the mass vestments +of the priests with certain additions. The +tunicle and dalmatic were worn below the chasuble. +The former is often of the same length as the +dalmatic and so cannot be seen. Sandals adorned +with jewels and gloves similarly ornamented were +usually worn. The episcopal ring had a single precious +stone.</p> + +<p>The mitre and crozier are perhaps the most +characteristic vestments. The earliest mitres were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>low with plain edges; they gradually became higher +and crockets were added to the sides of the horns. +In brasses the extreme height to which they developed +is not shown. They were made of plain linen, of +embroidered linen and of precious metals. Two +narrow strips of silk called “infulae” hung down +from the back of the mitre. These can be seen in +the brasses at York and East Horsley.</p> + +<p>The crozier and pastoral staff are the same, the +cross staff of the archbishop is not really a crozier +at all. The latter represents the shepherd’s crook. +A scarf was often fastened to the knob below the +crook. It was called either an “infula”—like the +ribbons of a mitre—or “vexillum.” The latter name +refers to the Cross banner of Constantine.</p> + +<p>Croziers and mitres are depicted long after vestments +had fallen into disuse. The last crozier, 1631, +is at Chigwell, Essex. Mitres are found even later, +but are probably used as a crest.</p> + +<p>Archbishops generally hold the cross staff instead +of a crozier and wear the <i>pall</i>. It was simply a +narrow loop of white lamb’s wool placed round the +neck and with a weighted band hanging down before +and behind.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp47" id="fig15_p041" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig15_p041.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 15. Thomas Cranley, Archbishop of Dublin, 1417, + New College, Oxford + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Thos. Cranley, 1417, clearly shows all the vestments; +his cross, as was often the case, was a +crucifix. The triple canopy with super-canopy is +exceptionally fine, though somewhat mutilated.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a><a id="Page_42"></a>42</span></p> + +<p>The crozier, or cross, is usually held in the left +hand. The mitred abbots wore exactly similar +robes.</p> + +<p>Bishop Wyvil of Salisbury, in three-quarter length, +1375, is shown within a battlemented castle with +his champion standing under the gate beneath. This +commemorates his recovery of Sherborne Castle for +his See.</p> + +<p>The Edenham brass (c. 1500) was formerly in a +panel on the outer face of the church tower, 40 feet +from the ground. It is now inside the church. +Probably it represents St Thomas à Becket, the +patron saint of the donor of the tower.</p> + +<p>Bishop Goodryke of Ely, 1554, wrote “My duty +towards my neighbour,” and holds the prayer book +in his hand. He also holds the Great Seal, as he was +formerly Lord Chancellor. Both he and Bishop +Bell died during the reign of Mary, which might +be considered sufficient explanation of their wearing +vestments. Bishop Pursglove, however, whose brass +is at Tideswell, died in the middle of Elizabeth’s +reign.</p> + +<p>The fact is that vestments only gradually fell into +disuse. They were undoubtedly worn by some of +the clergy right into the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>The figure of John Bell at St James’s, Clerkenwell, +the lower part of which is lost, was sold in 1788 when +the old church was pulled down. It passed into the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span>collection of Mr J. B. Nichols and on his death was +replaced in the new church.</p> + +<p>The vestments in which the king is crowned are +largely of an ecclesiastical nature. They include the +dalmatic, the surcoat, the belt, the stole and a surplice +without sleeves. On monuments, kings are shown +wearing a long tunic with close sleeves, a cloak, or +cope, and a tippet of ermine. The only <i>brass</i> is a +demi-figure, c. 1440, at Wimborne Minster, Dorset, +laid down in memory of King Ethelred, martyred +872 <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> He is crowned and holds a sceptre.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI"> + CHAPTER VI + <br><span class="sm"> + THE MONASTERIES + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>The influence of the monasteries during the +Middle Ages was considerable, and it was in them +that the lamp of learning and art was kept burning. +The causes which led to their destruction would be +too long a matter to discuss here. In justice we +must say that the charges of gross immorality levied +against the monks were neither fair nor were they +the real reason for the dissolution of the monasteries.</p> + +<p>The last monastery had fallen by 1540. In most +cases the churches were destroyed, and even when +they were preserved the brasses were taken from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span>the gravestones and sold by the Commissioners who +confiscated the property.</p> + +<p>Thus at St Albans there were over 270 brasses, +and now there are hardly a dozen. In all England +there are barely 30 monastic brasses left. They +include seven monks and a friar, two abbesses, a +prior and five vowesses, besides one or two doubtful +examples.</p> + +<p>Besides the three abbots already mentioned as +showing episcopal vestments, there are four mutilated +fragments on the reverse of palimpsests (see +below). These will be given in the list of palimpsests.</p> + +<p>The dress of a monk included the tunic, an undergarment, +with the gown over it, the scapula and cowl +or hood. The tonsure is much larger than that of +a parish priest.</p> + +<p>Abbot John Lawrence at Burwell, 1542, was +originally shown in full vestments, but as he survived +the dissolution his brass was changed. He +now appears in cassock, surplice and almuce. The +upper part of the figure is new, but the lower shows +on the reverse the original engraving. There is a +canopy, part of which is palimpsest and shows, on +the reverse, part of a deacon, c. 1320.</p> + +<p>The Benedictines were by far the richest and +largest of the Orders. The Cluniacs were a reformed +order of Benedictines. The chief difference +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a><a id="Page_46"></a>46</span>was that each monastery was under the direct supervision +of Cluny, and not of the mother monastery +from which it sprung. In England there was an +exception and Lewes stood in the position of Cluny +to the other English Cluniac monasteries. It alone +was directly under Cluny.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp51" id="fig16_p045" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig16_p045.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 16. Thomas Neolond, Prior of Lewes, 1433, Cowfold, Sussex + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Prior Neolond, here illustrated, was therefore a +very important man. His dress is exactly similar +to that of the Benedictines. The canopy, as shown, +is the finest still extant of purely English type. The +central pediment is itself triple and holds a shrine +with the Virgin and Child within. St Pancras +and St Thomas à Becket stand on the finials of +the other pediments. The whole brass measures +10 ft. 2 in. × 4 ft. 3 in.</p> + +<p>The Augustinian abbot wears gown and cowl over +the ordinary choir vestments. The crozier rests on +the right arm and he wears no mitre.</p> + +<p>A vowess was a widow who took monastic vows. +It is not easy to distinguish the dress from that of +the ordinary widow.</p> + +<p>The Duchess of Gloucester, after the murder of +her husband in 1397, entered the nunnery at Barking, +Essex, and died there two years later. She appears +in the first act of <i>Richard II</i>. Her brass lies on +an altar tomb in St Edmund’s Chapel, Westminster +Abbey. Her heraldic badge—the swan—adorns the +inscription and the central pediment of her triple +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a><a id="Page_48"></a>48</span>canopy. Five armorial shields still hang from the +shafts, but the sixth is lost. The pinnacle between +the central and the sinister arch is now lost, but +was still intact when this rubbing was taken. (See +illustration.) Thus year by year portions of these +ancient monuments are carelessly lost or stolen.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp49" id="fig17_p047" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig17_p047.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 17. Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester (Vowess), + 1399. Westminster Abbey + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The friar, in gown and cowl, with knotted cord +(c. 1440), at Denham, Bucks., is on the reverse of +Amphillis Peckham, 1545.</p> + +<p>The other brasses call for no further attention, +save that in the case of the two nuns from Sion their +convent had already been dissolved. The abbess is +shown without her crosier and Margaret Dely without +her mantle.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Palimpsest Brasses.</i></p> + +<p>By this we mean brasses which have been twice +used. The dissolution of the monasteries led to +thousands of brasses being sold for old metal, both +from the churches destroyed and from those that +were allowed to remain. In 1551 an order was issued +confiscating all the church plate. It is therefore not +surprising that great numbers of brasses were stolen. +It is noteworthy that Elizabeth disapproved of these +proceedings and ordered that fresh plate should be +procured, and that the damaged monuments should +be restored. The stolen brasses often went into the +melting pot, but sometimes they were re-engraved and +used to commemorate contemporary persons.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> + +<p>Palimpsests are produced in three ways:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>I. By engraving the back of the brasses.</p> + +<p>II. By re-engraving and altering the figures.</p> + +<p>III. By simply substituting a fresh inscription.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Those contained in the first group are probably +the most numerous, and are subdivided into three +groups:</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) Plunder from English churches at the Reformation; +(<i>b</i>) plunder from Flemish churches at the +same period; (<i>c</i>) shop-wastes and earlier stolen +brasses.</p> + +<p>The Flemish or German brasses, about 50 in +number, were probably plunder from the Dutch +churches, which were sacked by the Calvinists in +1566. So complete was the destruction wrought in +that short week that to-day there are fewer complete +Flemish brasses in their original home than there +are fragments of Flemish brasses in England. (See +Appendix.)</p> + +<p>The reverses vary considerably in date and subject. +Those laid down from 1540-1570 show that +even before the great outbreak of iconoclasm of +1566 a good many brasses had been stolen.</p> + +<p>Taillor at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, was burnt during +the Marian persecution in 1555, and an inscription +was laid down in 1560. The reverse, c. 1500, shows +the head and shoulders and hands of a civilian on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>a diapered background with certain other details. +The Margate brass, 1582, shows on the reverse +scenes from the life of man. One is of a child +catching butterflies, and the other, two boys walking +on stilts.</p> + +<p>Besides these groups there is a third type consisting +mostly of shop-wastes, i.e. sometimes a brass +which had been ordered was not approved; the +engraver then either melted it down or re-engraved +it on the other side. Also, brasses were stolen and +sold to the brass engravers, who would use them +again in the same way. Many of these are quite +early and often only a few years separate the engravings +on the two sides.</p> + +<p>In a few cases the same person is depicted with +certain details altered. John Lawrence of Burwell +has already been mentioned.</p> + +<p>The demi-figure of Thos. Cod, St Margaret’s, +Rochester, 1465, is a striking example. The reverse +shows him in almuce and cope, but for some unknown +reason this apparently was disapproved. He +is therefore shown on the obverse with an amice in +place of the almuce.</p> + +<p>A late example is at Walton-on-Thames. John +Selwyn, 1587, was Gentleman Keeper of the Royal +Park at Oatlands. At a stag-hunt in the presence of +Elizabeth he leapt from his horse on to the back of +the stag when both were going at full speed. There +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span>he kept his seat, with his sword guided the animal +towards the Queen, and then plunged the steel into +its throat so that it fell dead at her feet.</p> + +<p>This is depicted on a small plate placed between +the heads of Selwyn and his wife. The subject is +engraved on both sides. The reverse was lightly +sketched and was rejected. It shows him hatless +holding the stag’s right horn.</p> + +<p>The two remaining groups, II and III, are much +less numerous. Group II consists of figures which +have been altered.</p> + +<p>Examples of this kind are Robt. Hanson, 1545, +Chalfont St Peters, Bucks., altered (by adding +shading, etc.) from a priest, 1440. Humphrey Oker +and wife, 1538, Okeover, Staffs., altered from Wm. +Lord Zouche and two wives, c. 1447. The figure of +one wife was left intact and the other was turned +over and engraved with the children and an oak-tree +bearing a shield.</p> + +<p>There are a few other examples, but perhaps the +most interesting is that to Walter Curzon and wife, +Waterperry, Oxon., 1527, altered from c. 1445. A +new head and shoulders were engraved, the palettes +were partly erased and shading was added on arms, +cuirass and legs. The taces have been re-engraved +to form a skirt of mail. The ends of the shoes have +been partly erased and the toes rounded. The upper +half of the lady is Tudor, the lower half has had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span>shading added to the lines, and a chain hanging from +the belt added.</p> + +<p>Group III consists of appropriate brasses which +have not been re-engraved. A new inscription, and +sometimes shields, are merely added.</p> + +<p>Good examples of this group are the brasses of +Sir John Dyve, 1535, wife and mother, Bromham, +Beds., appropriated from Thos. Wideville and two +wives under triple canopy, c. 1435; John Wybarne +(in armour), c. 1546, Ticehurst, Sussex, appropriated +from c. 1370; Laughton, Lincs., 1549, man under +triple canopy, appropriated from c. 1400; Joan ffenner, +1516, Horley, Surrey, appropriated from c. 1420, +with fine canopy.</p> + +<p>There are several other examples and they must +be carefully distinguished from those brasses which +have been <i>copied</i> from an earlier brass, as has +happened in the effigy of Peter Rede at St Peter +Mancroft, Norwich.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII"> + CHAPTER VII + <br><span class="sm"> + THE EARLY TUDORS. 1485-1547 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>During this period more brasses were laid down +than in the whole of the preceding time. Over 1100 +belong to the reigns of Henrys VII and VIII. From +Edward I to Richard III, 1000 were laid down.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span></p> + +<p>But the work shows lamentable signs of steady +deterioration; metal and engraving are usually poor, +the former thin and the latter shallow and with too +much detail. There is a greater variety of design, +but many are in bad taste, such as figures shown in +shrouds or as skeletons. At this date brasses are often +placed on the wall, and sometimes are quadrangular. +The latter must be carefully distinguished from foreign +ones (see later).</p> + +<p>Canopies are few and heavy, but continue to +follow the traditional lines.</p> + +<p>In the military brasses a sudden change becomes +noticeable. The Yorkist armour is changed to the +Tudor between 1490 and 1500. Its characteristics +are that the placates are omitted, the pauldrons are +single and have passe-gards to protect the neck, +shorter tuilles are attached to the taces, a skirt of +mail has been re-introduced and reaches well down +over the thighs. The graceful, pointed sollerets—which +must have been rather uncomfortable—were +replaced by sabbatons with large rounded or square +toes.</p> + +<p>The sword is usually hung across the back of the +legs. The hair is long and straight. Most of these +and other characteristics will be seen in the illustration +of John Shelley and wife, Clapham, Sussex, 1526. The +Tabard of Arms covers the body armour.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp49" id="fig18_p054" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig18_p054.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 18. John Shelley and wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The Yorkist armour was certainly more beautiful, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a><a id="Page_55"></a>55</span>but one is apt to get rather an unfair impression +from the brasses. There still survives a considerable +amount of actual armour of this period, and from it +we can see that it was often truly magnificent. At +times it was engraved and embossed, and there are +several variations not shown in the brasses, such as +the skirt of plate. Those interested in the subject +should study the fine collections at the Tower of +London and elsewhere. It is most fortunate that our +national collection of armour was begun just when +the brasses by deterioration began to furnish less +trustworthy evidence. Of the armour previous to +the Yorkist period, practically none survives, hence +the importance of the good engraving of the earlier +brasses. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>Serjeants-at-arms usually carry maces.</p> + +<p>One of the most characteristic features of the +period is the armorial tabard. Often, too, the wife has +an armorial mantle: as in the brass of John Shelley +and his wife, 1526, Clapham, Sussex, here shown. The +arms are repeated on Shelley’s sleeves and his wife +bears her own arms impaling those of her husband on +her mantle. The Holy Trinity is shown above the +figures.</p> + +<p>The tabard replaced the heraldic jupon of the +Plantagenets during the Lancastrian period. The +earliest is to John Wantele, 1424, Amberley, Sussex, +but the arms are not repeated on the sleeves. There +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span>are but few examples, however, till the Yorkist period, +and they only became plentiful under the Tudors. +They died out in the opening years of Elizabeth, the +last being to Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, +Dorset, 1565.</p> + +<p>Examples of Tabards of Arms during the Yorkist +period are: Sir John Say and wife, Broxbourne, +Herts., 1473, and Philip Mede and two wives, St Mary, +Redcliff.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp38" id="fig19_p057" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig19_p057.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 19. + Lady Tiptoft (Partly covered), + c. 1470, Enfield, Middlesex + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Lady Tiptoft at Enfield, Middlesex, c. 1470 (here +illustrated), is a very splendid brass, and shows the +armorial bearings well. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>The colour of the coats-of-arms was probably shown +by means of lead for <i>argent</i>, coloured earths for <i>colour</i>, +and the plain brass for <i>or</i>. At Ardingley, Sussex, are +three brasses in all of which the coloured earth is still +in place. Unless this has been replaced later, it is a +striking example, for in most cases all trace of the +coloured earths has vanished. At Broxbourne, real +enamel was used (as also at Stoke d’Abernon, 1279), +and in consequence most of the colour is still in +place.</p> + +<p>It is held by some that all engraved lines on all +brasses were filled in with black wax or some similar +substance, just as in our modern inscriptions. That +this was so in some cases seems certain, and at the +Victoria and Albert Museum in the foreign brass to +Henry Oskens (canon) from Nippes, near Cologne, +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a><a id="Page_58"></a>58</span>1535, much of the wax is still there. It is, of course, +impossible to make a good rubbing of such a brass.</p> + +<p>It does not seem likely that most of the brasses +were so treated, but it would take too long to go into +all the evidence which leads one to hold this view, +nor is it desirable to use it now.</p> + +<p>The ladies’ dress also changes at the same time as +their husbands’. The butterfly head-dress gives way +to the kennel head-dress. This has a stiff point in front +and is carried back like the roof of a kennel (hence +the name) and has long side lappets, usually of +embroidery. In some of the earlier examples these +are pinned up (Ardingley), but, as a rule, they fall +straight down (Clapham).</p> + +<p>The dress is close-fitting and has a square collar +and fur cuffs. Round the waist is a girdle with a +chain pendant in front, to which is attached an ornament +of varying shape. Occasionally mantles are +worn, as at Cobham, Kent, but seldom, except when +they bear a coat-of-arms.</p> + +<p>Quite often babies will be found wrapped in +chrysoms with swaddling bands round them. This +robe was placed on the child by the priest as soon as +it was baptised (which was when it was only a few +days old). It was worn till the mother came to be +churched, when it was returned to the priest. These +brasses therefore show that the child died during the +time that elapsed between baptism and the churching. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span>Chrysom children are +found alone or with +parents. This type of +brass survived till the +middle of the seventeenth +century.</p> + +<p>Occasionally brasses +are found commemorating +women who died +in childbirth. The infant +is then usually +shown in a chrysom +robe, and in later +brasses the mother is +often shown lying on +a four-post bedstead. +Anne Asteley, Blickling, +Norfolk, 1512, probably +belongs to this group. +During the reign of +Elizabeth, several examples +of bedstead +brasses are found. The +first is at Heston, +Middlesex, 1581, another +is at Halling, +Kent, 1587, and there +are several others.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p> + +<p>The civilians at this period are numerous, but not +particularly interesting. The hair is long and straight, +the gown reaches to the feet and is usually lined and +edged with fur. The sleeves are wide, and a girdle +surrounds the waist, from which hangs a short rosary +and a purse. Broad-toed shoes are worn. The brass +at Ardingley shows this dress, the canopy is an unusual +feature.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp36" id="fig20_p059" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig20_p059.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 20. Richard Wakehurst and wife, engr. c. 1500, Ardingley, Sussex + </figcaption> +</figure> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII"> + CHAPTER VIII + <br><span class="sm"> + EDWARD VI AND MARY. TRANSITIONAL PERIOD + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>During this period not more than sixty brasses +were laid down. This was largely due to the religious +and political turmoil of the period and is the more to +be regretted, especially in the case of the clergy, as +the brasses might have thrown much light on the +question of the vestments worn during the time when +the first and second Prayer Books of Edward VI were +in use.</p> + +<p>The engraving grows steadily poorer and the metal +thinner.</p> + +<p>Of the ecclesiastics, the following is believed to be +a complete list for both reigns, but the Marian clergy, +being naturally in full vestments, have for the most +part been mentioned before.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Hugh Brystowe (parson), Waddesdon, Bucks. (in shroud), +1548.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span></p> + +<p>Jn. White (Warden of Winchester College and later Bp. of +Winchester), Winchester College is in cope, laid down in +1548.</p> + +<p>Thos. Magnus (archdeacon), Sessay, Yorks. (cope), 1550.</p> + +<p>Bp. Goodryke of Ely, Ely Cathedral (full vestments), 1554.</p> + +<p>Bp. Bell of Worcester, St James, Clerkenwell (ditto), 1556.</p> + +<p>James Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Church, +Oxford (in almuce), 1557.</p> + +<p>Arthur Cole (Canon of Windsor), Magdalen College, Oxford +(in mantle of the Order), 1558.</p> + +<p>Robt. Brassie (in almuce), King’s College, Cambridge, 1558.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The largest number of transitional brasses represent +men in armour either with or without the tabard +of arms.</p> + +<p>The chief changes are that the mail skirt has often +an indented edge, the taces are divided at the lower +part by an arched opening between the tuilles, and +frills are worn at the wrists.</p> + +<p>The most noteworthy change in the ladies’ attire +is that the kennel head-dress is abandoned. The hair +is parted in front and a linen cap supports a bonnet, +often of velvet and having a jewelled edge. It is +generally of horseshoe shape. A kerchief hangs down +over the neck and shoulders behind. This head-dress +is continued during the reign of Elizabeth and was +known as the Queen Mary cap, at first after Mary +Tudor, and later after Mary Stuart. The sleeves are +slashed and puffed at the shoulders and from the belt +hangs a mirror or other ornament. The collar is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>thrown open and reveals a gathered underbodice. +A long cloak with false sleeves is often found, and +heraldic mantles are still worn when the husband +appears in a tabard. These died out in the opening +years of Elizabeth, as already stated.</p> + +<p>Of civilians little need be said. Their wives follow +the new style, but little alteration in their own dress +is noticeable. Three examples may be given, the +last a woolman, the other two judges. These are +Henry Bradschawe and wife, Halton, Bucks., 1553; +Wm. Coke and wife, Milton, Cambridge, 1553; +Anthony Cave and wife, Chicheley, Bucks., 1558.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX"> + CHAPTER IX + <br><span class="sm"> + ELIZABETH AND JAMES I. 1558-1625 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>During this last period there was a considerable +revival both in the number and quality of brasses. +About 800 were laid down in these two reigns and at +first there is a marked improvement in the engraving. +It is usual to speak as if the deterioration continued +steadily from the time of Henry VIII through the +Edwardian and Elizabethan brasses to the final +disappearance of the art in the eighteenth century. +This is not quite the case. The Elizabethan brasses +(with which are included those of James I) are +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span>decidedly better in many instances than those of the +Transitional period. Even some of the Caroline +examples are better than those laid down between +1547 and 1558.</p> + +<p>Early in the reign of Elizabeth, the plate of brass +itself began to be manufactured in England. It was +usually thin, however, and the engraving as in the +Transitional brasses was shallow and too much detail +and shading were attempted. The thinness of metal +led to their becoming battered and worn and they +are often in far worse condition than those laid down +a couple of centuries earlier.</p> + +<p>Many brasses were, however, fixed to the walls +and these are in a much better state of preservation. +These sometimes take the form of rectangular plates: +at times the figures are fixed against the wall in a +recess over a tomb. They are then usually depicted +kneeling at desks.</p> + +<p>The new style of armour which took the place of +that worn in the Transitional period became finally +established by 1575. Its main characteristics are +these: The use of the long-waisted doublet and the +short hose rendered the old style of armour unwearable. +The cuirass becomes long and is brought +forward to a peak with a projecting rim. It is known +as a “peascod.” The pauldrons are large and have no +ridges, they are lined with leather the escalloped edge +of which is allowed to extend beyond the plates. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span>neck is encircled by a ruff, as are the wrists. The +helmet is seldom worn, but is often placed behind the +head, though the figure is depicted standing.</p> + +<p>Kneeling figures in many cases have the helmet +on the ground, together with the gauntlets.</p> + +<p>The front of the thighs are protected by laminated +cuissarts under the trunk hose, and the legs by knee-caps +and greaves. The sollerets are of a more graceful +shape and fit the feet closely. Two long tassets are +buckled to the edge of the cuirass, and hang down +over the trunk hose. They are all formed of several +hinged plates and take the place of tuilles. They are +not infrequently rounded at the lower edge and are +fastened by straps to the breeches. The sword hangs +at the left side from a leather belt and the dagger at +the right side from a sash. Swords usually possess +guarded hilts.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp44" id="fig21_p065" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig21_p065.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 21. John Wingfield, 1584, Easton, Suffolk + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>The illustration of Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, shows +these characteristics, and there are but few variations. +The most noticeable is where, the puffed breeches not +being worn, continuous plates from knee to cuirass +protect the legs. This type is shown in the brasses of +Thos. Hawkins, Boughton-under-Blean, Kent, 1587, +and Thos. Nevynson and wife, Eastry, Kent, 1590.</p> + +<p>It is remarkable how, in spite of gunpowder being +in general use, the men of the age of Elizabeth were +still encased in a panoply of plate.</p> + +<p>The ladies fall naturally into two divisions. The +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a><a id="Page_66"></a>66</span>Transitional form, or Queen Mary dress, changed +about 1560. The gown is fastened only at the waist +by a sash, and thus shows below an embroidered or +quilted petticoat. Between the bodice and the throat, +the bust is covered by a gathered partlet with a frill +and the Paris bonnet continues in use. From about +1575 a new style comes into vogue and is well shown +in the illustration of the wife of Wm. Wade, Bildeston, +Suffolk, 1599. Her skirt is distended at the hips by +the farthingale and shows the embroidered petticoat +beneath. The sleeves are slashed and a large ruff is +round the neck. Usually frills are also worn at the +wrists, but here Alice Wade is an exception. A broad-brimmed +hat is worn.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="fig22_p067" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig22_p067.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 22. Alice, wife of William Wade, 1599, Bildeston, Suffolk + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>There are several variations. The lappet of the +bonnet is sometimes turned up over the head, and +when it comes far enough forward to shade the face, +it is called a “Shadow.” At the end of the period, a +large veil was substituted. Sometimes the hair is +brushed up to a lace crown, supported by a wire +frame. This fashion is shown in the brass of Margt. +Chute, Marden, Hereford, 1614. She wears besides +the wheel farthingale, a peaked stomacher, and a +starched collar ornamented with point lace.</p> + +<p>The bedstead brasses have already been mentioned +in reference to the chrysom children, but are really a +peculiarity of this period.</p> + +<p>The civilian costume is not over-interesting, because +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a><a id="Page_68"></a>68</span>doublet and hose are usually covered by a long +gown, such as is seen in the memorial to Wm. Dunche +and wife, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham, +Berks., engraved c. 1585. Here husband and wife +kneel at desks under two classical arches. Two sons +kneel behind their father. They wear short cloaks, +doublet and hose. This is also the costume of the +sons of Alice Wade, who wear pointed beards.</p> + +<p>The brasses of children, especially boys, become +fairly numerous and are not without interest, as they +exhibit the doublet and hose under a short cloak. +The brass of W. Browne, Holton, Oxon., 1599, is a +good example, showing the long hose fastened above +the knee by garters of ribbon.</p> + +<p>The clergy for the most part wear the ordinary +civilian dress of the day without cassock or surplice, +and a long gown with long sleeves, known as the +Geneva gown. Some also wear a hood to denote they +hold a degree, as does Dr Wm. Bill, Dean of Westminster, +Westminster Abbey, 1561.</p> + +<p>Of clergy in surplice and cassock only two brasses +now survive. Formerly at Denham, Bucks., there was +one portraying Leonard Hurst, 1561, in cassock and +surplice opening in front like a college surplice and a +long scarf. It is now lost, but is illustrated in Haine’s +<i>Manual</i>. The two that still survive are Wm. Dye +(priest), Westerham, Kent, 1567, who wears cassock, +a closed and gathered surplice and a scarf, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>Nich. Asheton, Winchford, Warwick, 1582, very similar +to the lost brass at Denham, Bucks.</p> + +<p>The remaining clergy are in civilian costume, but +one or two wear a scarf over the Geneva gown, as at +Stonham Aspal, 1606.</p> + +<p>In many cases the title of the ecclesiastic is given, +and these are of some interest. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>Tyndall’s figure is 5 ft. 4 in. long and there is a +border fillet and several shields.</p> + +<p>There are three bishops, but Robt. Pursglove, +1579, is in full mass vestments, and has been mentioned +before.</p> + +<p>Edmund Geste, Bishop of Salisbury, in his +Cathedral, 1578, wears rochet and chimere, a scarf +and lawn sleeves. Instead of a crozier, he holds a +walking stick in his right and a book in his left hand. +It should be remembered that this was the outdoor +garb, hence probably the walking stick.</p> + +<p>H. Robinson, Bishop of Carlisle, 1616, has two +brasses, that at Queen’s College, Oxford, being +copied and put over his grave in Carlisle Cathedral. +His brass, like Airay’s, who succeeded him as Provost +of Queen’s, differs from the usual type. They resemble +the copper plates used in books and are very finely +engraved and filled with many additional emblems. +A good rubbing cannot be taken owing to the thinness +of the engraving, which nevertheless is well done.</p> + +<p>On a quadrilateral plate, Robinson kneels in front +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>of Queen’s College and Carlisle Cathedral. There are +three sheep folds to signify he was a shepherd to his +flock. Several peasants with their tools and in the +dress of the period stand in one corner and dons are +entering Queen’s College in the other. He wears a +skull cap and ruff, rochet and chimere. In his left +hand he holds his crozier, which has a human eye in +the centre, and a stork on the outer curve of the +volute. The infula is a napkin and bears the word +“Velando.”</p> + +<p>From the Elizabethan period some attempt at +portraiture is made: in the case of Robinson and +Airay with considerable success. The brass to +Erasmus Williams, Rector at Tingewick, Bucks., 1608, +is probably by the same hand as these two and is +signed R. Haydock. It is very similar in general +treatment to them, and on Airay’s brass are the same +initials R. H.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X"> + CHAPTER X + <br><span class="sm"> + THE CAROLINE BRASSES. 1625-60 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>The art of monumental brasses shows signs of +rapid deterioration, and from it there was to be no +recovery. About 150 were laid down during the +reign of Charles I and 13 during the Commonwealth.</p> + +<p>Only two are really fine: Archbp. Harsnett’s +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a><a id="Page_72"></a>72</span>brass at Chigwell, 1631, and Sir Edw. Filmer’s, here +shown.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp54" id="fig23_p071" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig23_p071.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 23. Sir Edward Filmer and family, 1638, East Sutton, Kent + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Armour is seldom worn, knights being usually +depicted in civilian dress, and where it is worn, it +generally consists of a demi-suit of cuirass, with +laminated plates for the thighs and small knee pieces. +Jack boots protect the legs. There are many variations, +but the brass of Sir Edw. Filmer and wife, +East Sutton, Kent, is fairly typical.</p> + +<p>Of the nine sons, only one wears armour and +none wear ruffs. The eight daughters are similar to +their mother, who wears a gown without farthingale +and a veil over the head. The brass consists of two +large rectangular plates and though too much shading +is put in, yet is a good example for the period.</p> + +<p>The ladies have abandoned the farthingale and +wear more graceful gowns, sometimes with ruffs and +sometimes with falling collars. A light veil often +covers the head. Sometimes the embroidered petticoat +can be seen underneath the gown, which is +divided in front. An example is to be found at +Ardingley, Sussex, to Eliz. Culpeper, aged 7, 1634, +and also in a larger brass to her mother.</p> + +<p>The civilians are still fairly numerous, but the +engraving is usually poor. The long gown is worn no +more, the costume being the tunic with falling collar, +knee-breeches, stockings and shoes or jack boots and +a short cloak. Sometimes a ruff is worn instead of a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span>collar. Most of these details will be seen in the sons +of Sir Edw. Filmer. Point lace was often worn and +is occasionally seen, as in the small, badly engraved +brass of Thos. Holl, 1630.</p> + +<p>The brass of John Moorwood and wife is characteristic. +He kneels opposite his wife, Grace, at a +desk. Besides the costume described above, he +wears a ruff and a skull cap. His hair is long and +he has a moustache and a pointed beard. His sons +are similar, save that they are hatless and have no +beard or moustache. His wife has a very plain dress +and a high-crowned hat, her daughters have no ruffs, +veils, or bonnets.</p> + +<p>The six at Llanrwst, Denbigh, are quite distinct +and represent either the work of a local school or +of a special artist. There was also a local school at +York. Its peculiarity was that the figures were large +demi-figures, usually on a quadrilateral plate, which +was narrower at the top than at the bottom. A +considerable amount of fur is displayed, and the +faces appear to be good portraits. The Elizabethan +have already been mentioned in the last chapter, +but there are several others.</p> + +<p>There is one good Caroline brass—that to Thos. +Atkinson, All Saints, North St., York, 1642. It may +have been engraved a few years earlier.</p> + +<p>Among ecclesiastics there is but one fine example, +and that is perhaps the best Caroline brass still +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>extant. It commemorates Samuel Harsnett, Archbp. +of York at Chigwell, Essex, 1631. He had left +special instructions in his will as to how it was to +be made. The metal was to be an inch thick and to +be rivetted right through the stone so that it could +not easily be torn up. The result is a fine monument. +He wears cope, rochet, chimere and a mitre. He +holds his crozier in his left hand and a book in the +right. The face is evidently a portrait. There is a +border inscription with the evangelists at the corners. +The figure is 6 ft. long. The crozier is not a cross, +but a crook and has a rose in the volute.</p> + +<p>During the Commonwealth naturally few brasses +were laid down, and the distrust with which all +representations of the human form were regarded +by the Puritans, who considered them a breach of +the Second Commandment, probably gave the death +blow to the failing art. Besides those already mentioned, +the following have been noticed: Ralph +Assheton (in armour) and wife, Middleton, Lancs., +1650; Adam Beaumont (in armour) and wife, Kirkheaton, +Yorks., 1655. These are the only men in +armour. Assheton was a leader on the Puritan side +and did good service. Beaumont was his son-in-law +and is clad in similar style. The armour is a demi-suit, +consisting of skirted cuirass, pauldrons, elbow-pieces +and laminar cuissarts extending to the top of +his tall boots. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span>There is no actual representations of a cleric, but Dan. +Evance, rector, quadrilateral plate, Calbourne, I.o.W., +1652 is commemorated by a plate with a drawing of +Time and Death.</p> + +<p>Most of these are but miserable caricatures and +reveal the final stage of decay. Yet they are not +without interest, though perhaps a melancholy one.</p> + +<p>During the Caroline period many brasses to young +children were laid down. Sometimes the babe is +shown lying on a tomb, at others it is represented +in its cradle. Two in St George’s Chapel, Windsor, +may be quoted, and commemorate the children of +Dr John King. They are dated 1630 and 1633.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI"> + CHAPTER XI + <br><span class="sm"> + THE LAST BRASSES. 1660-1773 + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>The last few brasses are of little artistic value. +(See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>Robt. Shiers, 1668, is perhaps the best of them. +He wears a long, flowing gown reaching to the feet +and holds a book in his hand. Nicholas Toke is in +Jacobean armour, but with a fall collar and long +hair. Probably his figure was copied from an earlier +brass, for his daughters, who are on a separate plate, +are very crudely drawn.</p> + +<p>The last two brasses are the only Georgian ones +known to exist and they are separated by a great +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>space of time from the others. Whether they were +each engraved at the dates given on the plates or +whether they were both done at the same time is +difficult to say. Benjamin Greenwood’s brass is +certainly the best, his wife’s figure being very crude. +She has on a plain gown and a veil. He is in a coat +with open skirts, a figured waistcoat, knee-breeches, +and wig. He points to a skull with his left hand +and to a ship with his right. Probably he was a +merchant captain.</p> + +<p>Both plates have a pair of cherubs’ heads in the +upper corners and are upon separate gravestones; +the engraving is very thin.</p> + +<p>Thus we have seen the art of the engravers rise +in the thirteenth century and die in the eighteenth.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII"> + CHAPTER XII + <br><span class="sm"> + SPECIAL TYPES + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>Besides the ordinary figure brasses, there are a +certain number of special types. Those representing +Scriptural subjects are perhaps the most interesting. +They are less numerous than might be expected and +usually form part of a canopy, or, at any rate, part +of a composition which includes large figures.</p> + +<p>The Holy Trinity is the most common emblem +and is depicted as a venerable man seated, holding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span>Christ crucified. The Holy Ghost in the form of a +dove is sometimes perched on one arm of the Cross, +or hovers over the head, but it is often omitted.</p> + +<p>The Holy Trinity is found at Cobham, 1407; +Peperharrow, 1487; Shirburn, 1493, and Witney, +Oxon., 1500; Childrey, Berks., 1507; Floore, Northants., +1510; Wooburn, Bucks., 1520; Clapham, Sussex, +1526; Beaumaris, Anglesea, c. 1530; Cheam, Surrey, +1542.</p> + +<p>The Virgin is found at Cobham, 1395; Bottesford, +Leics., 1404; Morley, Derbys., 1470; Etwall, Derbys., +1512; St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 1522; and elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Numerous other saints are depicted as well as +those in canopy niches and on the orphreys of copes.</p> + +<p>The Annunciation is found in several places. +That at Fovant, Wilts., 1492, is contained in a rectangular +plate commemorating Geo. Rede, rector. +He wears cassock and scarf, kneels on a chequered +pavement and prays to the Virgin, who, dressed in +mantle, sideless <i>cote-hardi</i> and kirtle, with a wreath +of roses on her head, kneels at a <i>prie-dieu</i> in the +centre of the plate. A pot of lilies stands behind +her and an angel kneels on the further side, wearing +an alb and mantle. The Dove flies towards the +Virgin from a cloud in the corner. The whole +composition is reminiscent of foreign work, but is +almost certainly English. An Annunciation is to be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span>seen at March, Cambs. (1517), above the figures of +Antony Hansart and his wife. A third is in the +canopy of William Porter, S.T.P., 1524, Hereford +Cathedral.</p> + +<p>The Adoration of the Shepherds is found at +Cobham, Surrey, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>The Resurrection is more widely distributed, and +in two forms according as (<i>a</i>) there are or (<i>b</i>) are +not soldiers round the tomb.</p> + +<p>Of class (<i>a</i>), those at Swansea, c. 1500; Cranley, +Surrey, 1503; All Hallows, Barking, c. 1510; and +Narburgh, Norfolk, 1545, are characteristic.</p> + +<p>Of class (<i>b</i>), examples may be seen at Stoke +Charity, Hants., 1482; Stoke Lyne, Oxon., 1535 and +Burwell, Cambs., 1542. Of this latter class, the +Burwell brass is the best. The Saviour’s form is +unclothed and the lower half hidden within the tomb; +His hands are raised and He holds no cross.</p> + +<p>Class (<i>a</i>) is the more interesting. The Cranley +and Swansea representations are the best. In the +former, which is to Robt. Hardyng and his wife, 1503, +Christ steps from the sarcophagus unclothed save +for a loin cloth. Four out of the five wounds are +thus plainly shown. He holds a cross (in His left +hand) bearing a pennon, with a cross in its centre. +A nimbus is around His head. The four soldiers are +clad in armour with morions on their heads and +halberts in their hands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span></p> + +<p>The Swansea representation measures 12 × 11 +inches and is to Sir Hugh Johnys and his wife, c. 1500. +He was a knight of the Holy Sepulchre, and fought +against the Turks under John, at that time Emperor +of Constantinople. One of the soldiers round the +tomb evidently represents a Saracen. He is shown +sleeping with a scimitar at his left, a spiked mace at +his right side.</p> + +<p>One other curious pictorial example must not be +omitted. It represents the Mass of St Gregory. +The Pope kneels before an altar, while the figure of +our Lord rises from behind the chalice, changed +from the consecrated wafer. It is in the brass of +Roger Legh and wife (lost), Macclesfield, Cheshire, +1506, and is unique. The original story is in the +<i>Golden Legend</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Heart Brasses.</i></p> + +<p>The next curious type is that known as Heart +Brasses. A heart is often shown held in the hands +of the deceased, as at Buslingthorpe, Lincs., c. 1290. +At other times it is found quite separate from the +figure and often with two or three inscribed scrolls +coming from it. Thos. Knyghtley, Fawsley, Northants., +1516, is typical of this class.</p> + +<p>But the name applies more especially to those +monuments in which the heart appears alone. +Often these doubtless marked the spot where the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span>heart alone was buried. We have many authentic +records of men who ordered their hearts to be buried +apart from their bodies. Some of these were knights +who perished abroad and ordered their bodies to be +buried where they died, but their hearts to be brought +back to England. From the inscription upon one +of the four scrolls of the Wiggenhall brass, <i>Cuius +cor hic humatur</i>, we may reasonably infer that the +heart only lies beneath the stone. There are several +stone monuments showing only hearts, which records +prove cover only that organ. Thus, Sir Thos. +Neville’s body was buried at Billing, 1535, and his +heart at Mereworth, Kent. At the latter place his +stone monument consists of a heart held by two +hands.</p> + +<p>Heart brasses proper fall into two main divisions: +(<i>a</i>) plain, sometimes inscribed or with scrolls, (<i>b</i>) held +by hands, usually coming out of a cloud.</p> + +<p>Class (<i>a</i>) includes Thos. Smyth, priest, St John’s, +Margate, Kent, 1433; an unknown person, Kirby +Bedon, Norfolk, c. 1450; and Sir Robt. Kervile, +Wiggenhall St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Good representatives of class (<i>b</i>) are the brasses +of John Merstun, priest, Lillingstone Lovell, Oxon., +1446; Wm. Stapilton, Helbroughton, Norfolk, c. 1450; +Dionysius Willys, Loddon, Norfolk, 1462; and Thos. +Denton, Caversfield, Bucks., 1533. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Shrouds.</i></p> + +<p>These and the following group are neither beautiful +nor pleasing monuments. They are signs of the +morbid feeling that seems to have begun to spread +over England about the middle of the fifteenth +century and which did not pass away until the +nineteenth.</p> + +<p>Many stone monuments exist showing reclining +figures in the costume of the period on a raised +tomb, while beneath, visible through openings in the +sides, are the same persons shown as skeletons or +shrouded figures. This contrast is seldom exhibited +in <i>brasses</i>, but the kneeling figure of Lionel Dymoke, +Horncastle, Lincs. (1519), in armour, is engraved +upon a small plate on the wall, while on the pavement +below he is represented by a shrouded figure.</p> + +<p>In some cases the brass was laid down on the +death of one of those commemorated. The latter +is then shown in a shroud, while those who survived +are shown in the dress of the period.</p> + +<p>Women can be recognised by their long, flowing +hair, and priests by their tonsure. The purpose of +this type of brass was probably to remind us that +“such as we are, such shall ye be.” (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>Under the Tudors, this type of brass increased in +favour, and its persistence is remarkable. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span>The last brass of 1660 was probably inspired by the +earlier one of 1505.</p> + +<p>At Childrey, c. 1520, husband and wife rise from +their tombs, but at Oddington devouring worms crawl +out of the body, which is almost a skeleton.</p> + +<p>This leads us to</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Skeletons.</i></p> + +<p>They are not so common as shroud brasses, but +belong to the same class. Indeed, some of the former +are really shrouded skeletons.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Other designs.</i></p> + +<p>A few other designs may be found scattered up +and down the country. Perhaps the most interesting +is to Roger Morris, Margate, Kent, 1615. He +was an official in the Navy and his brass consists +of a square plate showing a three-masted square +rigged man-o’-war. It has a lion figure-head, high +poop and many guns showing through the port +holes.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII"> + CHAPTER XIII + <br><span class="sm"> + FOREIGN BRASSES + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>Brasses on the Continent, as already stated, were +engraved on quadrilateral plates, the inscription, +canopy and background, all being engraved on the +same plates, there is therefore no background of +stone, as in England. Any space left over was usually +filled with diaper work or some similar pattern. +Many of those which still survive on the Continent +are remarkably splendid. There were originally at +least three great schools, besides several minor subdivisions. +These were the German, Flemish, and +French. The Revolutionaries destroyed almost all +those in France and the Reformers played sad havoc +with the Dutch and German monuments. Still, many +fine examples remain of the German and Flemish +schools. The former are found at Ringstead, Denmark, +engr. c. 1350, to King Eric and Queen Ingeborg, +at Lübeck, Schwerin, Stralsund (Pomerania), Thorn +and elsewhere. The latter exist at Ghent 14th c., +Brussels 1398, Bruges 15th c. Most of these were +Hanse towns and all carried on trade with England. +Merchants from them settled in England and in some +cases had their brasses made abroad. It thus came +about that 14 remain of undoubtedly foreign work, +besides two which were bought abroad and are now +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span>in the Victoria and Albert Museum. These form an +entirely separate group and must be dealt with apart.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, one English brass is known to +exist on the Continent. It is at Constance, to the +memory of an English bishop who died at the Council +of Constance.</p> + +<p>The finest foreign brasses are those of the fourteenth +century, and are as follows: Adam de Walsokne +and wife, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1349; Abbot Thos. +Delamere, St Albans Abbey, c. 1360; Simon de +Wenslagh, priest, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360; a Priest, +North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360; Robt. Braunche and +two wives, King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 1364; Ralph de +Knevyngton (in armour, small) Aveley, Essex, 1370; +Alan Fleming, Newark, Notts., c. 1375; and Thos. de +Topclyffe and wife, Topcliffe, Yorks., 1391.</p> + +<p>There seems little doubt that these fall into two +schools—North German and Flemish.</p> + +<p>The first may be called North German, and five +brasses of Hanseatic merchants are so exactly alike +that they must come from the very same workshop. +They are the two at King’s Lynn and one each at +St Peter’s, Lübeck, 1356, at Thorn, 1357, and at +Stralsund, 1361.</p> + +<p>The trefoils on the background are similar, and so +are the cushions on which rest the heads of the +figures. A woodhouse (a wild man) struggles with an +animal between the feet of the merchant, in each case.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p> + +<p>The most interesting feature in each is that beneath +the feet of the figures a long compartment is reserved +for a scene. In the Walsokne brass, a horseman +carrying corn to be ground at a mill is followed by +two men bearing their master on a litter. There are +also hunting scenes and a forester fighting with an +outlaw. In the Braunche brass there is a representation +(probably) of the mayor’s feast at Lynn. +Braunche was mayor in 1349 or 1359. The three +peacocks are being borne by fair ladies heralded by +trumpets.</p> + +<p>There is in every brass a magnificent canopy with +figures either of saints or of “weepers” in niches. The +soul, a small naked figure, is being borne aloft by +angels to God the Father.</p> + +<p>The large number of figures included may be +judged when we consider that the Walsokne brass has +57 alone. The principal figures are clad in the civilian +costume already described, and their wives in the +mantle, sideless <i>cote-hardi</i> and kirtle. In some the +mantle is omitted, when it is easier to see the beautiful +figured pattern with which the kirtle is adorned.</p> + +<p>The Walsokne brass measures 9 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 8 in., +and the Braunche 8 ft. 10 in. × 5 ft. 1 in., and some of +the Continental ones are even larger.</p> + +<p>The second group springs from a second workshop +and includes three ecclesiastical brasses and the Royal +brass at Ringstead. The former are at St Albans, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span>Lübeck and Schwerin (1347) respectively. The distinguishing +feature of this group is that the cushions +are omitted. A few other details differ, but in the +main they follow the same lines as the others of North +Germany. These two sub-groups probably both came +from Lübeck, but are by different hands.</p> + +<p>The Newark brass is also North German, but of +later work than the other, for, though dated 1361, it +was probably engraved about 1375. The most striking +difference is that the canopy is drawn in perspective, +with very unsatisfactory results. It is rather similar +to the huge brass of Bishops Godfrey and Frederic de +Bulowe at Schwerin, 1375. The latter measures +13 ft. 6 in. × 6 ft. 5 in. and is the largest in the world. +The Newark brass measures 9 ft. 4 in. × 5 ft. 7 in. It +is unfortunately much worn, and has been removed +from its original position and placed against the +wall.</p> + +<p>The Wensley brass is also North German. The +robes of the priest are embroidered in a similar +design to those of Abbot Delamere, but there is no +canopy or background.</p> + +<p>The North Mimms brass is similar, but not so well +engraved and the figure is only 27 inches long. The +canopy has niches with the apostles, two angels with +censor and the soul in the arms of the Father. There +is no background, but probably it was cut away by +the English workmen who laid it in the stone to make +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span>it suit English ideas. The composition rises from a +bracket on which is a coat-of-arms and two lions.</p> + +<p>The Aveley and Topcliffe brasses are almost +certainly Flemish. The former is very small, but +beautifully engraved; there is a canopy, and the +background has no design, being simply cross-hatched. +The other brass measures 5 ft. 9 in. × 3 ft. 1 in. and +represents a civilian and his wife. The ground work +is a diaper pattern, and there is a fine canopy. On +the reverse of several pieces earlier work exists and +in one place a Flemish inscription.</p> + +<p>There are five other English brasses of foreign +work, and two foreign ones are in the Victoria and +Albert Museum. There are also a few fragments +among the palimpsests (see Chap. VI) and a fragment +in the British Museum. (See Appendix.)</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV"> + CHAPTER XIV + <br><span class="sm"> + ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS + </span></h2> +</div> + +<p class="center xsm"> + (See special articles on this subject by the author in <i>The + Builder</i>, vol. <span class="allsmcap">CII.</span>) +</p> + +<p>Brasses frequently contain a considerable amount +of architectural detail in their composition. Sometimes +they were placed on altar tombs under stone +canopies, but it is of those details depicted in the +brass itself that the author purposes to write.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span></p> + +<p>Canopies are by far the most important group, +and the magnificence of some of these can be but +faintly realised from the illustrations.</p> + +<p>The earliest follow the Decorated style which was +in fashion when they were laid down.</p> + +<p>The first type consists of slender shafts supporting +a pediment, of which the upper sides are straight, +forming a triangle ornamented with crockets and +terminated by a bunch of foliage. The arch beneath +is trefoil and the cusps are filled with leaves. This +form lasted from 1300 to c. 1325, but unfortunately +only one example survives—that of Joan de Cobham, +Cobham, Kent, 1320 (cf. <a href="#fig04_p007">p. 7</a>). The side shafts +were missing, but have, we believe, been restored. +This is the second lady to be depicted on a brass, +and she leads the fine series of nineteen brasses at +Cobham. The slab of Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, +Sussex, c. 1310, shows the matrix of a similar canopy. +The fragments of the canopy of Sir Hugh Hastings, +1347, Elsing, Norfolk, also appear to belong to this +type, but with later variations. In it, as in the +canopy of Lawrence de St Maur, the canopies in the +shafts are straight-sided.</p> + +<p>This low pedimental form was soon superseded +by the ogee arch rising to a considerable height. +This is supported by equally tall side shafts. Sometimes, +in place of a bunch of foliage, figures of saints +are seen on the finial, as on several examples at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span>Cobham, Kent, notably Lady Margaret (cf. <a href="#fig06_p013">p. 13</a>). +At other times a shield with a coat-of-arms takes its +place, as in the brass of Archbishop Waldeby, Westminster +Abbey, 1397.</p> + +<p>The next development was to widen the shafts, +so as to form panels or niches containing canopied +saints. Often these are surmounted by a super-canopy. +The brass of Lawrence de St Maur, Higham +Ferrers, Northants. (cf. <a href="#fig13_p148">fig. 13</a>) shows this type. +Canopies over mass priests are very rare and this +is by far the finest. The details have been given +before, so we will turn to another variation of this +type.</p> + +<p>Instead of canopy and super-canopy, an embattled +canopy with an ogee pediment within is found. A +splendid example is to a former Dean of St Asaph’s +and rector of Balsham, John Blodwell, 1462 (cf. <a href="#fig14_p148">p. 37</a>). +It measures 8 ft. 9 in. × 4 ft. 1 in.</p> + +<p>Another development was, in place of a single +arch to have double or triple arches. The former +type was used almost exclusively where two persons +were commemorated. The latter was sometimes used +over three figures, but more often over one. Thus +in the brass of the Duchess of Gloucester, Westminster +Abbey, 1399 (cf. <a href="#fig17_p047">p. 47</a>), we have a truly magnificent +brass. Five shields hang from the shafts (the sixth +is lost) and between the finials of her triple canopy +are two other finials, one of which has been lost +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span>since this rubbing was made. A tabernacle with +the Holy Trinity is often placed above the ogee arch +in place of the central finial, as in the brass of Sir +Nicholas Hawberk, Cobham, Kent, 1407. But not +only the finest of this group, but of all <i>English</i> +brasses now extant is the monument to Thomas +Neolond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes, at Cowfold, Sussex, +1433 (cf. <a href="#fig16_p045">p. 45</a>). This has a tabernacle with the +Virgin and Child, and, moreover, the finials of the +other two arches support St Pancras and St Thomas +à Becket. Further, the central arch is also triple, +and the shafts are supported by side shafts and +connected by flying buttresses, as is likewise the +tabernacle. The entire scheme is very graceful and +recalls the lantern at Ely in its lightness. It is +10 ft. 2 in. × 4 ft. 3 in. A somewhat similar brass is +that to John Sleford at Balsham, 1401.</p> + +<p>The earlier canopies were not groined, one of the +earliest exceptions being that over Lord Nicholas +Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382 (cf. <a href="#fig05_p011">p. 11</a>). +But during the fifteenth century this became more +common (see the canopy of John Bloxham and John +Whytton). It is an unsatisfactory feature, and characteristic +of the gradual deterioration and coarsening +of the engraving. This latter is also shown by the +heavy finials and crockets.</p> + +<p>In the sixteenth century, these peculiarities became +more marked, though canopies still follow the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span>traditional lines. There are two or three early Renaissance +canopies, e.g. a large, triple one to Wm. Porter, +S.T.P., Hereford Cathedral, 1524, and Dean Frowsetoure, +in cope, Hereford Cathedral, 1529.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to say whether the classical arches +shown in a few of the later brasses can be termed +canopies. An example is to be found to Wm. Dunche +and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks, (double) engr., +c. 1585. (See Appendix.)</p> + + +<p><i>Brackets.</i></p> + +<p>The idea of this group probably originated with +the brackets supporting figures of saints, which were +common in our churches before the Reformation. +The brackets usually projected from a wall or column, +and a small pillar helped to support them. Above +was a canopy of carved stone or wood.</p> + +<p>One would naturally expect that, if this idea +were copied, the bracket would hold a saint and the +deceased would kneel before it. There are, however, +only two examples extant. The brass of John Spycer +and wife, Burford, Oxon., 1437, is terribly mutilated. +The canopy and Virgin and Child are lost, and only +the deceased couple remain, kneeling on either side +of the stem. The other example is practically +complete and is to John Strete (priest in academics), +Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 (cf. <a href="#fig24_p093">p. 93</a>). St Peter +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span>and St Paul stand on the bracket, and there is no +canopy.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp50" id="fig24_p093" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig24_p093.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 24. John Strete, M.A. 1405, Upper Hardres, Kent + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>In all other cases the deceased persons themselves +stand on the bracket. The earlier ones are much +mutilated, and only one fourteenth century brass is +at all perfect. It is to Sir John Foxley and two wives, +Bray, Berks., 1378. The canopy is lost. The three +figures are on a bracket with a short stem rising +from the back of a fox, the family crest. The total +length of the composition is just over 5 ft. Though +the ladies are standing, the knight rests with his +head on his helm and his feet on a lion.</p> + +<p>The fifteenth century brasses are far more complete. +(See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>The Merton College brass is one of the finest. +The stem rises from a tabernacle holding the Lamb +with the banner.</p> + +<p>In the sixteenth century should be noted the +brasses of Sir Roger le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, +1506; John Terry and wife, St John, Maddermarket, +Norwich, 1524; John Marsham and wife, St John, +Maddermarket, Norwich, 1525; and Robt. Rugge +and wife, St John, Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger stands on a low bracket without a +stem, placed <i>within</i>, not supporting, a magnificent +canopy with figures of weepers in the side shafts.</p> + +<p>The other three evidently come from a local school +of engravers. Terry’s bracket resembles a tree, the +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a><a id="Page_94"></a>94</span>branches support pedestals for himself, his wife and +for his children. The whole is on a single plate. +The Marsham bracket has a stem like that of a +table and the top is covered with skulls and bones. +In the Rugge brass there is only a corbel supporting +an inscription.</p> + +<p>So far as is known, there are no later bracket +brasses.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Crosses.</i></p> + +<p>These also form a group which may conveniently +be dealt with here. At one time they were very +numerous, but provoked the wrath of the Reformers +more than any other type of brass, hence barely +thirty remain. Matrices are still numerous and many +might doubtless be restored as has been successfully +done at Ely.</p> + +<p>They fall into three main divisions: (1) plain +crosses, (2) crosses with some saint in the centre, +(3) crosses with the deceased in the centre.</p> + +<p>This last group may be subdivided into: (<i>a</i>) +quatrefoil, (<i>b</i>) octofoil. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p>(1) These vary considerably in form. At Higham +Ferrers, the arms terminate in the Evangelistic +symbols. At Royston, a bleeding heart and the +four wounds are shown. At Eversley, the whole +cross is formed of interlocking bands, or links of a +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a><a id="Page_96"></a>96</span>chain. The cross at Floore, Northants., is drawn in +perspective.</p> + +<p>(2) There are but few examples of the second +type. The best is to Robt. de Paris and wife, +Hildersham, Cambs., 1379, here shown. The figures +kneel on either side of a cross with an octofoil head, +in which is the Holy Trinity. Robt. de Paris wears +a long cloak, thrown open so as to show his undergarment, +which stops short above the knees. A belt +holds an anlace and his legs are covered with long +hose.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="fig25_p095" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig25_p095.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 25. Robert de Paris and wife, 1379, Hildersham, Cambs. + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>Another example is that of John Mulsho and wife, +Newton-by-Geddington, Northants., c. 1400, commemorated +by a quatrefoil cross, holding a figure +of St Faith. This brass was restored by Messrs +Waller, but there seems little reason to doubt that +the design is correct.</p> + +<p>The brass of Robt. de Brun (priest), Chelsfield, +Kent, 1417, is a much mutilated crucifix; the figure +of St John is lost, the head of the Virgin and most +of the cross. On the ground are Adam’s skull, +Jacob’s ladder and the jawbone of an ass. The latter +refers to the scriptural legend that from it flowed a +stream of water to revive Samson’s spirit (Judges +xv. 19).</p> + +<p>(3) (<i>a</i>) This division includes a small group of +much interest. Some of the earliest belong to it, +and many others—of the fourteenth century—have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span>perished. They are used to commemorate priests. +These are: Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton +College, Oxford, c. 1310; A Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, +c. 1320; Nichol. de Gore (priest), Woodchurch, Kent, +c. 1320; and Britell Avenel (priest), Buxted, Sussex, +1408.</p> + +<p>The first three brasses have lost their stems. +The Merton and Chinnor crosses hold a demi-figure +and a head respectively. Nicholas de Gore is a +small, full-length figure, and the composition is very +pleasing. The Buxted cross is the only one which +is nearly perfect. The priest is a demi-figure, resting +on a diapered background. There is a border +inscription.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) Octofoil crosses are more numerous. Those +at East Wickham, 1325, and Wimbish, 1347, have +already been described.</p> + +<p>The East Wickham brass had the missing parts +restored in 1887. The Taplow cross (c. 1350) rises +from a dolphin, an appropriate emblem for a fishmonger.</p> + +<p>The octofoil consists of eight ogee arches, alternately +large and small, with finials of foliage.</p> + + +<p class="center"><i>Other Architectural Features.</i></p> + +<p>There are several brasses in which architectural +features are included which do not come under these +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span>headings. Thus, Bishop Wyvil, Salisbury Cathedral, +1375, is shown as a demi-figure within a castle, with +his champion at the portcullis below. This commemorates +his recovery of the Castle of Sherborne +for the See. There are several rabbits at the foot +of the castle, and these probably commemorate +his recovery of a piece of ground known as “The +Warren.”</p> + +<p>Bp. Robinson’s brass shows Carlisle Cathedral +and Queen’s College, Oxford, and many sixteenth +century brasses show walls, pillars, etc.</p> + +<p>In an interesting series of three sixteenth century +brasses, probably by the same hand, to Robt. +Honywode, St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 1522; Robt. +Sutton, St Patrick’s, Dublin, 1528; and Geoff. Fyche, +St Patrick’s, Dublin, 1537; what is really a view of a +side-chapel is shown.</p> + +<p>At Windsor, beneath the Tudor arch, Honywode +kneels at a <i>prie-dieu</i> before a statue of the Virgin +and Child. In the Irish examples, the resemblance +to a side-chapel is still more complete. Fyche kneels +at a faldstool before an altar with a picture above it +of the descent from the Cross. The vaulting of part +of the roof is visible, and the walls have linenfold +panelling. A shield hangs from a hook at one side +bearing a bush with several birds on it and the initials +F. G., which evidently refer to and are probably +meant as a pun on his name—Finch for Fyche.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span></p> + +<p>The floor is laid with tiles and a Renaissance arch +forms a kind of canopy in the foreground. Parts +of rooms are often shown in sixteenth century +brasses.</p> + +<p>In a few cases, brasses were laid down to founders +of churches. They usually hold a model of the +church in their hands. An example exists at Cobham, +to Sir John de Cobham, 1365. The building is in +the decorated style, has a small spire and a large +porch.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XV"> + CHAPTER XV + <br><span class="sm"> + CONCLUSION + </span></h2> +</div> + + +<p>The great fascination of monumental brasses can +only be realised by studying them on the spot. One +of the best methods is to take rubbings of them.</p> + +<p>Most of our readers doubtless know the method, +but since a few may not, some particulars are +appended.</p> + +<p>A piece of cobblers wax should be procured from +some boot repairer. The black kind is the only one +which produces satisfactory results on white paper. +It can usually be got in small lumps about the size +of a halfpenny across. Melt down six of these to +make a single ball. Procure a roll of plain white +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>ceiling paper, the thinner the better, from a paper-hanger’s. +It should cost from 6<i>d.</i> to 8<i>d.</i> according +to quality. A penny nail-brush and a duster complete +the outfit.</p> + +<p>First ask permission from the Rector or Vicar. +This should not be omitted, and will avoid unpleasantness. +The clergy are usually most considerate +in the matter, and very rarely refuse. But naturally +they do not like absolute strangers to take rubbings +without first asking permission. So far as the writer +knows, permission is refused only at <i>two</i> churches, +though probably there are a few others. In those +cases the reason given was that it wore away the +brass. We have never seen any real cause to think +this can be correct. If we did, we should be the +last to advocate brass-rubbing.</p> + +<p>There <i>is</i> a kind of rubbing which does damage. +Well-meaning vergers have been known to <i>polish</i> +an old brass. This is absolutely destructive of the +engraving.</p> + +<p>Permission granted, remove the mat which probably +covers and protects it. Brush off the accumulated +dust, finishing off with the duster. Then carefully +spread the paper over it and fix it down by weights +round the edge. For these, hassocks are handy; +prayer-books should be avoided, their misuse causes +offence.</p> + +<p>Then rub the paper down well with a <i>clean</i> part +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span>of the duster, so as to mark the main features and +edges, and after that the rubbing with the wax ball +itself will be easy.</p> + +<p>The aim should be to produce a clear, dark +impression. To get it, the rubbing must be hard +and the paper must not slip. If there is a canopy, +it will probably be found that the wax will mark +parts of the paper beyond the design itself. In such +a case, the rubbing should be cut out and mounted +on paper or calico. Paste is better than gum for +this purpose. The rubbing should always be polished +by rubbing over with a clean part of the duster +<i>before</i> being removed from the brass.</p> + +<p>The completed rubbing may be mounted on rollers.</p> + +<p>A good way of cataloguing, is to photograph each +rubbing, mount a print in a book, and then number +and name print and rubbing alike.</p> + +<p>The proper treatment of the brasses themselves +demands considerable attention. We spend huge +sums on buying old pictures by foreigners, yet we +take no trouble to preserve these matchless works of +art, the work of our own ancestors.</p> + +<p>There have been four great periods of destruction, +each with its own characteristics. Indeed, from the +Reformation down to the present day the work has +gone on intermittently.</p> + +<p>During the sixteenth century, the extreme +Reformers united with those bent on plunder to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span>rob our churches of these monuments. Brass has +at all times been a valuable metal, and when religious +zeal is combined with greed of gain, it is not surprising +that thousands of brasses perished. The +destruction of the great monastic churches brought +with it of necessity the spoliation of their tombs +which stood within; but even the parish churches +were not safe. So keen was the thirst for plunder +that the ministers of Edward VI confiscated even +the church plate and the money for the poor.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth,—all credit to her,—disapproved of +such conduct and ordered that the plate should be +replaced, though at whose cost is unknown; and, +further, that all monuments broken down should be +restored. If possible, this was to be done at the +cost of those who had wrought the damage, otherwise +the parish was to bear the burden.</p> + +<p>The latter command seems to have been but +slightly enforced, and there are but few examples +of Elizabethan restoration of earlier monuments or +brasses, though a few do exist.</p> + +<p>During the seventeenth century, the Parliamentarians +wrought tremendous havoc, but have had +more than their fair share credited to them. Nearly +as much destruction was wrought during the eighteenth +century through neglect, and often these +losses are laid to the door of the Puritans by the +modern guide.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p> + +<p>But perhaps the most lamentable devastations +are those wrought in the nineteenth century. They +were usually done by those who claimed to be +“restoring” their parish churches. For example, +while restoring a certain country church some twenty +or thirty years ago, the architect found there were +several old brasses which were being abominably +treated. He informed a well-known firm of art metal +workers, who sent down one of the partners. He +found the workmen using one of the figures as a +frying-pan over a wood fire in the churchyard! +He rescued it, and many others which had been thrown +out into the churchyard. Then he brought the +matter to the notice of the incumbent, who absolutely +refused to have anything to do with them, and +declared that he would not have them in the church. +Further, he told the partner that he could take +them away. The latter hesitated to do so, and left +them behind. A few days later, he received a box +containing them. Not knowing what to do with them, +he stored them away and forgot all about them.</p> + +<p>Some twenty years later, they were re-discovered +by his son, who showed them to some friends, and +in the end he returned them to the church, suggesting +that they should be restored to their proper places. +He never even received an acknowledgement, but +learnt later they were still lying neglected in the box.</p> + +<p>The little value attached by many to brasses may +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span>be judged from the fact that Gilbert Scott replaced +the fine brass at St John’s College, Cambridge, +beneath the organ loft; and Pearson hid another +away in the crypt of Truro. Often this scant +respect was not shown, and they were sold as old +metal, or, at best, torn from their stone matrices and +fixed to a wall.</p> + +<p>This latter is a constant trick of restorers, and +should be strongly discouraged. Within the last +year it has happened at Merstham, Surrey, and, +indeed, hardly a year passes but it takes place somewhere. +Firstly, the stone should not be removed at +all, if in its original spot it marks the grave of the +deceased, and this alone should be a sufficient reason +for not removing it. If it must be removed and +placed against the wall, the whole stone should be +moved, and not merely the brass. Brass and stone +are one and should not be separated. They may +fitly be compared to a jewel and its setting.</p> + +<p>Moreover, in raising them, the brasses become +bent and twisted, and parts are nearly always lost. +Further, if in its original matrix, one can fairly +accurately judge of what is missing and, if it is +desired, restore it.</p> + +<p>Sometimes the excuse given for the removal is +that it is to preserve them from the wear of people +walking over them. This can be far better done by +placing carpet or matting over them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p> + +<p>Even where only the matrix remains, it should +be carefully preserved, as it is often of considerable +interest and always the remnant of ancient work. +They are of far more interest than a series of slabs +of black and white marble or a series of modern +machine-made tiles.</p> + +<p>In some cases they might be carefully restored. +The matrix gives a very faithful guide, and sometimes +descriptions still exist. In the case where only part +of the brass is lost, this should most certainly be done. +Recently the author helped to restore an old brass +at Shere, Surrey, the cost of the work being most +generously borne by the Rector (Mr Hill).</p> + +<p>John Touchet, Lord Audley, was executed on the +charge of high treason by Henry VII in 1490. An +altar tomb was set up in his memory about 1525. +It showed a figure in armour with a marginal +inscription on a chamfered edge. About 1745 the +tomb was destroyed, and the top slab laid in the +floor of the chancel. As the chamfered edge would +thus be hidden, some person stole the brass fillet. +About 1800 the lower half of the effigy was also +stolen. When the church was restored in 1896, a +parishioner gave the Rector a piece of the inscription +which she had found hidden away in an old cottage +she had recently bought. Not knowing to what +figure it belonged, he fastened it to a window sill. +Recently the writer drew his attention to the fact +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span>that it undoubtedly belonged to the mutilated figure, +and suggested that a fresh matrix should be cut +round the edge of the stone, and that the remainder +of the inscription and the legs should be restored. +To this he agreed, and the work was carefully +executed by Messrs Gawthorp of 16, Long Acre. +Fortunately the piece of inscription contained almost +all the personal details save the year of Touchet’s +death. This was discovered from documentary +evidence to be 1490. A description of the legs was +also found, taken just before they were stolen. This +was fortunate, as one would not otherwise have known +that there was a greyhound <i>between</i> his feet. Our +thanks are due to Mr Mill Stephenson for much +valuable advice and information. Every care was +taken to make the new work as exactly like the old +in colour and engraving as possible. But to prevent +deception, each new piece was marked on the back +with the date, 1911, and, further, a careful rubbing +was taken before the restoration, showing the old +work and the matrix, and this was framed and hung +in the South Porch.</p> + +<p>The matrix of a fine cross with a prior kneeling +at the foot was restored some years ago at Ely.</p> + +<p>Where a brass is loose, it should be refixed. +Palimpsests may cause some difficulty. By far the +best method is to have careful electrotypes made of +the reverses and fastened up in the church, and the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span>originals should then be permanently refixed in their +matrices.</p> + +<p>One cannot close without emphasizing the terrible +destruction of these priceless works of art.</p> + +<p>In St Albans Abbey, a few years ago, no less +than 270 matrices were counted. Durham Cathedral, +once paved with brasses, has not <i>one</i> left!</p> + +<p>These matrices should be preserved, and, as yet, +a complete catalogue of them has not been made. +It is to be hoped that some antiquary will ere long +undertake the task. There are still a great number—perhaps +6000—and often of unique interest. In +several cases these slabs are older than the earliest +surviving brasses. For example, the earliest of all +is at St Paul’s, Bedford. It is believed to commemorate +Sir Simon de Beauchamp, 1208, mentioned +by Leland. There was a large cross 5 ft. 9 in. × 2 ft. +6 in. springing from a plate with an inscription, and +having a small shield on either side of the head. +There was also a border fillet.</p> + +<p>Again, there is a splendid matrix at Durham, +now carefully protected beneath a thick carpet. It +is to Bp. Beaumont, 1333, and is larger and finer +than any brass now extant, measuring 15 ft. × 10 ft. +As a very complete description of it exists in a +sixteenth century book, it would be comparatively +easy to restore it to its former magnificence. And +it must have been a splendid brass! The bishop is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>in full canonicals and a small angel censing him on +either side, he stands beneath a fine triple canopy +with super-canopy and saints. The shafts contain +niches with the apostles, and on either side are side +shafts connected to the canopy by flying buttresses +and containing twelve figures of his ancestors. There +are two lions beneath his feet and a border fillet, +besides other interesting details. Is it too much to +hope that some day money will be forthcoming to +restore it?</p> + +<p>Though we advocate a judicious restoration, it +must be <i>well</i> done, or not at all. We all know the +harm that has been wrought by zealous “restorers” +of our churches, and we must not allow the same +evil to befall the brasses.</p> + +<p>The right lines to follow, in the author’s opinion, +have already been described. The <i>wrong</i> way is to +break the following rules:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(1) Never destroy any of the original brass.</p> + +<p>(2) Never destroy the original matrix, and always +let it act as a guide.</p> + +<p>(3) Be sure and use the proper alloy. The old +latten is of different alloy from the ordinary brass of +modern commerce, which is much softer.</p> + +<p>(4) Do not get an amateur or a local artist, who +has had little or no experience in this kind of work, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span>to do it. Go to one of the few firms which have +made a special study of this kind of work. They +may seem a little expensive, but in the end it is well +worth the difference.</p> + +<p>(5) If you want advice, write to the Monumental +Brass Society, London, or, if you prefer it, to the +author, who would always be glad to help in any way +he could.</p> + +<p>(6) See if there are any rubbings or description +extant in the British Museum or elsewhere.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Perhaps this is an appropriate place at which to +draw attention to the latent possibilities of a revival +of brasses for modern memorials. When one reflects +on the over-crowded state of some of our finest +cathedrals with hideous and cumbersome monuments, +the desirability of this revival becomes apparent. +They would take up practically no space, and therefore +would not interfere with the architecture of the +building, as do the statues in Westminster Abbey. +They are in keeping with the Gothic style of most +of our churches. If good, they can be of considerable +beauty and interest; if bad, a mat readily hides them +from view.</p> + +<p>One difficulty undoubtedly obtrudes itself, viz. +modern dress. However, both Church and Army lend +themselves to picturesque and fortuitous treatment. +For the civilian, university gowns, mayoral and civic +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span>robes and even court dress are quite amenable to +the engraver’s art.</p> + +<p>As to women’s attire, a simple arrangement of +veil or scarf about the head would be acceptable and +dignified, in conjunction with garments of flowing +and harmonious lines. Grotesque contours and +eccentric mannerisms of attire would naturally be +avoided. In this matter one need but follow in the +steps of the old engravers.</p> + +<p>The faces would either be portraits or not, as +seemed desirable to those who had the brass laid +down.</p> + +<p>Two types might be followed:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(1) The old Gothic, with the figures recumbent, +in which case the brass should be placed on the +floor.</p> + +<p>(2) The Renaissance, with the figure kneeling, +as in many of the Elizabethan examples. These +should be affixed to the wall. The faults of these +latter are usually:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>(<i>a</i>) Thin metal.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) Too much detail.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) Lack of depth in graving.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>All these defects could be avoided to-day.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>Certain modern specimens do exist, but cannot, +as a rule, be placed in the front rank. An exception +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span>must be made in favour of a modern brass on the +old lines laid down by Messrs Gawthorp at Islip, +Northants. It is meant to replace a fifteenth century +brass long since entirely vanished. A civilian and +his wife, in the dress of c. 1460, stand beneath a +double canopy, and the effect is most pleasing.</p> + +<p>There is also a rather fine one to W. S. Sanders, +Rector of St Nicholas, Guildford, 1901, and two in +Westminster Abbey.</p> + +<p>But so far no really fine example showing the +figures in modern dress has been laid down. In the +author’s opinion, it is to be hoped that the art of +enamelling brasses will not be restored to favour at +the same time. Nor does he consider that the +engraved lines should be filled in with coloured +matter or black wax.</p> + +<p>In conclusion; if even a few, by reading this little +book, are persuaded to study and help to preserve +the ancient relics of the past, the author will feel +that it has not been written in vain.</p> + +<p>There is undoubtedly a decided awakening of +interest in the subject, but it behoves us to exert +ourselves to make <i>all</i> realize how priceless are the +four thousand which alone survive out of the large +number (some 150,000, including inscriptions) which +were at one time or another laid down.</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX"> + APPENDIX + </h2> +</div> + + +<p class="center">I. 1277-1327<br> + +<span class="sm">Nearly life-size figures are marked with a star, and d = demi.</span></p> + + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir John Daubernon, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1277. *</p> + +<p>Sir Roger de Trumpington, Trumpington, Cambs., 1289. *</p> + +<p>Sir Rich. de Boselyngthorpe, Buslingthorpe, Lincs., c. 1290. d</p> + +<p>Unknown Knight, Croft, Lincs., c. 1300. d</p> + +<p>Sir Robert de Bures, Acton, Suffolk, 1302. *</p> + +<p>Sir Robert de Setvans, Chatham, Kent, 1306. *</p> + +<p>Margarete de Camoys, Trotton, Sussex, c. 1310. *</p> + +<p>Rich. de Hakebourne (priest), Merton Coll., Oxford, c. 1310. d</p> + +<p>Archbishop Wm. de Grenefeld, York Minster, 1315. *</p> + +<p>Sir —— Fitzralph, Pebmarsh, Essex, c. 1320. *</p> + +<p>Sir —— Bacon, Gorleston, Suffolk, c. 1320. *</p> + +<p>Joan de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1320. *</p> + +<p>Nichol de Gore (priest), Woodchurch, Kent, c. 1320.</p> + +<p>A Priest, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1320. d</p> + +<p>Thos. de Hop (priest), Kemsing, Kent, c. 1320. d</p> + +<p>A Priest, Wantage, Berks., c. 1320. d</p> + +<p>John de Bladigdone and wife (civilian), demi, in cross, East +Wickham, Kent, c. 1325. d</p> + +<p>Sir John de Creke and wife, Westley Waterless, Cambs., +c. 1325. *</p> + +<p>Sir John Daubernon II, Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey, 1327. *</p> + +<p>Sir John de Northwode and wife, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent, +c. 1330. *</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span></p> + +<p class="center p2">II. 1327-1399<br> + +<span class="sm">In this list those which are starred * show armorial jupons, +and those with daggers † have canopies.</span></p> + +<p>The following is believed to be a complete list of the military +brasses of this period:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir John de Cobham (with church), Cobham, Kent, 1354. †</p> + +<p>John Bodiam, Bodiam, Sussex (small), c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Aldeburgh (on bracket), Aldborough, Yorks., c. 1360. *</p> + +<p>Sir Philip Peletoot, Watton, Herts., 1361.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., c. 1365.</p> + +<p>John de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, c. 1365.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1367. †</p> + +<p>Sir Adam de Clyfton, Methwold, Norfolk, 1367. †</p> + +<p>Thos. Cheyne, Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks., 1368.</p> + +<p>Ralph de Knevyngton, Aveley, Essex, 1370.</p> + +<p>Sir John de la Pole and wife, Chrishall, Essex, c. 1370. †</p> + +<p>Unknown, Freshwater, I. o. W., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Sir Henry Redford and wife, Broughton, Lincs., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Edmund Flambard (on bracket), Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>John Wybarne, Ticehurst, Sussex, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Thos. Stapel (Serj.-at-arms), Shopland, Essex, 1371.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Mereworth, Mereworth, Kent, 1371.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Foxley and two wives (on bracket), Bray, Berks., 1378.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Calbourne, I. o. W., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Unknown, St Michael’s, St Albans, Herts., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Roger de Felbrigg, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1380.</p> + +<p>A Dallingridge and wife, Fletching, Sussex, c. 1380. †*</p> + +<p>A Quinton, Clyffe Pypard, Wilts., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Rich. de Feversham, Graveney, Kent, 1381.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Argentine, Horseheath, Cambs., 1382.</p> + +<p>Lord Nicholas Burnell, Acton Burnell, Salop, 1382. †</p> + +<p>Sir John Harsyck and wife, in armorial mantle, Southacre, Norfolk, 1384. *</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p> + +<p>Regd. de Malyn and two wives, Chinnor, Oxon., 1385.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. de Audley, Audley, Staffs., 1385.</p> + +<p>Esmoun de Malyn and wife, Chinnor, Oxon., 1386.</p> + +<p>Sir Robt. de Grey, Rotherfield Grays, Oxon., 1387.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. de Echingham, Etchingham, Sussex, 1388.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Wyngefield, Letheringham, Suffolk, 1389. †</p> + +<p>Sir Andrew Louttrell, Irnham, Lincs., 1390.</p> + +<p>John Flambard, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1390.</p> + +<p>Robt. Russel, Strensham, Worc., c. 1390.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Kerdeston and wife, Reepham, Norfolk, 1391. †</p> + +<p>Thos. Ld. Berkley and wife, Wootton-under-Edge, Glos., 1392.</p> + +<p>John Gray, Chinnor, Oxon., 1392.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Walsch and wife, Wanlip, Leics., 1393.</p> + +<p>Henry English and wife, Wood Ditton, Cambs., 1393.</p> + +<p>Ld. Rich. Atte Lese and wife, Sheldwich, Kent, 1394. †</p> + +<p>Sir Edw. Cerne and wife, Draycott Cerne, Wilts., 1394.</p> + +<p>Ld. Wm. de Bryene, Seal, Kent, 1395.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. de Quintin and wife, Brandsburton, Yorks., 1397.</p> + +<p>John Bettesthorne, Mere, Wilts., 1398.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="p2">Some examples of ladies <i>alone</i>, in addition to those included in +the text, are given:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Unknown, Norbury, Staffs., c. 1350.</p> + +<p>Joan Plessi, Quainton, Bucks., c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Isabella Beaufo, Waterperry, Oxon., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>A Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Ismayne Winston, Necton, Norfolk, 1372.</p> + +<p>Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1375.</p> + +<p>Lady Maud de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1380.</p> + +<p>Margt. Holes, Watford, Herts., c. 1390.</p> + +<p>Margery Wyllughby, Spilsby, Lincs., 1391.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span></p> + +<p>Lady Margaret de Cobham, Cobham, Kent, 1395.</p> + +<p>Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Glo’ster, Westminster Abbey, 1399.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Civilians: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Man and wife, Upchurch, Kent, demi, 1340.</p> + +<p>Rich. Torrington and wife (fine), Gt. Berkhampstead, Herts., 1356.</p> + +<p>John de Walden, Ashbury, Berks., demi, c. 1360.</p> + +<p>A frankelein and a priest (fine), Shottesbrook, Berks., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>John de Feversham and mother, Graveney, Kent, demi, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>A frankelein, Cheam, Surrey, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Two Civilians, Kings Somborne, Hants., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Symon de Felbrigg and wife, Felbrigg, Norfolk, c. 1382.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Hampsthwaite, Yorks., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>John Alderburne, Lewknor, Oxon., demi, 1380.</p> + +<p>John Corp and granddaughter, under peculiar double canopy, Stoke Fleming, Devon, 1391.</p> + +<p>John Curteys and wife, under double canopy (a woolman), Wimington, Beds., 1391.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Temple Church, Bristol, 1396.</p> + +<p>Walter Pescod (wife lost) under fine double triple canopy, Boston, Lincs., 1398.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">III. 1400-1453</p> + +<p class="center p1">(i)</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Geo. Felbrigg, Playford, Suffolk, 1400.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Massingberd and wife, Gunby St Peter, Lincs. (double canopy), c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Unknown (triple canopy), Laughton, Lincs., c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Thos. de Beauchamp, E. of Warwick, and wife, St Mary’s, Warwick, 1401.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p> + +<p>Sir Nich. Dagworth, Blickling, Norfolk, 1401.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Fienlez, Hurstmonceaux, Sussex (canopy), 1402.</p> + +<p>Sir Reg. Braybrok, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1405.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger Drury and wife, Rougham, Suffolk, 1405.</p> + +<p>Sir Nich. Hawberk, Cobham, Kent (canopy), 1407.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Bagot and wife, Baginton, Warwick, 1407.</p> + +<p>Wm. Snayth, Esq. and wife, Addington, Kent (double canopy), 1409.</p> + +<p>Lord Bourgchier and two wives, Halstead, Essex, 1409.</p> + +<p>Wm., Lord Willoughby d’Eresby and wife, Spilsby, Lincs. +(double triple canopy), 1410.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Burton and wife, Little Casterton, Rutland, c. 1410.</p> + +<p>Sir Robt. Swynborne, Little Horkesley, Essex (triple canopy), +1412. (See below.)</p> + +<p>Robt., Lord Ferrers and wife, Merevale Abbey, Warwick, 1412.</p> + +<p>Sir Geo. Felbrigg and Sir Wm. Bagot (1400) at Playford in +Suffolk, (1407) at Baginton, Warwick, wear armorial +jupons.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The Order of the Garter is found at Exeter Cathedral, 1409, +Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1416, and Trotton, Sussex, 1419. These wear +the Garter only. Perhaps at Tattershall, Lincs., 1455, and certainly +at Little Easton, Essex, 1483, both Garter and Mantle +are worn. Finally, Thos. Bullen, Hever, Kent, 1538, wears the +full insignia. There is a palimpsest (see <i>Palimpsests</i>) fragment +c. 1530 showing part of the Mantle and Garter at Holy Trinity, +Chester.</p> + +<p class="p1">Transitional examples:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Reg. de Cobham, Lingfield, Surrey, 1403.</p> + +<p>John Hanley and two wives, Dartmouth, Devon, 1408 (triple canopy).</p> + +<p>Thos. Seintleger, Otterden, Kent, 1408.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p> + +<p>John Wylcotes and wife (canopy), Gt. Tew, Oxon., 1410.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Swynborne and father (under double triple canopy), +Little Horkesley, Essex, 1412.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(ii) Typical Lancastrian examples.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Jn. Routh and wife (with S.S.), Routh, Yorks., c. 1410.</p> + +<p>Thos. de Crewe and wife, Wixford, Warw. (canopy and additional badges), 1411.</p> + +<p>Geof. Fransham, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk (canopy), 1414.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Phelip, Walter Cookesey, and wife (S.S.) (triple canopy), Kidderminster, Worc., 1415.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Erpingham, Erpingham, Norfolk, c. 1415. (He built the Erpingham Gate, Norwich Cathedral.)</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. de Skelton and two wives, Hinxton, Cambs., 1416.</p> + +<p>Sir Symon Felbrigge, K.G., and wife (canopy), Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1416.</p> + +<p>Lord Thos. Camoys, K.G., and wife (double canopy), Trotton, Sussex, 1419.</p> + +<p>John Doreward and wife, Bocking, Essex, 1420.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Calthorpe (S.S.), Burnhamthorpe, Norfolk (canopy and super-canopy), 1420.</p> + +<p>Peter Halle and wife, Herne, Kent, c. 1420.</p> + +<p>Sir John Lysle, Thruxton, Hants. (triple canopy), died 1407, engraved c. 1425.</p> + +<p>John Lowe, Battle, Sussex, 1426.</p> + +<p>Sir John de Brewys, Wiston, Sussex (additional scrolls), 1426.</p> + +<p>Lord Thos. de Straunge (S.S.), Wellesbourne, Warw., 1426.</p> + +<p>John Norwiche and wife, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1428.</p> + +<p>Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433.</p> + +<p>Wm. Scot, Brabourn, Kent, 1434.</p> + +<p>Thos. Wideville, Esq. and two wives (triple canopy), Bromham, Beds., c. 1435.</p> + +<p>Thos. Chaucer and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1436.</p> + +<p>Sir John Harpedon, Westminster Abbey, 1437.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">(iii) Changes.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir John Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., 1433.</p> + +<p>Sir Rich. Delamere and wife, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), 1435.</p> + +<p>John Weston, Albury, Surrey (headless), 1440.</p> + +<p>Man in Armour, Arkesden, Essex, c. 1440.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, c. 1440 +(double triple canopy and super-canopy).</p> + +<p>Reg. Barantyn, Chalgrove, Oxon., 1441.</p> + +<p>Thos. de St Quintin, Harpham, Yorks., 1445.</p> + +<p>Sir Chris. Baynham and Wife, Newland, Glos., c. 1448.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(iv) Transitional.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Wm. Etchingham, wife and son (triple canopy), Etchingham, Sussex, 1444.</p> + +<p>John Gaynesford, Crowhurst, Surrey, 1450.</p> + +<p>Walter Grene, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Isleworth, Middlesex, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Thos. Reynes and wife, Marston Mortayne, Beds., 1451.</p> + +<p>Sir John Bernard and wife (S.S.), Isleham, Cambs. (double canopy), 1451.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Woolmen and Civilians: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>A Woolman and wife and several others, Northleach, Glos., c. 1400.</p> + +<p>A Civilian and wife and several others, Ore, Sussex, c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Rich. Martyn and wife, Dartford, Kent (double canopy), 1402.</p> + +<p>Robt. de Haitfield and wife, Owston, Yorks., 1409.</p> + +<p>Nich. Atte Heel, Chinnor, Oxford, c. 1410.</p> + +<p>Hugo de Gondeby, Tattershall, Lincs., 1411.</p> + +<p>Thos. Fayreman and wife, St Albans Abbey (Woolman), 1411.</p> + +<p>John Lyndewode and wife (double canopy), Lyndewode, Lincs., 1419 (Woolman), and others.</p> + +<p>Harry Hawes (English Inscription), Arreton, I. o. W., c. 1430.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> + +<p>Nich. Carrew and wife, Beddington, Surrey, 1432.</p> + +<p>Simon Seeman, Barton-on-Humber (Vintner), 1433.</p> + +<p>Robt. Skern and wife, Kingston, Surrey, 1437.</p> + +<p>John Bacon and wife (Woolman), All Hallows, Barking, 1437.</p> + +<p>Wm. Markeby and wife, St Bartholomew-the-Less, London, 1439.</p> + +<p>Robt. Page and wife (double canopy), Cirencester, Glos., 1440.</p> + +<p>John Hicchecok, Ampthill, Beds. (Woolman), 1450.</p> + +<p>Laurence Pygott and wife, Dunstable, Beds. (Woolman), 1450.</p> + +<p>John Yonge and wife, Chipping Norton, Oxon. (Woolman), 1451.</p> + +<p>Edm. Mille and wife, Pulborough, Sussex, 1452.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Judges: complete list.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Jn. Cassy and wife, Deerhurst, Glos. (canopy), 1400.</p> + +<p>Sir Hugh de Holes (mutilated), Watford, Herts., 1415.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Lodyngton, Gunby, Lincs. (canopy), 1419.</p> + +<p>Rich. Norton and wife (worn), Wath, Yorks., 1420.</p> + +<p>Jn. Staverton (mutilated), Eyke, Suffolk, c. 1430.</p> + +<p>Jn. Martyn and wife, Graveney, Kent (double canopy), 1436.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Juyn, St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, 1439.</p> + +<p>Jn. Cottusmore and wife, Brightwell Baldwin, Oxon., 1439.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">IV. 1453-1485</p> + +<p>About 70 knights still exist, from which the following are +selected:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Robert Staunton and wife, Castle Donington, Leics. (canopy), +1458.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Shernborne and wife, Shernborne, Norfolk, 1458.</p> + +<p>Sir Robt. del Bothe and wife, Wilmslow, Cheshire, 1460.</p> + +<p>Rich. Quatremayns, wife and son, Thame, Oxon., c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Wm. Prelatte, Esq. and two wives, Cirencester, Glos., 1462.</p> + +<p>Robt. Eyr and wife, Hathersage, Derbys., 1463.</p> + +<p>John Threel and wife, Arundel, Sussex, 1463.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> + +<p>John Ansty, Stow-cum-Quy, Camb., c. 1465.</p> + +<p>Hen. Paris, Hildersham, Cambs. (canopy), 1466.</p> + +<p>Rich. Ask and wife, Aughton, Yorks., 1466.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Strathum and two wives, Morley, Derbys., 1470.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Holbrook, Suffolk, 1470.</p> + +<p>Robt. Wotton and wife, Addington, Kent, 1470.</p> + +<p>Robt. Ingylton and three wives, Thornton, Bucks., 1472 (fine +under quadruple canopy).</p> + +<p>Wm. Fitz-William and widow, Sprotborough, Yorks., 1474.</p> + +<p>Sir Antony Grey, St Albans Abbey, 1480.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Vaughan (mutilated), Westminster Abbey, 1483.</p> + +<p>Thos. Peyton and two wives, Isleham, Cambs., 1484.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Brewes and wife, Fressingfield, Suffolk (engraved), c. 1485.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Ladies’ Dress.</p> + +<p>A few examples are given:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Agnes Molyngton (widow), Dartford, Kent, 1454.</p> + +<p>Eliz. Dencourt, Upminster, Essex (heraldic), 1455.</p> + +<p>Cecilie Boleyn (maid), Blickling, Norfolk, 1458.</p> + +<p>Jane Keriell, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent (peculiar head-dress), c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Christine Phelip, Herne, Kent (peculiar), 1470.</p> + +<p>Marg. Elmes, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1471.</p> + +<p>Joan Haselden, Oxted, Surrey, 1480.</p> + +<p>Margery Clopton and Alice Harleston, Long Melford, Suffolk (heraldic), c. 1480.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Lawyers.</p> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>a</i>) Judges.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Nich. Assheton and wife, Callington, Cornwall, c. 1465.</p> + +<p>Sir Peter Arderne and wife, Latton, Essex, 1467.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Yelverton and wife, Rougham, Norfolk, c. 1470 (in +armour, mantle, coif and hood, and wearing collar of roses +and suns).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Laken, Bray, Berks, (wife lost), 1475.</p> + +<p>Sir Rich. Byngham and wife, Middleton, Warw., 1476.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Urswyk and wife, Dagenham, Essex, 1479.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Billyng and wife, Wappenham, Northants., 1481.</p> + +<p>Brian Rouclyff, Cowthorpe, Yorks, (wife lost), 1494.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The last may be included here, as his costume belongs more +nearly to the Yorkist than to the Tudor period. It was a most +interesting brass, including the model of the church, which he +founded, and a bier commemorating his uncle. It had also a +double canopy. Several of the most interesting features remain, +but the rest was stolen a few years after Waller described it in +1841.</p> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>b</i>) Notaries.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Unknown, Gt. Chart, Kent, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, c. 1475.</p> + +<p>Barth. Willesdon, Willesdon, Middlesex (peculiar), 1492.</p> + +<p>Unknown, St Mary’s Tower, Ipswich, 1506.</p> + +<p>Unknown, New College, Oxford, c. 1510.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Other Civilians.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Jn. Fortey (Woolman), Northleach, Glos. (canopy), 1458, and others.</p> + +<p>Jn. Browne and wife (Woolman), All Saints, Stamford, Lincs. (canopy), c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Edward Courtenay, Ch. Ch. Cath., Oxon., c. 1460.</p> + +<p>John Lethenard and wife, Chipping Campden, Glos., 1467.</p> + +<p>Jn. Waliston and two wives (a smith), Chenies, Bucks., 1469.</p> + +<p>Jn. Wynter (mayor), St Margt., Canterbury, 1470.</p> + +<p>Ralph Segrim and wife (mayor), St John, Maddermarket, Norwich, 1472.</p> + +<p>John Feld (Woolman), Standon, Herts., 1477.</p> + +<p>Thos. Rowley and wife (sheriff), St John’s, Bristol, 1478.</p> + +<p>John Cobleigh and two wives, Chittlehampton, Devon, 1480.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span></p> + +<p>Jn. Jay and wife (sheriff), St Mary, Redcliff, Bristol, c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Robt. Lytton and wife, Tideswell, Derbys., 1483.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>At Stopham, Sussex, there is an interesting series of brasses +to officials of Arundel Castle, c. 1460 and onwards.</p> + + +<p class="center p2">V</p> + +<p>There are about 450 brasses of mass priests, of which the +following are worthy of note.</p> + +<p>Those over 3 ft. long are marked with a star:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>St Lawrence de St Maur, Higham Ferrers (with canopy), +Northants., 1337. *</p> + +<p>John de Grovehurst, Horsmonden, Kent (with canopy), c. 1340. *</p> + +<p>Wm. de Herleston, Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Unknown, with chalice, North Mimms, Herts., c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Esmund de Burnedissh, Brundish, Suffolk, c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Simon de Wenslagh, with chalice, Wensley, Yorks., c. 1360. *</p> + +<p>John Seys, West Hanney, Berks., c. 1370. *</p> + +<p>Unknown, Shottesbrook, Berks., with franklin (under double canopy), c. 1370. *</p> + +<p>Unknown, Stoke-in-Teignhead, Devon, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Lound, Althorpe, Lincs., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Robt. Levee, Hayes, Middlesex, c. 1370.</p> + +<p>Peter de Lacy, Northfleet, Kent, 1375. *</p> + +<p>Unknown, Beachamwell St Mary, Norfolk, c. 1385.</p> + +<p>John de Swynsteade, Ashridge House, Herts., formerly at +Edlesborough (with part of canopy), 1395. *</p> + +<p>Unknown, with chalice, Stanford-on-Soar, Leic., c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Thorp, West Wickham, Kent, 1407.</p> + +<p>John Mordon, Emberton, Bucks., c. 1410.</p> + +<p>Rich. Bayly, Hoo St Werburgh, Kent, 1412. *</p> + +<p>Robt. Scarclyf, Shere, Surrey, 1412.</p> + +<p>Robt. Fyn, Little Easton, Essex, c. 1420.</p> + +<p>Robt. Willardsey, St Nicholas, Warwick, 1424.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p> + +<p>Adam Babyngton, Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1427.</p> + +<p>Roger Godeale, with chalice, Bainton, Yorks., 1429.</p> + +<p>Robt. Clere, Battle, Sussex, c. 1430.</p> + +<p>Edw. Cranford, Puttenham, Surrey, 1431.</p> + +<p>John Heyne, Yelden, Beds., 1434.</p> + +<p>John Colt, Tansor, Northants., 1440.</p> + +<p>John Baker, Arundel, Sussex, 1445.</p> + +<p>Rich. Goldon, with heart, Willian, Herts., 1446.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Turweston, Bucks., c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Roger Gery, with chalice, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1456.</p> + +<p>Robt. Lond, with chalice, St Peter’s, Bristol, 1461.</p> + +<p>John Spycer (?), Monkton-in-Thanet, Kent, c. 1465. *</p> + +<p>John Swetecock, Lingfield, Surrey, 1469.</p> + +<p>Thos. Wyrley, with heart, Letchworth, Herts., 1475.</p> + +<p>Gulfrid Bysschop (hands crossed downwards), Fulbourn, Cambs., 1477.</p> + +<p>Unknown, with chalice, Laindon, Essex, c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Roger Clerk, St Ethelred, Norwich, 1487.</p> + +<p>John Balam, Blewbury, Berks., 1496.</p> + +<p>Alex. Inglisshe, with chalice, Campsey Ash, Suffolk, 1504.</p> + +<p>Thos. Warner, Soulderne, Oxon., 1508.</p> + +<p>Thos. Symons, Gt. Greenford, Middlesex, c. 1515.</p> + +<p>John Wright, with chalice, Clothall, Herts., 1519.</p> + +<p>Wm. Grey, with chalice, Evershot, Dorset, 1524.</p> + +<p>John ap Meredyth, with chalice, Bettws, Montgy., 1531.</p> + +<p>Wm. Wardsworth, with chalice, Betchworth, Surrey, 1533.</p> + +<p>Wm. Harman, with chalice, Eton College, Bucks., 1535.</p> + +<p>Robt. Hanson (small), Chalfont St Peter, Bucks., 1545.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>In a few brasses the stole or maniple is omitted. These are +probably the work of careless local engravers. Examples are +found at Dronfield, Derby, 1399; Clothall, Herts., 1404; Newton +Bromshold, Northants., 1426; Sparham, Norfolk, 1490; Blockley, +Worc., c. 1500; Laindon, Essex, c. 1510; and elsewhere.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p> + + +<p class="center p2">Chalice Brasses.</p> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>a</i>) Yorkshire.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Rich. Kendale, Ripley, 1429.</p> + +<p>Peter Johnson, Bishop Burton, 1460.</p> + +<p>Wm. Langton, St Michael Spurriergate, York, 1466.</p> + +<p>Thos. Clarell, St Peter’s, Leeds, 1469.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>b</i>) Norfolk.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Smyth, St Giles, Norwich, 1499.</p> + +<p>Rich. Grene, Hedenham, 1502.</p> + +<p>Robt. Northen, Buxton, 1508.</p> + +<p>Rich. Louhouwys, Surlingham, 1513.</p> + +<p>Edmund Ward, North Walsham, 1519.</p> + +<p>Wm. Westow, Little Walsingham, c. 1520, and several others.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="p1">There are but few elsewhere, such as:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Robt. Wodehowse, Holwell, Beds., 1515.</p> + +<p>Thos. Elys, Shorne, Kent, 1519.</p> + +<p>Thos. King, Rendham, Suffolk, 1523.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Gazeley, Suffolk, 1530.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Cassock alone.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Thos. Awmarle, Cardynham, Cornwall, c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Unknown (kn.), peculiar, Aspley Guise, Beds., c. 1410.</p> + +<p>John Lewys (kn.), Quainton, Bucks., 1422.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Cirencester, Glos., c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Unknown, North Creake, Norfolk, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Rich. Bethel, Shorwell, I. o. W., 1518.</p> + +<p>John Yslyngton, with chalice, Cley, Norfolk, c. 1520.</p> + +<p>Wm. Lawnder (kn.), Northleach, Glos., c. 1530.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">Almuce.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Morys, First Warden, Winchester College, Hants., 1413</p> + +<p>Win. Whyte, Arundel, Sussex, 1419.</p> + +<p>John Huntington, Warden, Manchester Cathedral, 1458.</p> + +<p>Robt. Brerely, Billingham, Durham, 1480.</p> + +<p>Thos. Barker, Eton College, Bucks. (fellow), 1489.</p> + +<p>Canon Thos. Teylar, Byfleet, Surrey, 1489.</p> + +<p>Wm. Fordmell, Bordon, Kent, 1490.</p> + +<p>Thos. Parker, Dean, Beds., 1501.</p> + +<p>Henry Bost (Provost), Eton College, Bucks., 1503.</p> + +<p>Ralph Elcock, Tong, Salop, 1510.</p> + +<p>John Fynexs, Archdeacon of Sudbury, St Mary’s, Bury St Edmunds, 1514.</p> + +<p>Wm. Goberd, B. A., Archdeacon, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1515.</p> + +<p>Robt. Honywode, LL.D., quadrilateral plate, St George’s Chapel, Windsor (peculiar), 1522.</p> + +<p>Rich. Adams, with chalice, East Maling, Kent, 1522.</p> + +<p>Robt. Hacombleyn (Provost), King’s College, Cambridge, 1528.</p> + +<p>Robt. Sutton (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral plate, peculiar), 1528.</p> + +<p>Geoff. Fyche (Dean), St Patrick’s Cath., Dublin (quadrilateral plate, peculiar), 1537.</p> + +<p>Jas. Coorthopp (Dean of Peterborough), Christ Ch., Oxford, 1557.</p> + +<p>Robt. Brassie, S.T.P., Provost, King’s College, Cambridge, 1558.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">The Cope: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Wm. de Rothwelle, Rothwell, Northants. (curious), 1361.</p> + +<p>John de Campden, St Cross, Winchester, 1382.</p> + +<p>Nich. de Luda, Cottingham, Yorks., 1383.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Fubburne, Fulbourn, Cambs. (canopy), 1391.</p> + +<p>Math. de Asscheton, Shillington, Beds., 1400.</p> + +<p>John Sleford, Balsham, Cambridge, 1401.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p> + + +<blockquote> +<p>Rich. Malford, New College, Oxford, 1403.</p> + +<p>Hen. de Codryngton, Bottesford, Leic. (canopy), 1404.</p> + +<p>Wm. Langeton, Exeter Cathedral (kn.), 1403.</p> + +<p>Simon Bache, Knebworth, Herts., 1414.</p> + +<p>John Prophete, Ringwood, Hants., 1416.</p> + +<p>Thos. Patteslie, Gt Shelford, Cambs., 1418.</p> + +<p>Robt. Wyntryngham, Cotterstock, Northants., 1420.</p> + +<p>Thos. Harlyng, Pulborough, Sussex, 1423.</p> + +<p>Rich. Cassey, Tredington, Worcs., 1427.</p> + +<p>Hen. Mowbray, Upwell, Norfolk, 1428.</p> + +<p>John Mapilton, Broadwater, Sussex (canopy), 1432.</p> + +<p>John Stanwey, Hereford Cathedral, 1434.</p> + +<p>Wm. Prestwyk, Warbleton, Sussex, 1436.</p> + +<p>Jn. Lovelle, St Geo., Canterbury (no almuce), 1438.</p> + +<p>Simon Marcheford, Harrow, Middlesex, 1442.</p> + +<p>Robt. Arthur, Chartham, Kent, 1454.</p> + +<p>John Blodwell, Balsham, Cambs., 1462.</p> + +<p>Hen. Sever, Merton College, Oxford, 1471.</p> + +<p>Wm. Langley, Buckland, Herts., (with chalice), 1478.</p> + +<p>Wm. Gisburne, Kirby Wharfe, Yorks., 1480.</p> + +<p>Wm. Malster, Girton, Cambs., 1492.</p> + +<p>Walter Hyll, New College, Oxford, 1494.</p> + +<p>Jas. Hart, B.D., Hitchin, Herts., 1498.</p> + +<p>Hen. Wykys, All Saints, Stamford, Lincs., 1508.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Tattershall, Lincs., c. 1510.</p> + +<p>Silvester Gabriel, Croydon, Surrey, 1512.</p> + +<p>Walter Hewke, D.C.L., Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1517.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>Wm. Lichfield, LL.D., Willesdon, Middlesex, 1517.</p> + +<p>Robt. Langton, Queen’s College, Oxford, 1518.</p> + +<p>Thos. Swayn, Wooburn, Bucks., 1519.</p> + +<p>Christopher Urswic, Hackney, Middlesex, 1521.</p> + +<p>Wm. Boutrod, Eton College, Bucks., 1522.</p> + +<p>Edm. Frowsetoure, Hereford Cathedral (Renais. canopy), 1536.</p> + +<p>Wm. Styrlay, Rauceby, Lincs., 1536.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span></p> + +<p>Thos. Dalyson, Clothall, Herts. (no almuce), 1541.</p> + +<p>John White, Winchester College, 1548.</p> + +<p>Thos. Magnus, Sessay, Yorks., 1550.</p> +</blockquote> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> Hewke’s cope was one in use at the College at the time, +and a contemporary description of it still survives. It was of +red samite.</p></div> + + +<p class="center p1">Academic Dress: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Unknown in cap, Gt. Brington, Northants., c. 1340.</p> + +<p>John Hotham, Chinnor, Oxon., demi in cap, 1361.</p> + +<p>John Strete, M.A., in skull cap, Upper Hardres, Kent, 1405 +(kneeling before bracket, see Illus.).</p> + +<p>Eudo de la Zouch, St John’s College, Cambridge, c. 1410 +(large, but mutilated).</p> + +<p>Wm. Calwe, Ledbury, Heref., sm., kn., c. 1410.</p> + +<p>John Mottesfont, B.C.L., Lydd, Kent, 1420.</p> + +<p>John Lowthe, New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1427.</p> + +<p>Priest and parents, large, Melton, Suffolk (mut. trip. canopy), +1430.</p> + +<p>Wm. Hautryve, D.D., New College, Oxford, in skull cap, 1441, +and several others.</p> + +<p>John Darley, Herne, Kent, skull cap, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Wm. Snell, M.A., Boxley, Kent, 1451.</p> + +<p>John Alnwik, M.A., Surlingham, Norfolk, 1460.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Harrow, Middlesex, c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Thos. Sondes, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1478, and several +others.</p> + +<p>Unknown, D.D., Little St Mary’s, Cambridge, skull cap, c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Little Shelford, Cambs., c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Unknown, with chalice, Barking, Essex, c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Nich. Wotton, LL.B., Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1482.</p> + +<p>Philip Worthyn, M.A., Blockley, Worc., kn., 1488.</p> + +<p>Geo. Rede, Fovant, Wilts., quadrilateral plate (peculiar), +1492 (he kneels before a large Annunciation).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p> + +<p>Wm. Towne, D.D., in cap, King’s College, Cambridge, 1496, +and others.</p> + +<p>Wm. Heyward, Abingdon, Berks., 1501.</p> + +<p>David Lloyde, LL.B., and Thos. Baker, demi, All Souls, +Oxford, 1510.</p> + +<p>John Trembras, M.A., St Michael Penkevil, Cornwall, 1515.</p> + +<p>Arthur Vernon, M.A., Tong, Salop, 1517.</p> + +<p>John Yslyngton, S.T.P., Cley, Norfolk, in cap with chalice, c. 1520.</p> + +<p>Bryan Roos, LL.D., Childrey, Berks., 1529.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, c. 1530.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Queens’ College, Cambridge, c. 1535.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Christ’s College, Cambridge, c. 1535.</p> + +<p>Wm. Bill, Westminster Abbey, 1561.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Bishops and mitred Abbots: a complete list.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Wm. de Grenefeld, Archbp. of York, York Minister, 1315.</p> + +<p>John Trilleck, Bp. of Hereford, Hereford Cathedral (canopy), +1360.</p> + +<p>Thos. Delamere, Abbot of St Albans, St Albans, c. 1360 (very +fine foreign work, canopy, etc.).</p> + +<p>Robt. Wyvil, Bp. of Salisbury, Salisbury Cathedral (peculiar), +1375.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Adderley, Salop, c. 1390.</p> + +<p>John de Waltham, Bp. of Salisbury, Westminster Abbey (with +fine but mutilated canopy), 1395.</p> + +<p>Robt. de Waldeby, Archbp. of York, Westminster Abbey +(canopy), 1397.</p> + +<p>Abbot Moote (lower half), St Albans Abbey, 1401.</p> + +<p>Thos. Cranley, Archbp. of Dublin, New College, Oxford +(canopy), 1417.</p> + +<p>John Bowthe, Bp. of Exeter, East Horsley, Surrey, 1478 +(small, side view).</p> + +<p>Rich. Bell, Bp. of Carlisle, Carlisle Cathedral (worn, canopy), +1496.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span></p> + +<p>John Estney, Abbot of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, +patron of Caxton (canopy), 1498.</p> + +<p>Unknown Archbp., Edenham, Lincs., c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Jas. Stanley, Bp. of Ely, Manchester Cathedral, 1515.</p> + +<p>John Yong, Titular Bp. of Callipolis (headless), New College, +Oxford, c. 1525.</p> + +<p>Thos. Goodryke, Bp. of Ely, Ely Cathedral, 1554.</p> + +<p>John Bell, Bp. of Worcester, St James’s, Clerkenwell, 1556.</p> + +<p>Robt. Pursglove, Suffragan Bp. of Hull, Tideswell, Derbys., +1579.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">VI</p> + +<p class="center p1">Monastic brasses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>A Monk, Watton, Herts., c. 1370.</p> + +<p>The head of a Nun, St Mary’s, Kilburn, c. 1380.</p> + +<p>The Duchess of Gloucester, Vowess, Westminster Abbey +(canopy), 1399.</p> + +<p>Joan Clopton, Vowess, Quinton, Glos., c. 1430.</p> + +<p>Thos. Neolond, Cluniac Prior of Lewes, Cowfold, Sussex +(canopy), 1433.</p> + +<p>Dame Maria Gore, Prioress, Nether Wallop, Hants., 1436.</p> + +<p>Geof. Langley, Benedictine Prior of Horsham St Faith, +St Lawrence, Norwich, 1437.</p> + +<p>John Pyke, Friar, Denham, Bucks. (palimpsest), c. 1440.</p> + +<p>A Nun, daughter of a Lady, c. 1440, on reverse of inscription +to Nich. Suttherton, St John, Maddermarket, Norwich.</p> + +<p>A Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Wm. Jernemut, Monk, demi, c. 1460, on reverse of Alice +Swane (1540), Halvergate, Norfolk.</p> + +<p>Martin Forester, Monk, demi, on a <i>lectern</i>, Yeovil, Somerset, +c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Robt. Beauver, Benedictine Monk, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>A Benedictine Monk, demi, St Albans Abbey, c. 1470.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span></p> + +<p>An Abbot (or Bishop), one of the children of Wm. Lucas, +Wendensloft, Essex, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Urswyk, Dagenham, +Essex, 1479.</p> + +<p>A Nun, one of the children of Thos. Mountford, Hornby, +Yorks., 1489.</p> + +<p>A Nun, one of the children of Sir Thos. Barnardiston, Gt. +Cotes, Lincs., 1503.</p> + +<p>Juliana Amyell, Vowess, Witton, Norfolk, c. 1505.</p> + +<p>John Norton, with cope and crozier, South Creake, Norfolk, +1509.</p> + +<p>A Monk and a Nun, among children of John Hampton, +Minchinhampton, Glos., c. 1510.</p> + +<p>Rich. Bewfforeste, Augustinian Abbot of Dorchester, Dorchester, +Oxon., c. 1510.</p> + +<p>John Stodeley, Augustinian Canon of St Frideswide’s, Oxford, +Over Winchendon, Bucks., 1515.</p> + +<p>Joan Braham, Vowess, Frenze, Norfolk, 1519.</p> + +<p>Thos. Rutlond, Sub Prior, St Albans Abbey, 1521.</p> + +<p>Dame Eliz. Herwy, Benedictine Abbess, Elstow, Beds., c. 1525.</p> + +<p>Joan Cook, Vowess, St Mary de Crypt, Glos., 1529.</p> + +<p>Susan Kyngeston, Vowess, Shalston, Bucks., 1540.</p> + +<p>Dame Agnes Jordon, Abbess of Sion, Denham, Bucks., +c. 1540.</p> + +<p>John Lawrence, Benedictine Abbot of Ramsey, Burwell, +Camb. (palimpsest), 1542.</p> + +<p>Marg. Dely, Nun, Treasurer of Sion, Isleworth, Middlesex, +1561.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>It is believed that this includes all those brasses which can in +any way be regarded as monastic, and one or two of these are +doubtful. The most complete series are those of the Benedictines +at St Albans.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">Palimpsests engraved on back.</p> + +<p class="center p1">(<i>a</i>) From English Churches: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>St Lawrence, Reading, 1538 (Walt. Barton). <i>Rev.</i> parts of +brass of Sir John Popham, 1463.</p> + +<p>Hedgerley, Bucks., 1540 (Bulstrode). <i>Rev.</i> various parts of +abbot, etc., c. 1312-1530.</p> + +<p>Taplow, Bucks., 1540 (Manfelde). <i>Rev.</i> eight pieces, c. 1470-1490.</p> + +<p>Halvergate, Norf., 1540 (Swane). <i>Rev.</i> bust of Wm. Jernemut +(monk), c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Tolleshunt Darcy, Essex, c. 1540 (a lady). <i>Rev.</i> part of +abbot, c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Upminster, Essex, c. 1540 (a civilian). <i>Rev.</i> part of abbot, +c. 1410.</p> + +<p>Odiham, Hants., c. 1540 (a knight). <i>Rev.</i> several pieces, c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Cheam, Surrey, 1542 (Fromondes). <i>Rev.</i> several pieces, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Holy Trinity, Chester, 1545 (Gee). <i>Rev.</i> part of Garter +knight, c. 1530.</p> + +<p>All Hallows, Barking, London, 1546 (Thynne). <i>Rev.</i> several +pieces, c. 1510-1530.</p> + +<p>Winchester College, 1548 (White). <i>Rev.</i> part of a widow, +c. 1440.</p> + +<p>Manchester Cathedral, 1548 (Ordsall). <i>Rev.</i> a lady, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Sessay, Yorks., 1550 (Magnus). <i>Rev.</i> several pieces, c. 1450.</p> + +<p>Cobham, Surrey, c. 1550 (a knight). <i>Rev.</i> a priest, c. 1510.</p> + +<p>Binfield, Berks., 1558 (Turner). <i>Rev.</i> part of abbot, c. 1420.</p> + +<p>St John Maddermarket, Norwich, 1558 (Rugge). <i>Rev.</i> an +abbot, c. 1320.</p> + +<p>Morland, Westmorland, 1562 (Blythe). <i>Rev.</i> two knights, +c. 1520.</p> + +<p>Howden, Yorks., 1621 (Dolman). <i>Rev.</i> part of civilian, c. 1520.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>There are about one hundred brasses included in this type.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>b</i>) From Flemish or German Brasses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Winestead, Yorks., c. 1540 (Hildyard). <i>Rev.</i> frag. of civilian, +c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Isleworth, Middlesex, 1544 (Chase). <i>Rev.</i> saint in niche, +c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Upminster, Essex, 1545 (Wayte). <i>Rev.</i> frag. of abbot, +c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Aylesford, Kent, 1545 (Savell). <i>Rev.</i> canopy, possibly French, +c. 1530.</p> + +<p>Bayford, Herts., c. 1545 (Knighton). <i>Rev.</i> frag. of abbot, +c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Ossington, Notts., 1551 (Peckham). <i>Rev.</i> frag. of lady, etc., +c. 1360.</p> + +<p>Hadleigh, Suffolk, c. 1560 (Taillor). <i>Rev.</i> civilian and angel, +c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Westerham, Kent, 1563 (Potter). <i>Rev.</i> column and shield, +c. 1530.</p> + +<p>St Peter Mancroft, Norwich, 1568 (Rede). <i>Rev.</i> civilian, +c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Haseley, Warw., 1573 (Throkmorton). <i>Rev.</i> canopy work, +c. 1390.</p> + +<p>Constantine, Cornwall, 1574 (Gerveys). <i>Rev.</i> man in armour, +c. 1375.</p> + +<p>Harrow, Middlesex, 1574 (Frankishe). <i>Rev.</i> border and lady, +c. 1360 and c. 1370.</p> + +<p>St Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, 1574 (Atkinson). <i>Rev.</i> canopy, +c. 1520.</p> + +<p>British Museum, fr. Wimbish, Essex, 1575 (fragment). <i>Rev.</i> +marginal inscription, c. 1420.</p> + +<p>Cookham, Berks., 1577 (Moore). <i>Rev.</i> head and background, +etc., c. 1380 and c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Wardour Castle, Wilts., c. 1577 and 1578 (Arundell). <i>Rev.</i> +part of saint, canopy, etc., 1374.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> + +<p>Yealmpton, Devon, 1580 (Copleston). <i>Rev.</i> head, saint, etc., +c. 1460.</p> + +<p>Holme-next-Sea, Norfolk, 1582 (Strickland). <i>Rev.</i> canopy, +c. 1400.</p> + +<p>Margate, Kent, 1582 (Flitt). <i>Rev.</i> border, c. 1400.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>c</i>) Shop-wastes etc.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>A priest, Temple Ch., Bristol, c. 1460. <i>Rev.</i> lady, c. 1460.</p> + +<p>A lady, Ampton, Suffolk, c. 1490. <i>Rev.</i> lady, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>A lady (demi) on bracket, c. 1360. <i>Rev.</i> cross-legged knight, +c. 1300. At Clifton Campville, Staffs.</p> + +<p>Thos. and Isabel Englysche, 1525, Ipsden, Oxon. <i>Rev.</i> a lady +and inscription, c. 1420.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">VII</p> + +<p class="center p1">Early Tudor Canopies.</p> + +<p>The following are remarkably fine:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Winwick, Lancs., triple, 1492.</p> + +<p>Westminster (Estney), triple, 1498.</p> + +<p>Hunstanton, Norf. (with saints), triple, 1506.</p> + +<p>Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507.</p> + +<p>Ardingley, Sussex, small, double, c. 1500. Illustrated.</p> + +<p>Ardingley, Sussex, double (only upper half), 1504.</p> + +<p>Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509.</p> + +<p>Little Wenham, Suffolk, double, 1514.</p> + +<p>Faversham, Kent, double, 1533.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Early Tudor armour (still showing Yorkist characteristics): +a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Jn. Bohun and wife, Latton, Essex, c. 1485.</p> + +<p>Edm. Clere and wife, Stokesby, Norfolk, 1488.</p> + +<p>Nich. Gaynesford and wife, Carshalton, Surrey, c. 1490.</p> + +<p>Rich. Curzon and wife, Kedlestone, Derbyshire, 1496.</p> + +<p>Rich. Culpeper and wife (canopy), Ardingley, Sussex, 1504.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Stanley, Westminster Abbey, 1505.</p> + +<p>Willm. Viscount Beaumont, Wyvenhoe, Essex (very fine, with +triple canopy), 1507.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Typical.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Jn., Lord le Strange and wife, Hillingdon, Middlesex (double +canopy), 1509.</p> + +<p>Jn. Leventhorp, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, London, 1510.</p> + +<p>Thos. Pekham and wife, Wrotham, Kent, 1512.</p> + +<p>Jn. Ackworth and two wives, Luton, Beds., 1513.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Danvers and wife, Dauntsey, Wilts., 1514.</p> + +<p>Thos. Broke (Serjeant-at-arms) and wife, Ewelme, Oxon., 1518.</p> + +<p>Philip Chatwyn (gent. usher), Alvechurch, Worc., 1524.</p> + +<p>Sir Edw. Grey and two wives, Kinver, Staffs., 1528.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Brooke, Ld. Cobham and wife, Cobham, Kent, 1529.</p> + +<p>John Borell (Serjeant-at-arms), Broxbourne, Herts., 1531.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Bullen, Hever, Kent (in full Garter insignia), 1538.</p> + +<p>Thos. Hatteclyff, Addington, Surrey, 1540.</p> + +<p>Sir Robt. Dymoke, Scrivelsby, Lincs., 1545.</p> + +<p>John Lymsey, Hackney, Middlesex, 1545.</p> + +<p>Thos. Clere, St Mary’s, Lambeth, Surrey, 1545.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Tabard brasses: a selection.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Fitz-Lewis and four wives, Ingrave, Essex, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Jn. Burgoyn and wife, Impington, Cambridge, 1505.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger le Strange, Hunstanton, Norfolk, 1506. (Very fine. +On bracket within canopy which has weepers, also in +tabards of arms.)</p> + +<p>Anthy. Fetyplace, Swinbrook, Oxon., 1510.</p> + +<p>Anthy. Hansart and wife, kn., March, Cambs., 1517.</p> + +<p>Ly. Jane Iwarby, kn., Ewell, Surrey, 1519.</p> + +<p>Jn. Garney and wife, kn., quadrilateral plate, Kenton, Suffolk, +1524.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Godfrey Foljambe and wife, Chesterfield, Derbys., 1529.</p> + +<p>Ly. Cath. Howard, St Mary’s, Lambeth, 1535.</p> + +<p>A lady, Gt. St Helen’s, Bishopsgate, c. 1535.</p> + +<p>Ly. Eliz. Scroope, Wyvenhoe, Essex, 1537.</p> + +<p>Sir Ralph Verney and wife, Aldbury, Herts. (canopy), 1546.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Babies (alone).</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Rougham, Norfolk, 1510.</p> + +<p>Chesham Bois, Bucks., c. 1520.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(With parents.)</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Cranbrook, Kent, c. 1520.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Later examples:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Pinner, Middlesex, c. 1580.</p> + +<p>Edgeware, Middlesex, 1599.</p> + +<p>Upper Deal, Kent, 1606.</p> + +<p>Odiham, Hants., 1636.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Civilians: a selection.</p> + +<p>Over 400 are extant, mostly small and often poorly engraved.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Rich. Amondesham and wife (wool merchant), Ealing, +Middlesex, c. 1490 (under fine double canopy).</p> + +<p>Sir Rich. Wakehurst and wife, Ardingley, Sussex, died 1464, +engraved c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Rich. Wenman and two wives, Witney, Oxon., 1500.</p> + +<p>Hen. Eliot and wife, Wonersh, Surrey, 1503.</p> + +<p>Wm. Andrew and Jn. Monkeden and their wives, Cookham, +Berks., 1503.</p> + +<p>Robt. Foster and wife (wool merchant), Mattishall, Norfolk, +1507.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Grevill and wife (judge), Cheltenham, Glos., 1513.</p> + +<p>Chris. Rawson and two wives (wool merchant), All Hallows, +Barking, 1518.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span></p> + +<p>Rauf. Rowlatt and two wives (wool merchant), St Albans +Abbey, Herts., 1519.</p> + +<p>Thos. Bush and wife (under double canopy) (wool merchant), +Northleach, Glos., 1526.</p> + +<p>Henry Hatche and wife (under double canopy), Faversham, +Kent, 1533.</p> + +<p>Sir Anth. Fitzherbert and wife (judge), Norbury, Derbys., 1538.</p> + +<p>Nich. Leveson and wife (wool merchant), St Andrew Undershaft, +London, 1539.</p> + +<p>Sir Walter Lake and wife (judge), Cople, Beds., 1544.</p> + +<p>Thos. Holte and wife (judge), Aston, Warwick, 1545.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The inscriptions are chiefly in English and often quaintly spelt.</p> + + +<p class="center p2">VIII</p> + +<p class="center p1">Transitional Period (1547-1558)</p> + +<p class="center p1">Men in armour: a selection.</p> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>a</i>) Without tabards.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Humphrey Stafford and wife, Blatherwycke, Northants., +1548.</p> + +<p>Thos. Giffard, Twyford, Bucks., 1551.</p> + +<p>Rich. Fermer and wife, Easton Neston, Northants., 1552.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Hampden and two wives, Gt. Hampden, Bucks., 1553.</p> + +<p>Nich. Saunders and wife, Charlwood, Surrey, 1553.</p> + +<p>Robt. Bulkeley and wife, quadrilateral plate, Cople, Beds., +1556.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">(<i>b</i>) With tabards.</p> + +<p>The brasses are usually small and badly engraved.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Latton and wife, Blewbury, Berks., 1548.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Style and two wives, Beckenham, Kent, 1552.</p> + +<p>Ly. Jane Guyldeford, Chelsea, Middlesex, 1555.</p> + +<p>Henry Hobart, Loddon, Norfolk, 1561.</p> + +<p>Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, Dorset, 1565.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span></p> + + +<p class="center p2">IX. 1558-1625.</p> + +<p>A few examples are given below, the earlier, up to about 1575, +are in the Transitional style, the later in the “tasset” armour.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Jn. Colby and wife, Brundish, Suffolk, 1560.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Arundell and two wives, Stratton, Cornwall, 1561.</p> + +<p>Geo. Medley and wife, Tiltey Abbey, Essex, 1562.</p> + +<p>Sir Wm. Molyneux and two wives, Sefton, Lancs., 1568.</p> + +<p>Jn. Clavell and two wives, Knowle, Dorset, 1572.</p> + +<p>Thos. Higate and wife, Hayes, Middlesex, 1576.</p> + +<p>Thos. Shurley and wife, Isfield, Sussex, 1579.</p> + +<p>Rowland Lytton and two wives, Knebworth, Herts., 1582.</p> + +<p>John Wingfield, Easton, Suffolk, 1584.</p> + +<p>Thos. Carewe, Haccombe, Devon, 1586.</p> + +<p>Thos. Stoughton, St Martin’s, Canterbury, 1591.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Brewster, Wrentham, Suffolk, 1593.</p> + +<p>Jn. Clippesby and wife, Clippesby, Norfolk, 1594.</p> + +<p>Edw. Leventhorpe and wife, Sawbridgeworth, Herts., c. 1600.</p> + +<p>Christopher Septvans and wife, Ash-next-Sandwich, Kent, +1602.</p> + +<p>Thos. Windham, Felbrigg, Norfolk, 1608.</p> + +<p>Rich. Barttelot and two wives, Stopham, Sussex, 1614.</p> + +<p>Nich. Wadham and wife, Ilminster, Somerset, 1618.</p> + +<p>Sir Clem. Edmonds and wife, Preston Deanery, Northants., +1622.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Civilians.</p> + +<p>A few examples are given, but there are a fair number +scattered up and down the country.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir Rich. Peyton and wife, Isleham, Cambs., 1574.</p> + +<p>Wm. Dunche and wife, Little Wittenham, Berks., quadrilateral +plate, engraved, c. 1585.</p> + +<p>Robt. Cotton and wife, Richmond, Surrey, 1591.</p> + +<p>Walter Bailey, New Coll., Oxford, 1592.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span></p> + +<p>Jn. Martin and wife, Barton, Cambs., c. 1593.</p> + +<p>Jn. Tedcastle and wife, Barking, Essex, 1596.</p> + +<p>Jacob Verzelini and wife, Downe, Kent, 1607.</p> + +<p>Anth. Cooke, Yoxford, Suffolk, 1613.</p> + +<p>Rich. Gadburye and wife, Eyworth, Beds., 1624.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="p1">The York school of brasses will be referred to later; they +include among others:—</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Eliz. Fynes, York Minster, 1585.</p> + +<p>James Cotrel, York Minster, 1595.</p> + +<p>Robert Askwith, St Crux, York, 1597.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Clergy.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Jn. Fenton, Priest and Vicar, Coleshill, Warwick, 1566.</p> + +<p>Patrick Fearne and wife, Parson, Sandon, Essex, c. 1580.</p> + +<p>Jn. Garbrand, D.D., Parson, quadrilateral plate, N. Crawley, +Bucks., 1589.</p> + +<p>Edw. Leeds, LL.D., Rector, Croxton, Cambs., 1589.</p> + +<p>Vincent Huffam and wife, Priest, St James, Dover, c. 1590.</p> + +<p>Griffin Lloyd and wife, Chevening, Kent, 1596.</p> + +<p>Wm. Lucas, M.A., Parson, Clothall, Herts., 1602.</p> + +<p>Jn. Metcalfe, Stonham Aspal, Suffolk, 1606.</p> + +<p>Jn. Burton, Rector, kn., Burgh St Margaret, Norfolk, 1608.</p> + +<p>Isaiah Bures, M.A., Pastor, sm., kn., Northolt, Middlesex, +1610.</p> + +<p>Peter Winder, Curate, Whitchurch, Oxon., 1610.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Tyndall, Dean, Ely Cathedral (fine), 1614.</p> + +<p>Jn. Wythines, D.D., Dean, Battle, Sussex, 1615.</p> + +<p>Hen. Airay, Provost, Queen’s Coll., Oxford, 1616.</p> + +<p>Wm. Palke and wife, Minister, High Halstow, Kent, 1618.</p> + +<p>Hugh Johnson (in pulpit), Vicar, Hackney, Middlesex, 1618.</p> + +<p>Andrew Willet, D.D., Minister, Barley, Herts., 1621.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span></p> + + +<p class="center p2">X. 1625-1660.</p> + +<p>Of other knights in armour than the illustration, the following +are noteworthy:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Simon Mayne and wife, Dinton, Bucks., 1628.</p> + +<p>Sir Jn. Arundel and wife, St Columb, Cornwall, c. 1630.</p> + +<p>Christopher Playters, Sotterley, Suffolk, c. 1630.</p> + +<p>Edm. Sawyer and wife, quadrilateral plate, Kettering, +Northants., 1631.</p> + +<p>Rich. Bugges and two wives, Harlow, Essex, 1636.</p> + +<p>Wm. Penn and wife, Penn, Bucks., 1638.</p> + +<p>Jn. Boscawen, quadrilateral plate, St Michael Penkevil, +Cornwall, c. 1640.</p> + +<p>Wm. Strode and wife, quadrilateral plate, Shepton Mallet, +Somerset, 1649.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Civilians.</p> + +<p>The following are characteristic examples:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Thos. Holl, Heigham, Norfolk, 1630.</p> + +<p>Rich. Chiverton and wife, Quethiock, Cornwall, 1631.</p> + +<p>Robt. Chambers, Swaffham Priory, Cambs., 1638.</p> + +<p>Geo. Coles and two wives, St Sepulchre’s, Northampton, 1640.</p> + +<p>John Moorwood and wife, quadrilateral plate, Bradfield, +near Ecclesfield, Yorks., 1647.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="p1">At Llanrwst, Denbigh. +The plates +are lozenge-shaped, +showing usually only +the bust of the deceased +and are quite +good portraits.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Sir John Wynne, 1620,<br> +and his wife, 1632,<br> +his daughter, Lady Mary Mostyn, 1658,<br> +Sir Owen Wynne, 1660,<br> +Kath. Lewis, 1669,<br> +Dame Sarah Wynne, 1671.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">Clergy.</p> + +<p>Of the clergy, only six brasses are known:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Arch. Lightfoot, rector, quadrilateral plate, Stoke Bruerne, +Northants., 1625.</p> + +<p>Thos. Stones (demi), Acle, Norfolk, 1627.</p> + +<p>Wm. Procter, rector, Upper Boddington, Northants., 1627.</p> + +<p>Maurice Hughes, vicar, Abergavenny, Monm., 1631.</p> + +<p>Edw. Nayler and wife, kn., Bigby, Lincs., 1642.</p> + +<p>Rice, Jem, rector, Husbands Bosworth, Leics., 1648.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p class="p1">In three cases bishops are commemorated by a mitre:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Arthur Lake, Bp. of Bath and Wells, Wells Cath., 1626.</p> + +<p>John Prideaux, Bp. of Worcester, Bredon, Worc., 1650.</p> + +<p>Henry Ferne, Bp. of Chester, Westminster Abbey, 1661.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Commonwealth Civilians and Women.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Bonham Faunce and two wives, Cliffe, Kent, 1652.</p> + +<p>Jn. Davids, Haverfordwest, Pembrokes., 1654.</p> + +<p>Anne Cary (a child), Clovelly, Devon, 1655.</p> + +<p>Thos. Carewe and wife, quadrilateral plate, Haccombe, Devon, +1656.</p> + +<p>Thos. Lawe (mayor), demi, Boston, Lincs., 1657.</p> + +<p>Mary Hall, Sheriff Hutton, Yorks., 1657.</p> + +<p>Lady Mary Mostyn, Llanrwst, Denbigh, 1658.</p> + +<p>Rich. Breton and wife, Barwell, Leics., 1659.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">XI. 1660-1773.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Harris and wife, Milton, Cambs., 1660.</p> + +<p>The Llanrwst series.</p> + +<p>Philip Tenison, S.T.P., in shroud, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660.</p> + +<p>Mary Thorne and three daughters, St Mary, Bedford, 1663.</p> + +<p>Robt. Shiers, Gt. Bookham, Surrey, 1668.</p> + +<p>Shrouded Effigy on tomb, Thornton Watlass, Yorks., 1669.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span></p> + +<p>Nich. Toke in armour and three daughters kneeling, Gt. Chart, +Kent, 1680.</p> + +<p>Edm. West, Serjeant-at-law, in armour, and wife, quadrilateral +plate, Marsworth, Bucks., 1681.</p> + +<p>Ann Dunch, a child, quadrilateral plate, Little Wittenham, +Berks., 1683.</p> + +<p>Edw. Turpin and wife, Bassingbourn, Cambs., 1683.</p> + +<p>Dorothy Williams, Pimperne, Dorset., 1694.</p> + +<p>John Price (naval officer) and wife, Leigh, Essex, 1709.</p> + +<p>John Massie and family, St Peter’s, Leeds, Yorks., 1709.</p> + +<p>Thos. Lund (mayor), Newark, Notts., 1715.</p> + +<p>Philadelphia Greenwood, quadrilateral plate, St Mary Cray, +Kent, 1747.</p> + +<p>Benj. Greenwood, St Mary Cray, Kent, 1773.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">XII</p> + +<p class="center p1">Special Types: Heart Brasses.</p> + +<p>Some others which differ in various ways from the two types +described in the text are included below:</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Anne Muston, Saltwood, Kent, 1496.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Fakenham, Norfolk, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Higham Ferrers, Northants., c. 1510.</p> + +<p>Crystofer Tonson and wife, Melton Mowbray, Leics., 1543.</p> + +<p>Thos. Hodges, Wedmore, Somerset, c. 1630.</p> + +<p>Grace White, Ludham, Norfolk, 1633.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>In the Saltwood and Wedmore brasses it is distinctly stated +that only the bowel or heart is buried there.</p> + +<p>Sir Thos. Hodges was killed at the siege of Antwerp 1583, and +asked that his body should be buried there and his heart sent +home to his wife.</p> + +<p>At Saltwood an angel, rising from a cloud, holds a heart.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p> + +<p>At Fakenham there are four double hearts inscribed “Jhu, +mercy,” “Lady, help.” It is evidently to the memory of a husband +and wife whose names are unknown.</p> + + +<p class="center p1">Shroud Brasses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>John Brigge, Sall, Norfolk, 1454.</p> + +<p>John Manfield, Taplow, Bucks., 1455.</p> + +<p>Thos. Pethyn, priest, Lytchett Maltravers, Dorset, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>Man and wife, Sedgefield, Durham, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>Thos. Fleming, New Coll., Oxford, 1472.</p> + +<p>A Priest, Stifford, Essex, c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Man and wife, Baldock, Herts., c. 1480.</p> + +<p>Tomesina Tendryng, Yoxford, Suff., 1485.</p> + +<p>Thos. Spryng and wife, Lavenham, Staff., 1486.</p> + +<p>Several at Hitchin, Herts., 1480-1490.</p> + +<p>A Man and wife, Sawston, Cambs., c. 1500.</p> + +<p>A Lady, Gt. Fransham, Norfolk, c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Ralph Hamsterley, a priest, Oddington, Oxon., c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Wm. Gibsson and wife, Watlington, Oxon., 1501.</p> + +<p>Thos. Tyard, priest, Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1505.</p> + +<p>Joan Strangbon, Childrey, Berks., 1507.</p> + +<p>Man and wife, West Molesey, Surrey, c. 1510.</p> + +<p>Hen. Scolows and wife, St Michael Coslany, Norwich, 1515.</p> + +<p>John Goodryngton, Appleton, Berks., 1518.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Wooburn, Bucks., c. 1520.</p> + +<p>Unknown and wife, Childrey, Berks., c. 1520.</p> + +<p>John Claimond, Corpus Christi, Oxford, c. 1530.</p> + +<p>Eliz. Rok, Penn, Bucks., 1540.</p> + +<p>Wm. Fyssher, master, Wigston’s Hospital, Leicester, 1543.</p> + +<p>Lucas Goodyere, Aldenham, Herts., 1547.</p> + +<p>Hugh Brystowe, priest, Waddesdon, Bucks., 1548.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Chicheley, Bucks., 1560.</p> + +<p>A Lady, Leigh, Kent, c. 1580.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span></p> + +<p>Thos. Nele, Cassington, Oxon., 1590.</p> + +<p>John Maunsell, Haversham, Bucks., 1605.</p> + +<p>Eliz. Popeley, Birstall, Yorks., 1632.</p> + +<p>Lady Mary Howard, West Firle, Sussex, 1638.</p> + +<p>Wives of Clere Talbot, Dunston, Norfolk, 1649.</p> + +<p>Philipp Tenison, S.T.P., Bawburgh, Norfolk, 1660.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Skeleton Brasses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Rich. Notfelde, St John’s, Margate, Kent, c. 1446.</p> + +<p>Thos. Childes, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1452.</p> + +<p>Three Skeletons, Weybridge, Surrey, c. 1520.</p> + +<p>A Skeleton in shroud, Hildersham, Cambs., c. 1530.</p> + +<p>Barbara Ferrer, St Michael-at-Plea, Norwich, 1588.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p2">XIII</p> + +<p class="center p1">Later Foreign Brasses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Roger Thornton and wife, All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, +1429.</p> + +<p>Thos. Pownder and wife, St Mary Quay, Ipswich, 1525.</p> + +<p>Margaret Hornebolt, Fulham, Middlesex, 1529.</p> + +<p>Andrew Evyngar and wife, All Hallows, Barking, c. 1535.</p> + +<p>Duncan Liddell, M.D., St Nicholas, Aberdeen, 1613.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p>The Newcastle brass measures 7 ft. × 4 ft. 4 in. The civilian +and his wife completely fill the spaces under the canopy, so that +no background is necessary. There are saints and angels in the +niches, and each soul is shown borne aloft by angels and again +in God the Father’s arms.</p> + +<p>Below the main figures are seven sons and seven daughters, +each under a canopy. It is probably North German work. There +are no less than 92 figures altogether.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span></p> + +<p>The brasses to Pownder and Evyngar are both Flemish, and +somewhat similar in size and design. These sixteenth century +brasses are much smaller than those of the fourteenth century.</p> + +<p>Pownder’s has a marginal inscription and an outer border of +foliage. The merchant and his wife stand beneath a Renaissance +canopy. Two sons and six daughters kneel at his feet.</p> + +<p>Evyngar’s brass is very similar, but there is no border, and the +inscription is at the foot instead of round the edge.</p> + +<p>Margaret Hornebolt was the wife of a Flemish painter from +Ghent. The brass is lozenge-shaped and shows her as a demi-figure +in a shroud with angels supporting the inscription. The +Scotch brass was engraved in Antwerp by the instruction of +Liddel’s brother John. It is just over 5 ft. high. There is a +marginal inscription, and half the space within it is also filled +with inscription.</p> + +<p>The doctor is shown above this seated at table, with books, +writing materials, etc. around him. It reminds us of the +seventeenth century brasses to Airay and Bp. Robinson.</p> + +<p>In the Victoria and Albert Museum are two other foreign +brasses. The larger is also Flemish, to Sire Louis Corteville and +wife, 1504. It was originally in the ruined chapel of the Castle +of Corteville, Flanders, thence passed to a shop in Antwerp and +thence to the Jermyn Street Museum. Recently it has been set +up at South Kensington. It has a fillet of foliage and within +that a border inscription. The places of the four Evangelists at +the corners are filled by shields; there is no canopy. Above the +knight, his crest, helmet and coat-of-arms appear, above his wife, +a coat-of-arms is supported by an angel. The heads of both rest +on embroidered cushions, and the background is covered with a +design of foliage.</p> + +<p>The armour of the knight, though similar to that of the same +date in England, shows several minor variations, which should be +studied by those interested in the subject.</p> + +<p>The other brass is much smaller and is of German origin. It +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span>is to Henry Oskens, canon, from Nippes, near Cologne, 1535. It +is beautifully engraved. Oskens kneels in adoration to the Virgin. +Rays of light stream from behind her. These are coloured red, +the rest of the engraving being mostly filled in with black wax or +some similar substance. This, coupled with the fineness of the +engraving, renders it impossible to take a good rubbing.</p> + +<p>This completes the list of foreign brasses in England. It will +be noticed that the majority of the earlier ones are German, and +the later Flemish.</p> + +<p>One or two other brasses show traces of foreign (probably +French) work, but to them reference has already been made. +Thus the knights at Chartham and Minster, and the priest at +Horsmonden were probably engraved by French craftsmen. +Since, however, only five or six late brasses still survive in France, +it is impossible to say for certain.</p> + + +<p class="center p2">XIV</p> + +<p class="center p1">Canopies: a selection.</p> + + +<p><i>Fourteenth Century.</i></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Several at Cobham.</p> + +<p>Hereford Cathedral, canopy and super-canopy, 1360.</p> + +<p>Fletching, Sussex, double with centre shaft, c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Letheringham, Suffolk, single, 1389.</p> + +<p>Fulbourn, Cambs., single, 1391.</p> + +<p>Stoke Fleming, Devon, double (peculiar), 1391.</p> + +<p>Westminster Abbey, single, 1397.</p> + +<p>Boston, Lincs., double triple, with super-canopy and saints in +shafts, 1398.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><i>Fifteenth Century.</i></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Balsham, Cambs., triple, 1401.</p> + +<p>Bottesford, Leics., triple, 1404.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span></p> + +<p>Burgate, Suffolk, double, 1409.</p> + +<p>Kidderminster, Worcs., triple, 1415.</p> + +<p>Lynwode, Lincs., double with super-canopy, 1419.</p> + +<p>Trotton, Sussex, double with super-canopy, 1419.</p> + +<p>Horley, Surrey, single, c. 1420.</p> + +<p>Warbleton, Sussex, single, 1436.</p> + +<p>Okeover, Staffs., triple, 1447.</p> + +<p>Hildersham, Cambs., single, 1466.</p> + +<p>Enfield, Middlesex, triple, c. 1470.</p> + +<p>Thornton, Bucks., quadruple, 1472.</p> + +<p>Isleham, Cambs., triple, 1484.</p> + +<p>Westminster Abbey, triple, 1498.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p><i>Sixteenth Century.</i></p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Two, Ardingley, Sussex, double, engraved c. 1500 and 1504.</p> + +<p>Cobham, double, 1506.</p> + +<p>Hunstanton, triple with figures in side shafts, etc., 1506.</p> + +<p>Wyvenhoe, Essex, triple, 1507.</p> + +<p>Hillingdon, Middlesex, double, 1509.</p> + +<p>Northleach, Glos., double, 1526.</p> + +<p>Faversham, Kent, double, 1533.</p> + +<p>Ashbourn, Derbs., double, 1538.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Fifteenth century brackets.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>A Lady, Southfleet, Kent, 1414.</p> + +<p>A Priest, Cotterstock, Northants. (with canopy), 1420.</p> + +<p>A Priest, Cobham, Kent (with triple canopy), c. 1420.</p> + +<p>John Bloxham and Jn. Whytton, priests, Merton Coll., Oxford, +c. 1420.</p> + +<p>Wm. Harwedon and wife, Gt. Harrowden, Northants., 1433.</p> + +<p>Prior Langley, St Lawrence, Norwich, 1437.</p> + +<p>Thos. Roose and wife, Sall, Norfolk, 1440.</p> + +<p>Civilian and wife, St George, Colegate, Norwich, 1472.</p> +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span></p> + + +<p class="center p1">Plain Crosses.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Unknown, Grainthorpe, Lincs., c. 1380.</p> + +<p>Thos. Chichele and wife, Higham Ferrers, Northants., 1400.</p> + +<p>Sir Roger Cheyne, Cassington, Oxon., 1414.</p> + +<p>Margaret Oliver, Beddington, Surrey, 1425.</p> + +<p>Rich. Tooner (priest), Broadwater, Sussex, 1445.</p> + +<p>Joan Brokes, Peperharrow, Surrey, 1487.</p> + +<p>Unknown, Royston, Herts., c. 1500.</p> + +<p>Rich. Pendilton, Eversley, Hants., 1502.</p> + +<p>Herward Bwllayen, Hever, Kent, c. 1520.</p> + +<p>Alice Wyrley, Floore, Northants., 1537.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<p class="center p1">Octofoil Crosses with the deceased in the centre.</p> + +<blockquote> +<p>Nich. Aumberdene (fishmonger), Taplow, Bucks., 1350.</p> + +<p>Wm. de Herleston (priest), Sparsholt, Berks., c. 1360.</p> + +<p>A priest in civil dress, Merton College, Oxford, 1372.</p> + +<p>A priest in cope, Hereford Cathedral, c. 1390.</p> + +<p>John Lumbarde (priest), Stone, Kent, 1408.</p> +</blockquote> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"> + BIBLIOGRAPHY + </h2> +</div> + + +<p class="center p1"><i>General.</i></p> + +<p>Manual for the Study of Monumental Brasses (Oxon., 1848).</p> + +<p>Boutell’s Monumental Brasses (Lond., 1849).</p> + +<p>Haines. Manual of Monumental Brasses (1861).</p> + +<p>Waller’s Series of Monumental Brasses (Lond. and Oxford, 1863).</p> + +<p>H. W. Macklin. Monumental Brasses (1890).</p> + +<p>H. W. Macklin. The Brasses of England (Methuen, 1907).</p> + + +<p class="center p1"><i>Counties.</i></p> + +<p>Cotman’s Brasses of Norfolk (1813-16). +Second Edition (Lond. 1839).</p> + +<p>Brasses in Cambridge. Camden Society (1846).</p> + +<p>F. Hudson. Brasses of Northamptonshire (1853).</p> + +<p>G. Kite. Brasses of Wiltshire (1860).</p> + +<p>E. H. W. Dunken. Brasses of Cornwall (1882).</p> + +<p>C. T. Davis. Brasses in Worcestershire and Herefordshire (1884).</p> + +<p>W. D. Belcher. Kentish Brasses (1888).</p> + +<p>Rev. E. Farrar. Brasses of Norfolk (1890).</p> + +<p>Ja. Thornely. Brasses in Lancs. and Cheshire (1893, Hull).</p> + +<p>Grace Isherwood. Brasses in the Bedfordshire Churches.</p> + +<p>W. F. Andrews. Brasses in Herefordshire (1903).</p> + +<p>The Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society, London, +since 1886.</p> + + +<p class="center p1"><i>Foreign.</i></p> + +<p>Monumental Brasses and Incised Slabs in Belgium (1849).</p> + +<p>Books of Facsimiles of Monumental Brasses of the Continent of +Europe by Rev. W. F. Creeny, 1884.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<div class="column2"><figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig13_p148" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig13_p148.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 13. Laurence de St Maur, 1337, Higham Ferrers, Northants. + </figcaption> +</figure></div> + +<div class="column2"><figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="fig14_p148" style="max-width: 40em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/fig14_p148.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + Fig. 14. John Blodwell, Dean of St Asaph, 1462, Balsham, Cambs. + </figcaption> +</figure></div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span></p> + + + <h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX"> + INDEX</h2> + <p> + This index is meant as a guide to the most interesting brasses in + each county. At the same time, though it includes all mentioned + in this manual, it does not profess to be exhaustive. Where there + are several brasses at one church the author has often only given one + or two, knowing that when there the <i>brass-rubber</i> will look round for + others.</p> + +</div> + + +<ul class="index"> + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Bedfordshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Ampthill, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aspley Guise, <i>c. 1410</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bedford, <i>1663</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bromham, <i>c. 1435</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1535</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cople, <i>c. 1410</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>; <i>1544</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; <i>1556</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dean, <i>1501</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dunstable, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Elstow, <i>c. 1525</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Eyworth, <i>1624</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holwell, <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Luton, <i>1513</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Marston Mortayne, <i>1451</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shillington, <i>1400</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wimington, <i>1391</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Yelden, <i>1434</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Berkshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Abingdon, <i>1501</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Appleton, <i>1518</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ashbury, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Binfield, <i>1558</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Blewbury, <i>1496</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>1548</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bray, <i>1378</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>1475</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Childrey, <i>1507</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1520</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1529</i>, + <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cookham, <i>1503</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <i>1577</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hanney, West, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Reading, St Lawrence, <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shottesbrook, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sparsholt, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Windsor, St Geo. Chapel, <i>1475</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; <i>1522</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1630</i>, + <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; <i>1633</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wittenham, Little, <i>c. 1585</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <i>1683</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Buckinghamshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Caversfield, <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chalfont St Peter, <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chenies, <i>1469</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chesham Bois, <i>1520</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chicheley, <i>1558</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <i>1560</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Crawley, North, <i>1589</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Denham, <i>c. 1440</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>; <i>1561</i> + (lost), <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dinton, <i>1628</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Drayton Beauchamp, <i>1368</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Emberton, <i>1410</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Eton College, <i>1489</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1503</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1522</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1535</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; + <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span>Halton, <i>1553</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hampden, Great, <i>1553</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Haversham, <i>1605</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hedgerley, <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Marsworth, <i>1681</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Milton Keynes, <i>1427</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Penn, <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1638</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Quainton, <i>1360</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shalston, <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Taplow, <i>1350</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <i>1455</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thornton, <i>1472</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tingewick, <i>1608</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Turweston, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Twyford, <i>1550</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Waddesdon, <i>1548</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Winchendon, Over, <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wooburn, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Cambridgeshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Balsham, <i>1401</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1462</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, + <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#fig14_p148">end</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Barton, <i>c. 1593</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bassingbourn, <i>1683</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burwell, <i>1542</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cambridge,</li> + <li class="isub1">Christ’s College, <i>c. 1535</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + <li class="isub1">King’s College, <i>1496</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1528</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1558</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, + <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Queens’ College, <i>c. 1535</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St John’s College, <i>1410</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Trinity Hall, <i>1517</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>c. 1530</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Bene’t’s, <i>1432</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Mary-the-Less, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Croxton, <i>1589</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ely Cathedral, <i>1554</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1614</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fulbourn, <i>1391</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1477</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Girton, <i>1492</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hildersham, <i>1379</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>; <i>1466</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; + <i>1530</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hinxton, <i>1416</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horseheath, <i>1382</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Impington, <i>1505</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Isleham, <i>1451</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1484</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">March, <i>1517</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Milton, <i>1553</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; <i>1660</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sawston, <i>1500</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shelford, Great, <i>1418</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shelford, Little, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stow-cum-Quy, <i>c. 1465</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Swaffham, <i>1638</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Trumpington, <i>1289</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Westley Waterless, <i>c. 1325</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wilbraham, Little, <i>1521</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wood Ditton, <i>1393</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Cheshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Chester, Holy Trinity, <i>1530</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Macclesfield, <i>1460</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wilmslow, <i>1506</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Cornwall</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Callington, <i>c. 1465</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cardynham, <i>c. 1400</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Quethiock, <i>1631</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">St Columb Major, <i>c. 1630</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">St Michael Penkevil, <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>c. 1640</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stratton, <i>1561</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span><span class="smcap">Cumberland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Carlisle Cathedral, <i>1496</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1616</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Edenhall, <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Derbyshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Ashbourn, <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chesterfield, <i>1529</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dronfield, <i>1399</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Etwall, <i>1512</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hathersage, <i>1463</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kedlestone, <i>1496</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Morley, <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Norbury, <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tideswell, <i>1483</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Devonshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Chittlehampton, <i>1480</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clovelly, <i>1655</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dartmouth, <i>1408</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Exeter Cathedral, <i>1403</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1409</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Haccombe, <i>1586</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>; <i>1656</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stoke Fleming, <i>1391</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stoke-in-Teignmouth, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Dorsetshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Evershot, <i>1524</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Knowle, <i>1572</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lytchett Maltravers, <i>c. 1470</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Milton Abbey, <i>1565</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pimperne, <i>1694</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wimborne Minster, <i>c. 1440</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Durham</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Billingham, <i>1480</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sedgefield, <i>c. 1470</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Essex</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Arkesden, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aveley, <i>1370</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Barking, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1596</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bocking, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bowers Gifford, <i>1348</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chigwell, <i>1631</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chrishall, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dagenham, <i>1479</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Easton, Little, <i>c. 1420</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; <i>1483</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gosfield, <i>1439</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Halstead, <i>1409</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harlow, <i>1636</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horkesley, Little, <i>1412</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ingrave, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Laindon, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Latton, <i>1467</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>c. 1485</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Leigh, <i>1709</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pebmarsh, <i>c. 1320</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sandon, <i>c. 1580</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shopland, <i>1371</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stifford, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tiltey Abbey, <i>1562</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tolleshunt Darcy, <i>c. 1540</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Upminster, <i>1455</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>c. 1540</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wendensloft, <i>c. 1470</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wimbish, <i>1347</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wyvenhoe, <i>1507</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1537</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Gloucestershire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Bristol,</li> + <li class="isub1">St John, <i>1478</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Mary Redcliff, <i>1439</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>; <i>1475</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>; <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Peter, <i>1461</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + <li class="isub1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span>Temple Church, <i>1396</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Campden, Chipping, <i>1401</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <i>1467</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cheltenham, <i>1513</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cirencester, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>; <i>1462</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>; <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Deerhurst, <i>1400</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gloucester, St Mary de Crypt, <i>1529</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Minchinhampton, <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Newland, <i>c. 1448</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Northleach, <i>c. 1400</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>c. 1530</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; <i>1526</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, + <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Quinton, <i>c. 1430</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wootton-under-Edge, <i>1392</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Hampshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Eversley, <i>1502</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Odiham, <i>c. 1540</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>; <i>1636</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ringwood, <i>1416</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Somborne, King’s, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stoke Charity, <i>1482</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thruxton, <i>c. 1425</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wallop, Nether, <i>1436</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Winchester College, <i>1413</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1548</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, + <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Cross, <i>1382</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Isle of Wight,</li> + <li class="isub1">Arreton, <i>1430</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Calbourne, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>1652</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Freshwater, <i>1370</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Shorwell, <i>1518</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Herefordshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Hereford Cathedral, <i>1360</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>c. 1390</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <i>1434</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; + <i>1435</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1524</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; <i>1529</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; <i>1536</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ledbury, <i>c. 1410</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Marden, <i>1614</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Hertfordshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Aldbury, <i>1546</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aldenham, <i>1547</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ashridge House, <i>1395</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Baldock, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bayford, <i>c. 1545</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bennington, <i>c. 1450</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Berkhampstead, Great, <i>1356</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1365</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Broxbourne, <i>1473</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>; <i>1531</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Buckland, <i>1478</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clothall, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>1541</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1602</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Digswell, <i>1415</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hitchin, <i>1480-90</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1498</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Knebworth, <i>1414</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1582</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Letchworth, <i>1475</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mimms, North, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Royston, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">St Albans,</li> + <li class="isub1">Abbey, <i>1360</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1401</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1411</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>c. 1450</i>, + <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>c. 1470</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1480</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>; <i>1521</i>, + <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Michael, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sawbridgeworth, <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>c. 1600</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Standon, <i>1477</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Watford, <i>1415</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Watton, <i>1361</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Willian, <i>1446</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span><span class="smcap">Kent</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Addington, <i>1409</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ash-next-Sandwich, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>1602</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aylesford, <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beckenham, <i>1552</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Borden, <i>1490</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boughton-under-Blean, <i>1587</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boxley, <i>1451</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brabourn, <i>1434</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Canterbury,</li> + <li class="isub1">St George, <i>1438</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Margaret, <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Martin, <i>1591</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chart, Great, <i>c. 1470</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>1680</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chartham, <i>1306</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1456</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chelsfield, <i>1417</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chevening, <i>1596</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cliffe, <i>1652</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cobham, <i>1320</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>; <i>1354</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>c. 1365</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>1367</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>1375</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1395</i>, + <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1405</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1407</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, + <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <i>1506</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1529</i>, + <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cranbrook, <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cray, St Mary, <i>1747</i>, <i>1773</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dartford, <i>1402</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1454</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Deal, Upper, <i>1606</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dover, St James, <i>c. 1590</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Downe, <i>1596</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Eastry, <i>1590</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Faversham, <i>1533</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Graveney, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1436</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Halstow, High, <i>1618</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hardres, Upper, <i>1405</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Herne, <i>c. 1420</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>c. 1450</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hever, <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hoo St Werburgh, <i>1412</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horsmonden, <i>c. 1340</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kemsing, <i>c. 1320</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Leigh, <i>c. 1580</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lydd, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Maling, East, <i>1522</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Margate, St John, <i>1431</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>; <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; <i>1446</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1582</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; + <i>1615</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mereworth, <i>1371</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Minster-in-Sheppey, <i>c. 1330</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Monkton-in-Thanet, <i>c. 1465</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Northfleet, <i>1375</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Otterden, <i>1408</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rochester, St Margaret, <i>1465</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Saltwood, <i>1496</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Seal, <i>1395</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sheldwich, <i>1394</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shorne, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Southfleet, <i>1414</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stone, <i>1408</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sutton, East, <i>1638</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Upchurch, <i>1340</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Westerham, <i>1563</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; <i>1567</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wickham, East, <i>c. 1325</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Woodchurch, <i>c. 1320</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span><span class="smcap">Lancashire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Manchester Cathedral, <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1548</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Middleton, <i>1650</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sefton, <i>1568</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Winwick, <i>1492</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>; <i>1527</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Leicestershire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Barwell, <i>1659</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bosworth, Husbands, <i>1648</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bottesford, <i>1404</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Castle Donington, <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Leicester, Wigston’s Hospital, <i>1543</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Melton Mowbray, <i>1543</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stanford-on-Soar, <i>c. 1400</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wanlip, <i>1393</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Lincolnshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Althorpe, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bigby, <i>1642</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boston, <i>1398</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1657</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Broughton, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Buslingthorpe, <i>c. 1290</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cotes, Great, <i>1503</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Croft, <i>c. 1300</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Edenham, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Grainthorpe, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gunby, <i>1400</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horncastle, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Irnham, <i>1390</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Laughton, <i>c. 1400</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1549</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lyndewode, <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rauceby, <i>1536</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Scrivelsby, <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Spilsby, <i>1410</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stamford, All Saints, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>1471</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>1508</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tattershall, <i>1411</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1455</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Middlesex</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Chelsea, <i>1555</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clerkenwell, St James, <i>1556</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ealing, <i>c. 1490</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Edgeware, <i>1599</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Enfield, <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fulham, <i>1529</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Greenford, Great, <i>c. 1515</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hackney, <i>1521</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harrow, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>c. 1390</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1442</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>c. 1460</i>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hayes, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>c. 1450</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1576</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hillingdon, <i>1509</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Isleworth, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1544</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; <i>1561</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kilburn, St Mary, <i>1380</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">London (The City),</li> + <li class="isub1">All Hallows’, Barking, <i>1437</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; <i>1518</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <i>c. 1535</i>, + <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; <i>1546</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Great St Helen, <i>1482</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1510</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; <i>c. 1535</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Andrew Undershaft, <i>1539</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Bartholomew-the-Less, <i>1439</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Museum, British, <i>1575</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Museum, South Kensington, <i>1504</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>; <i>1535</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Northolt, <i>1610</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pinner, <i>c. 1580</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Westminster Abbey, <i>1395</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1397</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1399</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, + <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1437</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1483</i>, + <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>1498</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1505</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + <i>1561</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1661</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Willesdon, <i>1517</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Monmouthshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Abergavenny, <i>1631</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Norfolk</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Acle, <i>1627</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bawburgh, <i>1505</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1660</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beachamwell St Mary, <i>c. 1385</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bedon, Kirby, <i>c. 1450</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Blickling, <i>1401</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burg St Margaret, <i>1608</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burnham Thorpe, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Buxton, <i>1508</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cley, <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clippesby, <i>1594</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Creake, North, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Creake, South, <i>1509</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dunston, <i>1649</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Elsing, <i>1347</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Erpingham, <i>c. 1415</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fakenham, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Felbrigg, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>c. 1382</i>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1461</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, + <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1608</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fransham, Great, <i>1414</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Frenze, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Halvergate, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hedenham, <i>1502</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Heigham, <i>1630</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Helbroughton, <i>c. 1450</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hunstanton, <i>1506</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Loddon, <i>1462</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ludham, <i>1633</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lynn, St Margaret, <i>1349</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; <i>1364</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mattishall, <i>1507</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Methwold, <i>1637</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Narburgh, <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Necton, <i>1372</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Norwich,</li> + <li class="isub1">St Ethelred, <i>1487</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St George, Colgate, <i>1472</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Giles, <i>1499</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St John, Maddermarket, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1472</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>1524</i>, <i>1525</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, + <a href="#Page_94">94</a>; <i>1558</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Laurence, <i>1437</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1452</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Michael-at-Plea, <i>1588</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Michael Coslany, <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Peter Mancroft, <i>1568</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Reepham, <i>1391</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rougham, <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>; <i>1510</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sall, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1454</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shernborne, <i>1458</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sparham, <i>1490</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stokesby, <i>1488</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Surlingham, <i>1460</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1513</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Upwell, <i>1428</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1435</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Walsham, North, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Walsingham, Little, <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wiggenhall, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Witton, <i>1505</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Northamptonshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Blatherwycke, <i>1548</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Boddington, Upper, <i>1627</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span>Brington, Great, <i>c. 1340</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cotterstock, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Easton Neston, <i>1552</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fawsley, <i>1516</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Floore, <i>1510</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; <i>1537</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harrowden, Great, <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Higham Ferrers, <i>1337</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, + <a href="#fig13_p148">end</a>; <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kettering, <i>1631</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lowick, <i>1467</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Newton-by-Geddington, <i>c. 1400</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Newton Bromshold, <i>1426</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Northampton, St Sepulchre, <i>1640</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Preston Deanery, <i>1622</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rothwell, <i>1361</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stoke Bruerne, <i>1625</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sudborough, <i>1415</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tansor, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wappenham, <i>1481</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Northumberland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Newcastle, <i>1429</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Nottinghamshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Markham, East, <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Newark, <i>1715</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ossington, <i>1551</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Oxfordshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Brightwell Baldwin, <i>1439</i>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burford, <i>1437</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cassington, <i>1414</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1590</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chalgrove, <i>1441</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Checkendon, <i>1404</i>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Chinnor, <i>c. 1320</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <i>1361</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1385</i>, + <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1386</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1392</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1410</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Dorchester, <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ewelme, <i>1436</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1518</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holton, <i>1599</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ipsden, <i>1525</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lewknor, <i>1380</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lillingstone Lovell, <i>1446</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lyne, Stoke, <i>1535</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Northstoke, <i>1370</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Norton, Chipping, <i>1451</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Oddington, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Oxford,</li> + <li class="isub1">All Souls College, <i>1510</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Christ Church, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>1557</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Corpus Christi, <i>c. 1530</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Magdalen College, <i>1478</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1501</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; <i>1515</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1558</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, + <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Merton College, <i>c. 1310</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <i>1372</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; + <i>c. 1420</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1471</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + <li class="isub1">New College, <i>1403</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1417</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1427</i>, + <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1441</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>1472</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1494</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1508</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>; + <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>c. 1525</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>; <i>1592</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Queen’s College, <i>1518</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1616</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + <i>1616</i> (another), <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rotherfield Grays, <i>1387</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shirburn, <i>1493</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Soulderne, <i>1508</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Swinbrook, <i>1510</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tew, Great, <i>1410</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thame, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span>Waterperry, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1527</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Watlington, <i>1501</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Whitchurch, <i>1456</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>1610</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Witney, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Rutland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Casterton, Little, <i>c. 1410</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Shropshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Acton Burnell, <i>1382</i>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Adderley, <i>1390</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tong, <i>1467</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Somersetshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Ilminster, <i>c. 1440</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>; <i>1618</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shepton Mallet, <i>1649</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wedmore, <i>c. 1630</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wells Cathedral, <i>1626</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Yeovil, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Staffordshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Clifton Campville, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kinver, <i>1528</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Norbury, <i>c. 1350</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Okeover, <i>1538</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Suffolk</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Acton, <i>1302</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ampton, <i>c. 1490</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bildeston, <i>1599</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brundish, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; <i>1560</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burgate, <i>1409</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bury St Edmunds, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Campsey Ash, <i>1504</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Easton, <i>1584</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Eyke, <i>c. 1430</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fressingfield, <i>c. 1485</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gazeley, <i>1530</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Gorleston, <i>c. 1320</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hadleigh, <i>c. 1560</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Holbrook, <i>1470</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ipswich,</li> + <li class="isub1">St Mary Quay, <i>1525</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Mary Tower, <i>c. 1475</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>; <i>1506</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kenton, <i>1524</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lavenham, <i>1486</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Letheringham, <i>1389</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Melford, Long, <i>c. 1480</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Melton, <i>1430</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Oulton, <i>1310</i> (lost), <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Playford, <i>1400</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rendham, <i>1523</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Rougham, <i>1405</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sotterley, <i>c. 1630</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stonham Aspal, <i>1606</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wenham, Little, <i>1514</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wrentham, <i>1593</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Yoxford, <i>1428</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>1485</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>; <i>1613</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Surrey</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Addington, <i>1540</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Albury, <i>1440</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beddington, <i>1425</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1432</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Betchworth, <i>1533</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bookham, Great, <i>1668</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Byfleet, <i>1489</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Carshalton, <i>c. 1490</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Charlwood, <i>1553</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cheam, <i>1370</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>; <i>1542</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cobham, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>; <i>c. 1550</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cranley, <i>1503</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Crowhurst, <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span>Croydon, <i>1512</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ewell, <i>1519</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Guildford, <i>1901</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horley, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <i>1516</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horsley, East, <i>1478</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kingston-on-Thames, <i>1437</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lambeth St Mary, <i>1535</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>; <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Lingfield, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; <i>1403</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>; <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; <i>1469</i>, + <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Molesey, West, <i>c. 1510</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Oxted, <i>1480</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Peperharrow, <i>1487</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Puttenham, <i>1431</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Richmond, <i>1591</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Shere, <i>1412</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; <i>c. 1525</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stoke d’Abernon, <i>1277</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <i>1327</i>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, + <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Walton-on-Thames, <i>1587</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Weybridge, <i>c. 1520</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wonersh, <i>1503</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Sussex</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Amberley, <i>1424</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ardingley, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1504</i>, + <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>; <i>1634</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Arundel, <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1445</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>1463</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Battle, <i>1426</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>; <i>c. 1430</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>; <i>1615</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bodiam, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Broadwater, <i>1432</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Buxted, <i>1408</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Clapham, <i>1526</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cowfold, <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Etchingham, <i>1388</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Firle, West, <i>1638</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fletching, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>; <i>1450</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Horsham, <i>1411</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>; <i>c. 1430</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hurstmonceaux, <i>1407</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Isfield, <i>1579</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ore, <i>c. 1440</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pulborough, <i>1423</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>; <i>1452</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Stopham, <i>c. 1460</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>; <i>1614</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ticehurst, <i>c. 1370</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>; <i>1546</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Trotton, <i>1310</i>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>; <i>1419</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, + <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Warbleton, <i>1436</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wiston, <i>1426</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Warwickshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Aston, <i>1545</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Baginton, <i>1407</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Coleshill, <i>1566</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Merevale Abbey, <i>1412</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Middleton, <i>1476</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Warwick,</li> + <li class="isub1">St Mary, <i>1401</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Nicholas, <i>1424</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wellesbourne, <i>1426</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wixford, <i>1411</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Westmorland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Morland, <i>1562</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Wiltshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Dauntsey, <i>1514</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Draycott Cerne, <i>1394</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Fovant, <i>1492</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Mere, <i>1398</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Salisbury Cathedral, <i>1375</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1578</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span><span class="smcap">Worcestershire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Alvechurch, <i>1524</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Blockley, <i>1488</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bredon, <i>1650</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kidderminster, <i>1415</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Strensham, <i>c. 1390</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Tredington, <i>1427</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Yorkshire</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Aldborough, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Aughton, <i>1466</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bainton, <i>1429</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Barton-on-Humber, <i>1433</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Beeford, <i>1472</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Borstall, <i>1632</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Bradfield, <i>1647</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Brandsburton, <i>1397</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Burton, Bishop, <i>1460</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cottingham, <i>1383</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Cowthorpe, <i>1494</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hampsthwaite, <i>c. 1380</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Harpham, <i>1445</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hornby, <i>1489</i>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Howden, <i>1621</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Hutton, Sheriff, <i>1657</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kirby Wharfe, <i>1480</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Kirkheaton, <i>1655</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Leeds St Peter, <i>1469</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>; <i>1709</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Owston, <i>1409</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Ripley, <i>1429</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Routh, <i>c. 1410</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sessay, <i>1550</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Sprotborough, <i>1474</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Thornton Watlass, <i>1669</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Topcliffe, <i>1391</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wath, <i>1420</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Wensley, <i>c. 1360</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Winestead, <i>c. 1540</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + + <li class="indx">York,</li> + <li class="isub1">Minster, <i>1315</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>; <i>1585</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>; + <i>1595</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + <li class="isub1">All Saints, <i>1642</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Crux, <i>1597</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + <li class="isub1">St Michael Spurriergate, <i>1466</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Ireland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Dublin, St Patrick, <i>1528</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>; <i>1537</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, + <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Wales</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Anglesea, Beaumaris, <i>c. 1530</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Denbigh, Llanrwst, <i>1620</i>, <i>1632</i>, <i>1658</i>, <i>1660</i>, <i>1669</i>, <i>1671</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, + <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Glamorgan, Swansea, <i>c. 1500</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Montgomery, Bettws, <i>1531</i>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Pembroke, Haverfordwest, <i>1654</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">Scotland</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Aberdeen, <i>1613</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><span class="smcap">The Continent</span>—</li> + + <li class="indx">Belgium,</li> + <li class="isub1">Bruges, <i>15th cent.</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Brussels, <i>1398</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Ghent, <i>14th cent.</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Denmark, Ringstead, engr. <i>c. 1350</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Germany,</li> + <li class="isub1">Lübeck, <i>1356</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Schwerin, <i>1347</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>; <i>1375</i>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Stralsund, <i>1361</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Thorn, <i>1357</i>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> + <li class="isub1">Verden, <i>1231</i>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + + <li class="indx">Switzerland, Constance, <i>15th cent.</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p> + + +<p class="center">Cambridge:<wbr> +PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.<wbr> +AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS</p> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter transnote"> +<p class="center"> Transcriber’s Notes.</p> + +<p> +Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation/punctuation has been normalised. +</p> + +<p> Reiterations of the title have been discarded.</p> + +<p> +To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated between paragraphs. Page number references in the list of illustrations have been discarded. +</p> +<p> +Title-page decoration (same as cover) has not been attempted. A reference to the decoration is redirected to the cover image. +</p> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78728 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78728-h/images/cover.jpg b/78728-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..63e9317 --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78728-h/images/f002.jpg b/78728-h/images/f002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1332ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-h/images/f002.jpg diff --git a/78728-h/images/fig01_p002.jpg b/78728-h/images/fig01_p002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..616066d --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-h/images/fig01_p002.jpg diff --git a/78728-h/images/fig02_p004.jpg b/78728-h/images/fig02_p004.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7e2d079 --- /dev/null +++ b/78728-h/images/fig02_p004.jpg diff --git a/78728-h/images/fig03_p006.jpg b/78728-h/images/fig03_p006.jpg Binary files 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