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+ font-style: normal; +} + +.poetry-container { + text-align: center; +} + +.poetry { + display: inline-block; + text-align: left; +} + +.poetry .stanza { + margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em; +} + +.poetry .verse { + padding-left: 3em; +} + +.poetry .indent0 { + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.right { + text-align: right; +} + +.smaller { + font-size: 80%; +} + +.smcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; +} + +.allsmcap { + font-variant: small-caps; + font-style: normal; + text-transform: lowercase; +} + +.titlepage { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 3em; + text-indent: 0; +} + +.x-ebookmaker img { + max-width: 100%; + width: auto; + height: auto; +} + +.x-ebookmaker .poetry { + display: block; + margin-left: 1.5em; +} + +.x-ebookmaker blockquote { + margin: 1.5em 5%; +} + +/* Illustration classes */ +.illowp58 {width: 58%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp58 {width: 100%;} +.illowp42 {width: 42%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp42 {width: 100%;} +.illowp100 {width: 100%;} +.illowp53 {width: 53%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp53 {width: 100%;} +.illowp48 {width: 48%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp48 {width: 100%;} +.illowp56 {width: 56%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp56 {width: 100%;} +.illowp68 {width: 68%;} +.x-ebookmaker .illowp68 {width: 100%;} + </style> + </head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78669 ***</div> + + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_i">[i]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger">MEMORIES OF MY LIFE</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">[ii]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp58" id="portrait1" style="max-width: 34.375em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/portrait1.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p><i>Francis Galton</i></p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[iii]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage larger">MEMORIES OF<br> +MY LIFE</p> + +<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br> +FRANCIS GALTON, F.R.S.<br> +<span class="smaller">D.C.L., OXF.; HON. SC.D., CAMB.<br> +HON. FELLOW TRINITY COLL., CAMBRIDGE</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage">WITH SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS</p> + +<p class="titlepage">METHUEN & CO.<br> +36 ESSEX STREET W.C.<br> +LONDON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[iv]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage smaller"><i>First Published in 1908</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2> + +</div> + +<p>These “Memories” are arranged under the +subjects to which they refer, and only partially +in chronological order. A copious list of my memoirs +will be found in the Appendix with dates attached to +them. These show what inquiries were going on at +or about any specified year. The titles of books are +printed in heavy letters. They summarise, as a rule, +the best parts of the corresponding memoirs up to +the dates of their publication. Nevertheless, a considerable +quantity of matter remains in the memoirs +as yet unused in that way.</p> + +<p>It has been a difficulty throughout to determine +how much to insert and how much to omit. I have +done my best, but fear I have failed through over-omission.</p> + +<p>The method of that most useful volume, the +<i>Index and Epitome of the Dictionary of the National +Biography</i>, has been adopted, of adding to each +name the dates of birth and death. They serve for +identification and for giving a correct idea of the age +of each man as compared with those with whom he +was associated. The dates are mostly taken from +the <i>Dictionary</i>, so the reader will nearly always find +in that work a biography of the person in question.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="tdr smaller">CHAP.</td> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">I.</td> + <td>PARENTAGE</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">1</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">II.</td> + <td>CHILDHOOD AND BOYHOOD</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">13</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td>MEDICAL STUDIES</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">IV.</td> + <td>SHORT TOUR TO THE EAST</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">V.</td> + <td>CAMBRIDGE</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VI.</td> + <td>EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN—(<a href="#illus1"><i>map</i></a>)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">83</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VII.</td> + <td>SYRIA</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> + <td>HUNTING AND SHOOTING</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">IX.</td> + <td>SOUTH-WEST AFRICA—(<a href="#illus2"><i>map</i></a>)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">121</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">X.</td> + <td>LANDS OF THE DAMARAS, OVAMPO, AND NAMAQUAS</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XI.</td> + <td>AFTER RETURN HOME—MARRIAGE</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XI">152</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XII.</td> + <td>“ART OF TRAVEL”</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XII">161</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XIII.</td> + <td>SOCIAL LIFE—(<a href="#illus3"><i>medallions</i></a>)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII">169</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XIV.</td> + <td>GEOGRAPHY AND EAST AFRICA</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV">198</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XV.</td> + <td>BRITISH ASSOCIATION</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XV">213</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XVI.</td> + <td>KEW OBSERVATORY AND METEOROLOGY—(<a href="#illus4"><i>meteorological + tracings</i></a>)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI">224</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XVII.</td> + <td>ANTHROPOMETRIC LABORATORIES</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII">244</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XVIII.</td> + <td>COMPOSITE PORTRAITS AND STEREOSCOPIC MAPS</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII">259</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XIX.</td> + <td>HUMAN FACULTY</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX">266</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XX.</td> + <td>HEREDITY</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XX">287</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">XXI.</td> + <td>RACE IMPROVEMENT—(<a href="#illus5"><i>Galtonia Candicans</i></a>)</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI">310</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td>APPENDIX.—BOOKS AND MEMOIRS BY THE AUTHOR</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#APPENDIX">325</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td>PRINCIPAL AWARDS AND DEGREES</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#PRINCIPAL_AWARDS_AND_DEGREES">331</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"></td> + <td>INDEX</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#INDEX">332</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Portrait</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#portrait1"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">From the Painting by <span class="smcap">C. + W. Furse</span>, A.R.A.</td> + <td class="tdpg"></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Portrait</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#portrait2"><i>Facing p.</i> 244</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">From a Photograph.</td> + <td class="tdpg"></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pad-top"> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">IN THE TEXT</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Egypt and Syria</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Damaraland</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Yearly Medallions</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">196</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Meteorological Tracings</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">237</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Galtonia Candicans</span></td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">323</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<h1>MEMORIES OF MY LIFE</h1> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I<br> +<span class="smaller">PARENTAGE</span></h2> + +<p>Birthplace—Grandparents—Dr. Erasmus Darwin—Lunar Society—Captain +Barclay Allardice—Mrs. Schimmelpenninck</p> + +</div> + +<p>Just before the arrival of the letter in which my +publisher asked me to write the memories of +my life, I happened to be reading Shakespeare’s +<i>Henry IV.</i> and laughing over Falstaff’s soliloquy after +the gross exaggerations by Justice Shallow of his own +youthful performances. It contained the sentence, +“Lord, Lord, how subject we old men are to this +vice of lying!” Feeling the truth of his ejaculation, +I headed the first page of my memorandum-book +with those words as a warning, knowing how difficult +it is to be veracious about long-past events, threads +of imagination insinuating themselves among those +supplied by memory and becoming indistinguishable +from them.</p> + +<p>Many old notebooks and letters are, however, in +my possession which have helped me; but my two +latest surviving sisters, whose minds were sure storehouses +of family events, and to whom I always +referred whenever I wanted a date or particulars of +a long-past fact, are now both dead, the one at the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>age of ninety-three and the other at ninety-seven, +each with a clear and vigorous mind to nearly the +very end of her life. I have hardly any contemporary +friends left who could aid in recalling the circumstances +of my childhood and boyhood. With rare +exceptions, “All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.”</p> + +<p>I was born on February 16, 1822, at the Larches, +near Sparkbrook, Birmingham, with which town my +father Samuel Tertius, my grandfather Samuel John, +and my great-grandfather Samuel Galton, were all +closely connected. Different members of the family +had resided or were resident at various points beyond +the circumference of the town, in houses then amidst +green fields, but now overspread beyond recognition +by its hideous outskirts.</p> + +<p>My grandfather’s place was at Duddeston, then +commonly written “Dudson.” Its gardens had been +charmingly laid out by my great-grandfather and +improved by my grandfather. The house, which was +once a centre of refined entertainment, gradually +lost its charm of isolation; later on, it wholly ceased +to be attractive as a residence. It was then leased +by my father to the proprietor of a lunatic asylum, +because, as he remarked, no one in his senses would +live in it. It is now turned into St. Anne’s School, +with its porticoes and other outer adornments shorn +off, and with its once beautiful gardens changed into +the sites of railway sidings and gasworks. I remember +it distinctly in its beauty in the year 1830, +which was two years before my grandfather’s death.</p> + +<p>The Larches, where I was born, had some +three acres of garden and field attached to it, with +other fields beyond; it was a paradise for my childhood. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>Its site is now covered with small houses. +The two fine larches that flanked it gave me a love +for that tree, which persists and is still recognisably +associated with its origin.</p> + +<p>My six nearest progenitors, namely the two +parents and four grandparents, were markedly different +in temperament and tastes, and they have bequeathed +very different combinations of them to their +descendants. I can only partly touch on these.</p> + +<p>My grandfather, Samuel John Galton (1753-1832), +was a scientific and statistical man of business. +He was a Fellow of the provincially famous Lunar +Society, whose members met at one another’s houses +on the day and night of the full moon, and which, +though small in numbers, was so select as to include +Priestley, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, Keir the chemist, +Withering the botanist, Watt, and Boulton. Full +particulars of the Lunar Society are to be found in +Smiles’ Life of Boulton, and elsewhere.</p> + +<p>I may mention that the late Sir Rowland Hill, of +penny-postage fame, told me that the event which +first gave him a taste for science was the present of a +small electrical machine made to him when a boy, by +my grandfather.</p> + +<p>Samuel John Galton was very fond of animals. +He kept many bloodhounds; he loved birds, and +wrote an unpretentious little book about them in +three small volumes, with illustrations. He had +a decidedly statistical bent, loving to arrange all +kinds of data in parallel lines of corresponding lengths, +and frequently using colour for distinction. My +father, and others of Samuel John Galton’s children, +inherited this taste in a greater or less degree; it rose +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>to an unreasoning instinct in one of his daughters. +She must have been an acceptable customer to her +bookbinder on that account, as the number of expensively +bound volumes that she ordered from time +to time, each neatly ruled in red, and stamped and +assigned to some particular subject or year, is hardly +credible. I begged for a bagful of them after her +death, to keep as a psychological curiosity, and have +it still; the rest were destroyed. She must have +collected these costly books to satisfy a pure instinct, +for she turned them to no useful account, and rarely +filled more than a single page, often not so much of +each of them. She habitually used a treble inkstand, +with black, red, and blue inks, employing the distinctive +colours with little reason, but rather with regard to +their pictorial effect. She was perhaps not over-wise, +yet she was by no means imbecile, and had many +qualities that endeared her to her nephews and +nieces.</p> + +<p>Samuel John Galton was a successful man of +business. He was a manufacturer, and became a +contractor on a large scale for the supply of muskets +to the army during the great war. Birmingham +offered at that time a good field for the business of a +contractor, because its manufactories were many and +of moderate size, and central organisations were +wanting. The Soho works of Boulton and Watt for +steam-engines were almost the only large works at +that time. My grandfather prospered in his business +as a “Captain of Industry,” to use the phrase applied +to him in a book treating of Birmingham. He +founded a Bank to help it, which was gradually +brought to a close some few years after the war had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span>ceased. He died in 1832, leaving a fortune of some +£12,000 a year, of which about a quarter went to +each of his three sons, of whom my father was the +eldest, and the rest between his three daughters.</p> + +<p>The Galton family had been Quakers for many +generations. They came to Birmingham from +Somersetshire, in the time of my great-grandfather, +Samuel Galton (1720-1799). Some of its earlier +members are buried at Yatton. There is a hamlet +in Dorsetshire called Galton, adjacent to Owre +Moigne, with which one at least of our name, and +apparently a far back relative, was connected many +generations ago.</p> + +<p>My grandmother Galton (1757-1817) was also of +Quaker stock, being daughter of Robert Barclay of +Ury, a descendant of Robert Barclay (1648-1690) +“the Apologist,” as he used to be named from +his work, Barclay’s <i>Apology</i>, which, to quote the +<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, is the standard +exposition of the tenets of his sect, of which the +essential principle is that “all true knowledge comes +from divine revelation to the heart of the individual.”</p> + +<p>My grandmother’s half-brother, Robert Barclay +Allardice (1779-1854), commonly known as “Captain +Barclay,” was a noted athlete and pedestrian, and in +later years an active agriculturist. When upwards +of seventy years old he was dining at my father’s +house in Leamington, and on being asked, while +sitting at dessert, whether he still performed any +feats of strength, he asked my eldest brother, then a +fully adult man of more than 12 stone in weight, +to step on his hand, which he laid palm upwards on +the floor by slightly bending his body. My brother +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>was desired to steady himself by laying one finger on +Captain Barclay’s shoulder, who thereupon lifted and +landed him on the table. I was not present at the +feat, but heard it often described by word and gesture. +However, the Captain rather strained his shoulder +by performing it, as he confessed to my father afterwards. +Captain Barclay’s endurance of long continued +fatigue was exceptional to a very high degree. The +memoirs of his life are well worth reading.</p> + +<p>My grandmother’s half-sister was wife of Hudson +Gurney (1775-1864), “antiquary and verse writer, +friend of Lord Aberdeen,” to again quote the Index +to the <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i> He was a man of large +fortune, and my two sisters, Bessy and Emma, paid +long visits to his house in St. James’s Square, where +his wife was very kind to them, and where they saw +much good London society.</p> + +<p>My grandfather and grandmother Galton were +practically Quakers all their lives, and so was one of +their daughters, but the rest of their children fell off +and joined the Established Church. Still, we saw not +a little of our Quaker relations. A story was current +in our family about myself, as a shy and naughty +child, being quite subdued by the charm of Mrs. Fry +(1780-1845). She did not even look at me, but +merely held out her open hand with comfits in it, and +went on speaking to others in her singularly sweet +voice. I gradually worked my way nearer to her; +then she quietly took me on her knees, where I sat +for long in perfect content.</p> + +<p>My grandparents on the other side were Darwins, +my grandfather being Dr. Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), +physician, poet, and philosopher, and the very +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>reverse of an ascetic or of a Quaker. He was +grandfather to me by his second wife; and to Charles +R. Darwin (1809-1882), the great naturalist, by his +first wife. His hereditary influence seems to have +been very strong. His son Charles, who died at the +early age of twenty from a dissection wound, was a +medical student of extraordinary promise; and the +medical sagacity of another son, Dr. Robert Darwin +of Shrewsbury, the father of Charles R. Darwin, is +amply attested. I stayed for a night or two at the +house of the latter while I was a boy and too young +to form any opinion of him worth recording; besides, +I was rather awe-stricken.</p> + +<p>My grandmother Darwin (1747-1832), the second +wife of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was the widow of +Colonel E. Sacheverel Chandos-Pole, and, judging +from her portrait when young, a lady of remarkable +grace and beauty. I saw her in her kindly old age +when she lived at the Priory near Derby, but I know +little with certainty of her early life and character. +She died at the age of eighty-five, her mother at ninety-six. +It is perhaps partly through her that the exceptional +longevity of my mother and her sons and +daughters has been derived. My mother died just +short of ninety, my eldest brother at eighty-nine, two +sisters, as already mentioned, at ninety-three and ninety-seven +respectively; my surviving brother is ninety-three +and in good health. My own age is now only eighty-six, +but may possibly be prolonged another year or +more. I find old age thus far to be a very happy +time, on the condition of submitting frankly to its +many limitations.</p> + +<p>A half-sister of my mother married Captain, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>afterwards Lord Byron, cousin and successor to the +poet in the title. They were very kind to my sisters +in their schooldays and after.</p> + +<p>Now, as to my two parents and their brothers +and sisters. My father, Samuel Tertius Galton +(1783-1844), the third in descent of the name of +Samuel, was one of the most honourable and kindly +of men, and eminently statistical by disposition. He +wrote a small book on currency, with tables, which +testifies to his taste. He had a scientific bent, having +about his house the simple gear appropriate to those +days, of solar microscope, orrery, telescopes, mountain +barometers without which he never travelled, and so +forth. A sliding rule adapted to various uses was +his constant companion. He was devoted to +Shakespeare, and revelled in <i>Hudibras</i>; he read +<i>Tom Jones</i> through every year, and was gifted with +an abundance of humour. Nevertheless, he became +a careful man of business, on whose shoulders the +work of the Bank chiefly rested in troublous times. +Its duties had cramped much of the joy and aspirations +of his early youth and manhood, and narrowed the +opportunity he always eagerly desired, of abundant +leisure for systematic study. As one result of this +drawback to his own development, he was earnestly +desirous of giving me every opportunity of being +educated that seemed feasible and right. He was the +eldest son.</p> + +<p>The second son, Hubert, married a sister of +Robert Barclay, the banker. They had three +daughters, who all died unmarried—two while young, +the other in advanced age.</p> + +<p>The youngest son, John Howard, married Isabella +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>Strutt, a lady of considerable fortune, and built +Hadzor, near Droitwich, a large house, with much +artistic taste. He enjoyed varied society, and made +Hadzor an important social centre.</p> + +<p>My uncle Howard was father to Sir Douglas +Galton, K.C.B. (1822-1899), an eminent authority on +engineering, sanitation, and much else. Sir Douglas +held a record position in the examination at +Woolwich for entry into the Royal Engineers, being +first in every subject (see <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>). Curiously +enough, though we cousins were both addicted +to science, and belonged alike to many scientific +societies, and were both Secretaries of the British +Association, our paths rarely crossed, except socially, +for we were interested in quite different branches +of science.</p> + +<p>My father’s eldest sister, Mary Anne (1778-1856), +was a lady of some note as Mrs. Schimmelpenninck, +more briefly known to us by repute as “Aunt Skim.” +A most unhappy feud separated her from all the +rest of the family. It is not my duty, and it would +certainly give me no pleasure, to enter into what +the older members of the family conceived to have +been frequent and mischievous misrepresentations. +I would rather dwell on the facts that she was highly +accomplished and handsome, and that she acquired +many fast friends, as shown in the Life of the Gurneys +of Earlham and in her own Memoirs. Also that +she lived in the reputation of much sterling piety +at Bristol, and that three of my own friends, of totally +different temperaments, who knew her well, and of +whom I inquired particularly, all spoke in pleasant +memory of her and her eccentric ways. They were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>Prof. W. B. Carpenter (1813-1885) the physiologist, +J. Gwyn Jeffreys (1809-1885), conchologist, etc., and +Sir Lewis Pelly, K.C.B. (1825-1892), Indian soldier +and diplomatist. She wrote a book on Port Royal, +and left a valuable library of Port Royalist literature +to Sion College, which Mrs. Romanes told me was +of great service to her in writing her recent history +of that establishment. For more, see <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p>I wish I could have learnt more details than I +possess of another brother of my father, Theodore +Galton (1784-1810), who left England for the grand +tour, picked up many curios in Spain and Greece, +and, returning in health from the East, was placed in +quarantine at Malta. The quarantine establishment +was attacked by the plague; he caught it and it killed +him. He had the highest reputation in the family +for his natural gifts, mental and bodily. There is +a touching notice of him in the <i>Annual Register</i>.</p> + +<p>My mother was A. Violetta Darwin (1783-1874). +I have heard from older friends, long since passed +away, many charming stories of her as a young +bride. She, as I understand, had nothing of the +Quaker temperament, but was a joyous and unconventional +girl. In her later life she formed the +centre of our family during thirty years of widowhood, +after my father’s comparatively early death at the +age of sixty. She was very methodical in her +papers and accounts, and a most affectionate mother +to myself. One curious faculty of hers deserves +record. It was the ease with which she took in +mentally, and afterwards reproduced in rough architectural +drawing, the arrangement of any house she +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span>knew. Her method was to fold a strip of paper +by doubling, quartering, and so on, into sixteen +portions of equal lengths, and to use this strip of +paper as a sixteen-foot scale wherewith to draw her +rude but graphic plans. One of her children, my +dear sister Lucy Harriot Moilliet (1809-1848), had +an exceptional faculty for perspective drawing; she +drew elaborate interiors with very little previous +instruction.</p> + +<p>As to my other brothers and sisters, they were +most diverse in character, yet with a certain common +resemblance which struck strangers. I shall have +occasion to speak more of them later on in the +course of my narrative.</p> + +<p>The general result of the foregoing is that I +acknowledge the debt to my progenitors of a considerable +taste for science, for poetry, and for statistics; +also that I seem to have received, partly +through the Barclay blood, a rather unusual power +of enduring physical fatigue without harmful results, +of which there is much evidence when I was young. +My father had this power in his early manhood, and +it was well marked in my eldest brother and in +others of the family. I suffer now from bronchitis +with occasional asthma, which has been traced to +my great-grandfather, Samuel Galton, and has descended +in a greater or less degree through all his +children who left issue. My father had a strong +constitution otherwise, but he suffered terribly from +hay asthma, which first attacked him as a youth. I +escaped fairly well from any form of it until I was +nearly eighty years old; and it is not hay that +especially brings it on now, but warm carpeted rooms. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>There are few apartments more pleasant to most +persons to read in than the drawing-room of the +Athenæum Club; I know of none that are now +more apt to prove distressing to my throat and +lungs.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br> +<span class="smaller">CHILDHOOD AND BOYHOOD</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Sisters and brothers—Sisterly teachings—Schools at Boulogne, +Kenilworth, and Birmingham</p> + +</div> + +<p>I was born into a family of four sisters and two +brothers, who were older than myself by ages +ranging from seven to fourteen years, the brothers +being all younger than the sisters. My third sister, +Adele, was twelve years my senior. She had spinal +curvature, and was obliged to lie all day on her back +upon a board, and was thus cut off from the romps +and companionship of her sisters, though all were +greatly attached to her. She hailed my arrival into +the world as a fairy gift, and begged hard to be +allowed to consider me as her sole ward, and in her +simple way educated herself as best she could, in +order to be able to teach me. Her idea of education +at that time was to teach the Bible as a verbally +inspired book, to cultivate memory, to make me +learn the merest rudiments of Latin, and above all +a great deal of English verse. This she did effectually, +and the result was that she believed, and +succeeded in making others believe, that I was a +sort of infant prodigy.</p> + +<p>There exist numerous records of my early performances, +and it is certain that I really knew at a very +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>early age a great deal of Scott, of Milton, and of +Pope’s translation of the <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>, and that +I delighted in what the family nicknamed “spouting” +verse. In middle life I feared that I had been an +intolerable prig, and cross-questioned many old family +friends about it, but was invariably assured that I +was not at all a prig, but seemed to “spout” for pure +enjoyment and without any affectation; that I often +quoted very aptly on the spur of the moment, and +that I was a nice little child. My memories become +more or less continuous from about the age of five +or six, when I was trotted off to live at a dame’s school +a mile away. During these and many subsequent +years, my sister Adele had the greater share of my +heart, and whenever I was at home I stayed by her +sofa-side most of the day. My other sisters teased +and petted me alternately; they were relatively too +old to be really companions.</p> + +<p>It is curious how unchangeable characters are: my +eldest sister was just, my youngest was merciful. +When my bread was buttered for me as a child, the +former picked out the butter that filled the big holes, +the latter did not. Consequently I respected the +former, and loved the latter. A memory of this +trifling occurrence remained inseparably connected +in my mind with these dear sisters all my life, and I +often amused them by referring to it.</p> + +<p>My second sister, Lucy, married before I was ten +years old. She was bright, lovable, and very original. +Her house was like a second home to me during the +four years of boyhood that I spent at Birmingham. +I have indeed been fortunate in receiving the sisterly +affection that has fallen to my lot.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> + +<p>But I must not stop at this period of my reminiscences +to speak of other sisters than Adele, with +whom my heart was then so intimately associated. +I am enormously indebted to the influence of her +pious, serene, and resolute disposition. Though she +was compelled to pass the greater part of her life +lying on her back, she was so energetic in other ways, +and so capable of endurance, that she overcame +difficulties that would have been insurmountable to +most women who were equally handicapped. She +was active in setting up schools and teaching the +poor. She had a considerable correspondence, and +exerted a wide influence among all classes during +many years. Her natural capacity was of an unusually +high order, and many who knew her well, and whose +opinions deserve respect, thought that a slight betterment +of opportunity and circumstances might have +caused her name to be as widely loved and known +as those of any of our English saints or heroines. +She passed her life under an abiding sense of the +presence of God and of duty to man, without which +few persons have ever done great things. She was +most unconventional in her ways, and her remarkable +courage was recognised by all the family.</p> + +<p>She married a clergyman, the Rev. Shirley +Bunbury, shortly after my father’s death in 1844, +but was left a widow soon afterwards, with one little +girl, on whom she lavished the same educational care +that she had bestowed upon myself, but with fuller +knowledge. That little girl is now in her turn a widow, +with a large and grown-up family. She was married +in 1866 to John C. Baron Lethbridge of Tregeare, in +Cornwall, about six miles west of Launceston.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> + +<p>I think I can revive my principal feelings at that +early age with fair correctness, their change during +growth seeming to have been chiefly due to the +increased range of mental prospect. The horizon of +a child is very narrow and his sky very near. His +father is the supreme of beings. He has to learn by +slow degrees that there are more and more appreciable +stages between the highest and the lowest, and the +number of such stages that he can discriminate affords +a good measure of his mental calibre at the time. +It was about the date of which I have been speaking +that my second brother, Erasmus, then a boy of twelve +or thirteen, entered the navy, and showed himself to +us in his uniform, with the dagger or “dirk” that +was part of it. I, a child of five or so, fingered it +with awe, and with my little head full of Greeks and +Trojans looked upon him as a hero, like Achilles, +and can perfectly recall my sense of increased security +from knowing that England could henceforth avail +herself of his puissant arm and terrible weapon.</p> + +<p>I lived and throve in what was practically the +country until the age of eight, when I was sent to a +school at Boulogne, whither my father escorted me. +It was erroneously supposed that I should learn +French there and acquire a good accent. What I +did learn was the detestable and limited patois that +my eighty schoolfellows were compelled to speak +under penalty of a fine, and in this cruel way. There +were transferable metal labels which were called +“marks,” and the boys in whose possession these +marks remained after each playtime received a bad +record whose accumulation up to a certain point +entailed punishment. I rebelled with my whole heart +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span>against the treachery encouraged by this system. A +boy with a “mark” in his pocket would sidle up and +encourage you as he best could to say a word of +English, then forthwith he clapped his “mark” into +your hand, and went away rejoicing at the riddance.</p> + +<p>The school was an old convent near to and within +the Calais gate of the upper town; the playground +was the paved square of the convent, in which we +used the flat gravestones for playing marbles. It is +now partly overbuilt by the large church whose dome +is conspicuous from afar.</p> + +<p>We were daily marched off in a long row of pairs, +usually for a walk round the ramparts, sometimes +to Napoleon’s Column, then in process of building, and +in the summer, not infrequently, to bathe by rocks near +the old fort. We prepared ourselves for the latter +grateful occasions by saving bread from breakfast; +then, after having gathered mussels, we spread their +delicious contents on it to eat. An opportunity was +then afforded of inspecting with awe the marks of +recent birchings, which were reckoned as glorious +scars. The birchings were frequent and performed +in a long room parallel to, and separated from, the +schoolroom by large ill-fitting doors, through which +each squeal of the victim was heard with hushed +breaths. In that room was a wardrobe full of school-books +ready for issue. It is some measure of the +then naïveté of my mind that I wondered for long +how the books could have been kept so fresh and +clean for nearly two thousand years, thinking that the +copies of Cæsar’s Commentaries were contemporary +with Cæsar himself.</p> + +<p>An occasional walk was to a wet plantation on the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>side of the little river Liane, that feeds the harbour, +at which one of our schoolfellows, a gaunt, dyspeptic-looking +boy, performed the following feat to our +terror and admiration, as we crowded round him to see +it. He took a frog by its hind feet, opened his wide +mouth and dropped the frog’s fore-feet on his tongue. +The frog struggled to get free, and at the critical +moment the hind legs were let go, and down went the +frog, head foremost, into his gullet. He was our hero +for the time; none other dared to attempt the same +feat. He said that he felt the frog all the way as it +went down to his stomach, and in it.</p> + +<p>The school was hateful to me in many ways, and +lovable in none, so I was heartily glad to be taken +away from it in 1832. I thence returned to my family +party, who were newly settled in Leamington. It +then consisted of my father, mother, and three sisters; +my brothers were away, and my other sister, Lucy, +who had married, was living near Birmingham. +My grandfather Galton had recently died, and the +consequent large accession to my father’s income +justified his change of residence, which gave him and +my sisters a wider social intercourse than they had at +the Larches. Leamington was at that time a little +place, attractive to many eminent invalids, who +drank the waters and consulted Dr. Jephson, then +becoming celebrated.</p> + +<p>I was next sent to a small private school at +Kenilworth, consisting of some half-dozen pupils, +where I received much kindness, and breathed the +air of unconstraint during three happy years. It was +kept by Mr. Attwood, the clergyman of the parish +(a near relative of the inventor of “Attwood’s +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span>machine,” by which the rate of falling bodies is +measured), who, without any pretence of learning, +showed so much sympathy with boyish tastes and +aspirations that I began to develop freely. Two +of my fellow-pupils, Matthew P. Watt and Hugh +William Boulton, were brothers. They were grandsons +of my grandfather’s friend of the original +“Boulton and Watt” firm, and sons of my father’s +friend, who carried on the manufactory. Hugh +William became an exceptionally handsome and +socially favoured Life-Guardsman; he died young. +Matthew was then, subsequently at Cambridge, and +again for some years afterwards, an object of reverence +to me. I have known few or any who seemed to me +his natural superiors in breadth and penetration of +intellect, but he was cursed with a fortune far in +excess of his simple though cultured needs, which +exacted duties from him that he hated. His large +fortune also removed the stimulus which necessity +gives for getting through work and having done with +it, instead of lingering indefinitely. He consequently +grew amateurish, wasting thought on ingenious paradoxes +and literary trifles, and failed to check a natural +tendency towards recluseness and some other oddities +of disposition. He gained the University prizes for +Greek and Latin Epigrams at Cambridge in 1841, +but did not care to compete for other honours. His +artistic sense was of a high and classical order. His +ideal, like that of Goethe, was a uniform culture of +all the higher faculties. There was nothing ignoble +in his nature. Whenever I talked with him about +my own occasional annoyances, they seemed to +become petty through his broad way of looking at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span>things, I may almost say under the mere influence +of his presence. His photograph, which is near me +as I write, testifies to a personality that accords +with the grandeur of his character. I owe much to +his influence, and still remain conscious of the void +in my friendships caused by his death very many +years ago.</p> + +<p>When I was fourteen years old it became time for +me to go to a bigger school. My father had a +Quaker’s repugnance to public schools of the usual +type, and it was finally decided that I should be sent +to King Edward’s School in Birmingham, then +commonly known as the “Free School,” to which a +headmaster of high attainments had been recently +appointed. This was Dr. Jeune (1806-1868), afterwards +Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, and +Bishop of Peterborough. I lived as a pupil, together +with a few others, at his house by the Five Ways, +to which a considerable garden was attached, and +whence we walked daily, through a mile or so of +street, to and from the school. I retained Dr. Jeune’s +friendship until his death, and it was impossible not +to recognise his exceptional ability and educational +zeal, but the character of the education was altogether +uncongenial to my temperament. I learnt nothing, +and chafed at my limitations. I had craved for what +was denied, namely, an abundance of good English +reading, well-taught mathematics, and solid science. +Grammar and the dry rudiments of Latin and Greek +were abhorrent to me, for there seemed so little sense +in them. I was a fool to have been recalcitrant, and +not to have profited by what I could have had, because +many of my schoolfellows prospered on the teaching. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>Three of them, F. Rendal, H. Holden, and C. Evans, +were the very first in classics of their respective years +at Cambridge. The two first were bracketed as +equally deserving the position of Senior Classic, and +the third gained that honour unpaired. Still, the +literary provender provided at Dr. Jeune’s school +disagreed wholly with my mental digestion. The +time spent there was a period of stagnation to myself, +which for many years I bitterly deplored, for I was +very willing and eager to learn, and could have learnt +much if a suitable teacher had been at hand to direct +and encourage me.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br> +<span class="smaller">MEDICAL STUDIES</span></h2> + +<p>First experience—Tour with Mr. Bowman—Birmingham Hospital—Accidents—Sense +of pain—King’s College—Professor R. +Partridge and others—Escape from drowning</p> + +</div> + +<p>It was strongly desired by both my parents, but +especially by my mother, that my future profession +should be medicine, like that of her famous father, Dr. +Erasmus Darwin, F.R.S., and of her half-brother, +Dr. Robert Darwin, F.R.S. As I had aptitudes for +that kind of study, my father fell in with her views, +and took great pains to give me the best educational +advantages. He acted largely on the advice of Mr. +Hodgson, who brought me as an infant into the world, +and was a true and helpful friend to me all through +his life.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hodgson (1788-1869) had settled in Birmingham +a few years before my birth, bringing with him a +high medical reputation, especially for his treatise on +arteries and veins, and he soon obtained an eminent +status as a Warwickshire surgeon. He became +President of the Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1851, +and, subsequently retiring from general practice, +left Birmingham and settled in London, where he held +the office of President of the College of Surgeons in +1864. He and his wife died on the same day in 1869.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> + +<p>While I was still a young boy, my father contrived +that I should see something of a laboratory attached +to the shop of the principal chemist in Birmingham; +again, during one of our summer visits to the seaside, +he discovered a needy foreign chemist who agreed to +take me in hand, at a rather high charge. All I +clearly recollect of him now was, that he seemed +obsessed with the idea of making some wonderful +compound out of succinic acid, which is derived from +amber, and that he spent all his spare shillings in +buying bits of amber and burning them. I learnt +nothing from his tuition; on the other hand, certain +recollections of the chemist’s laboratory still form part +of my stock of mental imagery.</p> + +<p>The step most momentous to myself was taken by +my father in 1838, of removing me at the age of sixteen, +and in no ways against my will, from Dr. Jeune’s school.</p> + +<p>A little after, while I was at Leamington, my +father asked our medical attendant there, Mr. P., to +show me an example of the medical work I should be +engaged in before I was plunged wholly into it. +That first experience is very memorable to me. It +occurred on a night chilly out of doors, while indoors +our family party were assembled in cosy comfort at +dessert, after a good dinner, with a brightly burning +fire, shining mahogany table, wine, fruits, and all the +rest, when a servant brought a note from Mr. P. +awaiting an answer. It was to the effect that a +housemaid had suddenly died at Lord ——’s house, +and that he, Mr. P., was about to make a post-mortem +examination; would I like to come? Oh, the mixture +of revulsion, wonder, interest, and excitement! I +changed clothes and went, entering the house by a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>back door as directed, and treading softly up the back +staircase to the cold garret where the poor girl lay. +She was the first dead person I had seen, handsome +in feature, but greatly swollen. She had been +apparently in perfect health a few hours before, then +she was suddenly seized with intense pain in the +stomach, followed rapidly by peritonitis and death. +I can easily reproduce in imagination all the ghastly +horror of the scene and could describe it in detail, but +it would be unfitted for these pages. The perforated +portion of the stomach was such a small hole. Death +“with a little pin, bores through the castle wall, and—farewell, +King!” (<i>King Richard II.</i>). Mr. P. pricked +his finger while sewing up the abdomen. A dissection +wound when death has followed peritonitis is proverbially +dangerous. It was so in this case, for +Mr. P. nearly died of it. I returned home chilled, +awed and sobered, and seemed for the time to have +left boyhood behind me.</p> + +<p>My father, ever thoughtful of securing for me the +best education he could, had arranged through Mr. +Hodgson that one of his most promising former +pupils, who was going for a tour of a few weeks +abroad, partly for vacation, partly to see certain +medical institutions, should take me with him. He +was William Bowman, in later years the great oculist, +Sir William (1816-1892), who combined a most +refined and artistic temperament with exceptional +scientific ability. He obtained a European reputation +for medical research long before he was thirty years +of age. Thenceforward for many years he devoted +himself almost entirely to professional work, and +though keeping abreast of the information of the day, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span>contributed little or nothing more of his own, in the +way of research, to the great regret of many. He +was in later years a much valued member of many +scientific societies and an habitual frequenter of the +Royal Institution, near which he lived. The cause +of his death, as I heard of it, was pathetic. He had +built and resided at a charming house in Surrey, near +Holmbury St. Mary, but retained his house in +Clifford Street for some years, where he occasionally +made appointments with old patients. At last the +time came for wholly abandoning it. He lingered +about the cold house, visiting every part of it for the +last time, for he had an affectionate nature, caught a +severe chill in doing so, and died of pneumonia.</p> + +<p>To go back to the year 1838. I greatly enjoyed +the tour and the companionship of Bowman, from +whom I doubtless imbibed and assimilated more +than I can now distinguish. The only event of a +medical character that I saw with him was a small +operation, the first I ever witnessed. A comic experience +next occurred. I accompanied Bowman to +a lunatic asylum in Vienna. In those days I was +particularly shy and sensitive, and a consciousness +of even the least unconventionality made me blush +to an absurd degree. In one of the female wards, a +young, buxom, and uncommonly good-looking female +lunatic dashed forward with a joyful scream, she +clasped me tightly to her bosom with both her arms, +calling me her long-lost Fritz! <i>Tableau</i>—Amusement +of the others, myself pink to the ears.</p> + +<p>I may as well here continue to talk about +Bowman. He was a most accurate and gifted +draughtsman of pathological subjects. One of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>earliest discoveries related to the liver, and I was +familiar with a drawing in colours that he had made +in illustration, which was preserved with great respect +at the Birmingham Hospital. In later years he told +me that having no further use for his collection of +drawings, he gave them to Dr. B. In time Dr. B. +died, and Bowman then became desirous to get back +his old drawings as mementoes of early work, but +could hear nothing of them. By an extraordinary +chance he was looking one day at prints in a second-hand +and second-rate book-shop, when his eye caught +sight of a corner of these very drawings. They were +all there, and he bought them all back. He could +not learn their intermediate history.</p> + +<p>It was in the autumn of 1838 that I took up my +abode, as indoor pupil, in the Birmingham General +Hospital, then situated near Snow Hill. My immediate +chief was the house surgeon, Mr. Baker, +who ultimately gained considerable repute as a +surgeon in Birmingham, but is now dead. My one +fellow indoor pupil had a similarly successful career +to that of Mr. Baker. There were also in the +common dining-room two officials, the matron and +the treasurer. Matters were very different then; +I, a mere boy of sixteen, but with unquestionably +an eager mind, was thrust without any previous experience +into a post that I found in a few months’ +time to be one of much responsibility. At first I +was set to work every morning to help in the +dispensary. It was a room with a dresser and a +service door at the side. I there learnt the difference +between infusions, decoctions, tinctures, and extracts, +and how to make them. Possibly the reader +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>may not know the meanings of these words, so I +venture to give them. Tea is an “infusion,” made +by pouring boiling water on the tea and allowing it +to stand. Coffee is, or would be a “decoction” if +made by boiling the mixture. Infusions and decoctions +are cheap forms of medicine, suitable for +hospitals where they are made daily, but they soon +spoil when kept. “Tinctures” are made by pouring +spirits of wine instead of water on the drugs; they +keep indefinitely, but are more costly, and therefore +rarely used in hospitals. “Extracts” are made by +boiling down decoctions.</p> + +<p>All this is easily done when the proper simple +apparatus and means of heating are at hand. I +once made an extract as an experiment that I recommend +to the notice of students who may wish to +taste the <i>ne plus ultra</i> of bitterness. It was from +quassia, that curious tree of South America, of which +the very chips are bitter. The once well-known “bitter +cup” is made of quassia wood. When water is poured +into the cup, it quickly becomes bitter. Quassia is a +valuable tonic medicine, with perhaps the one fault +of <i>cheapness</i>. An apothecary can hardly be expected +to feel easy in conscience when he charges apothecary’s +prices for what every little chip of a timber tree +affords when put into hot water. Anyhow, I made a +large jugful of decoction of quassia and boiled it +down until a sticky residue was left, which is, or might +be, called “quassine.” I put a piece of it about the +size of a pin’s head upon my tongue, and then—oh +then! Try it, if you doubt its absolute bitterness.</p> + +<p>It was amusing at first to make pills. The pill +mass had to be brayed together in a mortar, occasionally +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span>adding water or I forget what other liquid, to +render it of the proper consistency. Next a certain +weight of the pill mass was rolled out by the help of +a simple but ingeniously arranged slab, into a long +worm of equal diameter and of standard length. Then +the worm was cut simultaneously into equal segments, +by the pressure of the grooved back of the same +slab, by means of which the segments were also rolled +into pills.</p> + +<p>The other day I visited the great store and +manufactory of chemical and other apparatus of +Messrs. Griffiths, in or near Aldwych Street, and +saw there a machine, occupying little more room than +a moderately sized washing-stand, that claimed to +turn out pills at the rate of <i>one million</i> in each +twenty-four hours,—so if forty-five of these machines +were kept continually at work day and night, it would +enable a grandmotherly Socialist Government to +supply to every man, woman, and child of the forty-five +millions of inhabitants of the British Isles one +free pill daily.</p> + +<p>The out-patients clustered in the hall outside the +service window of the dispensary, and were supplied +in turn. Then the prescriptions of the in-patients +were handed in and attended to. It was a busy time. +I learnt to do most of my part pretty well in a very few +weeks, after which I was promoted to higher things.</p> + +<p>Having always the run of the dispensary, and +being a boy, I found certain drugs, such as liquorice, +much to my taste, but especially poppy seed. A +large number of poppy capsules were kept in stock +for making soothing lotions. They are full of seeds, +which contain no opium at all. These are not used for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>the lotions, but are particularly pleasant to munch, and +I ate them in abundance when the humour seized me. +In later years I found poppy seeds in common use +somewhere in Germany, for making a particular +pudding; I think it was in Bonn.</p> + +<p>The duties gradually imposed on me were to go +with the surgeons on their morning rounds, always +to attend in the accident room, where persons suffering +from accidents were received whether in the night +or day, and to help in dressing them, also to be +present at all operations, and to take part at every +post-mortem examination, of which there were perhaps +two or three weekly. The times of which I +am speaking were long before those of chloroform, +and many long years before that of Pasteur and Sir +Joseph Lister. The stethoscope was considered +generally to be new-fangled; the older and naturally +somewhat deaf practitioners pooh-poohed and never +used it.</p> + +<p>I cannot understand to this day why youths selected +for their powers of sharp hearing should not be so far +instructed as to be used by physicians, much as +pointers and setters are used by sportsmen. They +could be taught what to listen for, probably by means +of some sound-emitting instruments more or less +muffled, and how to describe what they heard. A +patient during the incipient stage of his disease might +be submitted to examination by one or more of these +quick-hearing youths, who would report to the doctor, +who thereupon would form and express his opinion. +Similarly as regards touch, of which great delicacy is +of the highest importance. Conceive what help might +be given by them in discovering deeply seated tumours, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>abscesses, and much else. The touch of a person far +less sensitive than that of the wandering Princess of the +well-known fairy tale might prove of vital importance. +It will be recollected that her Princess-ship was acknowledged +by all, through her discovering a pea +surreptitiously inserted as a test, below the bottom of +the pile of feather-beds on which she slept.</p> + +<p>To return to my duties. Accidents occurred, of +course, at all hours of the day and night. It was +unpleasant to be summoned out of a warm bed to +attend upon these once on a cold night, but it was +not a hardship; to be summoned twice was trying; +but thrice, as sometimes happened, was more than +I could have endured had it frequently occurred. +Burns were the commonest of the accidents at night-time. +The sufferers were piteous to see. As a rule +they did not complain much of pain, but they shivered +from a sense of cold and were enfeebled almost to +prostration by the shock. There was nothing to be +done to them beyond cutting away all adherent +clothing and the like, packing them in cotton wool +and sending them to a ward. One particular ward +was allotted to that purpose. The contrast was great +between the neatly dressed patient of the first night +and the wretched creature two days after, when +suppuration had begun and the foul dressings had +to be carefully picked off and replaced by clean ones.</p> + +<p>Broken heads from brawls were common accidents +at night; then it was my part to shave the head, using +the blood as lather, which makes a far better preparation +for shaving than soap. The wounds were stitched +together with a three-cornered “glove needle,” which +cuts its way through the skin. Some riots connected +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>with the “Charter” occurred at this time, and many +people were hurt. It was curious to observe the +apparent cleanness of the cuts that were made +through the scalp by the blow of a policeman’s +round truncheon.</p> + +<p>It sometimes happened that a severe case was +brought at night-time, which required higher surgical +skill than could properly be expected in the house +surgeon, who, though professionally qualified, was +young, and therefore relatively unpractised. If the +treatment of any such accident admitted of no delay, +a messenger was dispatched to the house of the +surgeon himself, to wake and bring him. One of +these events made a great impression on me. It +was that of a man, a small piece of whose skull had +been depressed by something falling on his head and +stunning him. He was brought in utterly unconscious, +with the “stertorous” or snoring respiration characteristic +of such cases. The man had to be trepanned, so +the surgeon was sent for. In the meantime everything +was prepared for his arrival. The trepan is a hollow +steel cylinder with teeth cut out of its lower rim, used +to saw a circular wad out of the sound bone nearest to +the fracture. A miniature steel crowbar is used to +raise the depressed fragment, and a rod to lay across +the sound bone as a fulcrum for the crowbar. I seem +to see it all before me as I write. The brightly lighted +room, the apparatus in order, the surgeon at work, the +eager faces of the bystanders, and the utterly unconscious +patient. The wad was cut out, the crowbar +adjusted, and still the monotonous snore continued +unchanged. Then pressure was put on the free end +of the crowbar, the broken bit of skull was raised, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>and instantly life rushed back. The man continued +a sentence that he must have begun before the +accident; then he stared wildly, and said, “Where +am I?” The clock of life had stopped through a +temporary obstruction, the obstruction was removed +and the clock ticked on as before. He was soothed, +a silver plate was inserted over the hole, the scalp +was replaced and stitched together, and he was sent +into the ward. In due time he wholly recovered, the +scalp having grown over the plate.</p> + +<p>I had the option of accompanying any of the +surgeons or physicians on his morning round. Each +had his clinical clerk, who made notes of the case and +wrote the treatment prescribed from time to time, +upon a paper affixed to a board at the bed-head. I +appreciated from the very first the high importance +of careful study and record of every case. My feeling +is now fully developed which was then in embryo, +that it is our duty to avail ourselves of the opportunities +that arise from the apparently unmoral course +of Nature, of rendering similar events less dangerous +and painful in the future. Blind Nature seems to +vivisect ruthlessly, let us as reasonable creatures +elicit all the good we can from her vivisections, for +which we ourselves are in no way responsible. I +became a clinical clerk in time, but felt acutely my +incompetence to act up to my own high ideals.</p> + +<p>It was a surprise to me to notice so few signs of +pain and distress in the wards, even among the +mortally stricken. I met with no instances of terror +at approaching death, while the ordinary interests of +life seemed powerful up to the close of consciousness. +But it must be terrible to a sensitive and stricken +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span>fellow-patient with all his senses still on the alert, +when the death-hour of some one else in the ward +arrives, and the curtains are drawn around the dying +man’s bed to hide the scene, and again when his +remains are removed to the post-mortem room. All +these things are, however, more hideous to the imagination +than in reality. One piteous death-bed scene +much impressed me. A girl was fast dying of typhus, +and I had been instructed to apply a mustard plaister. +When I came to her, she was fully sensible, and said +in a faint but nicely mannered way, “Please leave me +in peace. I know I am dying, and am not suffering.” +I had not the heart to distress her further.</p> + +<p>The opinions held by the students about the +several physicians and surgeons were curiously +guided by a mixture of loyalty and irreverence. +There was no doubt of the fact that M., one of the +doctors, who never professed or had a claim to +scientific acquirements, got his patients out of hospital +more quickly than any of his colleagues. His treatment +was as simple as that of Dr. Sangrado, though +of quite another kind. It consisted of a strong +purgative followed by low diet, and a subsequent +feeding up as soon as all fever had gone. The +composition of his drench never varied; a big bottle +of it was made every morning in the dispensary, in +readiness to be served out. It was so cheap that the +overplus could be thrown away and a fresh infusion +made the next day.</p> + +<p>It is to be wished that some “index of curative +skill” could be awarded to doctors, based on their +respective hospital successes. I have often amused +myself with imaginary schemes to this effect. If it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span>could be compiled truthfully, it would be an excellent +guide to those who wanted a doctor but were doubtful +whom to consult. A high index of curative skill +would serve as a measure of merit, and the fee to the +doctor might be regulated by its height.</p> + +<p>I threw myself into my duties with zeal, and loved +neat bandaging and neat plaistering. Each clinical +clerk had a dressing board, supported against his +body by a strong band passed over his neck: its ends +were fixed to the board. Lint, plaister, scissors, +forceps, probe, and a few other simple surgical +instruments completed the outfit. There was much +bleeding from the arm, especially of out-patients; +there were also cuppings and insertion of issues and +of setons. All these I could soon do creditably; I +was fairly good even at tooth-drawing. I set broken +limbs, at first under strict supervision, but was latterly +allowed much freedom. I had also occasionally to +reduce dislocations of the arm, and once at least of +the thigh. The mechanism of the body began to +appear very simple in its elementary features. At +one time no less than sixteen fractures, dislocations, +or other injuries to the arms, or parts of them, were +practically under my sole care all at the same time. +Of course my proceedings were carefully watched.</p> + +<p>The following incident in those pre-chloroform +days set me thinking. A powerful drayman was +brought in dead drunk, with both of his thighs crushed +and mangled by a heavy waggon. They had to be +amputated at once. He remained totally unconscious +all the time, and it was not until he awoke sober in +the morning that he discovered that his legs were +gone. He recovered completely. The question that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span>then presented itself to me was, “Why could not +people be made dead drunk before operations? Could +it not be effected without upsetting their digestion and +doing harm in other ways?” The subsequent discovery +of <i>inhaling</i>, instead of drinking the intoxicating +spirit, whether it be chloroform or ether, solved that +question most happily.</p> + +<p>The cries of the poor fellows who were operated +on were characteristic; in fact, each class of operation +seemed to evoke some peculiar form of them. All +this was terrible, but only at first. It seemed after a +while as though the cries were somehow disconnected +with the operation, upon which the whole attention +became fixed.</p> + +<p>It was obvious that different persons felt pain +with very different degrees of acuteness. I may here +go quite out of chronological sequence, and refer to +an experience in 1851, when I was on the point of +starting from a mission station on my exploration of +Damara Land, then wholly unknown but now a +German possession. It will be again alluded to in a +later chapter. A branch missionary outpost, twenty +miles off, had lately been raided, and most of the +people, other than the missionaries themselves, +murdered. Of those who escaped, two women, each +with both of their feet hacked off, made their way +to the station, at which I saw them. The Damara +women wear heavy copper rings on their ankles, put +on when they are growing girls that the rings may +not slip over their feet when they are adult. These +coveted treasures can therefore be obtained only by +the summary process of cutting off the feet. In this +horribly mutilated state the two women crawled the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>whole of the twenty miles. The stumps had healed +when I saw them. I asked how they staunched the +blood. They explained by gesture that it was by +stumping the bleeding ends into the sand, and they +grinned with satisfaction while they explained.</p> + +<p>I may yet travel onwards many more years to +another illustrative anecdote. I happened to be +President of the Anthropological Institute, when a +very interesting memoir was read on the subject now +in question. Numerous instances were given of a +very startling character, but the one that seemed the +most so was a story told there by the late Sir James +Paget, as communicated to him by a trustworthy +friend; he added that he felt compelled to believe it. +It referred to a native New Zealander. It appeared +that at the time in question it was the height of +fashion for the Maoris to wear boots on great occasions, +and not to appear barefooted. A youth had +saved money and went to a store a long way off, +where he purchased a pair of these precious articles. +On returning home he tried to put them on, but one +of his feet had a long projecting toe which prevented +it from being thrust home. He went quite as a +matter of course to fetch a bill-hook which was at +hand, and, putting his foot on a log of wood, chopped +off the end of his long toe and drew on the boot.</p> + +<p>There was another occurrence in those pre-Pasteur +days on which my mind dwelt often. It was +a story corroborated by many analogous but much +less striking instances that came under my own observation, +of a man who had stumbled into a cauldron +of scalding pitch. He was quickly pulled out, but +the pitch had so enclosed and adhered to one of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>legs that nothing could be done with safety to remove +it. The other leg was cleaned as well as might be +and carefully dressed, and in that state, with one +leg cased in pitch, the other bandaged, he was +sent to bed. After many days, the leg that was +enclosed in pitch ceased to hurt, and the covering +became so loose that it was desirable and easy to +remove it, when lo and behold! instead of a vast +suppurating surface, the leg was found to be entirely +healed. The other leg, which had been less hurt and +carefully dressed, remained much longer unhealed. +It seemed clear that the art of dressing was far +behind what was possible, and that an application +of the dressing before “the air got into the wound” +was the thing to be aimed at. The subsequent +discovery by Pasteur of the germ theory, and the +practical application of it by Sir Joseph, now Lord +Lister, has overcome the difficulty.</p> + +<p>I was so keen at my medical work, that, being +desirous of appreciating the effects of different +medicines, I began by taking small doses of all that +were included in the pharmacopœia, commencing with +the letter A. It was an interesting experience, but +had obvious drawbacks. However, I got nearly to +the end of the letter C, when I was stopped by the +effects of Croton oil. I had foolishly believed that +two drops of it could have no notable effects as a +purgative and emetic; but indeed they had, and I +can recall them now.</p> + +<p>There were histories of occasional outbursts of +hysteria in the female wards; one took place whilst +I was there. It was a most curious and afflicting +spectacle of pure panic. One woman had begun to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>scream and rave, then another followed suit, then +another, and pandemonium seemed at hand. It was +stopped by rather rough measures, gentle ones +making matters worse. There was a current story +of one of the surgeons having effectually stopped a +most threatening outbreak, which the nurses began +to join, in which an abundance of cold water was +only part of the remedy employed.</p> + +<p>Many protean forms of that strange disorder, +hysteria, were frequently pointed out to me. The +demoralisation that accompanied it was shown by +the gross and palpable lies told by the patients in +their desire at any cost to attract attention. A +paroxysm of it may resemble a severe epileptic fit. +I was informed in all seriousness by a friend, of a +valuable way of distinguishing them, important for +nurses to bear in mind, that in epilepsy the patient +might and often did bite himself, his tongue for +example, but in hysteria the patients never bit themselves +but always other people.</p> + +<p>Delirium tremens was a strange malady. The +struggles were sometimes terrible, yet the pulse was +feeble and the reserve of strength almost nil. The +visions of the patients seemed indistinguishable by +them from realities; in the few cases I saw, they +were wholly of fish or of creeping things. One of +the men implored me to take away the creature that +was crawling over his counterpane, following its +imagined movements with his finger and staring as +at a ghost. Poor humanity! I often feel that the +tableland of sanity upon which most of us dwell, +is small in area, with unfenced precipices on every +side, over any one of which we may fall.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> + +<p>The hysterical scream which so strongly affects +other women is a forcible instance of the power of +sound, whose limits are, as yet, imperfectly explored. +The tones of a great actor or orator may thrill the +whole being. An unemotional elderly gentleman +told me years ago, that he was haunted by the recollection +of the resonance of Pitt’s voice when +speaking of some event (I forget what it was) that +gave him a “pang.” There are many kinds of +shrieks of a blood-curdling nature, of which that of a +wounded horse on a battlefield is said to be one.</p> + +<p class="mt2"><i>Kings College.</i>—After a brief vacation I was sent, +again through Mr. Hodgson’s ever active interest, for +a year to King’s College and to live as an inmate of +the house of Professor Richard Partridge (1805-1873), +together with four or five other pupils. His house +was in New Street, Spring Gardens, now demolished +through the extension of the Admiralty Buildings and +the newly constructed entrance from Charing Cross +into St. James’s Park. My social surroundings were +of a far higher order than those at Birmingham, and +I rejoiced in them. Professor Partridge was, at that +time, a brilliant man of about thirty-four years of age, +yellow-haired, full of humour and of quips, as well as +of shrewdness and kindliness; his intimate friends +were all growing into distinction. He had known +Charles Lamb well, and the genius of Elia seemed to +haunt the house, though Charles Lamb had died four +or five years before. I listened with admiration to +the brilliant talk and repartees when Partridge had his +bachelor dinners with fellow-cronies as guests. They +included G. Dasent, later Sir George, the author and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>Civil Service Commissioner; Professor Wheatstone, +later Sir Charles, who conjointly with Cooke was the +introducer of the electric telegraph; A. Smee the +electrician, subsequently an authority on gardening, +and others.</p> + +<p>Professor Richard Partridge, F.R.S., familiarly +called “Dickey,” was brother to John Partridge, R.A., +and Professor of Anatomy. It was commonly said that +the brothers had each followed the occupation best +fitted to the other. Certainly Richard Partridge was +an admirable draughtsman, but was not, so far as I +was then capable of judging, a man who really loved +and revelled in science. He delighted in minute +points of human anatomy and did not generalise, +consequently the information given in his lectures +seemed to me as dry as the geography of Pinnock’s +Catechism. For all that, they were enlivened by his +never-failing humour. His instruction seemed to me +deficient in the why and the wherefore. A human +hand was just a human hand to him; its analogies +with paws, hoofs, wings, claws, and fins were never +alluded to.</p> + +<p>I spent a happy time under his roof. We pupils +had the drawing-room to read and write in, with a +wardrobe and a hanging closet tenanted by a jointed +skeleton which we could study at will. The days +were spent in the Medical Department of King’s +College, which was quite disconnected with the +classical side. All the pupils entered at the same +door, but there we separated. The medicals turned +sharply to the right, and many of them went downstairs +to the dissection room, where much of my own +time was spent.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p> + +<p>The immediate chiefs of the dissection room were +nominally my old travelling companion and tutor, +William Bowman and John Simon, but Bowman had +other College work to perform, and was rarely present. +Mr. Simon, afterwards Sir John Simon (<i>b.</i> 1816), of +the Board of Health, was practically the only Director. +His quaint phrases, full of scientific insight and +poetical in essence, were most attractive. His +collected essays and reports are models of literary +style applied to scientific subjects. He died three +or four years ago, quite blind, at a very advanced age.</p> + +<p>All the Professors whose lectures I had to attend, +were notable men. Dr. Todd (1809-1860), the +Professor of Physiology, gave a powerful impulse to +his branch of science. He was then engaged in +collaboration with Bowman in bringing out their +Encyclopedia of Physiology, which was a remarkable +work for those days. The signs of advance were all +about and in the air. The microscope had rather +suddenly attained a position of much enhanced importance; +it was now mounted solidly, with really +good working stages and with good glasses. Powell +was the principal maker of it, and a Powell’s microscope +was an object almost of worship to advanced students. +The manufacture of microscopes has rapidly and +steadily advanced since those times, both in cheapness +and in goodness: what was then a rarity is now in +the possession of every student.</p> + +<p>I enjoyed the lectures of Daniell (1790-1845) on +Chemistry; he was so simple and thorough. In those +times the galvanic cell was becoming perfected, and +the three forms then invented, the Smee, the Daniell, +and the Grove (the latter being by my valued friend +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>in later years, Justice Sir William Grove), still retain +their names. Electrotyping was invented by Smee, +and I recall well the humorously pathetic manner in +which Daniell explained to his class how the neglect +of drawing an obvious inference had prevented him +from figuring as its discoverer. He had noticed the +marvellous fidelity with which the marks of a file had +appeared on a copper sheath electrically thrown down +upon it, as the result of some chance experiment, but +he had failed to infer that medals and the like might +be copied by the same process.</p> + +<p>It is needless to go into particulars of my course +at King’s College. They had much the same result +on me in opening the mind that a similar experience +must have on every keen medical student, but I do +not remember any special characteristic worthy of +record. I did pretty well at my studies. My chief +competitor was George Johnson, afterwards Sir +George (1818-1896), whose thoroughness of work and +character I admired. He beat me in physiology, in +which I came out second. I think the only prize I ever +got all to myself was in the minor subject of Forensic +Medicine, in which I delighted. It had a sort of +Sherlock Holmes fascination for me, while the +instances given as cautions, showing where the value +of too confident medical assertions had been rudely +upset by the shrewd cross-questioning of lawyers, confirmed +what I was beginning vaguely to perceive, that +doctors had the fault, equally with parsons, of being +much too positive.</p> + +<p>My friend Sir G. Johnson subsequently became +the leader of one of the two opposed methods of +dealing with cholera. His was the “eliminative” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>view, namely, that there was mischief in the system +that Nature strove to eliminate, so he prescribed +castor oil to expedite matters; others took the +exactly opposite view, consequently there was open +war between the two methods. I read somewhere +that one of Johnson’s most fiery opponents considered +the number of deaths occasioned by his method to +amount to eleven thousand. Leaving aside all +question of the accuracy of the estimate of this +particular treatment, it is easy to see that when a +pestilence lies heavily on a nation, the numbers +affected are so large that a proper or improper +treatment may be capable of saving or of destroying +many thousands of lives. By all means, then, let +competitive methods be tested at hospitals on a +sufficiently large scale to settle their relative merits. +Of this I will speak further almost immediately.</p> + +<p>One part of my duties was to attend King’s +College Hospital, but the position of a student there +was far less instructive than that of an indoor pupil +at the Birmingham Hospital, where responsibility +was great and there was no crowding. The teaching +was, however, greatly superior to the generality of +that at Birmingham. The position of house pupil +and resident medical officer has long since become +highly and justly prized, and is now obtainable only +after competition and by the best men.</p> + +<p>Medical knowledge has advanced so far that +more scientific treatment can be had in many small +country towns than was formerly procurable even in +London. Still, the experience haunts my memory +of Dr. M. at the Birmingham Hospital, of his +habitual drench of which I wrote, and of his remarkable +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span>success in turning out his patients nominally +cured. There is still much lack of exact knowledge +of what Nature can do without assistance from +medicine, if aided only by cheering influences, rest, +suggestion, and good nursing.</p> + +<p>I wish that hospitals could be turned into places +for experiment more than they are, in the following +perfectly humane direction. Suppose two different +and competing treatments of a particular malady; I +have just mentioned a case in point. Let the patients +suffering under it be given the option of being placed +under Dr. A. or Dr. B., the respective representatives +of the two methods, and the results be statistically +compared. A co-operation without partisanship +between many large hospitals ought to speedily +settle doubts that now hang unnecessarily long under +dispute.</p> + +<p>Medical statistics are, however, the least suitable +of any I know for refined comparisons, because the +conditions that cannot be, or at all events are not +taken into account, are local, very influential, and +apt to differ greatly. It is, however, humiliating +to find how much has failed to attract attention for +want of even the rudest statistics. I doubt whether +the unaided apprehension of man suffices to distinguish +between the frequency of what occurs on +an average four times in ten events and one that +occurs five times. Much grosser proportions have +been wholly overlooked by doctors. I referred +once to many dictionaries and works of medicine +published before the time of Broca, some ninety years +ago, and did not find a single reference to the almost +invariable loss of speech associated with paralysis of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>the right side. Still more recently, the idea of consumption +being communicated by any form of infection +was stoutly denied by English medical men. As to +rules of diet, the changes are ludicrous. Robert +Frere, one of my fellow-pupils when with Professor +Partridge, became through marriage in later years +a managing partner in a very old and eminent firm +of wine merchants. They had supplied George <span class="allsmcap">IV.</span> +with his brandy and the like. He told me that the +books of the firm showed that every class of wine +had in its turn been favoured by the doctors.</p> + +<p>There were many incidents that I could tell about +this time of my life that might be interesting in some +sense, but which are foreign to the main purpose +of such an autobiography as mine, which is to indicate +how the growth of a mind has been affected +by circumstances. I will, however, make one exception, +which refers to a very narrow escape from +drowning. I had been in a steamboat, crammed +with people, to see the Oxford and Cambridge boat-race, +and was returning with stream and tide. The +arches of Old Battersea Bridge were narrow, and it +required careful steering on such occasions to get +safely through them. The steamboat on which I +was yawed greatly. I was standing behind the right-hand +paddle-box, when it crashed against one of the +piers and split open just in front of me, giving a +momentary view of the still revolving paddles. The +shock sent me down among them. I was conscious +of two taps on the back of my head, and then +the water swirled over me. In a few seconds my +wits had gathered themselves together, and I found +myself submerged under a mass of wood, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span>afterwards proved to be the outer sheathing of the +paddle-box. I dived to get clear of it, but found +myself held back by projecting nails which had hooked +into my clothes. My breath was becoming exhausted, +so I passed my hand quickly but steadily all over +myself, disentangling nails in two or three places, +and then made my last dive for life. I fortunately +rose clear, and utilised my former enemy the mass +of wood as a raft. I was sufficiently unhurt to help +another man who was also in the water and in +distress, by pushing a piece of wood to him.</p> + +<p>There was, of course, much commotion all about +the scene. The steamboat drifted helplessly; boats +put off from the shore; the men in the first boat that +reached me tried to drive a hard bargain, asking +a sovereign to take me in, but being in safety I +was able to resist extortion. I then rowed to the +ship, and my face was, I understood, a spectacle, +being painted with blood that had flowed freely from +a few scratches and was spread all over it by the +wetting. There was much sympathy shown on the +steamboat, and an especial interest in me on the part +of the captain, who from the character of his questions +obviously feared having to pay damages. So I at +last landed, and, feeling little the worse after a short +rest, cabbed home to Mr. Partridge’s house. The +only object that really suffered was my rather +valuable watch. There is a short account of this +accident in the Life of Leonard Horner, F.R.S., by +his daughter K. M. Lyell, ii. 19. I did not hear +that any notice of it got into the newspapers.</p> + +<p>I will finish now what little I have to add about +my medical experiences, skipping over four or five +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>years in a few lines. While at Cambridge, of which +I shall speak in a separate chapter, I attended a few +lectures, chiefly by Dr. Haviland, in order to obtain +some more of the necessary certificates to qualify +me for undergoing an examination and obtaining +a doctor’s degree. After I left Cambridge, some +more lectures had still to be attended, so I was sent +for a short time as a pupil at St. George’s Hospital. +My dear father’s death then occurred, as will be +mentioned farther on, and the direction of my life +became changed.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br> +<span class="smaller">SHORT TOUR TO THE EAST</span></h2> + +<p>Giessen—Linz—Rowboat to Vienna—Steam down Danube and overland +to Black Sea—Constantinople—Smyrna—Quarantines at Syra +and Trieste—Adelsberg—Diligence from Milan to Boulogne—Home</p> + +</div> + +<p>In the spring of 1840 a passion for travel seized +me as if I had been a migratory bird. While +attending the lectures at King’s College I could see +the sails of the lighters moving in sunshine on the +Thames, and it required all my efforts to disregard +the associations of travel which they aroused. On +fine mornings I could not keep still in the house in +Spring Gardens where I lived, but wandered in St. +James’s Park. On these occasions I noticed that the +weathercock on the Horse Guards seemed to point +nearly always to the south-west. The explanation +proved to be that the fit seized me with violence +when a south-west wind was blowing. It was +arranged by my father that I should accompany Dr. +Allen Miller (1817-1870), subsequently a great chemist +and for many years Treasurer of the Royal Society, +to Giessen, where the more promising young chemists +of those days gathered to avail themselves of the +teaching of Liebig, then the foremost of the chemical +Professors in Germany. My father gave me a liberal +letter of credit, for, having been a banker himself, he +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span>was unwilling that my balance should ever run low; +besides, he was always cautious in making ample +provision for unexpected contingencies. So to Giessen +I went, but soon finding that my chemical knowledge, +and indeed my knowledge of German, was by no +means sufficiently advanced for me to profit from +Liebig’s teaching, I determined to throw that plan +over, to make a dash and go as far as my money +allowed, consistent with returning to England early in +October in time for my first term at Cambridge. I +had saturated myself since the age of nine with Byron’s +poetry, which gave me a longing to see the East; +besides, a new route Eastwards had been opened, +between Czernavoda and Kustendji, the former lying +on that long reach of the Lower Danube where it most +nearly approaches the Black Sea, and Kustendji +situated on the Black Sea itself. A calculation of the +cost showed that my finances would suffice for this +and more, so away I went. A steamer ran twice or +thrice a week from Linz to Vienna, and once (I think) +in a fortnight from Vienna down the Danube, and the +times fitted nicely. But on arrival at Linz it proved +that the steamer bound for Vienna was disabled and +would not run for some days. This serious contretemps +threatened to ruin my whole scheme, which required +that I should reach Vienna in time for a particular +steamer.</p> + +<p>I had made friends with an elderly British officer +at the hotel, who was in much the same plight as +myself, for it was as important to him as to me, though +for other reasons, to reach Vienna without delay. He +told me that he had found a boatman who would take +us all the way, some seventy miles down stream, for a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>moderate sum, and that he was willing to go if I +would join him. I accepted his proposal, he having +assured me that the boat would be adequately manned, +and that the journey would be both easy and interesting. +His power of German conversation was even +less than mine, and either he had not understood +aright or he had been cheated, for when we had +entered the boat in the dark by help of the faint and +flickering light of a lantern, and had been pushed off +into the current of the swiftly flowing Danube, I +perceived that the boatmen consisted only of one old +man and a boy. It was impossible to return, so we +made the best of it. One of us two, and it was more +frequently myself, for my companion wanted both +youth and muscle, had to work an oar almost continuously +in order to give steerage-way to the boat.</p> + +<p>We toiled through the night and the following +morning, hardly resting at all till we reached Mölk, +where provisions and fruit were bought and another +boatman engaged, and we went onwards after brief +delay. We arrived as near to Vienna as the police +regulations allowed, very late at night; but by +unexpected good fortune the officials allowed us to +land and to sleep hard by, so I was in good time for +the steamer, and after a short stay was off in her. I +had some agreeable fellow-passengers, and it was a +momentous voyage to me.</p> + +<p>The first stoppage was at Pesth, where I was quite +unprepared for the grandeur of its quays and buildings. +Thenceforward we entered comparative barbarism. +There was a considerable delay at the famous rapids +of the “Iron Gates,” long since removed by blasting +the rocks that gave them their name, and where the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>river ran strongly. I witnessed boats of no large size +being towed up stream by the longest teams of men +and horses that I have ever seen. If my memory +does not play tricks, I counted no less than ninety-six +horses hauling a single boat. I drove as far as time +allowed among the Carpathians towards Mehadia, a +then secluded watering-place, in the company of two +Hungarians, with one of whom—a Kaunitz—I had +struck up a travelling friendship, and who told me +much about Hungary.</p> + +<p>The position of Belgrade was imposing. It was +then in Turkish occupation, and the Turks still wore +turbans. The town being in quarantine, we were not +allowed to land. The flat shores of Wallachia were +most uninteresting and looked fever-haunted. The +only human life visible for miles together was that of +an occasional coast-guardsman perched in a crow’s +nest on the top of a pole, to prevent smugglers from +crossing the Danube unseen. At one place we cut +through a shoal of water snakes crossing the river, +with their heads out of water and their bodies +wriggling horizontally. It was a sight upon which +a horrible nightmare might have been founded.</p> + +<p>At length we arrived at our journey’s end, where +light waggons awaited us, which were drawn across +the open country. I walked the greater part of the +distance, and so reached the Black Sea at Kustendji. +The steamer started in threatening weather, and particularly +rough seas ensued. We rolled so badly and +so briskly that a square chest containing seamen’s +things, which stood on the deck, was toppled over. +In the morning, the historical Symplegades were in +sight, and certainly the superstitious Greeks might +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>well have accredited them, as they did, with the +power of shutting like jaws and crushing vessels that +attempted to pass between them, for the apparent +width of the intervening space changes rapidly with +changing perspective. Then we steamed through the +glorious Bosphorus, whose sides were far less built +upon than now, past Therapia to Constantinople, or +Stamboul, as it was commonly called.</p> + +<p>I revelled in the glory of the place and in the +picturesque and turbaned groups. The hotel kept by +Miseri was then a small establishment, more like a +pension. He had been courier to a connection of mine, +and I was taken in and made very comfortable. The +numerous acquaintances I picked up there and the +stories I heard of the current rascalities gave an +insight into a phase of humanity which I did not +esteem but was glad to know about.</p> + +<p>Though I am now inclined to twaddle about what +was then so new, so strange and exhilarating to me, it +would not interest readers who are probably familiar +with far more graphic accounts of this capital of the +East than I have skill to write. The sherbet, iced with +snow from the neighbouring Mount Olympus, shares, +I suppose, with similar sherbet at Granada, iced with +snow from the Sierra Nevada, the honour of parentage +to our very modern ice-creams. In my youth +the only good ice-cream maker in London was +Gunter in Berkeley Square, and the very existence of +such a luxury as ice-cream had then, as I know, been +recently scoffed at by the educated daughters of a +clergyman in South Wales. After about six days’ +stay in Constantinople, I had to move onwards, taking +a steamer to Smyrna. Olympus stood grandly above +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span>the shores of the Sea of Marmora; then came the +Hellespont, then the Troad, then Smyrna.</p> + +<p>My allowance of time was drawing to a close, for +I had to make ample allowance for long detention in +quarantines, which were in those times an especial +nuisance. They were put on or taken off with +apparent caprice, sometimes it was said for purely +commercial reasons. So I was able to allow only two +or three days for seeing the environs of Smyrna, and +then started in a steamer to the island of Syra, +where I was placed for ten days in quarantine. My +rooms were like those of a khan, wholly unfurnished, +the guardian supplying bedding and food at moderate +cost. He followed me as a prisoner under his charge, +with a long stick wherewith to ward me from touching +or being touched by any body or thing that was not in +the same quarantine as myself. The quarantine +buildings enclosed a large square. My rooms opened +at the back into a cheerful covered balcony which +looked on the sea. My neighbouring occupant was +a lady, a near relative to Arthur Cayley, the great +mathematician, whom I even then had learnt to +revere, and whose pupil I became during one of my +happy long vacations at Cambridge.</p> + +<p>The laws of quarantine were curiously minute. +Metal, such as a coin, was not supposed to be so +deeply infected but that a simple washing would +purify it; paper must be pricked and fumigated; +but clothing had to undergo as much quarantine as +the wearer, and even more, as will be seen later on. +It was ruled that if any part of a cloth or fabric of +fibres was touched by a person in quarantine, the +whole of it became equally tainted. So I put to my +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>guardian the case of touching one end of a very long +rope, but could get no reasonable answer, any more +than a child can when he puts searching questions. +Violation of quarantine is a very serious offence. A +soldier would shoot a person without mercy, and with +the approbation of his superiors, if that appeared to +be the only way of preventing it.</p> + +<p>The nine or ten days’ rest in quarantine at Syra +was by no means ungrateful. I made myself occupation, +and they passed pleasantly. The process of +giving “<i>pratique</i>” was amusing. We were drawn up +in a row, and the medical officer walked up and down +sternly scrutinising us. Then he gave the order of +“Put out your tongues,” which we all did simultaneously, +and he passed along the line at two paces +distance from it, looking at our tongues. Then he +added, “Do exactly as I do,” whereupon he clapped +himself sharply under the left armpit with his right +hand, and under the right armpit with the left hand. +Similarly on the left and right groins. This was to +prove that none of the glandular swellings that give +the name of “bubonic” plague were there, otherwise +the pain of the performance would have been intolerable. +Then, with a sudden change from a stern +aspect, he put on a most friendly and courteous smile, +and stepping forwards he shook each of us cordially +by the hand, and we were freed. A couple of days +had to pass before the next steamer started for Trieste, +which I occupied in rambling about the island, living +for one day almost wholly on figs—which was unwise, +because too much of them affects the kidneys.</p> + +<p>I started with the steamer, had a few, but +memorable, hours at Athens, lay for two days in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>quarantine off Ancona, and was landed in the quarantine +at Trieste. What Turkey was to Greece in +respect of quarantine, that Greece was to Turkey.</p> + +<p>There was a curious custom at Trieste of “making +<i>Spoglio</i>,” as they phrased it. When three or four days +of the normal length of quarantine had still to run, it +was permissible to strip and leave all clothes behind, +to bathe, to put on new clothes, and to be free. The +process is based on the assumption that the well-washed +human body, if in apparent health after say +a week’s seclusion, may justly be considered free from +infection, whereas the clothes worn by it must remain +still longer in quarantine. What happened was this. +We were inspected by the doctor, and then directed +to the edge of a covered quay, opposite to which was +another quay where old-clothes men displayed their +wares; a strip of sea water, perhaps 4 or 5 feet deep +and 20 wide, separated the two quays. A bargain +had to be made with one of the old-clothes men by +shouting across the water. I was to leave everything +I had on me, excepting coin or other metal, and papers +which were about to be fumigated, in exchange for +the offered clothes. When the bargain was concluded, +I stripped, plunged in, and emerged on the opposite +quay stark naked, to be newly clothed and to receive +freedom. The clothes-man got my old things in due +time—that was his affair. The new clothes were thin, +and the trousers were made of a sort of calico and +deficient in the fashionable cut of my old ones; but +as it was not then late in the year the thinness +mattered little in those latitudes, and I did not care +about the rest.</p> + +<p>I occupied two of the days I had saved by making +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>Spoglio, in visiting the wonderful caves of Adelsberg. +A view over the Adriatic when driving up the mountain-side +on the way to that place, remains still in my +mind as one of the three or four most glorious views +that I have had the privilege to see. The long walk +underground at Adelsberg, the black and vicious +stream that ran through it, looking like a river of +death, and the fantastic stalactites and stalagmites +were indeed astonishing. I bought two of the curious +creatures called Proteus, that live in these underground +waters. They have no real eyes, but sightless dots in +the place of them; their colour is that of the buried +portion of stems of celery (etiolated, as it is commonly +called), and they have both gills and lungs. They +were the first living creatures of their kind brought +to England. I gave them to King’s College; one +soon died, the other lived and was yearly lectured +on, as I heard, until fate in the form of a cat ended +him.</p> + +<p>I went from Trieste by steamer to Venice, and +thence by diligence to Milan, whence I travelled by +diligence to Geneva, with the bottle containing the +two Proteus under my thin coat, for fear of the water +freezing while crossing the Alps. At Geneva I had +a few evening hours to spare, which I spent at the +theatre, and thence on by diligence to Boulogne. It +took me either seven days and eight nights, or conversely, +to reach Boulogne from Milan, and it was of +course tiring to sit up and be shaken in a diligence +during that long time. My legs began to swell before +I reached Boulogne, but the two or three hours of +lying down in the Channel steamer quite restored +them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> + +<p>So I reached my home in Leamington safely and +in good time, and my dear kind father took my +escapade humorously. He was pleased with it rather +than otherwise, for I had much to tell and had +obviously gained a great deal of experience. This +little expedition proved to be an important factor in +moulding my after-life. It vastly widened my views +of humanity and civilisation, and it confirmed aspirations +for travel which were afterwards indulged.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<br> +<span class="smaller">CAMBRIDGE</span></h2> + +<p>Trinity College—First vacation at the Lakes—Second vacation at +Aberfeldy—College friends—Entire breakdown in health—Third +vacation in Germany—My father’s death</p> + +</div> + +<p>It was a notable day in my life when, in the year +1840, escorted by my father on the top of a +stage coach, I caught my first view of the principal +buildings of Cambridge. There was no railway to +Cambridge then. I had been entered at Trinity +College, where rooms were assigned to me on the +first floor of B. New Court. My tutor was J. W. +Blakesley (1808-1885), an accomplished classical +scholar, contemporary with Tennyson and his set, +and subsequently Dean of Lincoln. The then Master +of the College, who, however, resigned his post after +the close of my first term, was Christopher Wordsworth +(1774-1846), brother of the poet and father +of three distinguished classical scholars,—John; +Charles, Bishop of St. Andrew’s; and Christopher, +the headmaster of Harrow. The biographies of +them all appear in the <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i> I found but +few old friends among the undergraduates besides +Matthew Boulton, but gradually fell into my place. +I soon became conscious of the power and thoroughness +of the work about me, as of a far superior order +to anything I had previously witnessed. At the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span>same time I wondered at its narrowness, for not a +soul seemed to have the slightest knowledge of, or +interest in, what I had acquired in my medical +education and what we have since learnt to call +Biology. The religious dogmas were of a more +archaic type than I had latterly learnt to hold. I +thought that just as the medicals wanted the +thoroughness of the classicals and of the mathematicians, +so these wanted at least an elementary +knowledge of what was familiar to the medicals. +Great and salutary changes have long since been +introduced, and the above criticism, which was +perfectly just at the time, is now, I believe and +trust, almost wholly out of date.</p> + +<p>I stood far behind the majority of my fellow-freshmen +in classics, but less so in elementary +mathematics, which were then much neglected in +schools; for I had an innate love of them, and had +indulged in some little private study. I pass lightly +over my first year, which was a period of general +progress, without much of note, until the first vacation +arrived.</p> + +<p>I then formed one of a reading party who went +to Keswick in Cumberland, and had rooms in the same +house with the two tutors, Matheson and Eddis. It +was called “Browtop,” and was then a detached villa +with a wide prospect, situated in the district that now +bears that name. One other pupil lived there also; +the rest had lodgings in the town. Being in those +years careless of rain and little sensitive to the enervating +air of the Lake District, I found myself +perfectly happy. The hills being moderate in height +and the distances small, an afternoon sufficed easily +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>for most of the excursions, so the whole morning was +left free for reading. Matheson, the mathematical +tutor, was a well-known Fellow of Trinity College, a +considerable pianist and a good walker. He also +knew the country and many of its residents. Among +these was the Rev. Frederic Myers (1811-1851), +Vicar of Keswick, who had married into the +Marshall family, and who showed me much kindness. +He was father to the as yet unborn poet and +spiritualist, Frederic W. H. Myers (1843-1901), and +his house was a social centre.</p> + +<p>I saw a most amusing scene in its drawing-room, +which those who recollect the formidable presence of +Dr. Whewell will appreciate. All male animals, +including men, when they are in love, are apt to +behave in ways that seem ludicrous to bystanders. +Whewell was not exempt from the common lot, +though he had to sustain his new dignity of “Master +of Trinity.” He was then paying court to the lady who +became his first wife, and his behaviour reminded me +irresistibly of a turkey-cock similarly engaged. I +fancied that I could almost hear the rustling of his +stiffened feathers, and did overhear these sonorous +lines of Milton rolled out to the lady <i>à propos</i> of +I know not what, “cycle and epicycle, orb and orb,” +with hollow o’s and prolonged trills on the r’s.</p> + +<p>The following skit indicates the feeling in regard +to Whewell’s manner that was current in Cambridge +after he had assumed his office. I was reminded +of it not so very many months ago, by the late +Lord Kelvin:—</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“You may roam where you will through the realms of infinity</div> + <div class="verse indent0">And find nothing so great as the Master of Trinity.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span></p> + +<p>Those who have read Whewell’s Life, which was +written by a loving hand and dwells mainly on his +kindly, domestic character, will gather little idea of +the rough power of the man and his too frequent +overbearing attitude. In after-days he invited me to +the Lodge, where I found him most unexpectedly +gracious.</p> + +<p>It may be worth mentioning that at the time of +which I am writing, brakes to carriages were unknown +in England except in the Lake Country, where the +many hills made it difficult to travel without restraint, +unless by frequently stopping to put on or take off the +drag. Their use gradually spread, as the first sentimental +opposition to them subsided. A near relative +of my own, who was a devoted whip and drove his +own four-horse drag for many years, was at first contemptuous +towards brakes, but soon changed his mind, +and ever afterwards used one.</p> + +<p>One of the longer excursions was to Scawfell, where +I found a small encampment of ordnance surveyors +with theodolite and heliostat. Their immediate +object was to obtain by direct observation the bearing +of Snowdon, ninety-six miles off (as I think they said), +to form the side of one of their principal triangles. A +corresponding station was set up on the top of +Snowdon, whence after many days’ waiting in vain +the long-wished-for star of light reflected from the sun +by the mirror on Snowdon, became faintly but clearly +visible through the telescope at Scawfell. It had been +seen on three days altogether, two of which were successive. +The obstruction to light by a few miles of mist, +etc., in the lower layers of the atmosphere, contrasts +forcibly with the ease with which every detail of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span>far more distant moon becomes visible when risen but +a few degrees above the horizon.</p> + +<p>Talking of such things reminds me of an elementary +but very neat little problem that was set +about this time in one of the College examination +papers. It has often served me as a rough reminder +of the constants involved, so I give it:—</p> + +<p>“The tops of two masts, each ten feet above calm +water, are just visible to one another at a distance of +eight miles; what is the diameter of the earth? +Aerial refraction is not to be taken into account.” I +leave its solution to the reader.</p> + +<p>One of the features of my stay at the Lakes was +the wrestling and other field sports, then much more +homely in their accessories than they are now. I took +lessons from one of the family of Ivens, among whom +were many noted wrestlers. My teacher was the +light-weight champion of the year. It was interesting +to observe the wary approach and half-catchings of the +opponents before one of them succeeded in grappling; +then the tug-of-war began.</p> + +<p>An event occurred at this time closely similar in +many respects, but not in its most painful details, +to one previously related by De Quincey in his +reminiscences of S. T. Coleridge, as having occurred +in the Lake District in the early years of last century. +I was quite ignorant of it till very lately, when I +happened to be reading his book. My story is that +of a Polish Count, O., who appeared at Keswick with +scant introductions, took a house, and made himself +most agreeable. I fell at once under his influence, +for he seemed to me extraordinarily accomplished. +He had all sorts of books and instruments, and even +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>a tame monkey! So the Count throve and prospered +for a while. But a lady resident in the neighbourhood +who had been connected in her youth with one of +the German Courts, and who studied the Almanach +de Gotha and the like, insisted that the Count’s claims +to the title were totally unfounded. So a small +warfare raged. In the meantime the Count won the +affections of a simple girl, the orphan child of a +somewhat wealthy “statesman,” that is what we +should call a yeoman farmer. He married her, and +afterwards ran away with as much of her money as +he could get hold of, leaving her with the questionable +title of Countess as her only consolation. This finale +occurred after I had left.</p> + +<p>I grieve deeply that I knew little at that time +of the Lake Poets, except Byron’s lines on the +correct poetical creed—</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“Thou shall believe in Milton, Dryden, Pope;</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Thou shall not trust in Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey....”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>In consequence, I made no effort to obtain the +honour of seeing and possibly receiving some slight +introduction to any one of its then living members. +Neither did I ever see Dr. Arnold, though I walked +with Strickland, one of our reading party and a +former pupil of his, as far as his door, which he +entered to spend half an hour with him, while I +waited and envied.</p> + +<p>Strickland was the son of a well-known Yorkshire +baronet. He joined me in many pleasant walks from +London after my college days, of which I especially +recollect one in the then rural Isle of Wight, when +there was little more than a single house at Shanklin, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>and that was its pretty, rustic hotel. The times of +travel from London so fitted in, that the walk from +Ryde about Easter-time began well before twilight, +and we reached Shanklin not too late to be taken +in and to thoroughly enjoy the moonlit evening. +Strickland was a strong swimmer, but he got into +some difficulty next morning owing to the surf and +undercurrents at the place where he entered the sea. +He returned safely to shore, to my great relief, but +much tired from long battling with the water.</p> + +<p>His end was tragic. It occurred in North America, +when winter had just set in, near some well-known +watering-place whose name I forget, separated by a +low range of hills from another watering place about +sixteen miles off. The road between the two was perfectly +simple and easy in summer, but not so in the +snowdrifts and darkness of winter. Strickland would +attempt it, though much was said to dissuade him: +he never reached his destination. A relief party +tracked his wanderings. He seemed to have acted +as one demented by the hardship, for he had stripped +off his clothes and thrown them away, one after the +other, even his boots, so that his dead body was +almost wholly undressed. That was the story I +heard from two persons.</p> + +<p>On returning to Cambridge after the first long +vacation, I was put steadily to mathematical work, +coming at length under that most distinguished +Cambridge tutor, William Hopkins (1793-1866), +mathematician and geologist. He kindly took a +good deal of interest in me and gave me much +encouragement, but the hopes he fostered were +shattered by serious illness, which precluded severe +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>study during my third year, as will be mentioned +farther on. At a later date I found myself his +colleague as Joint Secretary to the British Association, +but his health had by then declined and his +fine intellect begun to fail. I never had a tutor +whom I reverenced and loved so entirely as +Hopkins.</p> + +<p>It was early in my second year that I entered +into a close friendship with two Etonians. The one +was Henry Fitzmaurice Hallam (1824-1850), the +younger son of the historian Henry Hallam (1777-1859) +and brother to Arthur Hallam (1811-1833), the +subject of Tennyson’s <i>In Memoriam</i>. The other +friend was F. Campbell, the eldest son of Lord +Campbell (1779-1861), then Lord Chief-Justice, and +afterwards Lord Chancellor. F. Campbell became +in later years, through succession, Lord Stratheden +and Campbell. I owe much to each of these fast +friends, but in different ways.</p> + +<p>Harry Hallam had a singular sweetness and +attractiveness of manner, with a love of harmless +banter and paradox, and was keenly sympathetic +with all his many friends. He won the Second +Chancellor’s Medal. Through him I became introduced +to his father’s house, still shadowed by the +sudden death of his son Arthur and of a daughter. +Mr. Hallam was very kind to me, and the friendship +of him and of his family was one of the corner-stones +of my life-history. I met many eminent persons at +his house. Harry Hallam, like his brother and sister, +died suddenly and young, to my poignant grief. His +death occurred while I was away in South Africa. +I have visited the quiet church at Clevedon where +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span>all the Hallams lie, each memorial stone bearing a +briefly pathetic inscription, and kneeling alone in a +pew by their side, spent the greater part of a solitary +hour in unrestrained tears.</p> + +<p>F. Campbell had set for himself an ideal of public +life that was too high for his powers, and many would +say that he greatly failed in it. It may be so, but he +had what I prized beyond anything else, a capacity +for steady friendship, and a disposition unalloyed by +pettiness. I always found help when consulting him +about any of my own difficulties, because he put things +in fresh lights and always with noble intent. He +died in 1893. Through being his friend, I was +entertained with much kindness by his father at +Stratheden House, and received important help on +more than one occasion.</p> + +<p>It was mainly through these two men, Hallam and +Campbell, that I first became acquainted with most +of the ablest undergraduates of that day. Of these +Maine (Sir Henry S. Maine, 1822-1888) ranked the +highest. He had a great charm of manner with much +beauty of feature, and was one of the few non-Trinity +men who became thoroughly at home in Trinity itself. +In later years, when he had become an eminent jurist +and had filled with distinction the highest legal post +in India, I used to enjoy long talks with him at the +Athenæum Club, mostly on topics connected with +Primitive Culture.</p> + +<p>The subject of prehistoric civilisation was novel +even so late as the early fifties, and was discussed +independently from two different sides. The line +of approach that Maine followed was to investigate +the customs of the so-called Aryan races. The other +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span>line was by the study of living savage races, and of +such inferences regarding the past as might be drawn +from implements and bones preserved in prehistoric +graves and caverns. The horizon of the Antiquarians +was so narrow at about the date of my Cambridge +days, that the whole history of the early world was +literally believed, by many of the best informed men, +to be contained in the Pentateuch. It was also +practically supposed that nothing more of importance +could be learnt of the origins of civilisation during +classical times than was to be found definitely stated +in classical authors.</p> + +<p>Sir H. Maine considerably extended this narrow +horizon through his close analysis of classical writings +in the light of his Indian experiences, but he was +always tempted to look on what was really a very +advanced form of civilisation as if it had been +primitive, and thereby laid himself open to violent +attack. Among his opponents, J. F. MacLennan +(1827-1881), the author of <i>Marriage by Capture</i>, etc., +was eminently impetuous, and Maine, knowing that +I was well acquainted with him, begged me to do +what I could to moderate his controversial tone; +I tried in vain. This, however, is travelling many +years ahead. I had often occasion to consult Sir H. +Maine on subjects that I had then in hand, and always +found him a most helpful adviser.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to select illustrative episodes of my +Cambridge days. William Johnson Cory, then known +as Johnson of King’s (1823-1892), “Poet, and Master +at Eton,” was a remarkable character. He was +easily the first classic of his year, as tested by the +brilliancy of his performance in gaining the Craven +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span>Scholarship soon after joining the University. At +that time he was eccentric, very short-sighted, and +Johnsonian in appearance, but these peculiarities wore +off so much that, on his calling on me some years +afterwards, fashionably dressed and polished in manner, +I did not at first recognise him. He took an active +part in a small Epigram Club which flourished for +a while and then ceased, but which gave rise to some +good verses. I recollect the roll of the first line of +one by Maine—“King Daniel of Derrinane ...”—that +referred to a recent action of Daniel O’Connell.</p> + +<p>Tom Taylor (1817-1880), “Dramatist and Editor +of <i>Punch</i>,” was full of vigour and versatility, but +a few years older than those of whom I have been +speaking. He had recently been elected Fellow of +the College. In those days <i>Punch</i> was newly started, +and Tom Taylor thought he could do better, so he +founded a weekly comic paper called <i>Puck</i>, for which +he endeavoured to obtain contributors. It was fairly +good, but did not live long. Many years later he +became editor of the very periodical he then wished +to crush.</p> + +<p>I saw much of Joseph and E. Kay, half-brothers +of Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth (1804-1877), who was +the “Founder of English Popular Education.” Joseph +Kay (1821-1878), “Economist,” was appointed +“Travelling Bachelor,” a University post that at that +time attracted little competition, because the conditions +attached to its tenure were inconvenient to most rising +men. Its possession, therefore, carried little weight. +But Joseph Kay utilised to the full his position of +“Travelling Bachelor of the University of Cambridge” +in obtaining help abroad, and he wrote and published +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>a valuable Report with that title, which attracted +much attention. He took in it an opposite position +to one previously occupied by Whewell. I beg to be +pardoned if my memory plays tricks, but my impression +is that Whewell’s efforts to subdue his own +indignation at being bearded in this way by a mere +“Travelling Bachelor” were all the more amusing +because he was impotent to retort. Joseph Kay was +perfectly in order in asserting his rank; he was +judged by competent outsiders to have written very +ably, and he was no longer a resident in Trinity +College within immediate reach of Whewell’s wrath.</p> + +<p>E. Kay (1822-1897), afterwards Lord Justice of +Appeal, had rooms on the same staircase as myself, +and we wasted a great deal of time together, both in +term and in my second summer vacation. But +however idle he may have been at College, he richly +made up for it afterwards by hard and steady legal +work, out of which he finally emerged as a Judge +with a large fortune made at the Bar.</p> + +<p>Charles Buxton (1823-1871), son of the philanthropist +Sir T. Fowell Buxton (1786-1845) and +father of the present Postmaster-General, was another +intimate friend. He was a far-off relative of my own, +and one of the most favourable examples of a Rugby +product under Dr. Arnold. Other similar examples +of highly favourable products occur at once to the +memory, such as Dean Stanley, Dean Lake, and +Walrond, but unquestionably the common opinion of +Cambridge undergraduates then assigned the epithet +of “prig” to most Rugby boys. I can exactly recall +the combination of qualities that occasioned the +offence; they were partly an unconscious Phariseeism +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span>combined with want of “go,” and partly a Rugby +voice and manner. Eton boys were rated far higher +than they. I do not recollect whether any generalisation +was formed at that time in respect to Harrow +boys, who were then few in number. To return to +Charles Buxton, he gave me the idea of perfection in +respect to a highly honourable class of mind. This +did not include exceptional brilliance, such as characterised +some of the men mentioned above, but it +did include most of the manly virtues and as much +common sense as was consistent with a charming dash +of originality. His elder brother Fowell, who has +lately died, had rooms on the same staircase as myself.</p> + +<p>W. G. Clark (1821-1878) was another contemporary +of whom I saw much then and in after years. +His strong bent had been towards diplomacy, but +he wanted the fortune and connections necessary for +success in such a career, so his desire remained +unfulfilled. He loved to bring back impressions of +travel, whether made in the Peloponnesus or in the +rear of Garibaldi. He was Public Orator of the +University for many years, and Vice-Master of +Trinity College. Consequently, as a matter of course +in those days, he was an ordained clergyman. But +he chafed under the fetters of orthodoxy, and became +a prominent member of the small group of men who +procured the Act that allowed clergymen to retire +from their office without retaining clerical disabilities. +His career was clouded towards its end by insidious +mental disease. He lived long retired in almost +complete solitude in a Yorkshire inn, but sometimes +sent bits of elegant Greek poetry to old classical +friends, as to Justice Denman. A small volume of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span>poems published under his initials contains some gems. +He had lost a favourite male cousin in youth whose +death affected him deeply and gave the chief motive +to the book of poems in question.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>My second long vacation was spent with a reading +party in Aberfeldy, in Perthshire, under the guidance +of two tutors as usual, of whom one was Arthur +Cayley (1821-1895), whose mathematical work soon +gained a world-wide reputation. He and Sylvester +(1814-1897) became the two leading mathematicians +of England. Cayley was reputed to be the more solid, +Sylvester the more daring and brilliant. I saw +much of Sylvester a dozen or more years after the +date of which I now speak, and for a brief time also +at the English Lakes. He was a great friend of +Cayley, and corresponded with him very often about +his own numerous new ideas, becoming subsequently +depressed or elated according to the tenor of the +answer. Over and over again I have heard him say, +“I must send this to Cayley,” or again, “Cayley has +pointed out a difficulty.” He was charmingly naïve, +and both were men of prodigious mental power. +When the time came for adjudging the Copley Medal to +one or other of them, the highest honour of the Royal +Society, which it annually bestows on the foremost +man in science of whatever branch, in all Europe, +there was much discussion as to which of the two +should first have it. I was a member of its Council +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span>at the time; the opinions of most of us, including +myself, were of course largely guided by those of the +eminent mathematicians who were also members of +it, and by the result of private inquiries. The opinions +in favour of Sylvester prevailed; Cayley received the +Medal a few years subsequently.</p> + +<p>Never was a man whose outer physique so belied +his powers as that of Cayley. There was something +eerie and uncanny in his ways, that inclined strangers +to pronounce him neither to be wholly sane nor gifted +with much intelligence, which was the very reverse +of the truth. Again, he appeared so frail as to be +incapable of ordinary physical work; not a bit of it. +One morning he coached us as usual and dined early +with us at our usual hour. The next morning he did +the same, all just as before, but it afterwards transpired +that he had not been to bed at all in the meantime, but +had tramped all night through over the moors to and +about Loch Rannoch. As to memory, I found by +pure accident that he could repeat poetry by the yard +so to speak, and that of many kinds. His shy, +retiring ways did no justice whatever to his gigantic +mental capacity.</p> + +<p>I was, in a very humble way, able to compare the +work of various mathematical teachers with that of +Cayley. The latter moved his symbols in battalions, +along broad roads, careless of short cuts, and he +managed them with the easy command of a great +general. The very look of his papers, written in +firm handwriting and well proportioned lengths of line, +bore thoroughness and accuracy on their face. This +is not over fanciful. William Spottiswoode (1825-1883), +himself a mathematician and President of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span>Royal Society, of whom I shall have to speak later, +laid much stress on the general aspect of mathematical +papers as indicating in many ways the value of their +contents, and I could quote other authorities to a +similar effect.</p> + +<p>We had a pleasant and a social time at Aberfeldy, +for the residents in the neighbourhood were very kind +to us. Sir Neil and Lady Menzies of Menzies +Castle, to whom I had an introduction, lived amid +Highland surroundings. One of these consisted of a +full-dressed piper who strutted up and down the long +hall during dinner with the self-sufficiency of the +drum-major of a regimental band, squirling on his +abominable instrument. But there was also an +abundance of Southern culture.</p> + +<p>The visit of the Queen to Lord Breadalbane at +the neighbouring Castle of Taymouth gave rise to the +following permanent impression on me. On returning +to my rooms after a walk, I found all my books +and things taken away and replaced by the gear of a +cavalry officer, who was sitting uninvited at my own +table as lord and master of it. I could hardly contain +my wrath, but he was courteous and amused, though +firm. He was billeted there, consequently I must +give way and yield my occupancy to him. He had +been told there was another room available for me to +which my things had been taken, but go I must and +at once. This little incident made me realise the +odiousness and too probable insolence of military rule, +and the lesson sank deep. I gained on the spot a +Quaker-like repugnance to the sight of the accoutrements +of a soldier, that exists to this day under +certain conditions, and its source is still recognisable.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> + +<p>On returning to Cambridge the old life recommenced, +but on an enlarged scale, and more +friends were made, among whom were George +Denman (1819-1896), afterwards a Judge, and the +son of Lord Chief-Justice Denman (1779-1854). He +combined classical capacity with power of muscle and +endurance, both in a very high degree, for he was +Senior Classic of his year and Stroke Oar of the +University crew. He lived a double life, warily looking +after his own boat crew, the First Trinity, and +joining their rollickings in order to keep them within +bounds, but doing hard mental work at other hours. +I think he was perhaps the most respected of all the +undergraduates. In after years he told me the +following extraordinary anecdote of Macaulay’s +memory. He, Denman, had obtained the prize for +Greek verse and had to recite his composition. +Macaulay was a guest at Trinity Lodge and heard +the recitation. Some years after, when Denman had +half forgotten the occurrence and imperfectly recollected +what he had then written, he was introduced +to Macaulay, who exclaimed at once, “Why, it was +you who recited those verses,” which he straightway +repeated.</p> + +<p>Memories so crowd on me that I find it difficult +to stop. Something ought to have been said of a +singularly attractive man with quaint turns of thought, +H. Vaughan Johnson, who lived on the same staircase +as myself, and who collaborated in legal work with +E. Kay, of whom I have already spoken. He married +a sister of my friend, then F. Campbell, afterwards +Lord Stratheden and Campbell.</p> + +<p>Also I should mention W. F. Gibbs, who became +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>tutor to the then Prince of Wales, now King +Edward <span class="allsmcap">VII.</span> Gibbs obtained his Trinity Scholarship +at the same time as F. Gell, who was afterwards +Bishop of Madras. Gibbs was gifted with agility; +Gell was very short-sighted, and the reverse of agile, +but he possessed a grand nose, the finest I have ever +seen, and a glory to the College. These two, as +Gibbs told me, exuberant with joy from gaining their +scholarships, rushed down the avenue of limes at the +back of the College and through the gate at the end, +where a row of low bars confronted them; Gibbs, +who led, jumped lightly over them, but Gell, who +followed, blundered, tripped, fell heavily on his +face, and ruined his grand nose for ever. The bars +are still there; whenever I pass that way I recall the +tragedy.</p> + +<p>Two events may be mentioned to show how long +the duelling spirit lingered. One was a row at the +Union which nearly dismembered it. I partly forget +how it originated, and it would hardly be worth while +to record it if I did. It culminated in the formation +of two fiercely opposed parties, P. and C., and by a +leading member of the C. party being bludgeoned in +the dark by two members of the P. party. They +had awaited his exit from the dark staircase leading +from his rooms into Neville Court. The tumult that +this caused among the already excited undergraduates +is barely conceivable. The C. party, to which I +belonged, formed itself into a Committee and sent to +an Indian officer, then living with his family in +Cambridge, entreating him to come and advise us +how to act. The officer himself happened to be +delayed for half an hour, but he sent in advance, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>quite as a matter of course, a neat box containing +a pair of duelling pistols ready for use.</p> + +<p>I may add that a special meeting of the Union +was forthwith called, for which it was obviously +necessary to provide an exceptionally strong but +neutral President. A man known as “First Trinity” +Young (I forget his Christian name), who died in +early life or he might have highly distinguished +himself, was selected for the purpose, and he executed +admirably his most difficult task. It gave me +a lesson in administration. He began with a brief +but emphatic request for cordial support from both +sides, adding that every question had more than one +aspect. Humorous but apt remarks were thrown out +by him now and then. An equally patient hearing +was given to all parties, and a few occasional interruptions +were firmly repressed. The meeting parted +with its members much more disposed towards +working relations than before; so the extremity of +the crisis was passed.</p> + +<p>Its consequence was, however, the constitution of +an opposition society, called the “Historical,” in which +more attention should be paid to decorum and to the +amenities of debate than had latterly been customary +in the Union. About sixty members joined it, and, +partly because I was then living out of College in a +house where there was a possible meeting room, I +was asked to preside, which I did. My old friend +Dr. H. Holden (1823-1896), with whom I was +speaking some few years ago of this very incident, +assured me that among the active members of the +“Historical” was Stanley, afterwards the 15th Earl +of Derby (1826-1893). He entered the University +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span>not long before I quitted it, during, I suppose, my +absence of one term from Cambridge through illness. +Anyhow, I do not in the least recollect his presence.</p> + +<p>Speaking of the still lingering practice of duelling, +C. Bristed, an American who came to Cambridge for +a couple of years or so, and whose racy ways made +him everywhere an acceptable guest, had a strange +experience. Some few years after we had left the +University, F. Campbell asked us both to dine with +him at Stratheden House, where he was at the +moment the only member of his family in residence. +Bristed gave us there the full account of a duel in +which he had unexpectedly become engaged. It +occurred near a German watering-place that lay +within a short distance of French territory. He +had been criticising his future opponent pretty +freely in a local paper, with the result that on +leaving church with his young wife, where they +had just joined in taking the Sacrament, a note +was handed to him containing a challenge, and +suggesting a place in French territory for the +encounter. There seemed no other feasible course +than to accept that most untimely challenge, which +he did. On arriving at the ground, the combatants +were placed 40 paces apart, with instructions to +walk towards one another, each to fire his one shot +whenever he thought proper. Bristed, who was +rather short-sighted, said that his opponent looked +absurdly far away, and that he considered the safest +plan for himself was to “draw” his adversary’s shot +before they came nearer together, which he did. He +fired harmlessly, and a harmless shot came in reply. +All the time he was recounting this very irregular +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span>proceeding, I kept the corner of my eye fixed on a +portrait of the Lord Chief-Justice, that hung opposite, +and thought how incongruous the conversation was +with its presence.</p> + +<p>I received a kindly welcome from time to time +after leaving Cambridge, in the homes of not a few of +my fellow-undergraduates. One was that of Robert, +afterwards Sir Robert Dalyell. His father, Captain +Sir William Dalyell, was a naval veteran with a scar +across his face left by a severe gash, who had quarters +in Greenwich Hospital as one of the Captains in command, +the constitution of Greenwich Hospital being +then totally different from what it is now. The family +consisted of himself, Lady Dalyell, and their two +daughters. Numerous friends appeared every Sunday. +We visitors walked and had tea, spending healthful +and delightful summer afternoons, usually returning to +London by river. The life of a young bachelor in not +over elegant lodgings is vastly cheered by such occasional +outings. They give great pleasure all round +with very little expenditure either of exertion or of +cost.</p> + +<p>The family of Crompton Hutton, who lived at +Putney Park, were most kind in a similar way, to +myself, to E. Kay, and many others. That family +was soon sadly broken up by deaths. One of the +merriest of the sisters in those days was the wife, and +latterly the widow, of Lord Lingen, who herself has +died since I first wrote these lines. Lord Lingen was, +I need hardly add, for a long time one of the most +valuable civil servants of his country, first at the +Education Office and afterwards at the Treasury.</p> + +<p>It was during my third year at Cambridge that I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span>broke down entirely in health and had to lose a term +and go home. I suffered from intermittent pulse and +a variety of brain symptoms of an alarming kind. A +mill seemed to be working inside my head; I could +not banish obsessing ideas; at times I could hardly +read a book, and found it painful even to look at a +printed page. Fortunately, I did not suffer from +sleeplessness, and my digestion failed but little. +Even a brief interval of complete mental rest did me +good, and it seemed as if a long dose of it might +wholly restore me. It would have been madness to +continue the kind of studious life that I had been +leading. I had been much too zealous, had worked +too irregularly and in too many directions, and had +done myself serious harm. It was as though I had +tried to make a steam-engine perform more work than +it was constructed for, by tampering with its safety +valve and thereby straining its mechanism. Happily, +the human body may sometimes repair itself, which +the steam-engine cannot.</p> + +<p>As it had become impossible for me to continue +reading for mathematical honours, I abandoned all +further intention of trying for them, and occupied part +of my remaining time at Cambridge in attending +medical lectures to fill up the necessary quota of +attendances that should qualify for a medical degree. +I spent my third long vacation in travelling with my +sister Emma in Germany. We stayed some weeks +in Dresden, where we joined the Hallams and accompanied +them during a little further travel, and +then I took my sister round by Vienna and back +home. Those were days of travelling by voiturier +and diligence.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p> + +<p>There was a good deal of talk at that time about +animal magnetism. Its practice in Saxony was +forbidden by law, but an Austrian acquaintance in +Dresden invited me to his house across the frontier, +where I saw the elementary part of its practice, +namely, its inducing catalepsy and insensibility to +pain. I afterwards practised it at home, and +magnetised some eighty persons in this way; but it is +an unwholesome procedure, and I have never attempted +it since. One experience was, however, of interest. +I had been assured that success was the effect of +strength of will on the part of the magnetiser, so at +first I exerted all the will-power I possessed, which +was fatiguing. I then, by way of experiment, intermitted +a little, looking all the time in the same way +as before, and found myself equally successful. So I +intermitted more and more, and at last succeeded in +letting my mind ramble freely while I maintained the +same owl-like demeanour. This acted just as well. +The safe conclusion was that the effect is purely +subjective on the part of the patient, and that will-power +on the part of the operator has nothing to do +with it.</p> + +<p>A main object of giving the foregoing brief notices +of notable persons with whom I had the privilege of +being acquainted at Cambridge, is to show the +enormous advantages offered by a University to those +who care to profit by them. The body of undergraduates +contains a very large majority of men of +mediocre gifts and tastes, but it has also a strong +infusion of the highest intellects of their age and +country, picked out of all the schools of England. +Among any body of young educated Englishmen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span>collected at random, some few will probably be found +who are destined to rise to distinction, but among a +group of those who are ranked as the foremost in a +University, more than one half of them will do so.</p> + +<p>For my own part, I had hoped to take respectable +mathematical honours, though perhaps it was never +in my power to do so, notwithstanding the assurances +of my eminent tutor, Mr. Hopkins. But the utter +breakdown of my health in my third year, as already +explained, made further study of a severe kind impossible. +I therefore followed my bent in reading +what I could, and my time was by no means wasted. +I contented myself with a Poll Degree. Judge therefore +of my surprise a few years ago, while passing a +winter on the Riviera, when a telegram reached me +saying I had been elected to the rare honour of an +Honorary Fellowship in Trinity College. I thought +at first it must be a mistake, but it was not. Nay +more, hearing that a copy of a portrait recently made +of me by the late Charles Furse (see frontispiece) +would be acceptable, I had one made and offered it +to the authorities of the College. It now hangs in +its Hall among those of men with whom I feel it the +highest possible honour to be associated in any way.</p> + +<p>I must recur briefly to the close of my medical +education. As already mentioned, I attended some +lectures during one term at Cambridge, but had not +even admittance to the then small Addenbrook +Hospital. I have little to tell about this period that +would interest others than myself. It was thought +well that I should complete my course in London +at St. George’s, for the purpose of seeing new +conditions of medical treatment. I attended these +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>necessarily in a desultory way, on account of an +impending domestic sorrow. My dear father’s +originally fine constitution, long tried by severe +asthma and gout, had at length seriously given way. +He required continual medical and surgical treatment +and trusted in me, so to him I went. The end came +in October 1844 at Hastings. His remains had to +be taken to Leamington. It was a wretched journey, +for the railway was not even then completed the +whole way.</p> + +<p>The effect of his death was to remove the main +bond that kept our family together, and we soon +became more or less separated. Two of my sisters +married within the year, and I found myself with a +sufficient fortune to make me independent of the +medical profession. So my status of pupilhood was +closed, and I had henceforth to be my own director. +Being much upset and craving for a healthier life, I +abandoned all thought of becoming a physician, but +felt most grateful for the enlarged insight into Nature +that I had acquired through medical experiences.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br> +<span class="smaller">EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN</span></h2> + +<p>Family matters—Malta and Alexandria—Nile—Korosko—Berber by +desert—Boat to Khartum and White Nile—Bayouda Desert to +Dongola—Wady Halfa and Cairo—Recent visit to Professor Petrie’s +camp at Abydos</p> + +</div> + +<p>The home side of my surroundings has been +only slightly alluded to, not that it was of +small importance to myself, but because it belonged +to a different phase of my life from that with which +I am here chiefly concerned. When I had outgrown +the tuition of my sister Adele, I led in one sense +a solitary life. For though I joined my other two +unmarried sisters in their social amusements, I was +always treated by them and their companions as a +boy, and I felt during this time like an only child +with aunts. Their affection to me was deep, so was +mine to them, but it was not and could not be +reciprocated on equal terms. But I received in full +measure the priceless treasure of a home, in which +each member knew the essential characteristics, good +and bad, of all the others, and who loved each other +all the same, and would support him or her through +thick and thin. The younger of my brothers, Erasmus, +was mostly away; in the first instance in the navy, +afterwards in farming his property in Somersetshire, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>or again in service as an officer in the Militia. My +elder brother Darwin was a great favourite among +his friends from his early life onwards. He used +me as his fag when I was a boy, and taught me to be +fairly smart. I imbibed many common-sense maxims +from him, but our ideals of life differed to an almost +absurd degree: he had not the slightest care for +literature or science, and I had no taste for country +pursuits. Our differences of temperament became +more marked the older we grew. These few remarks, +in connection with what has previously been said, +will give a supplementary idea of what my surroundings +had been during much of my boyhood. It was +now the year 1845, when I was twenty-three years +old, and the acuteness of my late bereavement had +passed away.</p> + +<p>After the necessary legal business was finished, +the members of the family gradually adapted themselves +to their new conditions. My sister Emma +lived thenceforth with my mother, whose house, +whether at Claverdon or Leamington, I always +thought of as “home.” Emma soon became my +loving and beloved correspondent, continuing so +during the remaining seventy years of her long life, +ever devoted to my interests and keenly sympathetic. +I was indeed fortunate in possessing such an unselfish +and affectionate sister. My sister Lucy was in +suffering health, from the results of acute rheumatic +fever when a child, and lived only three years longer. +My sisters Bessy and Adele were then either married +or about to be married; my eldest brother Darwin +was married and living with his young wife and her +mother, Mrs. Philips, at her country house, called +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span>“Edstone,” between Stratford-on-Avon and Henley-on-Arden; +and my second brother Erasmus was, +as already said, at his estate at Loxton in Somersetshire.</p> + +<p>I was therefore free, and I eagerly desired a complete +change; besides, I had many “wild oats” yet +to sow. So I started on travel, this time to Egypt. +At Malta I found my old friend Robert Frere, of +whom I have already spoken. He was acting +medically towards his uncle, Hookham Frere, much +as I had been acting towards my own father. +Hookham Frere was too unwell to be seen, or I +should greatly have valued the privilege of a few +words with so accomplished a man, whatever his +diplomatic shortcomings may have been. Not the +less so because of the amusing parody written jointly +by himself and Canning of my grandfather Darwin’s +<i>Loves of the Plants</i> under the title of <i>Loves of the +Triangles</i>, which gave a <i>coup de grâce</i> to the turgid +poetry that had become a temporary craze in my +grandfather’s time.</p> + +<p>At Malta I took steamer to Alexandria, and found +two Cambridge friends on board, who had been +travelling in Greece. They were Montagu Boulton, +the third and youngest brother of Matthew Boulton, +and Hedworth Barclay, a very distant kinsman of my +own and the son of David Barclay of Eastwick Park. +We ultimately agreed to join. Boulton had a first-rate +courier named Evard, who had also been groom +of the chamber to one of the most fashionable of +English families. Barclay had a good Greek cook, +Christopher, and I was to contribute a dragoman, +which I did. His name was Ali.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> + +<p>Mehemet Ali was at that time the ruler of Egypt. +Barclay had an audience of him, and received the +usual firman entitling us to impress men to pull up +our boat at certain well-known places where the +stream is exceptionally strong. I myself saw the +old greybeard driving, but that was all. Shepherd’s +Hotel then looked out upon rice-fields, and modern +Cairo did not exist, but Waghorn’s overland wagons +to Suez had been established. After some stay +at Cairo, we hired a dahabeyah; Barclay put on +board a keg of his own porter, and so we started, +intending to live luxuriously and in grand style. +We also engaged an Arab lad as coffee-bearer +and to make himself generally useful, who went +by the name of Bob. He turned out to be a lad +of parts.</p> + +<p>The mornings were delightful. We rolled out of our +beds half awake and tumbled ourselves into the river, +climbing back very wide awake indeed into the boat +by help of the big rudder, to the exquisite enjoyment +of the first cup of coffee and a pipe. We chattered +with Bob, the captain, sailors, and others, and soon +smattered in Arabic. Boulton studied it classically as +well, working very hard. So the voyage proceeded +in the usual way. We were pulled safely up the First +Cataract, and onward we went.</p> + +<p>When near Korosko, men had to be impressed, but +a person in a rather shabby Egyptian dress, but of +Egyptian rank as a Bey, claimed and insisted on +precedence. We were cross, and relieved our minds +by the use of uncomplimentary English words. But +by the time we had walked together to Korosko we +had become fairly friendly, for he was a far more +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>interesting man than we had supposed, and had much +to tell us in French. He invited us to see his hut, +where everything was perfectly clean and well ordered. +Small as it was, a scientific and literary air pervaded +it. There were maps, good books and scientific +instruments of various kinds, so my heart warmed +towards him. Then he began to address us in fairly +good English, and made us understand that he was +quite aware of our phrases when we were cross, and that +he forgave us, but did so in a dignified way. There +was one thing we could do well which he could not, +and that was to provide a really good dinner. Evard +and the cook rose at once to the occasion, and nothing +could have been managed in better style under the +circumstances.</p> + +<p>The stranger proved to be Arnaud Bey, one of +the distinguished St. Simonians who, having been +banished from France, helped greatly to civilise Egypt +in the days of Mehemet Ali. He had just returned +from a long exploratory journey after gold and other +valuable products in the districts about the Blue Nile. +It will be hard now for a reader to put himself in the +attitude of geographical ignorance that was then +almost universal in respect to those places. Arnaud +said at last, “Why do you content yourself like other +tourists to go no farther than Wady Halfa? Why not +travel overland by camel from this very place, +Korosko, to Khartum? The Sheikh of the intervening +Bishari Desert is in the village at this very moment. +I know him well, and can easily arrange that he shall +take you to Berber at moderate cost. You will then +find your way by boat to Khartum.” We were amazed +at the proposition, for the very names of those places +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>were unknown to us. He drew a map on a small +piece of paper for us to keep, on which he marked +bits of useful information. At length, after hours +of eating and drinking and talking, we fell wholly +into his plan. The +Sheikh was sent for, +and I shall never +forget his entrance. +The cabin reeked +with the smells of a +recent carouse, when +the door opened and +there stood the tall +Sheikh, marked with +sand on his forehead +that indicated recent +prostration in prayer. +The pure moonlight +flooded the Bacchanalian +cabin, and the +clear cool desert air +poured in. I felt +swinish in the presence +of his Moslem +purity and imposing +mien. For all that, we +soon came to terms, +and were to start the day after the morrow. The boat +was to be sent to Wady Halfa under Bob in chief +command to await our return there, and we three and +our three servants were to travel into the unknown +on the backs of beasts strange to our experience. +So it all befell.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp42" id="illus1" style="max-width: 25.0em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus1.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p> + +<p>A more complete change can hardly be imagined +than that from a luxurious cabin to nightly open-air +bivouacs on the cold sand. Our first day was the +customary march of little more than an hour, to be +assured that nothing needful had been omitted. The +next day the real journey began. The track we +followed was presumably the same that has been +followed since the most ancient days; it bore marks +of its continued use during recent times in the whitened +bones with which it was strewed. Sometimes we +came across a camel whose skin had not yet disappeared, +but formed a hollow shell including marrowless +and porous bones. These desiccated remains +were of most unexpected lightness. My arm is far +from strong, but I easily lifted with one hand and +held aloft the quarter of a camel in this dried-up +state.</p> + +<p>The ribbed rocks looked like the bones of the +earth from which all the flesh, in the shape of soil +and vegetation, had been blown away as sand and +dust. Travellers by the railway that now runs along +that very track can ill appreciate the effect the desert +had on such as myself at that time. Ali proved an +excellent and devoted servant. I long bore in mind +his kindness to me on one bitterly cold night, for +the nights were sometimes extremely chill, in quietly +taking off his own jacket and wrapping it round my +shivering body.</p> + +<p>Many strangers joined our slowly moving caravan. +One group was such as is frequently seen on similar +occasions; it consisted of a husband on foot, with +his wife and child mounted on a donkey, like the +often-painted subject of the Flight of the Holy +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span>Family into Egypt. Another personage was a +middle-aged and rather mild-looking individual, who +possessed little more than a sword, and was on his +way to Abyssinia, where some fighting was expected +with neighbouring savage tribes. He proposed to +take part in it, and to make his profit from the slaves +he captured. He was an old hand at this, and his +businesslike account of the process was explicit. It +was a moot question with him on each occasion when +a man had been captured, whether to mutilate him at +once or not. If so, the man was apt to die, and +would certainly require costly attention for a long +time; on the other hand, if he recovered, his market +value was greatly increased. I shall have a little +to say later on of some results of the particular slave-hunting +expedition which this worthy person went +to join.</p> + +<p>A caravan yields so many strange experiences +and affords so many occasions of mutual helpfulness +and of friendships, that it is easy to understand the +importance of the Hadj pilgrimage in uniting +Moslems. I have often wished that something of +the sort could be revived among ourselves, such as +the famous Canterbury Pilgrimage of Chaucer, but +the religious motive for real pilgrimages is generally +wanting in Protestant countries. The Congresses of +large itinerant societies like the British Association, in +some few respects may be considered as taking the +place of pilgrimages, but they want the long hours +and days of open-air life, hard exercise, and leisure.</p> + +<p>After four days’ travel from morning to evening, +we came to a half-way place where a brack but +drinkable water was to be had, which replaced the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>redolent stuff that our water-skins afforded, and so +on for four more days, when we reached the Nile at +Abu Hamed, having cut across its huge bend. Oh! +the delights to such tourists as we were, of a +temporary exemption from the discomforts of the +desert, and of unlimited rations of water. We +travelled farther by the side of the Nile for another +three days or so, till Berber was reached, when we +paid our dues and said good-bye to the camels. The +Governor of Berber was very civil; the sherbet he +gave us, though made from limes and not from +lemons, tasted heavenly. He gave me a monkey, +and I bought another, and these two were my +constant companions on camel-back and everywhere +else for many months, until I reached England.</p> + +<p>A boat had here to be hired to take us up to +Khartum. We got one in which the part below +decks was much too low to stand in, and it swarmed +with cockroaches, but it sufficed. The people at +Berber were unruly, and so obstructive that the +boatmen feared to enter with us into their own boat. +However, we showed determination, and pushed off +into the stream, with the result that first one and then +another of the men ran alongside and plunged into +the water and swam to the boat and turned its head +up stream. We then set sail to Khartum.</p> + +<p>In due time we passed Shendy, the scene of the +recent massacre of Abbas Pasha, a younger son of +Mehemet Ali. He was sent to collect imposts and +to overawe the people. At Shendy he and his +soldiers committed all sorts of outrages, and finally +he demanded the daughter of the Deftader (or +Tax-gatherer) in a form of marriage that was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>equivalent to temporary concubinage, which was a +grave insult to her father, the most important man +in the place. The Deftader was unable to resist; +so he resigned himself, but gave orders secretly. +While Abbas Pasha with his suite were at dinner +and stupid with what they had drunk, the Pasha +noticed that great bundles of stalks of the native corn +were being brought in and stacked about the tent. +He asked and was told that it was forage and litter +for his Highness’s horses. When enough of this straw +had been brought in, a signal was given to fire it, +and every man who attempted to break through was +massacred, including of course Abbas himself. The +Deftader escaped to Abyssinia; something more of +him will be said shortly.</p> + +<p>Finally we reached Khartum, then a group of +huts with a wagon-roofed hall for the audiences of +the Pasha. We heard of an extraordinary Frank, +believed to be English, who had arrived some weeks +previously. We went to call on him, knocked at the +door, were told to enter, which we did, and came into +the presence of a white man nearly naked, as agile as +a panther, with head shorn except for the Moslem +tuft, reeking with butter, and with a leopard skin +thrown over his shoulder. He was recognised at +once by my companions as an undergraduate friend, +Mansfield Parkyns. He had got into a College +scrape, and, leaving Cambridge prematurely, found his +way to Abyssinia, where during years of adventure +he had made friends with the just-mentioned Deftader +of Shendy, and was then acting as an intermediary +and the bringer of a substantial present whereby to +obtain, if possible, his forgiveness and restoration.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span></p> + +<p>Of the many travellers whom I have known I +should place Mansfield Parkyns (1823-1894) as +perhaps the most gifted with natural advantages for +that career. He easily held his own under difficulties, +won hearts by his sympathy, and could touch any +amount of pitch without being himself defiled. He +was consequently an admirable guide in that then +sink of iniquity, Khartum. The saying was that +when a man was such a reprobate that he could not +live in Europe, he went to Constantinople; if too +bad to be tolerated in Constantinople, he went to +Cairo, and thenceforward under similar compulsion +to Khartum. Half a dozen or so of these trebly +refined villains resided there as slave-dealers; they +were pallid, haggard, fever-stricken, profane, and +obscene. Mansfield Parkyns complacently tolerated +and mastered them all. The abominations of their +habitual conversation exceeded in a far-away degree +any other I have ever listened to, but it was clever. +When one of them was out of the room, the others +freely related his adventures to us, in which some +anecdote like this was frequent. “So he said, ‘Let +us be friends; come drink a cup of coffee and smoke +a pipe,’ then he put poison into the coffee.” There +is a gourd whose dried seeds are said to be poisonous +and not very unlike coffee in taste, which is particularly +convenient in such cases. With all their villainy there +was something of interest in their talk, but I had +soon quite enough of it. Still, the experience was +acceptable, for one wants to know the very worst of +everything as well as the very best.</p> + +<p>Some few years later, when trade had thriven +and Khartum had become less barbarous, it was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>deemed expedient to appoint an English Consul, +partly to watch and report on matters connected with +the slave trade. Mr. Petherick, who had been an +ivory dealer in the Soudan, was the first to hold that +post. I often saw him after his return; he was +extremely cheery, and apparently frank in conversation, +but very reticent on much that I wanted to +hear. I could not discover what had been the end +of my villainous acquaintances, nor how far the society +of Khartum had become purified by the time he +arrived there.</p> + +<p>We had a few days still to spare, and Parkyns +was glad to join us in a short cruise up the White +Nile. His birthday and mine proved to be the +same, and we had an appropriate jollification. Our +house or hut looked over the swift and broad Blue +Nile on to the waste beyond, where pillars of whirling +sand were constantly forming at that time of year, +February. Many of them careered simultaneously, +but soon dissipated. I have never been caught in +one; it would no doubt be disagreeable, but I never +saw one that behaved as if it were dangerous.</p> + +<p>It was a strange sight on turning the corner +where the two Niles meet, to change from the Blue +Nile, which sparkled and rushed like a clear Highland +river, into the stagnant and foul, but deep White +Nile. We sailed through mournful scenery up a +width of water visited by great flocks of pelicans. +The river had few marked banks, but lapped upon +grassy shores like a flooded mere. The water was +so stagnant, that when we anchored for the night the +offal thrown overboard by the cook hung about the +boat, and a man had to be sent each morning with +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>a pitcher to get less undrinkable water from a +distance. Heads of hippopotami bobbed up at times +all about us in the mid river, but were very shy of +approach. At that date, I should have said there +were crocodiles on nearly every sandbank on the Nile +below the Cataracts, for considerably more than half +of the way thence to Cairo.</p> + +<p>Beyond the despondency caused by the air and +the mournful character of the scenery, I have little +to say, except that our journey upwards was concluded +somewhat earlier than intended, through an adventure. +One of my two companions, attended by Parkyns, lay +out at night to shoot a hippopotamus, whose recent +tracks were only too apparent. They returned in +the dark and very early morning in much excitement, +and tried to make us understand that we ought to +wake up and return at once, for some unintelligible +reason. However, to please them, we yielded to +their insistence, roused up the crew and sailed homewards. +It turned out, some hours later, that the real +reason was that my sportsman-companion had shot, +not a hippopotamus, but a cow that was coming down +to the river to drink. There really seemed no +feasible way of making amends for the mistake, and +a certainty of clamour and excessive claims if we +confessed it. So we disappeared from that district, +much as a pestilence would have done.</p> + +<p>Our return journey past Khartum was by our boat +to Matemma, opposite to Shendy, where we discharged +it, and hired camels to take us a six days’ +journey, I think, across the Bayouda Desert to Dongola. +We had become by that time used to camel-riding, +we were well mounted, and travelled even as much as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span>eighteen hours out of the twenty-four, on more than one +day. The Polar Star and the pointers of the Great +Bear served as the hand of a huge sidereal clock to tell +the weary time.</p> + +<p>At length we reached our destination. It is the +habit of dragomans to tell fibs about their masters, +to enhance their own importance; anyhow, we were +treated to a review as distinguished strangers. I +then had little experience with horses; Boulton was +not a much better horseman than myself. Barclay +was, but even he found himself in difficulty when +sitting in a Turkish saddle with short stirrups and +holding a rein armed with so powerful a curb that it +required the lightest of hands to use it properly. +However, we all passed the ordeal, without ludicrous +mishap.</p> + +<p>From Dongola we rode three days across the +desert on the opposite side of the Nile, to cut off a +small bend, and thenceforward by the west side of +the Nile itself, so far as the very broken ground +permitted. Semney was a surprise; a compact little +temple, high above a spot where the whole Nile at +that time of the year flowed through a channel so +narrow that a cricketer ought to be able to throw a +stone across. I tried, but, being bad at throwing, +failed by a little. On the other hand, at the Sixth +Cataract, between Berber and Shendy, where the river +is broad, I had waded right across it to shoot ducks.</p> + +<p>We had felt no small anxiety about the fate of our +dahabeyah, but there she was at Wady Halfa in spick +and span order; Bob, that bit of a boy, having risen to +the level of his responsibilities and maintained perfect +discipline. It appeared that the rais, or captain, was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>once refractory, but Bob boldly gave the order to the +sailors to flog him, and flogged he was by his own +crew, and ate the bread of humility.</p> + +<p>My excuses for speaking at such length about +countries since so familiarly known are that it will +help to give some idea of how they struck a tourist-traveller +in the time of Mehemet Ali, upwards of sixty +years ago, and because this little excursion formed +one of the principal landmarks of my life. That +chance meeting with Arnaud Bey had important after-results +to me by suggesting scientific objects to my +future wanderings. I often thought of writing to him +in order to bring myself to his remembrance, and to +sincerely thank him, but no sufficiently appropriate +occasion arose, and it is now too late.</p> + +<p>In the winter 1900-1901 I visited Egypt again, and, +calling at the Geographical Society there, learnt how +important and honoured a place Arnaud Bey had +occupied in its history. He had died not many +months previously, and I looked at his portrait with +regret and kindly remembrance. Being asked to +communicate a brief memoir to the Society at its +approaching meeting, I selected for my subject a comparison +between Egypt then and fifty years previously. +I took that opportunity to express my heartfelt +gratitude to Arnaud, which posthumous tribute was +all I had the power to pay.</p> + +<p>During this same visit to Egypt I spent one of +the most interesting weeks of my life at Professor +Petrie’s camp. It was by pure chance that when +booking my place to Egypt, in the London office, I +found Professor Petrie on some similar errand. He +then and there invited me and my niece to join him +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>and Mrs. Petrie at Abydos, where he and his very +capable party were about to excavate. Abydos lies +on the western side of the Nile, roughly one-third of +the way between Thebes and Cairo. We were met +at the railway station by that most capable lady, +then Miss, now Dr. Alice Johnson, mounted on the +one horse that the camp possessed, and who with +kurbash in hand and voluble Arabic extricated us +quickly from a crowd of troublesome natives, and rode +with us a distance of eight miles or so to the camp. +This consisted of a row of mud huts with a space in +front, the whole enclosed with a low mud wall and a +wicket gate. The pottery, etc., that had recently been +dug up was arranged in front of the huts. They had +only mats for doors. One of the huts was the dining-room, +and the others were for members of the party, +the farthest from the entrance being that of Mr. and +Mrs. Petrie. I was prepared for cold nights, but +found them more severe than I expected. Being +little short of eighty years old, I had lost much of +the resisting power of youth, and heaped every scrap +of clothing I could find over my body, with only +partial success. I amused myself on one occasion +by counting the number of layers of these that lay +on my chest, and found it to be seventeen. A single +skin rug capable of excluding the nimble dry air +would have been worth more than half of these flimsy +coverings. Our host and hostess were peculiarly +independent of ordinary comfort, but the consumption +of marmalade at their table was enormous.</p> + +<p>I had no idea before of the strenuous life led by a +great excavator. The mere digging can be delegated, +but the rest seemed to occupy every faculty of our +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span>hosts at full stretch from early morning to late evening +every day. There was drawing, copying, photographing, +recording, comparison of specimens, piecing +of them together, discussing them and planning new +work, besides attending to the discipline of many men +not concentrated at one spot, but dispersed among +different diggings.</p> + +<p>An amusing scene occurred at a stated hour every +morning, when the fellahs who had found any curios +and wanted to sell them were seated in a long row +at a fixed distance from the camp. They brought +in rotation what they had to sell. Professor Petrie +knew by long experience exactly how much the +various articles would fetch if taken to the dealers in +the large towns, and offered that amount for what he +cared to buy. The Arabs quite understood the +system, namely, that by accepting what was offered +they would get just as much as if they took a long +journey in hopes of a better bargain, so the traffic +was quick. The objects were bought out of funds +variously provided, but the Egyptian Government +reserved some rights of purchase in the end.</p> + +<p>The conversation at meal-time was usually most +interesting. Much was going on, and the originality +and fertility of the ideas of Professor Petrie and the +ingenuity of his explanations were marvellous. The +actual digging was of course monotonous and +laborious, but the faculties of those of the party who +superintended each locality were kept on the alert. +They had to record and to make maps as well as to +keep the labourers to their work, and to supervise +them narrowly. At nightfall the men, who had mostly +worked for Professor Petrie during previous years, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>returned to their own huts, a little way behind one +corner of the camp, and there they indulged about +once a week in strange performances, not unlike those +of dancing and howling dervishes. Their nature +seemed to require occasional doses of these ebullitions.</p> + +<p>We were fortunate at being present at the +impressive feast of the full moon, which included +solemn chants. It was dignified in every respect, +and appeared to have a deeper religious significance +than might have been expected possible with these +men.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br> +<span class="smaller">SYRIA</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Beyrout—Fever—Death of dragoman at Damascus—Jaffa—Descent +of Jordan—Home</p> + +</div> + +<p>Our company parted at Alexandria. Barclay +returned home, I went to Syria, and Boulton +desired to go farther East, to study Arabic and +Oriental modes of thought and expression. Our +paths crossed only once in Syria. Owing to misadventures, +and to my great regret, I never saw him +after. He made his way to the British forces, then +engaged in the siege of Mooltan, and was the guest +of their commander, General Whish. He stationed +himself, against advice, in a loopholed tower to +witness the progress of the fight, a matchlock ball +penetrated his eye and killed him on the spot. I +heard the story many years afterwards from General +Whish himself.</p> + +<p>I sailed from Alexandria to Beyrout with my +dragoman Ali and my two pet monkeys. We were +then put into quarantine, where Ali found a party of +negress girls who had been captured on the borders +of Abyssinia during the very fighting for which my +acquaintance in the caravan was bound. They had +been taken to Beyrout <i>via</i> the Red Sea. The girls +were delighted to talk to us of places known to them +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>as well as to ourselves. They seemed as merry as +possible at the prospect of being sold and of soon +finding, each of them, a master and a home.</p> + +<p>A journey so far as Khartum was then thought +something of a feat, even in Syria, and Ali, as I am +convinced, greatly fibbed about my social importance. +It must have been on that account that the Governor +of the Quarantine, or whatever his title may have +been, relaxed his restrictions on my behalf so greatly as +to call down severe newspaper criticism on his acts of +favouritism. In fact, we made a champagne picnic +together in two boats, under the sole condition of the +party in the one not touching any one in the other. +For a similar reason, as I suppose, I was invited and +entertained in a most stately way at the palace of a +Druse chief, situated among the hills.</p> + +<p>I bought travelling gear at Beyrout, and went +inland to buy a pair of horses for myself and Ali, +because it was not easy to hire good riding-horses, +though baggage-horses could always be had. I set +myself up in style, with tent and extra walls, a canteen, +and handsome coffee and pipe apparatus. On arrival +at the place where the horses were to be bought, I +camped on ground intersected with ditches of stagnant +water—a most insanitary-looking place. I caught +there a sharp intermittent fever which plagued me +for years, and, though often kept in abeyance for a +long time together, has occasionally recurred most +unexpectedly. It is only a few weeks now since I +had an attack of it. I returned with my horses to +Beyrout, but was too unwell to make much use of +them.</p> + +<p>After some wanderings, I settled in Damascus, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>at first in the house of a medical man who enabled +me to witness some gorgeous Jewish domestic ceremonies. +I also took elementary lessons in Hebrew +at his house, for which the little I knew of Arabic +made an excellent preparation. A sad grief befell me +there in the death of my faithful dragoman, Ali, +through violent dysentery. All the last duties to the +Moslem dead, the washings, the shrouding, and the +wailings, took place in the courtyard. My own +presence, as a Christian, at the funeral would have +been seriously resented by the Moslems, though I +was able to arrange about his tombstone. The +sculptors here adopt a very simple process for their +illiterate workmen. A flat face is given to the stone, +on which the inscription is painted in black. Then +all that is not painted is chipped away. The populace +at Damascus was then in a fanatical humour and +Christians had to be careful. There had been a +frightful persecution of Jews a little previously, and +there were others of Christians subsequently.</p> + +<p>Ali had some trifling personal property, and +wages were due to him. I sent these to his wife in +Cairo, who was the only relative I ever heard him +mention, together with a little present for herself, +and thought my duty fulfilled and that all was +finished. On the contrary, I had inadvertently +roused a hornet’s nest of greedy claimants. An +official Arabic letter was sent to me demanding +various payments to numerous relatives, together +with a threat of legal proceedings if not attended to. +My banker, to whom I referred it, advised me to +get out of the reach of the law as soon as I conveniently +could, or I might find myself fleeced, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>perhaps entangled interminably. Fortunately, this +circumstance occurred about the time when I should +have been returning to England on my own account, +so I “re-levanted,” if it may be so expressed. +Defaulters ordinarily “levant,” or run from Europe +to the Levant; I ran in the opposite direction.</p> + +<p>At Damascus in the hot time of the year there +was more than one delicious retreat in public coffee-places +with gardens, through which one of the innumerable +runnels of clear river water was conducted. +I also took an interesting ride through the outskirts +of the town, where a vast amount of dried apricot is +prepared. It looks like greasy brown paper, is +wrapped in rolls, and is largely consumed. Each +orchard has a smoothed place like a small threshing-floor, +as well as a big cauldron over an oven into +which the apricots are put. The resulting slush is +ladled out and spread over the floor; when it is +sufficiently hardened, it is rolled off it as if it were +a sheet of oilcloth. The cost of preparation is so +small and the results so good that this manufacture +might be found remunerative in other countries +where apricots grow in abundance.</p> + +<p>I spent some happy days at Aden on the +Lebanon, a little below the famous cedars. The +Sheikh was only too glad to entertain me, because +one of the miserable tribal fights was expected, and +he was glad of the presence of armed persons in his +house, to protect it. Nothing, however, happened, +beyond a few harmless shots. I afterwards revelled +in the glorious beauty of the gorges leading down +to the Mediterranean, and rank the view down one +of them as the very finest my eyes have ever rested +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span>on. Mr. J. G. Frazer, in his <i>Adonis, Isis, and Osiris</i>, +has collected similar expressions from many other +travellers.</p> + +<p>I returned to Beyrout, where, finding one of my +horses killed by a fall over a cliff, and being unfit to +enjoy or even to endure more riding, I sold the +other, and found my way to Jaffa on board an empty +collier. The part of its deck that I wanted was +cleaned, and the voyage was brief and not unpleasant.</p> + +<p>The soil about Jaffa is perfectly dry and wonderfully +fertile, but only on the strict condition of its +being amply supplied with water. Its environs were +traversed by dusty roads between dull mud walls, +on whose other side the richly watered gardens lay; +so pedestrians, as might be expected, were thirsty +and covetous. I saw a sort of pump handle with a +spout on the side of the road, and an inscription +above bearing some such encouraging text as +“Drink! Here is water.” Accordingly we pumped, +and a little water did certainly come; but however +hard we pumped there issued no more than a scanty +streamlet out of the spout. We heard, all the same, +a sound of abundance of water that never reached +us, the cause of which was soon discovered to be an +ingeniously arranged division, by means of which +the pumper got only a small fraction of the water +he raised, and the garden got all the rest. It was an +excellent example of the higher forms of commercial +enterprise. They enrich all round, but the merchant +to whose initiative they are due gets by far the +biggest share.</p> + +<p>I was too unwell for a long day’s ride on horseback, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>and hired a camel, which was not a usual +conveyance, to take me from Jaffa to Jerusalem. +The exaltation I felt at the first sight of the walls +was far too high to last long. It was broken in the +night by the miaulings of cats, the flat roofs of the +houses forming an almost unlimited playground for +those unscriptural and half-diabolical creatures.</p> + +<p>In those days the course of the Jordan had +been untravelled, as I was assured, since the memory +of man, and the Dead Sea had never been navigated, +with one solitary and most painful exception a year +or two previously. Captain Costigan, whose accomplished +married sister, Mrs. Bradshaw, I counted +among my Leamington friends, had transported a +boat to the Dead Sea. His man, or men, played +him false, emptying the water keg in order that +they might sooner get at the wine. He started +with, I think, only a single man, the wind was +unfavourable to return, he had to toil at the oar +under the blazing sun, caught sunstroke and died.</p> + +<p>The peace among the tribes who occupied the +valley of the Jordan, which had been favourable to him, +still continued, and I determined on an expedition +down it, having then temporarily thrown off the ague. +It seemed possible that the Jordan might be descended +on a small raft of inflated water skins, or “kelligs,” +so I procured half a dozen of them, with the necessary +lashings and other gear, and started with a few horsemen +for Tiberias. I put the raft together just below +the small bridge through which the Jordan runs out +of the lake, and my escort travelled by the side of the +river to render assistance when needed, and to form +camp from time to time. It was rather a hare-brained +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>attempt, though amusing to plan. The river was very +small and shallow, but carried the light raft well; however, +it was soon whirled under overhanging trees, and +I was nearly combed off it. Then matters grew worse, +and decidedly dangerous. The horsemen rode by the +side, and were highly amused at my difficulties. At +length I became convinced that it would be madness +to persevere, so I left the raft, dressed myself, +mounted my led horse, and we rode on down the +valley. It is all so perfectly known and mapped now +that it would be absurd to recount the little that I +could tell, but I became more and more impressed +with the weirdness of the great fissure in the earth’s +crust through which the Jordan flows. Even the +Lake of Tiberias is 300 feet below the level of the +sea, and the Dead Sea is about 1000 feet deeper still, +and its climate very sultry in consequence.</p> + +<p>My first camping-place was among the tents of +the Emir Rourbah. It was an important encampment +of Bedouins, whose dress I had been instructed +to wear, and on no account to appear in the hated +Turkish fez. When I arrived, there were watchers +on every point of vantage. I was kindly received +and shown much of their everyday life. The Emir +had a quantity of chain armour, such as was in +common use among the chiefs in the Soudan. I was +surprised to find how effectual it was in spreading +over a large surface the sensation of what otherwise +would have been a painfully sharp blow. Matters +progressed very pleasantly until the thoughtless +omission of a Moslem ceremony soured my welcome. +It may sound trifling, but it was effective all the same. +I had shot a desert partridge, but not killed it, so, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span>taking it up, I knocked its head, English fashion, +against the stock of my gun. I ought to have cut +its throat with my knife, while repeating the Moslem +formula. I caught sight of a look of abhorrence +on the face of my companions, and thereupon evidently +ceased to be considered as one of themselves, but as +a hateful and hypocritical Christian; so I was glad +to be allowed soon to depart.</p> + +<p>After a brief stay about Jericho, where I tasted +and foolishly bathed in the nasty, sticky, dense water +of the bituminous Dead Sea, which stuck in my hair +for the day, I returned to Jerusalem with the view +of transporting a boat. But finding that I was +wanted at home on some legal business, that it was +desirable to be out of the way of the claimants to the +little property of poor Ali, my late dragoman, and +feeling ill and used-up, I set sail with my two monkeys +homewards.</p> + +<p>I was put in quarantine in the Lazarette of +Marseilles for, I think, ten days. Its superior officer +was a military martinet. One of my monkeys got +loose and ran all about the Lazarette, where, according +to rule, he ought to have put every article that he +touched into at least the same quarantine as himself, +and there were bales of goods in store. The officer +was transported with rage, and actually ran after the +nimble monkey with drawn sword, to the intense +amusement of the onlookers and of the monkey. +I quietly captured him at last. The officer vented +his feelings in appropriate language, but as he could +do no more, the breach of quarantine regulations was +overlooked, and so the matter ended.</p> + +<p>When I reached London, on a chilly November +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>day, I failed to find a comfortable night’s lodging +for my pets, but an old friend who was living +in apartments kindly undertook their charge. He +handed them with many instructions to his landlady, +who thought and perhaps said, “Drat the beasts!” +and shut them up in the cold scullery, where they +were found the next morning dead in one another’s +arms.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br> +<span class="smaller">HUNTING AND SHOOTING</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Leamington—Moors—Orkney and Shetland—Balloon—<i>Telotype</i></p> + +</div> + +<p>I returned to my mother and sister, who then +occupied Claverdon, much in need of a little rest. +I was also conscious that with all my varied experiences +I was ignorant of the very A B C of the +life of an English country gentleman, such as most +of the friends of my family had been familiar with +from childhood. I was totally unused to hunting, +and I had no proper experience of shooting. This +deficiency was remedied during the next three or four +years. Under the advice of my eldest brother, I +bought a hunter and a hack, and began to hunt at +the rate of about three days per fortnight in Warwickshire, +at neighbouring meets.</p> + +<p>The next year I established myself at Leamington, +jobbed horses, and hunted methodically. There was +a small “Hunt Club,” supposed to be somewhat +select, to which I belonged, and where I dined when +not otherwise engaged. The hunting men most to +the fore in Leamington in those days included some +who had considerable gifts, each in their respective +ways. Foremost among them was Jack Mytton, son +of the more famous Jack Mytton (1796-1834) who +was notorious for his daring feats and other +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>extravagances, who wasted a large fortune and died +unhappily. His life has been published; a brief +account of it may be read in the <i>Dictionary of +National Biography</i>. The son’s career seemed +moulded on that of his father, and he too wasted +a fortune that had somehow accrued to him, and died +prematurely. There was no question as to his ability +and power over others.</p> + +<p>A more or less unfortunate fate befell most of +my other companions at the Hunt Club. Many of +the small party who habitually dined there were social +favourites, and two at least of them were of more than +average social rank. Five of these men contrived to +ruin themselves by betting and gambling, and to end +unhappily. For all that, they were bright companions +in the heyday of their fortunes. They lived in good +style and as a rule not very prodigally, though all +had fits of recklessness. One of the most valuable +qualities in a man of moderately independent means +who has to live in a society of this kind is a carelessness +to the attraction of gambling.</p> + +<p>A Leamington friend, Fazakerley, asked me to +the Highlands to shoot. His moor was called Culrain; +it was about fifteen miles long by three broad, and +the small house on it was three miles from Bonar +Bridge. I bought a beautiful Irish setter which a +friend chose for me, and we shot in the leisurely +fashion of those days, when driving game was never +practised. I slept in a neighbouring bothy, for the +house was small, and I quickly obtained some knowledge +of English sport on the moors. At the end of +the season, the weather being still fine, I made my +way to John O’Groat’s House, opposite the Orkneys, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>whence, after being wind-bound for a while, I sailed +in the post boat, which was then the only means of +conveying letters from island to island, and so reached +the so-called “Mainland,” and settled at Kirkwall.</p> + +<p>The next year I started before the grouse season +began, and spent a most interesting summer among +the Shetlands, using rowboats as the usual means of +conveyance, and occupying myself with seal-shooting +and bird-nesting. I could write much about all this, +and on the weird experiences of a fisher society living +in a treeless land, with whale-jaws for posts, and with +no knife in their pockets larger than a penknife, +having only tobacco and string to cut with it. Their +social hierarchy was such, that a man who had been +to Hudson’s Bay had taken, to speak in the language +of a University, a “Poll Degree.” Those who had +visited Baffin Bay were considered to have gained +“Honours.”</p> + +<p>A shoal of whales (the cawing whale, averaging +perhaps 20 feet in length) came ashore whilst I was +in Shetland, and I hurriedly rode several miles to be +in time to see them. Nearly one hundred were lying +dead on the beach, but they looked small as they were +scattered over the shore of the bay. The excitement +of driving in the shoals is said to be an event not easily +forgotten. It was all over by the time I arrived.</p> + +<p>I would not shoot a seal now, but youths are +murderous by instinct, and so was I. There was +much of interest in the conditions under which they +were shot. The early rise in the long summer day, +the row to the leeward side of a likely holm, or small +island; creeping up to a good vantage point and +waiting there until the head of a seal is seen to bob +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span>up; then stalking the animal by running from cover +to cover whenever he sinks out of sight. Then, on +reaching the beach, going cautiously between the big +boulders to a good shooting-place and poking the rifle +over one of the stones, shielding it and self from sight +as carefully as possible. There one has to wait, +perhaps with the tide coming in over one’s legs, until +in the course of his antics the seal’s head rises within +sure shooting distance; then a careful aim, and a +bang. The boatmen hearing the sound, come rowing +as hard as they can round the corner, lest the seal +should sink and be lost. He ought to be shot dead, +or not touched at all. The oozing blubber of the +animal makes a circular calm round the spot where +he is shot, with the bloodstain in the middle. A +boat-hook secures the seal even if he should have +sunk four or five feet. His market value is a few +shillings; the boatmen get him as their perquisite.</p> + +<p>I heard a story about the domesticity of the seal, +as having recurred, with variations in detail, at more +than one place. A young seal was caught and +became quite at home with the fisherman, coming to +his house for company, for warmth in the winter-time, +and for food. It was petted until its size made it too +big for a pet and troublesome to the children. Then +the fisherman, sad at heart, took it with him in his +boat, far away to the fishing-ground, and threw it +overboard. Some days later, when the family were +at supper, rather dismal at the loss of their old friend, +they heard the familiar sound of scuffling and scratching, +and on opening the door, in flopped the seal.</p> + +<p>I used to watch the breeding-places of the sea +birds, of which there were multitudes, of perhaps twenty +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span>different kinds. The stormy petrels make their nests +deep in beaches of shingle. An intelligent man +initiated me into the way of taking them. We crept as +silently as might be to where the twitterings could be +heard, and, having carefully located the spot, tossed +away the shingle as fast as we could, and usually found +the bird on its nest. Its oily smell is very strong and +rank. The popular belief is that if you cram a wick +between the beak and down the gullet of a dried-up +petrel and light it, the bird will burn like a lamp.</p> + +<p>The hardships of what was called deep-sea fishing +were great. It was conducted in open whale-boats +with six rowers, who were generally thirty-six hours +absent, and sometimes longer. In bad weather they +had to keep to their oars, and could get little or no +sleep all the time. I was told that on returning they +went half stupid to bed, and, partly awakening to +feed from time to time, slept for full twenty-four hours +on end.</p> + +<p>I could tell many tales of what I heard and saw, +such as that at one lighthouse (I think in North +Ronaldshay) the keeper, wishing to alleviate the +solitude of his life, cast about for a suitable pet. +That which he selected did credit to his genius. It +was a toad in a bottle, requiring no care, little if any +food, easily placed on any shelf, and always showing +its bright eye.</p> + +<p>When I finally left Shetland, which was after the +grouse season, I took as a present to my brother for +the large pool at Edstone, a crate full of many +different kinds of sea birds, which I was assured +would live in fresh water and pick up snails in the +garden, as tamed gulls do. The railway people put +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span>the crate in a very exposed truck on a chill autumn +night, which killed three-quarters of them at least. +The remainder throve at Edstone for a while, the +latest survivor being an oyster-catcher, who came to +his end thus. It had been freezing hard in the night, +followed by soft snow, and then re-freezing. Next +morning they found the tracks of a fox on the snow-covered +ice, going to a place where the yellow legs +and nothing else of the bird remained frozen in. +The oyster-catcher’s legs had been entrapped by the +frost, and his body had been snapped up by the fox.</p> + +<p>During the many weeks and months that I spent +in London between 1846 and 1850, which is the time +to which this chapter refers, I took walks with +friends, and sometimes rides with Harry Hallam, once +on a most pleasant riding tour with him in South +Wales, and I went to meets of the Queen’s Stag +Hounds.</p> + +<p>Among many other things, I was eager to know +the sensations of ballooning; I venture to give my +own impression of it. There were occasional nightly +ascents from the then existing Cremorne Gardens, +and foolishly thinking that I could sneak in under +cover of darkness, I engaged a seat. The evening +arrived, and I found it was advertised as a Gala +Festival, and I was anything but secluded from +observation. A number of fireworks were attached +to the car, and after an oration from the aeronaut, up +we went. It was very curious to observe the up-turned +faces of the crowd below, which seemed to +recede, for I had no sensation of being myself in movement. +The fireworks went off, and doubtless made +an effective display, and then all seemed singularly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span>still. I was surprised at feeling no giddiness, but the +car is so deep and the swelling of the balloon so +voluminous that there is always much to steady the +eye. The chief cause of giddiness when standing on +a small isolated platform seems to lie in the absence +of anything for the eye to “hold on by,” meaning +by this, anything that shows a sensible change of +perspective, however slightly the body may move. +Consciousness of altering one’s position is due to two +things, the change in perspective, and the sensations +arising in the well-known “semicircular canals” of the +ear. When the latter sensation is present unaccompanied +by the former, mental distress results.</p> + +<p>The balloon was open below, and owing perhaps +to some optical illusion, it seemed to be filled with a +singularly pure and beautiful medium. The quietness +and sense of repose were the chief feelings that I +experienced; next the clearness with which some +noises, such as the barkings of dogs, reached us when +we were still at a considerable height. Besides +myself, there were only the aeronaut and his boy; +the former alternately boisterous and maudlin. He +told me that his wife frequently dreamed that he +would come to an ill end, and so he did, breaking his +thigh not long after in a balloon descent and dying +from it. The “bump-bag” and the grapnel were +new to me. The bump-bag is useful in permitting a +quick descent to be made in order to catch a particular +field in the line of drift. More gas is let out than +is necessary for a normal descent, then when the car +is still some feet above the ground the bump-bag rests +on it, its weight is removed, and the lightened balloon +descends slowly through those remaining few feet.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p> + +<p>We drifted for an hour or more in the quiet dim +night, learning our course by watching what could be +seen of the country below, for of course there is +nothing in the balloon itself to tell whether it is +moving backwards, forwards, or sideways. It drifts +with the air, so relatively to the air it is perfectly still. +When it was time to descend, the valve was opened +and bits of torn-up paper thrown out, which dashed +upwards, as it were. In other words, we dashed +downwards through them. At length we approached +what the aeronaut thought would be a suitable field to +descend upon, and let go the grapnel, which is a light +but strong steel anchor with four pointed arms. It failed +to catch hold, and we went drifting on towards a large +decorous family mansion, with hothouses by the side +and a lawn in front; sheep were placidly lying in the +field. The horrid grapnel bobbed and scratched the +ground among the sheep, fortunately without hooking +one, and caught in the fence round the lawn. Then +the valve was opened wide, letting out volumes of +stinking gas; the rooks in a neighbouring rookery +which we had brushed on our way, were vociferous, +the dogs everywhere about barked furiously, and the +natives in the neighbouring village were awakened +and ran to the scene.</p> + +<p>In the midst of the hubbub the hall door opened +wide and let out a glare of light, in which a portly +butler with two man-servants in livery appeared to be +framed, looking horrified, as well they might be, by +the sudden disorderly invasion of visitants from the +sky. After some delay, we were invited to enter, and +found the unhappy owner of the mansion in his dining-room +by his uncleared late dessert, with decanters of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>wine, utterly perplexed as to the character of the +welcome he ought to offer. The aeronaut gulped +the wine offered to him, declaring with much rigmarole +that it was a scientific (!) ascent. I cowered, and was +utterly ashamed. After a miserable hour’s delay, and +thanks chiefly to the exertions of the boy, a postchaise +was procured, the balloon was packed into its own car +together with all its gear, and the car was hoisted on +the roof of the chaise. The boy insinuated himself +somewhere, and the aeronaut and I reached London +in the small hours of the morning. I was so afraid of +meeting in society the ill-used master of the mansion +that I determinedly abstained from finding out who +he was. The moral that I drew from the trip is, that +the ascent and travel in calm weather in a balloon is +most delightful; the return to earth most disagreeable, +and dangerous in even a slight wind.</p> + +<p>Among the many trifling events that occurred +about that time, I may mention a yachting fiasco. I +had a fancy to see Iceland, and, having had a little +yachting experience on a brief third visit to Shetland, +whither I and a companion sailed in an old Revenue +cutter, hired I forget at what port, and being assured +that with a similar vessel the trip might safely be +made, I went to Ryde to hire one. The owner of +a cutter that seemed suitable made no difficulty, so +I hired it for a month. On arriving on board, in order +to test the capabilities of the vessel and its crew, I told +the captain to set sail to Hastings. He was suave, but +pointed out the impossibility with the then wind and +tide of getting there. I did not clearly understand +his arguments, but answered, “Never mind; it will +suit me equally well to go in the opposite direction +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span>to Penzance.” The captain was still suave, but +even more obstructive than before; at length it turned +out that he had no idea of sailing beyond the Solent +and its neighbourhood. Being resourceful, I accordingly +went to Lymington, and used the yacht as an +hotel, getting a couple of days’ hunting in the New +Forest, and compromising about the hire of the yacht.</p> + +<p>It will be thought from what appears in this +chapter that I was leading a very idle life, but it was +not so. I read a good deal all the time, and digested +what I read by much thinking about it. It has +always been my unwholesome way of work to brood +much at irregular times.</p> + +<p>The one definite scientific piece of work in these +years that is worth mentioning refers to the then +newly introduced electric telegraph. I had always a +liking for electricity, and had some cells in a drawer +of my study table with wires leading from them +through the woodwork, to which apparatus could be +attached. All this would be thought very elementary +now, but some new things have to be done by such +means when a science is in its infancy. I wished to +print telegraphic messages and to govern heavy +machinery by an extremely feeble force.</p> + +<p>The method adopted may be explained thus. +Suppose a telegraphic needle of the most delicate +construction conceivable, having the three possible +movements of right, neutral, left, to be momentarily +lifted off its support by an arm that squeezes it against +a little cushion above. However delicate the needle +may be, its projecting ends will be stiff enough to +push another freely suspended (but non-magnetic) +needle of a much stronger and heavier build, in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span>same direction as itself. This process may be repeated +on a third needle of considerably larger size +and greater strength; and if desired, on a fourth. +The force required to keep all this going is independent +of that which moves the first needle, and is +applied by a reciprocating beam worked by ordinary +power. The synchronising of the two stations is a +simple matter, no great precision being wanted in +order that the electric impulses should be delivered +to the first needle at the right times. Without going +further into this long bygone matter, I may say that +I printed what I had to tell in a pamphlet entitled +the <i>Telotype</i> (No. 1 in the text of my Memoirs in +the Appendix). The pamphlet was post-dated, after +the manner of some publishers, as being in June 1850. +It was really printed in 1849; I had left England for +my travels on April 5, 1850. The pamphlet had +long since gone into the limbo of the forgotten, so +it was a surprise to me, not many years ago, to meet +one of the most prominent electricians of the day, who +told me that he had seen and procured it for the +library of the Electrical Society. Moreover, he spoke +appreciatively of my youthful attempt. <i>Requiescat in +pace.</i> There was more in the pamphlet than is +described above.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br> +<span class="smaller">SOUTH-WEST AFRICA</span></h2> + +<p>Royal Geographical Society—Ch. J. Andersson—Cape Town—Walfish +Bay—Reach Damara Land—Hans—Negotiations with Namaqua +chiefs—Revs. Rath and Hahn—Wagons brought up</p> + +</div> + +<p>Travellers of the present generation need +some effort of imagination to put themselves +into the mental positions of those who were living in +1849. Blank spaces in the map of the world were +then both large and numerous, and the positions of +many towns, rivers, and notable districts were untrustworthy. +The whole interior of South Africa and +much of that of North Africa were quite unknown to +civilised man. Similarly as regards that of the great +continent of Australia. The unknown geography of +the North Polar regions preserved some of the earlier +glamour attached to the possibility of finding a navigable +North-West passage from England to China, +which inspection of the globe shows to be far shorter +than that round the Cape. The South Polar regions +had only been touched here and there. The geography +of Central Asia was in great confusion, the true +position of many places familiar in ancient history +being most uncertain, while vast areas remained +wholly unexplored, in the common sense of that +word. It was a time when the ideas of persons +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span>interested in geography were in a justifiable state +of ferment.</p> + +<p>My own inclinations were to travel in South Africa, +which had a potent attraction for those who wished to +combine the joy of exploration with that of encountering +big game. The book of Harris, describing the +enormous herds of diverse animals that he found on +the grassy plains of South Africa, had directed many +sportsmen thither who abundantly confirmed his +account. Gordon Cumming had just returned to +England. Oswell, then in company with Livingstone, +and with another companion, Murray, had recently +made a joint expedition, in which the desert country +which hitherto limited the range of travel to the +northward had been traversed, and Lake Ngami +discovered. Consequently the well-watered districts +beyond this desert could now be reached by wagon +from the Cape. I felt keenly desirous of taking +advantage of this new opening, and inquired much of +those who had recently returned from South Africa +concerning the conditions and requirements of travel +there. But I wanted to have some worthy object as +a goal and to do more than amuse myself.</p> + +<p>It happened at this critical moment of my life that +I was walking with my cousin, Captain Douglas Galton, +R.E., then one of the most rising officers of the +Engineers, and subsequently Sir Douglas Galton, +K.C.B., of whom I have already spoken. He suggested +my putting myself in communication with the Royal +Geographical Society, where I could learn precisely +whereabouts exploration was especially desirable, and +where I should be sure to receive influential support. +He offered introductions to some of its leading +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span>members, which I gladly accepted, and this determined +my line of life for many years to come.</p> + +<p>The immediate helpfulness to a traveller of such a +Society is very great. It has the further advantage +of pledging him to undertake work that is authoritatively +judged to be valuable. My vague plans were +now carefully discussed, made more definite, and +approved, and I obtained introductions to many persons +useful to me in their respective ways. I was +introduced to the then Colonial Secretary, Lord Grey, +who gave instructions in my favour to the Governor +of the Cape.</p> + +<p>My outfit was procured, and other preparations +were far advanced, when my kind friend, Sir Hyde +Parker, whose acquaintance I first made when shooting +at Culrain, strongly urged me to engage a companion. +He told me that a young Swede whose history he +knew intimately was then in England, and that I +could not do better than come to terms with him. +This was Charles J. Andersson, who became my +travelling-friend and second in command. He spoke +English fluently, through having been brought up by +Charles Lloyd, a well-known Scandinavian sportsman +and writer, but an Englishman of Quaker extraction. +I may mention here that I made Mr. Lloyd’s acquaintance +some years later, when his face had been +frightfully scarred with wounds made by a bear. He +told me that an old wounded she-bear had turned +upon him, and actually got his head between her jaws +to crack it, but her rounded teeth failed to find at +once a sufficiently sharp hold and only tore the flesh. +His companion shot the animal in time.</p> + +<p>Andersson was accustomed to the rough life of a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>sportsman, and had been sent to England to push his +way to fortune as he best could. His capital wherewith +to begin consisted of a crate of live capercailzie, +two bear cubs, and the skin of one of their parents. +He was then so naïve that, seeing an auctioneer’s +placard about a forthcoming sale of farm stock, in +which was included “20,000 Swedes,” he, not knowing +that in the language of farmers “Swedes” meant +“turnips,” confessed afterwards to a thrill of terror +lest they should be his compatriots, and lest he himself +might be pounced upon and sold as a slave +together with them.</p> + +<p>I was most fortunate in securing Andersson, because +a second in command proved at times to be a +necessity, and he always did his part admirably. He +was remarkably strong and agile. When on board +our full-rigged sailing-ship he began for amusement +to climb the rigging. A sailor followed him, as is +the wont of sailors, with a piece of twine to lash his +feet as soon as he had gone as high as he dared, and +to keep him bound there until he had consented to +“pay his footing.” Andersson perceived the game, +and completely vanquished the sailor by descending +from the maintop to the deck, hand over hand down +the mainstay, which was too daring a feat for the +sailor to emulate. Consequently Andersson became +highly respected by all the crew.</p> + +<p>One of the effects of association with the leading +members of the Royal Geographical Society was to +show me that the world of English interests was very +much wider and more earnest than that of the coteries +among which I had chiefly lived, and that many men +were thoroughly able to understand and criticise +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span>my proposed course justly, whose good opinion if +I succeeded would be of far more value to me +than the approbation of a multitude of less well-informed +persons, however numerous or laudatory they +might be.</p> + +<p>I left England on April 5, 1850. My voyage +deserves a few words of description, because it was +made under conditions that are now obsolete, which +had some advantages to counterbalance their many +disadvantages. The ship was called the <i>Dalhousie</i>, +an old teak-built East Indiaman, quite incapable of +beating against a head wind, and occupying nearly +eighty days in reaching Cape Town. It was chiefly +used on this journey to carry emigrants at cheap rates +with rough accommodation, but a few cabin passengers +were taken besides, who had the use of the high poop +to themselves. In a long voyage like that of ours, +the elements count for much, and the manipulation +of the ship is of continual interest. The charm of +the Northern Trades, of the calms and sudden squalls +of the Equatorial Belt, and of the crisp, strong +Southern Trades cannot possibly be experienced +in an equal degree by those on board a fast steamer, +that rushes through all of them at an equal speed and +holds its course almost regardless of wind and weather. +I was glad, too, of the abundant opportunities of +familiarising myself with the sextant, by which I mean +a much closer acquaintance with its manipulation and +adjustments than nautical persons are usually contented +with or require. I had left England without any +practical instruction either in obtaining latitudes and +longitudes, or in surveying, for I failed to find anybody +who would give it, consistently with the limited +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span>time then at my disposal. The excellent facilities +now afforded by the Royal Geographical Society for +the instruction of intending travellers did not then +exist; indeed, I had a large part in their introduction +many years later. I was, however, familiar with the +requisite book-work, and relied on what I could pick up +on board ship and elsewhere to supplement it. Let +me anticipate that I took very kindly indeed to instrumental +work, and learnt in time to get more out of +my sextants, etc., than most persons. Land work +admits of far greater exactitude with that instrument +than sea work, where the true position of the horizon +is never known, owing to uncertainties of refraction, +and is not seen at all at night. The sun, which is +the principal object of observation at sea, is little used +on land, where the altitudes of stars are obtainable with +great accuracy from their reflections in a small trough +of mercury. Also the hand can be so rested that +the images of the star and of its reflection shall be +quite steady when seen through the telescope. +Moreover, the two images, whether of the star and +its reflection, or of the star and the moon, can be toned +to an exactly equal degree of brightness. The sextant +is a very powerful instrument for its size, in the hands +of those who have patience and skill to get the most +out of it.</p> + +<p>I was received very kindly at the Cape by the +Governor, Sir Harry Smith, and by his lady, whose +name is perpetuated in that of the well-known town +“Ladysmith,” called after her. But the news from +the frontier recently received at Cape Town scattered +my plans like a bombshell. The Boers, who had +been very unruly, had affirmed their intention of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span>keeping the newly discovered lands about Lake +Ngami to themselves and of refusing passage through +their territory to every Englishman. Sir Harry +Smith said it would be useless for me to attempt to +go as I had proposed. After a tedious journey of +more than two months by ox wagon, I should meet +with Boers who would politely but firmly tell me +that I must go no farther. If I attempted to force +a way, they would shoot me, and he would be +powerless to prevent them.</p> + +<p>I had made many friends in Cape Town, and +numerous suggestions were offered as to other ways +of reaching the district of Lake Ngami. The one +I adopted had many arguments in its favour. A +cattle-dealer then in Cape Town had made occasional +ventures to Walfish Bay. The coast around it was +desert, but the Namaqua Hottentots drove cattle +there for sale, which would otherwise have been +sent overland to the Cape by what is practically a +four months’ journey. The country between Walfish +Bay and the Namaquas could be traversed by wagons. +There were mission stations in Namaqualand, whose +headquarters were in Cape Town. Nay more, a +new missionary was waiting for an opportunity to +go there, and if I took him with the other things +now waiting to be sent, I should be helpful to the +missionaries, and they would doubtless be all the +more inclined to help me. Again, to the north of +the yellow Namaquas were the black Damaras, the +interior of whose land was as yet quite unknown, +though two or three mission stations had been +established along its southern border.</p> + +<p>Here, then, was a land ready to be explored, by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>which a new way through grassy country might be +found leading through Walfish Bay to the interior, +and at the same time south of the territory claimed +and practically barred by the Portuguese. Sir Harry +Smith desired to use every opportunity of disavowing +the complicity of the Cape Government with the +attacks of the Boers on the natives, and he requested +me to use such occasions as I might have, of doing +so. He caused a document to be drawn up to express +this and to serve as my credentials. It was written +in English, Dutch, and Portuguese, with a huge seal +appended to it, protected by a tin case.</p> + +<p>The story of my journey has been so fully told⁠<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +in print that I shall go but little into the details of it +here. Moreover, the country has of late been so +traded through and fought over, and in large part +occupied by the Germans, that it has, I presume, +become mapped with considerable exactness.</p> + +<p>It will be seen by my sketch map that the country +I travelled over proved to be inhabited by three +principal and widely different races, occupying three +roughly parallel belts of country running from west +to east. The southernmost were the Namaquas. +They were yellow Hottentots, with hair growing in +tufts on their heads, and speaking a language full of +clicks. They had a strain of Dutch blood, and most +of them spoke a little of the Dutch language. Their +race reaches down through more and more civilised +tribes to the Cape Colony. Captain, afterwards Sir +James Alexander (1803-1885), had travelled right +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>through their territory from the Cape to Walfish Bay, +and back. Mission stations were planted among +them, of which the two northernmost, numbered +1 and 5 on the map, were called Schepmansdorf and +Rehoboth respectively. The Kuisip river-bed, down +which water runs only once in every few years, and +ends in Walfish Bay, makes a northern limit to the +Namaquas, which they were apt to transgress.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus2" style="max-width: 43.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus2.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p>The Swakop river-bed, in which water runs every +year after the rains, and which enters the sea some +forty miles north of Walfish Bay, is the southern +limit of the Damaras. Two mission stations (2 and +3), called Otchimbingue and Barmen respectively, were +established on the Swakop. A third, marked 4 on +the map, had been established, but destroyed shortly +before my arrival by a murderous raid of Namaquas, +under Jonker, whose name will be found on the map, +and the position of whose home is shown by a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span>dot. The land between the Swakop and the Kuisip +is a high desert plateau and uninhabited. The +Damaras extend northward up to about the line +where “Damara Limit” is written on the map, and +they extend far to the east. The Kaoko plain, of +which I learnt little that was definite, lies to the +west, between them and the sea.</p> + +<p>“Damara” is a corruption of the Hottentot +word “Damup,” used indiscriminately for numerous +Bantu tribes that have no general name in their +language, but severally call themselves Ovaherero, +Ovapantieru, etc. In a similar way the Arabic +word “Caffre” (Kaffir, or infidel) comprehends many +different Bantu tribes on the east side of South +Africa. The Damaras and the Caffres are clearly of +the same race. To the immediate north of Damara +Land is a narrow belt of country ill fitted for habitation. +Northward of this belt and from the line where +“Ovampo Limit” is written on the map, is the country +of the Ovampo. The Ovampo are pure negroes, but +of a high type. Their country extends northwards a +little beyond the limits of the map, up to the Cunene +River, beyond which the Portuguese claim possession.</p> + +<p>In addition to the Damaras, small tribes are +scattered over their territory of two totally distinct +races of Hottentot and Negro. Both of these tribes +now speak the Hottentot language. The first of +them are the Bushmen, so called by the Namaquas, +and who are pure Hottentots. They are usually +small men, but not so very small as the Bushmen +proper of Cape Colony are, or rather were, for those +exist no longer. On the other hand, the Ghou +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span>Damup are as purely negro as the Ovampo. The +Bushmen and the Ghou Damup are equally hunted +and equally ill-treated by the Damaras, and they live +wherever they can find safety. The Ghou Damup +are apparently the inferior of the two.</p> + +<p>I suppose that the country was inhabited long ago +by the progenitors of the Ghou Damup, probably a +branch of the Ovampo; that the Hottentots invaded +it, and lorded over the Ghou Damup for so many years +that the latter wholly forgot their native tongue, and +spoke the Hottentot language instead; lastly, that the +Hottentots, and of course the Ghou Damup also, were +in their turn overrun by the progenitors of the +Damaras, and became dispersed among them as they +are at the present time.</p> + +<p>The Bushmen are nomadic and good hunters. +The Ghou Damup are sedentary, living on roots and +the like, but they have a stronghold in Erongo, to the +north-west of the Mission Station No. 2 on the map. +They live there in marvellously rocky and easily +defensible quarters, totally unsuitable to the pastoral +Damaras, who have no object to gain by attacking +and ousting them if they could. I visited also a large +encampment of Bushmen in quite another part of the +country, and stayed by them for four days, at the +place marked Tbs (= Tounobis), on the extreme right +hand of the map.</p> + +<p class="mt2">It was reckoned to be a six or seven days’ sail +from Cape Town to Walfish Bay, so I hired a small +schooner, and with the help of many kind friends got +all my equipment on board. It consisted of a light +cart, two Cape wagons, nine mules from which a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span>team could be selected to draw the cart, when it was +laden with articles of barter to buy oxen, and two if +not three skilled drivers and other necessary men; also +two horses which were not expected to live long, and +did not, and a few dogs. The gear of the missionary +and the young missionary himself were also +taken on board. We started from Cape Town in the +second week of August 1850.</p> + +<p>On arriving at Walfish Bay, we found ourselves +faced by as desolate and sandy a shore as even +Africa can show, which is saying a great deal. +There was a small empty wooden hut on the beach, +very useful as a storehouse; a few natives appeared, +and one consented to act as a messenger to the +mission station twenty miles off, in return for a stick +of tobacco and a biscuit. This is No. 1 on the map +(Schepmansdorf). We landed the things as best we +could from the schooner, which was anchored one-third +of a mile from the shore. The animals had to +swim, the rest of the cargo was taken in many +instalments by the dinghey. The missionary, Mr. +Bam, and his then guest and helper Mr. Stewardson, +a former cattle-trader, made their appearance the +next night, riding on oxen, which is a usual mode +of travel in these parts.</p> + +<p>In the meantime we had visited the watering-place +“Sand Fontein,” three miles off, of which we +had heard, and which is marked by a dot on the map. +It was at that time a puddle of nasty water, but gave +a sufficient quantity of it for the mules and horses. +A cask of good drinking water was brought ashore +for ourselves and placed in the storehouse.</p> + +<p>It was agreed that all my possessions should be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span>carried to Mr. Bam’s station, No. 1 on the map, and +it was finally arranged that Mr. Stewardson should +guide us up country to Mission Station No. 2.</p> + +<p>My disasters began soon. The journey across the +arid plain that separated the Kuisip from the Swakop +taxed the strength of the mules, who were wholly +unused to such a strain. It was necessary to give +them immediate rest and food as soon as the pasturage +of the Swakop was reached. Tracks of wild animals +were looked for on the sand of the river-bed, but none +were found, so Stewardson urged that our mules and +horses should be left free during the night to rest and +feed themselves. The result was that a troop of lions +dashed down upon them in the dark, killing one +mule and one of my two horses. The remainder +galloped off unscathed, and were recovered in the +afternoon. The tracks of the lions by the side of +those of the animals up to the two fatal springs told +the story clearly. I had no reserve of food, so it was +necessary to utilise the horse flesh, which I cut off +and stored in an apparently safe hole in the side of +a cliff. When I returned towards nightfall to remove +it, one of my enemies had out-generalled me. He +had clambered from behind and unseen to a ledge five +or six yards above the hiding-place, and could be seen +there by the party below, crouched like a cat above +a mouse-hole. I got down safely, meat and all, and +saw the head and the pricked ears of the brute as +he kept his position. A shot struck the rock under +his chin, and he decamped.</p> + +<p>I had little further trouble with lions during my +journey, though they were often heard roaring at +night. I think I only lost one cow, and apparently a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span>few of my remaining mules after I had no further use +for them. All eight of the mules decamped later on, +when I had provided myself with oxen; three of +them reached Schepmansdorf; those that disappeared +on the way had probably been killed by lions. The +very first animal I shot in Africa was a lion, just after +my first arrival at Schepmansdorf. It had crossed +from the Swakop to the Kuisip and had seized a +small dog in the yard of the mission station, while +I was asleep in an almost doorless hut that opened +on the same yard. So much for lions.</p> + +<p>I pass over all the other difficulties, troubles, and +events that intervened, which have been related in +the books above mentioned. Suffice it to say that +by the end of September I was installed at Station +No. 2 under the kind care of Mr. Rath, the resident +missionary. Here I had the good fortune to meet +Hans Larsen, a Dane, who spoke English perfectly. +He had been a sailor, but obtained permission to quit +his ship at Walfish Bay and to enter the service of +a cattle-dealer. When that particular venture was +concluded, he joined a second cattle-dealer, and finally +found himself at large with a small herd of oxen, +which he intended to drive overland and to sell at +Cape Town. I had been most strongly urged to +acquire his services if I could, and I did so to my +very great advantage, partly, I may add, through my +medical experience. He was willing from the first +to go, were it not for a most painful whitlow which +disabled his arm, and gave him so much pain that +he could hardly sleep or eat; and he was totally unfit +for the expected severe manual work. He therefore +had to make his acceptance dependent on getting +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span>well. Now the sore was of a chronic kind, very +familiar to me when at the Birmingham Hospital. +There was an outgrowth of what patients like to +call “proud flesh,” upon which a slight cautery often +acts like a charm. It stimulates the vitality of the +part and causes it to act normally. It did so in this +case. I rubbed the sore lightly over with nitrate of +silver, which hurt at the time, but eventually gave +him the first good night’s rest he had enjoyed for +months. Thenceforward his finger rapidly improved +and healed, and he felt and looked himself again.</p> + +<p>I bought all his live stock of fifty oxen and one +hundred sheep and goats at a single swoop, by a +cheque on Cape Town for £71. Hans himself +became a most valuable and efficient servant and +friend. In brief, he and Andersson went down to the +coast with the new oxen, to break them in and +to bring up the wagons, while I remained partly at +the Mission Station No. 2, and afterwards at No. 3, +where Mr. Hugo Hahn, a very accomplished man, +who had married an English wife, was the resident +missionary.</p> + +<p>Mr. Hahn possessed all the extant knowledge +about the Damaras, and was greatly interested in +my proposed expedition. Information about the +wretched state of the country was gradually obtained. +It came to this, that the four tribes of Namaquas +under Jonker, Cornelius, Amiral, and Swartboy +respectively, well provided with horses and guns, had +made many successive raids upon the Damaras, +lifting cattle and selling them. They usually sent +the stolen animals overland to the Cape. Sometimes +when opportunity occurred they sold them +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span>to traders at Walfish Bay. The Damaras were not +only perpetually fighting among themselves, but also +provoking retaliation from the Namaquas, which the +latter only too gladly indulged in. Lastly, the +Namaquas, who in the first instance welcomed missionaries, +were now opposed to them and to every +outside influence or criticism, and determined to do +just what they liked both to one another and to the +Damaras. More especially they had recently determined +that no white man should pass through their +country to the interior. They were, in short, +behaving in a similar, but still more marked spirit +of exclusion to that of the Boers.</p> + +<p>The attack under Jonker on the Mission Station +No. 3 on the map was their latest iniquity. They +behaved like demons. Among other things they cut +off the feet of the women to get their ankle rings, as +related in Chapter III. Unless these misdoings could +be stopped, my journey would soon come to an end. +The Damaras believed that I and my party were +merely Hottentots in disguise, and acting as spies. +To make a long story short, I took Hans and two +intelligent men and rode on ox-back to Jonker himself, +and rated him soundly, in English first, to relieve my +mind, and then in Dutch through my interpreters, +brandishing my paper with the big seal, and +thoroughly frightened him. Arrangements, which I +cannot go into now, were made for a meeting between +myself and the other Namaqua chiefs, and ultimately +a <i>modus vivendi</i> was secured, which lasted all the time +I was in the country and for a while afterwards.</p> + +<p>These negotiations occupied fully three months, +during which every nerve was strained to get the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span>expedition into readiness to start. Andersson, Hans, +and nearly all the men had gone down with the cart +and newly-bought oxen to Station No. 1, whence they +brought back the two wagons most successfully, +though having first to break in the oxen. Then, +whilst Andersson was encamped at Station No. 2, I +rode with Hans to the mountain stronghold of the +Ghou Damup, Erongo. Finally, in March, I made +my start northwards from the place where Station +No. 3 formerly stood, every step being henceforth +through new country.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br> +<span class="smaller">LANDS OF THE DAMARAS, OVAMPO, AND NAMAQUAS</span></h2> + +<p>Size of caravan—Horrors of savagedom—Ovambondé—To the Ovampo +on ride-oxen—Back to Damara land—Journey in Namaqua land—Bushmen—Large +game—Back to Walfish Bay—Home—Medal +of Royal Geographical Society, and election to Athenæum Club +under Rule II.</p> + +</div> + +<p>My first objective was Ovambondé, a place which +proved to be of exaggerated interest. It is +marked B on the map. It was the only definite spot, +generally known to the Damaras, that I could hear +of in a northerly direction. Without some definite +goal it would have been necessary to travel unguided +through a country so choked with bushes bearing +cruel thorns that we might have found ourselves in +impassable blind issues time after time.</p> + +<p>The plateau on which we were to travel was +some 6000 feet above the level of the sea, as +calculated by the usual method from the temperature +of boiling water. It had a crisp sandy surface good +for travel, but the thorn-bushes were a serious +obstacle. Water was a daily cause for anxiety, and +was usually to be procured only at places where the +natives had recently dug for it with success. The +country is deluged at the time of the rainy season, +and pools remain for a while at many places, but they +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span>soon disappear, partly through evaporation, but +principally from percolation through the sandy soil. +Here and there a thin layer of less porous earth holds +the water longer. The pool may then become +sanded over, but water can be reached without +trouble by digging and scraping. During a large +part of the journey this looking out for signs of +water and digging wells, after the first four hours’ +journey had been accomplished, was the almost daily +occupation. The giving of drink to the oxen, three +at a time, out of an improvised trench covered with +canvas, into which the water was ladled, was a +common feature at each encampment.</p> + +<p>The digging for water was laborious. Sometimes +the well was already dug by natives, but dry, and had +to be so much deepened as to require a chain of three +men to utilise it. One raised the water-vessel to +another who stood a stage higher, and he to a third +who stood breast high above the surface of the ground +and poured its contents into the trough. On one of +these occasions we had fallen fast asleep, dogs and +all, utterly wearied, and found in the morning, to our +astonishment, the tracks of elephants all about us. +They had drunk at the well, disturbed nobody, and +disappeared into the not distant bush, whither I +followed them in vain.</p> + +<p>The caravan at starting consisted of ten Europeans +and about eighteen natives, or twenty-eight in all. +The two wagons were both laden. The large one +had a solid deck over its cargo, and the space above +deck was curtained into two compartments, in which +Andersson and I slept when the ground was wet; as +a rule we bivouacked in the open. The available +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>space above the deck of the wagon was too low to +read or write in with comfort. The small wagon +held the clothes of the men in addition to its regular +freight, and nobody slept in it except during the +heavy rains. At first the natives of my party were +constantly changing, and in addition to my own +party there were occasional hangers-on.</p> + +<p>As regards commissariat, my biscuit and every +kind of vegetable food had been eaten up. I had +plenty of tea, coffee, and some sugar, and a few trifles +besides, but no wine or spirits except for medicine. +Our sustenance was henceforth to be the flesh of the +oxen and sheep driven with us, eked out by occasional +game. The charge of the cattle was our constant +anxiety and care; if lost or stolen, we should be +starved. The estimate was that one sheep—they were +very lean—afforded twenty meals, and I found that +men on full work required two meals daily. An ox +was reckoned equal to seven sheep, and would therefore +feed twenty-four people for three days. The gross +total of oxen, cows, and calves in the caravan was +ninety-four; that of sheep was twenty-four. Seventy-five +of the oxen were broken in; nine of these as ride-oxen +and a few others as pack-oxen, the remainder +only for draught. I considered myself to be provided +for ten weeks, exclusive of game, while still preserving +a sufficiency of trained oxen.</p> + +<p>I had many things for barter, but could not foresee +whether, or how far, they would be accepted in +exchange for cattle. It afterwards appeared that two +sticks of cavendish tobacco was a usual equivalent for +one sheep, and a rod of iron or a gun for perhaps +eight oxen.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p> + +<p>I soon saw some of the horrors of savagedom. +My dogs found a wretched native whose muscles +along the back of his neck had been severed to the +bone, but whose throat was uninjured. He had +crawled under thorn-bushes to die, whence we extricated +him. His head rolled horribly, but he could +speak a little. I did what I could in the way of +splints and bandages, but he soon died. Then, while +staying with a most gentlemanly chief, Kahichené, who +was himself killed soon afterwards, and his followers +dispersed, two of my fore-oxen were stolen. They +are by far the most important animals in a team. +The chief sent trackers after them. They and the +thief were brought back; I begged for the man’s life, +for ox-stealing is a capital offence. He was spared +while I was there, but clubbed, as I understood, after +I had left. But enough of these gruesome stories. +I had to hold a little court of justice on most days, +usually followed by corporal punishment, deftly administered. +At a signal from me the culprit’s legs +were seized from behind, he was thrown face forward +on the ground and held, while Hans applied the +awarded number of whip strokes. This rough-and-ready +justice became popular. Women, as usual, +were the most common causes of quarrel.</p> + +<p>The Damaras were for the most part thieving +and murderous, dirty, and of a low type; but their +chiefs were more or less highly bred. These people +seldom die natural deaths; many are killed when +fighting, many are murdered, and sick persons are +as a rule smothered by their relatives. It was +fortunate for me that there was at that time no +paramount chief in Damara land, unless it were a man +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span>like Kahichené. The smaller ones feared our weapons +and the mystery attached to white men coming from +afar, who might be in friendly relations with their +dreaded enemies, so I was able to slip through their +lawless country with comparative ease.</p> + +<p>Ovambondé proved to be of no importance. It +was nothing more than a long reach in a then dry +river-bed, which would, however, assume a very +different aspect after heavy rains. By the time we +had arrived there, the tales concerning a different +race called the Ovampo, who lived to the northwards +beyond the Damaras, had become more and more +consistent and exciting, and gave a fresh impetus +to proceed. The Damara limit is marked on the +map; the axle of one of my wagons broke just +before reaching it. Consequently I made a camp +near a friendly Damara chief, and left the wagons, +with Hans and the drivers, to be repaired in the way +familiar to Boers, and started for Ovampo land with +Andersson and three men on ride-oxen. I also took +three laden pack-oxen and a few loose ones in reserve, +to furnish food if needed.</p> + +<p>A caravan travels every six months from Ovampo +land to buy Damara cattle, stopping at the very place +where we had been. Another caravan similarly travels +along the Kaoko (see map) between Damara land +and the sea. We met one of the former of these +caravans a little after we had started, so we returned +for a while to our old camp, and finally went back to +Ovampo land with it. These Ovampo were under +strict discipline, secret and very resolute. I could +not do what I liked in their company, but had to +depend on their plans. The will of their king +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>Nangoro was supreme. I could not enter the country, +trade in it, or leave it, except with his permission.</p> + +<p>The border-land between the Damaras and the +Ovampo seemed to be a natural frontier unsuitable +for occupation. We passed bleak plains and then +a wide belt of thorn-bushes, which after a day’s +journey ceased suddenly and disclosed a broad stretch +of fields of maize, a strange and welcome sight. +After a day’s march through these, we reached the +place where Nangoro lived.</p> + +<p>I did much to make myself agreeable, investing +Nangoro with a big theatrical crown that I had bought +in Drury Lane for some such purpose. But I have +reason to believe that I deeply wounded his pride +by the non-acceptance of his niece as, I presume, +a temporary wife. I found her installed in my tent +in negress finery, raddled with red ochre and butter, +and as capable of leaving a mark on anything +she touched as a well-inked printer’s roller. I was +dressed in my one well-preserved suit of white linen, +so I had her ejected with scant ceremony. The +Damaras are very hospitable in this way, and consider +the missionaries to be actuated by pride in +not reciprocating.</p> + +<p>We were treated with strict courtesy, but, except +at the very first, without friendliness; a sense of +growing constraint was everywhere, and there were +ugly signs of an intention to allow our oxen to die +of hunger, and then to make an easy end of us afterwards. +The Ovampo carry on a trade with the +Portuguese half-castes to the north, and knew and +despised the guns used by them; but ours were shown, +by their bullet marks after firing at a distant tree, to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span>be of a much higher order and to be feared. Probably +that new view of their value helped us considerably. +We were quite at the mercy of Nangoro; our cattle +grew thinner daily on the very scant pasturage to +which they were restricted, and Nangoro would not +give me permission to go farther. It was as much +as our oxen could do to take us back at all, and +having at length received permission, or orders (I +know not which), to return, I did so with mixed +feelings—regret at having to turn back, relief at +getting away safely. The Ovampo were suspicious +of us, but seemed particularly happy and social among +themselves, and to be a people well worthy of friendly +study. But the spirit of what is elsewhere known +as “taboo” reigned everywhere, and simple inquiries +were too frequently met with the rejoinder of “You +must not ask.” I had very good interpreters between +the Damara and Ovampo languages.</p> + +<p>My fears of ill-usage were shown not to be fanciful, +by the fact that a party who followed me some +years later were attacked as they departed, and had +to fire in self-defence. According to one of many +rumours, a stray bullet killed Nangoro himself, at +a considerable distance, while he was sitting within +his own stockade. The party got safely away, but +were in great danger.</p> + +<p>The return journey to the wagons was indeed +difficult. One bitterly cold encampment in a hollow +on the bleak plain, where we were comparatively safe +from a night attack, seriously tried the constitution +of some of my best ride-oxen, who never afterwards +became as serviceable as they were before. The +wagon was however mended, all had gone well +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span>with the men left behind, and we started homewards.</p> + +<p>Ultimately the whole party was brought safely +back to Station No. 3 on August 3, 1851, where +we were most heartily welcomed and congratulated +by Mr. Hahn after our long absence of five months, +during which no news whatever of us had reached +him. In the meantime I had spent ninety days in +actual travel, independently of such excursions as +were needed from time to time to look out for +practicable routes. Of these ninety days, fifty were +occupied in travel to Nangoro and forty in returning. +The return distance in time was 168 hours, equal +to 462 miles. Our road had passed through a +dangerous and difficult country; it traversed the +whole breadth of Damara land, and had reached +the capital of the country beyond it to the north.</p> + +<p>Some little news had reached Mr. Hahn from +Europe through the hands of a cattle-trader. It +included an English newspaper, but no letters for +myself; it was now one year and four months since I +had heard a single word from my home. Peace had +been kept during my absence between the Hottentots +and Damaras.</p> + +<p>A ship was expected for the missionaries not +earlier than December, so I should have a clear four +months for further travel and yet be able to catch that +ship. I determined on a quick journey to the eastwards +of the Namaqua country, and dispatched +messengers at once with letters to the Cape, in doing +which the Namaqua chief Swartboy assisted me. I +thereby made arrangements to confirm those partly +made by the missionaries about the time of departure +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span>of their ship, that it might not arrive too soon. I then +divided my party and settled matters relating to the +future of the wagons and their contents, also in regard +to my three remaining mules, the rest of which had +died or been killed by lions long since. Then I started +afresh on August 13, taking one wagon with me, +Andersson, three of my best servants, and five or six +of my most active Damaras, and went in the first +instance to Jonker.</p> + +<p>He received me kindly, and I had the good fortune +to find in this place a fairly educated man, Erhardt, +imported by the missionaries as a schoolmaster, who +spoke Dutch and English perfectly, and Hottentot +fairly well. I engaged his services, especially as he +undertook to guide me as far as Elephant Fountain +(E.F. on the map), which had been the <i>ultima Thule</i> +of the missionaries. I was also asked to settle some +disputes between the other Namaqua chiefs, who +were all very friendly to me now. I proposed to +push farther forward from Elephant Fountain as far +as time, the exceptional drought of the year, and the +weakened stamina of my oxen permitted.</p> + +<p>We left Jonker August 30, and arrived at +Elephant Fountain September 11, where I found +myself at last in a country of big game. There was a +copious spring, and herds of all kinds of animals came +to drink. It received its name from the large number +of tusks found in the water at this place when the +Namaquas first reached it, as though it had been a +spot to which elephants travelled to die, according to +a well-known legend. It was then overgrown with +reeds, and formed a notable covert for wild beasts. It +lies in a corner of the district then claimed by the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span>chief Amiral. Farther to the south of it the country +becomes desert. Amiral joined me, by arrangement, +at Elephant Fountain for a shooting expedition. He +and his people seemed much more civilised than the +other Namaquas, and nearer in character to the +Dutch Boers.</p> + +<p>I left my wagon with two men, together +with those of Amiral and some of his own men +whom he left behind to guard them, and starting on +ride-oxen with Andersson we reached Twas, the +farthest point yet visited by Amiral, on about the +28th. In front of us lay an arid plain, especially arid +in this very dry year, which had to be crossed in +order to reach the next watering place, well known to +the Bushmen, but not to Amiral, and called Tounobis.</p> + +<p>My oxen were tired and footsore, but we went. +It proved to be a journey of 20½ hours actual desert +travel, and led us suddenly into an ideal country of +big game. The ground, adjacent to a broad river-bed, +was trodden with the tracks of all sorts of animals, +elephants, rhinoceros, lions, and a vast variety of +smaller game. Crowds of Bushmen were encamped +near to the water, busy with their pitfalls and with +securing an elephant that had fallen into one of them +during the previous night. We became great friends +with the Bushmen, and sat late into the night hearing +their stories about themselves and the recent doings +of a body of strange Namaquas coming from the +south, who in the preceding year had swept past +them and onwards to Lake Ngami, leaving unmistakable +signs of their expedition, and marauding as +usual as they went. This much, therefore, was established, +that a feasible road existed from Walfish +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span>Bay to the interior, of which I had myself travelled +as far as Tounobis, and the remaining few days’ +journey had been travelled during the preceding year +by marauding Namaquas.</p> + +<p>After staying a week at Tounobis, Amiral wished +to return home, and I was not in a position to travel +farther afield, because the next stage towards Lake +Ngami was described by all as being more severe +than the last one, and with my tired oxen it was +as much as we could do to get back at all. So I +returned, and, ultimately, found myself back on the +shores of Walfish Bay on December 5. The wished-for +schooner arrived on January 16, 1852. I finally +parted with Andersson, Hans, and most of the men, +and retaining only three with me for the possibility of +a short travel in Portuguese territory, which came to +nothing, I sailed to St. Helena, whence I returned +straight to England.</p> + +<p>This, in a few words, is an outline of my journey. +The distances were (as carefully calculated), Walfish +Bay to Station No. 3 (Barmen) 207 miles, Barmen to +Nangoro 512 miles, Barmen to Tounobis 311 miles,—total +1030 miles, and nearly as many back; besides +other side expeditions, especially that to Erongo, and +another of little interest that has not been alluded to +above.</p> + +<p>This bald outline of a very eventful journey has +taken little notice of the risks and adventures which +characterised it and are recorded in my book. They +must be imagined by the reader, otherwise the following +paragraph will seem overcharged, which it is not.</p> + +<p>I had little conception of the severity of the +anxiety under which I had been living until I found +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span>myself on board the little vessel that took me away, +and I felt at last able to sleep in complete security. +I had indeed to be thankful that all ended so well. +I did not lose one of my many men either through +violence or sickness during the long and harassing +journey. It was undertaken with servants who at +starting were found to be anything but qualified for +their work, who grumbled, held back, and even +mutinied, and over whom I had none other than a +moral control. The very cattle that were to carry +me had to be broken in, and I had to call into service +an indolent and cruel set of natives speaking an +unknown tongue. The country was suffering the +atrocities of savage warfare when I arrived—tribe +against tribe and race against race—which had to +be stopped before I could proceed. I had no +food to depend on except the cattle I drove with +me, which might any night decamp or be swept off +by a raid. That all this was gone through successfully +I am indebted in the highest degree both to +Andersson and Hans, to whom I have had to make +too scant reference here for want of space.</p> + +<p>Andersson remained behind to investigate the +natural history of the countries we had opened out, +and wrote histories of his journeys and observations. +He ultimately died in Damara land. Hans found +his way to the gold diggings of Australia, but with +the exception of one letter that he sent me before +starting I lost all communication with him, to my very +great regret. He must have met with mischance. +I reached England exactly two years after leaving +it, that is on April 5, 1852, more than fifty-six +years ago.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p> + +<p>I began this chapter by showing how largely the +Geographical Society aided me in preparing for the +journey. I conclude it by showing how still more +deeply I became indebted to it for its approbation. +The Society awarded to me one of their two annual +gold medals in 1854, “for having at his [my] own +cost and in furtherance of the expressed desire of +the Society, fitted out an expedition to explore the +centre of South Africa, and for having so successfully +conducted it through the countries of the Namaquas, +the Damaras, and the Ovampo (a journey of about +1700 miles), as to enable this Society to publish a +valuable memoir and map in the last volume of the +Journal, relating to a country hitherto unknown; the +astronomical observations determining the latitude +and longitude of places having been most accurately +made by himself.”</p> + +<p>The President, Sir Roderick Murchison, in presenting +the medal to me at the Anniversary Meeting +(I quote from the <i>Times</i>), having read the above +paragraph in the Report, said that Mr. Galton had +a distinct claim on the Society before all other African +travellers, because he had fitted out the expedition at +his own expense in furtherance of their expressed +wishes, and had zealously accomplished that which he +had so disinterestedly undertaken. Then, turning to +Mr. Galton, he added: “It is now my pleasing duty +to place in your hands this testimony of the approbation +of the Royal Geographical Society. I am +sure you will receive it, as we intend it, as the +highest honour which we can possibly confer. You +left a happy home to visit a country never before +penetrated by a civilised being. You have accomplished +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span>that which every geographer in this room +must feel is of eminent advantage to the science in +which we take so deep an interest. Accept, with +these expressions, my belief that, so long as England +possesses travellers with the resolution you have +displayed, and so long as private gentlemen will +devote themselves to accomplish what you have +achieved, we shall always be able to boast that +this country produces the best geographers of the +day.”</p> + +<p>The Geographical Medal gave me an established +position in the scientific world. In connection with +subsequent work, it caused me to be elected a +Fellow of the Royal Society in 1856, and to +receive in the same year the very high honour of +election to the Athenæum Club under Rule II., +which provides that the Council may elect not more +than nine persons in each year on the ground of +distinction in Science, Literature, Art, or Public +Service, being at the average rate of a little more +than two elections annually, under each of these +four broad heads. The recipient is thereby saved +many, sometimes sixteen or more, years of waiting, +before his turn would arrive to be balloted for in +the ordinary course of election. So I have much +to be grateful for to the Royal Geographical Society, +and I loyally did my best to promote its interests +during the many years that I served on its Council +in various capacities.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI<br> +<span class="smaller">AFTER RETURN HOME—MARRIAGE</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Yacht to Norway—Dover—Marriage—Relations of my own; those +of my wife</p> + +</div> + +<p>On returning to England, my gratification was +great in finding all my immediate relatives well +and eager to welcome me. But I was rather used up +in health, and desired to get out of the way of being +lionised, which is exceedingly wearisome to the lion +after the first excitement and novelty of the process +have worn away. So I gladly accepted an invitation +from Sir Hyde Parker to yacht and fish with him in +Norway. He was a famed fisherman, and had landed +in Norway the largest salmon on record with a fly, +66 lb. in weight, authoritatively confirmed. Several +of his yachting friends were to have sailed at the +same time; but their plans were affected by the +electioneering then going on; consequently, after the +loss of some precious days, we were accompanied +only by the yachts of Mr. Bentinck and Mr. Milner +Gibson.</p> + +<p>The former told us interesting anecdotes of Lord +Brougham’s early rise at the Bar, how eagerly his +help was sought by the smart men of those days +when they got into scrapes, as being more likely +to get them out of their difficulties than any one +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span>else. The extraordinary versatility and energy of +Lord Brougham had made a great impression on me +at that time and long previously, and I listened +eagerly to anecdotes of him. A timid and rather +elderly lady had told me that Lord Brougham was +once a guest at her brother’s house, where his +appearance was awaited with awe. The great man +arrived, talked incessantly and wonderfully well during +dinner, but retired early on account of business letters. +Later on, while she was preparing for bed, an awful +yell or scream, which she could only describe in the +negative terms of unearthly and totally unlike anything +she had ever heard before, rang through the corridor. +She tremblingly snatched up whatever dress was +at hand, and issued in terror to learn what had +happened. She met Lord Brougham’s valet with a +candle in his hand, walking leisurely, and cried to +him, “What is it? What is it?” He answered +unconcernedly, “It is only his Lordship calling for +me; that is his usual way.”</p> + +<p>There is a remarkably good wax effigy of Lord +Brougham as a young man in Madame Tussaud’s +collection, perhaps the most real-looking of any there. +Later on I was taken to see him in his house at +Cannes, a few years before his death. Doubts had +recently been expressed in the newspapers about his +version of the circumstances attending the dissolution +of Parliament by William iv., which made Lord +Brougham exceedingly wroth. It was fine but sad +to witness the unmeasured indignation of the old hero, +punctuating his remarks as he sat, by heavy digs +into the sand with the point of his umbrella, held in +both hands like a dagger.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the Norway cruise, my health +remained out of sorts, and a little later in the year, +while some of my old fever was on me, I could not +resist a dangerous exposure in order to witness the +funeral of the Duke of Wellington. This made me +seriously ill; I could hardly stand, but somehow +made my way to my mother’s house at Claverdon, +where she and my sister Emma nursed me tenderly, +and then, as I got better, it was agreed that we +should all go together to Dover for a complete +change.</p> + +<p>There I recovered completely, and became engaged +to my future wife, the daughter of the Very Rev. +George Butler, Dean of Peterborough, who had been +Headmaster of Harrow during many years. My +wife had three sisters and four brothers, the latter all +highly distinguished for scholastic and administrative +ability.</p> + +<p>I shrink, yet cannot wholly refrain from speaking +of the affection I freely received from them, their +relatives and their friends, all owing to that happy +marriage, which lasted forty-four years, and ended +at Royat in 1897, followed by a grave in the cemetery +at Clermont Ferrand.</p> + +<p>I shall say little about my purely domestic life, +which, however full of interest to myself, would be +uninteresting to strangers, so I attempt no more than +to give brief accounts of the friendships and events +that followed my marriage in 1853 up to about 1866. +This interval of thirteen years occupies a fairly well +defined part of my life owing to two reasons, namely, +that my scientific interests during its latter half +became concentrated on heredity, and because it was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span>in 1866 that my health suffered a more serious +breakdown than had happened to it before. During +the whole of this interval I find from old diaries that +I frequently suffered from giddiness and other maladies +prejudicial to mental effort, but that I invariably +became well again on completely changing my habits, +as by touring abroad and taking plenty of out-of-door +exercise. The warning I received in 1866 was more +emphatic and alarming than previously, and made a +revision of my mode of life a matter of primary importance. +Those who have not suffered from mental +breakdown can hardly realise the incapacity it causes, +or, when the worst is past, the closeness of analogy +between a sprained brain and a sprained joint. In +both cases, after recovery seems to others to be +complete, there remains for a long time an impossibility +of performing certain minor actions without +pain and serious mischief, mental in the one and +bodily in the other. This was a frequent experience +with me respecting small problems, which successively +obsessed me day and night, as I tried in vain to think +them out. These affected mere twigs, so to speak, +rather than large boughs of the mental processes, +but for all that most painfully.</p> + +<p>My own family became dispersed in four groups. +My mother and my sister Emma lived together in +Leamington, and their house became a second home +to my wife and myself. My mother always showed +the greatest affection to me throughout her long life, +which closed in 1874. After her death, the house +and garden devolved upon my sister Emma. She +cared for the interests of the family as a whole, and +for each of us severally. She was invaluable to my +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span>wife and myself, and became my regular correspondent, +whose weekly letters were awaited and read by us +both with eagerness.</p> + +<p>My eldest sister lived during the time with which +I am now concerned, with her husband and her two +growing children, in the country, about seven miles +from Leamington.</p> + +<p>My sister Adele lost her husband not long after +her marriage, and settled successively in various +places at home and abroad, devoting herself, as +already said, to the education of her little girl. She +died in 1883.</p> + +<p>My second brother, Erasmus, lived for a while +on his property at Loxton, in Somersetshire, five +miles from Weston-super-Mare, but joined the 2nd +Warwickshire Militia during many years, of which +he became Major. He is now the only survivor of +my six brothers and sisters, and is ninety-three years +of age.</p> + +<p>I turn from my own family to that of my wife. +Her father was Dean of Peterborough, previously +Headmaster of Harrow during many years, and +before his appointment the Senior Wrangler at +Cambridge, in the year in which Copley, the future +Lord Lyndhurst, was second. There was no +Classical class list in existence in Cambridge in those +days, but the fact of Dr. Butler’s election to the Headmastership +of Harrow at a very early age testifies to +his reputation as a classical scholar as well as a +mathematician. He had been noted for athletic +powers, and he much prized a medal awarded to him +by the Humane Society for having saved the life of a +drowning woman when long past his middle age. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span>He afterwards overtaxed his heart by exertion to +catch a train, which, among other effects, brought on +a considerable degree of blindness, and made him in +many respects invalided before the age of eighty. +But his mind was apparently in full vigour, and his +interests were most keen. Few persons had a more +courtly demeanour. I was fated never to know him as +a father-in-law. When I reached the Deanery from +London, in order to be formally accepted into the +family, I found the blinds drawn, and learnt that the +Dean had died suddenly at luncheon. There had +been some discussion in the morning about Cathedral +matters in the Chapter House, and the excitement +told fatally upon him, as it was always feared that any +exceptional emotion might do. I was taken upstairs +to look upon his dead face.</p> + +<p>The Dean was father of an exceptionally gifted +family. All of his four sons distinguished themselves +highly at the Universities. The youngest was the +Senior Classic of his year, subsequently Headmaster +of Harrow, as his father had been before him, then +for a brief time Dean of Gloucester, now and +for many past years Master of Trinity College, +Cambridge.</p> + +<p>The same gifts of nature have descended in +large measure to the grandchildren. Out of the +eighteen grandsons of Dr. George Butler, Dean of +Peterborough, a full half have already shown +exceptional ability. Five have won a University +Scholarship or prize, two others have given promise +of high administrative power in India, one of whom +now occupies the important post of Foreign Secretary +to the Indian Government. Out of the five +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span>granddaughters, one has obtained a First Class in +History at Oxford. This by no means exhausts the +achievements of the grandchildren. The Butler +family well deserve study as an instance of hereditary +gifts, but this is hardly the place for it.</p> + +<p>Neither can I enlarge as I could have done on the +far greater importance of being married into a family +that is good in character, in health, and in ability, +than into one that is either very wealthy or very +noble, but lacks these primary qualifications. The +enlargement afforded to the previous family interests +through marriage is so great that much must be lost +when first cousins marry one another.</p> + +<p>I protest against the opinions of those sentimental +people who think that marriage concerns only the two +principals; it has in reality the wider effect of an alliance +between each of them and a new family. Moreover, +the interests of the unborn should be taken far more +seriously into account than they now are. Enough +is already known of the laws of heredity to make it +certain that the marriage of one class of persons will +lead on the whole to good results, and that of another +class to evil ones, however doubtful the result may +be in particular cases. Of this I shall speak more +fully in the final chapter.</p> + +<p>As regards the earlier domestic life of my wife +and myself, we lived in a flat in Victoria Street +for three years; then I bought the long lease of +42 Rutland Gate, which has been my home ever +since. We followed the usual routine of social life of +persons of our class, making tours every year, usually +abroad. The doctors sometimes sent one or both of +us to undergo a cure at some watering-place. In this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span>way we visited and, some of them more than once, +Spa, Vichy, Contréxéville, Wildbad, Baden, Royat, +and Mont Dore les Bains. We also often went to the +Riviera and elsewhere. My finances had at this time to +be considered rather carefully, as an income which was +sure to arrive eventually was long delayed, and the +property that was to yield it entailed a cost that almost +swallowed up its profits. But there was no real stint; +we had quite sufficient fortune for an unpretending +establishment, with abundant leisure besides.</p> + +<p>Certainly we led a life that many in our social rank +might envy. Among our friends were not a few +notable persons, a full half of whom were first known +to me through the connections of my wife. Then I +was blessed with an abundance of animal spirits and +hopefulness, though they were dashed temporarily +over and over again by the great readiness with +which my brain became overtaxed; however, I always +recuperated quickly. Once I had a bad reminder of +my old Syrian ague, but, thanks to quinine +(which the ancients would have deified had they +known of its virtues), the malady passed away so far +out of sight as to have since recurred only at long +intervals.</p> + +<p>One of the pleasantest description of events in those +days were the long walks I took, especially at Easter-time, +with one or other of my brothers-in-law, or +with their or my own friends. Let me venture to +describe my own views as to provisions suitable for a +day’s walk during a homely tramp. They are such as +can be procured at any town however small, are tasty, +easy to carry, exempt from butter, which is apt to leak +out of paper parcels, and are highly nutritious. They +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span>are two slices of bread half an inch thick, a slice of +cheese of nearly the same thickness, and a handful of +sultana raisins. The raisins supply what bread and +cheese lack; they play the same part that cranberries do +in pemmican, that nasty, and otherwise scarcely eatable +food of Arctic travellers. The luncheon rations that I +advocate are compact, and require nothing besides +water to afford a satisfactory and sustaining midday +meal. If sultanas cannot be got, common raisins will +do; lumps of sugar make a substitute, but a very +imperfect one.</p> + +<p>We frequently enjoyed the hospitality of the Headmaster +of Harrow and his wife. One delightful way of +spending Sunday in those days was to walk to Harrow +along what was then a comparatively countrified road, to +take afternoon tea at the house of my wife’s mother, +Mrs. Butler, who resided on the outskirts of Harrow, +to go to the evening service at the School Chapel, +to have a good square tea-supper at the Headmaster’s, +presided over by his attractive wife (née +Elliot), where interesting people were nearly always +present; afterwards to walk or rail home in the +evening, usually with a companion.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br> +<span class="smaller">“ART OF TRAVEL”</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Compilation of the <i>Art of Travel</i>—Lectures at Aldershot—Heliostat—Rifle +screen—<i>Reader</i> newspaper</p> + +</div> + +<p>I was rather unsettled during a few years, wishing +to undertake a fresh bit of geographical +exploration, or even to establish myself in some +colony; but I mistrusted my powers, for the health +that had been much tried had not wholly recovered. +On the other hand, there was abundance of useful +work at home. Geographical exploration had become +a topic of general interest. Burton had penetrated to +Mecca. Japan was opened, and Laurence Oliphant +had returned thence. Dr. Barth had come back at +last from his long exploration of North Africa, including +districts which are now under British and French +rule and well mapped, but at that time were either +partially or quite unknown. It is very different +now; a letter can be sent for a penny to Kano, and +Timbuctoo has become a French military station. +Arctic expeditions by land and sea were then much +to the fore; Dr. Rae (1813-1893) had performed +his great journeys in Arctic North America, with +a wonderfully small and inexpensive equipment. +Lesseps was engaged in obtaining support for making +the Suez Canal, and I must say that the British +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span>engineers who pooh-poohed its possibility at the +meeting of the Royal Geographical Society, where it +was the subject of a paper by Lesseps, have proved +untrustworthy guides and prophets. I threw myself +into the thick of the discussions and criticisms of +whatever had just been done, and into the preparations +for what was about to be undertaken, and was +in short a very active member of the Council.</p> + +<p>It was not long after my marriage that the +character of a piece of work that lay before me was +clearly perceived. It was ready to be taken in hand +and most suitable to my powers. It was to aid others +in the exploration of the then unknown parts of the +world, especially of Africa, of whose total length as +much had been seen by me in my two journeys as +perhaps by any one else then living. Being placed on +the Council of the Royal Geographical Society, I +thoroughly utilised that position to fulfil my object. +The ignorance of travellers in any one country of the +arts of travel employed in others was great, and I +tried to make a compendium of them all. Having +easy access to every traveller of note in England, I +read many books of travel, or rather skimmed them +for the purpose. Amongst others, I turned over every +page in Pinkerton’s well-known series of large quarto +volumes of the narratives of travellers.</p> + +<p>The result was that sufficient material was +gathered for the composition of a small book entitled +the <i>Art of Travel</i> (Murray). It soon reached a +second edition, and was afterwards rewritten and +much enlarged to form a third edition, which was +stereotyped, and even now continues to be sold. I +also took considerable part in the first edition of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span><i>Hints to Travellers</i> issued by the Geographical +Society, which has long since quite outgrown its +original form, all its chapters having been rewritten, +each of them by experts. In its present shape it is +a most trustworthy guide to travellers for such instrumental +and other scientific work as they need to be +acquainted with. The Anthropological “Notes and +Queries” are a similar and most useful compendium +relating to that branch of science. I had some share +in this, but by no means a large one.</p> + +<p>I cannot resist quoting the following letter from +my cousin Charles Darwin, the great naturalist, whose +opinion as the author of the <i>Voyage of the Beagle</i> +was naturally valued by me most highly. I had +asked him for hints while engaged on the first edition +of the <i>Art of Travel</i>, and sent him a copy of it, to +which he now refers. This was four years before the +publication of the <i>Origin of Species</i>:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Down</span>, <i>Jan. 10, ?1855</i></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">My dear Galton</span>,—I received your kind +present yesterday. I always thought your idea of +your Book a very good one, and that you would do +it capitally, and from what I have seen my forethought +is, I am sure, <i>quite</i> justified. I hope that your +volume will have a large sale, but what I fully expect +is that it will have a long sale, and if you save from +some disasters half a dozen explorers, I feel sure that +you will think yourself well rewarded for all the +trouble your volume must have cost you.—Believe me, +my dear Galton, yours very truly,</p> + +<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">C. Darwin</span>”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The outbreak of the Crimean War showed the +helplessness of our soldiers in the most elementary +matters of camp-life. Believing that something could +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span>be done by myself towards removing this extraordinary +and culpable ignorance, I offered to give +lectures on the subject, gratuitously, at the then +newly founded camp at Aldershot. As may be +imagined from what is otherwise known of the confusion +of the War Office at that time, no answer at +all was sent to my letters, until I ventured to apply +personally to the then Premier, Lord Palmerston, who +at once caused me to be installed. It is evident from +my old notebooks that I worked very hard to frame +a suitable course of practical instruction and of +lectures for those who cared to profit by them.</p> + +<p>General Knowles (1797-1883) was then in command, +and he gave me both moral and material help. +He assigned me two huts, and made arrangements +about hours. My second brother, Erasmus, was in +camp as Captain in the 2nd Warwickshire Militia, +and his presence was most grateful to me. I myself +took a small house about two miles from my hut, and +walked there and back each day. Several officers +came, and not a few of them showed interest. A +lecture was also given by me at the United Service +Institution, and the newspapers warmly backed the +attempt. The War Office requested that ten (I +think) reproductions should be made of a cabinet +with four drawers, containing models of what was +exhibited in my lectures. One of the cabinets was +sent to the South Kensington Museum, and may be +there still. One was sent to Woolwich. The others +were distributed elsewhere. I do not think that my +lectures had much other result, because the rude +teachings of the Crimean War soon superseded +mine, and the army generally became expert in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span>much of what I had wished should be known by +them.</p> + +<p>A small contrivance of my own, over which I +spent a great deal of time, may be alluded to here; +it is described at length in the <i>Art of Travel</i>, and in +other publications, as a “Hand Heliostat” [<a href="#book10">10</a>]. I +contrived and practised with it long before the present +system of sun-signalling had been invented. The use +of a heliostat for creating a point of light, visible at +great distances for purposes of Ordnance triangulation, +had long been fully recognised; a description of its +employment from Snowdon to Scawfell has already +been given in Chapter V. The difficulty in using a +portable instrument is to direct the flash with sufficient +accuracy of aim. If the part of the landscape upon +which the flash falls could actually be seen by the +operator, it would always appear to be of exactly the +same size as the disc of the sun itself, whatever the +distance may be; in other words, it subtends an angle +of about 30 minutes of a degree. My plan was to +divert a small part of the flash so as to create a mock-sun +in the field of view of the instrument, which the +operator could throw, by judicious handling, upon any +desired spot in the landscape, with the assurance that +persons on the ground covered by the mock-sun could +see the flash. The instrument is now used in nautical +surveys, as I was told by the late Hydrographer, Sir +William Wharton, to enable shore parties to make +their exact whereabouts visible to those on the ship. +The heliostat that I usually carried with me went +easily into a large waistcoat pocket, and was very +efficient at a distance of ten miles. I should have +been glad to possess one on many occasions when +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span>travelling in Damara Land. However, without +additional complications, it could not be made into +a really serviceable instrument for transmitting verbal +messages. It would then require nearly as much +trouble to carry as the present sun-signalling apparatus, +while it would be less rapid and sure.⁠<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>It is interesting to flash with a small mirror against +a light-coloured surface that lies in shadow, as through +an open window against the opposite wall of the room +behind. The size and shape of the mirror is then +seen to have very little influence on the size or shape +of the mock-sun, even at moderate distances. In long-range +signalling their influence is wholly inappreciable.</p> + +<p>I may describe here another contrivance, partly +belonging to Art-of-Travel matters, partly military, +that I sent to the United Service Institution [<a href="#book12">12</a>]. It +was appropriate to the days of “Brown Bess,” but +useless as a protection against modern musket bullets +with their flat trajectories. I showed it was easy to +provide a screen under which A. could hit B. at any +distance beyond, say, 200 yards, while on the other +hand B. could not hit A., although he might see him +clearly. The balls of B. would be intercepted by the +target. The principle on which the target gave protection +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>was that the flight of a bullet does not describe +a symmetrical curve. Its course is nearly straight at +first, then gradually curves downward until it may be +said to plunge. If A. and B. are in full sight of one +another but at some little distance apart, and fire at +one another, the courses of the incoming and outgoing +bullet are different. That of the incoming bullet is +higher by several inches or feet than the outgoing. +Consequently, if a shield be interposed, near to A., +above his line of shooting and at such a height that +it will not interfere with his outgoing shot, it will +effectually prevent a shot of B. from touching him, and +conversely. The numerical conditions are worked out +on the paper. The idea took the fancy of some of +the audience, as one that might possibly be of much +service.</p> + +<p>I was a humble sharer in an undertaking started +by Herbert Spencer, of establishing a weekly newspaper +of literature and science, that was to eclipse the +existing ones. His contention was that, if a few +selected men were to combine each to write one +article weekly, on a subject within his own province, +a periodical might be produced that would have great +weight and authority. The late Sir Frederick Pollock +undertook its general editorship, to be helped in all +details by a paid sub-editor, Mr. B., while he would +keep the more purely literary portion in his own +hands. Tom Hughes (the author of <i>Tom Brown</i>) +lent us his rooms and his co-operation. Tyndall +undertook Physical Science; Huxley took Physiology, +with reservation, as he could not afford to give much +gratuitous work; Spencer, of course, took Philosophy; +my part was to look after Travels and Geography, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>there were a few others. We subscribed £100 each; +Spencer persuaded a City friend to do a little more in +order to start the concern, so a Limited Liability +Company was formed, and the newspaper was called +<i>The Reader</i>. It was an amusing experience, owing to +Mr. B.’s insistence, from a commercial point of view, +about the necessity of obtaining advertisements by all +sorts of ingenious means, but some of which, in our +opinions, were not quite above-board. Then it was +brought home to us that, as our venture was one of +limited liability, whatever we bought must be paid +for at once, while what we were to receive would not +be paid for many months. We were like children in +the hands of Mr. B., who knew all the ins and outs +of the commercial conditions of success, concerning +which we were almost childishly ignorant. The +newspaper proved dull, notwithstanding some really +good articles. The management was naturally too +amateurish; promised articles were delayed, and the +time of the committee was too much wasted in +frequent discussions about first principles, upon which +Spencer loved to dilate. So <i>The Reader</i> did not +thrive. Its expenditure exceeded its incomings, our +reserve fund melted away, and the newspaper came +to an end after about a year’s existence. We each +lost our hundred pounds, but no more, and had gained +an unexpected view of the seamy side of journalistic +enterprise.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br> +<span class="smaller">SOCIAL LIFE</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Interesting visits—Explorers of those days—Other notabilities +and friends</p> + +</div> + +<p>Entries in old diaries recall many pleasant +social meetings at home, whether dinners, +breakfasts, or simple gatherings of friends, where +there was generally some traveller or other lion of +the day whom people were glad to meet. I made +occasional excursions to visit Charles Darwin at +Down, usually at luncheon-time, always with a sense +of the utmost veneration as well as of the warmest +affection, which his invariably hearty greeting greatly +encouraged. I think his intellectual characteristic +that struck me most forcibly was the aptness of his +questionings; he got thereby very quickly to the +bottom of what was in the mind of the person he +conversed with, and to the value of it.</p> + +<p>I enjoyed two interesting visits to Lord Ashburton +at the Grange, under the presidency of the first and +second Lady Ashburton respectively. Carlyle was a +guest on both occasions. On my first meeting him +he surprised me by his unexpectedly courteous and +even polished manner, but he became more like +his ordinary self later on. On the second occasion +he seemed to me the greatest bore that a house +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span>could tolerate. He had a well-known story then to +the fore, which W. H. Brookfield (1809-1874), who +was a very constant guest, told me he had indulged +in five times that day already, and undertook that +he should repeat it for my benefit a sixth time, which +he did. Then Carlyle raved about the degeneracy +of the modern English without any facts in justification, +and contributed nothing that I could find to the +information or pleasure of the society. He, however, +executed a performance with great seriousness which +was decidedly funny, by hopping gravely on one leg +up and down within the pillars of the portico, which +he had discovered to be a prompt way of warming +himself in the then chilly weather.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to select events out of the very +many that were then interesting to me. One was +a visit to Mr. Webb at Newstead Abbey, the old +home of the poet Lord Byron, which he had recently +purchased. Mr. Webb had been a first-class African +sportsman, of whom mention will be made in the +next chapter in connection with the identification +of Dr. Livingstone’s remains. The mementoes of +Lord Byron at Newstead Abbey were well cared +for, and most touching to me, for I had in my +youth an unlimited admiration of his works; so I +drank greedily with my eyes all that I saw connected +with him. I will here anticipate very many +years, and mention a tragedy that occurred only two +autumns ago to Lord Byron’s grandson and representative, +Lord Lovelace. My niece, who has +managed my home since the death of my wife, spent +a few summer weeks with me in the pretty village +of Ockham. The night before leaving it to return +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span>home to London we were invited to Ockham Park +after tea-time, for a quiet farewell call. Lord +Lovelace was exceptionally agreeable, the conversation +was general, and the evening passed by most +pleasantly. It had been arranged that his carriage +should take us back; he accompanied us to it, and +wished us good-bye in the most friendly and courteous +manner. No one outside his household, and very +few of these, saw him again alive. It appeared that +he dressed himself for dinner, and after coming downstairs +fell dead on the floor.</p> + +<p>I saw much of Richard, afterwards Sir Richard, +Burton and of Lawrence Oliphant in those days. +There were exceedingly pleasant social gatherings held +after each meeting of the Geographical Society of +geographers and others, who were invited by Admiral +Murray to his rooms in the Albany. He was an excellent +host, and justly popular among a great variety +of men whom he had the tact to bring harmoniously +together in his chambers. Bishop Wilberforce, who +prided himself on worldly <i>savoir faire</i>, was occasionally +a guest; Burton was habitually there, but his usual +conversation in those days was not exactly of a stamp +suitable to episcopal society. I was present at the +first introduction of these two men, whose behaviour +was most comic, each trying to act the part appropriate +to the other, and, I must add, doing it most +successfully, and to all appearance quite naturally. +Burton was a great reader, generally to be seen at +the Athenæum with a folio volume before him, and +he was a prodigious note-taker during his travels. +He lent me his notebook on Zanzibar, of which I +shall shortly speak again, and I was astonished at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span>the variety and amount of information he had written +in it, in his small, clear handwriting.</p> + +<p>Lawrence Oliphant had a most winning manner +and a marvellous facility of expression. I have +served on more Council meetings than could easily +be reckoned, and am only too familiar with the often +recurring difficulty of finding a phrase that shall cover +just as much of the question under discussion as is +generally accepted, without touching any part on +which there is disagreement. Oliphant had the art +of hitting upon the appropriate phrase on these +occasions more deftly and aptly than any one else +whom I can remember. We worked together most +pleasantly as joint secretaries under the presidency +of John Crawfurd, the Ethnologist, who nicknamed +us his two sons.</p> + +<p>I had the great pleasure of again falling in with +Mansfield Parkyns of Abyssinian fame, at Admiral +Murray’s hospitable gatherings.</p> + +<p>Among many other distinguished travellers who +were in England during the fifties, I should mention +Dr. Barth, who was a learned and simple-minded +man. The five volumes of his travels in North Africa +have the merits and demerits of many German books, +being full of information but deterrent in form. I +suspect that few Englishmen have read them through +as conscientiously as I did. He was a great believer +in the importance of the Hausa language to traders +and settlers. It was then practically unknown even +to professed linguists, so he brought over with him a +bright Hausa boy to help him and others in learning +it. I never knew exactly what happened, but it seems +there was evidence that the boy had expressed a wish +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span>to go back to Africa, as he well may have done in +moments of temporary depression, whereupon the +zealous secretary of a philanthropic Society threatened +poor Barth with an action for kidnapping if he +did not send the boy back at once. Barth was +amazed, and sought advice, which was that considering +the sectarian bitterness with which the action +would probably be carried on, the ease with which +thoughtless expressions might be twisted into +deliberate words, and the certain cost and tediousness +of legal proceedings, it would be wiser for him to +submit and to send back the boy. This he did with +no little grief, and so all attempt to lexiconise and +grammarise the Hausa language was thrown back for +many years, during which a knowledge of it would +have been of material use in various British operations +on the West Coast of Africa.</p> + +<p>A long subsequent attempt was, however, made +with success by a small committee, of whom I was +one and Major Leonard Darwin another, under the +Presidency of Sir George Goldie, through whose +efforts sufficient funds were collected to enable Mr. +Robinson to study the Hausa language seriously and +on the spot. Opportunities for learning it have now +been afforded, and are used at Cambridge by prospective +military and civil servants in West Africa.</p> + +<p>Mr. Crawfurd (1783-1868) was then a vigorous +old man of considerable moral weight and of great +experience, with not a few amusing peculiarities (Sir +Roderick Murchison called him laughingly, in public, +the Objector General). He had been secretary to +Sir Stamford Raffles, and, according to what he told +to me, and I presume also to others, he was the sole +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span>originator of the idea of making Singapore a free +port, and had trouble in convincing Sir Stamford +that it would be wise to do this. He became its first +Governor, and the descriptions he gave of his multifarious +occupations in that new post, with a very +small staff, were amusing. He established a newspaper +and wrote much of it himself. The settlement +quickly grew in size and wealth, and had attained much +importance by the time he retired. He compiled +the first Malay Dictionary and Grammar. Having +failed in England to secure a seat in Parliament, he +engaged heart and soul in Ethnology and Geography, +spoke very frequently at meetings, always with reason, +and he wrote many ethnological papers, all good, but +perhaps few of first rank. He was a very kind and +helpful friend to me. He caught his death illness +through handing ladies to their carriage on the +occasion of one of his Soirées, on a bitter night. He +died believing in his delirium that he was speaking +at the Ethnological Society (since merged into the +Anthropological), to which he was devoted.</p> + +<p>Mr. George Bentham (1800-1884), the botanist, +was a great friend of Mr. Crawfurd, and he became a +kind friend to myself and to my wife. He was son of +General Bentham, who obtained one of the highest +positions as constructor of ships in the Russian Navy, +and he was nephew to Jeremy Bentham. Mr. George +Bentham was the companion in youth of John Stuart +Mill, of whom he had much to tell. In his early +manhood he took to logic, and wrote an important +paper, in which he pointed out that the distinctiveness +of a certain logical operation in common use had been +overlooked and never received a name. I myself am +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span>ignorant of logical subtleties, and repeat the following +much as a parrot might. He called the operation in +question the “Quantification of the Predicate.” Years +passed by, during which he abandoned logic and gave +all his time to systematic botany, for which his logical +training was helpful. He had been President of the +Linnæan Society for many years, and his name had +become familiar to every botanist and dabbler in +botany. At this time a letter in some newspaper (I +think the <i>Athenæum</i>) was brought to his notice, in +which the writer dwelt on the importance of this +“Quantification of the Predicate.” He mentioned +the name of its young author, adding that he had +taken much pains, in vain, to learn what had become +of him,—could any reader supply information?</p> + +<p>Mr. Bentham called one morning in 1880, together +with Sir Joseph (then Mr.) Hooker, to congratulate +me on having just had a whole genus of flowers of +singular beauty called after me by the French +botanist, J. Decaisne (Prof. de Culture, Musée +d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris) [<a href="#book60">60</a>]. I was amazed, +for I know next to nothing of botany. The story +was this. A beautiful plant had been sent from +Natal to Europe. It was described at Kew as +<i>Hyacinthus Candicans</i>, but M. Decaisne would not +consent to such a denomination. He pointed out +particulars in the plant that hyacinths have not, +and the absence of other particulars that hyacinths +have, and he renamed it. Why he pitched upon +my name for the purpose I do not know, but suppose +that he may have consulted a list of the South African +medallists of the French Geographical Society, and +finding my name among them, selected it. I have +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span>not the slightest claim to the honour, but accepted its +bestowal by him and its ratification by our then +greatest botanists, Hooker and Bentham, with +amusement. Seedsmen still class it among the +hyacinths, saying that they are obliged to have as +few separate headings in their catalogues as possible. +I append a little picture of <i>Galtonia Candicans</i> to +this book as a vignette at the bottom of its last +page.</p> + +<p>Mr. Atkinson (1799-1861) had returned with +huge oil paintings from Siberia, which he carried +in rolls on camel back, sometimes tandem-fashion. +His career was strange. He was originally little +more than a quick-witted stone-mason’s boy, who +afterwards rose, and then hearing that a design was +to be competed for at St. Petersburg for some +memorial, he drew a design, sent it there, and it +was selected. He thereupon moved to Russia, and +in some mysterious way obtained the confidence of +the Czar Nicholas so completely that Atkinson +received what was most unusual, if not unprecedented, +a free ukase to travel and paint where he would. +Possibly the Czar wished for unbiased and independent +evidence as to certain matters in South +Siberia, and Atkinson may have acted as a secret +agent. He was made much of by persons of the +highest rank in Russia, and he was married in the +Chapel of the British Embassy to an English lady +who had resided in one of the great Russian families +as their companion. She accompanied him in his +great journey. On their arrival in England they +were widely received and welcomed. They took +a picturesque but ramshackle small house and garden, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>called Hawk Cottage, that stood on the old Brompton +Road, nearly opposite to where Bina Gardens now are, +on a spot that had not then passed into the hands +of the builders of streets. They were much visited +by members of the highest Russian nobility and by +many English friends.</p> + +<p>In 1861 Mr. Atkinson died, and his wife applying +to the Treasury for some money due to him, was +met by the astounding assertion, backed by abundant +proof, that she was not legally his wife, inasmuch as +he had been married before he went to Russia to a +lady who was still living in England. To the natural +inquiry why the claim should be now put forward +for the first time, considering the publicity under +which Mr. Atkinson had lived, the reply was that +no news of him had reached the claimant, who +occupied a different grade of society, until intelligence +had been sent to her by a friend of her husband’s +death. This tragic termination affected many of us +greatly. We recollected that Atkinson had avoided +bringing his wife (as we thought she was) to the +forefront, and it had been remarked at the time of +the publication of his book of travels that he made +the scantiest references to her, and never used the +word “wife.” It was a wonder, and it is so still, how +he dared to settle in London and risk a serious +criminal charge. Friends gathered round Mrs. +Atkinson, as I must still call her, and helped her +in many substantial ways. She afterwards returned +to Russia.</p> + +<p>It was during this time that I made the acquaintance +of the then Mr., afterwards Sir John Lubbock, +and now Lord Avebury, who was engaged on his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span><i>Prehistoric Times</i>, and had attracted the friendship +of most of the men of the day who were destined to +become famous in science. His week-end invitations +were always most instructive and grateful. It is +difficult justly to express the value of such opportunities +of friendly and unhurried converse. I +received great kindness and much warm welcome +at his house, and was captivated by the ingenuity of +his experiments on ants and bees.</p> + +<p>Amongst many friends whose acquaintance I first +made at Sir John Lubbock’s was Herbert Spencer, +then struggling with difficulties connected with his +serial publications. They were removed by the +unexpected visit of an American gentleman, with a +gold watch, who made a brief oration to the effect +that Spencer’s admirers in America feared the cessation +of his publications in pamphlet form owing to financial +reasons. That they had consequently subscribed and +invested a (handsome) sum in his name in Consols, +and had further deputed him—the speaker—to present +the gold watch as a token of their esteem. It was +a touching and cheering event to Spencer, who always +wore the watch. It, moreover, went well, which was +not invariably the case with costly presentation +watches in those days.</p> + +<p>I met Herbert Spencer frequently at the Athenæum, +and had many conversations with him there. +He was always ready to listen sympathetically to +new views and to express his opinion on them, but +he disliked to argue. I persuaded him once to go +with me to see the Derby, in company with a near +relative of mine who was an Oxford clerical don. +These two were perhaps as incongruous a pair in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>some respects as could easily be devised, but they +enjoyed each other’s company. All went off quite +well, except that Spencer would not be roused to +enthusiasm by the races. He said that the crowd +of men on the grass looked disagreeable, like flies +on a plate; also that the whole event was just like +what he had imagined the Derby to be. Still, he +evidently liked the excursion, and notwithstanding +his asseverations at the time to the contrary, he +repeated his experience on at least one subsequent +occasion.</p> + +<p>For my own part, I especially enjoy the start of +the horses, for their coats shine so brightly in the +sunshine, the jockeys are so sharp and ready, and the +delays due to false starts give opportunities of seeing +them well. I don’t care much for its conclusion, but +I used often after seeing the start to run to the top +of the rising ground between the starting point and +the stand, and sometimes got a good opera-glass view +of much of the finish.</p> + +<p>A curious sight caught my attention on one of +these occasions. I was on the side of the course +that faced the distant stand, and amused myself while +waiting in studying the prevalent tint of the sea of +faces upon it. At length the horses were off, but it +was hot, and I was contented to remain in quiet where +I was. When the horses approached the winning-post, +the prevalent tint of the faces in the great stand +changed notably, and became distinctly more pink +under the flush of excitement. I wrote a short +notice of the experience in <i>Nature</i>, under my initials, +but have kept no copy and quite forget the year.</p> + +<p>I enjoyed the friendship during more than fifty +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span>years of the Hon. George Brodrick, in his later years +Warden of Merton, whose memoirs are probably +known to most of my readers. When I first knew +him he was reputed one of the foremost of those rising +men at Oxford who were contemporaries with my +brother-in-law, Arthur Butler, and among whom was +Goschen. Brodrick became a distinguished journalist, +for many years on the staff of the <i>Times</i>. He had a +strong taste for geography, partly through being sent +in his youth on a long voyage to India and back, for +the sake of his health. Becoming a member of the +Council of the Royal Geographical Society, he gave +important help to the introduction of Geography into +the curriculum of his University. He was always +a warm friend to me, and I enjoyed not a few brief +visits to Merton College when he was established +there as its Warden. His eccentricities were all +amiable, and gave harmless amusement to his friends; +especially his reluctance in accepting the proferred +Wardenship of Merton, for which his friends thought +he was exactly suited. He, however, considered it +to have a serious drawback in depriving him of the +possibility of a Parliamentary career, to which most +of them considered him unsuited. Moreover, he +had twice been an unsuccessful candidate for a seat +in Parliament. I do not attempt more in these few +lines than to express my grateful remembrance of him, +and my appreciation of his many great qualities, +including a large capacity for steadfast friendships +and a highly religious mind very tolerant of the +differing opinions of others.</p> + +<p>A grateful intimacy grew up between my wife and +myself and Mr. Frederick North of Rougham, in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span>Norfolk, at that time residing as a widower in his +house at Hastings, for which town he was Member +of Parliament during many years. His two daughters +were then with him, the eldest, Miss Marianne North +(1830-1890), widely known for her travels after his +death, in order to paint flowers in far distant lands with +scientific accuracy. The building in Kew Gardens was +devised by her friend J. Fergusson (1808-1886), the +writer on architecture, and built to hold her collection; +she presented it to the Gardens. The younger +daughter became wife of John Addington Symonds +(1840-1893), the well-known critic and writer. My +wife and I spent very many happy visits to Hastings +Lodge, where the heartiness of reception and the +amplitude of real comfort without any attempt at +display were remarkable. That valued friendship +towards me still continues in the third generation of +descent from Mr. North.</p> + +<p>I owed to my wife a highly valued intimacy +with Mr. and Mrs. Russell Gurney. The clock +of the latter, which she left me in her Will, is +within two yards of where I am writing this, and I +look back to the lifelong friendships of her and her +husband with no ordinary affection. The portrait of +Mr. Russell Gurney (1804-1878) by Watts, which +is in the National Gallery, is extremely like; it strikes +me, if I may venture on any opinion connected with +Art, as one of the very best in any of our three great +national collections. The portrait of Mrs. Russell +Gurney, also by Watts, which is now in the possession +of her relatives, is rather forced in pose. It is much +to be regretted that no adequate biography has been +written of her. The one which is published dwells +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span>too exclusively on the devotional side of her character, +and fails sadly to bring out her originality, charm, +and humour. Like many other persons who are +profoundly religious, she too was perfectly tolerant +of other beliefs than her own if they were genuine +and decorously expressed.</p> + +<p>Her endowment of a Chapel of Rest in the +Bayswater Road has by no means fulfilled her wishes. +Her object was to establish a quiet artistic shelter, +where persons desiring a few minutes’ withdrawal +from the turmoil of life, might enter and commune in +quiet with themselves. She obtained a disused chapel, +and arranged for its maintenance. Then she took +great pains over the designs that were to be painted +on the walls in fresco. When these were sufficiently +advanced, she, long since a widow and in rapidly +declining health, invited many friends to its opening. +My wife and I were rather late, and I can see now +the sweet welcoming gesture with which she beckoned +us up to her on the platform. We never saw her +again. She lingered on, unwilling, or unable, to see +any even of her oldest friends, and at length died. +The Chapel of Rest remained unfinished for some +years. It is little used, and can, or could, be entered +only at specified hours.</p> + +<p>As to Mr. Russell Gurney, who served on many +important commissions, he twice refused a judgeship, +preferring to retain his post of “Recorder” of the City +of London, which is of nearly equal dignity to a +judgeship, and did not at that time preclude its holder +from sitting in Parliament. He was member for +Southampton. I have known no one who struck me +as a more just, searching, and yet kindly judge, or +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span>whom I would more willingly be tried by if I fell into +trouble.</p> + +<p>It was to my wife, also, that I owed the friendship +of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hollond of Stanmore. She +was exceptionally gifted by nature with grace, +sympathy, artistic taste, and many other high qualities. +Her portrait, by Scheffer, is in the Tate Gallery. Her +face closely corresponded to his imaginary ideal when +painting St. Augustine and Monica, so he enjoyed +the opportunity of painting Mrs. Hollond’s own portrait. +She was even more at home in France than +in England, and intimate with many distinguished +statesmen of the Orleanist party. Her husband’s +wealth gave her great facilities for cultivating her +æsthetic tastes to the full. He was chiefly known to +the public at one time as subsidiser of the “Nassau” +balloon, which carried him, Green the famous +aeronaut, and, I think, Mr., afterwards Lord Justice, +James (who was an old friend of his), and two others. +They sailed from London to a town in Nassau; +which was at that time by far and away a record +distance for a balloon to drift. Numerous memorial +pictures of that adventure were in his house.</p> + +<p>It was in the middle fifties that my friendship +commenced with William Spottiswoode (1825-1883), +one of the most capable and true-hearted of men, who +became President of the Royal Society, and now lies +buried in Westminster Abbey, “at the request alike +of the foremost of his countrymen in Church and +State, in Science, Art and Literature, and of his own +workmen, to whose best interests his life had been +devoted.” This is the singularly apt inscription on +his tombstone. I asked Dean Bradley, then Dean of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>Westminster, if he knew who was its author. He +replied, “Myself.” It is to be regretted that no good +biography exists of W. Spottiswoode. Many notices +were published at his death, and it gratified me to +learn that one which I wrote for the Royal +Geographical Society on one aspect of his many-sided +character greatly pleased his family and some +of his intimate friends.</p> + +<p>The main features of his life were that he was the +son of the then Queen’s Printer, of good Scottish +family, and the presumed heir to a considerable +fortune. He went to Oxford, where he obtained the +University Scholarship in mathematics, and where +also intelligence reached him of the entire collapse of +his father’s fortune through unwise speculation. He +braced himself to the occasion, and, after many years +of hard work, himself succeeding his father as Queen’s +Printer, he created a model business on the largest +scale, and rehabilitated the lost fortune. In the +meantime he had sufficient spare energy to occupy +himself day by day with congenial pursuits in +literature and science. Among other diversions he +loved to travel considerable distances during the +few weeks he annually allowed himself for vacation, +and to acquire much knowledge of other countries in +that way. Enormously worked as he was, he always +seemed to have leisure, and he did with thoroughness +whatever he undertook.</p> + +<p>At this time there was still much ignorance concerning +the northern part of the peninsula of Sinai, +especially of the plain of El Tih, and he suggested +to me that by making judicious preparations its survey +might be accomplished within the short space of time +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span>that he could afford. I agreed to join him. We +worked hard to prepare ourselves, and made a large +sketch map, on which notes of every important +traveller bearing on the part in which we were +interested were entered at the locality they referred +to. It was desirable for him to have some experience +in surveying, and as I was going to the Isle of Wight, +we agreed to practise there. The first and only +attempt had an absurd ending. We found a strongly +railed field suitable for a commencement, into which +we got by climbing the fence, and prepared to +unpack, not particularly noticing the cattle in it; but +one of them was a bull, who, after the manner of such +animals, advanced in so threatening and determined +a manner that we had to retreat from the brute as +best we could.</p> + +<p>This proved to be the end of our joint experiments, +for I was taken ill with what seemed at first to be +only a very bad sore throat, but which developed into +a singular form of quinsy of a dangerous character. +My old friends, Mr. Hodgson and Dr. Todd, were +unremitting in their attentions, and told me afterwards +that they were on the point of having my windpipe +opened, as I was nearly suffocating. At last, an +abscess which was situated in a gland on the upper +surface of the tongue, but far back near its root, broke, +and I breathed freely. I was soon able to swallow, +and gradually became convalescent, but Mr. Hodgson +peremptorily forbade further thoughts of Sinai. I +shall have to refer again to W. Spottiswoode.</p> + +<p>It has happened to me more than once to be nearly +suffocated, and to have been surprised at the absence +of that gasping desire for air that one feels when the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>breath is suddenly checked. A very little seems +sufficient to divert attention from that desire, and to +leave the sense only of being ill and on the point of +swooning. My chief experiences may seem hardly +credible; they were due to a fancy of mine to obtain +distinct vision when diving. The convex eyeball +stamps a concave lens in the water, whose effect has +to be neutralised by a convex lens. This has to be +very “strong,” because the refractive power of a lens +is greatly diminished by immersion in water. My +first experiment was in a bath, using the two objectives +of my opera-glass in combination, and with some +success. I then had spectacles made for me, which I +described at the British Association in 1865 [<a href="#book19">19</a>]. +With these I could read the print of a newspaper +perfectly under water, when it was held at the exact +distance of clear vision, but the range of clear vision +was small. I amused myself very frequently with +this new hobby, and being most interested in the act +of reading, constantly forgot that I was nearly suffocating +myself, and was recalled to the fact not by any +gasping desire for breath, but purely by a sense of +illness, that alarmed me. It disappeared immediately +after raising the head out of water and inhaling two +or three good whiffs of air.</p> + +<p>Mr. Alexander Macmillan asked me in the later +fifties to undertake the editorship of a volume to be +called <i>Vacation Tourists</i> [<a href="#book11">11</a>], which would be repeated +annually if the venture succeeded. His view was +that many able young men travelled every summer, +each of whom would have enough to say to make a +good article, and that a collection of their contributions +would suffice for an interesting annual volume. I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span>consented, and found the occupation very agreeable, +for it put me into pleasant communication with many +whom it was a privilege to know, but excision was +often an unwelcome duty. Thus among the many +contributions offered for one of the volumes, I had +thirteen separate descriptions of sea-sickness. The +venture paid its way, but no more, and was discontinued +after the third volume.</p> + +<p>A total eclipse visible in Spain occurred on July 18, +1860, and the Government lent their magnificent +transport the <i>Himalaya</i> to those who were selected +to observe it, by and under the leadership of the then +Astronomer-Royal, Mr., afterwards Sir George, Airy +(1801-1892). I applied, and was granted permission +to join. We went with great comfort and speed, first +to Bilbao, where small parties, of whom mine of four +persons was one, were landed. The rest went on to +Santander.</p> + +<p>Careful preparations had been made in Spain for +our comfort, as few of us knew a word of the language, +and serious obstructions due to intolerance might +otherwise have occurred for want of timely explanation. +These excellent arrangements were entirely due to +the forethought of Mr. Vignolles, a famous contractor +for railways, who was then occupied with those of +Spain. One of his many subordinates was allotted +as interpreter to each small party; ours proved to be +a most agreeable guide and informant. The position +allotted to our party was in the neighbourhood of +Logroño, whither we proceeded at once in order to +study the neighbourhood and to select a suitable spot. +This was quickly found on a picturesque hill called +La Guardia, crowned with a convent and village, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span>which lay in the central line of totality, and commanded +a grand view of the plain over which the shadow of +the coming eclipse would sweep.</p> + +<p>Thanks to the diplomacy of our interpreter, we +obtained permission to use the flat roof of one of the +highest houses, where we established ourselves on +the morning of the eventful day. I had nursed with +great care an instrument to observe the delicate +variations of temperature. It was the invention of +Sir John Herschel (1792-1871), who instructed me in +its use, but its construction was so fragile that hardly +any traveller had as yet been able to take one of them +uninjured to its destination. I was no more fortunate +than my predecessors, for the long stem of the heavy +mercurial bulb broke. It was impossible to feel as +unhappy as I ought to have been, because it left me +free to gaze at will at the coming great sight.</p> + +<p>And a wonderful sight it was, when the pure +luminous corona first displayed itself at the moment of +totality. It has been one of the great sights of my +life. I made rude sketches in the dim light, and +afterwards found that the closest representation of the +eclipse was to be obtained by blackening paper over +a candle and scratching out the lights, on the principle +of mezzotints. I published a description of the eclipse +in <i>Vacation Tourists</i>, with a sketch that has been +reproduced more than once, but the curl given to one +of the rays of the corona was not credited by most of +my fellow-observers. Thus Sir George Airy, when +lecturing on the eclipse at the Royal Institution and +exhibiting my sketch on the screen, expressed in the +most courteous way some reservation as to its acceptance +as a true rendering. Photographs of subsequent +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>eclipses have, however, shown that curved rays are a +reality.</p> + +<p>From Spain I went by diligence to Bordeaux, +meeting my wife at the station on her arrival from +Paris, and we started for a tour in the Pyrenees and +for a stay of some weeks at Luchon. Here I became +for the first time bitten with the mania for mountain +climbing. As during a few years previously the +primary purpose of fences had seemed to be to afford +objects for leaping over, so now that of mountains +seemed to be for clambering. Mr. Charles Packe, +who was an authority on the mountains and botany of +the locality, often accompanied me, and the outings +were enjoyed excessively. Among other things, I +was immensely taken by the sleeping-bag that each +French soldier carries who watches the mountain +passes through which Spanish smugglers try to steal. +It is worn on the back like a heavy knapsack. These +bags are made of sheep-skin with the wool inside. +On cold days the soldiers sit inside them, pulling the +bag up to their waists. They are thus able to keep +their posts in trying weather, which smugglers would +otherwise have been ready to utilise for their own +purposes. I tried the efficiency of one on an interesting +night. A heavy storm was gathering, but before +the evening closed and before the storm broke, I +had time to find a good place on a hill some +1000 feet or more above Luchon, and there to await +it inside my bag. Nothing could have been more +theatrically grand. The thunder-clouds and the +vivid lightning were just above me, accompanied by +deluges of rain. Then they descended to my level, +and the lightning crackled and crashed about, then +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span>all the turmoil sank below, leaving a starlit sky +above.</p> + +<p>Sleeping-bags were customary in the Pyrenees. +Mr. George Bentham told me that when he botanised +in the little Republic of Andorre some years +previously, there was not a bed in the place, and he +was lent a sleeping-bag. They were familiar to +Arctic travellers, but had not been thought of by Alpine +climbers, so I published my experiences. In consequence, +at an amusing dinner of the Alpine Club, of +which I was a member for a few years, I was toasted +by Mr. Wm. Longman as the greatest “bagman” in +Europe. It is very difficult to arrange any sleeping +gear that shall satisfy those who rough it rarely. +Luxury is out of place. I read in some well-known +book that one of the Camerons of Lochiel, when +bivouacking with his son in the snow, noticed that +the lad had rolled up a snowball to make a pillow. +He thereupon rose and kicked it away, saying sternly, +“No effeminacy, boy.”</p> + +<p>Bears were not infrequent. We reached, I think +it was Cauteret, after passing a small plantation near +the town. During the table d’hôte there was a rush +to the windows to see the dead body of a big bear +cub which had just been killed at that very plantation. +Its mother, who was with it, escaped. I often saw +their human-like tracks. They occasionally kill oxen. +Once, when near a cattle station, while watching the +cattle returning home in file, each in its turn executed +a fantastic sort of war-dance as it passed a particular +spot, such as I had frequently, but by no means +invariably, witnessed in Africa, when a line of my +cattle passed over the place where I had shot an ox +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>for food. In this instance the performance was due to +a cow having quite recently been killed by a bear. +The effect of the smell of blood on oxen and horses is +apparently capricious, being sometimes very marked +indeed, at other times nil. Horses are frequently +terrified by the smell of large wild beasts, but I have +helped to skin a lion in full sight of my horse, and +rolling the skin up, tied it in a bundle to the back of +my saddle, without the horse showing the slightest +objection.</p> + +<p>My late but passionate love for mountaineering +was one cause that subsequently brought me into +frequent contact with Professor Tyndall (1820-1893), +who was then at his very best physically and mentally. +He, I, and Vaughan Hawkins (1833-1908), an eminent +classic in his Harrow and Cambridge days and of first +rank in mountaineering, made a tour together in +Cornwall. We chose our way on Tyndall’s principle, +that it is easy to find difficult places to climb elsewhere +than in the high mountains. Certainly he +was skilful at discovering them. One of his freaks +sent my heart into my mouth. It was at a gully, +strewn deeply with loose stones that led over a sea +cliff. Down he dashed, the stones were all set in +motion like an avalanche, but somehow he extricated +himself in time and got clear to one side of them. +At another place an isolated needle or cone of rock +was separated from the shore by a narrow strait +through which the sea swirled, but which could be +leapt at low water. We leapt it, and clambered up, +he declaring that it was as difficult a bit of rock-work +as he had ever been on. We reached the top and +got back successfully, jump and all, to the mainland, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span>where I was glad to feel in safety. The Irish dash +in Tyndall’s blood gave a charm to all he did. He +was then fast rising, but had not yet reached the +fulness of his subsequent height in popular reputation, +which is perhaps the time in the mental development +of a man at which his character shows at its +brightest.</p> + +<p>My wife and I found a frequent travelling-companion +in Miss Brandram, afterwards the wife and +subsequently the widow of A. MacLennan, the writer +on various phases of prehistoric societies, <i>Marriage +by Capture</i>, <i>Totems</i>, etc. She was a great friend to +both of us; a companion and kind nurse to my wife +when she was ill, an excellent walking companion to +myself, and always ready to be of service. She helped +me much in revising some of my earlier writings, +especially the last edition of my <i>Art of Travel</i>.</p> + +<p>During her widowhood Mrs. MacLennan travelled +with us again, but at last a disaster occurred at a time +when we were living at Cimiez, above Nice. There +is a high-level railway from Nice to Grasse that +passes the little station of the Saut de Loup, a +waterfall about an hour’s walk (I think) from the +station, which we wanted much to see. The foot-path +runs along a hillside and is perfectly good, but +too narrow for two persons to walk abreast. In more +than one place a streamlet cascades over it. Near its +destination the path is crossed by a more considerable +streamlet running among stones, that make stepping-stones +near enough to the surface to prevent the feet +being much wetted while crossing it, and which any +one accustomed to mountain walking would trip over +without remark. The pathway was broader at this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span>point, and the stream after crossing it fell into a precipice, +at the bottom of which ran the river Loup. +Mrs. MacLennan was walking first, and, owing to +some strange accident, missed a stone or tripped, and +fell heavily on her side, where she lay motionless in +the water as though shot dead. I helped her to rise, +but she was in great pain. It was difficult to set her +on her feet, for the position was not one to stagger +safely in, the precipice being much too near.</p> + +<p>With great pluck, she went a few steps onward to +see the fall, and then the long return walk had to be +achieved. She was confined for a long time to bed, +and far from fit to travel when she left us. The +injury was followed by an internal complaint, of which, +after much suffering at her own home, she died.</p> + +<p>Few have been more thorough in their friendship +to my wife and myself than Sir Rutherford and Lady +Alcock and her daughter by a previous marriage, +Miss Lowder, now Lady Pelly. I was well acquainted +with much of Sir Rutherford’s work in China and +Japan before I had the pleasure of knowing him +personally, because the Foreign Office used to forward +those of his dispatches that were of geographical +interest to the Royal Geographical Society, where, +for want of a better person, they were generally +referred to myself. Sir Rutherford’s life was eventful; +first as an army surgeon in Spain under Sir +De Lacy Evans, then Consul in China, then our first +Minister in Japan, then Ambassador to China. Lady +Alcock seconded him in charge of the well-being +of his large staff, with a kindliness that was proverbial. +On their return to England they became +social favourites from the highest in rank to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span>lowest, being singularly acceptable through their own +attractive qualities, and widely known through reports +of their largely unostentatious charitable acts. Sir +Rutherford was President of the Royal Geographical +Society for the usual term, and we saw much of him +and his family at various times, eating our Christmas +dinner with them on three or four occasions.</p> + +<p>Of many pleasant meetings I will only mention +one, when we, in company with Sir Lewis and Lady +Pelly, made an interesting tour in the South of France +from Royat, by that curious natural formation Montpelier +le Vieux, round to Avignon. The valley of the +Tarn had recently been made accessible to tourists, +and I was particularly desirous of seeing its wonders, +so our party stopped at Millau to give me an opportunity +of going to the Tarn River for a long day by +myself. First some distance had to be travelled by +railroad, then some miles by a two-wheeled vehicle +across the bare Causses, a high limestone upland, down +to the beautifully clear Tarn. Every shower that falls +on the Causses percolates through deep “swallows,” +and finds its way for perhaps 2000 feet vertically +through them, issuing from the cliffs as feeders of +pure water to the little river.</p> + +<p>I was put into a flat-bottomed boat with stalwart +boatmen fore and aft, and so dropped down stream. +The water was at first so shallow and transparent as +to be scarcely visible. The boat seemed to be buoyed +in the air above the clean, shingly bottom. So we +glided down hour after hour, with vast cliffs on either +side clothed sparsely with pre-Rafaelite-looking trees, +and with an occasional eagle soaring in the blue sky +overhead. Then the river by slow degrees grew +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span>broader, deeper, and swifter, and swirled formidably +in places, requiring much caution in the boatmen; +the evening closed in while we had still some way +to go. It was not altogether pleasant, as the punt was +not particularly “stiff,” the navigation was difficult, +and it was becoming very dark. At length the +welcome bridge which betokened our destination +loomed high in front. The party from Millau had +been there awaiting me till dark, and then left. I +was fortunate in securing a trap, wherein to drive +the few miles that then separated me from them.</p> + +<p>We all went together the next day to Montpelier +le Vieux, so called because its rocks look from a distance +like the turrets of a weird city on a hilltop. Each rock +stands by itself on a carpet of green verdure. Crowds +of legends have, of course, clustered round this strange +locality. Anyhow, it is an ideal place for a picnic in +which to spend the long hours of a sunny day. The +whole of the south-west corner of France is full of +interest, and the part just mentioned seems quite +unique.</p> + +<p>I wish I could more adequately and yet appropriately +have expressed my affectionate feelings +towards the many friends to whom I have made too +scanty reference in this chapter.</p> + +<p>During the year that followed the death of my +wife in 1897, I made a tour with one of her nephews, +a Frank Butler, son of Spencer P. Butler. He became +engaged to an English lady, a niece of Mrs. +MacLennan, while we were touring in Corsica with +her party, and married shortly after. Henceforward +a niece, Miss Evelyne Biggs, or more strictly speaking +a grandniece of my own, granddaughter of my sister +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span>Lucy, has lived with me as companion, and I have +followed a somewhat similar routine of life, except in +being no longer advised by the doctor to try cures, +the best means of securing health now being to +escape a winter in London.</p> + +<p class="mt2"><i>Yearly Medallions.</i>—My fancy had been taken long +ago by a custom of certain North American Indians, +of naming years, each after some characteristic event +that had occurred in it.⁠<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> It appears that an annual consultation +of Indian chiefs was held, at which the more +striking occurrences of the past year were reviewed and +one selected as its representative. Thereupon an Indian +who was reputed for skill in drawing made a picture +or symbol of the event on his buffalo-skin robe. They +are as rude in conception and execution as an English +child of five years old might draw. Thus the “small-pox +year” is symbolically expressed by an elementary +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span>design of the head, body, and four limbs of a man +dotted over with spots. A robe exists (see page +88-89 of the memoir) in which a sequence of seventy-one +years is thus recorded in symbols spirally arranged +upon it; it was made by a certain Dacota Indian, +called Lone Dog.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus3" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus3.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p>I adopted this method to illustrate the events of my +own life during part of the time while my wife was +still living, but they are too rude for publication. I +therefore give recent specimens of these medallions +drawn by my niece, which refer to two of the years +after she had become my companion.</p> + +<p>The picture of 1900 is a view on the Nile, and that +of 1903 contains the insignia of the late Pope, in +memory of a function in Rome at which we were +present; also a picture of the breeding-place of sea birds +at the Farn Islands, Northumberland, which we visited. +The legends round these medallions hardly require +explanation, except that An. Photo, stands for Animal +Photography. They are—1900, An. Photo., Venice, +Greece, Boer War, Egypt. 1903, Rome, Ischia, Farn +Isles, Peppard.</p> + +<p>A main reason for giving so full a description of +such trifling matters is that the Dacota method may +be serviceable in more than one way. It suggests +an excellent plan for competition in Art schools, +where the choice of two or three characteristics of +some particular year might be submitted to the +students, and prizes given to those who designed the +most appropriate medallions.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV<br> +<span class="smaller">GEOGRAPHY AND EAST AFRICA</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Burton and Speke—Speke and Grant—Death of Speke—Livingstone +and Stanley—Geographical incidents</p> + +</div> + +<p>The travels of the successive explorers of Eastern +Africa who started from the Zanzibar Coast +were watched by geographers with the keenest interest. +I was in one way or another somewhat closely connected +with the principal actors, and may therefore +speak about them with propriety. The information +that first drew general attention to this part of Africa +was the startling announcement that a snow-topped +mountain, Kilimandjaro, had been seen from a distance +by the missionaries Krapf and Rebmann on their +journeys from Mombas, where they were stationed. +Their information was fiercely criticised. It was +disbelieved wholly by some, and only partially +credited by many others. In addition to this, the +missionaries had transmitted reports of a vast Central +African lake, based on the collated testimonies of +many native travellers. Mr. Erhardt communicated a +memoir on this lake to the Royal Geographical Society, +and I, who had most to do with their then newly +established <i>Proceedings</i>, had it with its accompanying +map inserted in one of its early numbers. The map was +an amazing production and very hypothetical, but the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span>data from which it was constructed made it clear +that an exploration of those regions would be a +highly promising undertaking. I myself had been +strongly urged to investigate the neighbourhood of +Kilimandjaro, but felt insufficiently restored to health +to undertake the task. An expedition was at length +set on foot in 1856 under the command of Captain +Burton (1821-1890), with J. H. Speke (1827-1864) +as second, for which I myself drafted the instructions. +It accomplished great things, namely, the discovery of +the two lakes, Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza, but +at the painful cost of a serious breach of friendship +between its leaders. Burton was a man of eccentric +genius and tastes, orientalised in character and +thoroughly Bohemian. He was a born linguist, and +ever busy in collecting minute information as to +manners and habits. Speke, on the other hand, was +a thorough Briton, conventional, solid, and resolute. +Two such characters were naturally unsympathetic. +On reaching Tanganyika, Burton became seriously ill +and temporarily unfitted for travel; his eyes, too, were +badly inflamed and gave him great trouble. Principally +owing to Burton’s restless spirit of inquiry, the +existence and position of the lake now known as the +Victoria Nyanza had been ascertained. Burton was +unable to go to it; therefore Speke went as his deputy, +and so came upon what was suspected by him, and +has proved afterwards to be a headwater of the Nile. +Of course Speke got the credit, for without him the +lake would not have then been reached, but the disappointment +to Burton at being superseded in solving +the problem of ages by discovering the source of the +Nile was very bitter and very natural. Burton +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span>brought back, as purely his own work, a most +elaborate account of all the tribes he had met by +the way, the close accuracy of which has been testified +to by succeeding travellers. Only one of his numerous +notebooks came under my own careful examination, +as already mentioned, and I was astonished at its +minuteness. I may mention the occasion, which was +this.</p> + +<p>The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel +were considering the propriety of establishing a +mission station at Zanzibar, and desired fuller +information about the island than they possessed. +In the end they invited me to give a lecture, to which +I consented, after talking with Burton, who had been +asked and refused, but who very kindly offered me +the full use of his original notebook written when in +Zanzibar. An elaborate account which he had based +on it for publication had been lost. I had no first-hand +information about the place, but had known +Erhardt and others who knew it well, so was able +to compile a respectable description, which was +published in the <i>Mission Field</i>, June 1, 1861. +The notes made by Burton were written in a fine +clear hand and most elaborate in detail. He told me +that he often used a board with parallel wires, such as +are made for the use of the blind, to write notes, +unseen, in the night-time.</p> + +<p>The next expedition was under Captain Speke, +with whom Captain Grant (1827-1892) was associated. +They were to take up the quest at the +point on the Victoria Nyanza where Speke had +reached it, and to travel onwards. This was done, +and I may say that the attachment of Grant to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>Speke was most remarkable for its loyalty and +intensity. They were fine manly fellows, and I +can see them now in my mind’s eye, as they came +to take a final leave, when I knocked two nails +into the side of a cupboard as they stood side by +side with their backs to it, to mark their respective +heights and as a memento of them when away. +As is well known, they followed the Nile, not +however without a break, from the Lake into Egypt. +This break, and the hypothetical placement of the +“Mountains of the Moon,” whose position Speke +saw reason to modify in a second map, gave an +opening to criticism of which bitter use was made. +Coming down the Nile, Speke and Grant met +Captain, afterwards Sir Samuel, Baker (1821-1893) +and his large party going up it, and were able to +give him timely and valuable information. I do +not speak more of Sir Samuel’s magnificent work, +because it did not fall closely within my own ken, +but will conclude what has to be said about Burton +and Speke.</p> + +<p>In the year 1864 the British Association met at +Bath, at which Burton was to read a paper severely +criticising Speke’s work. Speke was staying in the +neighbourhood with a shooting party, and was invited +to take part in the discussion. It is the custom that +on each morning, a little before the President and +Committee of the several Sections of the British +Association take their seats, they meet in a separate +room to discuss matters that require immediate settlement, +and to select the papers that are to be read on +the following day. On the present occasion this +business had been finished, and Sir James Alexander +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span>was urging that the Council of the Association should +be requested by the Committee to bring Captain +Speke’s services to the notice of Government and to +ask for their appropriate recognition, when a messenger +brought a letter for the President, Sir +Roderick Murchison. He motioned to the Secretary, +who was seated at his left hand, to read it, while he, +the President, continued to attend to Sir James. +The countenance of the Secretary clearly showed +that the letter contained serious news. Sir James +Alexander went on speaking, the letter was in the +meantime circulated and read by each in turn, including +Captain Burton, who sat opposite to me, and +I got it the last, or almost the last of all before the +President. It was to say that Speke had accidentally +shot himself dead, by drawing his gun after him while +getting over a hedge.</p> + +<p>Burton had many great and endearing qualities, +with others of which perhaps the most curious was +his pleasure in dressing himself, so to speak, in wolf’s +clothing, in order to give an idea that he was worse +than he really was. I attended his funeral at the +Roman Catholic Cemetery near Sheen. It had been +arranged by his widow, Lady Burton, a devoted +Catholic, and was crowded with her Catholic friends. +I did not see more than three geographers among +them, of whom Lord Northbrook, a former President +of the Society, was one. From pure isolation, we +two kept together the whole time. There were none +of Burton’s old associates. It was a ceremony quite +alien to anything that I could conceive him to +care for.</p> + +<p>Anyhow, I was glad to be instrumental in procuring +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span>a Government Pension of £300 a year for +Lady Burton, and in this way. At a meeting of the +Council of the Royal Geographical Society, Sir +Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, the then President, said +that private information had reached him (of which +he mentioned some details) that Government would +be disposed to grant a pension to Lady Burton if a +good case could be made out relating to Burton’s +services to science, and if the Council of the Society +were to back it. Would any one undertake to carry +this through? No one answered, so he addressed +himself to me personally, asking if I would. I +expressed a cordial desire to help, but feeling at the +moment too ignorant of the views of competent +authorities concerning Burton’s linguistic knowledge +(on which much emphasis had been laid), and of +much else that might with advantage be advanced +in his favour, was unable to answer off-hand, but +willingly undertook to inquire and report. This I +did, asking the opinions of many, with the result that +Burton’s knowledge of vernacular Arabic and other +languages was considered to be unequalled, but not +his classical knowledge of them, and that it was better +to rest his claims on his wide discursiveness rather +than on any one specified performance. I followed +this advice, and my Report formed the basis of the +proposed application, which in due course gained its +end. My own acquaintance with Lady Burton was +slight, and my memories of her husband refer chiefly +to his unmarried days.</p> + +<p>Several of us subscribed to have a public memorial +of Speke, and obtained a plot in Kensington Gardens +to place it. It now stands in the form of an obelisk, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span>by the side of the broad gravel walk leading northwards +from the Albert Memorial. There was much +difficulty in selecting an inscription which should not +arouse criticism, for there were still those who maintained +with Burton that Speke had not discovered +the true source of the Nile. Lord Houghton solved +the difficulty by simplifying the proposed legend to +“Victoria Nyanza and the Nile,” which words the +obelisk now bears.</p> + +<p>Speke, Burton, Grant, Baker, Livingstone, and +Stanley are all gone; I wish it could be arranged to +make a joint and interesting memorial of our great +African explorers in the plot where Speke’s obelisk +now stands in neglected solitariness. It would not +require more than two or three extra yards on either +side, parallel to the Grand Walk, and the same in +depth, to give room for this, and to allow of the +growth of a few hardy plants suggestive of tropical +vegetation, with pathways between them. England +has done so very much for African geography that +she ought to bring the fact home to the national +conscience. When Burton died, and again when +Stanley died, I made the suggestion that a memorial +should be erected by the side of that of Speke, or +that appropriate inscriptions should be added, but +I heard on good authority that it would be most +distasteful to the representatives of both Speke and +Grant to do so. Many long years have since passed, +and it may be hoped that hard feelings will soften in +time and permit what many like myself would consider +a laudable and pious act.</p> + +<p>I have mentioned the names of Livingstone and +Stanley, and here again I have something to say. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span>The popular opinion has been that Livingstone was +left to his fate without adequate care on the part of +his countrymen to succour him, and that he was +rescued owing to the zeal of the proprietor of an +American newspaper and the hardihood of his +employee, Mr., afterwards Sir Henry, Stanley.</p> + +<p>I was on the Council of the Royal Geographical +Society during all the time in question, and can +testify to our extreme desire to help Livingstone, +but in his later years he had become difficult to +meddle with. He had a brusque resentment against +anything that might be construed into patronage, +feeling, as I understood, that he had been over-much +“exploited” by his admirers. There was great fear +among those in the Council who knew him better +than I did, that he might be annoyed at any attempt +to relieve him, and would resent it yet more bitterly +than Emin Bey subsequently resented Stanley’s compulsory +relief. Again, there was no reason to +suppose Livingstone to be in serious want. He was +thoroughly accustomed to natives of the widely +dispersed Bantu race, among whom he probably then +was. He travelled without a large party or other +encumbrance, so that the favour of even a single +chief, such as he might reasonably expect to gain, +would amply suffice for his wants. Besides this, he +had not cared to write, and there was no knowing +where a man like him might be, who had already +walked right across Africa and back again. So +whenever the question was discussed formally, or +otherwise, it seemed better to defer action till some +intelligence of his wishes and whereabouts had been +received. In the meantime, acting upon his own +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span>data and reasonings, the proprietor of the <i>New York +Herald</i> sent the expedition, whose progress is +described in Stanley’s book, and which ended so +successfully for Livingstone. One wishes that the +whole thing could have been effected with less secrecy +in the beginning, and less ostentation and comparison +of Americans and English to the prejudice of the +latter.</p> + +<p>When the box of native make that contained +Livingstone’s remains was brought to England by +Cameron, it was deposited in the rooms of the Royal +Geographical Society, and a most pathetic sight it was. +Many wished to be present at its opening, but Sir +Bartle Frere, then the President, determined that no +opportunity should be given for journalistic description, +and refusing to himself the painful gratification of +witnessing it, limited the spectators to very few. Sir +William Fergusson, the great operator, was deputed +to dissect the arm-bone at the place where the lion +had broken it, as means of identification. I forget +who were the others. They included some members +of Livingstone’s family, and Mr. Webb of Newstead +Abbey, a great sportsman and friend of Livingstone, +familiar with the locality of the injured bone. I think +these were all.</p> + +<p>The pathos of Livingstone’s interment in Westminster +Abbey was painfully marred by the use of +a conventional coffin and other funeral upholstery. +Had he been buried in the box rudely made by +natives, that had conveyed his remains from the far +interior to the Coast and told its own tale, the +ceremony would have been incomparably more +touching.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p> + +<p>I should have an ungrateful task if I had to speak +at length of Stanley’s travels down the Congo. +His journey was first described at Brighton at a large +meeting of the Geographical Section of the British +Association, of which I was the President. The +ex-Emperor and Empress of the French were among +the audience. So much mystery had been preserved +beforehand about it that none of us had a conception +of what was coming, which is quite contrary to usual +procedure. Mr. Stanley had other interests than +geography. He was essentially a journalist aiming +at producing sensational articles, and it was feared +from the newspaper letters he had already written that +he might utilise the opportunity in ways inappropriate +to the British Association. However, the meeting +went off without more misadventure than a single +interference on my part, but under some tension. I +will not enter further into this.</p> + +<p>It is highly necessary to the credit of a Society +that its Council should, as a rule, and always when +there is any misgiving, exact that the papers about +to be read should be referred to experts and favourably +reported on. The Society gives a pulpit, as it +were, to the speaker, and in its turn has a right to +exact precautions that these advantages should not +be abused. I cannot understand to this day how +that strange individual, Rougemont, obtained permission +to read his fantastic, perhaps half-hallucinatory +paper about the coral reefs and treasures in Australia +before the British Association. Putting every other +improbability for the moment to one side, the “Art-of-Travel” +impossibilities in his story, as in the +construction of his raft, would have made me +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span>scrutinise with a very wary eye all the rest that he +said.</p> + +<p>I may mention a ludicrous but discreditable +incident at a meeting of the Geographical Section of +the British Association, which the timely reference of +a paper before it was allowed to be read might +perhaps have prevented. It was in Cambridge in +1862. Sir Roderick Murchison had been nominated +as President of the Section, but fell ill just before the +meeting, and I was nominated and elected in his stead. +Mr. W., a Fellow of King’s College, had been +entrusted with the MSS of a recently deceased +Oriental Professor, including a memoir on the inscription +upon a stone near Aberdeen. It was well known +to antiquarians, and had long puzzled them; the +Professor declared it to be Phenician. The title of +the Geographical Section then included the already +obsolete words “and Philology,” so it was technically +correct that the paper should be read there. Mr. W. +called on me, most desirous, as he said, for the honour +of the Association that a paper by so distinguished +a University Professor should be read before it. I +demurred, saying that it was doubtful whether a single +member of the Committee knew a word of Phenician, +or were able to discuss its merits. In reply to the +question whether that language was really sufficiently +well understood to justify a translation, he assured me +it was, and mentioned two great works in German, of +which I knew nothing, in proof. I still hesitated, +but said that if the Committee should agree to accept +the communication, I would offer no objection, and +they did agree, under the spell of Mr. W.’s eloquence; +so the paper was accepted.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span></p> + +<p>When I took the chair the next day, the zeal of +Mr. W. was conspicuous in the diagrams he had +hung round the walls like a frieze. Each diagram +contained a representation of one of the 35 or so +characters. Below it was its Hebrew equivalent, and +below all was a free translation, in which I noted +there were more words than there were letters in the +original, and my misgivings grew. The paper proved +to be long and tedious, as papers on antiquarian subjects +often are, and the audience melted away. At +length the reporters could stand it no longer, and +most fortunately left also. The audience was then +reduced to a mere handful of persons, and when the +paper was finished Mr. C. rose, who was a recognised +authority on Greek manuscripts, and said that he +had no pretensions in respect to a knowledge of +Phenician, but as a mere question of resemblance it +struck him that the characters (which he pointed out) +seemed to him less like the alleged Hebrew equivalents +than to the letters forming the Greek word +ALEXANDROS. There was no doubt he was +right, and the small audience tittered. In the meantime +the Secretary, a well-known antiquarian, became +more and more excited, and jumped up as soon as Mr. +C. had sat down, and exclaimed, “Phenician!” (Contemptuous +grunt.) “Greek!” (Another different and +equally contemptuous grunt.) “Can you not read +‘HIC JACET’?” and I must say his reading seemed +to me the least forced of the three. I think all of us +felt utterly ashamed. Had the reporters been present, +the fun that could have been made by the newspapers +out of the incident would have been a disaster to the +credit of the Association. The Reports of that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span>meeting in the Journal of the Association have been +so toned down that no one would suspect from +reading them what really took place.</p> + +<p>My connection with the Royal Geographical +Society was a long one, and I served for many years +on its Council, but the time came when my deafness +was an insuperable bar to utility. On Sir Clement +Markham becoming President, he very kindly offered +me the vacant post of Trusteeship, which carries with +it a permanent place on the Council, and is not +practically a burden; but I was compelled to decline, +and have taken no direct part in furthering its +interests since that time, but have confined my work +to other pursuits.</p> + +<p>I had a hand in many actions of the Society. +In its earlier years there was good cause of complaint +as to the method in which the Society was +being worked. Mr. Spottiswoode and myself were +the Joint Hon. Secretaries, and the necessary reform +was only brought about by our simultaneous resignation +on the ground that our urgent remonstrances +were shelved by the then President. It was agreed +between us that, to save appearances, Spottiswoode +should continue to act for a short time longer, being +earnestly requested to do so.</p> + +<p>In due course a new Assistant Secretary was +appointed, and after some failures to secure a man +capable of worthily filling that important post, we +had the good fortune to find and appoint Mr. H. W. +Bates (1825-1892). He was remarkably well informed +on geographical matters, had been a considerable +traveller in companionship with Alfred Russell +Wallace in South America, and was one of the first +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span>to show that the mimicry of insects was developed as +a means of protection. I look back with the greatest +pleasure to my long and close association with Mr. +Bates in the work of the Royal Geographical Society. +His death was a great loss and a great blow to many +friends. He and another friend only just dead were +exceptionally slow in finding the exact word they +wished to use. Yet both of them, in despite of slowness +of utterance, succeeded in giving an exact notion +of their views in a briefer time than any one else I +can think of. Their sentences were a standing lesson +to avoid superfluity of words when making explanations.</p> + +<p>One new and successful attempt that I set on +foot was the intervention of the Royal Geographical +Society in geographical education. I began with +public schools, having talked the matter well over +with W. F. Farrar, then a master at Harrow. He +thought the idea quite feasible. Then I had much +help from the Hon. G. Brodrick, and encouragement +from my brother-in-law, George Butler, then Headmaster +of Liverpool College, who shared the belief of +Dr. Arnold in the value of geography, if properly +taught. That was by no means the general view, +which was rather that geography lent itself to cram +more easily than any other subject, and that it was +hardly possible to set real problems in it, that should +compel thought.</p> + +<p>The upshot of all was, that the Royal Geographical +Society offered an annual gold medal to be competed +for by boys belonging to a considerable number of +invited schools—in fact to all of the public schools +properly so called. The examiners for the medal +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span>were annually appointed by the Society. The medal +in the first year was won by the present Provost of +Glasgow University, Dr. Donald Macalister; that in +the second by George Grey Butler, son of my +brother-in-law, and for many years Chief Examiner of +the Education Office. The medals were continued +for some years, but they were said to do incidental +harm by tempting the masters of schools of the +second rank to divert their best scholars to geography +in order to gain <i>éclat</i> for the school, thereby interfering +with their career in the more generally recognised +and bread-winning studies of ordinary +education.</p> + +<p>The medals were therefore discontinued, and the +efforts of the Society were directed to the Universities. +I helped in this at first, but Mr. Brodrick and Mr. +Douglas Freshfield and others took the matter more +thoroughly in hand. After a little while, Mr. MacKinder, +now Head of the Department of Economics +of the University of London, applied for and gained +the post of “Reader” in Geography in the University +of Oxford, and he rapidly improved the quality of +geographical teaching. General, afterwards Sir +Richard Strachey, then President of the Royal +Geographical Society, inaugurated the introduction of +geography into the University of Cambridge by four +lectures. I believe the subject has now gained a +firm footing in both Universities. To say the least +of it, a thorough knowledge of classical lands, such as +can be conveyed by first-rate maps, models, and +diagrams, must be helpful to classical students.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XV">CHAPTER XV<br> +<span class="smaller">BRITISH ASSOCIATION</span></h2> + +<p class="center">Its function and merits—My connection with and indebtedness to it—Sir +William Grove</p> + +</div> + +<p>I have been connected with the British Association +more or less intimately during many years, +four times as President of a Section or “Department,” +once as deliverer of a Lecture, a member of its Council +almost from my return from South Africa, then from +1863 to 1867 as its General Secretary, and afterwards +as an official member of its Council.</p> + +<p>The Association affords what is often the most +appropriate means of ventilating new ideas. It can +create a Committee with or without a grant of money, +giving to its proposer the title either of Chairman or +Secretary, which clothes him with an authority that +an unknown individual would lack, when making +inquiries of public bodies at home or abroad. It +also provides him with colleagues to discuss and +criticise results before they are finally published. A +good example of these advantages may be found in +the Report of the Anthropometric Committee, which +has afforded standard data up to the present time, for +the chief physical characteristics of the inhabitants of +the British Isles. The hard work carried on in its +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span>name was mainly performed by Mr. Roberts, its +Secretary, who wrote a book afterwards in which his +results were included. He was greatly helped by +Sir Rawson Rawson, who was a member of the +Committee. The rest of the Committee did little +more than discuss subjects and methods, but even +that little was helpful. I was its Chairman, but +claim no more than an insignificant share in its +success.</p> + +<p>Again, many years later, in 1888-1889, I was +desirous that a proposal of mine should be seriously +considered, of awarding marks for physical efficiency +in competitive literary examinations. I read my +memoir, the Association took it up, and the results of +some experiments at Eton and many valuable communications +were received in reply, including a careful +minute from a high authority of the War Office. +These convinced me that although the proposal had +strong <i>a priori</i> claims to consideration, it did not +merit acceptance; so it was dropped.</p> + +<p>Many other examples of a similar kind could be +quoted, some failing, most succeeding. The British +Association in its early days was of still greater value +than it is now. At that time locomotion was tedious, +and the numerous scientific societies of the present +day that issue frequent publications had not come +into existence. Local men of science who had been +socially overlooked were brought forward to their +rightful position by its means. It has frequently +happened that an improvement in a town was furthered +or even initiated through a visit of the British Association. +The papers read there and discussions upon +them are not the most important part of its work. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span>The Reports of the Committees appointed by it are +as a rule far more valuable than ordinary memoirs, +and so are the Presidential Addresses, but perhaps +the most useful function of the British Association lies +in causing persons who are occupied in different +branches of science, and who rarely meet elsewhere, +to be jostled together and to become well acquainted. +Its organisation was a wonderful feat, for it was +created upon paper, and has required nothing ever +since beyond a little easing and extension here and +there.</p> + +<p>The plan of one meeting is as like that of another +as two Roman camps. On entering the reception-room, +time seems to have stood still, for the same +familiar faces are seen in the same places; the placards +that refer to letters, to programmes, to excursions and +to the other multifarious business of the Association, +are similarly arranged, so after the experience of a +single year a member finds himself at home on every +future occasion. But the sustained racket of it is +great, and I found it too long continued for my own +nerves. I had a complete breakdown when I was +General Secretary, which compelled me to resign +what otherwise was a very pleasant post: it would +have been playing with death had I continued to +hold it.</p> + +<p>My period of office began at the time when the +old order of supreme management by a few magnates +was giving way to a more democratic government. +Its earlier and distinguished members, such as +Sabine and Murchison, had naturally so much weight +in Council that when they were active and in close +touch with their juniors their opinions were sure to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span>prevail. So the duty of a General Secretary in those +days was to consult a few of the more eminent +persons at first, and again at the close, with the +almost complete assurance that whatever names were +suggested with their approval, whether as President, +Presidents of Sections, or Lecturers, would be accepted +by the Council. These consultations with many able +men were very instructive. They showed the striking +differences between the points of view from which +original minds may regard the same topic. Unconventionality +seems to be a marked characteristic of +such minds; I have noticed it elsewhere and very +often.</p> + +<p>Among the features of the Association meetings +was the “Red Lion” Club, in which clever buffoonery +was freely indulged. It was instituted by Edward +Forbes (who was rather before my time, and whom I +never had the pleasure of knowing). The governing +idea was that its members were really lions, acquainted +with one another, who had met by chance, during +their prowls, in a town where strange proceedings were +in progress. The speakers described what they had +witnessed, speaking as it were from a superior and +leonine pedestal.</p> + +<p>I have only attended two of these meetings; in +one the buffoonery of Monckton Milnes (afterwards +Lord Houghton) was of a first-class order. So also +was the humorous sarcasm of Professor W. K. Clifford +(1845-1879), the mathematician, also the mimicry of +Mr., afterwards Sir, W. Chandler Roberts Austen, +an accomplishment that it amazed me to find he +possessed. Subsequently, on talking about it, he +made the shrewd remark that a useful way of understanding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span>a man’s character was to mimic his ways, and +that he frequently mimicked new acquaintances in his +imagination for that purpose. This seems to me very +subtle and true. If we want to raise in our minds a +quick sympathy, say, for a friend’s tale of grief, we instinctively +screw our features into an expression of +sorrow, and the required emotion follows almost as a +matter of course. It is needless to dwell on the +existence of accomplished hypocrites, who screw their +faces without the slightest desire to evoke the feeling +they appear to express.</p> + +<p>My last attempt to utilise the British Association +failed owing to my increasing age and infirmities. +I wanted to methodise the preservation of records +of pedigree stock to serve as data for future inquiries, +and wrote memoirs (147, 148) on the subject, in which +I showed that photographs of animals, taken under +certain simple and feasible conditions, afforded means +of calculating their measurements with considerable +exactitude, as tested by myself on horses. I took +great pains, and was given facilities for photography +at one of the great horse shows at the Agricultural +Hall. The attempt was perfectly successful in +essentials, though several alterations of detail were +suggested by that experience, but the effort was far +too much for my health. Most of these exhibitions +are held during the winter months, and, being now +very liable to bronchitis, I found it quite impossible +to endure the draughty passages and other discomforts +during that season. I could not delegate it +to my satisfaction, so was obliged, to my great regret, +to abandon all further attempts in that direction, +otherwise some useful work might have been done.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></p> + +<p>The hospitality afforded during the visits of the +British Association is always great, but I fear often +onerous and unwelcome to the hosts, however carefully +their courtesy may conceal such feelings. I +have to be grateful for many apparently cordial +receptions of this kind. One of the simplest and +yet most effective was given at Birmingham by +Charles Evans, afterwards Canon of Worcester, but +then Headmaster of King Edward’s School, where +we had been schoolfellows. The building had +abundant accommodation, and he got together a very +distinguished party. The food provided was plain, +but well cooked and plenty of it. A large luncheon +table with cold meat was at the disposal of any of +the guests who wished to bring friends with him. +There was no display, but abundance everywhere, +and perfect freedom. Few, except masters of large +public schools, could have arranged and carried out +such a programme as well and easily as he did.</p> + +<p>I have been asked twice to act as President of the +Association. On the first occasion my name was +formally proposed by the officers of the Association +to the Council at which I was then sitting, but I was +conscious of my limitations in respect to health, and +with many thanks declined, even though some pressure +was kindly put on me. On the second occasion, and +much more lately, I was actually nominated in my +absence, with the offer of most thoughtful arrangements +to diminish fatigue, but I had again to decline +still more emphatically than before, as my powers +of work and endurance had in the meantime become +smaller and my deafness had increased.</p> + +<p>It is an office that affords an excellent stage from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span>which to address the public, because the Presidential +Address is usually printed more or less in full, and +commented on in the leading newspapers, while long +extracts from it are given in all of them. It is also +an office that carries considerable responsibilities, +and one where very useful work may be done by its +holder. It requires, however, a more genial speaker +at ceremonial meetings than myself, where I simply +hate having to come forward. My infirmities have +prevented me from attending any of the meetings +of the British Association for many past years.</p> + +<p>The Addresses of the Presidents of the Association +differ much, as might be expected, in interest +and importance. One that gained unusual attention, +owing to its simplicity and sterling value, was that +of Sir William Grove, of whom I will take this +occasion to speak.</p> + +<p>The late Justice Sir William Grove (1811-1896) +is one of those to whom I owe most for sympathy +in my inquiries, for helpful criticisms, and for long-continued +friendship. His early work as chemist and +electrician, his masterly book on the “Correlation of +Physical Forces,” when the idea was novel that heat, +electricity, force, etc., were convertible into one +another, and his resolute and successful labours to +raise the worth of the Royal Society, promoted him +easily into the very first rank of scientific men. At +a subsequent time, when he was seriously considering +whether or no he should abandon the legal profession, +he was unexpectedly promoted to a judgeship, +the object of the appointment being to secure +a judge capable of dealing with the technicalities +of Patent cases. The result, as he told me, and as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span>I have heard elsewhere, was that not a single Patent +case was brought into his Court. Presumably he +was dreaded by both sides on account of his searching +questions.</p> + +<p>It was his practice to rent a large house and +shooting during the autumn vacation, and he most +hospitably asked my wife and myself to make long +visits to him during three autumns. On the first +of these an incident occurred which might have +ended, but which confirmed, his friendship; namely, +the sudden and most severe illness of my wife. The +prompt and continuous care shown to her by every +member of the family at that time in the house, called +for my warmest gratitude. Sir William’s second son, +who was then a young man, but now a highly distinguished +officer, rode several miles to the nearest +town, summoned the doctor, and brought back a bag +of ice on horseback. Sir William’s daughter, Mrs. +Hills, nursed her with every possible care for some +weeks, until she was sufficiently convalescent to bear +removal. Recovery at length ensued, but serious +weakness remained, which continued up to her death, +nearly forty years later.</p> + +<p>One of Sir William Grove’s achievements was that +of being the main agent, in 1847, of changing the +character of the governing body of the Royal Society. +It had become too aristocratic, dating from the long +presidency of Sir Joseph Banks, and its elections +were guided by favour. The struggle between +two opposed principles became one between the +supporters of different candidates. It was a near +contest, but the reform party gained the day. They +signalised the memory of their triumph by founding +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span>the “Philosophical Club” for the use of the reformers, +in distinction to the older Royal Society Club. Both +were merely dining clubs that met on the evenings +of Royal Society meetings, and they were held on +alternate weeks. I, like many others, was a member +of both. The members of the Philosophical Club +were limited in number to forty-seven, as a reminder +of the date of its foundation. This controversy is +now quite obsolete, and the two clubs have become +amalgamated.</p> + +<p>Another very important reform that Sir William +Grove carried through on this occasion, was to limit +the number of elections to the Royal Society to fifteen +in each year, it having been found that fifteen +annual elections corresponded to the losses by death; +so the average number of Fellows would thereby +remain unchanged. It was the firm opinion of Sir +William Grove, which I fully share, that the only +feasible way of keeping a standard of qualification +from being lowered is to limit the number of selected +candidates, for it is scarcely possible to define a +standard in words. The question has lately been +raised whether fifteen is not too small a number now. +On that point I have no up-to-date knowledge that +would justify an opinion, but when I served on the +Council of the Royal Society many years ago, and +the number of candidates averaged little more than +fifty, it happened that about twelve out of the fifteen +were elected at the first ballot, but there was often +considerable delay in fixing upon the remainder. So +it seemed that fifteen was a somewhat high number +then, but this year there were as many as a hundred +candidates. Certainly no one has been elected since +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span>1847 to the Fellowship of the Royal Society who has +not done a large amount of sound work, and the +credit of the Society has been continuously maintained +at a high level.</p> + +<p>Many persons imagine in their innocence that +when any one appends letters to his name testifying +to his being a Fellow of one or more learned societies +that he is necessarily a scientific expert. This is true +for hardly any other society than the Royal. In all +others the letters show little more than that the +person who uses them is sufficiently interested in the +sciences in question to make it worth his while to +pay an annual subscription. I have served on the +Councils of many of these societies, and can only recall +two cases in which a proposed candidate was <i>not</i> +elected. In the one, the man had been imprisoned for +a grave offence; in the other, he was a wastrel well +known to avoid paying his debts.</p> + +<p>Many pleasant days have been spent by me under +the hospitable roof of Mr. and Mrs. Hills. She was, +as already mentioned, a daughter of Sir William +Grove, and has been one of my closest friends ever +since the terrible illness of my wife mentioned above. +Her husband, Judge Hills, died very recently. He +was a judge in Alexandria, where he resided during +the larger part of the year, but returned every +autumn to exercise hospitality in England.</p> + +<p>The conversational powers of Sir William Grove +were remarkable when he was sufficiently excited to +show them to advantage. One evening, before going +to a distant meeting of the British Association, he, +Professor Huxley, and myself, dined together at the +same table at the Athenæum. Never, before or since, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span>have I heard such rapid and continuous conversational +sword-play. The sudden thrusts, the quick +parries and counter-thrusts, were extraordinarily +dexterous. I regret my inability to recall more than +this general impression, without any of the actual +sentences.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XVI">CHAPTER XVI<br> +<span class="smaller">KEW OBSERVATORY AND METEOROLOGY</span></h2> + +<p>General Sir E. Sabine—Sextants and watches—Now merged into +National Physical Laboratory—Meteorological Committee, subsequently +Council of the Board of Trade—Self-recording instruments, +reduction of their tracings—Henry Smith</p> + +</div> + +<p>An early friendship that exercised great influence +in shaping my future scientific life was that of +General, afterwards Sir Edward, Sabine, R.A., and +President of the Royal Society. At the time of +which I am speaking he was its Treasurer; he also +held two offices, in both of which I was his successor +after some years. They were the Chairmanship of +the Kew Observatory and the Secretaryship of the +British Association, as already mentioned. General +Sabine (1788-1883) devoted himself to the study of +magnetism, to its geographical distribution and its +periodic and irregular variations. He had joined an +Arctic Expedition for the express purpose of making +exact magnetical observations in high latitudes, and +he had inspired zealous and capable men, at various +stations about the globe, to establish a system of +continuous and comparable observations. This involved +careful examinations of the refined instruments +about to be employed, and of instruction in their use. +Means for doing all this were established by him at +Kew.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p> + +<p>The history of the Kew Observatory is far too +complicated to be fully described here. It was first +instituted owing to the desire of many of the foremost +men in physical science, in the early days of the +British Association, to have access to a place where +physical experiments might be made, and new +instruments tested. The Observatory stands in the +Old Deer Park, Richmond, adjoining the Kew +Gardens. It was originally built for the amusement +of George III., while he was more or less insane, and +it was begged for by the philosophers and allotted +by Government to their use. Its maintenance was +defrayed by considerable grants annually voted by the +British Association, that mounted at one time to as +much as £600. This became far too onerous a +charge for their means, so various changes were made +in its government and maintenance. At length it +fell into the hands of the Royal Society, and was +managed by a committee appointed by that body +from among its members. It paid its way by charges +made for standardising instruments, supplemented by +occasional grants. Later on, the interest of a +handsome endowment of £10,000 made by Mr. J. P. +Gassiott, of whom more presently, placed it in a fairly +firm position.</p> + +<p>At the time when Sir Edward Sabine caused me +to become a member of the Managing Committee, the +Kew Observatory had obtained, through his exertions, +a high and wide reputation for the exactness of the +observations made there, and it had become the place +where the outfits of all magnetic observatories, English +and foreign, were standardised, and where intending +observers were instructed. It was, in fact, the Central +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span>Magnetic Observatory of the world. It held an +almost equally strong position in respect to the delicate +pendulum apparatus by which the force of gravity is +measured at different places on the globe, and again with +regard to standard thermometers and meteorological +instruments generally. Its Managers were eager to +extend its operations to any kind of self-paying +scientific experiment. Any person desirous of having +a new invention tested could get it well done there +at a cost that just repaid the trouble, subject, of +course, to the permission of the Managing Committee +and to the leisure of the staff.</p> + +<p>One of the first things that I busied myself about, +when I joined it, was to establish means for standardising +sextants and other angular instruments. The +cheaper kinds of these were unnecessarily bad, and +many of the more costly were by no means so good +as they should be for their price. I thought at first +of utilising heliostats to give sharp points of reference +by adjusting minute mirrors at distant points, flashing +the sun on to them from larger mirrors at the Observatory, +and using the return flashes as the points of +reference. One of these small mirrors was fixed to +the south obelisk, within a cage which may still be +there. This arrangement was so far successful that +beautiful stars of light were produced in response to +flashes from the Observatory, but the uncertainty of +sunshine in our climate showed the method to be of +little practical value. Then Messrs. Cooke of York, +who were among the foremost makers of large telescopes, +devised an arrangement with collimators and +artificial light. They made one for Kew, which is +contained within a small dark room, and has acted +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span>perfectly, to a considerable improvement in the make +of the cheaper sextants.</p> + +<p>Another thing that I did was to contrive an +apparatus by which thermometers could be rapidly +and yet very accurately verified, and by which from +ten to twenty thousand clinical thermometers are still +annually tested. Mr. De la Rue gave me help in +devising this. The few pence gained on each of these +many thermometers amounted to a respectable sum, +and confirmed the solvency of the institution, whose +margin of profit over loss was always small and had +been precarious. We were thus in a better position +to extend our work and to add to our instruments, +and we did so.</p> + +<p>Another operation which I was among the first, +if not the first, to suggest, was the rating of watches. +This has been a real success. The performances of +watches, when we first took the matter in hand, was +by no means proportionate to their cost, more than +one highly ornamented and expensive time-keeper +failing to obtain a class-place equal to that of others +of much inferior pretensions. Now a Kew certificated +watch has a special and recognised value, and the +makers of valuable watches are far more on their +mettle than they used to be.</p> + +<p>The influence of the Kew verifications as time +went on extended in many other directions, as by +testing the performance of telescopes and opera-glasses +supplied to the army and navy, in order to ascertain +whether their capabilities were up to the specified +standard. Mariners’ compasses of complicated and +delicate construction were also dealt with. A beautiful +apparatus devised by Sir Wm. Abney and Major +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span>Leonard Darwin was subsequently set up to test +photographic lenses, and to enable appropriate certificates +to be given them.</p> + +<p>So the institution throve, and was a “going +concern,” but it was wholly unequal in its scale to +the rapidly growing requirements of the day. This +feeling found expression in the Anniversary Address +to the British Association in 1895, by my cousin Sir +Douglas Galton; powerful support was given to his +suggestions and efforts, and finally the Kew Committee +was merged into the much larger and more important +National Physical Observatory, under the directorship +of Mr. Glazebrook, which swallowed at a single gulp +the whole of our thrifty savings.</p> + +<p>I look back with pleasure to my long connection +with the Kew Observatory, for its Committee always +consisted of very capable men, who gave time without +stint to the discussion of the new questions which +continually arose, and which could be answered by +experts only.</p> + +<p>Mr. Gassiott (1797-1877), of whom I have spoken, +succeeded Sir Edward Sabine as its Chairman. He +was remarkable for solid sense and business acumen, +and played a considerable part in the work of the +Royal Society. His experiments on electric discharges +in quasi-vacuo were very beautiful, and +thought highly of at the time. He was a striking +instance of the combination of scientific research with +the direction of an important business, for he was +one of the principal wine merchants, and said to be +the largest importer of port wine in London.</p> + +<p>Another instance of the same combination was +his successor in the same office, Mr. Warren De la +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span>Rue (1815-1889), the famous stationer, whose +mechanical ingenuity, artistic taste, and business +habits were most valuable. I have served with him +on various Councils, where his help and influence +were always felt. I shall have shortly again to speak +of him. The pretty Kew monogram was his design.</p> + +<p>I became Chairman of the Observatory in succession +to Mr. De la Rue in 1889, and held that post +until 1901, when it ceased to be an independent body. +The Observatory has been fortunate in its particularly +able Superintendents, Sir Francis Ronalds of electric +fame, Dr. Balfour Stewart, subsequently Professor at +Owen’s College, Manchester, Mr. Whipple, a man +of considerable natural gifts, and Dr. Chree, now +President of the Physical Society. Many members +of their staff were very trustworthy and valuable +officials.</p> + +<p>Much interest in the laws of the weather had been +aroused long previously to 1860, and it was then +clearly understood by those who studied them that +future progress depended on securing numerous +observations made at the same moment, during many +years, at stations scattered over a wide area. The +popular book of Maury in America and the writings +of Admiral FitzRoy drew attention to this need; and +Le Verrier, the French astronomer, issued daily +charts of the Atlantic, based on such observations as +he could obtain from ships and coast stations. But +these were so few compared to the area over which +they were scattered, and so unequally distributed, +that too much guess-work was needed to combine +their information into coherent and reasonable +systems.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></p> + +<p>The only fairly well understood feature in those +times, of movements of the air, was that of the +cyclone, or the huge tropical whirlwind carrying +destruction with it. It had been observed that when +these whirlwinds occurred in the northern hemisphere +they circled in the opposite direction to that of +the hands of a clock, round a centre of low barometric +pressure, and therefore round an area of uprush of +heated and moist air, accompanied, as it would be, +with heavy rains. This circling was justly attributed +to the spherical shape of the earth in combination +with its easterly rotation. An indraught, coming +from the direction of the equator, was impressed with +an excess of easterly movement, and one from the +nearest pole with a deficiency; in other words, the +latter had a westerly movement relatively to the +place of observation. The observed twist was the +necessary result of their coming together. An +opposite direction of twist occurred, as would have +been expected, in the two hemispheres; in the +southern one, the whirlwind circled round the area +of uprush in the same direction as the hands of a +clock. It was also surmised, that the direction of the +wind in ordinary weather was everywhere governed +by the same twisting conditions as in the terrible +cyclones of the tropics, where it had first been noticed.</p> + +<p>I felt greatly disposed to examine more closely +into these movements of the air, and it occurred to +me that enough help for the purpose might be obtained +in Europe from existing observatories, light-houses, +and ships in the neighbouring seas. They would +enable an experimental map to be made thrice daily +for a month, in which the observations should be at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span>stations much closer together than those in the maps +of Le Verrier, and yet would embrace a sufficiently +large area to exhibit the details of a complete weather +system. I took a great deal of pains about this, and +finally succeeded in 1862 in obtaining what was +wanted.</p> + +<p>It was with no small eagerness that I set to work +to map out the data. The month began under +cyclonic conditions; then, to my intense delight, as +that system passed by, it was followed by a condition +of affairs the exact opposite to the cyclone, and supplementary +to it. The cyclone, as already said, is an +uprush of air, associated with a low barometer and +clouds, due to the hot and moist air becoming chilled +as it rose, and it was fed, as just described, by an +indraught with an anti-clock-ways twist in the northern +hemisphere. That which I now found, during the +latter part of the month in question, was a downrush +of air associated with a high barometer and a clear +sky, and with an outflow having a clock-ways twist. +The one system was clearly supplementary to the +other. So in the memoir I contributed on the subject +to the Royal Society [<a href="#book16">16</a>], I called the newly +discovered system an “Anti-cyclone.” Speaking +broadly, the whole of the movements of the lower +strata of the air are now looked upon as a combination +of cyclones and anti-cyclones, which feed one another. +The name established itself at once, and is now +familiar.</p> + +<p>The present daily weather charts of the <i>Times</i>, +from data supplied by the Meteorological Office, began +to appear at a subsequent date, and I took considerable +part in their early construction. I had also made +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span>many previous attempts to represent the distribution +of the weather in a form suitable for printing with +movable types. With the aid of Mr. W. Spottiswoode +I had types cut for me of appropriate forms, +and casts from them were used in the set of my +published charts based on the above-mentioned data +(<i>Meteorographica</i> (Macmillan), 1863) [<a href="#book17">17</a>], but these +were not a success. Later I tried the plan of cutting +curves and arrows in soft material by a drill pantagraph, +whence casts might be taken for printing. A +drill pantagraph is made like an ordinary one, except +that the pencil is replaced by a drill, which is rotated +by a string that passes over the joints and does not +hinder the movements of its arms. I do not know +whether this plan of making the weather maps is still +adopted. It was submitted to the <i>Times</i> by the +Meteorological Council, through their Secretary, and +I still have the first trial stereotype that was cast on +this principle. I heard that there was trouble at first +in finding a suitable soft material better than plaster +of Paris and the like, but that this difficulty of detail +was soon overcome.</p> + +<p>I have already mentioned Admiral R. FitzRoy +(1805-1865). He was captain of the surveying ship +<i>The Beagle</i>, whose name became familiar to the +public through Charles Darwin’s <i>Voyage of the +“Beagle.”</i> He had always been most zealous +in the advancement of weather forecasts and +storm warnings. The “cone” was his device. A +Meteorological Office was established under his +superintendence in 1854, entirely owing to his +exertions, but it was on a very small scale. His +publications unfortunately failed in scientific solidity, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span>and were occasionally open to serious criticism. I +myself ventured to attack them in some particulars +which it is needless now to recall.</p> + +<p>On his lamented death it was determined to +reconstruct the office, and a small Departmental +Committee of the Board of Trade was named to +consider the question. It consisted of Mr., afterwards +Lord, Farrer (1819-1899), who was then the +Secretary of the Board, the then Hydrographer, +Captain, afterwards Sir Frederick, Evans (1815-1885), +and myself. We reported in 1866, and I must here +pay a tribute to the singular grasp and thoroughness +of Lord Farrer, whose occasional brief notes to me, +in the course of the inquiry, were models of clearness +combined with cordiality.</p> + +<p>The result was the formation of a Meteorological +Committee in 1868, of which I was a member, for +giving storm warnings to seaports, for procuring +data for marine charts of weather, and for maintaining +a few standard Observatories with self-recording +instruments. An annual grant was made to meet its +expenses. This avowedly provisional arrangement +worked well for some years, when it was felt that the +scope of the Meteorological Committee ought to be +somewhat enlarged and its constitution reconsidered. +So a second Government Committee was appointed +by the Board of Trade and the Treasury jointly, of +which I was again a member, and in consequence of +their Report the “Meteorological Committee” was +changed into the “Meteorological Council,” with an +enlarged grant. It continued in this form until 1905, +a little after I had retired from it owing to increasing +deafness. It has subsequently been modified anew, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span>and is now under the Directorship of Dr. W. N. +Shaw, with a large governing body, whose meetings +are much less frequent than those of the Council had +been, and interfere less in details.</p> + +<p>My long connection with the able men with whom +I co-operated for nearly forty years on the Meteorological +Committee and Council has given very great +pleasure to me, and I had the satisfaction in its +earlier days, when new instruments and methods were +frequently called for, of being able to do my full share +of the work. I will mention only one or two things +about which I was much occupied, as examples. +Part of our action was to maintain a few well-equipped +self-recording Observatories—that is to say, +where the instruments wrote down their own movements, +photographically or otherwise. For instance, +a sheet of photographic paper was moved slowly by +clock-work in front of a barometer. The barometer +stood in front of a slit in a screen, with a lamp on the +other side. The light of the lamp passed freely +through the empty portion of the glass tube on to the +sensitive paper, but was shut off by the mercury. +Hour lines were automatically marked upon the +paper. The result was technically called a photographic +“tracing,” which showed at each moment of +time how the barometer then stood. An analogous +contrivance was adapted to every one of the other +instruments.</p> + +<p>All the instrumental data were recorded by these +tracings, but they were much too cumbrous in form +and size for easy comparison. The question then +arose whether it would not be possible to reduce +these voluminous documents and print them in a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span>compendious yearly volume. If so, the tracings +would require very much more reduction in breadth +than in height, for the photographic mark made by +the recorder was so broad that the scale of the tracing +had to be proportionately wide open; otherwise the +neighbouring irregularities would blur together. A +sharp line drawn along the middle of the tracings +might, however, be much compressed laterally and yet +show all the irregularities distinctly. I designed a +compound drill pantagraph for the purpose, which +reduced the tracings in height independently of the +reduction in length. One part of the machine worked +the drill forward and backwards, the other part moved +the plate from side to side upon which it worked. +The result was to express the tracings by fine +grooves cut into a piece of soft metal. These were +again reduced by an ordinary pantagraph. The +whole process required thinking out in numerous +details, but it proved quite a success. It is described +in the annual Report of the Meteorological Office for +1869.</p> + +<p>Squares of zinc, one for each day, were grooved +by the drill pantagraph so as to show every one of +the data without confusion. They referred to Wind +Velocity and Direction, Barometric Height, Rainfall, +Dry and Wet Thermometer, together with a line to +show the amount of Humidity in the air, which was +mechanically calculated from the combined traces of +the two thermometers. These squares were placed +beneath a large and beautifully designed German +pantagraph, whose pointer was directed along the +grooves in the zinc, while the diamond point of the +scribe scratched the varnish on a copper plate, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span>was then etched by acid. The result was to produce +quarto copper plates, each containing the whole of +the instrumental data for each of the seven stations +for five consecutive days. The original tracings are +reduced to the ratio of 6:1 in horizontal and 2:1 in +vertical measure. This work was steadily pursued +for twelve years, which is long enough to include a +complete cycle of solar sun-spots. The illustration is +a facsimile of the upper two lines of one page, from +which the fourth and fifth days have been removed, +for want of space.</p> + +<p>It surprises me that meteorologists have not made +much more use than they have of these comprehensive +volumes. But there is no foretelling what +aspect of meteorology will be taken up by the very +few earnest and capable men who work at it. Each +of them wants voluminous data arranged in the form +most convenient for his own particular inquiry.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus4" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus4.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span></p> + +<p>I take this opportunity of mentioning another +attempt of mine which was not brought into practice +but may hereafter be useful; at all events, it is of +interest. The object was to gain some knowledge +of the upper currents of the air, such as are now +being obtained by small balloons or kites, which +carry self-recording instruments. It seemed to me +that the cloud made by a bursting shell fired high +in the air over the sea, at a little frequented part +of the coast, as that of West Ireland, when no vessel +was within the possibility of damage from falling +fragments, ought to give what was needed. The +first questions to be answered were as to the height +to which a shell of appropriate size could be sent, +the visibility of the result, and the cost of each +experiment. Sir Andrew Noble kindly undertook to +make experiments for the Office, using a 10-pounder +gun that happened to be at the Armstrong Works at +Elswick. It had been designed especially for shooting +at balloons, and was furnished with the necessary +spring for preventing harm from recoil. The results +were very good and consistent. The shells burst at +a constant height of about 9000 feet, and gave a +conspicuous and durable cloud of smoke, whose +drift could be easily seen and its rate calculated. I +designed a camera-obscura arrangement to do this +conveniently. The recorded interval of time between +the explosion as seen and as heard, was an adequate +measure of the distance of the shell-burst. It +could be ascertained with more care when desired, +and in more than one way. The cost of each shot +was about ten shillings. This method of observation +was not followed up, as none of the existing +stations were thought suitable, and it was difficult +to find one that would be so, considering that easy +telegraphic connection with the Meteorological Office +was a necessity. Again, the method would be useless +in cloudy weather. It may possibly be of future +service for inquiries into the varying thickness of the +Trade winds in particular localities.</p> + +<p>Yet another attempt of mine may be mentioned. +Chiefly through the initiative of Admiral FitzRoy, +“Wind roses,” as they are called, were calculated for +the various Ocean districts, bounded by lines of +latitude and longitude 10 degrees apart. They +formed adjacent rectangles or “squares” in the +maps used by seamen, which are always drawn on +“Mercator’s projection.” The “rose” consists of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span>divergent spikes directed towards each of the sixteen +primary points of the compass, whose several lengths +are proportional to the frequency of winds in their +direction. A shade or other sign shows the proportion +of the winds above a specified strength. Consequently +the roses afford means for judging which +of two competing courses receives, on the average, +the greater share of favourable winds. But it is +no easy matter to calculate by mother-wit the relative +efficiency of the winds as expressed by roses, upon +the run of a ship along any particular course. Almost +every wind can be utilised to some degree; we want +to know the aggregate effect in the required direction +of the average of the winds from all the sixteen +primary points. I showed how this could be found +mechanically for any ship whose sailing qualities +were known, and suggested that “passage roses” +should be calculated for a typical vessel wherever +wind roses existed. I think this would have been +taken in hand, had not steam begun to largely supersede +sails, and was doing so at a rapidly increasing +rate.</p> + +<p>I was rather scandalised by finding how little was +known to nautical men of the sailing qualities of their +own ships, along each of the sixteen points of the +compass, assuming a moderate sea, and a moderate +wind blowing steadily from one direction. I think, +if I had a yacht, that this would be the first point I +should wish to ascertain in respect to her performances.</p> + +<p>When the Meteorological Council was established, +its first President was that most accomplished classical +scholar, as well as mathematician, Professor Henry +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span>Smith (1826-1883) of Oxford, to whose memory the +highest tributes have been paid, notably by Sir +Mountstuart E. Grant Duff. It was delightful to +watch his facility in dealing with difficulties, whether +of administration or expression. The Chairman usually +has to remain in the Office after the meetings are +closed to write letters connected with what has just +been transacted. The Secretary, Mr. Robert Scott, +was of course present at those times, and he told me +of a peculiarity of Henry Smith that I should never +have guessed, namely, that when an important letter +had to be written, it was his habit to begin by filling +a half-sheet and then tearing it up to begin afresh. +I myself am very familiar with the way in which the +mind settles itself while writing the address and date +and the “Dear Sir,” but should have thought from +the exceptional rapidity of the ordinary working of +Henry Smith’s mind that he would have been the +last person to need a long pause to give his ideas +time to crystallise.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding his multifarious duties and +interests, he worked hard at the inquiries of the +moment. In one of these I was closely associated +with him, namely, in an attempt to analyse the +extremely complex system of ocean currents round +the Cape and up the West Coast of South Africa. +They admit of being identified and distinguished +partly by their direction and partly by their temperature. +Volumes of cold water coming from the +direction of the South Pole sometimes plunge far +below the surface and reappear in the midst of an +otherwise unbroken surface current.</p> + +<p>It was a great shock and grief to us all when, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span>without previous forewarning, intelligence reached +us of Henry Smith’s death, after a brief but singularly +painful illness in 1883.</p> + +<p>We all looked to General, afterwards Sir Richard, +Strachey (1817-1908) to succeed him, which he did. +He too has died only two days before I write these +lines. A prominent place ought to be given to him +in my “Memories,” for we have been connected in +our pursuits very frequently and in very different +ways. He was one of the hardest and most unobtrusive +of workers, who exercised a powerful influence +in many great matters, especially in India, but shrank +from publicity and ostentation. Like most master +minds, he had a characteristic way of looking at +things that is hard to describe. It often led to his +taking an unpopular side in discussions, though by +treating the question very clearly from his own point +of view he caused his opinion to be at last accepted. +He has been a steadfast friend to me throughout my +life. I cannot refrain from quoting the official letter +he wrote as Chairman of the Meteorological Council, +when I resigned my seat, it is so gracefully and +kindly expressed.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Meteorological Office</span><br> +<span style="margin-right: 3.5em;"><i>May 9, 1901</i></span></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Dear Mr. Galton</span>,—The new body of Directors +of the Office held their first meeting on Wednesday, +24th April. In the letter from the Royal Society +notifying their appointment, there was a paragraph +intimating that the resignation of your seat on the +Council had been accepted.</p> + +<p>“It was only natural that the first act of the new +body should be to recall the long period during which +you have occupied a seat either on the original +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span>Meteorological Committee or the Council, and to +endorse, with the emphasis arising from their full +knowledge of your work, the appreciation which the +President and Council of the Royal Society recorded +in their letter.</p> + +<p>“It therefore becomes a duty, by which I am no +little honoured, to convey to you the feeling of the +Council upon the termination of your official services +as a Member of the body on which we have +so long worked together. This task I undertake +with a full sense of the difficulty of adequately +expressing the extent to which the work of the +Meteorological Office is indebted for its success and +utility to your services, which have extended over +thirty-four years.</p> + +<p>“It is no exaggeration to say that almost every +room in the Office and all its records give unmistakable +evidence of the active share you have always +taken in the direction of the operations of the Office. +The Council feel that the same high order of +intelligence and inventive faculty has characterised +your scientific work in Meteorology that has been +so conspicuous in many other directions, and has +long become known and appreciated in all centres +of intellectual activity.</p> + +<p>“With the Office entering upon a new phase of +its service to the public, it is impossible for the +Council not to feel that the work of the past thirty-four +years has only opened the way, as all good +work does, for further development. I am confident +that you will still be interested in the success +of the undertaking in which you have had so great +a share, and the Council will value in the future, as +they have done in the past, any suggestion you may +make about the work of the Office.</p> + +<p>“Believe me, very faithfully yours,</p> + +<p class="right">“(Sgd.) <span class="smcap">Richard Strachey</span>, <i>Chairman</i>”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span></p> + +<p>It is needless to say more than that I was greatly +touched by this letter. I was also so much impressed +with its literary skill, that on calling shortly after on +Sir Richard I begged him, as a matter about which +I felt curious on purely literary grounds, to tell me +its origin. He said that it was really his own writing, +though based on a draft prepared at the Office, and +added, “And it is all strictly true.” Persons are to +be envied who can express their feelings so gracefully +as in that letter.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XVII">CHAPTER XVII<br> +<span class="smaller">ANTHROPOMETRIC LABORATORIES</span></h2> + +<p>Laboratory at the International Health Exhibition—That in the Science +Gallery, South Kensington—New instruments—Finger-prints +adopted by the Home Office—Letter from M. Alphonse Bertillon</p> + +</div> + +<p>My inquiries into hereditary genius, of which +I shall speak in a later chapter, were sufficiently +advanced before the year 1865 to show the +pressing necessity of obtaining a multitude of exact +measurements relating to every measurable faculty +of body or mind, for two generations at least, on +which to theorise. I therefore set myself to work +in many directions towards achieving this object, in +some cases for immediate use, in others to bear fruit +hereafter.</p> + +<p>The first attempt was to stimulate schools to weigh +and measure, which was successful at Marlborough +College, through the aid of the then Headmaster, +Dr. Farrar, afterwards Archdeacon of Westminster, +and later still Dean of Canterbury, who was enthusiastic +about all improvements. Subsequently, I wrote +an article in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i>, March 1882, +beginning with, “When shall we have Anthropometric +Laboratories, where a man may from time to time +get himself and his children weighed, measured, and +rightly photographed, and have each of their bodily +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span>faculties tested, by the best methods known to modern +science?” I went on to describe what could be done +in this way by existing methods, and what more it +was desirable to have.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="portrait2" style="max-width: 28.125em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/portrait2.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p>Sincerely yours</p> + <p>Francis Galton</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<p>When the International Exhibition of 1884 was +under consideration, I offered to equip and maintain a +Laboratory there, if a suitable place were given, the +woodwork set up, and the security of it taken off my +hands. This was done, and I arranged a long narrow +enclosure with trellis-work, in front and at its ends. +A table ran alongside the trellis-work on which the +instruments were placed and where the applicants +were tested, and a passage was left between the table +and the wall. This gave a quasi-privacy, while it +enabled outsiders to see a little of what was going on +inside. A doorkeeper stationed at one end admitted +a single applicant at a time, who had to pay threepence. +The superintendent took him through the tests in +turn, and dismissed him at the other end with his +schedule filled up. Sometimes I helped him; then +two persons could be tested together, the one a little +in advance of the other. The arrangement worked +smoothly, and the Laboratory was seldom unemployed.</p> + +<p>The measurements dealt with Keenness of Sight +and of Hearing; Colour Sense, Judgment of Eye; +Breathing Power; Reaction Time; Strength of Pull +and of Squeeze; Force of Blow; Span of Arms; +Height, both standing and sitting; and Weight. +The ease of working the instruments that were used +was so great that an applicant could be measured in +all these respects, a card containing the results +furnished him, and a duplicate made and kept for +statistical purposes, at the total cost of the threepenny +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span>fee, already described, for admission. That just +defrayed the working expenses.</p> + +<p>It is by no means easy to select suitable instruments +for such a purpose. They must be strong, +easily legible, and very simple, the stupidity and +wrong-headedness of many men and women being +so great as to be scarcely credible. I used at first +the instrument commonly employed for testing the +force of a blow. It was a stout deal rod running +freely in a tube, with a buffer at one end to be hit +with the fist and pressing against a spring at the +other. An index was pushed by the rod as far as it +entered the tube in opposition to the spring. I found +no difficulty whatever in testing myself with it, but +before long a man had punched it so much on one +side, instead of hitting straight out, that he broke +the stout deal rod. It was replaced by an oaken +one, but this too was broken, and some wrists were +sprained.</p> + +<p>I afterwards contrived, and used in a subsequent +Laboratory, a pretty arrangement that gave the +swiftness, though not the force of the blow, with +absolute safety, and which could be used for other +limbs than the arm. The hand held a thread, the +other end of which was tied to an elastic band, capable +of pulling it back faster than any human hand could +follow; so the hand always <i>retarded</i> its movement. Its +speed was shown by the height to which a bead, +actuated by the string (it is needless to explain details), +was tossed up in front of a scale. This never failed, +and was perfectly easy to manipulate.</p> + +<p>The observations made in this Laboratory were of +great use to me later on. Four hundred complete +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span>sets are published in the <i>Anthropometric Inst. Journal</i> +1884 [<a href="#book81">81</a>], and afford good material for future use in +many ways.</p> + +<p>Among other instruments that I contrived then +or subsequently, were small whistles with a screw +plug, for determining the highest audible note, the +limit of which varies much in different persons and at +different ages. A parcel of schoolboys might interchange +very shrill and loud whistles quite inaudibly +to an elderly master. I found them to produce +marked effects on cats, and made many experiments +at a house where I often stayed, in which my bedroom +window overlooked a garden much frequented +by them. My plan was to watch near the open +window, and when a cat appeared and had become +quite unsuspicious and absorbed, to sound one of +these notes inaudible to most elderly persons. The +cat was round in a minute. I noticed the quickness +and precision with which these animals direct their +eyes to the source of sound. It is not so with dogs.</p> + +<p>I contrived a hollow cane made like a walking +stick, having a removable whistle at its lower end, +with an exposed indiarubber tube under its curved +handle. Whenever I squeezed the tube against the +handle, air was pushed through the whistle. I tried +it at nearly all the cages in the Zoological Gardens, +but with little result of interest, except that it certainly +annoyed some of the lions. I have often met with +persons who perceived no purely audible sound when +very high notes were sounded, but who experienced +a peculiar feeling of discomfort which I have occasionally +felt myself. This, I think, was the case with some +of the lions, who turned away and angrily rubbed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span>their ears with their paws, just as the persons of whom +I have spoken often did with their hands.</p> + +<p>It was difficult to find a simple machine that +would register the length of Reaction Time—that is, +the interval between a Stimulus and the Response to +it, say between a sharp sound and the pressure of a +responding finger on a key. I first used one of +Exner’s earlier instruments, but it took too much +time, so I subsequently made one with a pendulum. +The tap that released the pendulum from a raised +position made the required sound,—otherwise it made +a quiet sight-signal, whichever was wished,—and the +responding finger caused an elastic thread parallel to +the pendulum and swinging with it to be clutched +and held fast, in front of a scale, graduated to ⅟₁₀₀ths +of a second. This acted well; there was no jar from +seizing the elastic thread, and the adjustments gave +no trouble.</p> + +<p>For testing the Muscular Sense, I used cartridges +packed evenly with cotton wool and with shot, so as +to be exactly alike on the outsides but of different +weights. The weights ran in a regular geometric +series, and were broken up into sets of three. Each +set lay in a grooved square of wood, in any order; +the test was to arrange them by the sense of their +heaviness, in their proper order, as shown by the +inscriptions at one end of each. This method acted +quickly, because it was easy to judge by the sometimes +hesitating, sometimes decided manner in which +a particular set was handled, whether or no the +differences were clearly perceived, and to substitute +others in turn more appropriate to the acuteness of +sense of the person tested.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span></p> + +<p>One hears so much about the extraordinary sensitivity +of the blind, that I was glad of an opportunity +of testing a large number of children in an asylum. +The nature of the test was fully explained to them, +and that the most successful ones were to receive a +sweetmeat. It was evident that all did their best, +but their performances fell distinctly short of those +of ordinary persons. I found afterwards a marked +correlation between at least this form of sensitiveness +and general ability.</p> + +<p>After the Health Exhibition was closed in 1885, +it seemed a pity that the Laboratory should also +come to an end, so I asked for and was given a room +in the Science Galleries of the South Kensington +Museum. I maintained a Laboratory there during +about six years, and found an excellent man, Sergeant +Randal, for its Superintendent. Useful data were +obtained from this Laboratory, but I found that it +ought to be either in the hands of a trained scientific +superintendent, who would be competent to undertake +much more refined measurements than mine were +intended for, or else that a great many more persons +than I could tempt to attend should be roughly +measured.</p> + +<p>Some few notabilities came, among whom I would +especially mention Mr. Gladstone, whose measurements +proved very acceptable to Mr. Brock the +sculptor, in making a posthumous statue of him for +Liverpool. Mr. Gladstone was amusingly insistent +about the size of his head, saying that hatters often +told him that he had an Aberdeenshire head—“a fact +which you may be sure I do not forget to tell my +Scotch constituents.” It was a beautifully shaped +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span>head, though low, but after all it was not so very +large in circumference. Of those persons whom I +have mentioned in the foregoing chapters, the heads +of William Spottiswoode and Mr. Gassiott were +larger round; Professor Sharpey’s was the largest of +all. A slight want of symmetry on which Mr. +Gladstone laid stress was no peculiarity at all, for the +heads of normal persons are rarely quite symmetrical.</p> + +<p>The “Measurement of Resemblance” between +portraits is a subject on which I have been engaged off +and on during late years, and which I hope to take up +again. The best of my ideas at present is to prepare a +strip of card one inch broad and printed with numerals +of various standard sizes from 1 to 9. Then to mount +the portraits on slides actuated by strings, and to +station them at such distances that the interval between +the pupils of the eyes and the mouth in each portrait +shall be apparently the same as the breadth of the +strip. Then to interpose a wedge of tinted glass in +front of an eye-hole, and to slide it until the portraits +become indistinguishable. In that position to read +off the smallest of the standard numbers that is +simultaneously legible. I have made many experiments, +differing in particulars, and described one of +them in <i>Nature</i>, October 4, 1906 [<a href="#book176">176</a>], which +seems to me not so good as the one briefly outlined +above.</p> + +<p>The chief value to me of the Laboratory during +the latter part of the time of its existence, and the +reason why I continued it so long, lay in the convenience +it afforded for obtaining and testing the +value of finger-prints. My interest in them arose +through a request to give a Friday evening lecture +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span>at the Royal Institution (which was delivered May +25, 1888) on what is briefly called “Bertillonage”; +that is, on the system devised by M. Alphonse +Bertillon for identifying persons by the measurements +of their bodily dimensions. The subject was attracting +much interest at the time, and had received a +great deal of off-hand newspaper praise. There +was, however, a want of fulness in the published +accounts of it, while the principle upon which +extraordinarily large statistical claims to its quasi-certainty +had been founded was manifestly incorrect, +so further information was desirable. The incorrectness +lay in treating the measures of different dimensions +of the same person as if they were <i>independent</i> +variables, which they are not. For example, a tall +man is much more likely to have a long arm, foot, +or finger than a short one. The chances against +mistake had been overrated enormously owing to +this error; still, the system was most ingenious and +very interesting.</p> + +<p>I made the acquaintance of M. Bertillon during +a short visit to Paris, and had the opportunity of +seeing his system at work. Nothing could exceed +the deftness of his assistants in measuring the +criminals; their methods were prompt and accurate, +and all the accompanying arrangements excellently +organised. But I had not means of testing its +efficiency with closeness, which would have required +more time and interference with current work than +was permissible. I was nevertheless prepared to give +an account at the Royal Institution of what I had +seen, but, being desirous of introducing original work +of my own, I gave to my lecture the more general +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span>title of “Personal Identification and Description” [<a href="#book107">107</a>], +on which larger subject there was much new +to be said.</p> + +<p>When thinking over the matter, the fact occurred +to my recollection that thumb-marks had not infrequently +been spoken and written about, so I inquired +into their alleged use, especially by the Chinese. I +also wrote a letter to <i>Nature</i> asking for information, +which had the important effect of drawing a +response from Sir William Herschel, who, as a Commissioner +in India, had actually used them in his +district, for many years, as a means of preventing +personation. But the system fell into disuse after +his departure. Sir William gave me every assistance, +by forwarding to me both old and modern finger-prints +of himself and of others of his family, and in +showing his way of making the impressions.</p> + +<p>I took up the study very seriously, thinking that +finger-prints might prove to be of high anthropological +significance, but I may say at once that they +are not. I have examined large numbers of persons +of different races to our own, as Jews, Basques, Red +Indians, East Indians of various origins, Negroes, +and a fair number of Chinese. Also persons of very +different characters and temperaments, as students +of science, students of art, Quakers, notabilities of +various kinds, and a considerable number of idiots at +Earlswood Asylum, without finding any pattern +that was characteristic of any of them. But as I +continued working at finger-prints, their importance +as a means of identification became more and more +obvious, and since my theoretical work on Heredity, +Correlation, etc., of which I shall speak further, had +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span>not yet “taken on,” there was spare time for inquiry +into finger-prints.</p> + +<p>I described the results in the above-mentioned +lecture so far as they had then been obtained, and +subsequently in a more advanced shape in a memoir +read before the Royal Society in 1891 [<a href="#book117">117</a>]. It +was argued in it that these patterns had a theoretical +significance, which has not, I think, even yet been +adequately appreciated, which bears on discontinuity +in evolution. I showed that the different classes of +patterns in finger-prints might be justly compared +to different genera. As, however, they had been +formed without any aid from natural selection, I +concluded that natural selection had no monopoly +in moulding genera, but that internal conditions +must be quite as important.</p> + +<p>I have always believed that the number of positions +of stability in every genus must be limited, +from which moderate deviations, but not great ones, +are possible without causing destruction. There are +limits which, if they can be overpassed without +disaster, would require a new position of stability +in the organisation. Comparatively few intermediate +finger-patterns are found between a “loop” and a +“whorl,” these representing two different and well-marked +genera or positions of stability.</p> + +<p>The modern division of views concerning the +immediate causes of evolution, whether it be due +to the slow accumulation of small factors or else by +the sudden mutations of de Vries, are paralleled by +those held by the physicists of the fifties on the +method by which a glacier adapts itself to its bed, just +as if it were a viscous body, which it certainly is not +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span>in the ordinary sense of the word. Professor Tyndall +ascribed its adaptation of form to a succession of +internal crunches and re-freezings; in other words, +to successive conditions of stability.</p> + +<p>It became gradually clear that three facts had +to be established before it would be possible to +advocate the use of finger-prints for criminal or other +investigations. First, it must be proved, not assumed, +that the pattern of a finger-print is constant throughout +life. Secondly, that the variety of patterns is +really very great. Thirdly, that they admit of being +so classified, or “lexiconised,” that when a set of +them is submitted to an expert, it would be possible +for him to tell, by reference to a suitable dictionary, +or its equivalent, whether a similar set had been +already registered. These things I did, but they +required much labour.</p> + +<p>A Committee was appointed by the Home Office +to inquire into the different systems of identification +that had been adopted or proposed for use with +criminals. They visited my Laboratory, and thoroughly +inspected what I had to show. It was a great pleasure +to work with and for such sympathetic and keen +inquirers, but I regretted all the time that my methods +were hardly ripe for inspection; still, they were fairly +adequate. The result was a Report strongly in +favour of their adoption, of which the part that bears +on finger-prints is reprinted in my <i>Finger Print +Directory</i> [<a href="#book131">131</a>].</p> + +<p>I had communicated with M. Alphonse Bertillon, +suggesting that he should consider the introduction +of finger-prints into his own system, but the idea +did not commend itself to him. Afterwards I sent +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span>him further information on what had been more +recently done, to which he answered, on June 15, 1891, +that he was much disposed to add my method to his +own, especially for persons under age, but he feared +practical difficulties, such as in cleaning the fingers +after printing from them. Also it was a question +whether his assistants, who were but little educated, +would be zealous enough to learn a new method. +He ended by asking me, on the next occasion when +I happened to pass through Paris, to give a morning +to his Dépot to experimentalise on the criminals +there. It has been stated more than once that the +finger-print system was initiated by M. Bertillon, so +I have mentioned these historical details, and give +his untranslated letter in a footnote.⁠<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The omitted +portion refers to quite another matter, in which he +was then assisting me.</p> + +<p>I have said that my method was not so fully +elaborated as I should have wished when the +Committee examined it, so I worked hard at it afterwards, +and published the results in 1895 in the book +already mentioned, bearing the title of <i>Finger Print +Directory</i>, using the term “Directory” in the same sense +as in the familiar phrase of “Post Office Directory.” +It was an unlucky choice of a word, for its equivalent +in French means a Board of Directors, so its title +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span>may have misled. This book contained a method +of classification far in advance of what I had published +before, and is in most essential points the same as +that in present use in Scotland Yard.</p> + +<p>Sir Edward, then Mr. Henry, when in office +in India, came to my Laboratory to learn the finger-print +process, and he introduced it first into Bengal, and +afterwards throughout India. The Bertillon system +did not work at all well there, because measurements +had to be taken at many different local centres where +accuracy could not be guaranteed. Then Mr. Henry +was dispatched to the Cape, where great difficulty +had arisen about identification, and he introduced +finger-prints there also. After this he was called +to England, and soon selected to hold his present +important post. From what I have seen during the +few visits I have paid to Scotland Yard, the finger-print +system answers excellently, and can deal easily +with many thousands of sets—certainly with twenty +thousand.</p> + +<p>I hardly know over how large a part of the world +this system is now in use to the exclusion of other +methods. It is so in England, India, and Argentina. +It is used in connection with measurements in Brazil, +Egypt, and many other countries.</p> + +<p>It is necessary for its successful employment that +the clerks at the central Bureau should be thoroughly +acquainted with their work. There is much for them +to learn as to the uniform classification of many small +groups of often recurring patterns, and in realising +what is and what is not essential to identification. +Certain changes in the print may wholly depend on +the greater or less pressure of the finger. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span>impression is usually made by what may be described +as the crests of the mountain ridges of the pattern; +a strong pressure will show the connecting <i>cols</i> as +well, so the latter are unimportant. Decipherment +is a peculiar art. Gross differences are conspicuous +enough to an untrained eye, but even in these a novice +may sometimes contrive to make mistakes when an +imperfect impression is submitted to him. On the +other hand, the art of taking good prints is very easy, +and may be learnt in a single lesson by any intelligent +and handy man.</p> + +<p>Much has been written, but the last word has not +been said, on the rationale of these curious papillary +ridges; why in one man and in one finger they form +whorls and in another loops. I may mention a +characteristic anecdote of Herbert Spencer in connection +with this. He asked me to show him my +Laboratory and to take his prints, which I did. Then +I spoke of the failure to discover the origin of these +patterns, and how the fingers of unborn children had +been dissected to ascertain their earliest stages, and so +forth. Spencer remarked that this was beginning in +the wrong way; that I ought to consider the purpose +the ridges had to fulfil, and to work backwards. +Here, he said, it was obvious that the delicate mouths +of the sudorific glands required the protection given +to them by the ridges on either side of them, and +therefrom he elaborated a consistent and ingenious +hypothesis at great length.</p> + +<p>I replied that his arguments were beautiful and +deserved to be true, but it happened that the mouths of +the ducts did not run in the valleys between the crests, +but along the crests of the ridges themselves. He +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span>burst into a good-humoured and uproarious laugh, and +told me the famous story which I have heard from +each of the other two who were present on the +occurrence. Huxley was one of them. Spencer, +during a pause in conversation at dinner at the +Athenæum, said, “You would little think it, but I +once wrote a tragedy.” Huxley answered promptly, +“I know the catastrophe.” Spencer declared it was +impossible, for he had never spoken about it before +then. Huxley insisted. Spencer asked what it was. +Huxley replied, “A beautiful theory, killed by a +nasty, ugly little fact.”</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XVIII">CHAPTER XVIII<br> +<span class="smaller">COMPOSITE PORTRAITS AND STEREOSCOPIC MAPS</span></h2> + +<p>Sir Edmund Du Cane and criminal characteristics—Principle of +composites—Analytical photography—Stereoscopic photographs of +models of mountainous districts</p> + +</div> + +<p>My first idea of composite portraiture arose +through a request by Sir Edmund Du Cane, +R.E., then H.M. Inspector of Prisons, to examine +the photographs of criminals, in order to discover and +to define the types of features, if there be any, that +are associated with different kinds of criminality. +The popular ideas were known to be very inaccurate, +and he thought the subject worthy of scientific study. +I gladly offered to do what I could, and he gave me +full opportunities of seeing prisons and of studying a +large number of photographs of criminals, which were +of course to be used confidentially.</p> + +<p>At first, for obtaining pictorial averages I combined +pairs of portraits with a stereoscope, with more or less +success. Then I recollected an often observed effect +with magic lanthorns, when two lanthorns converge +on the same screen, and while the one is throwing its +image, the operator slowly withdraws the light from it +and throws it on to the next one. The first image yields +slowly to the second, with little sense of discordance +in the parts that at all resemble one another. It was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span>obviously possible to photograph superposed images +on a screen by the simultaneous use of two or more +lanthorns. What was common to all of the images +would then appear vigorous, while individual +differences would be too faint for notice. There +would, however, be great difficulty in accurately superposing +them without the aid of expensive apparatus. +Then the idea occurred to me that no lanthorns were +needed for the purpose, but that the pictures themselves +might be severally adjusted in the same place, +and be photographed successively on the same +plate, allowing a fractional part of the total time of +exposure to each portrait.</p> + +<p>My earlier experiments were with the full-face +photographs of criminals. I selected three which +were not greatly unlike, and were of the same size, +as judged by measuring the vertical distance between +the pupils of the eyes and the parting of the lips. +Out of a thin card I cut a window of the size of the +portrait, and fastened two threads over it, one vertical, +the other crossways. Lastly I made a pin-hole +in the card on either side of the window. Thus provided, +I laid each portrait in turn on the table, and +adjusted the card until the cross line passed over the +pupils of the eyes, and the vertical line bisected the +interval. Then I pricked through the two pin-holes +the paper on which the portrait was. I could thus +hang all three portraits one behind the other on two +pins that projected from a board, with the assurance +that the principal features of each face would occupy an +identical position in front of a fixed camera. I photographed +them in turns. The camera was uncapped +during one-third of the normal time of exposure while +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span>the first portrait was in front of it. Capping it again, +I took away the front portrait and exposed the second, +then uncapping the camera I took the second portrait; +and similarly the third. The result was particularly +promising; it was difficult to believe that the composite +was not a simple portrait. I tested the truth +of the result by placing the photographs in different +order, and by many other ways. Then I extended +its application. The method of composite portraiture +was first published in <i>Nature</i>, 1878, and more fully +in the <i>Journ. Anthrop. Inst.</i>, 1879 [<a href="#book51">51</a>], also in the +Journal of the Photographic Society, at which I +exhibited it, and elsewhere. The method is republished +in <i>Human Faculty</i> [<a href="#book76">76</a>].</p> + +<p>I gladly acknowledge my indebtedness to Sir +Edmund Du Cane not only for helping me with +material for these experiments, but for having, as +he told me, suggested the inclusion of my finger-print +system in the instructions to the Committee of +Identification, described in the last chapter. He was +an extremely accomplished man, with high and +humane views, and sympathised with not a few of the +subjects on which I have been engaged.</p> + +<p>I have successfully made many composites both of +races and of families. The composites are always +more refined and ideal-looking than any one of their +components, but I found that persons did not like +being mixed up with their brothers and sisters in a +common portrait. It seems a curious and rather silly +feeling, but there can be no doubt of its existence. I +see no other reason why composite portraiture should +not be much employed for obtaining family types. +Composites might be made of brothers and sisters, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span>parents and grandparents, together with a composite +of the race, each in their due proportions, +according to the Ancestral Law (see chapter on +Heredity). The result would be very instructive, but +the difficulty of obtaining the material is now overwhelming. +Male and female portraits blend well +together, with an epicene result.</p> + +<p>With the help of Dr. Mahomed and the permission +of the authorities of Guy’s Hospital, I took +many photographs of consumptive patients and made +composites of them, which are published in the Guy’s +Hospital Reports, vol. xxv. They show two contrasted +types, the one fine and attenuated, the other +coarse and blunted. Dr. Mahomed was a very +promising physician, on the eve of becoming well +known, when he caught a fever of the same description, +I am told, as that on which he had become an +authority, and died of it in his newly purchased +house.</p> + +<p>I could not make good composites of lunatics; +their features are apt to be so irregular in different +ways that it was impossible to blend them. I took a +photographer with me to Hanwell, where it was +arranged that the patients should sit two at a time on +a bench. One of them was to be led forward and +posted in front of the camera, while his place on the +bench was filled by the second patient moving up +into it, whose previous place was to be occupied by a +third patient. It happened that the second of the +pair who were the first to occupy the bench considered +himself to be a very mighty man, I forget whom, but +let us say Alexander the Great. He boiled with +internal fury at not being given precedence, and when +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span>the photographer had his head well under the velvet +cloth, with his body bent, in the familiar attitude of +photographers while focusing, Alexander the Great +slid swiftly to his rear and administered a really good +bite to the unprotected hinder end of the poor +photographer, whose scared face emerging from +under the velvet cloth rises vividly in my memory as +I write this. The photographer guarded his rear +afterwards by posting himself in a corner of the +room.</p> + +<p>Many years later, I tried to perform the exact +opposite to composite photography, namely, to annul +all that was typical in a portrait and to preserve its +peculiarities. I called it “Analytical Photography,” +and explained it in <i>Nature</i>, 1900, and in the <i>Photo. +Soc. Jour.</i>, 1900-1901. It depends on the fact that +a positive and a negative glass plate, <i>both in half +or still fainter tones</i>, when held face to face neutralise +the peculiarities of one another, so the effect of their +combination is to produce a uniform grey. My plan +was to fix a <i>negative</i> composite in front of a <i>positive</i> +portrait of one of its elements, all in half tones, with +the result that the composite abstracted all the +typical portion of the portrait while its peculiarities +were isolated and remained. “Alice in Wonderland” +would have described it as the “grin without the +Cheshire Cat.” I succeeded, but the result did not +give an intelligible idea of the peculiarities, the non-essentials +being as strongly marked as the essentials, +and the whole making a jumble; so I went no farther +with this process.</p> + +<p>In 1882 I published an illustrated memoir in +<i>Nature</i> on the conventional way in which artists +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span>had hitherto represented a galloping horse. Mr. +Muybridge had, by means of beautiful photographs +of twenty momentary successive attitudes, recently +shown, beyond possibility of cavil, that the conventional +representation was totally untrue to fact. +I asked myself the question why observant artists had +agreed for so long a time in drawing galloping horses +with their four legs extended simultaneously, and why +their representation had never been objected to. It +occurred to me that composites of successive attitudes +that were too momentary to be distinguished might +answer the question, which it did. When all of the +twenty attitudes are combined in a single picture, the +result is certainly suggestive of the conventional representation, +though in a very confused way. Then, +finding by my own observation that it was difficult to +watch all four legs at the same time, also seeing that +according to the photographs of Mr. Muybridge, the +two fore legs were extended during one quarter of a +complete motion, and that during another quarter the +two hind legs were similarly extended, I made +composites of these groups separately. Then, cutting +them in half and uniting the front half of the former +to the hind half of the latter, a very fair equivalent +was obtained to the conventional attitude. I inferred +that the brain ignored one-half of all it saw in the +gallop, as too confused to be noticed; that it divided +the other half in two parts, each alike in one particular, +and combined the two halves into a monstrous +whole.</p> + +<p>This is a convenient place to speak of the method +of stereoscopic maps, which I devised so long ago as +1863. It was published together with specimens made +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span>for me by my cousin, long since dead, R. Cameron +Galton, in the <i>Proceedings</i> of the Royal Geographical +Society [<a href="#book18">18</a>] of that year. I cannot fully understand +why stereoscopes do not hold a higher position in popular +estimation than they do; it may be partly due to +two causes—to the fact that the two eyes are unequally +operative in a larger proportion of persons than might +be supposed, and to the cost and unwieldiness of the +usual stereoscope. Compound lenses give better and +wider images than plain ones, but for common +purposes I find that plain ones, mounted as in an eyeglass, +serve quite well enough. Those I generally +use are cheap things, mounted in a strip of wood.</p> + +<p>I wished to obtain a map that should have the +effect of a model, so suitable models were procured +and photographed stereoscopically. The result was +a perfect success. An unexpected result occurred +when a pure white plaster cast was treated in this +way, for it wholly failed to give the required appearance +of a solid, but if grains of dust were sprinkled over it, +much more if names were written on it, the stereoscopic +effect appeared in its full strength. Good models, +and therefore stereoscopic maps made from them, +give a far better idea of a mountainous country than +any ordinary map can do, however cleverly it may +be shaded. Map-makers might well pay some attention +to stereoscopic maps and to providing cheap +eyeglasses with which to view them.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIX">CHAPTER XIX<br> +<span class="smaller">HUMAN FACULTY</span></h2> + +<p>Measurement of mental powers—Gentiles—Number forms—Visions of +sane persons—Experiments on self—Classification by judgment—Sandow—Weight +of cattle—First and second prizes—Arithmetic +by smell—Influences of gesture, voice, etc.</p> + +</div> + +<p>After I had become satisfied of the inheritance +of all the mental qualities into which I had +inquired, and that heredity was a far more powerful +agent in human development than nurture, I wished +to explore the range of human faculty in various +directions in order to ascertain the degree to which +breeding might, at least theoretically, modify the +human race. I took the moderate and reasonable +standpoint that whatever quality had appeared in man +and in whatever intensity, it admitted of being bred +for and reproduced on a large scale. Consequently +a new race might be created possessing on the <i>average</i> +an equal degree of quality and intensity as in the +exceptional case. Relative infertility might of course +stand in the way, but otherwise everything seemed +to show that races of highly gifted artists, saints, +mathematicians, administrators, mechanicians, contented +labourers, musicians, militants, and so forth, +might be theoretically called into existence, the +average excellence of each race in its particular line +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span>being equal to that of its most highly gifted representative +at the present moment.</p> + +<p>I desired to plan a laboratory in which Human +Faculty might be measured so far as possible, and, after +much inquiry and trouble, drew up and sent a printed +circular to experts, showing in outline what seemed +to me feasible, and drawing attention to desiderata. +Useful replies reached me from many quarters.</p> + +<p>There was no one to whose intelligent co-operation +I then owed more than Professor Croom Robertson +(1842-1892) of University College. His genius and +temperament were of the most attractive Scottish type—exact, +sane, and very genial. He was well known +by his work on Hobbes, and as the founder and Editor +of the periodical <i>Mind</i>, in which his critical notices of +current philosophical literature were soon recognised +as of especial weight. He was a thorough friend, +whose death left a void in my own life that has never +been wholly filled.</p> + +<p>The leading ideas of such a laboratory as I had +in view, were that its measurements should effectually +“sample” a man with reasonable completeness. It +should measure <i>absolutely</i> where it was possible, +otherwise <i>relatively</i> among his class fellows, the +quality of each selected faculty. The next step +would be to estimate the combined effect of these +separately measured faculties in any given proportion, +and ultimately to ascertain the degree with which the +measurement of sample faculties in youth justifies a +prophecy of future success in life, using the word +“success” in its most liberal meaning.</p> + +<p>The method of centiles (or of per-centiles as +I originally called it) was devised to give greater precision +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span>to the meaning of “class-place.” The familiar +phrases of top of his class, near the top, half-way down +it, and the like, express a great deal, but they express +much more if used in connection with the size of the +class. A useful way of reducing classes of all sizes +to a common one is as follows. The names of the +individuals are entered in the order of their class-places +in a long column, beginning with the highest. +The names are separated by lines which resemble the +rungs of a ladder, and will here be called rungs for +distinction. The interval between the lowest and +highest rungs is divided along the sides of the ladder +into equal parts to form a scale, usually one of 100 +parts. In this the lowest rung stands at 0° and the +highest at 100°. Such divisions are called centiles. +If the divisions are not in hundredths, but otherwise +as tenths, eighths, or quarters, they are still called by +words ending in “-ile,” as decile, octile, and quartile. +The marks corresponding to the class-places at each +centile, decile, octile, or quartile, are independent of +the size of the class, except in that small degree to +which all statistical deductions are liable when derived +from different samples of the same store of material.</p> + +<p>The diagram opposite explains the process. For +reasons of space it is adapted here to a class of only +twelve individuals, but it is applicable equally well to +classes however large, and the larger the better.</p> + +<p>The method of centiles affords a convenient and +compact way of comparing the amounts of specified +faculties in different individuals. All this is an +old tale now, but I had to take a great deal of +trouble before it was clearly thought out and well +tested.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span></p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp68" id="chart" style="max-width: 31.25em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/chart.jpg" alt=""> +</figure> + +<p>As it may interest persons to know how they +would stand among the visitants to a large London +Exhibition, I give a brief extract on next page from my +published table (<i>Nature</i>, January 8, 1885), [<a href="#book86">86</a>], concerning +those measured at the International Health +Exhibition.</p> + +<p>Suppose the reader to be a male adult, and the +strength of his pull as with a bow to be 78 lbs., +he will learn that his class-place in that particular +is at the seventieth centile. In other words, that of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span>those measured at the above Exhibition about⁠<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> 70 +per cent. were weaker and 30 per cent. stronger.</p> + +<p>This little table contains excellent material for +comparing the powers of the two sexes.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>From Measurements made at the Anthropometric Laboratory in +the International Health Exhibition of 1884.</i></p> + +<table class="borders"> + <tr> + <th rowspan="2">Subject of Measurement.</th> + <th rowspan="2">Unit of Measure.</th> + <th rowspan="2">Sex.</th> + <th colspan="5">Centiles.</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <th>10°</th> + <th>30°</th> + <th>50°</th> + <th>70°</th> + <th>90°</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Height standing, without shoes</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Inches</td> + <td>M.</td> + <td class="tdr">64·5</td> + <td class="tdr">66·5</td> + <td class="tdr">67·9</td> + <td class="tdr">69·2</td> + <td class="tdr">71·3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F.</td> + <td class="tdr">59·9</td> + <td class="tdr">62·1</td> + <td class="tdr">63·3</td> + <td class="tdr">64·6</td> + <td class="tdr">66·4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Span of arms</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Inches</td> + <td>M.</td> + <td class="tdr">66·1</td> + <td class="tdr">68·2</td> + <td class="tdr">69·9</td> + <td class="tdr">71·4</td> + <td class="tdr">73·6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F.</td> + <td class="tdr">59·5</td> + <td class="tdr">61·7</td> + <td class="tdr">63·0</td> + <td class="tdr">64·5</td> + <td class="tdr">66·7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Weight in indoor clothing</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Pounds</td> + <td>M.</td> + <td class="tdr">125</td> + <td class="tdr">135</td> + <td class="tdr">143</td> + <td class="tdr">150</td> + <td class="tdr">165</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F.</td> + <td class="tdr">105</td> + <td class="tdr">114</td> + <td class="tdr">122</td> + <td class="tdr">132</td> + <td class="tdr">142</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Breathing capacity</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Cubic inches</td> + <td>M.</td> + <td class="tdr">177</td> + <td class="tdr">199</td> + <td class="tdr">219</td> + <td class="tdr">236</td> + <td class="tdr">277</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F.</td> + <td class="tdr">102</td> + <td class="tdr">124</td> + <td class="tdr">138</td> + <td class="tdr">151</td> + <td class="tdr">177</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Strength of pull with a bow</td> + <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Pounds</td> + <td>M.</td> + <td class="tdr">60</td> + <td class="tdr">68</td> + <td class="tdr">74</td> + <td class="tdr">78</td> + <td class="tdr">89</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>F.</td> + <td class="tdr">32</td> + <td class="tdr">36</td> + <td class="tdr">40</td> + <td class="tdr">44</td> + <td class="tdr">51</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p>One of my many inquiries related to what I called +“Number Forms”; it originated in this way. Mr. +George Bidder, Q.C., son of the engineer who in +his youth was the famous “calculating boy” (1806-1878), +and who inherited and transmitted much of +his father’s remarkable powers, wrote in a postscript +of a letter to me in response to other inquiries, that +he himself habitually saw numbers in his mind’s eye, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span>arranged in a peculiar form, of which he sent a +drawing. It began with the face of a clock, +numbered I. to XII., and then tailed off, much like +the tail of a kite, into an undulating curve, having +20, 30, 40, etc., at each bend. This prompted +me to ask others whom I met whether he or she +saw anything of the kind, and I received affirmative +replies from a few girls.</p> + +<p>I then went to my Club and successively asked +the same question of every friend whom I saw, but +invariably met with a more or less contemptuous +negative. Nothing daunted, I inquired further, and +soon found a goodly number of distinguished persons +who perceived these curious forms, no two of them +alike. After prolonged questioning in many directions +I gathered enough material for a memoir, and +being determined to publish it in a way that could +not be pooh-poohed, I selected six well-known friends +out of those who said that they saw them, and having +assured myself that they would speak to the veracity +of their several diagrams, I invited them all to a good +dinner, and took them to the meeting of the Anthropological +Institute on March 9, 1880, where the +diagrams were hung up. These were G. Bidder, +Col. Yule, Rev. G. Henslow, Prof. Schuster, J. +Roget, and Mr. Wood Smith. They acted faithfully +up to their assurances, and so the fact of the existence +of Number-Forms was solidly established. Their +remarks are published in the <i>Journal of the Anthropological +Institute</i> [<a href="#book63">63</a>]. I possessed a collection of +most curious forms, not a few of them appearing in +three dimensions and drawn in perspective; many +of them were coloured.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span></p> + +<p>Before quitting this subject I may be allowed to +tell a tale thereon. I had to deliver a lecture at the +British Association, in which these Number-Forms +were to be spoken of, and did a rash thing. It was +that after describing their character and frequency, +I said, “Now, will every person in this large meeting +who is conscious of seeing a Number-Form, hold up +his hand?” There was a dead silence; those who +should have responded were too shy to move, and +not a hand was raised. I suddenly bethought myself +of a tale that had not long since appeared in the +<i>Times</i>, as told by a German soldier to his comrades +over a bivouac fire, to account for a want of solidarity +in the French resistance. It was this, and I told it +with some variations to the meeting:—</p> + +<p>“The Chief Rabbi of Dantzig was a wealthy and +hospitable man. (I repeat what I read, and beg +pardon if the tale was applied to the wrong person.) +One day his house caught fire and even the contents +of his good cellar suffered. The Jews took counsel +what to do for their beloved Rabbi. First a handsome +subscription was proposed, but overruled; then +another idea was mooted, then another, each less +costly than the preceding; and at the last it was +agreed that every Jew should visit the house on a +day to be fixed, and bring with him a bottle of Eau +de Vie de Dantzig (the original said ‘wine’). That +after an appropriate speech of greeting to the Rabbi, +he should descend into the cellar and empty his bottle +into a vat prepared for the purpose. The day came, +the Chief Rabbi prepared a sumptuous collation, and +listened with delight to the flattering addresses of +his guests; then, when the ceremony was concluded, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span>he went down to the cellar with his family, all of +them brimful of kindly feelings, to taste the result. +He turned the tap, a beautifully clear fluid ran into +his glass; he lifted it with gratitude to his lips, when +suddenly his countenance fell; he sipped a second +time and exploded in wrath, for the fluid was pure +water. The fact was that each Jew had said to +himself, ‘What matters it whether I put in a spirit +which costs money, or water which costs nothing? +My own contribution will make no sensible difference +to the total result.’ As every Jew acted on this +principle, the result was pure water.</p> + +<p>“Now each of you who perceive Number-Forms +has acted in a similar way, so there has been no +response to my request; but I cannot let the matter +drop, therefore I call on Professor S——, whom I see +on the platform, and who, I know, perceives these +Forms, to hold up his hand, and I trust then that +you who have hitherto abstained through shyness +will do so likewise.”</p> + +<p>The appeal succeeded; up went Professor S——’s +hand, and up went a multitude of scattered hands all +about the body of the hall.</p> + +<p class="mt2">In 1881 I gave one of the Friday Evening +Lectures at the Royal Institution on the Visions of +Sane Persons [<a href="#book65">65</a>], in which I dwelt on the far +greater frequency than was supposed, of hallucinations +and illusions among individuals in normal health, as +ascertained through numerous inquiries verbally or +by letter. It very often happened that the verbal +reply to my question took a form like this, “No, no; +I’ve never had any hallucination”; then, after a pause, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span>“Well, there certainly was one curious thing,” etc. +etc.</p> + +<p>One afternoon at tea-time, before a meeting of +the Royal Society, Sir Risdon Bennett (1809-1891), +a well-known physician, President of the College of +Physicians in 1876, and a Fellow of the Royal Society, +drew me apart and told me of a strange experience +he had had very recently. He was writing in his +study separated by a thin wall from the passage, +when he heard the well-known postman’s knock, +followed by the entrance into his study of a man +dressed in a fantastic medieval costume, perfectly +distinct in every particular, buttons and all, who, after +a brief time, faded and disappeared. Sir Risdon said +that he felt in perfect health; his pulse and breathing +were normal, and so forth, but he was naturally +alarmed at the prospect of some impending brain +disorder. Nothing, however, of the sort had followed. +The same appearance recurred; he thought the postman’s +knock somehow originated the hallucination.</p> + +<p>I begged him to publish the curious case fully +with his name attached, as it would then become a +classical example, but he hesitated; however, he did +ultimately publish it at some length in a medical +paper, but signed only with his initials. I wholly +forget its date. If any reader interested in these +things should come across the paper, these imperfect +but vivid recollections of mine may corroborate +such impressions as he would have of its veracity, for +I heard the story at length, very shortly after the +event, told me with painstaking and scientific exactness, +and in tones that clearly indicated the narrator’s +earnest desire to be minutely correct. I purposely +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span>omit many details, doubting the accuracy of my +own memory in those respects. There can be no +impropriety now in publishing the name hitherto +withheld.</p> + +<p>I gave in the lecture many examples of guiding +“stars” and the like, and referred to the fact that the +visionary temperament has manifested itself largely +at certain historical times, and under certain conditions +of national life, and endeavoured to account for this +by the following considerations:—</p> + +<p>That the visionary tendency is much more common +among sane people than is generally suspected.</p> + +<p>In early life it seems to be a hard lesson for an +imaginative child to distinguish between the real and +the visionary world. If the fantasies are habitually +laughed at and otherwise discouraged, the child soon +acquires the power of distinguishing them; any incongruity +or nonconformity is quickly noted, the fact of +its being a vision is found out; it is discredited, and +no further attended to. In this way the natural +tendency to see visions is blunted by repression. +Therefore, when popular opinion is of a matter-of-fact +kind, the seers of visions keep quiet; they do not like +to be thought fanciful or mad, and they hide their +experiences, which only come to light through inquiries +such as those I have been making. But let the tide +of opinion change and grow favourable to supernaturalism, +then the seers of visions come to the front. It +is not that a faculty previously non-existent has been +suddenly evoked, but that a faculty long smothered in +secret has been suddenly allowed freedom to express +itself, and it may be to run into extravagance owing +to the removal of reasonable safeguards.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span></p> + +<p>The following experiments on Human Faculty +are worth recording; they have not been published +before. In the days of my youth I felt at one time a +passionate desire to subjugate the body by the spirit, +and among other disciplines determined that my will +should replace automatism by hastening or retarding +automatic acts. Every breath was submitted to +this process, with the result that the normal power of +breathing was dangerously interfered with. It seemed +as though I should suffocate if I ceased to will. I +had a terrible half-hour; at length by slow and +irregular steps the lost power returned. My dread +was hardly fanciful, for heart-failure is the suspension +of the automatic faculty of the heart to beat.</p> + +<p>A later experiment was to gain some idea of the +commoner feelings in Insanity. The method tried +was to invest everything I met, whether human, +animal, or inanimate, with the imaginary attributes +of a spy. Having arranged plans, I started on my +morning’s walk from Rutland Gate, and found the +experiment only too successful. By the time I had +walked one and a half miles, and reached the cab-stand +in Piccadilly at the east end of the Green Park, +every horse on the stand seemed watching me, +either with pricked ears or disguising its espionage. +Hours passed before this uncanny sensation wore off, +and I feel that I could only too easily re-establish it.</p> + +<p>The third and last experiment of which I will +speak was to gain an insight into the abject feelings +of barbarians and others concerning the power of +images which they know to be of human handiwork. +I had visited a large collection of idols gathered by +missionaries from many lands, and wondered how +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span>each of those absurd and ill-made monstrosities could +have obtained the hold it had over the imaginations +of its worshippers. I wished, if possible, to enter +into those feelings. It was difficult to find a suitable +object for trial, because it ought to be in itself quite +unfitted to arouse devout feelings. I fixed on a comic +picture, it was that of Punch, and made believe in its +possession of divine attributes. I addressed it with +much quasi-reverence as possessing a mighty power to +reward or punish the behaviour of men towards it, and +found little difficulty in ignoring the impossibilities +of what I professed. The experiment gradually +succeeded; I began to feel and long retained for the +picture a large share of the feelings that a barbarian +entertains towards his idol, and learnt to appreciate +the enormous potency they might have over him.</p> + +<p>I will mention here a rather weird effect that compiling +these “Memories” has produced on me. By +much dwelling upon them they became refurbished +and so vivid as to appear as sharp and definite as +things of to-day. The consequence has been an +occasional obliteration of the sense of Time, and to +replace it by the idea of a permanent panorama, +painted throughout with equal vividness, in which +the point to which attention is temporarily directed +becomes for that time the Present. The panorama +seems to extend unseen behind a veil which hides +the Future, but is slowly rolling aside and disclosing +it. That part of the panorama which is veiled is +supposed to exist as vividly coloured as the rest, +though latent. In short, this experience has given +me an occasional feeling that there are no realities +corresponding to Past, Present, and Future, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span>but that the entire Cosmos is one perpetual Now. +Philosophers have often held this creed intellectually, +but I suspect that few have felt the possible truth of +it so vividly as it has occasionally appeared to my +imagination through dwelling on these “Memories.”</p> + +<p>Many mental processes admit of being roughly +measured. For instance, the degree to which people +are bored, by counting the number of their Fidgets. +I not infrequently tried this method at the meetings +of the Royal Geographical Society, for even there +dull memoirs are occasionally read. A gallery in the +meeting room is supported by iron columns. The +portion of the audience as seen from the platform +who are bounded by two of these columns, and who sit +on two or three of the benches, are a convenient sample +to deal with. They can be watched simultaneously, +and the number of movements in the group per +minute can be easily counted and the average number +per man calculated. I have often amused myself +with noticing the increase in that number as the +audience becomes tired. The use of a watch attracts +attention, so I reckon time by the number of my +breathings, of which there are fifteen in a minute. +They are not counted mentally, but are punctuated by +pressing with fifteen fingers successively. The counting +is reserved for the fidgets. These observations +should be confined to persons of middle age. Children +are rarely still, while elderly philosophers will sometimes +remain rigid for minutes together.</p> + +<p>I will now revert to the problem with which I +started, of measuring by Classification, and will give +a few instances of its employment. Some years ago +I attended a meeting in the Albert Hall, at which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span>prizes of much value were to be awarded to the +best made men in Sandow’s gymnastic classes, as +estimated by three examiners, of whom Sir A. Conan +Doyle was one, while Sandow himself acted as +referee.</p> + +<p>I regret to have destroyed or mislaid the notes I +made, so the following description of the very instructive +ceremony may be inaccurate in small details.</p> + +<p>The prizes were three, of an aggregate value of +not far from £1000, and given by Mr. Sandow. He +had made a tour to his many centres of gymnastic +teaching in England, and picked out from each of +them the man or men who were most likely to stand +well in the competition. The day arrived; I got a +good seat, and was prepared with an opera glass. +The competitors marched into the arena; they were +about eighty in number, and they were in ranks of ten +abreast. They were stripped to the waist, but calico +cloths coloured something like a leopard skin were +thrown over their shoulders. So they marched round +the arena, then the front row discarded their leopard +skins, and jumped each man on to one of a row of +pedestals arranged in front of the organ. The +electric light was thrown on them. The three +examiners walked in front and behind, taking notes +and interchanging views. The man who was selected +as the best of this batch went to one side; the others +rejoined their companions. The same proceeding +was gone through with the second row, and so +on successively to the end. Then the selected +ones came forward and stood on the pedestals as +before, and were examined still more minutely, if +possible. Finally, the first, second, and third man in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span>order of their estimated merit were marched to the +middle of the hall to the tune of the “Conquering +Hero,” and received their costly prizes in the form of +athletic groups in gold, silver, or bronze.</p> + +<p>The point that especially interested me was that +I had done my best to form just decisions of my +own, and that I had already selected those who came +second and third as among the best three. But I +had wrongly classed the first prizeman. However, +after the judges had made their award I recognised +the superior justness of their estimate to my own. +The power of classifying men correctly, by mere +inspection, seemed to me much greater after this +experience than before.</p> + +<p>A little more than a year ago, I happened to be at +Plymouth, and was interested in a Cattle exhibition, +where a visitor could purchase a stamped and +numbered ticket for sixpence, which qualified him to +become a candidate in a weight-judging competition. +An ox was selected, and each of about eight hundred +candidates wrote his name and address on his ticket, +together with his estimate of what the beast would +weigh when killed and “dressed” by the butcher. +The most successful of them gained prizes. The result +of these estimates was analogous, under reservation, +to the votes given by a democracy, and it seemed +likely to be instructive to learn how votes were distributed +on this occasion, and the value of the result. +So I procured a loan of the cards after the ceremony +was past, and worked them out in a memoir published +in <i>Nature</i> [<a href="#book177">177-8</a>]. It appeared that in this instance +the <i>vox populi</i> was correct to within 1 per cent. of the +real value; it was 1207 pounds instead of 1198 pounds, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span>and the individual estimates were distributed in such +a way that it was an equal chance whether one of +them selected at random fell within or without the +limits of -3.7 per cent., or +2.4 per cent. of the +middlemost value of the whole.</p> + +<p>The result seems more creditable to the trustworthiness +of a democratic judgment than might have +been expected. But the proportion of the voters who +were practised in judging weights undoubtedly surpassed +that of the voters in ordinary elections who +are versed in politics.</p> + +<p>I endeavoured in the memoirs just mentioned, +to show the appropriateness of utilising the <i>Median</i> +vote in Councils and in Juries, whenever they have to +consider money questions. Each juryman has his own +view of what the sum should be. I will suppose each +of them to be written down. The best interpretation +of their collective view is to my mind <i>certainly not</i> the +average, because the wider the deviation of an +individual member from the average of the rest, the +more largely would it effect the result. In short, +unwisdom is given greater weight than wisdom. In +all cases in which one vote is supposed to have one +value, the median value <i>must</i> be the truest representative +of the whole, because any other value would be +negatived if put to the vote. If it were more than the +median, more than half of the voters would think it too +much; if less, too little. My idea is that the median +ought to be ascertained, which could be very quickly +done by the foreman, aided by one or two others of the +Jury, and be put forward as a substantial proposal, after +reading the various figures from which it was derived.</p> + +<p>This is a convenient place for speaking of an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span>analogous problem that interested me a few years +previously [<a href="#book159">159</a>]. I have had more than once to +assist in determining how a given sum allotted for +prizes ought to be divided between the first and +second men when only two prizes are given. The +same problem has to be solved by the judges of +cattle shows, and it is, if a little generalised, of very +wide application. I attacked it both theoretically +and practically, and got the same results both ways. +When the number of candidates is known, and the +distribution of merit follows the well-known Gaussian +law, the calculation is easy enough, but when the +number of candidates is not known it is a different +matter; moreover, the Gaussian law may not apply to +the case, though it will probably do so pretty closely. +So I calculated what the ratios would be in classes of +different numbers and according to the Gaussian +law. The ratio in question is that between the +excess of the first performance over the third, and +the excess of the second performance over the third. +The third being the highest that gets no prize at all, +forms the starting-point of the calculation. When +the numbers of candidates were either 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, +100, 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000, I found, to my surprise, +that the ratio was much the same. The appropriate +portion of the total of one hundred pounds +which should be allotted to the first prize proved to be +seventy-five pounds, leaving twenty-five or one-third +of its amount for the second prize. Even when the +number of candidates were at the minimum of 3, the +first prize would be £67; if 5, it would be £71; if +10, it would be £73; and if 100,000, it would be £75 +(to the nearest whole figures).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span></p> + +<p>Then, through the courtesy of Mr. Muir, the +Chief Examiner at the Education Office, I was +allowed to examine a large number of results from +the Civil Service Examinations, and found that the +average value of the first prize should be £74. +Taking groups of 50 cases, each group gave that +value pretty closely, no one differing as much as £4 +from it.</p> + +<p>The subject has since been generalised and discussed +in <i>Biometrika</i> with far more mathematical skill +than I possess, by both Professor Karl Pearson and +Mr. W. F. Sheppard (a former Senior Wrangler), +with practically the same result, so that if only two +prizes are to be given, whatever be the character of +the competition, and whatever the number of candidates, +the first prize should in round numbers be +three times the value of the second.</p> + +<p class="mt2">Professor Max Müller had, in a work dated 1886 +or 1887, laid an exaggerated stress, as I considered, on +language as a means of thought, upon which I wrote +some remarks in <i>Nature</i> [<a href="#book98">98</a>], entitled “Thought +without Words,” which led to a short newspaper +controversy, June 2, between us two. My point +was that I myself thought hardest when making no +mental use of words. Professor Max Müller’s +definitions of what he considered “words” seemed +to me to vary, and therefore to be elusive, so I did +not and will not pursue the matter farther.</p> + +<p>It led, however, to the idea of an experiment that +seemed worth making, which I described [<a href="#book128">128</a>] as +“Arithmetic by Smell.” When we propose to add, +and <i>hear</i> the spoken words “two” and “three,” we +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span>instantly through long habit <i>say</i> “five.” Or if we +<i>see</i> those figures, we have a mental image, and +<i>write</i> 5. Surely, Sound and Sight-symbols are not +the only Sense-symbols by which arithmetic could +be performed.</p> + +<p>Leaving aside Colour, Touch, and Taste, I +determined to try Smells. The scents chiefly used +were peppermint, camphor, carbolic acid, ammonia, +and aniseed. Each scent was poured profusely on +cotton wool loosely packed in a brass tube, with a +nozzle at one end. The other end was pushed tightly +into a caoutchouc tube, whose free end was stopped +with a cork. A squeeze of the tube caused a whiff +of scented air to pass through the nozzle. When +the squeeze was relaxed, fresh air was sucked in +and became scented by the way. I taught myself +to associate two whiffs of peppermint with one of +camphor, three of peppermint with one of carbolic +acid, and so on. Next, I practised small sums in +addition with the scents themselves, afterwards with +the mere imagination of them. I banished without +difficulty all visual and auditory associations, and +finally succeeded perfectly. Thus I fully convinced +myself of the possibility of doing sums in simple +addition with considerable speed and accuracy, solely +by imagined scents. I did not care to give further +time to this, as I only wanted to prove a possibility, +but did make a few experiments with Taste, that +promised equally well, using salt, sugar, quinine, and +citric acid.</p> + +<p class="mt2">I have once in my life experienced the influence +of Personal Ascendancy in that high degree which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span>some great personalities have exercised, and the +occasion of which I speak was the more striking +owing to the absence of concurrent pomp. It was +on Garibaldi’s arrival in London, where he was hailed +as a hero. I was standing in Trafalgar Square when +he reached it, driving up Parliament Street. His +vehicle was a shabby open carriage, stuffed with +Italians, regardless of style in dress; Garibaldi alone +was standing. I had not been in a greatly excited +or exalted mood, but the simplicity, goodness, and +nobility impressed on every lineament of Garibaldi’s +face and person quite overcame me. I realised then +what I never did before or after, something of the +impression that Jesus seems to have exercised on +multitudes on more than one occasion. I am grateful +to that experience for revealing to me the hero-worshipping +potentialities of my nature.</p> + +<p>When the late Mr. Spurgeon first made his reputation, +I went, as many others did, to hear him. I +was in the gallery of his “Tabernacle,” which was +said to hold 11,000 persons, and in which certainly +9000 were then present, as roughly counted by myself. +The men had their hats on, and conversation +was unchecked. Suddenly there was a slight stir +that travelled through the crowd, and the almost +childlike features of the young preacher came into +view as he rose from below and mounted the platform. +He simply raised his hand; there was a simultaneous +removal of hats and a great hush, and then the words +began. It was a marvellous instance of the commanding +power of a simple gesture.</p> + +<p>One more instance, and I have done. It occurred +towards the close of my undergraduate days at +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span>Cambridge at a festival which I will not particularise +further than to say it was partly solemn at first, and +broadened into good fellowship without any excess. +Songs were sung, and J. Mitchell Kemble, the subject +of Tennyson’s early “Ode to J. M. K.,”⁠<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> gave time to +the chorus of one of the songs by raising his arm and +moving his glass. By those most simple gestures, he +drove us all into an enthusiasm, comparable with +that to which negroes are occasionally driven by an +accurately timed tom-tom. In one of Bulwer’s novels, +the performer in a barn exercises equal power over +his audience by the movements of a stick.</p> + +<p>The human senses, when rythmically stimulated in +certain exact cadences, are capable of eliciting overwhelming +emotions not yet sufficiently investigated.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XX">CHAPTER XX<br> +<span class="smaller">HEREDITY</span></h2> + +<p>Early inquiries—<i>Hereditary Genius</i>—<i>English Men of Science</i>—Family +records—Nature and Nurture—Experiments on Free Will—Pangenesis +and transfusion of blood—Heredity concerned with +deviations—Experiments on peas—Regression—Ancestral law</p> + +</div> + +<p>The publication in 1859 of the <i>Origin of Species</i> +by Charles Darwin made a marked epoch in +my own mental development, as it did in that of +human thought generally. Its effect was to demolish +a multitude of dogmatic barriers by a single stroke, +and to arouse a spirit of rebellion against all ancient +authorities whose positive and unauthenticated statements +were contradicted by modern science.</p> + +<p>I doubt, however, whether any instance has +occurred in which the perversity of the educated +classes in misunderstanding what they attempted to +discuss was more painfully conspicuous. The meaning +of the simple phrase “Natural Selection” was +distorted in curiously ingenious ways, and Darwinism +was attacked, both in the press and pulpit, by persons +who were manifestly ignorant of what they talked +about. This is a striking instance of the obstructions +through which new ideas have to force their way. +Plain facts are apprehended in a moment, but the +introduction of a new Idea is quite another matter, for +it requires an alteration in the attitude and balance of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span>the mind which may be a very repugnant and even +painful process. On my part, however, I felt little +difficulty in connection with the <i>Origin of Species</i>, but +devoured its contents and assimilated them as fast +as they were devoured, a fact which perhaps may be +ascribed to an hereditary bent of mind that both its +illustrious author and myself have inherited from our +common grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin.</p> + +<p>I was encouraged by the new views to pursue +many inquiries which had long interested me, and +which clustered round the central topics of Heredity +and the possible improvement of the Human Race. +The current views on Heredity were at that time so +vague and contradictory that it is difficult to summarise +them briefly. Speaking generally, most authors +agreed that all bodily and some mental qualities were +inherited by brutes, but they refused to believe the +same of man. Moreover, theologians made a sharp +distinction between the body and mind of man, on +purely dogmatic grounds. A few passages may undoubtedly +be found in the works of eminent authors +that are exceptions to this broad generalisation, for +the subject of human heredity had never been squarely +faced, and opinions were lax and contradictory. It +seems hardly credible now that even the word heredity +was then considered fanciful and unusual. I was chaffed +by a cultured friend for adopting it from the French.</p> + +<p>I had been immensely impressed by many obvious +cases of heredity among the Cambridge men who +were at the University about my own time. The +Classical Class List was first established in 1824, +consequently the number of “Senior Classics” up to +1864 inclusive was 41, that is to say, the names of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span>the 41 very first men in Classics at Cambridge in +each of these 41 years were known and published. +It will be sufficient as an example to give the names +of 7 of these Senior Classics, all of whom had a +father, brother, or son whose success was as notable +as their own (I count a Senior Wrangler as equal +to a Senior Classic). They are: 3 Kennedys, +2 Lushingtons, 1 Wordsworth, and 1 Butler. This +fact alone would justify a serious attempt to inquire +into Hereditary Ability, and I soon found the power +of heredity to be as fully displayed in every other +direction towards which I turned. The Myttons +mentioned in Chapter VIII. were an unquestionable +instance of a very peculiar hereditary temperament.</p> + +<p>After many months of hard work, I wrote, in 1865, +two preliminary papers in <i>Macmillan’s Magazine</i>, +entitled “Hereditary Talent and Character” [<a href="#book20">20</a>]. +These contain the germs of many of my subsequent +memoirs, the contents of which went to the making +of the following books: <i>Hereditary Genius</i>, 1869; +<i>English Men of Science</i>, 1874; <i>Human Faculty</i>, +1883; <i>Natural Inheritance</i>, 1889; and to my quite +recent writings on Eugenics. On re-reading these +articles, I must say that, considering the novel +conditions under which they were composed, and +notwithstanding some crudeness here and there, I am +surprised at their justness and comprehensiveness. +It has fortunately been my usual habit (sometimes +omitted) of keeping copies of my various memoirs, +which are now bound in volumes. There are considerably +more than a hundred and seventy publications +in all, as will be gathered from the not wholly +complete list in the Appendix, and I am pleased to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span>find myself still in accord with nearly every one of +those recently re-read or referred to.</p> + +<p><i>Hereditary Genius</i> [<a href="#book22">22</a>] made its mark at the +time, though subjected to much criticism, no small +part of which was captious or shallow, and therefore +unimportant. The verdict which I most eagerly +waited for was that of Charles Darwin, whom I +ranked far above all other authorities on such a +matter. His letter, given below, made me most +happy.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p class="right">“<span class="smcap">Down, Beckenham, Kent, S.E.</span><br> +<span style="margin-right: 4.0em;"><i>3rd December</i></span></p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">My dear Galton</span>,—I have only read about 50 +pages of your book (to Judges), but I must exhale +myself, else something will go wrong in my inside. +I do not think I ever in all my life read anything +more interesting and original—and how well and +clearly you put every point! George,⁠<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> who has +finished the book, and who expressed himself in just +the same terms, tells me that the earlier chapters are +nothing in interest to the later ones! It will take +me some time to get to these latter chapters, as it is +read aloud to me by my wife, who is also much interested. +You have made a convert of an opponent +in one sense, for I have always maintained that, +excepting fools, men did not differ much in intellect, +only in zeal and hard work; and I still think this is +an <i>eminently</i> important difference. I congratulate +you on producing what I am convinced will prove +a memorable work. I look forward with intense +interest to each reading, but it sets me thinking so +much that I find it very hard work; but that is +wholly the fault of my brain and not of your beautifully +clear style.—Yours most sincerely,</p> + +<p class="right">“(Signed) <span class="smcap">Ch. Darwin</span>”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span></p> + +<p>The rejoinder that might be made to his remark +about hard work, is that character, <i>including the +aptitude for work</i>, is heritable like every other faculty.</p> + +<p>I had been overworked, and unable to give as +close attention as desirable while correcting the +proofs, so mistakes were to be feared. Happily there +were not many, but one was absurd, and I was justly +punished. It was due to some extraordinary commingling +of notes on the families of Jane Austen and +of Austin the jurist. In my normal state of health +the mistake could not have been overlooked, but +there it was. I was at that time a member of the +Committee of the Athenæum Club, among whose +members there happened to be a representative of +each of the above families, who “gave it me hot,” +though most decorously.</p> + +<p>I had much pleasant correspondence at a later +date with Alphonse de Candolle, son of the still +greater botanist of that name. He had written a +very interesting book, <i>Histoire des Sciences et des +Savants depuis deux Siècles</i>, in which he analysed the +conditions that caused nations, and especially the +Swiss, to be more prolific in works of science at one +time than another, and I thought that a somewhat +similar investigation might be made with advantage +into the history of English men of science.</p> + +<p>It was a daring undertaking, to ask as I did, in +1874, every Fellow of the Royal Society who had +filled some important post, to answer a multitude of +Questions needful for my purpose, a few of which +touched on religion and other delicate matters. Of +course they were sent on the distinct understanding +that the answers would be used for statistical purposes +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span>only. I took advice on the subject, notably of +Herbert Spencer, and I think (though I cannot say +for certain) from Dr. W. Farr also. Dr. W. Farr +(1807-83) was the head of the Registration Department +in Somerset House. I frequently consulted +him, and always to my advantage, for he was highly +gifted and cultured. He was most sympathetic, and +keenly appreciated what might be called the poetical +side of statistics, as shown by his Annual Reports +and other publications.</p> + +<p>The size of my circular was alarming. Though +naturally very shy, I do occasional acts, like other shy +persons, of an unusually bold description, and this was +one. After an uneasy night, I prepared myself on the +following afternoon, and not for the first time before +interviews that were likely to be unpleasant, by what +is said to have been the usual practice of Buffon before +writing anything exceptional, namely, by dressing myself +in my best clothes.</p> + +<p>I can confidently recommend this plan to shy men +as giving a sensible addition to their own self-respect, +and as somewhat increasing the respect of others. In +this attire I went to a meeting of the Royal Society, +prepared to be howled at; but no! my victims, taken +as a whole, tolerated the action, and some even approved +of it.</p> + +<p>Much experience of sending circular questions has +convinced me of the impossibility of foretelling whether +a particular person will receive them kindly or not. +Some are unexpectedly touchy. In this very case, a +man of high scientific distinction, with whom I was +well acquainted, who was of good social position, of +whose family many details were already known to me, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span>all of which were honourable, and whose biography +has since disclosed no skeleton in the cupboard, was +almost furious at being questioned. On the other +hand, a Cabinet Minister, whom I knew but slightly, +gave me full and very interesting information without +demur.</p> + +<p>The results of the inquiry showed how largely the +aptitude for science was an inborn and not an acquired +gift, and therefore apt to be hereditary. But, in not +a few instances, the person who replied was a “sport,” +being the only one of his family who had any care for +science, and who had persevered in spite of opposition. +The paternal influence generally superseded the maternal +in early life, though the mother was usually spoken +of with much love, and very often described as particularly +able. This seemed to afford evidence that +the virile, independent cast of mind is more suitable +to scientific research than the feminine, which is apt +to be biased by the emotions and to obey authority. +But I have said my say long since in the book <i>English +Men of Science</i> [<a href="#book36">36</a>], and must not reiterate.</p> + +<p>The dearth of information about the Transmission +of Qualities among all the members of a family during +two, three, or more generations, induced me in 1884-85 +to offer a sum of £500 in prizes to those who most +successfully filled up an elaborate list of questions +concerning their own families. The questions were +contained in a thin quarto volume of several pages, +printed and procurable at Macmillan’s, cost price, which +referred to the Grandparents, Parents, Brothers, Sisters, +and Children, with spaces for more distant relatives. +A promise was given, and scrupulously kept, that they +should be used for statistical purposes only. My offer +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span>had a goodly response, and the names of the prize-winners +were duly published in the newspapers. I +was much indebted, when devising the programme +and other prefatory details, both to Professor Allman +(1812-1898), the biologist, and to my old friend at +King’s College, Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Simon. The +material afforded by the answers proved of considerable +importance, and formed the basis of much of my future +work. I had it extracted in a statistical form, in considerable +detail, which was of much value to Professor +Karl Pearson at the outset of his inquiries, before +he had been able to collect better and much more +numerous data of his own. It will be convenient to +defer speaking of the results of all this until the last +chapter.</p> + +<p>I had long tried to gain some insight into the +relative powers of Nature and Nurture, in order that +due allowance might be made for Environment, neither +too much nor too little, but without finding an adequate +method of obtaining it. At length it occurred +to me that the after-history of those twins who had +been closely alike as children, and were afterwards +parted, or who had been originally unlike and afterwards +reared together, would supply much of what +was wanted. So I inquired in all directions for appropriate +cases, and at length obtained a fair supply, +on which an article in <i>Frazer’s Magazine</i>, Nov. 1875,⁠<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> +was written. The evidence was overwhelming that +the power of Nature was far stronger than that of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span>Nurture, when the Nurtures of the persons compared +were not exceedingly different. It appeared that +when twins who had been closely alike had afterwards +grown dissimilar, the date of divergence was +usually referred to a time when one of them had a +serious illness, sufficient to modify his constitution.</p> + +<p>Many years later I was so harassed with the old +question of Determinism, which would leave every +human action under the control of Heredity and +Environment, that I made a series of observations on +the actions of my own mind in relation to Free Will. +I employ the word not merely as meaning “unhindered” +but in the <i>special</i> sense of an <i>uncaused</i> and +<i>creative</i> action. It was carried on almost continuously +for six weeks, and off and on for many subsequent +months [<a href="#book55">55</a>]. The procedure was this. Whenever I +caught myself in an act of what seemed to be “Free +Will” in the above sense, I checked myself and tried +hard to recollect what had happened before, made rapid +notes, and then wrote a full account of the case. To +my surprise, I found, after some days’ work, that the +occasions were rare on which there seemed room for +the exercise of Free Will as defined above. I +subsequently reckoned that they did not occur oftener +than once a day. Motives for all the other events +could be traced backwards in succession, by orderly +and continuous steps, until they led into a tangle of +familiar paths. It was curious to watch the increase +of power given by practice, of recalling mental actions +which being usually overlooked give the false idea +that much has been performed through a creative act, +or by inspiration, which is really due to straightforward +causation. The subject is too complex to be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span>more fully gone into here; I must refer to the Memoir +itself. The general result of the inquiry was to +support the views of those who hold that man is little +more than a conscious machine, the slave of heredity +and environment, the larger part, perhaps all, of +whose actions are therefore predictable. As regards +such residuum as may not be automatic but creative, +and which a Being, however wise and well-informed, +could not possibly foresee, I have nothing to say, but +I found that the more carefully I inquired, whether it +was into hereditary similarities of conduct, into the +life-histories of twins, or introspectively into the +actions of my own mind, the smaller seemed the +room left for this possible residuum.</p> + +<p class="mt2">Many possibilities suggested themselves after +reading Darwin’s “Provisional theory of Pangenesis.” +One was that the breed of a race might be sensibly +affected by the transfusion of blood from another +variety. According to Darwin’s theory, every element +of the body throws off gemmules, each of which can +reproduce itself, and a combination of these gemmules +forms a sexual element. If so, I argued, the blood +which conveys these gemmules to the places where +they are developed, whether to repair an injured part +or to the sexual organs, must be full of them. They +would presumably live in the blood for a considerable +time. Therefore, if the blood of an animal of one +species were largely replaced by that of another, +some effect ought to be produced on its subsequent +offspring. For example, the dash of bull-dog tenacity +that is now given to a breed of greyhounds by a +single cross with a bull-dog, the first generation +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span>corresponding to a mulatto, the second to a quadroon, +the third to an octoroon, and so on, might be given at +once by transfusion. Bleeding is the simplest of +operations, and I knew that transfusion had been +performed on a large scale; therefore I set about +making minute inquiries.</p> + +<p>These took a long time, and required much consideration. +At length I determined upon trying the +experiment on the well-known breed of rabbits called +silver greys, of which pure breeds were obtainable, +and to exchange much of their blood for that of the +common lop-eared rabbit; afterwards to breed from +pairs of silver greys in each of which alien blood had +been largely transfused. This was done in 1871 on +a considerable scale. I soon succeeded in establishing +a vigorous cross-circulation that lasted several minutes +between rabbits of different breeds, as described in +the <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, 1871 [<a href="#book25">25</a>]. +The experiments were thorough, and misfortunes +very rare. It was astonishing to see how quickly the +rabbits recovered after the effect of the anæsthetic +had passed away. It often happened that their +spirits and sexual aptitudes were in no way dashed +by an operation which only a few minutes before had +changed nearly one half of the blood that was in their +bodies. Out of a stock of three silver grey bucks +and four silver grey does, whose blood had been thus +largely adulterated, and of three common bucks and +four common does whose blood had been similarly +altered, I bred eighty-eight rabbits in thirteen litters +without any evidence of alteration of breed. All this +is described in detail in the Memoir.</p> + +<p>I was indebted to expert friends for making these +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span>delicate operations, my own part was confined to +inserting cannulæ and the like. At first Dr. Murie +did all the dexterous and difficult work. He had +been a traveller in company with Consul Petherick, +far up the White Nile, and was then Prosector at +the Zoological Gardens. I called on him to discuss +the matter. A dead cobra was lying on his table, +and on my remarking that I had never properly seen +a poison fang, he coolly opened the creature’s mouth, +pressed firmly at exactly the right spot, and out started +that most delicate and wicked-looking thing, with a +drop of venom exuding from it, just in front of his +nail. I thought that a man who was so confident of +his anatomical knowledge and of his nerve as to dare +such an act, must be an especially suitable person to +conduct my experiments, and was fortunate enough +to secure his co-operation.</p> + +<p>I continued the experiments for another generation +of rabbits beyond those described in the <i>Proc. Royal +Society</i>, with equally negative results. Mr. Romanes +subsequently repeated the experiments with my instruments, +and they corroborated my own. So this +point seems settled.</p> + +<p class="mt2">The laws of Heredity are concerned only with +deviations from the Median, which have to be +translated from whatever they were measured by, +whether in feet, pounds weight, intervals of time, or +any other absolute standard, into what might be +called “Statistical Units.” Their office is to make +the variabilities of totally different classes, such as +horses, men, mice, plants, proficiency in classics, etc. +etc., comparable on equal terms. The statistical unit +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span>of each series is derived from the series itself. There +is more than one kind of them, but they are all +mutually convertible, just as measures recorded in +feet are convertible into inches. The most convenient +unit for purpose of explanation, though not +for calculation, is the half difference between the +marks or measures corresponding to the lower or +to the upper quantities respectively.⁠<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>Deviations expressed in statistical units are +usually found to conform with much closeness to +the results of a certain theoretical law, discovered +by Gauss, the great mathematician, and properly +called by his name, though more familiarly known +as the Normal Law. It supposes all variability to be +due to different and equally probable combinations +of a multitude of small independent causes. The +relative frequency of different amounts of these, +reckoned in statistical units, can thence be computed. +It is done by refined methods based on the same general +principles as those by which sequences of different +lengths, in successive throws of dice, are determined.</p> + +<p>Results of the computation are shown in the bottom +line of the following small table:—</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Centiles and Corresponding Deviation from the Median.</i></p> + +<table class="borders"> + <tr> + <td>Centiles</td> + <td class="tdc">10th</td> + <td class="tdc">20th</td> + <td class="tdc">30th</td> + <td class="tdc">40th</td> + <td class="tdc">50th</td> + <td class="tdc">60th</td> + <td class="tdc">70th</td> + <td class="tdc">80th</td> + <td class="tdc">90th</td> + </tr> + <tr class="bt"> + <td>Deviations</td> + <td class="tdc">-1·90</td> + <td class="tdc">-1·25</td> + <td class="tdc">-0·78</td> + <td class="tdc">-0·38</td> + <td class="tdc">-0</td> + <td class="tdc">+0·38</td> + <td class="tdc">+0·78</td> + <td class="tdc">+1·25</td> + <td class="tdc">+1·90</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p> + +<p>The deviation at the 25th is -1, that at the 75th +is +1; so the difference between them is 2, and the +half difference is 1.</p> + +<p>As these lines are being written, the circumstances +under which I first clearly grasped the important +generalisation that the laws of Heredity were solely +concerned with deviations expressed in statistical +units, are vividly recalled to my memory. It was in +the grounds of Naworth Castle, where an invitation +had been given to ramble freely. A temporary +shower drove me to seek refuge in a reddish recess +in the rock by the side of the pathway. There the +idea flashed across me, and I forgot everything else +for a moment in my great delight.</p> + +<p>The following question had been much in my +mind. How is it possible for a population to remain +alike in its features, as a whole, during many successive +generations, if the <i>average</i> produce of each +couple resemble their parents? Their children are +not alike, but vary: therefore some would be taller, +some shorter than their average height; so among +the issue of a gigantic couple there would be usually +some children more gigantic still. Conversely as to +very small couples. But from what I could thus far +find, parents had issue less exceptional than themselves. +I was very desirous of ascertaining the +facts of the case. After much consideration and +many inquiries, I determined, in 1885, on experimenting +with sweet peas, which were suggested to +me both by Sir Joseph Hooker and by Mr. Darwin. +Their merits are threefold. They have so little +tendency to become cross-fertilised that seedsmen +do not hesitate to grow differently coloured plants in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span>neighbouring beds; all the seeds in their pods are +of the same size, that is to say, there is no little pea +at the end as in the pod of the common pea, and +they are very hardy and prolific. I procured a large +number of seeds from the same bin, and selected +seven weights, calling them K (the largest), L, M, N, +O, P, and Q (the smallest), forming an arithmetic +series. Curiously, their lengths, found by measuring +ten of a kind in a row, also formed an arithmetic +series, owing, I suppose, to the larger and plumper +seeds being more spherical and therefore taking less +room for their weight than the others. Ten peas of +each of these seven descriptions, seventy in all, formed +what I called a “set.”</p> + +<p>I persuaded friends living in various parts of the +country, each to plant a set for me. The uniform +method to be followed was to prepare seven parallel +beds, each 1½ feet wide and 5 feet long, to +dibble ten holes in each at equal distances apart, +and 1 inch in depth, and to put one seed in each +hole. The beds were then to be bushed over to +keep off the birds. As the seeds became ripe they +were to be gathered and put into bags which I sent, +lettered respectively from K to Q; the same letters +having been stuck at both ends of the beds. Finally, +when the crop was coming to an end, the whole +foliage of each row was to be torn up, tied together, +and sent to me. All this was done, and further +minute instructions, which I need not describe here, +were attended to carefully. The result clearly proved +<i>Regression</i>; the mean Filial deviation was only one-third +that of the parental one, and the experiments +all concurred. The formula that expresses the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span>descent from one generation of a people to the next, +showed, that the generations would be identical if +this kind of <i>Regression</i> was allowed for.⁠<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>⁠</p> + +<p>In 1886 I contributed two papers [<a href="#book91">91</a>], [<a href="#book92">92</a>] to the +Royal Society on Family Likeness, having by that +time got my methods for measuring heredity into +satisfactory shape. I had given much time and +thought to Tables of Correlations, to display the +frequency of cases in which the various deviations +say in stature, of an adult person, measured along +the top, were associated with the various deviations +of stature in his mid-parent, measured along the side. +(I had long used the convenient word “mid-parent” +to express the average of the two parents, after the +stature or other character of the mother had been +changed into its male equivalent.) But I could not see +my way to express the results of the complete table in +a single formula. At length, one morning, while waiting +at a roadside station near Ramsgate for a train, +and poring over the diagram in my notebook, it +struck me that the lines of equal frequency ran in +concentric ellipses. The cases were too few for +certainty, but my eye, being accustomed to such +things, satisfied me that I was approaching the +solution. More careful drawing strongly corroborated +the first impression.</p> + +<p>All the formulæ of Conic Sections having long +since gone out of my head, I went on my return +to London to the Royal Institution to read them up. +Professor, now Sir James, Dewar, came in, and probably +noticing signs of despair in my face, asked me what +I was about; then said, “Why do you bother over +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span>this? My brother-in-law, J. Hamilton Dickson of +Peterhouse, loves problems and wants new ones. +Send it to him.” I did so, under the form of a +problem in mechanics, and he most cordially helped +me by working it out, as proposed, on the basis +of the usually accepted and generally justifiable +Gaussian Law of Error. So I begged him to allow +his solution to be given as an appendix to my paper [<a href="#book91">91</a>], +where it will be found.</p> + +<p>It had appeared from observation, and it was +fully confirmed by this theory, that such a thing +existed as an “Index of Correlation”; that is to say, +a fraction, now commonly written <i>r</i>, that connects +with close approximation every value of deviation +on the part of the subject, with the <i>average</i> of all +the associated deviations of the Relative as already +described. Therefore the closeness of any specified +kinship admits of being found and expressed by a +single term. If a particular individual deviates so +much, the <i>average</i> of the deviations of all his brothers +will be a definite fraction of that amount; similarly +as to sons, parents, first cousins, etc. Where there +is no relationship at all, <i>r</i> becomes equal to 0; when +it is so close that Subject and Relative are identical +in value, then <i>r</i> = 1. Therefore the value of <i>r</i> lies +in every case somewhere between the extreme limits +of 0 and 1. Much more could be added, but not +without using technical language, which would be +inappropriate here.</p> + +<p>The problem as described above is by no means +difficult to a fair mathematician. Mr. J. H. Dickson +set it to a class of his higher students, most of whom +answered it. It has since been remarked that this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span>same mechanical problem had been solved still more +comprehensively by a French mathematician. Professor +Karl Pearson subsequently extended its application +to variables not governed by the Gaussian +Law, and the exact determination of the Index of +Correlation by his refined method has now become +the object of most biometric work.</p> + +<p>I have received much help at various times +from Mathematical friends. On one occasion, being +impressed with the probability (owing to Weber’s +and Fechner’s Laws) that the true mean value of +many of the qualities with which I dealt would be +the Geometric and not the Arithmetic Mean, I asked +Mr. Donald Macalister, of whom I have already spoken, +to work out the results. He, as a schoolboy, was the +first to gain the prize medal of the Royal Geographical +Society, then became the Senior Wrangler of his year +at Cambridge, subsequently Chairman of the Medical +Council, and is now Provost of Glasgow University. +His memoir is supplementary to mine on the +“Geometric Mean,” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, +1879 [<a href="#book53">53</a>].</p> + +<p>My first serious interest in the Gaussian Law of +Error was due to the inspiration of William Spottiswoode, +who had used it long ago in a Geographical +memoir for discussing the probability of the elevations +of certain mountain chains being due to a common +cause. He explained to me the far-reaching application +of that extraordinarily beautiful law, which I +fully apprehended. I had also the pleasure of making +the acquaintance of Quetelet, who was the first to +apply it to human measurements, in its elementary +binomial form, which I used in my <i>Hereditary Genius</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span></p> + +<p>The mathematician who most frequently helped +me later on was the Rev. H. W. Watson, who +moreover worked out for me the curious question of +the “Probability of the Extinction of Families” [<a href="#book40">40</a>]. +It appeared in 1875 in the <i>Proceedings of the Royal +Society</i> as a joint paper, at his desire; but all the hard +work was his: I only gave the first idea and the +data. He helped me greatly in my first struggles +with certain applications of the Gaussian Law, which, +for some reasons that I could never clearly perceive, +seemed for a long time to be comprehended with +difficulty by mathematicians, including himself. They +were unnecessarily alarmed lest the well-known rules +of Inverse Probability should be unconsciously violated, +which they never were. I could give a striking case +of this, but abstain because it would seem depreciatory +of a man whose mathematical powers and ability +were far in excess of my own. Still, he was quite +wrong. The primary objects of the Gaussian Law +of Error were exactly opposed, in one sense, to those +to which I applied them. They were to get rid of, +or to provide a just allowance for errors. But these +errors or deviations were the very things I wanted to +preserve and to know about. This was the reason +that one eminent living mathematician gave me.</p> + +<p>The patience of some of my mathematical friends +was tried in endeavouring to explain what I myself +saw very clearly as a geometrical problem, but could +not express in the analytical forms to which they were +accustomed, and which they persisted in misapplying. +It was a gain to me when I had at last won over Mr. +Watson, who put my views into a more suitable +shape. H. W. Watson was Second Wrangler of his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span>year, and had the reputation among his college +fellows of extraordinary subtlety and insight as a +mathematician. He was perhaps a little too nice and +critical about his own work, losing time in over-polishing, +so that the amount of what he produced +was lessened. He wrote on the <i>Kinetic Theory of +Gases</i>.</p> + +<p>I may mention two anecdotes about him. He +had been a good Alpine climber and met with various +incidents. One was that he and a friend, F. Vaughan +Hawkins, set off at a good pace to vanquish some +new but not difficult peak, and passed on their way a +somewhat plodding party of German philosophers +bound on the same errand. One of Watson’s shoes +had shown previous signs of damage, but he thought +he could manage to get on for a day or two longer if +he now and then covered it with an indiarubber +galosh that he then took with him for such emergencies. +It was a cumbrous addition, but succeeded +fairly, and he and his friend reached the top long +before the Germans, whom they thought no more +about. However, shortly after, a Swiss-German +newspaper gave a somewhat grandiose account of the +ascent of the mountain in question by Professors This +and That, in which it was remarked that the Professors +would have been the very first to reach its +summit had not two jealous Englishmen provided +themselves with “Gummi Schuhe” and so were able +to outstrip them.</p> + +<p>The other anecdote refers to the circumstances +under which Watson became Rector of a valuable +living, that of Berkswell, near Coventry. I repeat the +tale to the best of my remembrance as he told it me, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span>but doubtless with mistakes in a few details. He was +a Master at Harrow when some scrape had occurred, +and a boy in whom he was interested was judged +guilty and sent up to be flogged. The boy protested +his innocence so vehemently, that although appearances +were sadly against him, Watson was ready to +believe what he said, and took unusual pains to +investigate the matter. The result was that the boy +was completely exculpated. A few years after, the +boy’s father bought the property at Berkswell in +which the gift of the living was included. It +happened to be then vacant, and the new proprietor +found he must either nominate some one at once, or +the nomination would lapse, and fall (I think) to the +Bishop. He knew of no suitable clergyman. Then +the boy called out, “Give it to Mr. Watson,” which +the father, knowing the story, did.</p> + +<p class="mt2">I thought that some data which were needed +might be obtained by breeding insects, without too +great expenditure of time and money, and it ended +in my selecting for the purpose, under the advice of +Mr. Merrifield, a particular kind of Moth, the +“Selenia illustraria,” which breeds twice a year and +is hardy. Mr. Merrifield most kindly undertook to +conduct the experiments for me, and his methods +were beautifully simple and suitable. They are +described in the <i>Transactions of the Entomological +Society, 1887</i> [<a href="#book100">100</a>]. Another friend also undertook +a set. I will not describe any of the results at length, +because they failed owing to rapidly diminishing +fertility in successive generations, and through the +large disturbing effects of small differences in environment. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span>All the moths in the first generation were +photographed neatly on octavo pages by a friend, +Miss Reynolds, and a very great deal of trouble was +taken about them, but all in vain. The only consolation +that I have is that the experiences gained by Mr. +Merrifield enabled him to pursue other experiments +on moths with great success, which have led to his +increased reputation as an entomologist.</p> + +<p>Later still it seemed most desirable to obtain data +that would throw light on the <i>Average</i> contribution of +each Ancestor to the total heritage of the offspring +in a mixed population. This is a purely statistical +question, the same answer to which would be given on +more than one theoretical hypothesis of heredity, +whether it be Pangenetic, Mendelian, or other.</p> + +<p>I must stop for a moment to pay a tribute to the +memory of Mendel, with whom I sentimentally feel +myself connected, owing to our having been born in +the same year 1822. His careful and long-continued +experiments show how much can be performed by +those who, like him and Charles Darwin, never or +hardly ever leave their homes, and again how much +might be done in a fixed laboratory after a uniform +tradition of work had been established. Mendel +clearly showed that there were such things as alternative +atomic characters of equal potency in descent. +How far characters generally may be due to simple, +or to molecular characters more or less correlated +together, has yet to be discovered.</p> + +<p>I had thought of experimenting with mice, as +cheap to rear and very prolific, and had taken some +steps to that end, when I became aware of the large +collections of Basset Hounds belonging to the late Sir +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span>Everard Millais. He offered me every facility. The +Basset Hound records referring to his own and other +breeds had been carefully kept, and the Stud Book +he lent me contained accounts of nearly 1000 animals, +of which I was able to utilise 817. All were +descended from parents of known colours; in 567 +of them the colours of all four grandparents were +also known. Wherever the printed Stud Book was +deficient, Sir Everard Millais supplied the want in +MS from the original records. My inquiry was into +the heredity of two alternative colours, one containing +no black, the other containing it; their technical +names were lemon-white and tri-colour (black, lemon, +white) respectively. I was assured that no difficulty +was felt in determining the category to which each +individual belonged. These data were fully discussed +in a memoir, published (1897) in the <i>Proceedings +of the Royal Society</i> [<a href="#book139">139</a>], on what is now termed +the “Ancestral Law,” namely, that the <i>average</i> contribution +of each parent is ¼, of each grandparent ⅟₁₆, +and so on. Or, in other words, that of the two +parents taken together is ½, of the four grandparents +together ¼, and so on. My data were not as +numerous as is desirable, still the results were closely +congruous, and seem to be a near approximation to +the truth. The conclusions have been much discussed +and criticised, and they have been modified +by Professor Karl Pearson; but they have not been +seriously shaken, so far as I know.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XXI">CHAPTER XXI<br> +<span class="smaller">RACE IMPROVEMENT</span></h2> + +<p>Eugenics—Passages from my early writings—Original sin—Breeding +dogs for intelligence—Great extension of my work by Professor Karl +Pearson—Eugenics laboratory—Duty towards race improvement</p> + +</div> + +<p>The subject of Race Improvement, or Eugenics, +with which I have much occupied myself +during the last few years, is a pursuit of no recent +interest. I published my views as long ago as 1865, +in two articles written in <i>Macmillan’s Magazine</i> [<a href="#book20">20</a>], +while preparing materials for my book, <i>Hereditary +Genius</i>. But I did not then realise, as now, the +powerful influence of Small Causes upon statistical +results. I was too much disposed to think of marriage +under some regulation, and not enough of the effects +of self-interest and of social and religious sentiment. +Popular feeling was not then ripe to accept even the +elementary truths of hereditary talent and character, +upon which the possibility of Race Improvement +depends. Still less was it prepared to consider dispassionately +any proposals for practical action. So +I laid the subject wholly to one side for many years. +Now I see my way better, and an appreciative audience +is at last to be had, though it be small.</p> + +<p>As in most other cases of novel views, the wrong-headedness +of objectors to Eugenics has been curious. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span>The most common misrepresentations now are that +its methods must be altogether those of compulsory +unions, as in breeding animals. It is not so. I think +that stern compulsion ought to be exerted to prevent +the free propagation of the stock of those who are +seriously afflicted by lunacy, feeble-mindedness, +habitual criminality, and pauperism, but that is +quite different from compulsory marriage. How to +restrain ill-omened marriages is a question by itself, +whether it should be effected by seclusion, or in other +ways yet to be devised that are consistent with a +humane and well-informed public opinion. I cannot +doubt that our democracy will ultimately refuse consent +to that liberty of propagating children which is now +allowed to the undesirable classes, but the populace has +yet to be taught the true state of these things. A +democracy cannot endure unless it be composed of able +citizens; therefore it must in self-defence withstand +the free introduction of degenerate stock.</p> + +<p>What I desire is that the importance of eugenic +marriages should be reckoned at its just value, neither +too high nor too low, and that Eugenics should form +one of the many considerations by which marriages +are promoted or hindered, as they are by social +position, adequate fortune, and similarity of creed. +I can believe hereafter that it will be felt as derogatory +to a person of exceptionally good stock to marry into +an inferior one as it is for a person of high Austrian +rank to marry one who has not sixteen heraldic +quarterings. I also hope that social recognition of an +appropriate kind will be given to healthy, capable, and +large families, and that social influence will be exerted +towards the encouragement of eugenic marriages.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span></p> + +<p>Confusion is often made between statistical and +individual results. It sometimes seems to be held +seriously that if the effect of a particular union cannot +be accurately foretold, the application of the rules of +Eugenics is vain. This is not the case. Statistics +give us assurance concerning the fate of such or such +a <i>percentage</i> of a large number of people which, when +translated into other terms, is the probability of each +of them being affected by it. From the statesman’s +point of view, where lives are pawns in the game and +personal favour is excluded, this information is sufficient. +It tells how large a number of undesirables +or of desirables can be introduced or not into a +population by such and such measures. Whether +their names be A, B, or C, or else X, Y, or Z, +is of no importance to the “Statistician,”—a term +that is more or less equivalent to that of “Statesman.”</p> + +<p>In accordance with one principal purpose of these +pages, which is to show the fundamental coherence +of most of my many inquiries, I will quote several +passages from the above-mentioned articles written +in 1865. They expressed then, as clearly as I can +do now, the leading principles of Eugenics. They +will each be followed by a remark as to how I should +wish to modify them.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“The power of man over animal life, in producing +whatever varieties of form he pleases, is enormously +great. It would seem as though the physical structure +of future generations was almost as plastic as clay, +under the control of the breeder’s will. It is my +desire to show, more pointedly than, so far as I +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span>am aware, has been attempted before, that mental +qualities are equally under control.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>Then follows a discussion of inherited abilities, of +the same character as that which was afterwards +developed more fully in <i>Hereditary Genius</i>. If I +were to re-write the above passage, it would be +modified by limiting the power of the breeder to +perpetuating and intensifying qualities which have +<i>already appeared</i> in the race. The possibility would +at the same time be recognised of the unforeseen +appearance of “sports” or “mutations” of a kind +not hitherto observed, but which for all that may +become hereditary. Such in past times may have +been the electric organs of certain eels and rays, the +illuminating capacity of glow-worms, fire-flies, and +inhabitants of deep waters, the venom in certain +snakes, and the power of speech in man.</p> + +<p class="mt2">After some pages of remarks, the latter of them +on the physical attributes of very able men, the +article continues:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Most notabilities have been great eaters and +excellent digesters, on literally the same principle that +the furnace which can raise more steam than is usual +for one of its size must burn more freely and well +than is common. Most great men are vigorous +animals with exuberant powers and an extreme +devotion to a cause. There is no reason to suppose +that in breeding for the highest order of intellect +we should produce a sterile or a feeble race.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>I should now alter the last sentence to “There +is no reason to doubt that a very high order of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span>intellect might be bred with little, if any, sacrifice +of fertility or vigour.”</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Many forms of civilisation have been peculiarly +unfavourable to the hereditary transmission of rare +talent. None of them were more prejudicial to it +than that of the Middle Ages, when almost every +youth of genius was attracted into the Church and +enrolled in the rank of a celibate clergy.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>This argument was largely developed in <i>Hereditary +Genius</i>.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“Another great hindrance to it is a costly tone of +society, like that of our own, where it becomes a folly +for a rising man to encumber himself with domestic +expenses, which custom exacts, and which are larger +than his resources are able to meet. Here also genius +is celibate, at least during the best period of manhood.</p> + +<p>“A spirit of clique is not bad. I understand that +in Germany it is very much the custom for professors +to marry the [sisters] or daughters of other professors, +and I have some reason to believe, but am anxious +for fuller information before I can feel sure of it, that +the enormous intellectual digestion of German literary +men, which far exceeds that of the corresponding class +of our own countrymen, may, in some considerable +degree, be due to this practice.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>I have not even yet obtained the information +desired in the last paragraph, the correspondents who +partly promised to give it not having done so. As +many members of our House of Lords marry the +daughters of millionaires, it is quite conceivable that +our Senate may in time become characterised by a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span>more than common share of shrewd business capacity, +possibly also by a lower standard of commercial +probity than at present.</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“So far as beauty is concerned ... it is not so +very long ago in England that it was thought quite +natural that the strongest lance at the tournament +should win the fairest or the noblest lady. The lady +was the prize to be tilted for. She rarely objected to +the arrangement, because her vanity was gratified by +the <i>éclat</i> of the proceeding. Now history is justly +charged with a tendency to repeat itself. We may +therefore reasonably look forward to the possibility, +I do not say the probability, of some such practice of +competition. What an extraordinary effect might be +produced on our race if its object was to unite in +marriage those who possessed the finest and most +suitable natures, mental, moral, and physical!”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The last paragraph must of course be interpreted +in the semi-jocular sense in which it was written.</p> + +<p>I may here speak of some attempts by myself, +made hitherto in too desultory a way, to obtain +materials for a “Beauty-Map” of the British Isles. +Whenever I have occasion to classify the persons I +meet into three classes, “good, medium, bad,” I use +a needle mounted as a pricker, wherewith to prick +holes, unseen, in a piece of paper, torn rudely into a +cross with a long leg. I use its upper end for “good,” +the cross-arm for “medium,” the lower end for “bad.” +The prick-holes keep distinct, and are easily read off +at leisure. The object, place, and date are written +on the paper. I used this plan for my beauty data, +classifying the girls I passed in streets or elsewhere +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span>as attractive, indifferent, or repellent. Of course this +was a purely individual estimate, but it was consistent, +judging from the conformity of different attempts in +the same population. I found London to rank highest +for beauty; Aberdeen lowest.</p> + +<p>In another article, after some further discussion, I +say:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“I hence conclude that the improvement of the +breed of mankind is no insuperable difficulty. If +everybody were to agree on the improvement of +the race of man being a matter of the very utmost +importance, and if the theory of the hereditary transmission +of qualities in men was as thoroughly understood +as it is in the case of our domestic animals, I +see no absurdity in supposing that, in some way or +other, the improvement would be carried into effect.</p> + +<p>“Most persons seem to have an idea that a new +element, specially fashioned in heaven, and not transmitted +by simple descent, is introduced into the body +of every new-born infant. It is impossible this should +be true, unless there exists some property or quality +in man that is not transmissible by descent. But the +terms <i>talent</i> and <i>character</i> are exhaustive; they include +the whole of man’s spiritual nature, so far as we +are able to understand it. No other class of qualities +is known to exist, that we might suppose to have +been interpolated from on high.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The article concludes as follows:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“It is a common theme of moralists of many +creeds, that man is born with an imperfect nature. +He has lofty aspirations, but there is a weakness in +his disposition that incapacitates him from carrying +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span>his nobler purposes into effect. He sees that some +particular course of action is his duty, and should be +his delight; but his inclinations are fickle and base, and +do not conform to his better judgment. The whole +moral nature of man is tainted with sin, which prevents +him from doing the things he knows to be right.</p> + +<p>“I venture to offer an explanation of this apparent +anomaly which seems perfectly satisfactory from a +scientific point of view. It is neither more nor less +than that the development of our nature, under +Darwin’s law of Natural Selection, has not yet overtaken +the development of our religious civilisation. +Man was barbarous but yesterday, and therefore it +is not to be expected that the natural aptitudes of +his race should already have become moulded into +accordance with his very recent advance. We men of +the present centuries are like animals suddenly transplanted +among new conditions of climate and of food; +our instincts fail us under the altered circumstances.</p> + +<p>“My theory is confirmed by the fact that the +members of old civilisations are far less sensible +than those newly converted from barbarism, of their +nature being inadequate to their moral needs. The +conscience of a negro is aghast at his own wild +impulsive nature, and is easily stirred by a preacher; +but it is scarcely possible to ruffle the self-complacency +of a steady-going Chinaman.</p> + +<p>“The sense of Original Sin would show, according +to my theory, not that man was fallen from a high +estate, but that he was rapidly rising from a low one. +It would therefore confirm the conclusion that has +been arrived at by every independent line of ethnological +research, that our forefathers were utter +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span>savages ... and that after myriads of years of +barbarism our race has but very recently grown to +be civilised and religious.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The above paragraphs appeared also in <i>Hereditary +Genius</i>.</p> + +<p>These views published by me forty-five years ago +are still up to date, owing to the slow advance of the +popular mind in its appreciation of the force of +heredity. My fault in other parts of these articles +was a tendency to overrate the speed with which a +great improvement of the race of mankind might, +theoretically, be effected. I had not then made out +the law of Regression. With this qualification the +above extracts express my present views.</p> + +<p>Before concluding with these magazine articles, I +will make yet another extract in reference to a subject +which a friend urged upon me quite recently as a +worthy subject of experiment, namely, the breeding of +animals for intelligence. The following extract shows +that I considered it long ago. I have frequently since +thought of making an attempt to carry it out, but it +would have occupied more time and money than I +could have spared. As it is just possible that the +idea may now catch the fancy of some one, and induce +him to make a trial, I reprint the passage here:—</p> + +<blockquote> + +<p>“So far as I am aware, no animals have ever +been bred for general intelligence. Special aptitudes +are thoroughly controlled by the breeder. He breeds +Dogs that point, that retrieve, that fondle or that bite; +but no one has ever yet attempted to breed for high +general intellect, irrespective of all other qualifications. +It would be a most interesting subject for an attempt. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span>We hear constantly of prodigies of dogs, whose very +intelligence makes them of little value as slaves. +When they are wanted, they are apt to be absent on +their own errands. They are too critical of their +master’s conduct. For instance, an intelligent dog +shows marked contempt for an unsuccessful sportsman. +He will follow nobody along a road that leads +to a well-known tedious errand. He does not readily +forgive a man who wounds his self-esteem. He is +often a dexterous thief and a sad hypocrite. For +these reasons an over-intelligent dog is not an object +of particular desire, and therefore I suppose no one +has ever thought of encouraging a breed of wise dogs. +But it would be a most interesting occupation for a +country philosopher to pick up the cleverest dogs he +could hear of, and mate them together, generation after +generation—breeding purely for intellectual power, and +disregarding shape, size, and every other quality.”</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p>The phrase “regardless of every other quality” +is too strong, some regard should be paid to the +physique and to the character of the dogs.</p> + +<p>Perhaps twenty females, ten males, and a fluctuating +population of puppies would be enough for an +experiment. The cost of this would not be very +great, and would be sensibly diminished in time by +money derived from the sale of pups.</p> + +<p class="mt2">The idea of the improvement of the human race +was again mooted in 1884, and the term Eugenics +was then first applied to it in my <i>Human Faculty</i>. +Afterwards it was strongly emphasised in my “Huxley +Lecture” before the Anthropological Institute in 1901 [<a href="#book161">161</a>], +on the “Possible Improvement of the Human +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span>Breed under the existing conditions of Law and +Sentiment.”</p> + +<p>Great steps towards estimating the values of the +influences concerned in effecting it had been made +in the meantime by Professor Karl Pearson. He +took up my work on Correlation [<a href="#book104">104</a>], vastly extending +its theory, and adding largely to the data. +I had gone no further than to obtain simple results +based on the Gaussian law of distribution; he worked +out those results with great mathematical skill and +elaboration. He also generalised them so as to deal +with other laws of distribution than the Gaussian.</p> + +<p>Moreover, Professor Karl Pearson established a +Biometric Laboratory in University College, where +accurate computations are made, and whence a +quarterly publication, <i>Biometrika</i>, is issued. It was +established by him and Professor Weldon, whose untimely +death has been a deep sorrow to many friends +and a serious loss to the science of heredity. I also +was nominally connected with <i>Biometrika</i> as “Consulting +Editor.”</p> + +<p>The ground had thus become more or less prepared +for further advance; so, after talking over the +matter with the authorities of the University of +London, and obtaining their ready concurrence, I +supplied sufficient funds to allow of a small establishment +for the furtherance of Eugenics. The +University provided rooms, and gave the sanction of +their name and various facilities, and I provided the +salaries for a Research Fellow and for a Research +Scholar. The Eugenics Laboratory of the University +of London is now situated in University College, in +connection with Professor Karl Pearson’s biometric +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span>laboratory, and I am glad to say he has consented +to take it, for the present at least, under his very +able superintendence; as I am too old and infirm now +to be able to look properly after it. Valuable +memoirs are being published by the Laboratory from +time to time, and the young institution promises to +be a permanent success.</p> + +<p>The authorities of the newly established Sociological +Society were disposed to take up the subject +of Race Improvement, so I gave lectures at two of +their meetings in 1904 and 1905, which are published +in Vols I. and II. of the <i>Sociological Papers</i> [<a href="#book169">169</a>]. +The subjects were on, “Eugenics, its Scope and +Aims,” “Restrictions in Marriage,” “Studies in +National Eugenics,” and “Eugenics as a Factor in +Religion.” Eugenics is officially defined in the +Minutes of the University of London as “the study +of agencies under social control that may improve +or impair the racial qualities of future generations, +either physically or mentally.”</p> + +<p>Skilful and cautious statistical treatment is needed +in most of the many inquiries upon whose results the +methods of Eugenics will rest. A full account of the +inquiries is necessarily technical and dry, but the results +are not, and a “Eugenics Education Society” has +been recently established to popularise those results. +At the request of its Committee I have lately joined +it as Hon. President, and hope to aid its work so far +as the small powers that an advanced age still leaves +intact may permit.</p> + +<p class="mt2">A true philanthropist concerns himself not only +with society as a whole, but also with as many of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span>individuals who compose it as the range of his affections +can include. If a man devotes himself solely +to the good of a nation as a whole, his tastes must be +impersonal and his conclusions so far heartless, deserving +the ill title of “dismal” with which Carlyle +labelled statistics. If, on the other hand, he attends +only to certain individuals in whom he happens to +take an interest, he becomes guided by favouritism +and is oblivious of the rights of others and of the +futurity of the race. Charity refers to the individual; +Statesmanship to the nation; Eugenics cares for both.</p> + +<p>It is known that a considerable part of the huge +stream of British charity furthers by indirect and +unsuspected ways the production of the Unfit; it +is most desirable that money and other attention +bestowed on harmful forms of charity should be +diverted to the production and well-being of the Fit. +For clearness of explanation we may divide newly +married couples into three classes, with respect to the +probable civic worth of their offspring. There would +be a small class of “desirables,” a large class of +“passables,” of whom nothing more will be said here, +and a small class of “undesirables.” It would clearly +be advantageous to the country if social and moral +support as well as timely material help were extended +to the desirables, and not monopolised as it is now +apt to be by the undesirables.</p> + +<p>I take Eugenics very seriously, feeling that its +principles ought to become one of the dominant +motives in a civilised nation, much as if they were +one of its religious tenets. I have often expressed +myself in this sense, and will conclude this book by +briefly reiterating my views.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span></p> + +<p>Individuals appear to me as partial detachments +from the infinite ocean of Being, and this world as +a stage on which Evolution takes place, principally +hitherto by means of Natural Selection, which +achieves the good of the whole with scant regard to +that of the individual.</p> + +<p>Man is gifted with pity and other kindly feelings; +he has also the power of preventing many kinds of +suffering. I conceive it to fall well within his province +to replace Natural Selection by other processes +that are more merciful and not less effective.</p> + +<p>This is precisely the aim of Eugenics. Its first +object is to check the birth-rate of the Unfit, instead +of allowing them to come into being, though doomed +in large numbers to perish prematurely. The second +object is the improvement of the race by furthering +the productivity of the Fit by early marriages and +healthful rearing of their children. Natural Selection +rests upon excessive production and wholesale destruction; +Eugenics on bringing no more individuals into +the world than can be properly cared for, and those only +of the best stock.</p> + +<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus5" style="max-width: 18.75em;"> + <img class="w100" src="images/illus5.jpg" alt=""> + <figcaption> + <p>GALTONIA CANDICANS</p> + </figcaption> +</figure> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> + +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> One of the verses still haunts my memory and deserves reproduction:—</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent0">“The brook sings not so cheerily as of yore,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The young spring leaf is withered and upcurled,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">The rose is scentless, and the sunbeam cold,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Truly there’s something wanting in the world.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> <i>Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South-West Africa.</i> By F. Galton +(Murray), 2nd edition, Ward, Locke, & Co., Minerva Press, 1889. <i>Lake N’gamî; +Explorations in South-West Africa.</i> By Ch. Andersson (Longman), 1856. Also +papers by both in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> Anyhow, the optical principle on which it worked was pretty. A +part of the flash struck one end of a strip cut out of the middle of a +glass lens, and was brought by it to a focus (a burning spot) on an +otherwise shaded porcelain screen. The eye looking through the other +end of the strip saw the burning spot as a mock-sun. Now, by a well-known +optical law, the apparent position of the burning spot is the same +whatever be the part of the lens that makes it, or through which it is +viewed. So the mock-sun seen by the eye covers the same part of the +landscape that is simultaneously covered by the flash. The eye sees, it +is true, only one portion of the mock-sun, whence the position of the +rest has to be inferred.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> <i>Photographs of the North American Indians.</i> By Garrick Mallery, from +the Fourth Annual Report of the Museum of Ethnology, Washington, Government +Printing Office, 1886.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> <i>Extract from letter of M. Alphonse Bertillon, 15 Juin 1891</i>: +“Je vous remercie de votre nouvel envoi relativement aux <i>impressions +digitales</i>. Je suis fort disposé à ajouter votre procédé au signalement +anthropométrique surtout pour les enfants. Mais je redoute quelques +difficultés pratiques pour le nettoyage des doigts après l’impression +faite, etc. Puis mes agents si peu instruits mettront-ils le zèle nécessaire +pour apprendre votre méthode? Je crois que vous traversez souvent +Paris, pourriez vous à votre prochain voyage, me consacrer une matinée +au Dépot, pour un essayage sur la vile multitude?”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> The word “about” is a slight reservation due to each class man, +being one-half place short of his nominal class-place. In a class of 100, +the topmost occupies the post of ½, and the lowest that of 99½. There +are 101 divisions or “rungs” from 0° to 100° inclusive, but only 100 +persons. The existence of this half place may be neglected by the +ordinary reader, though an expert would lay stress upon it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> Nephew of the two great actors, John Philip Kemble and of Mrs. +Siddons; brother of Adelaide and of Fanny Kemble, and having at least +four other near relations who were noted actors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Now Professor Sir George H. Darwin, K.C.B., F.R.S., etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> It was revised and added to in the <i>Journal of the Anthropological +Institute</i>, 1875 [<a href="#book43">43</a>], and then incorporated into <i>Human Faculty</i>, 1883 +(which is now republished in an exceedingly cheap form in “Everyman’s +Library”).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> This unit is known by the uncouth and not easily justified name of +“Probable Error,” which I suppose is intended to express the fact +that the number of deviations or “Errors” in the two outer fourths +of the series is the same as those in the two middle fourths; and +therefore the probability is equal that an unknown error will fall into +either of these two great halves, the outer or the inner.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> See Pres. Address, Section H, Brit. Assoc. Aberdeen, 1885 [<a href="#book87">87</a>].</p></div> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX">APPENDIX</h2> + +</div> + +<table> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book1">1.</td> + <td>Telotype, a Printing Electric Telegraph (J. Weale;—Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1850</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book2">2.</td> + <td>Recent Expedition into the Interior of South-Western Africa + (<i>Geogr. Soc. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1852</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book3">3.</td> + <td><b>Tropical South Africa</b> (Murray, 1853) (second edition, Ward, + Lock & Co., <i>Minerva Press</i>, 1889)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1853</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book4">4.</td> + <td>Modern Geography—Cambridge Essays (J. W. Parker)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1855</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book5">5.</td> + <td><b>Art of Travel</b>, 1855, and subsequent editions (Murray)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1855</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book6">6.</td> + <td>Arts of Campaigning, Inaugural Lecture at Aldershot (Murray)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1855</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book7">7.</td> + <td>Course of Public Lectures in the Camp at Aldershot (Privately + Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1856</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book8">8.</td> + <td>Catalogue of Models illustrative of Camp Life (Privately Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1858</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book9">9.</td> + <td>Exploration of Arid Countries (<i>Geogr. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1858</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book10">10.</td> + <td>Hand Heliostat, for the purpose of Flashing Sun Signals, from on + board Ship or on Land, in Sunny Climates (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>, + 1858; <i>Geogr. Soc. Proc.</i>, 1860)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1858</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book11">11.</td> + <td><b>Vacation Tourists</b>, Edited and containing two Memoirs by F. + Galton (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1860-63</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book12">12.</td> + <td>On a New Principle for the Protection of Riflemen (based on the + trajectory of the spherical bullets then in use) (<i>United Service + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1861</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book13">13.</td> + <td>Zanzibar, a Lecture at the S.P.G. (<i>Mission Field</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1861</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book14">14.</td> + <td>Circular asking for Synchronance Observations during one month + three times daily, with map (Privately Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1861</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book15">15.</td> + <td>Meteorological Charts (<i>Phil. Mag.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1861</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book16">16.</td> + <td>A Development of the Theory of Cyclones (Anticyclones) (<i>Roy. + Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1862</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book17">17.</td> + <td><b>Meteorographica</b> (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1863</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book18">18.</td> + <td>Stereoscopic Maps, taken from models of mountainous countries + (<i>Geogr. Soc. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1865</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book19">19.</td> + <td>Spectacles for Divers, and the Vision of Amphibious Animals + (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1865</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book20">20.</td> + <td>Hereditary Talent and Character (<i>Macmillan’s Magazine</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1865</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book21">21.</td> + <td>Conversion of Wind-Charts into Passage-Charts (<i>Brit. Assoc. + Rep.; Phil. Mag.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1866</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book22">22.</td> + <td><b>Hereditary Genius</b>, 1869; second edition, 1892 (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1869</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book23">23.</td> + <td>Drill Pantagraph, reducing horizontally and vertically to different + scales. Also a Mechanical Computer of Vapour Tension. Report of + Meteorological Council. <i>See</i> also <a href="#book119">119</a></td> + <td class="tdpg">1869<span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book24">24.</td> + <td>Barometric Predictions of Weather (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1870</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book25">25.</td> + <td>Experiments in Pangenesis, by breeding from rabbits of a pure + variety, into whose circulation blood taken from other varieties + had previously been largely transfused (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>) +</td> + <td class="tdpg">1871</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book26">26.</td> + <td>Gregariousness in Cattle and in Men (<i>Macmillan’s Mag.</i>; + vol. 23)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1872</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book27">27.</td> + <td>On Blood Relationship: a Discussion on the Meaning of Kinship + (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1872</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book28">28.</td> + <td>Address to the Geographical Section of the British Association + at Brighton (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1872</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book29">29.</td> + <td>Statistical Inquiries into the Efficacy of Prayer + (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1872</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book30">30.</td> + <td>Relative Supplies from Town and Country Families to Future + Generations (<i>Journ. Statist. Soc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1873</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book31">31.</td> + <td>Africa for the Chinese (<i>Times</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1873</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book32">32.</td> + <td>Employment of Meteorological Statistics in determining the best + course for a ship whose sailing qualities are known (<i>Roy. Soc. + Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1873</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book33">33.</td> + <td>Hereditary Improvement (<i>Frazer’s Magazine</i>, January)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1873</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book34">34.</td> + <td>Proposed Statistical Scale (<i>Nature</i>, 5th March)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1870</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book35">35.</td> + <td>Proposal to apply for Anthropological Statistics from Schools + (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1874</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book36">36.</td> + <td>English Men of Science, their Nature and their Nurture (<i>Royal + Institution</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1874</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book37">37.</td> + <td><b>English Men of Science</b>, their Nature and Nurture (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1874</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book38">38.</td> + <td>Excess of Females in the West Indies (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1874</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book39">39.</td> + <td>Notes on the Marlborough School Statistics (<i>Anthropol. Inst. + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1875</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book40">40.</td> + <td>On the Probability of the Extinction of Families [in association + with Rev. H. W. Watson] (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1875</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book41">41.</td> + <td>Statistics by Intercomparison, with Remarks on the Law of + Frequency of Error (<i>Phil. Mag.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1875</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book42">42.</td> + <td>Height and Weight of Boys, aged 14, in Town and Country Public + Schools (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1876</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book43">43.</td> + <td>The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers + of Nature and Nurture (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1876</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book44">44.</td> + <td>Short Notes on Heredity, etc., in Twins (<i>Anthropol. Inst. + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1876</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book45">45.</td> + <td>A Theory of Heredity (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>; + <i>Revue Scientif.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1876</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book46">46.</td> + <td>Whistles for Determining the Upper Limits of Audible Sound in + Different Persons (<i>South Kensington Conferences</i>; volume on + “Chemistry, Biology,” etc. p. 61). <i>See</i> Hydrogen Whistles, + <a href="#book74">74</a></td> + <td class="tdpg">1866</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book47">47.</td> + <td>Apparatus for the Rapid Verification of Thermometers; now in use + at the Kew Observatory (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>, 1878; <i>Phil. + Mag.</i> 1877)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1877</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book48">48.</td> + <td>Typical Laws of Heredity (1877) (<i>Royal Inst. Proc.</i>, 1879; + <i>Nature</i>, 1877; <i>Revue Scientif.</i>, 1877)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1877</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book49">49.</td> + <td>Address to the Department of Anthropology of the Brit. Assoc., + Plymouth [On the Study of Types (or Groups) of Men] (<i>Brit. Assoc. + Rep.</i>; <i>Nature</i>; <i>Revue Scientif.</i>, 1877)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1877<span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book51">51.</td> + <td>Composite Portraits, made by combining those of many different + persons into a single resultant figure (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>, + 1879; <i>Nature</i>, 1878; <i>Revue Scientif.</i>, 1879)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1878</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book52">52.</td> + <td>Letters of H. M. Stanley from Equatorial Africa to <i>Daily Telegraph</i> + (<i>Edin. Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1878</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book53">53.</td> + <td>The Geometric Mean in Vital and Social Statistics (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1879</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book54">54.</td> + <td>Generic Images (<i>Nineteenth Century</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1879</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book55">55.</td> + <td>Psychometric Experiments, Free Will (<i>Brain</i>, vol. ii.)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1879</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book56">56.</td> + <td>Opportunities of Science Masters at Schools (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book57">57.</td> + <td>Determining the Heights and Distances of Clouds by their Reflections + in a low Pool of Water, and in a Mercurial Horizon (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book58">58.</td> + <td>Visualised Numerals (Preliminary Memoir) (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book59">59.</td> + <td>Statistics of Mental Imagery (<i>Mind</i>, No. <span class="allsmcap">XIX.</span>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book60">60.</td> + <td><i>Galtonia Candicans</i> (<i>Flores des serres</i>, etc., par + J. Decaisne, 1880), (<i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>, 1881)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1880</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book61">61.</td> + <td>The Equipment of Exploring Expeditions now and fifty years ago, + (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book62">62.</td> + <td>Construction of Isochronic Passage-Charts (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>; + <i>Geogr. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book63">63.</td> + <td>Visualised Numerals (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book64">64.</td> + <td>Inquiry into the Physiognomy of Phthisis by the Method of Composite + Portraiture (in connection with Dr. Mahomed) (<i>Guy’s Hospital Reports</i>, + vol. <span class="allsmcap">XXV.</span>) +</td> + <td class="tdpg">1881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book65">65.</td> + <td>Visions of Sane Persons (<i>Roy. Inst. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book66">66.</td> + <td>Generic Images (<i>Roy. Inst. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book67">67.</td> + <td>Photographic Portraits from Childhood to Age (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book68">68.</td> + <td>A Rapid-View Instrument for Momentary Attitudes (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book69">69.</td> + <td>Anthropometric Laboratory (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book70">70.</td> + <td>Conventional Representation of the Horse in Motion (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1882</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book71">71.</td> + <td>Apparatus for testing the Delicacy of the Muscular and other + Senses (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book72">72.</td> + <td>The American Trotting-Horse (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book73">73.</td> + <td>Outfit for an Anthropometric Laboratory (Privately Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book74">74.</td> + <td>Hydrogen Whistles (<i>Nature</i>). <i>See</i> <a href="#book46">46</a></td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book75">75.</td> + <td><b>Human Faculty</b> (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book76">76.</td> + <td>Medical Family Registers (proposed prizes) (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book77">77.</td> + <td>Arithmetic Notation of Kinship (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1883</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book78">78.</td> + <td>Anthrop. Laboratory, Internat. Health Exhib. (Issued by Authority)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book79">79.</td> + <td><b>Life History Album</b>, 1884 (second edition, 1903, Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book80">80.</td> + <td>Table of Observations [of 400 persons] (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book81">81.</td> + <td>Free Will, Observations and Inferences (<i>Mind</i>, No. + <span class="allsmcap">XXXV.</span>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book82">82.</td> + <td>Measurement of Character (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book83">83.</td> + <td><b>Record of Family Faculties</b> (published in connection with + an offer of prizes) (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1884<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book84">84.</td> + <td>Anthropometric Laboratory at the International Health Exhibition + (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book85">85.</td> + <td>Anthropometric Per-Centiles (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book86">86.</td> + <td>Address to the Anthropological Section of the British Association, + Aberdeen, 1885 [On Inheritance and Regression] (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>, + 1885; <i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>, + 1886)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book87">87.</td> + <td>Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature (<i>Anthropol. + Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book88">88.</td> + <td>Good and Bad Temper in English Families (<i>Nineteenth Century</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book89">89.</td> + <td>Composite Portraits (four sets reproduced) (<i>Photo News</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1885</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book90">90.</td> + <td>Family Likeness in Stature, with an Appendix by J. D. Hamilton + Dickson (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book91">91.</td> + <td>Family Likeness in Eye-Colour (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book92">92.</td> + <td>Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book93">93.</td> + <td>The Origin of Varieties (Curve of Attractiveness) (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book94">94.</td> + <td>Anniversary Meeting of Royal Society—Presentation of a Royal + Medal to F. Galton. Also his speech after the dinner (<i>Times</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book95">95.</td> + <td>Recent Designs for Anthropometric Instruments (<i>Anthropol. + Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1887</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book96">96.</td> + <td>Notes on Permanent Colour Types in Mosaics (<i>Anthropol. + Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1887</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book97">97.</td> + <td>Thoughts without Words (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1887</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book98">98.</td> + <td>Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (<i>Anthropol. Inst. + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1887</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book99">99.</td> + <td>Pedigree Moth-Breeding as a means of Verifying certain Important + Constants in the General Theory of Heredity (<i>Trans. Entomol. + Soc., London</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1887</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book100">100.</td> + <td>Notes on Australian Marriage Systems (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book101">101.</td> + <td>Remarks on Replies by Teachers to Questions respecting Mental + Fatigue (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book102">102.</td> + <td>Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (<i>Anthrop. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1888</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book103">103.</td> + <td>Correlations and their Measurement, chiefly from Anthropometric + Data (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book104">104.</td> + <td>Instruments—(1) Differences of Tint; (2) for Reading Time + (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book105">105.</td> + <td>Presidential Address, Anthropol. Inst. (<i>Anthropol. Inst. + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book106">106.</td> + <td>Personal Identification and Description (<i>Roy. Inst. Proc.</i>, + 1889; <i>Nature</i>, 1888)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book107">107.</td> + <td>Head Growth in Students at the University of Cambridge (<i>Anthropol. + Inst. Journ.</i>, 1889; <i>Nature</i>, 1888-89)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book108">108.</td> + <td>Advisability of Assigning Marks for Bodily Efficiency in the + Examination of Candidates for the Public Services (<i>Brit. + Assoc. Rep.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book109">109.</td> + <td><b>Natural Inheritance</b> (Macmillan, 1889)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1889</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book110">110.</td> + <td>Anthropometric Laboratory, Notes and Memoirs (Privately Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1890</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book111">111.</td> + <td>A New Instrument for Measuring the Rate of Movement of the + Various Limbs (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1891</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book112">112.</td> + <td>Dice for Statistical Experiments (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1890<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book113">113.</td> + <td>Physical Tests in Competitive Examinations (<i>Soc. of Arts + Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1890</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book114">114.</td> + <td>Tests and Certificates of the Kew Observatory (Printed for + the Observatory)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1890</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book115">115.</td> + <td>Retrospect of Work done at my Anthropometric Laboratory at + South Kensington (<i>Anthropol. Inst. Journ.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1892</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book116">116.</td> + <td>Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks; their arrangement into naturally + distinct classes, the permanence of the Papillary Ridges that make them, + and the resemblance of their classes to ordinary genera (<i>Phil. + Trans.</i>, abstract; <i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1891</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book117">117.</td> + <td>Methods of Indexing Finger Marks (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1891</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book118">118.</td> + <td>Galton’s Pantagraph and Vapour Tension Computer (Illustrated) + (<i>Deutsche Mathem.: Vereinigung</i>). <i>See</i> also + <a href="#book23">23</a></td> + <td class="tdpg">1892</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book119">119.</td> + <td>The Just Perceptible Difference [Descriptive Portraiture] + (<i>Roy. Inst. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1893</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book120">120.</td> + <td>Identification (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1893</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book121">121.</td> + <td><b>Finger Prints</b> (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1893</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book122">122.</td> + <td><b>Blurred Finger Prints</b> (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1893</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book123">123.</td> + <td>Enlarged Finger Prints (<i>Photographic Work</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1893</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book124">124.</td> + <td>Results derived from the Natality Table of Korosi, by employing + the Method of Contours, or Isogens (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book125">125.</td> + <td>Physical Index to 100 Persons, their Measures and Finger + Prints (Privately Printed)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book126">126.</td> + <td>Relative Sensitivity of Men and Women (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book127">127.</td> + <td>Arithmetic by Smell (<i>Psychological Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book128">128.</td> + <td>A Plausible Paradox in Chances (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book129">129.</td> + <td>Discontinuity in Evolution (<i>Mind</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book130">130.</td> + <td><b>Finger Print Directory</b> (Macmillan)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1895</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book131">131.</td> + <td>Terms of Imprisonment (Distribution of Sentences) (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1895</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book132">132.</td> + <td>A New Step in Statistical Science (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1895</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book133">133.</td> + <td>Intelligible Signals between Neighbouring Stars (or other + inaccessible stations whose inhabitants had no common language) + (<i>Fortnightly Review</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1896</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book134">134.</td> + <td>A Curious Idiosyncrasy [Faintness at Sight of an Injured + Finger Nail] (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1896</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book135">135.</td> + <td>Three Generations of Lunatic Cats (<i>Spectator</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1896</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book136">136.</td> + <td>Prints of Scars (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1896</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book137">137.</td> + <td>Private Circular of Committee for Measurement of Plants and + Animals (private, by Royal Society) Dec. 5, Nov. 30</td> + <td class="tdpg">1896</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book138">138.</td> + <td>The Average Contribution of each several Ancestor to the Total + Heritage of the Offspring (<i>Roy. Soc. Proc.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book139">139.</td> + <td>A New Law of Heredity (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book140">140.</td> + <td>Hereditary Colour in Horses (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book141">141.</td> + <td>Rate of Racial Change that accompanies Different Degrees + of Severity in Selection (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book142">142.</td> + <td>Relation between Individual and Racial Variability (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book143">143.</td> + <td>Retrograde Selection (<i>Gardeners’ Chronicle</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1897</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book144">144.</td> + <td>A Diagram of Heredity illustrating the “Ancestral Law” (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898<span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book145">145.</td> + <td>An Examination into the Registered Speeds of American Trotting + Horses, with Remarks on their Value as Hereditary Data (<i>Roy. + Soc. Proc.</i>; Nature)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book146">146.</td> + <td>Photographic Measurement of Horses and other Animals (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book147">147.</td> + <td>Photographic Record of Pedigree Stock (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>, + pp. 597-603, wrongly indexed as p. 567)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book148">148.</td> + <td>Distribution of Prepotency (in horses) (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book149">149.</td> + <td>Temporary Flooring in Westminster Abbey for Ceremonial + Processions (<i>Times</i>, May 25)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book150">150.</td> + <td>Pedigree Stock Records (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>, pp. 424-430)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1899</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book151">151.</td> + <td>The Median Estimate (<i>Brit. Assoc. Rep.</i>, pp. 638-640)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1899</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book152">152.</td> + <td>Strawberry Cure for Gout (Linnaeus;—<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1899</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book153">153.</td> + <td>Souvenirs d’Egypte (<i>Bulletin de la Soc. Khédiviale de + Geographie</i>; <i>Isap. Nat., Cairo</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1900</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book154">154.</td> + <td>A Geometric Determination of the Median Value of a System + of Normal Variants, from Two of its Centiles (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1900</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book155">155.</td> + <td>Analytical Photography (<i>Nature</i>; <i>Photogr. Soc. + Journ., New Series</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1900</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book156">156.</td> + <td><b>Biometrika</b>, Consulting Editor of</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book157">157.</td> + <td>Biometry (<i>Biometrika</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book158">158.</td> + <td>First and Second Prizes (<i>Biometrika</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901-2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book159">159.</td> + <td>Probability of a Son of a very gifted Father being no less + gifted (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book160">160.</td> + <td>The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed under the Existing + Conditions of Law and Sentiment (Huxley Lecture of the Anthropological + Institute, <i>Nature</i>; Smithsonian Institution Report)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book161">161.</td> + <td>Finger Print Evidence (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1902</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book162">162.</td> + <td>Pedigrees (based on Fraternal Units) (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1903</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book163">163.</td> + <td>Are we degenerating? (<i>Daily Chronicle</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1903</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book164">164.</td> + <td>On Remarks by Sir Edward Fry on Natural Selection (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1903</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book165">165.</td> + <td>Nomenclature and Tables of Kinship (father, mother, brother, + etc.), (<i>Nature</i>, Jan. 28)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1904</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book166">166.</td> + <td>Average Number of Kinsfolk in each Degree (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1904-5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book167">167.</td> + <td>University of London. Notice of Research Fellowship in Eugenics + (<i>Printed for University</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1904</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book168">168.</td> + <td>Restrictions in Marriage; Studies in National Eugenics; Eugenics + as a Factor in Religion, with abstract of an earlier paper (vol. ii. + <i>Sociological Papers</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1905</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book169">169.</td> + <td>Distribution of Successes and Natural Ability among Kinsfolk of + Fellows of Royal Soc. (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1905</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book170">170.</td> + <td>Anthropometry at Schools (<i>Royal Inst. of Public Health, + London Congress</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1905</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book171">171.</td> + <td>On Dr. Fauld’s ‘Guide to Finger-Print Identification’ + (<i>Nature</i>, Supplement)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1905</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book172">172.</td> + <td>Number of Strokes of the Brush in a Picture (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1905</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book173">173.</td> + <td>Cutting a round Cake on Scientific Principles</td> + <td class="tdpg">1906</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book174">174.</td> + <td><b>Noteworthy Families</b>, jointly with E. Schuster (Murray)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1906<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[331]</span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book175">175.</td> + <td>Measurement of Resemblance (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1906</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book176">176.</td> + <td>One Vote one Value (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1907</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book177">177.</td> + <td>Vox Populi (<i>Nature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1907</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book178">178.</td> + <td>Further sum of £1000 to University of London (<i>Times</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1907</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book179">179.</td> + <td>Probability the Foundation of Eugenics, “H. Spencer” Lecture + Oxford (<i>Clarendon Press Oxf.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1907</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book180">180.</td> + <td>Grades and Deviates (calculations by W. F. Sheppard; Vol. + v. <i>Biometrika</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1907</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book181">181.</td> + <td>Suggestions for improving the Literary Style of Scientific + Memoir (<i>R. Soc. Literature</i>)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1908</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" id="book182">182.</td> + <td>Eugenics, Address on (<i>Westminster Gazette</i>, June 26)</td> + <td class="tdpg">1908</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="PRINCIPAL_AWARDS_AND_DEGREES">PRINCIPAL AWARDS AND DEGREES</h2> + +<table> + <tr> + <td>Gold Medal, Royal Geographical Society</td> + <td class="tdpg">1853</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Silver Medal, French Geographical Society</td> + <td class="tdpg">1854</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Elected to Athenæum Club under Rule II.</td> + <td class="tdpg">1855</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Fellow of the Royal Society</td> + <td class="tdpg">1856</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Gold Medal of the Royal Society</td> + <td class="tdpg">1886</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Officer de I’Instruction Publique, France</td> + <td class="tdpg">1891</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>D.C.L. Oxford</td> + <td class="tdpg">1894</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Sc.D. (Honorary), Cambridge</td> + <td class="tdpg">1895</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Huxley Medal Anthropological Institute</td> + <td class="tdpg">1901</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Elected Hon. Fellow Trinity College, Cambridge</td> + <td class="tdpg">1902</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Darwin Medal, Royal Society</td> + <td class="tdpg">1902</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Linnæan Society Medal at Darwin-Wallace Celebration</td> + <td class="tdpg">1908</td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2> + +</div> + +<ul> + +<li class="ifrst">Abbas Pasha, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aberfeldy, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abney, Sir W., <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Abydos (Egypt), <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Adelsberg, caves of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aden (in Lebanon), <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">After return Home—Marriage</span>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Agricultural Hall, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ague, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Airy, Sir George, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alcock, Sir Rutherford, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Aldershot, lectures at, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alexander, Sir James, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ali (dragoman), <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Allman, Prof., <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Alpine Club, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Amiral, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ancestral law, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anderson, Ch. J., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Andorre, Republic of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anthropological Notes and Queries, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anthropometric Laboratories, International Exhibition, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">South Kensington, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Anticyclones, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arithmetic by Smell, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arnaud Bey, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Arnold, Dr., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Art of Travel</span>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ashburton, Lord, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Athenæum Club, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Atkinson, T. W., <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Attwood, Rev. G., <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Austen, Sir Ch. Roberts, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Austen and Austin, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Automatic acts interfered with, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Avebury, Lord, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Bachelor, the “Travelling,” <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bag for sleeping, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Balloon, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">the Nassau, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bam, Rev. —, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barclay of Ury (Apologist), <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Capt. B. Allardice, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Hedworth, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barmen Mission Station, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Barth, Dr., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Basset Hounds, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bates, H. W., <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bayouda Desert, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bears, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beauty-maps, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bennett, Sir J. Risdon, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bentham, George, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bentinck, Mr., <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Berkswell Rectory, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bertillon, Alphonse, measurements, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letter on finger-prints, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">system inappropriate to India, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Beyrout, quarantine, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bidder, G., Q.C., <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Biggs, Miss E., <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Birmingham Hospital, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— School, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bishari Desert, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Black Sea, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blakesley, J. W., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blind, low muscular sense of, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blood, smell of, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Blue Nile, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bob (Arab boy), <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boers, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bosphorus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boulogne, school at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Boulton, Matthew P. W., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Montagu, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— & Watt’s works, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bowman, Sir W., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bradley, Dean, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bradshaw, Mrs., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brakes to carriages, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brandram, Miss (<i>see</i> <a href="#MacLennan">MacLennan</a>), <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Breathing, experiments on, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bristed, C., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">British Association</span>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Broca, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span>Brock, Mr., <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brodrick, Hon. G., <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brookfield, W. H., <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Brougham, Lord, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Buffon, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bump bag, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bunbury, Mrs. (Adele Galton), <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Burns (accidents), <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Burton, Sir R., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202-3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Bushmen, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Butler, A. Frank, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— George, D.D., <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— George G., <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— G. G., Medallist R.S. Soc., <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Montagu, D.D., Master of Trinity, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Buxton, Charles, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Byron, Lord (the poet), <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— —— Admiral, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Cairo, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Cambridge</span>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Camel, desiccated, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cameron of Lochiel, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Campbell">Campbell, Hon. F., afterwards Lord Stratheden and Campbell, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Candolle, de, Alphonse, <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Canning, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Caravan, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carlyle, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Carpenter, Prof. W. B., <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cattle Show at Plymouth, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cayley, Prof. Arthur, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Celibacy (of clergy), <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gentiles, table of, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chain armour, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chandos-Pole, Col. Sacheverel, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Childhood and Boyhood</span>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chinaman, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Chree, Dr., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clark, W. G., <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Classics, Senior, heredity in, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Claverdon, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clermont-Ferrand, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clifford, W. K., <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Clouds, smoke, from bursting shell, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cobra, poison fang, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Composite Portraits and Stereoscopic Maps</span>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Constantinople, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cooke, Messrs., <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Copley Medal, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Correlations, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Corona at eclipse, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cory, W. Johnson, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Costigan, Capt., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Count O., <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crawfurd, John, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crimean War, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Crocodiles, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Culrain moor, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cumming, Gordon, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cunene R., <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Curative index, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Cyclones, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Dacota Indians, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dalyell, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Damaras, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— endurance of pain, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Damascus, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Daniell, Prof., <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Danube, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Darwin, D. Erasmus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Charles his son, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Dr. Robert, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Charles R., the Naturalist, letter on “Art of Travel,” <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">visits to, at Down, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">misunderstood, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">letter to me on Hereditary Genius, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Major Leonard, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Prof. Sir George, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dasent, Sir G., <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dead Sea, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Decaisne, Prof. J., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deftader of Shendy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> + +<li class="indx">De la Rue, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Delirium tremens, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Denman, Justice Hon. G., <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Derby races, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Deviations from Median, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dewar, Sir J., <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dickson, J. Hamilton, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Directory, Finger Prints, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dogs, breeding for intelligence, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Dongola, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drowning, escape from, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Drunken man operated on, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Druse chief, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Du Cane, Sir Edmund, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Duddeston, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Duelling, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Eclipse, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Edstone, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Egypt and the Soudan</span>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Electric telegraph, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Elephant Fontein, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emin Bey, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Emir Rourbah, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> + +<li class="indx">English Men of Science, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Epigram Club, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Erhardt, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[335]</span>Erongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Eugenics, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Evans, Rev. Charles (Brit. Assoc.), <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Capt. Sir Frederick, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Extinction of families, <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Falstaff’s soliloquy, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Family likeness, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— records, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Farr, Dr., <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Farrar, F. (Dean of Canterbury), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Farrer, Lord, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fazakerley, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fellow (of a Scientific Society), <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fever, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fidgets, counting number of, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Finger-prints, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— letter from Bertillon on, <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> + +<li class="indx">FitzRoy, Admiral, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forbes, Edward, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Forensic medicine, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frazer, J. G., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Free will, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Frere, Sir Bartle, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Hookham, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Robert, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Freshfield, Douglas, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Fry, Mrs., <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Galton, hamlet of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Galton, Samuel, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Samuel John, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Samuel Tertius (my father), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Hubert, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Howard, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Theodore, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Sir Douglas, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">A. Violetta (my mother), <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Bessy (Mrs. Wheler), my sister, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Lucy (Mrs. Moilliet), <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Adele (Mrs. Bunbury), <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Emma, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Darwin (my brother), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Erasmus (my brother), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Mrs. Francis G. (my wife), <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Galtonia"><i>Galtonia Candicans</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">vignette, <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Garibaldi, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gassiott, J. P., <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gauss’s law, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gell, Bishop of Madras, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Genera and patterns in finger prints, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Geographical R. Society, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Geographical Society, Cairo, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Geography and East Africa</span>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="indx">George <span class="allsmcap">IV.</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Germans in S.W. Africa, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ghou Damup, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gibbs, W. F., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Giddiness (<i>see</i> <a href="#Illnesses">Illnesses</a>), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Giessen, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gladstone, Mr. W. E., <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Goldie, Sir George, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Granada, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grange, the, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grant, Col., <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Grove, Hon. Justice Sir Wm., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gummi schuhe, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gurney, Hudson, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gurney, Mr. and Mrs. Russell, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Gurneys of Earlham, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Guy’s Hospital, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Hahn, Rev. Hugo, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hallam, Harry F., <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hallam, Henry, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hand Heliostat, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hans Larsen, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hanwell, photographs of lunatics, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Harris, Capt., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Harrow, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hausa language, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Haviland, Dr., <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hawkins, F. Vaughan, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Heliostat, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">hand, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Henry, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Heredity</span>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Herschel, Sir John, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Sir William, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hill, Sir Rowland, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hills, Judge and Mrs., <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hints to Travellers, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hippopatami, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Historical Society, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hodgson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Holden, H., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hollond, Mr. and Mrs. Robert, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hooker, Sir Joseph, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hopkins, William, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Horner, Leonard, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Horse in gallop (conventional), <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hospitals, Birmingham, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Guy’s, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">King’s College, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">St. George’s, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">uses for experiment, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Houghton, Lord, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hughes, Mr. Tom, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Human Faculty</span>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Hunting and Shooting</span>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hunt Club, Leamington, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span>Hunting, Queen’s Stag Hounds, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">New Forest, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hutton, Crompton, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Huxley, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Huxley Lecture, Anthrop. Inst., <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><i>Hyacinthus Candicans</i> (<i>see</i> <a href="#Galtonia">Galtonia</a>)</li> + +<li class="indx">Hypnotism, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Hysteria, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Ideas, new, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Idols, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Illnesses">Illnesses, at Cambridge, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">during many years, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">in 1866, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Index of Correlation, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">curative, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Insanity, experiments, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> + +<li class="indx">International Exhibition of 1884, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Iron Gates (Danube), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Jaffa, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jeune, Dr. (Bishop of Peterborough), <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnson, Dr. Alice, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnson, Sir George, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Johnson, H. Vaughan, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jonker, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Jordan, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Kahichené, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kaoko, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kay, Sir Edward, Lord Justice, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kay, Joseph, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kellig (water-skin), <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kelvin, Lord, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kemble, J. Mitchell, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kenilworth, school at, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Keswick, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Kew Observatory and Meteorology</span>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kew Observatory, history of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Khartum, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kilimandjaro, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="indx">King’s College, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Hospital, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knapsack sleeping-bag, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Knowles, General, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Korosko, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kuisip R., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Kustendji, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Laboratory, Anthropometric, Health Exhibition, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">S. Kensington, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">for Faculty generally, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ladysmith, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lamb, Charles, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Lands of the Damaras, Ovampo, and Namaquas</span>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lazarette (<i>see</i> <a href="#Quarantine">Quarantine</a>)</li> + +<li class="indx">Leamington, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lebanon, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lesseps, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Levanting and re-levanting, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Le Verrier, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Liebig, Prof., <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lighthouse, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lingen, Lord, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Linz, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lions, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lister, Lord, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Livingstone, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lloyd, Charles, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lochiel, Cameron of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lords, House of, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Loup, Saut de, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lovelace, Earl of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lubbock, Sir J. (Lord Avebury), <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Luchon, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lyell, Mrs. (Life of Leonard Horner), <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Lymington, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Macalister, Dr. Donald, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Macaulay, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> + +<li class="indx">MacKinder, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li> + +<li class="indx">MacLennan, J. F., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="MacLennan">MacLennan, Mrs., <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Macmillan, Vacation Tourists, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mahomed, Dr., <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maine, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maori, endurance of pain, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Markham, Sir Clement, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Marks for physical efficiency, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Matheson, Rev. —, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Maury, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Medallions, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Medals (<i>see</i> <a href="#PRINCIPAL_AWARDS_AND_DEGREES">List, p. 331</a>);</li> + <li class="isub1">R.G. Soc., <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Median estimates in Juries, <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Medical Studies</span>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mehemet Ali, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Memorial of African Travellers, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mendel, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Menzies, Sir Niel, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Merrifield, Mr., <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mesmerism, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Meteorographica, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Meteorological Committee and Council, <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Microscopes, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Millais, Sir Everard, <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Millau, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Miller, Dr. Allen, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Miseri’s Hotel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Models (Art of Travel), <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span>Mombas, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Monkeys, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Montpelier le Vieux, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Müller, Prof. Max., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Murchison, Sir R., <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Murie, Dr., <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Murray, Admiral Hon., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mutations, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Muybridge, Mr., <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Myers, Rev. F., <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Mytton, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Namaquas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nangoro, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">his death, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nassau balloon, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Nature and Nurture (twins), <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Naworth Castle, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Newstead Abbey, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> + +<li class="indx">New York Herald, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li class="indx">N’gamî Lake, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Niles, White and Blue, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">sources of White, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Noble, Sir Andrew, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li class="indx">North, Frederick, M.P., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Marianne, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Northbrook, Lord, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Number-forms, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Observations, self-recording, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oliphant, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Olympus, Mt., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Original sin, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Orkneys, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oswell, W. C., <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Otchimbingue, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ovambondé, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ovampo limit, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oxen, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Oyster-catcher (bird), <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">P., Mr., <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Packe, Charles, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Paget, Sir James, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pain, sense of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pangenesis, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pantagraph, drill, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Parentage</span>, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parker, Sir Hyde, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Parkyns, Mansfield, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Partridge, John, R.A., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Prof. Richard, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Passage roses, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pasteur, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pearson, Prof. Karl, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">correlations, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">ancestral law, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Peas, sweet, experiments, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pedigree stock, photographs of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pelly, Sir Lewis, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Per-Centiles, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Petherick, Mr., <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Petrels, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Petrie, Prof., <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Phenician inscription (alleged), <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Photographs, analytical, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">composite, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Photographic lenses, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pilgrimages, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pills, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pitch, scalded legs, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pitt, his voice, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pollock, Sir Frederick, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Portuguese, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Prizes, first and second, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Problem (earth’s diameter), <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Proteus, the, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Provisions, walking tour, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><i>Puck</i> (comic newspaper), <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pump near Jaffa, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><i>Punch</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Pyrenees, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Quantification of the Predicate, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li class="indx" id="Quarantine">Quarantine, at Syra, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Ancona, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Trieste (with Spoglio), <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Beyrout, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">Marseilles, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quassia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quetelet, Prof., <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Quincey, De, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Rabbi, Chief, of Dantzig, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rabbits, experiments on, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Race Improvement</span>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rae, Dr., <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Raffles, Sir Stamford, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ramsgate, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rath, Rev. —, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rawson, Sir Rawson, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reaction time, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reader, the, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Red Lion Club, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Regression, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Resemblances, measurement of, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Reynolds, Miss, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Roberts, Mr., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robertson, Prof. Croom, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Robertson, Rev. —, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Romanes, J., <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ronalds, Sir F., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Ronaldshay, N., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rougemont, Mr., <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royal Society, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Royat, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Rugby boys, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span>Sabine, General Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Helena, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> + +<li class="indx">St. Simonians, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sand Fontein, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sandow, adjudging prizes, <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sanity, tableland of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Saut de Loup, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scawfell, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Schepmansdorf, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Schimmelpenninck, Mrs., <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Scott, Robert, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Seals, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Semney, temple at, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sextant, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shaw, W. N., <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shells, smoke of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shendy (massacre), <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sheppard, W. F., <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Shetlands, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Short Tour to the East</span>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sierra Nevada, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Simon, Sir John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sin, original, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sinai, peninsula of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Singapore, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Slave hunting, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sleeping-bag, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smee, Dr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smell, sense of, used in arithmetic, <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smith, Gen. Sir Harry, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Smith, Prof. Henry, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Snowdon, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Social Life</span> (<i>medallions</i>), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sociological papers (eugenics), <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">South-West Africa</span>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spectacles under water, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Speke, Captain, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">death, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li class="isub1">memorial, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spencer, Herbert, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spoglio (in quarantine), <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sports or mutations, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spottiswoode, Wm., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, + <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Spurgeon, Rev. —, <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stanley, Dean, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— 15th Earl Derby, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— Sir Henry M., <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Statistical instinct, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> + +<li class="indx">—— units, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Statistician and statesman, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Statistics, medical, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stereoscopic maps, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stewardson, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stewart and Balfour, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Strachey, General Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Stratheden, Lord (<i>see</i> <a href="#Campbell">Campbell</a>)</li> + +<li class="indx">Strickland, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Suffocation, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Swakop R., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Swartboy, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Swedes, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Sylvester, Prof., <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Symonds, J. Addington, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Symplegades, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Syra, Island, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Syria</span>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Tanganyika, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Target for riflemen, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tarn R., <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Taylor, Tom, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Telotype, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Thermometer, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tiberias, Lake of, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Time, sense of, <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Toad, pet, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tounobis, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tracings of self-recording instruments, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Transfusion of blood, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trepanning, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Trinity College, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Twins, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Tyndall, Prof., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Union Society, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> + +<li class="indx">University of London and Eugenics, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Vacation Tourists, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Victoria Nyanza, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vienna, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vignolles, Mr., <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Visions of sane persons, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vivisecting, natural, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><i>Vox populi</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Vries, de, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Wagons, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Walfish Bay, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Walrond, F., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Water, digging for, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Water snakes (Danube), <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Watson, Rev. H. W., <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Weather charts, <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Webb, Mr., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Weldon, Prof., <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whales (Shetland), <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wharton, Admiral Sir Wm., <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> + +<li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span>Wheatstone, Sir C., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whewell, Dr., <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whipple, Mr., <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Whistles for high notes, <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li> + +<li class="indx">White Nile, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wilberforce, Bishop, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wind roses, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Wordsworth, Christopher, and his three sons, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Young (1st Trinity), <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> + +<li class="ifrst">Zanzibar, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> + +<li class="indx">Zealander, New, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> + +</ul> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[340]</span></p> + +<p class="titlepage"><i>Printed by<br> +<span class="smcap">Morrison & Gibb Limited</span>,<br> +Edinburgh</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="box"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_1">[1]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_CATALOGUE_OF_BOOKS">A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS<br> +PUBLISHED BY METHUEN<br> +AND COMPANY: LONDON<br> +36 ESSEX STREET<br> +W.C.</h2> + +</div> + +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> + +<table> + <tr> + <td></td> + <td class="tdpg smaller">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>General Literature,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_2">2-22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Ancient Cities,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Antiquary’s Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Arden Shakespeare,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Beginner’s Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Business Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Byzantine Texts,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Churchman’s Bible,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Churchman’s Library,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Classical Translations,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Classics of Art,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_24">24</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Commercial Series,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Connoisseur’s Library,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_25">25</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Junior Examination Series,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_26">26</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Junior School-Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Leaders of Religion,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Library of Devotion,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Little Books on Art,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Little Galleries,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Little Guides,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Little Library,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Little Quarto Shakespeare,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Miniature Library,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Oxford Biographies,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">School Examination Series,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">School Histories,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Simplified French Texts,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Standard Library,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Textbooks of Science,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Textbooks of Technology,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Handbooks of Theology,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Westminster Commentaries,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr class="pad-top"> + <td>Fiction,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_33">33-39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Books for Boys and Girls,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Novels of Alexandre Dumas,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="sub">Methuen’s Sixpenny Books,</td> + <td class="tdpg"><a href="#Ad_Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> +</table> + +<p class="center">SEPTEMBER 1908</p> + +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_2">[2]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smaller">A CATALOGUE OF</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Messrs. Methuen’s</span><br> +<span class="smaller">PUBLICATIONS</span></h2> + +</div> + +<p>In this Catalogue the order is according to authors. An asterisk denotes +that the book is in the press.</p> + +<p>Colonial Editions are published of all Messrs. <span class="smcap">Methuen’s</span> Novels issued +at a price above 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, and similar editions are published of some works of +General Literature. These are marked in the Catalogue. Colonial editions +are only for circulation in the British Colonies and India.</p> + +<p>All books marked net are not subject to discount, and cannot be bought +at less than the published price. Books not marked net are subject to the +discount which the bookseller allows.</p> + +<p>Messrs. <span class="smcap">Methuen’s</span> books are kept in stock by all good booksellers. If +there is any difficulty in seeing copies, Messrs. Methuen will be very glad to +have early information, and specimen copies of any books will be sent on +receipt of the published price <i>plus</i> postage for net books, and of the published +price for ordinary books.</p> + +<p class="center">I.P.L. represents Illustrated Pocket Library.</p> + +<div class="catalogue"> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Part I.—General Literature</span></h3> + +<p><b>Abbott (J. H. M.).</b> AN OUTLANDER IN +ENGLAND: <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Abraham (George D.).</b> THE COMPLETE +MOUNTAINEER. With 75 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Acatos (M. J.).</b> See Junior School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Adams (Frank).</b> JACK SPRAT. With 24 +Coloured Pictures. <i>Super Royal 16mo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Adeney (W. F.)</b>, M.A. See Bennett (W. H.).</p> + +<p><b>Ady (Cecilia M.).</b> A HISTORY OF +MILAN UNDER THE SFORZA. With +20 Illustrations and a Map. <i>Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Æschylus.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Æsop.</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Ainsworth (W. Harrison).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Aldis (Janet).</b> THE QUEEN OF +LETTER WRITERS, <span class="smcap">Marquise de +Sévigné, Dame de Bourbilly, 1626-96</span>. +With 18 Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Alexander (William)</b>, D.D., Archbishop +of Armagh. THOUGHTS AND +COUNSELS OF MANY YEARS. +<i>Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Alken (Henry).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Allen (Charles C.).</b> See Textbooks of +Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Allen (L. Jessie).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Allen (J. Romilly)</b>, F.S.A. See Antiquary’s +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Almack (E.)</b>, F.S.A. See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Amherst (Lady).</b> A SKETCH OF +EGYPTIAN HISTORY FROM THE +EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT +DAY. With many Illustrations +and Maps. <i>A New and Cheaper Issue. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Anderson (F. M.).</b> THE STORY OF THE +BRITISH EMPIRE FOR CHILDREN. +With 42 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Anderson (J. G.)</b>, B.A., NOUVELLE +GRAMMAIRE FRANÇAISE, <span class="smcap">a l’usage +des écoles Anglaises</span>. <i>Crown 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p>EXERCICES DE GRAMMAIRE FRANÇAISE. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Andrewes (Bishop).</b> PRECES PRIVATÆ. +Translated and edited, with +Notes, by <span class="smcap">F. E. Brightman</span>, M.A., of +Pusey House, Oxford. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p>‘<b>Anglo-Australian.</b>’ AFTER-GLOW MEMORIES. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Anon.</b> HEALTH, WEALTH, AND WISDOM. +<i>Crown 8vo. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aristotle.</b> THE ETHICS OF. Edited, +with an Introduction and Notes by <span class="smcap">John +Burnet</span>, M.A. <i>Cheaper issue. Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Asman (H. N.)</b>, M.A., B.D. See Junior +School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Atkins (H. G.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Atkinson (C. M.).</b> JEREMY BENTHAM. +<i>Demy 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p>*<b>Atkinson (C. T.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Exeter +College, Oxford, sometime Demy of Magdalen +College. A HISTORY OF GERMANY, +from 1713 to 1815. With many +Maps. <i>Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Atkinson (T. D.).</b> ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. +With 196 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN +ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE. With +265 Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_3">[3]</span></p> + +<p><b>Auden (T.)</b>, M.A., F.S.A. See Ancient Cities.</p> + +<p><b>Aurelius (Marcus).</b> WORDS OF THE +ANCIENT WISE. Thoughts from Epictetus +and Marcus Aurelius. Edited by +<span class="smcap">W. H. D. Rouse</span>, M.A., Litt. D. <i>Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Austen (Jane).</b> See Standard Library, +Little Library and Mitton (G. E.).</p> + +<p><b>Aves (Ernest).</b> CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. +<i>Crown 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bacon (Francis).</b> See Standard Library +and Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Baden-Powell (R. S. S.).</b> THE MATABELE +CAMPAIGN, 1896. With nearly +100 Illustrations. <i>Fourth Edition. Large +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagot (Richard).</b> THE LAKES OF +NORTHERN ITALY. With 37 Illustrations +and a Map. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bailey (J. C.)</b>, M.A. See Cowper (W.).</p> + +<p><b>Baker (W. G.)</b>, M.A. See Junior Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Baker (Julian L.)</b>, F.I.C., F.C.S. See +Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Balfour (Graham).</b> THE LIFE OF +ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. With +a Portrait. <i>Fourth Edition in one Volume. +Cr. 8vo. Buckram, 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Ballard (A.)</b>, B.A., LL.D. See Antiquary’s +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Bally (S. B.).</b> See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Banks (Elizabeth L.).</b> THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY +OF A ‘NEWSPAPER +GIRL.’ <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barham (R. H.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Baring (The Hon. Maurice).</b> WITH +THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA. +<i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A YEAR IN RUSSIA. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould (S.).</b> THE LIFE OF +NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. With nearly +200 Illustrations, including a Photogravure +Frontispiece. <i>Second Edition. Wide +Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE TRAGEDY OF THE CÆSARS: +<span class="smcap">A Study of the Characters of the +Cæsars of the Julian and Claudian +Houses</span>. With numerous Illustrations from +Busts, Gems, Cameos, etc. <i>Sixth Edition. +Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. With +numerous Illustrations by <span class="smcap">A. J. Gaskin</span>. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s.</i>, +also <i>Demy 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>OLD ENGLISH FAIRY TALES. With +numerous Illustrations by <span class="smcap">F. D. Bedford</span>. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE VICAR OF MORWENSTOW. Revised +Edition. With a Portrait. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>OLD COUNTRY LIFE. With 69 Illustrations. +<i>Fifth Edition. Large Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A GARLAND OF COUNTRY SONG: +English Folk Songs with their Traditional +Melodies. Collected and arranged by <span class="smcap">S. +Baring-Gould</span> and <span class="smcap">H. F. Sheppard</span>. +<i>Demy 4to. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>SONGS OF THE WEST: Folk Songs of +Devon and Cornwall. Collected from the +Mouths of the People. By <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span>, +M.A., and <span class="smcap">H. Fleetwood Sheppard</span>, M.A. +New and Revised Edition, under the musical +editorship of <span class="smcap">Cecil J. Sharp</span>. <i>Large Imperial +8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF NURSERY SONGS AND +RHYMES. Edited by <span class="smcap">S. Baring-Gould</span>. +Illustrated. <i>Second and Cheaper Edition. +Large Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>STRANGE SURVIVALS: <span class="smcap">Some Chapters +in the History of Man</span>. Illustrated. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>YORKSHIRE ODDITIES: <span class="smcap">Incidents +and Strange Events</span>. <i>Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE BARING-GOULD SELECTION +READER. Arranged by <span class="smcap">G. H. Rose</span>. +Illustrated. <i>Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE BARING-GOULD CONTINUOUS +READER. Arranged by <span class="smcap">G. H. Rose</span>. +Illustrated. <i>Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF CORNWALL. With 33 +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF DARTMOOR. With 60 +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF DEVON. With 35 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF NORTH WALES. With 49 +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF SOUTH WALES. With 57 +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF BRITTANY. With 69 Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF THE RHINE: From Cleve +to Mainz. With 8 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">Trevor Hadden</span>, and 48 other Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A BOOK OF THE RIVIERA. With 40 +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A BOOK OF THE PYRENEES. With +25 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>See also Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Barker (Aldred F.).</b> See Textbooks of +Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Barker (E.)</b>, M.A. (Late) Fellow of Merton +College, Oxford. THE POLITICAL +THOUGHT OF PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barnes (W. E.)</b>, D.D. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Barnett (Mrs. P. A.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Baron (R. R. N.)</b>, M.A. FRENCH PROSE +COMPOSITION. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d. <span class="smcap">Key</span>, 3s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Junior School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Barron (H. M.)</b>, M.A., Wadham College, +Oxford. TEXTS FOR SERMONS. With +<span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_4">[4]</span>a Preface by Canon <span class="smcap">Scott Holland</span>. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bartholomew (J. G.)</b>, F.R.S.E. See C. G. +Robertson.</p> + +<p><b>Bastable (C. F.)</b>, LL.D. THE COMMERCE +OF NATIONS. <i>Fourth Ed. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bastian (H. Charlton)</b>, M.A., M.D., F.R.S. +THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE. With +Diagrams and many Photomicrographs. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Batson (Mrs. Stephen).</b> A CONCISE +HANDBOOK OF GARDEN FLOWERS. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE SUMMER GARDEN OF +PLEASURE. With 36 Illustrations in +Colour by <span class="smcap">Osmund Pittman</span>. <i>Wide Demy +8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Batten (Loring W.)</b>, Ph.D., S.T.D. THE +HEBREW PROPHET. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bayley (R. Child).</b> THE COMPLETE +PHOTOGRAPHER. With over 100 +Illustrations. <i>Third Edition. With Note +on Direct Colour Process. Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Beard (W. S.)</b>. EASY EXERCISES IN +ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. <i>Cr. 8vo. +1s. 6d.</i> With Answers. <i>1s. 9d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Junior Examination Series and +Beginner’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Beckford (Peter).</b> THOUGHTS ON +HUNTING. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Otho Paget</span>, +and Illustrated by <span class="smcap">G. H. Jalland</span>. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Beckford (William).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Beeching (H. C.)</b>, M.A., Canon of Westminster. +See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Beerbohm (Max).</b> A BOOK OF CARICATURES. +<i>Imperial 4to. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Begbie (Harold).</b> MASTER WORKERS. +Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Behmen (Jacob).</b> DIALOGUES ON THE +SUPERSENSUAL LIFE. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Bernard Holland</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bell (Mrs. Arthur G.).</b> THE SKIRTS +OF THE GREAT CITY. With 16 Illustrations +in Colour by <span class="smcap">Arthur G. Bell</span>, +17 other Illustrations, and a Map. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Belloc (Hilaire)</b>, M.P. PARIS. With +7 Maps and a Frontispiece in Photogravure. +<i>Second Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>HILLS AND THE SEA. <i>Second Edition. +Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>ON NOTHING AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Bellot (H. H. L.)</b>, M.A. See Jones (L. A. A.).</p> + +<p><b>Bennett (W. H.)</b>, M.A. A PRIMER OF +THE BIBLE. With a concise Bibliography. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bennett (W. H.)</b> and <b>Adeney (W. F.)</b>. A +BIBLICAL INTRODUCTION. <i>Fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Benson (Archbishop).</b> GOD’S BOARD. +Communion Addresses. <i>Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Benson (A. C.)</b>, M.A. See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Benson (R. M.).</b> THE WAY OF HOLINESS: +a Devotional Commentary on the +119th Psalm. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bernard (E. R.)</b>, M.A., Canon of Salisbury. +THE ENGLISH SUNDAY: <span class="smcap">its Origins +and its Claims</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bertouch (Baroness de).</b> THE LIFE +OF FATHER IGNATIUS. Illustrated. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Beruete (A. de).</b> See Classics of Art.</p> + +<p><b>Betham-Edwards (Miss).</b> HOME LIFE +IN FRANCE. With 20 Illustrations. +<i>Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Bethune-Baker (J. F.)</b>, M.A. See Handbooks +of Theology.</p> + +<p><b>Bidez (J.).</b> See Byzantine Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Biggs (C. R. D.)</b>, D.D. See Churchman’s Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Bindley (T. Herbert)</b>, B.D. THE OECUMENICAL +DOCUMENTS OF THE +FAITH. With Introductions and Notes. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Binns (H. B.).</b> THE LIFE OF WALT +WHITMAN. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Binyon (Mrs. Laurence).</b> NINETEENTH +CENTURY PROSE. Selected and arranged +by. <i>Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Binyon (Laurence).</b> THE DEATH OF +ADAM AND OTHER POEMS. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Blake (William).</p> + +<p><b>Birch (Walter de Gray)</b>, LL.D., F.S.A.</p> + +<p class="note">See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Birnstingl (Ethel).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Blackmantle (Bernard)</b>. See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Blair (Robert).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Blake (William).</b> THE LETTERS OF +WILLIAM BLAKE, <span class="smcap">together with a +Life by Frederick Tatham</span>. Edited +from the Original Manuscripts, with an +Introduction and Notes, by <span class="smcap">Archibald G. +B. Russell</span>. With 12 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BOOK OF +JOB. With General Introduction by +<span class="smcap">Laurence Binyon</span>. <i>Quarto. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Blair (Robert), I.P.L., and +Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Bloom (J. Harvey)</b>, M.A. SHAKESPEARE’S +GARDEN. Illustrated. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.; leather, 4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Blouet (Henri).</b> See Beginner’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Boardman (T. H.)</b>, M.A. See French (W.)</p> + +<p><b>Bodley (J. E. C.)</b>, Author of ‘France.’ THE +CORONATION OF EDWARD VII. +<i>Demy 8vo. 21s. net.</i> By Command of the +King.</p> + +<p><b>Body (George)</b>, D.D. THE SOUL’S +PILGRIMAGE: Devotional Readings +from the Published and Unpublished writings +of George Body, D.D. Selected and +arranged by <span class="smcap">J. H. Burn</span>, B.D., F.R.S.E. +<i>Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_5">[5]</span></p> + +<p><b>Bona (Cardinal).</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Boon (F. C.).</b>, B.A. See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Borrow (George).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Bos (J. Ritzema).</b> AGRICULTURAL +ZOOLOGY. Translated by <span class="smcap">J. R. Ainsworth +Davis</span>, M.A. With 155 Illustrations. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Botting (C. G.)</b>, B.A. EASY GREEK +EXERCISES. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Junior Examination Series.</p> + +<p><b>Boulting (W.).</b> TASSO AND HIS TIMES. +With 24 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boulton (E. S.)</b>, M.A. GEOMETRY ON +MODERN LINES. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boulton (William B.).</b> THOMAS +GAINSBOROUGH. His Life and Work, +Friends and Sitters. With 40 Illustrations. +<i>Second Ed. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS, P.R.A. With +49 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bowden (E. M.).</b> THE IMITATION OF +BUDDHA: Being Quotations from +Buddhist Literature for each Day in the +Year. <i>Fifth edition. Cr. 16mo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boyle (W.).</b> CHRISTMAS AT THE ZOO. +With Verses by <span class="smcap">W. Boyle</span> and 24 Coloured +Pictures by <span class="smcap">H. B. Neilson</span>. <i>Super Royal +16mo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brabant (F. G.)</b>, M.A. See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Bradley (A. G.).</b> ROUND ABOUT WILTSHIRE. +With 14 Illustrations, in Colour +by <span class="smcap">T. C. Gotch</span>, 16 other Illustrations, and +a Map. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE ROMANCE OF NORTHUMBERLAND. +With 16 Illustrations in Colour by +<span class="smcap">Frank Southgate</span>, R.B.A., and 12 from +Photographs. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Bradley (John W.).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Braid (James)</b>, Open Champion, 1901, 1905 +and 1906. ADVANCED GOLF. With +88 Photographs and Diagrams. <i>Third +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Braid (James) and Others.</b> GREAT +GOLFERS IN THE MAKING. Edited +by <span class="smcap">Henry Leach</span>. With 24 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Brailsford (H. N.).</b> MACEDONIA: +ITS RACES AND THEIR FUTURE. +With Photographs and Maps. <i>Demy 8vo. +12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brodrick (Mary)</b> and <b>Morton (A. Anderson)</b>. +A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF +EGYPTIAN ARCHÆOLOGY. A Hand-Book +for Students and Travellers. With 80 +Illustrations and many Cartouches. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brooks (E. E.)</b>, B.Sc. (Lond.), Leicester +Municipal Technical School, and <b>James +(W. H. N.)</b>, A.R.C.S., A.M.I.E.E., Municipal +School of Technology, Manchester. +See Textbooks of Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Brooks (E. W.).</b> See Hamilton (F. J.).</p> + +<p><b>Brown (P. H.)</b>, LL.D. SCOTLAND IN +THE TIME OF QUEEN MARY. <i>Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brown (S. E.)</b>, M.A., B.Sc., Senior Science +Master at Uppingham. A PRACTICAL +CHEMISTRY NOTE-BOOK FOR +MATRICULATION AND ARMY CANDIDATES. +Easy Experiments on the +Commoner Substances. <i>Cr. 4to. 1s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brown (J. Wood)</b>, M.A. THE BUILDERS +OF FLORENCE. With 74 Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">Herbert Railton</span>. <i>Demy 4to. 18s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Browne (Sir Thomas).</b> See Standard +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Brownell (C. L.).</b> THE HEART OF +JAPAN. Illustrated. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i>; also <i>Demy 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Browning (Robert).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Bryant (Walter W.)</b>, B.A., F.R.A.S., F.R. +Met. Soc., of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. +A HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY. +With 35 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Buckland (Francis T.).</b> CURIOSITIES +OF NATURAL HISTORY. Illustrated +by <span class="smcap">H. B. Neilson</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Buckton (A. M.).</b> THE BURDEN OF +ENGELA. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. +6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>EAGER HEART: A Mystery Play. <i>Seventh +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p>KINGS IN BABYLON: A Drama. <i>Cr. 8vo. +1s. net.</i></p> + +<p>SONGS OF JOY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Budge (E. A. Wallis).</b> THE GODS OF +THE EGYPTIANS. With over 100 +Coloured Plates and many Illustrations. +<i>Two Volumes. Royal 8vo. £3, 3s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bull (Paul)</b>, Army Chaplain. GOD AND +OUR SOLDIERS. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Bulley (Miss).</b> See Dilke (Lady).</p> + +<p><b>Bunyan (John).</b> See Standard Library and +Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Burch (G. J.)</b>, M.A., F.R.S. A MANUAL +OF ELECTRICAL SCIENCE. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burgess (Gelett).</b> GOOPS AND HOW TO +BE THEM. Illustrated. <i>Small 4to. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burke (Edmund).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Burn (A. E.)</b>, D.D., Rector of Handsworth +and Prebendary of Lichfield. See Handbooks +of Theology.</p> + +<p><b>Burn (J. H.)</b>, B.D., F.R.S.E. THE +CHURCHMAN’S TREASURY OF +SONG: Gathered from the Christian +poetry of all ages. Edited by. <i>Fcap. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i> See also Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Burnand (Sir F. C.).</b> RECORDS AND +REMINISCENCES. With a Portrait by +<span class="smcap">H. v. Herkomer</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. Fourth and +Cheaper Edition. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Burns (Robert)</b>, THE POEMS. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Andrew Lang</span> and <span class="smcap">W. A. Craigie</span>. With +Portrait. <i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo, gilt +top. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Standard Library.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_6">[6]</span></p> + +<p><b>Burnside (W. F.)</b>, M.A. OLD TESTAMENT +HISTORY FOR USE IN +SCHOOLS. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burton (Alfred).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Bussell (F. W.)</b>, D.D. CHRISTIAN +THEOLOGY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS +(The Bampton Lectures of 1905). <i>Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Butler (Joseph)</b>, D.D. See Standard +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Caldecott (Alfred)</b>, D.D. See Handbooks +of Theology.</p> + +<p><b>Calderwood (D. S.)</b>, Headmaster of the Normal +School, Edinburgh. TEST CARDS +IN EUCLID AND ALGEBRA. In three +packets of 40, with Answers. 1<i>s.</i> each. Or +in three Books, price 2<i>d.</i>, 2<i>d.</i>, and 3<i>d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Canning (George).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Capey (E. F. H.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Careless (John).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Carlyle (Thomas).</b> THE FRENCH +REVOLUTION. Edited by <span class="smcap">C. R. L. +Fletcher</span>, Fellow of Magdalen College, +Oxford. <i>Three Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 18s.</i></p> + +<p>THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF OLIVER +CROMWELL. With an Introduction +by <span class="smcap">C. H. Firth</span>, M.A., and Notes and +Appendices by Mrs. <span class="smcap">S. C. Lomas</span>. <i>Three +Volumes. Demy 8vo. 18s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carlyle (R. M. and A. J.)</b>, M.A. See +Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Carmichael (Philip).</b> ALL ABOUT +PHILIPPINE. With 8 Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carpenter (Margaret Boyd).</b> THE CHILD +IN ART. With 50 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cavanagh (Francis)</b>, M.D. (Edin.). THE +CARE OF THE BODY. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Celano (Thomas of).</b> THE LIVES OF ST. +FRANCIS OF ASSISI. Translated into +English by <span class="smcap">A. G. Ferrers Howell</span>. With +a Frontispiece. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Channer (C. C.) and Roberts (M. E.).</b> +LACEMAKING IN THE MIDLANDS, +PAST AND PRESENT. With 16 full-page +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chapman (S. J.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Chatterton (Thomas).</b> See Standard +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Chesterfield (Lord)</b>, THE LETTERS OF, +TO HIS SON. Edited, with an Introduction +by <span class="smcap">C. Strachey</span>, with Notes by <span class="smcap">A. +Calthrop</span>. <i>Two Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 12s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chesterton (G. K.).</b> CHARLES DICKENS. +With two Portraits in Photogravure. <i>Fifth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Childe (Charles P.)</b>, B.A., F.R.C.S. THE +CONTROL OF A SCOURGE: <span class="smcap">Or, +How Cancer is Curable</span>. <i>Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Christian (F. W.).</b> THE CAROLINE +ISLANDS. With many Illustrations and +Maps. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cicero.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Clapham (J. H.)</b>, Professor of Economics in +the University of Leeds. THE WOOLLEN +AND WORSTED INDUSTRIES. +With 21 Illustrations and Diagrams. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clarke (F. A.)</b>, M.A. See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Clausen (George)</b>, A.R.A., R.W.S. SIX +LECTURES ON PAINTING. With 19 +Illustrations. <i>Third Edition. Large Post +8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>AIMS AND IDEALS IN ART. Eight +Lectures delivered to the Students of the +Royal Academy of Arts. With 32 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Large Post 8vo. +5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cleather (A. L.).</b> See Wagner (R).</p> + +<p><b>Clinch (G.)</b>, F.G.S. See Antiquary’s Books +and Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Clough (W. T.)</b> and <b>Dunstan (A. E.)</b>. +See Junior School Books and Textbooks of +Science.</p> + +<p><b>Clouston (T. S.)</b>, M.D., C.C.D., F.R.S.E. +THE HYGIENE OF MIND. With 10 +Illustrations. <i>Fourth Edition. Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Coast (W. G.)</b>, B.A. EXAMINATION +PAPERS IN VERGIL. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cobb (W. F.)</b>, M.A. THE BOOK OF +PSALMS: with a Commentary. <i>Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Coleridge (S. T.).</b> POEMS. Selected and +Arranged by <span class="smcap">Arthur Symons</span>. With a +Photogravure Frontispiece. <i>Fcap. 8vo. +2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Collingwood (W. G.)</b>, M.A. THE LIFE +OF JOHN RUSKIN. With Portrait. +<i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Collins (W. E.)</b>, M.A. See Churchman’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Combe (William).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Conrad (Joseph).</b> THE MIRROR OF +THE SEA: Memories and Impressions. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cook (A. M.)</b>, M.A., and <b>Marchant (E. C.)</b>, +M.A. PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. Selected from Latin and +Greek Literature. <i>Fourth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>LATIN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. <i>Third Ed. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cooke-Taylor (R. W.).</b> THE FACTORY +SYSTEM. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Coolidge (W. A. B.)</b>, M.A. THE ALPS. +With many Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Corelli (Marie).</b> THE PASSING OF THE +GREAT QUEEN. <i>Second Edition. Fcap. +4to. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>A CHRISTMAS GREETING. <i>Cr. 4to. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Corkran (Alice).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Cotes (Everard).</b> SIGNS AND PORTENTS +IN THE FAR EAST. With 35 +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Cotes (Rosemary).</b> DANTE’S GARDEN. +With a Frontispiece. <i>Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.; leather, 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>BIBLE FLOWERS. With a Frontispiece +and Plan. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_7">[7]</span></p> + +<p><b>Cowley (Abraham).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Cowper (William).</b> THE POEMS. +Edited with an Introduction and Notes by +<span class="smcap">J. C. Bailey</span>, M.A. Illustrated, including +two unpublished designs by <span class="smcap">William +Blake</span>. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cox (J. Charles).</b> See Ancient Cities, Antiquary’s +Books, and Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Cox (Harold)</b>, B.A., M.P. LAND +NATIONALIZATION AND LAND +TAXATION. <i>Second Edition revised. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crabbe (George).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Craik (Mrs.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Crane (C. P.)</b>, D.S.O. See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Crane (Walter)</b>, R.W.S. AN ARTIST’S +REMINISCENCES. With 123 Illustrations +by the Author and others from Photographs. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 18s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>INDIA IMPRESSIONS. With 84 Illustrations +from Sketches by the Author. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Crashaw (Richard).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Crawford (F. G.).</b> See Danson (Mary C.).</p> + +<p><b>Crofts (T. R. N.)</b>, M.A., Modern Language +Master at Merchant Taylors’ School. See +Simplified French Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Cross (J. A.)</b>, M.A. THE FAITH OF +THE BIBLE. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cruikshank (G.).</b> THE LOVING BALLAD +OF LORD BATEMAN. With 11 +Plates. <i>Cr. 16mo. 1s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crump (B.).</b> See Wagner (R.).</p> + +<p><b>Cunliffe (Sir F. H. E.)</b>, Fellow of All Souls’ +College, Oxford. THE HISTORY OF +THE BOER WAR. With many Illustrations, +Plans, and Portraits. <i>In 2 vols. +Quarto. 15s. each.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cunynghame (H. H.)</b>, C.B. See Connoisseur’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Cutts (E. L.)</b>, D.D. See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Daniell (G. W.)</b>, M.A. See Leaders of +Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Dante (Alighieri).</b> LA COMMEDIA DI +DANTE. The Italian Text edited by +<span class="smcap">Paget Toynbee</span>, M.A., D.Litt. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE DIVINE COMEDY. Translated +by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>. Edited with a Life of +Dante and Introductory Notes by <span class="smcap">Paget +Toynbee</span>, M.A., D.Litt. <i>Demy 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. +Translated into Spenserian Prose by <span class="smcap">C. +Gordon Wright</span>. With the Italian text. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library, Toynbee (Paget), +and Vernon (Hon. W. Warren).</p> + +<p><b>Darley (George).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>D’Arcy (R. F.)</b>, M.A. A NEW TRIGONOMETRY +FOR BEGINNERS. With +numerous diagrams. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Davenport (Cyril).</b> See Connoisseur’s +Library and Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Davenport (James).</b> THE WASHBOURNE +FAMILY. With 15 Illustrations +and a Map. <i>Royal 8vo. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Davey (Richard).</b> THE PAGEANT OF +LONDON. With 40 Illustrations in +Colour by <span class="smcap">John Fulleylove</span>, R.I. <i>In Two +Volumes. Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Davis (H. W. C.)</b>, M.A., Fellow and Tutor +of Balliol College. ENGLAND UNDER +THE NORMANS AND ANGEVINS: +1066-1272. With Maps and Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dawson (Nelson).</b> See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Dawson (Mrs. Nelson).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Deane (A. C.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Deans (Storry R.).</b> THE TRIALS OF +FIVE QUEENS: <span class="smcap">Katharine of +Aragon</span>, <span class="smcap">Anne Boleyn</span>, <span class="smcap">Mary Queen +of Scots</span>, <span class="smcap">Marie Antoinette</span> and <span class="smcap">Caroline +of Brunswick</span>. With 12 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Dearmer (Mabel).</b> A CHILD’S LIFE OF +CHRIST. With 8 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">E. Fortescue-Brickdale</span>. <i>Large Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Delbos (Leon).</b> THE METRIC SYSTEM. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Demosthenes.</b> AGAINST CONON AND +CALLICLES. Edited by <span class="smcap">F. Darwin +Swift</span>, M.A. <i>Second Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dickens (Charles).</b> See Little Library, +I.P.L., and Chesterton (G. K.).</p> + +<p><b>Dickinson (Emily).</b> POEMS. <i>Cr. 8vo. +4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dickinson (G. L.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of King’s +College, Cambridge. THE GREEK +VIEW OF LIFE. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dilke (Lady)</b>, <b>Bulley (Miss)</b>, and <b>Whitley +(Miss)</b>. WOMEN’S WORK. <i>Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dillon (Edward)</b>, M.A. See Connoisseur’s +Library and Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Ditchfield (P. H.)</b>, M.A., F.S.A. THE +STORY OF OUR ENGLISH TOWNS. +With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Augustus +Jessopp</span>, D.D. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>OLD ENGLISH CUSTOMS: Extant at +the Present Time. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLISH VILLAGES. With 100 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE PARISH CLERK. With 31 +Illustrations. <i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dixon (W. M.)</b>, M.A. A PRIMER OF +TENNYSON. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLISH POETRY FROM BLAKE TO +BROWNING. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dobbs (W. J.)</b>, M.A. See Textbooks of +Science.</p> + +<p><b>Doney (May).</b> SONGS OF THE REAL. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Douglas (Hugh A.).</b> VENICE ON FOOT. +With the Itinerary of the Grand Canal. +With 75 Illustrations and 11 Maps. <i>Fcap. +8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_8">[8]</span></p> + +<p><b>Douglas (James).</b> THE MAN IN THE +PULPIT. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dowden (J.)</b>, D.D., Lord Bishop of Edinburgh. +FURTHER STUDIES IN THE +PRAYER BOOK. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Churchman’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Drage (G.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Draper (F. W. M.).</b> See Simplified French +Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Driver (S. R.)</b>, D.D., D.C.L., Regius Professor +of Hebrew in the University of +Oxford. SERMONS ON SUBJECTS +CONNECTED WITH THE OLD +TESTAMENT. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Westminster Commentaries.</p> + +<p><b>Dry (Wakeling).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Dryhurst (A. R.).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Du Buisson (J. C.)</b>, M.A. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Duguid (Charles).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Dumas (Alexandre).</b> THE CRIMES OF +THE BORGIAS AND OTHERS. +With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">R. S. Garnett</span>. +With 9 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CRIMES OF URBAIN GRANDIER +AND OTHERS. With 8 Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CRIMES OF THE MARQUISE +DE BRINVILLIERS AND OTHERS. +With 8 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CRIMES OF ALI PACHA AND +OTHERS. With 8 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Colonial Editions are also published.</p> + +<p>MY MEMOIRS. Translated by <span class="smcap">E. M. +Waller</span>. With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Andrew +Lang</span>. With Frontispieces in Photogravure. +In six Volumes. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s. each volume.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span> 1802-1821.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. II.</span> 1822-1825.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. III.</span> 1826-1830.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. IV.</span> 1830-1831.</p> + +<p><b>Duncan (David)</b>, D.Sc., LL.D. THE LIFE +AND LETTERS OF HERBERT +SPENCER. With 15 Illustrations. <i>Demy +8vo. 15s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dunn (J. T.)</b>, D.Sc., <b>and Mundella (V. A.)</b>. +GENERAL ELEMENTARY SCIENCE. +With 114 Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dunstan (A. E.)</b>, B.Sc. (Lond.), East Ham +Technical College. See Textbooks of +Science, and Junior School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Durham (The Earl of).</b> A REPORT ON +CANADA. With an Introductory Note. +<i>Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dutt (W. A.).</b> THE NORFOLK BROADS. +With coloured Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Frank +Southgate</span>, R.B.A. <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>WILD LIFE IN EAST ANGLIA. With +16 Illustrations in colour by <span class="smcap">Frank Southgate</span>, +R.B.A. <i>Second Edition. Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>SOME LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF +EAST ANGLIA. With 16 Illustrations in +Colour by <span class="smcap">W. Dexter</span>, R.B.A., and 16 +other Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Earle (John)</b>, Bishop of Salisbury. MICROCOSMOGRAPHIE, +<span class="allsmcap">OR</span> A PIECE OF +THE WORLD DISCOVERED. <i>Post +16mo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Edmonds (Major J. E.)</b>, R.E.; D.A.Q.-M.G. +See Wood (W. Birkbeck).</p> + +<p><b>Edwards (Clement)</b>, M.P. RAILWAY +NATIONALIZATION. <i>Second Edition, +Revised. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Edwards (W. Douglas).</b> See Commercial +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Edwardes (Tickner).</b> THE LORE OF +THE HONEY BEE. With many Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Egan (Pierce).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Egerton (H. E.)</b>, M.A. A HISTORY OF +BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY. A +Cheaper Issue, with a supplementary +chapter. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Ellaby (C. G.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Ellerton (F. G.).</b> See Stone (S. J.).</p> + +<p><b>Epictetus.</b> See Aurelius (Marcus).</p> + +<p><b>Erasmus.</b> A Book called in Latin ENCHIRIDION +MILITIS CHRISTIANI, +and in English the Manual of the Christian +Knight. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ewald (Carl).</b> TWO LEGS, AND OTHER +STORIES. Translated from the Danish +by <span class="smcap">Alexander Teixeira de Mattos</span>. +Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Augusta Guest</span>. <i>Large Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fairbrother (W. H.)</b>, M.A. THE PHILOSOPHY +OF T. H. GREEN. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fea (Allan).</b> SOME BEAUTIES OF THE +SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. With +82 Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Demy +8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE FLIGHT OF THE KING. With +over 70 Sketches and Photographs by the +Author. <i>New and revised Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>SECRET CHAMBERS AND HIDING-PLACES. +With 80 Illustrations. <i>New and +revised Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Ferrier (Susan).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Fidler (T. Claxton)</b>, M.Inst. C.E. See +Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Fielding (Henry).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Finn (S. W.)</b>, M.A. See Junior Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Firth (J. B.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Firth (C. H.)</b>, M.A., Regius Professor of +Modern History at Oxford. CROMWELL’S +ARMY: A History of the English +Soldier during the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth, +and the Protectorate. <i>Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Firth (Edith E.).</b> See Beginner’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>FitzGerald (Edward).</b> THE RUBÁIYÁT +OF OMAR KHAYYÁM. Printed from +the Fifth and last Edition. With a Commentary +by Mrs. <span class="smcap">Stephen Batson</span>, and a +Biography of Omar by <span class="smcap">E. D. Ross</span>. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i> See also Miniature Library.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_9">[9]</span></p> + +<p><b>FitzGerald (H. P.).</b> A CONCISE HANDBOOK +OF CLIMBERS, TWINERS, +AND WALL SHRUBS. Illustrated. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fitzpatrick (S. A. O.).</b> See Ancient Cities.</p> + +<p><b>Flecker (W. H.)</b>, M.A., D.C.L., Headmaster +of the Dean Close School, Cheltenham. +THE STUDENT’S PRAYER BOOK. +<span class="smcap">The Text of Morning and Evening +Prayer and Litany.</span> With an Introduction +and Notes. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fletcher (J. S.).</b> A BOOK OF YORKSHIRE. +With 16 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">Wal Paget</span> and <span class="smcap">Frank Southgate</span>, +R.B.A., and 12 from Photographs. <i>Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Flux (A. W.)</b>, M.A., William Dow Professor +of Political Economy in M’Gill University, +Montreal. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Foat (F. W. G.)</b>, D.Litt., M.A., Assistant +Master at the City of London School. +LONDON: A READER FOR YOUNG +CITIZENS. With Plans and Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ford (H. G.)</b>, M.A., Assistant Master at +Bristol Grammar School. See Junior School +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Forel (A.).</b> THE SENSES OF INSECTS. +Translated by <span class="smcap">Macleod Yearsley</span>. With +2 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fortescue (Mrs. G.).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser (J. F.).</b> ROUND THE WORLD +ON A WHEEL. With 100 Illustrations. +<i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>French (W.)</b>, M.A. See Textbooks of Science.</p> + +<p><b>Freudenrelch (Ed. von).</b> DAIRY BACTERIOLOGY. +A Short Manual for +Students. Translated by <span class="smcap">J. R. Ainsworth +Davis</span>, M.A. <i>Second Edition. Revised. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fulford (H. W.)</b>, M.A. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Fuller (W. P.)</b>, M.A. See Simplified French +Texts.</p> + +<p>*<b>Fyvie (John).</b> TRAGEDY QUEENS OF +THE GEORGIAN ERA. With 16 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gallaher (D.) and Stead (W. J.).</b> THE +COMPLETE RUGBY FOOTBALLER, +ON THE NEW ZEALAND SYSTEM. +With 35 Illustrations. <i>Second Ed. Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Gallichan (W. M.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Gambado (Geoffrey, Esq.).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Gaskell (Mrs.).</b> See Little Library, Standard +Library and Sixpenny Novels.</p> + +<p><b>Gasquet</b>, the Right Rev. Abbot, O.S.B. See +Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>George (H. B.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of New College, +Oxford. BATTLES OF ENGLISH HISTORY. +With numerous Plans. <i>Fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE +BRITISH EMPIRE. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gibbins (H. de B.)</b>, Litt.D., M.A. INDUSTRY +IN ENGLAND: HISTORICAL +OUTLINES. With 5 Maps. <i>Fifth +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF +ENGLAND. With Maps and Plans. +<i>Fourteenth Edition, Revised. Cr. 8vo. 3s.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLISH SOCIAL REFORMERS. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Hadfield (R. A.)., and Commercial +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Gibbon (Edward).</b> MEMOIRS OF MY +LIFE AND WRITINGS. Edited by +<span class="smcap">G. Birkbeck Hill</span>, LL.D. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE +ROMAN EMPIRE. Edited, with Notes, +Appendices, and Maps, by <span class="smcap">J. B. Bury</span>, +M.A., Litt.D., Regius Professor of Greek +at Cambridge. <i>In Seven Volumes. +Demy 8vo. Gilt top. 8s. 6d. each. Also, +Crown 8vo. 6s. each.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Gibbs (Philip).</b> THE ROMANCE OF +GEORGE VILLIERS: FIRST DUKE +OF BUCKINGHAM, AND SOME MEN +AND WOMEN OF THE STUART +COURT. With 20 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Gibson (E. C. S.)</b>, D.D., Lord Bishop of +Gloucester. See Westminster Commentaries, +Handbooks of Theology, and Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Gilbert (A. R.).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Gloag (M. R.)</b> and <b>Wyatt (Kate M.)</b>. A +BOOK OF ENGLISH GARDENS. +With 24 Illustrations in Colour. <i>Demy +8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Godfrey (Elizabeth).</b> A BOOK OF REMEMBRANCE. +Being Lyrical Selections +for every day in the Year. Arranged by. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLISH CHILDREN IN THE OLDEN +TIME. With 32 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Godley (A. D.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Magdalen +College, Oxford. LYRA FRIVOLA. +<i>Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>VERSES TO ORDER. <i>Second Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>SECOND STRINGS. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Goldsmith (Oliver).</b> THE VICAR OF +WAKEFIELD. With 10 Plates in +Photogravure by Tony Johannot. <i>Leather, +Fcap. 32mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also I.P.L. and Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Gomme (G. L.).</b> See Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Goodrich-Freer (A.).</b> IN A SYRIAN +SADDLE. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Gorst (Rt. Hon. Sir John).</b> THE CHILDREN +OF THE NATION. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Goudge (H. L.)</b>, M.A., Principal of Wells +Theological College. See Westminster Commentaries.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_10">[10]</span></p> + +<p><b>Graham (P. Anderson).</b> THE RURAL +EXODUS. The Problem of the Village +and the Town. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Granger (F. S.)</b>, M.A., Litt.D. PSYCHOLOGY. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE SOUL OF A CHRISTIAN. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gray (E. M’Queen).</b> GERMAN PASSAGES +FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION. <i>Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gray (P. L.)</b>, B.Sc. THE PRINCIPLES OF +MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. +With 181 Diagrams. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Green (G. Buckland)</b>, M.A., late Fellow +of St. John’s College, Oxon. NOTES ON +GREEK AND LATIN SYNTAX. +<i>Second Ed. revised. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greenidge (A. H. J.)</b>, M.A., D.Litt. A HISTORY +OF ROME: From the Tribunate of +Tiberius Gracchus to the end of the Jugurthine +War, <span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span> 133-104. <i>Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greenwell (Dora).</b> See Miniature Library.</p> + +<p><b>Gregory (R. A.).</b> THE VAULT OF +HEAVEN. A Popular Introduction to +Astronomy. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gregory (Miss E. C.).</b> See Library of +Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Grubb (H. C.).</b> See Textbooks of Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Hadfield (R. A.)</b> and <b>Gibbins (H. de B)</b>. +A SHORTER WORKING DAY. <i>Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hall (Mary).</b> A WOMAN’S TREK FROM +THE CAPE TO CAIRO. With 64 Illustrations +and 2 Maps. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 16s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hall (R. N.) and Neal (W. G.).</b> THE +ANCIENT RUINS OF RHODESIA. +Illustrated. <i>Second Edition, revised. +Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Hall (R. N.).</b> GREAT ZIMBABWE. +With numerous Plans and Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hamel (Frank).</b> FAMOUS FRENCH +SALONS. With 20 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton (F. J.)</b>, D.D. See Byzantine Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Hannay (D.).</b> A SHORT HISTORY OF +THE ROYAL NAVY, 1200-1688. Illustrated. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hannay (James O.)</b>, M.A. THE SPIRIT +AND ORIGIN OF CHRISTIAN +MONASTICISM. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE WISDOM OF THE DESERT. <i>Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hardie (Martin).</b> See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Hare (A. T.)</b>, M.A. THE CONSTRUCTION +OF LARGE INDUCTION COILS. +With numerous Diagrams. <i>Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Harvey (Alfred)</b>, M.B. See Ancient Cities +and Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Hawthorne (Nathaniel).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Heath (Frank R.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Heath (Dudley).</b> See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Hello (Ernest).</b> STUDIES IN SAINTSHIP. +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henderson (B. W.)</b>, Fellow of Exeter +College, Oxford. THE LIFE AND +PRINCIPATE OF THE EMPEROR +NERO. Illustrated. <i>New and cheaper +issue. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>AT INTERVALS. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henderson (M. Sturge).</b> GEORGE +MEREDITH: NOVELIST, POET, +REFORMER. With a Portrait in Photogravure. +<i>Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henderson (T. F.).</b> See Little Library and +Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Henderson (T. F.), and Watt (Francis).</b> +SCOTLAND OF TO-DAY. With 20 +Illustrations in colour and 24 other Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Henley (W. E.).</b> ENGLISH LYRICS. +CHAUCER TO POE, 1340-1849. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henley (W. E.)</b> and <b>Whibley (C.)</b>. A BOOK +OF ENGLISH PROSE, CHARACTER, +AND INCIDENT, 1387-1649. <i>Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henson (H. H.)</b>, B.D., Canon of Westminster. +LIGHT AND LEAVEN: <span class="smcap">Historical +and Social Sermons</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Herbert (George).</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Herbert of Cherbury (Lord).</b> See Miniature +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Hewins (W. A. S.)</b>, B.A. ENGLISH +TRADE AND FINANCE IN THE +SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. <i>Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hewitt (Ethel M.).</b> A GOLDEN DIAL. +A Day Book of Prose and Verse. <i>Fcap. +8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hey (H.)</b>, Inspector, Surrey Education Committee, +and <b>Rose (G. H.)</b>, City and Guilds +Woodwork Teacher. THE MANUAL +TRAINING CLASSROOM: <span class="smcap">Woodwork</span>. +Book I. <i>4to. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Heywood (W.).</b> PALIO AND PONTE. +A Book of Tuscan Games. Illustrated. +<i>Royal 8vo. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also St. Francis of Assisi.</p> + +<p><b>Hill (Clare).</b> See Textbooks of Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Hill (Henry)</b>, B.A., Headmaster of the Boy’s +High School, Worcester, Cape Colony. A +SOUTH AFRICAN ARITHMETIC. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hind (C. Lewis).</b> DAYS IN CORNWALL. +With 16 Illustrations in Colour by <span class="smcap">William +Pascoe</span>, and 20 other Illustrations and a +Map. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hirst (F. W.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Hoare (J. Douglas).</b> A HISTORY OF +ARCTIC EXPLORATION. With 20 +Illustrations & Maps. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hobhouse (L. T.)</b>, late Fellow of C.C.C., +Oxford. THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hobson (J. A.).</b> M.A. INTERNATIONAL +TRADE: A Study of Economic Principles. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>PROBLEMS OF POVERTY. An Inquiry +into the Industrial Condition of the Poor. +<i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_11">[11]</span></p> + +<p>THE PROBLEM OF THE UNEMPLOYED. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hodgetts (E. A. Brayley).</b> THE COURT +OF RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH +CENTURY. With 20 Illustrations. <i>Two +Volumes. Demy 8vo. 24s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Hodgkin (T.)</b>, D.C.L. See Leaders of +Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Hodgson (Mrs. W.).</b> HOW TO IDENTIFY +OLD CHINESE PORCELAIN. With 40 +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Post 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hogg (Thomas Jefferson).</b> SHELLEY +AT OXFORD. With an Introduction by +<span class="smcap">R. A. Streatfeild</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Holden-Stone (G. de).</b> See Books on +Business.</p> + +<p><b>Holdich (Sir T. H.)</b>, K.C.I.E. THE +INDIAN BORDERLAND: being a +Personal Record of Twenty Years. Illustrated. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Holdsworth (W. S.)</b>, M.A. A HISTORY +OF ENGLISH LAW. <i>In Two Volumes. +Vol. I. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Holland (H. Scott)</b>, Canon of St. Paul’s. +See Newman (J. H.).</p> + +<p><b>Hollway-Calthrop (H. C.)</b>, late of Balliol +College, Oxford; Bursar of Eton College. +PETRARCH: HIS LIFE, WORK, AND +TIMES. With 24 Illustrations. <i>Demy +8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Holt (Emily).</b> THE SECRET OF POPULARITY: +How to Achieve Social Success. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Holyoake (G. J.).</b> THE CO-OPERATIVE +MOVEMENT OF TO-DAY. <i>Fourth Ed. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hone (Nathaniel J.).</b> See Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Hook (A.).</b> HUMANITY AND ITS +PROBLEMS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hoppner.</b> See Little Galleries.</p> + +<p><b>Horace.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Horsburgh (E. L. S.)</b>, M.A. WATERLOO: +With Plans. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Horth (A. C.).</b> See Textbooks of Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Horton (R. F.)</b>, D.D. See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Hosie (Alexander).</b> MANCHURIA. With +Illustrations and a Map. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>How (F. D.).</b> SIX GREAT SCHOOLMASTERS. +With Portraits and Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Howell (A. G. Ferrers).</b> FRANCISCAN +DAYS. Being Selections for every day +in the year from ancient Franciscan writings. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Howell (G.).</b> TRADE UNIONISM—<span class="smcap">New +and Old</span>. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Huggins (Sir William)</b>, K.C.B., O.M., +D.C.L., F.R.S. THE ROYAL SOCIETY. +With 25 Illustrations. <i>Wide Royal 8vo. +4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hughes (C. E.).</b> THE PRAISE OF +SHAKESPEARE. An English Anthology. +With a Preface by <span class="smcap">Sidney Lee</span>. +<i>Demy 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hughes (Thomas).</b> TOM BROWN’S +SCHOOLDAYS. With an Introduction +and Notes by <span class="smcap">Vernon Rendall</span>. <i>Leather. +Royal 32mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hutchinson (Horace G.).</b> THE NEW +FOREST. Illustrated in colour with +50 Pictures by <span class="smcap">Walter Tyndale</span> and 4 +by <span class="smcap">Lucy Kemp-Welch</span>. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hutton (A. W.)</b>, M.A. See Leaders of +Religion and Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Hutton (Edward).</b> THE CITIES OF +UMBRIA. With 20 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">A. Pisa</span>, and 12 other Illustrations. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE CITIES OF SPAIN. With 24 Illustrations +in Colour, by <span class="smcap">A. W. Rimington</span>, +20 other Illustrations and a Map. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>FLORENCE AND THE CITIES OF +NORTHERN TUSCANY, WITH +GENOA. With 16 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">William Parkinson</span>, and 16 other +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>ENGLISH LOVE POEMS. Edited with +an Introduction. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hutton (R. H.).</b> See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Hutton (W. H.)</b>, M.A. THE LIFE OF +SIR THOMAS MORE. With Portraits +after Drawings by <span class="smcap">Holbein</span>. <i>Second Ed. +Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Hyde (A. G.).</b> GEORGE HERBERT AND +HIS TIMES. With 32 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hyett (F. A.).</b> FLORENCE: <span class="smcap">Her History +and Art to the Fall of the Republic</span>. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ibsen (Henrik).</b> BRAND. A Drama. +Translated by <span class="smcap">William Wilson</span>. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Inge (W. R.)</b>, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of +Hertford College, Oxford. CHRISTIAN +MYSTICISM. (The Bampton Lectures of +1899.) <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Ingham (B. P.).</b> See Simplified French +Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Innes (A. D.)</b>, M.A. A HISTORY OF THE +BRITISH IN INDIA. With Maps and +Plans. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLAND UNDER THE TUDORS. +With Maps. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jackson (C.E.)</b>, B.A., Senior Physics Master, +Bradford Grammar School. See Textbooks +of Science.</p> + +<p><b>Jackson (S.)</b>, M.A. See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Jackson (F. Hamilton).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Jacob (F.)</b>, M.A. See Junior Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_12">[12]</span></p> + +<p><b>James (W. H. N.).</b> See Brooks (E. E.).</p> + +<p><b>Jeans (J. Stephen).</b> TRUSTS, POOLS, +AND CORNERS AS AFFECTING +COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. <i>Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Jebb (Camilla).</b> A STAR OF THE +SALONS: <span class="smcap">Julie de Lespinasse</span>. With +20 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Jeffery (Reginald W.)</b>, M.A. THE +THIRTEEN COLONIES OF NORTH +AMERICA. With 8 Illustrations and a +Map. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Jeffreys (D. Gwyn).</b> DOLLY’S THEATRICALS. +<i>Super Royal 16mo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jenks (E.)</b>, M.A., B.C.L. AN OUTLINE +OF ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT. +<i>Second Ed.</i> Revised by <span class="smcap">R. C. K. Ensor</span>, +M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jenner (Mrs. H.).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Jennings (Oscar)</b>, M.D. EARLY WOODCUT +INITIALS. <i>Demy 4to. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jessopp (Augustus)</b>, D.D. See Leaders of +Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Jevons (F. B.)</b>, M.A., Litt.D., Principal of +Hatfield Hall. Durham. RELIGION +IN EVOLUTION. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Churchman’s Library and Handbooks +of Theology.</p> + +<p><b>Johnson (Mrs. Barham).</b> WILLIAM BODHAM +DONNE AND HIS FRIENDS. +Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Johnston (Sir H. H.)</b>, K.C.B. BRITISH +CENTRAL AFRICA. With nearly 200 +Illustrations and Six Maps. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 4to. 18s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Jones (H.).</b> See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Jones (H. F.).</b> See Textbooks of Science.</p> + +<p><b>Jones (L. A. Atherley)</b>, K.C., M.P., and +<b>Bellot (Hugh H. L.)</b>, M.A., D.C.L. +THE MINER’S GUIDE TO THE COAL +MINES REGULATION ACTS AND +THE LAW OF EMPLOYERS AND +WORKMEN. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>COMMERCE IN WAR. <i>Royal 8vo. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jones (R. Compton)</b>, M.A. POEMS OF +THE INNER LIFE. Selected by. <i>Thirteenth +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jonson (Ben).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Juliana (Lady) of Norwich.</b> REVELATIONS +OF DIVINE LOVE. Ed. by <span class="smcap">Grace +Warrack</span>, <i>Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Juvenal.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p>‘<b>Kappa.</b>’ LET YOUTH BUT KNOW: +A Plea for Reason in Education. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kaufmann (M.)</b>, M.A. SOCIALISM AND +MODERN THOUGHT. <i>Second Edition +Revised and Enlarged. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. +net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Keating (J. F.)</b>, D.D. THE AGAPÉ AND +THE EUCHARIST. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Keats (John).</b> THE POEMS. Edited +with Introduction and Notes by <span class="smcap">E. de Sélincourt</span>, +M.A. With a Frontispiece in +Photogravure. <i>Second Edition Revised. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>REALMS OF GOLD. Selections from the +Works of. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library and Standard +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Keble (John).</b> THE CHRISTIAN YEAR. +With an Introduction and Notes by <span class="smcap">W. Lock</span>, +D.D., Warden of Keble College. Illustrated +by <span class="smcap">R. Anning Bell</span>. <i>Third Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 3s. 6d.; padded morocco, 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Kelynack (T. N.)</b>, M.D., M.R.C.P. THE +DRINK PROBLEM IN ITS MEDICO-SOCIOLOGICAL +ASPECT. By fourteen +Medical Authorities. Edited by. +With 2 Diagrams. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kempis (Thomas à).</b> THE IMITATION +OF CHRIST. With an Introduction by +<span class="smcap">Dean Farrar</span>. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">C. M. Gere</span>. +<i>Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.; padded +morocco. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also Translated by <span class="smcap">C. Bigg</span>, D.D. <i>Cr. +8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>See also Montmorency (J. E. G. de), +Library of Devotion, and Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Kennedy (Bart.).</b> THE GREEN +SPHINX. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kennedy (James Houghton)</b>, D.D., Assistant +Lecturer in Divinity in the University of +Dublin. ST. PAUL’S SECOND AND +THIRD EPISTLES TO THE CORINTHIANS. +With Introduction, Dissertations +and Notes. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kimmins (C. W.)</b>, M.A. THE CHEMISTRY +OF LIFE AND HEALTH. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kinglake (A. W.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Kipling (Rudyard).</b> BARRACK-ROOM +BALLADS. <i>83rd Thousand. Twenty-fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also Leather. +Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE SEVEN SEAS. <i>67th Thousand. +Twelfth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also +Leather. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE FIVE NATIONS. <i>62nd Thousand. +Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also +Leather. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>DEPARTMENTAL DITTIES. <i>Sixteenth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s. Also Leather. Fcap. +8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Knight (Albert E.).</b> THE COMPLETE +CRICKETER. With 50 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Knight (H. J. C.)</b>, B.D. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Knowling (R. J.)</b>, M.A., Professor of New +Testament Exegesis at King’s College, +London. See Westminster Commentaries.</p> + +<p><b>Lamb (Charles and Mary)</b>, THE WORKS. +Edited by <span class="smcap">E. V. Lucas</span>. Illustrated. <i>In +Seven Volumes. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. each.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library and Lucas (E. V.).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_13">[13]</span></p> + +<p><b>Lambert (F. A. H.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Lambros (Professor S. P.).</b> See Byzantine +Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Lane-Poole (Stanley).</b> A HISTORY OF +EGYPT IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Fully +Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Langbridge (F.)</b>, M.A. BALLADS OF THE +BRAVE: Poems of Chivalry, Enterprise, +Courage, and Constancy. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Law (William).</b> See Library of Devotion +and Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Leach (Henry).</b> THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. +A Biography. With 12 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE SPIRIT OF THE LINKS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>See also Braid (James).</p> + +<p><b>Le Braz (Anatole).</b> THE LAND OF +PARDONS. Translated by <span class="smcap">Frances M. +Gostling</span>. With 12 Illustrations in Colour +by <span class="smcap">T. C. Gotch</span>, and 40 other Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lee (Captain L. Melville).</b> A HISTORY +OF POLICE IN ENGLAND. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lewes (V. B.)</b>, M.A. AIR AND WATER. +Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lewis (B. M. Gwyn).</b> A CONCISE +HANDBOOK OF GARDEN SHRUBS. +With 20 Illustrations. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. +net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lisle (Fortunée de).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Littlehales (H.).</b> See Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Lock (Walter)</b>, D.D., Warden of Keble +College. ST. PAUL, THE MASTER-BUILDER. +<i>Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIAN LIFE. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Keble (J.) and Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Locker (F.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Lodge (Sir Oliver)</b>, F.R.S. THE SUBSTANCE +OF FAITH ALLIED WITH +SCIENCE: A Catechism for Parents +and Teachers. <i>Eighth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lofthouse (W. F.)</b>, M.A. ETHICS AND +ATONEMENT. With a Frontispiece. +<i>Demy 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Longfellow (H. W.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Lorimer (George Horace).</b> LETTERS +FROM A SELF-MADE MERCHANT +TO HIS SON. <i>Sixteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>OLD GORGON GRAHAM. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Lover (Samuel).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>E. V. L.</b> and <b>C. L. G.</b> ENGLAND DAY BY +DAY: Or, The Englishman’s Handbook to +Efficiency. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">George Morrow</span>. +<i>Fourth Edition. Fcap. 4to. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lucas (E. V.).</b> THE LIFE OF CHARLES +LAMB. With 28 Illustrations. <i>Fourth +and Revised Edition in One Volume. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A WANDERER IN HOLLAND. With +20 Illustrations in Colour by <span class="smcap">Herbert +Marshall</span>, 34 Illustrations after old Dutch +Masters, and a Map. <i>Eighth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A WANDERER IN LONDON. With 16 +Illustrations in Colour by <span class="smcap">Nelson Dawson</span>, +36 other Illustrations and a Map. <i>Sixth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE OPEN ROAD: a Little Book for Wayfarers. +<i>Thirteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. +5s.; India Paper, 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE FRIENDLY TOWN: a Little Book +for the Urbane. <i>Fourth Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 5s.; India Paper, 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>FIRESIDE AND SUNSHINE. <i>Third +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p>CHARACTER AND COMEDY. <i>Third +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p>THE GENTLEST ART. A Choice of +Letters by Entertaining Hands. <i>Fourth +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p>A SWAN AND HER FRIENDS. With 24 +Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Lucian.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Lyde (L. W.)</b>, M.A. See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Lydon (Noel S.).</b> See Junior School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Lyttelton (Hon. Mrs. A.).</b> WOMEN AND +THEIR WORK. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macaulay (Lord).</b> CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL +ESSAYS. Edited by <span class="smcap">F. C. Montague</span>, +M.A. <i>Three Volumes. Cr. 8vo. 18s.</i></p> + +<p><b>M’Allen (J. E. B.)</b>, M.A. See Commercial +Series.</p> + +<p><b>MacCulloch (J. A.).</b> See Churchman’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>MacCunn (Florence A.).</b> MARY +STUART. With 44 Illustrations, including +a Frontispiece in Photogravure. +<i>New and Cheaper Edition. Large Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>McDermott (E. R.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>M’Dowall (A. S.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Mackay (A. M.)</b>, B.A. See Churchman’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie (W. Leslie)</b>, M.A., M.D., +D.P.H., etc. THE HEALTH OF THE +SCHOOL CHILD. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macklin (Herbert W.)</b>, M.A. See Antiquary’s +Books.</p> + +<p><b>M’Neile (A. H.)</b>, B.D. See Westminster +Commentaries.</p> + +<p><b>‘Mdlle Mori’ (Author of).</b> ST. CATHERINE +OF SIENA AND HER TIMES. +With 28 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. +net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Magnus (Laurie)</b>, M.A. A PRIMER OF +WORDSWORTH. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mahaffy (J. P.)</b>, Litt.D. A HISTORY OF +THE EGYPT OF THE PTOLEMIES. +Fully Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Maitland (F. W.)</b>, M.A., LL.D. ROMAN +CANON LAW IN THE CHURCH OF +ENGLAND. <i>Royal 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_14">[14]</span></p> + +<p><b>Major (H.)</b>, B.A., B.Sc. A HEALTH AND +TEMPERANCE READER. <i>Cr. 8vo. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Malden (H. E.)</b>, M.A. ENGLISH RECORDS. +A Companion to the History of +England. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF A +CITIZEN. <i>Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also School Histories.</p> + +<p><b>Marchant (E. C.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Peterhouse, +Cambridge. A GREEK ANTHOLOGY. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Cook (A. M.).</p> + +<p><b>Marks (Jeannette)</b>, M.A. ENGLISH +PASTORAL DRAMA from the Restoration +to the date of the publication of the +‘Lyrical Ballads’ (1660-1798). <i>Cr. 8vo. +5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marr (J. E.)</b>, F.R.S., Fellow of St John’s College, +Cambridge. THE SCIENTIFIC +STUDY OF SCENERY. <i>Second Edition.</i> +Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marriott (J. A. R.)</b>, M.A. THE LIFE +AND TIMES OF LORD FALKLAND. +With 23 Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marvell (Andrew).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Masefield (John).</b> SEA LIFE IN NELSON’S +TIME. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>ON THE SPANISH MAIN: or, <span class="smcap">Some +English Forays in the Isthmus of +Darien</span>. With 22 Illustrations and a Map. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>A SAILOR’S GARLAND. Selected and +Edited by. <i>Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>AN ENGLISH PROSE MISCELLANY. +Selected and Edited by. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Maskell (A.).</b> See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Mason (A. J.)</b>, D.D. See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Masterman (C. F. G.).</b> M.A., M.P. +TENNYSON AS A RELIGIOUS +TEACHER. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Matheson (E. F.).</b> COUNSELS OF +LIFE. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>May (Phil).</b> THE PHIL MAY ALBUM. +<i>Second Edition. 4to. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Meakin (Annette M. B.)</b>, Fellow of the +Anthropological Institute. WOMAN IN +TRANSITION. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mellows (Emma S.).</b> A SHORT STORY +OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. <i>Cr. +8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Methuen (A. M. S.)</b>, M.A. THE +TRAGEDY OF SOUTH AFRICA. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. net. Also Cr. 8vo. 3d. net.</i></p> + +<p>ENGLAND’S RUIN: <span class="smcap">Discussed in Sixteen +Letters to the Right Hon. +Joseph Chamberlain, M.P.</span> <i>Seventh Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Miles (Eustace)</b>, M.A. LIFE AFTER +LIFE: <span class="smcap">or, The Theory of Reincarnation</span>. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE POWER OF CONCENTRATION: +<span class="smcap">How to Acquire it</span>. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Millais (J. G.).</b> THE LIFE AND LETTERS +OF SIR JOHN EVERETT +MILLAIS, President of the Royal Academy. +With many Illustrations, of which 2 are in +Photogravure. <i>New Edition. Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Galleries.</p> + +<p><b>Millin (G. F.).</b> PICTORIAL GARDENING. +With 21 Illustrations. <i>Crown 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Millis (C. T.)</b>, M.I.M.E. See Textbooks of +Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Milne (J. G.)</b>, M.A. A HISTORY OF +EGYPT UNDER ROMAN RULE. +Fully Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Milton (John).</b> See Little Library and +Standard Library.</p> + +<p>A DAY BOOK OF MILTON. Edited by +<span class="smcap">R. F. Towndrow</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Minchin (H. C.)</b>, M.A. See Peel (R.).</p> + +<p><b>Mitchell (P. Chalmers)</b>, M.A. OUTLINES +OF BIOLOGY. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mitton (G. E.).</b> JANE AUSTEN AND +HER TIMES. With 21 Illustrations. +<i>Second and Cheaper Edition. Large Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Moffat (Mary M.).</b> QUEEN LOUISA OF +PRUSSIA. With 20 Illustrations. <i>Fourth +Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>‘<b>Moil (A.).</b>’ See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Moir (D. M.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Molinos (Dr. Michael de).</b> See Library of +Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Money (L. G. Chiozza)</b>, M.P. RICHES +AND POVERTY. <i>Eighth Edition. Demy +8vo. 5s. net.</i> Also <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p>SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROBLEMS. +<i>Demy 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Montagu (Henry)</b>, Earl of Manchester. See +Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Montaigne.</b> A DAY BOOK OF. Edited +by <span class="smcap">C. F. Pond</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Montgomery (H. B.).</b> THE EMPIRE OF +THE EAST. With a Frontispiece in Colour +and 16 other Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency (J. E. G. de)</b>, B.A., LL.B. +THOMAS À KEMPIS, HIS AGE AND +BOOK. With 22 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Moore (H. E.).</b> BACK TO THE LAND. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Moorhouse (E. Hallam).</b> NELSON’S +LADY HAMILTON. With 51 Portraits. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Moran (Clarence G.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>More (Sir Thomas).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_15">[15]</span></p> + +<p><b>Morfill (W. R.)</b>, Oriel College, Oxford. A +HISTORY OF RUSSIA FROM PETER +THE GREAT TO ALEXANDER II. +With Maps and Plans. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morich (R. J.)</b>, late of Clifton College. See +School Examination Series.</p> + +<p><b>Morley (Margaret W.)</b>, Founded on. THE +BEE PEOPLE. With 74 Illustrations. +<i>Sq. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>LITTLE MITCHELL: <span class="smcap">The Story of a +Mountain Squirrel told by Himself</span>. +With many Illustrations. <i>Sq. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morris (J.).</b> THE MAKERS OF JAPAN. +With 24 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. +net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morris (Joseph E.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Morton (A. Anderson).</b> See Brodrick (M.).</p> + +<p><b>Moule (H. C. G.)</b>, D.D., Lord Bishop of Durham. +See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Muir (M. M. Pattison)</b>, M.A. THE +CHEMISTRY OF FIRE. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mundella (V. A.)</b>, M.A. See Dunn (J. T.).</p> + +<p><b>Munro (R.)</b>, M.A., LL.D. See Antiquary’s +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Myers (A. Wallis)</b>, THE COMPLETE +LAWN TENNIS PLAYER. With many +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Naval Officer (A).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Neal (W. G.).</b> See Hall (R. N.).</p> + +<p><b>Newman (Ernest).</b> HUGO WOLF. +With 13 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Newman (George)</b>, M.D., D.P.H., F.R.S.E., +INFANT MORTALITY, <span class="smcap">A Social +Problem</span>. With 16 Diagrams. <i>Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Newman (J. H.) and others.</b> See Library +of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Newsholme (Arthur)</b>, M.D., F.R.C.P. +THE PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nichols (Bowyer).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Nicklin (T.)</b>, M.A. EXAMINATION +PAPERS IN THUCYDIDES. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nimrod.</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Norgate (G. Le Grys).</b> THE LIFE OF +SIR WALTER SCOTT. With 53 Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">Jenny Wylie</span>. <i>Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Norregaard (B. W.).</b> THE GREAT +SIEGE: The Investment and Fall of Port +Arthur. With Maps, Plans, and 25 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Norway (A. H.).</b> NAPLES. <span class="smcap">Past and +Present.</span> With 25 Coloured Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">Maurice Greiffenhagen</span>. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Novalis.</b> THE DISCIPLES AT SAÏS AND +OTHER FRAGMENTS. Edited by Miss +<span class="smcap">Una Birch</span>. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Officer (An).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Oldfield (W. J.)</b>, M.A., Prebendary of +Lincoln. A PRIMER OF RELIGION. +<span class="smcap">Based on the Catechism of the Church +of England.</span> <i>Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oldham (F. M.)</b>, B.A. See Textbooks of +Science.</p> + +<p><b>Oliphant (Mrs.).</b> See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Oliver, Thomas</b>, M.D. DISEASES OF +OCCUPATION. With Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oman (C. W. C.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of All Souls’, +Oxford. A HISTORY OF THE ART +OF WAR IN THE MIDDLE AGES. +Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ottley (R. L.)</b>, D.D. See Handbooks of +Theology and Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Overton (J. H.).</b> See Leaders of Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Owen (Douglas).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Oxford (M. N.)</b>, of Guy’s Hospital. A HANDBOOK +OF NURSING. <i>Fourth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pakes (W. C. C.).</b> THE SCIENCE OF +HYGIENE. Illustrated. <i>Demy 8vo. 15s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parker (Gilbert)</b>, M.P. A LOVER’S +DIARY. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A volume of poems.</p> + +<p><b>Parkes (A. K.).</b> SMALL LESSONS ON +GREAT TRUTHS. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parkinson (John).</b> PARADISI IN SOLE +PARADISUS TERRESTRIS, OR A +GARDEN OF ALL SORTS OF PLEASANT +FLOWERS. <i>Folio. £3, 3s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parmenter (John).</b> HELIO-TROPES, OR +NEW POSIES FOR SUNDIALS. +Edited by <span class="smcap">Percival Landon</span>. <i>Quarto. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parmentier (Prof. Léon).</b> See Bidez (J.).</p> + +<p><b>Parsons (Mrs. C.).</b> GARRICK AND HIS +CIRCLE. With 36 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Pascal.</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Paston (George).</b> SOCIAL CARICATURE +IN THE EIGHTEENTH +CENTURY. With over 200 Illustrations. +<i>Imperial Quarto. £2, 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU +AND HER TIMES. With 24 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Books on Art and I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Paterson (W. R.)</b> (Benjamin Swift). LIFE’S +QUESTIONINGS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Patterson (A. H.).</b> NOTES OF AN EAST +COAST NATURALIST. Illustrated in +Colour by <span class="smcap">F. Southgate</span>, R.B.A. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>NATURE IN EASTERN NORFOLK. +With 12 Illustrations in Colour by <span class="smcap">Frank +Southgate</span>, R.B.A. <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>WILD LIFE ON A NORFOLK ESTUARY. +With 40 Illustrations by the Author, +and a Prefatory Note by Her Grace the +<span class="smcap">Duchess of Bedford</span>. <i>Demy 8vo. +10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Peacock (Netta).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Patterson (J. B.).</b> See Simplified French +Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Peake (C. M. A.)</b>, F.R.H.S. A CONCISE +HANDBOOK OF GARDEN +ANNUAL AND BIENNIAL PLANTS. +With 24 Illustrations. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_16">[16]</span></p> + +<p><b>Peel (Robert)</b>, and <b>Minchin (H. C.)</b>, M.A. +OXFORD. With 100 Illustrations in +Colour. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Peel (Sidney)</b>, late Fellow of Trinity College, +Oxford, and Secretary to the Royal Commission +on the Licensing Laws. PRACTICAL +LICENSING REFORM. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Petrie (W. M. Flinders)</b>, D.C.L., LL.D., Professor +of Egyptology at University College. +A HISTORY OF EGYPT. Fully Illustrated. +<i>In six volumes. Cr. 8vo. 6s. each.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. i. From the Earliest Kings to +XVIth Dynasty.</span> <i>Sixth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. ii. The XVIIth and XVIIIth +Dynasties.</span> <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. iii. XIXth to XXXth Dynasties.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. iv. The Egypt of the Ptolemies.</span> +<span class="smcap">J. P. Mahaffy</span>, Litt.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. v. Roman Egypt.</span> <span class="smcap">J. G. Milne</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. vi. Egypt in the Middle Ages.</span> +<span class="smcap">Stanley Lane-Poole</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE IN +ANCIENT EGYPT. Lectures delivered +at University College, London. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>SYRIA AND EGYPT, FROM THE TELL +ELAMARNA TABLETS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EGYPTIAN TALES. Translated from the +Papyri. First Series, <span class="allsmcap">IV</span>th to <span class="allsmcap">XII</span>th Dynasty. +Edited by <span class="smcap">W. M. Flinders Petrie</span>. Illustrated +by <span class="smcap">Tristram Ellis</span>. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EGYPTIAN TALES. Translated from the +Papyri. Second Series, <span class="allsmcap">XVIII</span>th to <span class="allsmcap">XIX</span>th +Dynasty. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Tristram Ellis</span>. +<i>Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EGYPTIAN DECORATIVE ART. A +Course of Lectures delivered at the Royal +Institution. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phillips (W. A.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Phillpotts (Eden).</b> MY DEVON YEAR. +With 38 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">J. Ley Pethybridge</span>. +<i>Second and Cheaper Edition. +Large Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>UP ALONG AND DOWN ALONG. +Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Claude Shepperson</span>. +<i>Cr. 4to. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phythian (J. Ernest).</b> TREES IN NATURE, +MYTH, AND ART. With 24 +Illustrations. <i>Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Plarr (Victor G.).</b> See School Histories.</p> + +<p><b>Plato.</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Plautus.</b> THE CAPTIVI. Edited, with +an Introduction, Textual Notes, and a Commentary, +by <span class="smcap">W. M. Lindsay</span>, Fellow of +Jesus College, Oxford. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Plowden-Wardlaw (J. T.)</b>, B.A., King’s +College, Cambridge. See School Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Podmore (Frank).</b> MODERN SPIRITUALISM. +<i>Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. +21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pollard (Alice).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Pollard (Eliza F.).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Pollock (David)</b>, M.I.N.A. See Books on +Business.</p> + +<p><b>Potter (M. C.)</b>, M.A., F.L.S. AN +ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK OF +AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Illustrated. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Power (J. O’Connor).</b> THE MAKING +OF AN ORATOR. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Prance (G.).</b> See Wyon (R.).</p> + +<p><b>Prescott (O. L.).</b> ABOUT MUSIC, AND +WHAT IT IS MADE OF. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Price (Eleanor C.).</b> A PRINCESS OF +THE OLD WORLD. With 21 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Price (L. L.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Oriel College, +Oxon. A HISTORY OF ENGLISH +POLITICAL ECONOMY FROM ADAM +SMITH TO ARNOLD TOYNBEE. +<i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Primrose (Deborah).</b> A MODERN +BŒOTIA. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Protheroe (Ernest).</b> THE DOMINION +OF MAN. <span class="smcap">Geography in its Human +Aspect.</span> With 32 full-page Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Quevedo Villegas.</b> See Miniature Library.</p> + +<p><b>‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).</b> THE +GOLDEN POMP. <span class="smcap">A Procession of +English Lyrics from Surrey to Shirley.</span> +<i>Second and Cheaper Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>G. R.</b> and <b>E. S.</b> MR. WOODHOUSE’S +CORRESPONDENCE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Rackham (R. B.)</b>, M.A. See Westminster +Commentaries.</p> + +<p><b>Ragg (Laura M.).</b> THE WOMEN ARTISTS +OF BOLOGNA. With 20 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ragg (Lonsdale).</b> B.D., Oxon. DANTE +AND HIS ITALY. With 32 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rahtz (F. J.)</b>, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer in +English at Merchant Venturers’ Technical +College, Bristol. HIGHER ENGLISH. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Randolph (B. W.)</b>, D.D. See Library of +Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Rannie (D. W.)</b>, M.A. A STUDENT’S +HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>WORDSWORTH AND HIS CIRCLE. +With 20 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. +net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rashdall (Hastings)</b>, M.A., Fellow and +Tutor of New College, Oxford. DOCTRINE +AND DEVELOPMENT. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Raven (J. J.)</b>, D.D., F.S.A. See Antiquary’s +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Raven-Hill (L.).</b> See Llewellyn (Owen).</p> + +<p><b>Rawstorne (Lawrence, Esq.).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Raymond (Walter).</b> See School Histories.</p> + +<p>*<b>Rea (Lilian).</b> MADAME DE LA FAYETTE. +With many Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Real Paddy (A).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Reason (W.)</b>, M.A. UNIVERSITY AND +SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS. Edited by. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_17">[17]</span></p> + +<p><b>Redpath (H. A.)</b>, M.A., D.Litt. See Westminster +Commentaries.</p> + +<p><b>Rees (J. D.)</b>, C.I.E., M.P. THE REAL +INDIA. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. +6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>*<b>Reich (Emil)</b>, Doctor Juris. WOMAN +THROUGH THE AGES. With 24 Illustrations. +<i>Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Reynolds (Sir Joshua).</b> See Little Galleries.</p> + +<p><b>Rhoades (J. F.).</b> See Simplified French Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Rhodes (W. E.).</b> See School Histories.</p> + +<p><b>Rieu (H.)</b>, M.A. See Simplified French Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Roberts (M. E.).</b> See Channer (C. C).</p> + +<p><b>Robertson (A.)</b>, D.D., Lord Bishop of +Exeter. REGNUM DEI. (The Bampton +Lectures of 1901). <i>A New and Cheaper +Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robertson (C. Grant)</b>, M.A., Fellow of +All Souls’ College, Oxford. SELECT +STATUTES, CASES, AND CONSTITUTIONAL +DOCUMENTS, 1660-1832. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robertson (C. Grant)</b> and <b>Bartholomew +(J. G.)</b>, F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S. A HISTORICAL +AND MODERN ATLAS OF +THE BRITISH EMPIRE. <i>Demy Quarto. +4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robertson (Sir G. S.)</b>, K.C.S.I. CHITRAL: +<span class="smcap">The Story of a Minor Siege</span>. <i>Third +Edition.</i> Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robinson (A. W.)</b>, M.A. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson (Cecilia).</b> THE MINISTRY +OF DEACONESSES. With an Introduction +by the late Archbishop of Canterbury. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robinson (F. S.).</b> See Connoisseur’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Rochefoucauld (La).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Rodwell (G.)</b>, B.A. NEW TESTAMENT +GREEK. A Course for Beginners. With +a Preface by <span class="smcap">Walter Lock</span>, D.D., Warden +of Keble College. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Roe (Fred).</b> OLD OAK FURNITURE. With +many Illustrations by the Author, including +a frontispiece in colour. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rogers (A. G. L.)</b>, M.A. See Books on +Business.</p> + +<p><b>Romney (George).</b> See Little Galleries.</p> + +<p><b>Roscoe (E. S.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Rose (Edward).</b> THE ROSE READER. +Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Also in 4 +Parts. Parts I. and II. 6d. each; Part +III. 8d.; Part IV. 10d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rose (G. H.).</b> See <b>Hey (H.)</b>, and <b>Baring-Gould +(S)</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Rowntree (Joshua).</b> THE IMPERIAL +DRUG TRADE. <span class="smcap">A Re-Statement of +the Opium Question.</span> <i>Third Edition +Revised. Cr. 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Royde-Smith (N. G.).</b> THE PILLOW +BOOK: <span class="smcap">A Garner of Many Moods.</span> +Collected by. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>POETS OF OUR DAY. Selected, +with an Introduction, by. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rubie (A. E.)</b>, D.D. See Junior School +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Russell (Archibald G. B.).</b> See Blake +(William).</p> + +<p><b>Russell (W. Clark).</b> THE LIFE OF +ADMIRAL LORD COLLINGWOOD. +With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">F. Brangwyn</span>. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ryley (M. Beresford).</b> QUEENS OF +THE RENAISSANCE. With 24 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sainsbury (Harrington)</b>, M.D., F.R.C.P. +PRINCIPIA THERAPEUTICA. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>St. Anselm.</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>St. Augustine.</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>St. Bernard.</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>St. Cyres (Viscount).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>St. Francis of Assisi.</b> THE LITTLE +FLOWERS OF THE GLORIOUS +MESSER, AND OF HIS FRIARS. +Done into English, with Notes by <span class="smcap">William +Heywood</span>. With 40 Illustrations from +Italian Painters. <i>Demy 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Wheldon (F. W.), Library of +Devotion and Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>St. Francis de Sales.</b> See Library of +Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>‘Saki’ (H. Munro).</b> REGINALD. <i>Second +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Salmon (A. L.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Sathas (C.).</b> See Byzantine Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Schmitt (John).</b> See Byzantine Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Schofield (A. T.)</b>, M.D., Hon. Phys. Freidenham +Hospital. FUNCTIONAL NERVE +DISEASES. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Scott (A. M.).</b> WINSTON SPENCER +CHURCHILL. With Portraits and Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Scudamore (Cyril).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Sélincourt (E. de).</b> See Keats (John).</p> + +<p><b>Sells (V. P.)</b>, M.A. THE MECHANICS +OF DAILY LIFE. Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Selous (Edmund).</b> TOMMY SMITH’S +ANIMALS. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">G. W. Ord</span>. +<i>Tenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><i>School Edition, 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>TOMMY SMITH’S OTHER ANIMALS. +Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Augusta Guest</span>. <i>Fourth +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><i>School Edition, 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Senter (George)</b>, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. +See Textbooks of Science.</p> + +<p><b>Shakespeare (William).</b></p> + +<p>THE FOUR FOLIOS, 1623; 1632; 1664; +1685. Each £4, 4s. <i>net</i>, or a complete set, +£12, 12s. <i>net</i>.</p> + +<p class="note">Folios 3 and 4 are ready.</p> + +<p>Folio 2 is nearly ready.</p> + +<p>THE POEMS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. +With an Introduction and Notes +by <span class="smcap">George Wyndham</span>. <i>Demy 8vo. Buckram, +gilt top, 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Arden Shakespeare, Standard +Library and Little Quarto Shakespeare.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_18">[18]</span></p> + +<p><b>Sharp (A.).</b> VICTORIAN POETS. <i>Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sharp (Cecil).</b> See Baring-Gould (S.).</p> + +<p><b>Sharp (Elizabeth).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Shedlock (J. S.).</b> THE PIANOFORTE +SONATA. <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shelley (Percy B.).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Sheppard (H. F.)</b>, M.A. See Baring-Gould +(S.).</p> + +<p><b>Sherwell (Arthur)</b>, M.A. LIFE IN WEST +LONDON. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shipley (Mary E.).</b> AN ENGLISH +CHURCH HISTORY FOR CHILDREN. +With a Preface by the Bishop of +Gibraltar. With Maps and Illustrations. +Part I. Cr. <i>8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sichel (Walter).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Sidgwick (Mrs. Alfred).</b> HOME LIFE +IN GERMANY. With 16 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Sime (John).</b> See Little Books on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Simonson (G. A.).</b> FRANCESCO +GUARDI. With 41 Plates. <i>Imperial +4to. £2, 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sketchley (R. E. D.).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Skipton (H. P. K.).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Sladen (Douglas).</b> SICILY: The New +Winter Resort. With over 200 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Small (Evan)</b>, M.A. THE EARTH. An +Introduction to Physiography. Illustrated. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smallwood (M. G.).</b> See Little Books on +Art.</p> + +<p><b>Smedley (F. E.).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Smith (Adam).</b> THE WEALTH OF +NATIONS. Edited with an Introduction +and numerous Notes by <span class="smcap">Edwin Cannan</span>, +M.A. <i>Two volumes. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith (H. Clifford).</b> See Connoisseur’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Smith (Horace and James).</b> See Little +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Smith (H. Bompas)</b>, M.A. A NEW +JUNIOR ARITHMETIC. <i>Crown 8vo.</i> +Without Answers, <i>2s.</i> With Answers, <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith (R. Mudle).</b> THOUGHTS FOR +THE DAY. Edited by. <i>Fcap. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith (Nowell C.).</b> See Wordsworth (W).</p> + +<p><b>Smith (John Thomas).</b> A BOOK FOR +A RAINY DAY: Or, Recollections of the +Events of the Years 1766-1833. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Wilfred Whitten</span>. Illustrated. <i>Wide +Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Snell (F. J.).</b> A BOOK OF EXMOOR. +Illustrated. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Snowden (C. E.).</b> A HANDY DIGEST OF +BRITISH HISTORY. <i>Demy 8vo. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sophocles.</b> See Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Sornet (L. A.)</b>, and <b>Acatos (M. J.)</b>. See +Junior School Books.</p> + +<p><b>South (E. Wilton)</b>, M.A. See Junior School +Books.</p> + +<p><b>Southey (R.).</b> ENGLISH SEAMEN. +Edited by <span class="smcap">David Hannay</span>.</p> + +<p class="note">Vol. <span class="allsmcap">I</span>. (Howard, Clifford, Hawkins, +Drake, Cavendish). <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>Vol. <span class="allsmcap">II</span>. (Richard Hawkins. Grenville, +Essex, and Raleigh). <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>See also Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Spence (C. H.)</b>, M.A. See School Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Spicer (A. Dykes)</b>, M.A. THE PAPER +TRADE. A Descriptive and Historical +Survey. With Diagrams and Plans. <i>Demy +8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Spooner (W. A.)</b>, M.A. See Leaders of +Religion.</p> + +<p><b>Spragge (W. Horton)</b>, M.A. See Junior +School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Staley (Edgcumbe).</b> THE GUILDS OF +FLORENCE. Illustrated. <i>Second Edition. +Royal 8vo. 16s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stanbridge (J. W.)</b>, B.D. See Library of +Devotion.</p> + +<p>‘<b>Stancliffe.</b>’ GOLF DO’S AND DONT’S +<i>Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stead (D. W.).</b> See Gallaher (D.).</p> + +<p><b>Stedman (A. M. M.)</b>, M.A.</p> + +<p>INITIA LATINA: Easy Lessons on Elementary +Accidence. <i>Tenth Edition. Fcap. +8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>FIRST LATIN LESSONS. <i>Eleventh Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p>FIRST LATIN READER. With Notes +adapted to the Shorter Latin Primer and +Vocabulary. <i>Seventh Edition. 18mo. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EASY SELECTIONS FROM CÆSAR. +The Helvetian War. <i>Third Edition. +18mo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>EASY SELECTIONS FROM LIVY. The +Kings of Rome. <i>Second Edition. 18mo. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EASY LATIN PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. <i>Twelfth Ed. Fcap. +8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EXEMPLA LATINA. First Exercises +in Latin Accidence. With Vocabulary. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>EASY LATIN EXERCISES ON THE +SYNTAX OF THE SHORTER AND +REVISED LATIN PRIMER. With +Vocabulary. <i>Twelfth and Cheaper Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d. Original Edition. 2s. 6d.</i> +<span class="smcap">Key</span>, <i>3s. net</i>.</p> + +<p>THE LATIN COMPOUND SENTENCE: +Rules and Exercises. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i> With Vocabulary. <i>2s.</i></p> + +<p>NOTANDA QUAEDAM: Miscellaneous +Latin Exercises on Common Rules and +Idioms. <i>Fifth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i> +With Vocabulary, <i>2s.</i> <span class="smcap">Key</span>, <i>2s. net</i>.</p> + +<p>LATIN VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION: +Arranged according to Subjects. +<i>Fifteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A VOCABULARY OF LATIN IDIOMS. +<i>18mo. Fourth Edition. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>STEPS TO GREEK. <i>Third Edition, revised. +18mo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_19">[19]</span></p> + +<p>A SHORTER GREEK PRIMER. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EASY GREEK PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. <i>Fourth Edition, revised. +Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>GREEK VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION. +Arranged according to Subjects. +<i>Fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>GREEK TESTAMENT SELECTIONS. +For the use of Schools. With Introduction, +Notes, and Vocabulary. <i>Fourth +Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>STEPS TO FRENCH. <i>Eighth Edition. +18mo. 8d.</i></p> + +<p>FIRST FRENCH LESSONS. <i>Eighth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p>EASY FRENCH PASSAGES FOR UNSEEN +TRANSLATION. <i>Sixth Edition. +Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>EASY FRENCH EXERCISES ON ELEMENTARY +SYNTAX. With Vocabulary. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i> +<span class="smcap">Key</span>, <i>3s. net.</i></p> + +<p>FRENCH VOCABULARIES FOR REPETITION: +Arranged according to Subjects. +<i>Thirteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also School Examination Series.</p> + +<p><b>Steel (R. Elliott)</b>, M.A., F.C.S. THE +WORLD OF SCIENCE. With 147 +Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also School Examination Series.</p> + +<p><b>Stephenson (C.)</b>, of the Technical College, +Bradford, and <b>Suddards (F.)</b> of the +Yorkshire College, Leeds. A TEXTBOOK +DEALING WITH ORNAMENTAL +DESIGN FOR WOVEN FABRICS. With +66 full-page Plates and numerous Diagrams +in the Text. <i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. +7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stephenson (J.)</b>, M.A. THE CHIEF +TRUTHS OF THE CHRISTIAN +FAITH. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sterne (Laurence).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Steuart (Katherine).</b> BY ALLAN +WATER. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>RICHARD KENNOWAY AND HIS +FRIENDS. A Sequel to ‘By Allan +Water.’ <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevenson (R. L.).</b> THE LETTERS OF +ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO +HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS. +Selected and Edited by <span class="smcap">Sidney Colvin</span>. +<i>Third Edition. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo. 12s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Library Edition.</span> <i>2 vols. Demy 8vo. 25s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>VAILIMA LETTERS. With an Etched +Portrait by <span class="smcap">William Strang</span>. <i>Sixth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. Buckram. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE LIFE OF R. L. STEVENSON. See +Balfour (G.).</p> + +<p><b>Stevenson (M. I.).</b> FROM SARANAC +TO THE MARQUESAS. Being Letters +written by Mrs. <span class="smcap">M. I. Stevenson</span> during +1887-8. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>LETTERS FROM SAMOA, 1891-95. Edited +and arranged by <span class="smcap">M. C. Balfour</span>. With +many Illustrations. <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Stoddart (Anna M.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Stokes (F. G.)</b>, B.A. HOURS WITH +RABELAIS. From the translation of <span class="smcap">Sir +T. Urquhart</span> and <span class="smcap">P. A. Motteux</span>. With +a Portrait in Photogravure. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stone (S. J.).</b> POEMS AND HYMNS. +With a Memoir by <span class="smcap">F. G. Ellerton</span>, +M.A. With Portrait. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Storr (Vernon F.)</b>, M.A., Canon of Winchester. +DEVELOPMENT AND +DIVINE PURPOSE <i>Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Story (Alfred T.).</b> AMERICAN +SHRINES IN ENGLAND. With many +Illustrations, including two in Colour by +<span class="smcap">A. R. Quinton</span>. <i>Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Straker (F.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Streane (A. W.)</b>, D.D. See Churchman’s +Bible.</p> + +<p><b>Streatfeild (R. A.).</b> MODERN MUSIC +AND MUSICIANS. With 24 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stroud (Henry)</b>, D.Sc., M.A. ELEMENTARY +PRACTICAL PHYSICS. With +115 Diagrams. <i>Second Edit., revised. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sturch (F.)</b>, Staff Instructor to the Surrey +County Council. MANUAL TRAINING +DRAWING (WOODWORK). With +Solutions to Examination Questions, Orthographic, +Isometric and Oblique Projection. +With 50 Plates and 140 Figures. <i>Foolscap. +5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Suddards (F.).</b> See Stephenson (C.).</p> + +<p><b>Surtees (R. S.).</b> See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Sutherland (William).</b> OLD AGE PENSIONS +IN THEORY AND PRACTICE, +<span class="smcap">with some Foreign Examples</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Symes (J. E.)</b>, M.A. THE FRENCH +REVOLUTION. <i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sympson (E. Mansel)</b>, M.A., M.D. See +Ancient Cities.</p> + +<p><b>Tabor (Margaret E.).</b> THE SAINTS IN +ART. With 20 Illustrations. <i>Fcap. 8vo. +3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tacitus.</b> AGRICOLA. Edited by <span class="smcap">R. F. +Davis</span>, M.A. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p>GERMANIA. By the same Editor. <i>Fcap. +8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Classical Translations.</p> + +<p><b>Tallack (W.).</b> HOWARD LETTERS AND +MEMORIES. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tatham (Frederick).</b> See Blake (William).</p> + +<p><b>Tauler (J.).</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Taylor (A. E.).</b> THE ELEMENTS OF +METAPHYSICS. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Taylor (F. G.)</b>, M.A. See Commercial Series.</p> + +<p><b>Taylor (I. A.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Taylor (John W.).</b> THE COMING OF +THE SAINTS. With 26 Illustrations. +<i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_20">[20]</span></p> + +<p><b>Taylor (T. M.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Gonville +and Caius College, Cambridge. A CONSTITUTIONAL +AND POLITICAL +HISTORY OF ROME. To the Reign of +Domitian. <i>Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Teasdale-Buckell (G. T.).</b> THE COMPLETE +SHOT. With 53 Illustrations. +<i>Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Tennyson (Alfred, Lord).</b> EARLY +POEMS. Edited, with Notes and an +Introduction, by <span class="smcap">J. Churton Collins</span>, +M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>IN MEMORIAM, MAUD, AND THE +PRINCESS. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Churton +Collins</span>, M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Terry (C. S.).</b> See Oxford Biographies.</p> + +<p><b>Thackeray (W. M.).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Theobald (F. V.)</b>, M.A. INSECT LIFE. +Illustrated. <i>Second Edition Revised. Cr. +8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thibaudeau (A. C.).</b> BONAPARTE AND +THE CONSULATE. Translated and +Edited by <span class="smcap">G. K. Fortesque</span>, LL.D. With +12 Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thompson (A. H.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson (A. P.).</b> See Textbooks of +Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Tilleston (Mary W.).</b> DAILY STRENGTH +FOR DAILY NEEDS. <i>Fourteenth Edition. +Medium 16mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i> Also an +edition in superior binding, <i>6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tompkins (H. W.)</b>, F.R.H.S. See Little +Books on Art and Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Townley (Lady Susan).</b> MY CHINESE +NOTE-BOOK. With 16 Illustrations and +2 Maps. <i>Third Ed. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Toynbee (Paget)</b>, M.A., D.Litt. IN THE +FOOTPRINTS OF DANTE. A Treasury +of Verse and Prose from the works of +Dante. <i>Small Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Oxford Biographies and Dante.</p> + +<p><b>Trench (Herbert).</b> DEIRDRE WEDDED +AND OTHER POEMS. <i>Second and +Revised Edition. Large Post 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>NEW POEMS. <i>Second Edition. Large +Post 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Trevelyan (G. M.)</b>, Fellow of Trinity College, +Cambridge. ENGLAND UNDER THE +STUARTS. With Maps and Plans. <i>Third +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Troutbeck (G. E.).</b> See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Tyler (E. A.)</b>, B.A., F.C.S. See Junior +School Books.</p> + +<p><b>Tyrrell-Gill (Frances).</b> See Little Books +on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Vardon (Harry).</b> THE COMPLETE +GOLFER. With 63 Illustrations. <i>Ninth +Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Vaughan (Henry).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Vaughan (Herbert M.)</b>, B.A. (Oxon.). THE +LAST OF THE ROYAL STUARTS, +HENRY STUART, CARDINAL, +DUKE OF YORK. With 20 Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p>THE NAPLES RIVIERA. With 25 Illustrations +in Colour by <span class="smcap">Maurice Greiffenhagen</span>. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vernon (Hon. W. Warren)</b>, M.A. READINGS +ON THE INFERNO OF DANTE. +With an Introduction by the Rev. Dr. +<span class="smcap">Moore</span>. <i>In Two Volumes. Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p>READINGS ON THE PURGATORIO +OF DANTE. With an Introduction by +the late <span class="smcap">Dean Church</span>. <i>In Two Volumes. +Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vincent (J. E.).</b> THROUGH EAST +ANGLIA IN A MOTOR CAR. With +16 Illustrations in Colour by <span class="smcap">Frank Southgate</span>, +R.B.A., and a Map. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Voegelin (A.)</b>, M.A. See Junior Examination +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Waddell (Col. L. A.)</b>, LL.D., C.B. LHASA +AND ITS MYSTERIES. With a Record +of the Expedition of 1903-1904. With 155 +Illustrations and Maps. <i>Third and +Cheaper Edition. Medium 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wade (G. W.)</b>, D.D. OLD TESTAMENT +HISTORY. With Maps. <i>Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wade (G. W.)</b>, D.D., and <b>Wade (J. H.)</b>, +M.A. See Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Wagner (Richard).</b> RICHARD WAGNER’S +MUSIC DRAMAS: Interpretations, +embodying Wagner’s own explanations. +By <span class="smcap">Alice Leighton Cleather</span> +and <span class="smcap">Basil Crump</span>. <i>In Three Volumes. +Fcap 8vo. 2s. 6d. each.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><span class="smcap">Vol I.</span>—<span class="smcap">The Ring of the Nibelung.</span> +<i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. II.</span>—<span class="smcap">Parsifal</span>, <span class="smcap">Lohengrin</span>, and +<span class="smcap">The Holy Grail</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vol. III.</span>—<span class="smcap">Tristan and Isolde.</span></p> + +<p><b>Walkley (A. B.).</b> DRAMA AND LIFE. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wall (J. C.).</b> See Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Wallace-Hadrill (F.)</b>, Second Master at +Herne Bay College. REVISION NOTES +ON ENGLISH HISTORY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walters (H. B.).</b> See Little Books on Art +and Classics of Art.</p> + +<p><b>Walton (F. W.).</b> See School Histories.</p> + +<p><b>Walton (Izaak)</b> and <b>Cotton (Charles)</b>. +See I.P.L.</p> + +<p><b>Walton (Izaak).</b> See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Waterhouse (Elizabeth).</b> WITH THE +SIMPLE-HEARTED: Little Homilies to +Women in Country Places. <i>Second Edition. +Small Pott 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Watt (Francis).</b> See Henderson (T. F.).</p> + +<p><b>Weatherhead (T. C.)</b>, M.A. EXAMINATION +PAPERS IN HORACE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Junior Examination Series.</p> + +<p><b>Webber (F. C.).</b> See Textbooks of Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Weir (Archibald)</b>, M.A. AN INTRODUCTION +TO THE HISTORY OF +MODERN EUROPE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wells (Sidney H.).</b> See Textbooks of Science.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_21">[21]</span></p> + +<p><b>Wells (J.)</b>, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Wadham +College. OXFORD AND OXFORD +LIFE. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A SHORT HISTORY OF ROME. <i>Eighth +Edition.</i> With 3 Maps. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Guides.</p> + +<p><b>Wesley (John).</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Wheldon (F. W.).</b> A LITTLE BROTHER +TO THE BIRDS. The life-story of St. +Francis retold for children. With 15 Illustrations, +7 of which are by <span class="smcap">A. H. Buckland</span>. +<i>Large Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whibley (C.).</b> See Henley (W. E.).</p> + +<p><b>Whibley (L.)</b>, M.A., Fellow of Pembroke +College, Cambridge. GREEK OLIGARCHIES: +THEIR ORGANISATION +AND CHARACTER. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whitaker (G. H.)</b>, M.A. See Churchman’s Bible.</p> + +<p><b>White (Gilbert).</b> See Standard Library.</p> + +<p><b>Whitfield (E. E.)</b>, M.A. See Commercial +Series.</p> + +<p><b>Whitehead (A. W.).</b> GASPARD DE +COLIGNY, <span class="smcap">Admiral of France</span>. +With Illustrations and Plans. <i>Demy 8vo. +12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whiteley (R. Lloyd)</b>, F.I.C., Principal of +the Municipal Science School, West Bromwich. +AN ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK +OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whitley (Miss).</b> See Dilke (Lady).</p> + +<p><b>Whitling (Miss L.)</b>, late Staff Teacher of +the National Training School of Cookery. +THE COMPLETE COOK. With 42 +Illustrations. <i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Whitten (W.).</b> See Smith (John Thomas).</p> + +<p><b>Whyte (A. G.)</b>, B.Sc. See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Wilberforce (Wilfrid).</b> See Little Books +on Art.</p> + +<p><b>Wilde (Oscar).</b> DE PROFUNDIS. +<i>Eleventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 5s. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE WORKS.</p> + +<p class="note"><i>A Uniform Edition. Demy 8vo. +12s. 6d. net each volume.</i></p> + +<p>THE DUCHESS OF PADUA: A Play.</p> + +<p>POEMS.</p> + +<p>INTENTIONS and THE SOUL OF MAN.</p> + +<p>SALOMÉ. A FLORENTINE TRAGEDY, +and VERA; or, THE +NIHILISTS.</p> + +<p>LADY WINDERMERE’S FAN: A Play +about a Good Woman.</p> + +<p>A WOMAN OF NO IMPORTANCE: +A Play.</p> + +<p>AN IDEAL HUSBAND: A Play.</p> + +<p>THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST: +A Trivial Comedy for Serious People.</p> + +<p>A HOUSE OF POMEGRANATES, THE +HAPPY PRINCE, and OTHER TALES.</p> + +<p>LORD ARTHUR SAVILE’S CRIME and +OTHER PROSE PIECES.</p> + +<p>DE PROFUNDIS.</p> + +<p><b>Wilkins (W. H.)</b>, B.A. THE ALIEN +INVASION. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Williams (A.).</b> PETROL PETER: or +Pretty Stories and Funny Pictures. Illustrated +in Colour by <span class="smcap">A. W. Mills</span>. <i>Demy +4to. 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Williamson (M. G.)</b>, M.A. See Ancient +Cities.</p> + +<p><b>Williamson (W.)</b>, B.A. See Junior Examination +Series, Junior School Books, and +Beginner’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot-Buxton (E. M.).</b> MAKERS OF +EUROPE. Outlines of European History +for the Middle Forms of Schools. With 12 +Maps. <i>Ninth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE ANCIENT WORLD. With Maps and +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A BOOK OF NOBLE WOMEN. With +16 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN: +<span class="smcap">from the Coming of the Angles to +the Year 1870</span>. With 20 Maps. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Beginner’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson (Bishop.).</b> See Library of Devotion.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson (A. J.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson (H. A.).</b> See Books on Business.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson (J. A.).</b> See Simplified French Texts.</p> + +<p><b>Wilton (Richard)</b>, M.A. LYRA PASTORALIS: +Songs of Nature, Church, and +Home. <i>Pott. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Winbolt (S. E.)</b>, M.A. EXERCISES IN +LATIN ACCIDENCE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>LATIN HEXAMETER VERSE: An Aid +to Composition. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i> <span class="smcap">Key</span>, <i>5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Windle (B. C. A.)</b>, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.S.A. See +Antiquary’s Books, Little Guides, Ancient +Cities, and School Histories.</p> + +<p><b>Winterbotham (Canon)</b>, M.A., B.Sc., +LL.B. See Churchman’s Library.</p> + +<p><b>Wood (Sir Evelyn)</b>, F.-M., V.C., G.C.B., +G.C.M.G. FROM MIDSHIPMAN TO +FIELD-MARSHAL. With Illustrations, +and 29 Maps. <i>Fifth and Cheaper Edition. +Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Wood (J. A. E.).</b> See Textbooks of +Technology.</p> + +<p><b>Wood (J. Hickory).</b> DAN LENO. Illustrated. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Wood (W. Birkbeck)</b>, M.A., late Scholar of +Worcester College, Oxford, and <b>Edmonds +(Major J. E.)</b>, R.E., D.A.Q.-M.G. A +HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN +THE UNITED STATES. With an +Introduction by <span class="smcap">H. Spenser Wilkinson</span>. +With 24 Maps and Plans. <i>Second Edition. +Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wordsworth (Christopher)</b>, M.A. See +Antiquary’s Books.</p> + +<p><b>Wordsworth (W.).</b> THE POEMS OF. +With an Introduction and Notes by +<span class="smcap">Nowell C. Smith</span>, late Fellow of New +College, Oxford. <i>In Three Volumes. +Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p>POEMS BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. +Selected with an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Stopford</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_22">[22]</span></p> + +<p><b>A. Brooke.</b> With 40 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">E. +H. New</span>, including a Frontispiece in +Photogravure. <i>Cr. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">See also Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Wordsworth (W.)</b> and <b>Coleridge (S. T.)</b>. +See Little Library.</p> + +<p><b>Wright (Arthur)</b>, D.D., Fellow of Queen’s +College, Cambridge. See Churchman’s +Library.</p> + +<p><b>Wright (C. Gordon).</b> See Dante.</p> + +<p><b>Wright (J. C.).</b> TO-DAY. Thoughts on +Life for every day. <i>Demy 16mo. 1s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wright (Sophie).</b> GERMAN VOCABULARIES +FOR REPETITION. <i>Fcap. 8vo. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wyatt (Kate M.).</b> See Gloag (M. R.).</p> + +<p><b>Wylde (A. B.).</b> MODERN ABYSSINIA. +With a Map and a Portrait. <i>Demy 8vo. +15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wyllie (M. A.).</b> NORWAY AND ITS +FJORDS. With 16 Illustrations, in Colour +by <span class="smcap">W. L. Wyllie</span>, R.A., and 17 other +Illustrations. <i>Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p><b>Wyndham (George).</b> See Shakespeare +(William).</p> + +<p><b>Wyon (R.)</b> and <b>Prance (G.)</b>. THE LAND +OF THE BLACK MOUNTAIN. With +51 Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Yeats (W. B.).</b> A BOOK OF IRISH +VERSE. <i>Revised and Enlarged Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Young (Filson).</b> THE COMPLETE +MOTORIST. With 138 Illustrations. +<i>New Edition (Seventh), with many additions. +Demy. 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="note">A Colonial Edition is also published.</p> + +<p>THE JOY OF THE ROAD: An Appreciation +of the Motor Car. With a Frontispiece +in Photogravure. <i>Small Demy 8vo. +5s. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Young (T. M.).</b> THE AMERICAN +COTTON INDUSTRY: A Study of +Work and Workers. <i>Cr. 8vo. Cloth, 2s. 6d.; +paper boards, 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Zimmern (Antonia).</b> WHAT DO WE +KNOW CONCERNING ELECTRICITY? +<i>Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<h4>Ancient Cities</h4> + +<p class="center">General Editor, B. C. A. WINDLE, D.Sc., F.R.S.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chester.</span> By B. C. A. Windle, D.Sc. F.R.S. +Illustrated by E. H. New.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shrewsbury.</span> By T. Auden, M.A., F.S.A. +Illustrated by Katharine M. Roberts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Canterbury.</span> By J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A. +Illustrated by B. C. Boulter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edinburgh.</span> By M. G. Williamson, M.A. +Illustrated by Herbert Railton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lincoln.</span> By E. Mansel Sympson, M.A., +M.D. Illustrated by E. H. New.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bristol.</span> By Alfred Harvey, M.B. Illustrated +by E. H. New.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dublin.</span> By S. A. O. Fitzpatrick. Illustrated +by W. C. Green.</p> + +<h4>The Antiquary’s Books</h4> + +<p class="center">General Editor, J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Monastic Life.</span> By the Right +Rev. Abbot Gasquet, O.S.B. Illustrated. +<i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remains of the Prehistoric Age in +England.</span> By B. C. A. Windle, D.Sc., +F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations and +Plans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Old Service Books of the English +Church.</span> By Christopher Wordsworth, +M.A., and Henry Littlehales. With +Coloured and other Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian +Times.</span> By J. Romilly Allen, F.S.A. +With numerous Illustrations and Plans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Archæology and False Antiquities.</span> +By R. Munro, LL.D. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shrines of British Saints.</span> By J. C. Wall. +With numerous Illustrations and Plans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Royal Forests of England.</span> By J. +C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Manor and Manorial Records.</span> +By Nathaniel J. Hone. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Seals.</span> By J. Harvey Bloom. +Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Bells of England.</span> By Canon J. J. +Raven, D.D., F.S.A. With Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Parish Life in Mediæval England.</span> By +the Right Rev. Abbott Gasquet, O.S.B. +With many Illustrations. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Domesday Inquest.</span> By Adolphus +Ballard, B.A., LL.B. With 27 Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Brasses of England.</span> By Herbert +W. Macklin, M.A. With many Illustrations. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Church Furniture.</span> By J. C. Cox, +LL.D., F.S.A., and A. Harvey, M.B. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Folk-Lore as an Historical Science.</span> By +G. L. Gomme. With many Illustrations.</p> + +<p>*<span class="smcap">English Costume.</span> By George Clinch, F.G.S. +With many Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_23">[23]</span></p> + +<h4>The Arden Shakespeare</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d. net each volume.</i></p> + +<p class="center">An edition of Shakespeare in single Plays. Edited with a full Introduction, Textual +Notes, and a Commentary at the foot of the page.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hamlet.</span> Edited by Edward Dowden.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Romeo and Juliet.</span> Edited by Edward +Dowden.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Lear.</span> Edited by W. J. Craig.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Julius Cæsar.</span> Edited by M. Macmillan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tempest.</span> Edited by Moreton Luce.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Othello.</span> Edited by H. C. Hart.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Titus Andronicus.</span> Edited by H. B. Baildon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cymbeline.</span> Edited by Edward Dowden.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Merry Wives of Windsor.</span> Edited by +H. C. Hart.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Midsummer Night’s Dream.</span> Edited by +H. Cuningham.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Henry V.</span> Edited by H. A. Evans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">All’s Well That Ends Well.</span> Edited by +W. O. Brigstocke.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Taming of the Shrew.</span> Edited by +R. Warwick Bond.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Timon of Athens.</span> Edited by K. Deighton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Measure for Measure.</span> Edited by H. C. +Hart.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Twelfth Night.</span> Edited by Moreton Luce.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Merchant of Venice.</span> Edited by +C. Knox Pooler.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Troilus and Cressida.</span> Edited by K. +Deighton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Two Gentlemen of Verona.</span> Edited +by R. Warwick Bond.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Antony and Cleopatra.</span> Edited by R. H. +Case.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Love’s Labour’s Lost.</span> Edited by H. C. +Hart.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pericles.</span> Edited by K. Deighton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Richard III.</span> Edited by A. H. +Thompson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life and Death of King John.</span> Edited +by Ivor B. John.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Comedy of Errors.</span> Edited by Henry +Cuningham.</p> + +<h4>The Beginner’s Books</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by W. WILLIAMSON, B.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Easy French Rhymes.</span> By Henri Blouet. +<i>Second Edition.</i> Illustrated. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Easy Stories from English History.</span> By +E. M. Wilmot-Buxton. <i>Fourth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Stories from Roman History.</span> By E. M. +Wilmot-Buxton. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A First History of Greece.</span> By E. E. Firth. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Easy Exercises in Arithmetic.</span> Arranged +by W. S. Beard. <i>Third Edition. Fcap. +8vo.</i> Without Answers, <i>1s.</i> With Answers, +<i>1s. 3d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Easy Dictation and Spelling.</span> By W. +Williamson, B.A. <i>Sixth Ed. Fcap. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Easy Poetry Book.</span> Selected and +arranged by W. Williamson, B.A. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<h4>Books on Business</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ports and Docks.</span> By Douglas Owen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Railways.</span> By E. R. McDermott.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Stock Exchange.</span> By Chas. Duguid. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Business of Insurance.</span> By A. J. +Wilson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Electrical Industry: Lighting, +Traction, and Power.</span> By A. G. Whyte, +B.Sc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Shipbuilding Industry</span>: Its History, +Practice, Science, and Finance. By David +Pollock, M.I.N.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Money Market.</span> By F. Straker.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Business Side of Agriculture.</span> By +A. G. L. Rogers, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Law in Business.</span> By H. A. Wilson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Brewing Industry.</span> By Julian L. +Baker, F.I.C., F.C.S. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Automobile Industry.</span> By G. de +Holden-Stone.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mining and Mining Investments.</span> By +‘A. Moil.’</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Business of Advertising.</span> By Clarence +G. Moran, Barrister-at-Law. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Trade Unions.</span> By G. Drage.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Civil Engineering.</span> By T. Claxton Fidler, +M.Inst. C.E. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Iron Trade of Great Britain.</span> By +J. Stephen Jeans. Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Monopolies, Trusts, and Kartells.</span> By +F. W. Hirst.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Cotton Industry and Trade.</span> By +Prof. S. J. Chapman, Dean of the Faculty +of Commerce in the University of Manchester. +Illustrated.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_24">[24]</span></p> + +<h4>Byzantine Texts</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by J. B. BURY, M.A., Litt.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Syriac Chronicle known as that of +Zachariah of Mitylene.</span> Translated by +F. J. Hamilton, D.D., and E. W. Brooks. +<i>Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Evagrius.</span> Edited by L. Bidez and Léon +Parmentier. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The History of Psellus.</span> Edited by C. +Sathas. <i>Demy 8vo. 15s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ecthesis Chronica and Chronicon Athenarum.</span> +Edited by Professor S. P. 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Barnes, D.D. +<i>Two Volumes.</i> With Map. <i>2s. net each.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to +the Ephesians.</span> Explained by G. H. Whitaker, +M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel According to St. Mark.</span> +Explained by J. C. Du Buisson, M.A. +<i>2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to +the Colossians and Philemon.</span> Explained +by H. J. C. Knight. <i>2s. net.</i></p> + +<h4>The Churchman’s Library</h4> + +<p class="center">General Editor, J. H. BURN, B.D., F.R.S.E.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. each.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Beginnings of English Christianity.</span> +By W. E. Collins, M.A. With Map.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Kingdom of Heaven Here and Hereafter.</span> +By Canon Winterbotham, M.A., +B.Sc., LL.B.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Workmanship of the Prayer Book</span>: +Its Literary and Liturgical Aspects. By J. +Dowden, D.D. <i>Second Edition, Revised +and Enlarged.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Evolution.</span> By F. B. Jevons, M.A., Litt.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Some New Testament Problems.</span> By +Arthur Wright, D.D. <i>6s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Churchman’s Introduction to the +Old Testament.</span> By A. M. Mackay, B.A. +<i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comparative Theology.</span> By J. A. MacCulloch. +<i>6s.</i></p> + +<h4>Classical Translations</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æschylus</span>—The Oresteian Trilogy (Agamemnon, +Choëphoroe, Eumenides). Translated +by Lewis Campbell, LL.D. <i>5s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cicero</span>—De Oratore I. Translated by E. N. +P. Moor, M.A. <i>Second Edition. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cicero</span>—The Speeches against Cataline and +Antony and for Murena and Milo. Translated +by H. E. D. Blakiston, M.A. <i>5s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cicero</span>—De Natura Deorum. Translated by +F. Brooks, M.A. <i>3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cicero</span>—De Officiis. Translated by G. B. +Gardiner, M.A. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Horace</span>—The Odes and Epodes. Translated +by A. D. Godley, M.A. <i>2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lucian</span>—Six Dialogues. Translated by S. T. +Irwin, M.A. <i>3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sophocles</span>—Ajax and Electra. Translated by +E. D. Morshead, M.A. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tacitus</span>—Agricola and Germania. Translated +by R. B. Townshend. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Juvenal</span>—Thirteen Satires. Translated by +S. G. Owen, M.A. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<h4>Classics of Art</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by <span class="smcap">Dr.</span> J. H. W. LAING</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Art of the Greeks.</span> By H. B. Walters. +With 112 Plates and 18 Illustrations in the +Text. <i>Wide Royal 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Velazquez.</span> By A. de Beruete. With 94 +Plates. <i>Wide Royal 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_25">[25]</span></p> + +<h4>Commercial Series</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Crown 8vo.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Commerce and Colonies from +Elizabeth to Victoria.</span> By H. de B. +Gibbins, Litt.D., M.A. <i>Third Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commercial Examination Papers.</span> By H. +de B. Gibbins, Litt.D., M.A. <i>1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Economics of Commerce.</span> By H. de +B. Gibbins, Litt.D., M.A. <i>Second Edition. +1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A German Commercial Reader.</span> By S. E. +Bally. With Vocabulary. <i>2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Commercial Geography of the British +Empire.</span> By L. W. Lyde, M.A. <i>Sixth +Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Commercial Geography of Foreign +Nations.</span> By F. C. Boon, B.A. <i>2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Primer of Business.</span> By S. Jackson, +M.A. <i>Fourth Edition. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Short Commercial Arithmetic.</span> By F. +G. Taylor, M.A. <i>Fourth Edition. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">French Commercial Correspondence.</span> By +S. E. Bally. With Vocabulary. <i>Third +Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">German Commercial Correspondence.</span> By +S. E. Bally. With Vocabulary. <i>Second +Edition. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A French Commercial Reader.</span> By S. E. +Bally. With Vocabulary. <i>Second Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Precis Writing and Office Correspondence.</span> +By E. E. Whitfield, M.A. <i>Second +Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Entrance Guide to Professions and +Business.</span> By H. Jones. <i>1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Principles of Book-keeping by Double +Entry.</span> By J. E. B. M’Allen, M.A. <i>2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Commercial Law.</span> By W. Douglas Edwards. +<i>Second Edition. 2s.</i></p> + +<h4>The Connoisseur’s Library</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Wide Royal 8vo. 25s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mezzotints.</span> By Cyril Davenport. With 40 +Plates in Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Porcelain.</span> By Edward Dillon. With 19 +Plates in Colour, 20 in Collotype, and 5 in +Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miniatures.</span> By Dudley Heath. With 9 +Plates in Colour, 15 in Collotype, and 15 in +Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ivories.</span> By A. Maskell. With 80 Plates in +Collotype and Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Furniture.</span> By F. S. Robinson. +With 160 Plates in Collotype and one in +Photogravure. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">English Coloured Books.</span> By Martin +Hardie. With 28 Illustrations in Colour +and Collotype.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">European Enamels.</span> By Henry H. Cunynghame, +C.B. With 54 Plates in Collotype +and Half-tone and 4 Plates in Colour.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldsmiths’ and Silversmiths’ Work.</span> By +Nelson Dawson. With many Plates in +Collotype and a Frontispiece in Photogravure. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Glass.</span> By Edward Dillon. With 37 Illustrations +in Collotype and 12 in Colour.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Seals.</span> By Walter de Gray Birch. With 52 +Illustrations in Collotype and a Frontispiece +in Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jewellery.</span> By H. Clifford Smith. With 50 +Illustrations in Collotype, and 4 in Colour.</p> + +<h4>The Illustrated Pocket Library of Plain and Coloured Books</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Fcap 8vo. 3s. 6d. net each volume.</i></p> + +<h5>COLOURED BOOKS</h5> + +<p><span class="smcap">Old Coloured Books.</span> By George Paston. +With 16 Coloured Plates. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life and Death of John Mytton, Esq.</span> +By Nimrod. With 18 Coloured Plates by +Henry Alken and T. J. Rawlins. <i>Fourth +Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life of a Sportsman.</span> By Nimrod. +With 35 Coloured Plates by Henry Alken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Handley Cross.</span> By R. S. Surtees. With +17 Coloured Plates and 100 Woodcuts in the +Text by John Leech. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Sponge’s Sporting Tour.</span> By R. S. +Surtees. With 13 Coloured Plates and 90 +Woodcuts in the Text by John Leech.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities.</span> By R. S. +Surtees. With 15 Coloured Plates by H. +Alken. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ask Mamma.</span> By R. S. Surtees. With 13 +Coloured Plates and 70 Woodcuts in the +Text by John Leech.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Analysis of the Hunting Field.</span> By +R. S. Surtees. With 7 Coloured Plates by +Henry Alken, and 43 Illustrations on Wood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search of +The Picturesque.</span> By William Combe. +With 30 Coloured Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search +of Consolation.</span> By William Combe. +With 24 Coloured Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Third Tour of Doctor Syntax in +Search of a Wife.</span> By William Combe. +With 24 Coloured Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The History of Johnny Quae Genus</span>: the +Little Foundling of the late Dr. Syntax. +By the Author of ‘The Three Tours.’ With +24 Coloured Plates by Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The English Dance of Death</span>, from the +Designs of T. Rowlandson, with Metrical +Illustrations by the Author of ‘Doctor +Syntax.’ <i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p class="note">This book contains 76 Coloured Plates.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_26">[26]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Dance of Life</span>: A Poem. By the Author +of ‘Doctor Syntax.’ Illustrated with 26 +Coloured Engravings by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Life in London</span>: or, the Day and Night +Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn, Esq., and his +Elegant Friend, Corinthian Tom. By +Pierce Egan. With 36 Coloured Plates by +I. R. and G. Cruikshank. With numerous +Designs on Wood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Real Life in London</span>: or, the Rambles +and Adventures of Bob Tallyho, Esq., and +his Cousin, The Hon. Tom Dashall. By an +Amateur (Pierce Egan). With 31 Coloured +Plates by Aiken and Rowlandson, etc. +<i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life of an Actor.</span> By Pierce Egan. +With 27 Coloured Plates by Theodore Lane, +and several Designs on Wood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Vicar of Wakefield.</span> By Oliver Goldsmith. +With 24 Coloured Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Military Adventures of Johnny +Newcome.</span> By an Officer. With 15 Coloured +Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The National Sports of Great Britain.</span> +With Descriptions and 50 Coloured Plates +by Henry Alken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of a Post Captain.</span> By +A Naval Officer. With 24 Coloured Plates +by Mr. Williams.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gamomia</span>: or the Art of Preserving Game; +and an Improved Method of making Plantations +and Covers, explained and illustrated +by Lawrence Rawstorne, Esq. With 15 +Coloured Plates by T. Rawlins.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Academy for Grown Horsemen</span>: Containing +the completest Instructions for +Walking, Trotting, Cantering, Galloping, +Stumbling, and Tumbling. Illustrated with +27 Coloured Plates, and adorned with a +Portrait of the Author. By Geoffrey +Gambado, Esq.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Real Life in Ireland</span>, or, the Day and +Night Scenes of Brian Boru, Esq., and his +Elegant Friend, Sir Shawn O’Dogherty. +By a Real Paddy. With 19 Coloured Plates +by Heath, Marks, etc.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Adventures of Johnny Newcome in +the Navy.</span> By Alfred Burton. With 16 +Coloured Plates by T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Old English Squire</span>: A Poem. By +John Careless, Esq. With 20 Coloured +Plates after the style of T. Rowlandson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The English Spy.</span> By Bernard Blackmantle. +An original Work, Characteristic, +Satirical, Humorous, comprising scenes and +sketches in every Rank of Society, being +Portraits of the Illustrious, Eminent, Eccentric, +and Notorious. With 72 Coloured +Plates by <span class="smcap">R. Cruikshank</span>, and many +Illustrations on wood. <i>Two Volumes. +7s. net.</i></p> + +<h5>PLAIN BOOKS</h5> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Grave</span>: A Poem. By Robert Blair. +Illustrated by 12 Etchings executed by Louis +Schiavonetti from the original Inventions of +William Blake. With an Engraved Title Page +and a Portrait of Blake by T. Phillips, R.A.</p> + +<p class="note">The illustrations are reproduced in photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Illustrations of the Book of Job.</span> Invented +and engraved by William Blake.</p> + +<p class="note">These famous Illustrations—21 in number—are +reproduced in photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Æsop’s Fables.</span> With 380 Woodcuts by +Thomas Bewick.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Windsor Castle.</span> By W. Harrison Ainsworth. +With 22 Plates and 87 Woodcuts in the Text +by George Cruikshank.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Tower of London.</span> By W. Harrison +Ainsworth. With 40 Plates and 58 Woodcuts +in the Text by George Cruikshank.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Frank Fairlegh.</span> By F. E. Smedley. With +30 Plates by George Cruikshank.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Handy Andy.</span> By Samuel Lover. With 24 +Illustrations by the Author.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Compleat Angler.</span> By Izaak Walton +and Charles Cotton. With 14 Plates and 77 +Woodcuts in the Text.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Pickwick Papers.</span> By Charles Dickens. +With the 43 Illustrations by Seymour and +Phiz, the two Buss Plates, and the 32 Contemporary +Onwhyn Plates.</p> + +<h4>Junior Examination Series</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by A. M. M. STEDMAN, M.A. <i>Fcap. 8vo. 1s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior French Examination Papers.</span> By +F. Jacob, M.A. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior English Examination Papers.</span> By +W. Williamson, B.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior Arithmetic Examination Papers.</span> +By W. S. Beard. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior Algebra Examination Papers.</span> By +S. W. Finn, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior Greek Examination Papers.</span> By T. +C. Weatherhead, M.A. <span class="smcap">Key</span>, <i>3s. 6d. net</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior Latin Examination Papers.</span> By C. +G. Bolting, B.A. <i>Fifth Edition.</i> <span class="smcap">Key</span>, +<i>3s. 6d. net</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior General Information Examination +Papers.</span> By W. S. Beard. <span class="smcap">Key</span>, +<i>3s. 6d. net</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior Geography Examination Papers.</span> +By W. G. Baker, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Junior German Examination Papers.</span> By +A. Voegelin, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_27">[27]</span></p> + +<h4>Methuen’s Junior School-Books</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by O. D. INSKIP, LL.D., and W. WILLIAMSON, B.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Class-Book of Dictation Passages.</span> By +W. Williamson, B.A. <i>Fourteenth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel According to St. Matthew.</span> +Edited by E. Wilton South, M.A. With +Three Maps. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel According to St. Mark.</span> Edited +by A. E. Rubie, D.D. With Three Maps. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior English Grammar.</span> By W. Williamson, +B.A. With numerous passages for parsing +and analysis, and a chapter on Essay Writing. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior Chemistry.</span> By E. A. Tyler, B.A., +F.C.S. With 78 Illustrations. <i>Fourth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Acts of the Apostles.</span> Edited by +A. E. Rubie, D.D. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior French Grammar.</span> By L. A. +Sornet and M. J. Acatos. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elementary Experimental Science. Physics</span> +by W. T. Clough, A.R.C.S. <span class="smcap">Chemistry</span> +by A. E. Dunstan, B.Sc. With 2 Plates +and 154 Diagrams. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. +2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior Geometry.</span> By Noel S. Lydon. +With 276 Diagrams. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elementary Experimental Chemistry.</span> +By A. E. Dunstan, B.Sc. With 4 Plates and +109 Diagrams. <i>Second Edition revised. +Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior French Prose.</span> By R. R. N. +Baron, M.A. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel According to St. Luke.</span> With +an Introduction and Notes by William +Williamson, B.A. With Three Maps. <i>Cr. +8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The First Book of Kings.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">A. E. +Rubie</span>, D.D. With Maps. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior Greek History.</span> By W. H. +Spragge, M.A. With 4 Illustrations and 5 +Maps. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A School Latin Grammar.</span> By H. G. Ford, +M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Junior Latin Prose.</span> By H. N. Asman, +M.A., B.D. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<h4>Leaders of Religion</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by H. C. BEECHING, M.A., Canon of Westminster. <i>With Portraits. +Cr. 8vo. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cardinal Newman.</span> By R. H. Hutton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Wesley.</span> By J. H. Overton, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Wilberforce.</span> By G. W. Daniell, +M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cardinal Manning.</span> By A. W. Hutton, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Charles Simeon.</span> By H. C. G. Moule, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Knox.</span> By F. MacCunn. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Howe.</span> By R. F. Horton, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Ken.</span> By F. A. Clarke, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">George Fox, the Quaker.</span> By T. Hodgkin, +D.C.L. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Keble.</span> By Walter Lock, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Chalmers.</span> By Mrs. Oliphant.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lancelot Andrewes.</span> By R. L. Ottley, +D.D. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Augustine of Canterbury.</span> By E. L. +Cutts, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William Laud.</span> By W. H. Hutton, M.A. +<i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Donne.</span> By Augustus Jessopp, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Cranmer.</span> By A. J. Mason, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Latimer.</span> By R. M. Carlyle and A. +J. Carlyle, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Butler.</span> By W. A. Spooner, M.A.</p> + +<h4>The Library of Devotion</h4> + +<p class="center">With Introductions and (where necessary) Notes.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Small Pott 8vo, cloth, 2s.; leather, 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Confessions of St. Augustine.</span> Edited +by C. Bigg, D.D. <i>Sixth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Imitation of Christ</span>: called also the +Ecclesiastical Music. Edited by C. Bigg, +D.D. <i>Fifth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Christian Year.</span> Edited by Walter +Lock, D.D. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Innocentium.</span> Edited by Walter +Lock, D.D. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Temple.</span> Edited by E. C. S. Gibson, +D.D. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Book of Devotions.</span> Edited by J. W. +Stanbridge, B.D. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy +Life.</span> Edited by C. Bigg, D.D. <i>Fourth Ed.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Guide to Eternity.</span> Edited by J. W. +Stanbridge, B.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Inner Way.</span> By J. Tauler. Edited by +A. W. Hutton, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">On the Love of God.</span> By St. Francis de +Sales. Edited by W. J. Knox-Little, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Psalms of David.</span> Edited by B. W. +Randolph, D.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Apostolica.</span> By Cardinal Newman +and others. Edited by Canon Scott Holland, +M.A., and Canon H. C. Beeching, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Song of Songs.</span> Edited by B. Blaxland, +M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Thoughts of Pascal.</span> Edited by C. +S. Jerram, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Manual of Consolation from the +Saints and Fathers.</span> Edited by J. H. +Burn, B.D.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_28">[28]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Devotions of St. Anselm.</span> Edited by +C. C. J. Webb, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.</span> +By John Bunyan. Edited by S. C. +Freer, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bishop Wilson’s Sacra Privata.</span> Edited +by A. E. Burn, B.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lyra Sacra</span>: A Book of Sacred Verse. +Edited by Canon H. C. Beeching, M.A. +<i>Second Edition, revised.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Day Book from the Saints and Fathers.</span> +Edited by J. H. Burn, B.D.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Book of Heavenly Wisdom.</span> A +Selection from the English Mystics. Edited +by E. C. Gregory.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Light, Life, and Love.</span> A Selection from the +German Mystics. Edited by W. R. Inge, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to the Devout Life.</span> +By St. Francis de Sales. Translated and +Edited by T. Barns, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Little Flowers of the Glorious +Messer St. Francis and of his +Friars.</span> Done into English by W. Heywood. +With an Introduction by A. G. +Ferrers Howell.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Manchester al Mondo</span>: a Contemplation +of Death and Immortality. By Henry +Montagu, Earl of Manchester. With an +Introduction by Elizabeth Waterhouse, +Editor of ‘A Little Book of Life and +Death.’</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Spiritual Guide</span>, which Disentangles +the Soul and brings it by the Inward Way +to the Fruition of Perfect Contemplation, +and the Rich Treasure of Internal Peace. +Written by Dr. Michael de Molinos, Priest. +Translated from the Italian copy, printed at +Venice, 1685. Edited with an Introduction +by Kathleen Lyttelton. And a Note by +Canon Scott Holland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Devotions for Every Day of the Week +and the Great Festivals.</span> By John +Wesley. Edited, with an Introduction by +Canon C. Bodington.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Preces Privatæ.</span> By Lancelot Andrewes, +Bishop of Winchester. Selections from the +Translation by Canon F. E. Brightman. +Edited, with an Introduction, by A. E. +Burn, D.D.</p> + +<h4>Little Books on Art</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>With many Illustrations. Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="center">Each volume consists of about 200 pages, and contains from 30 to 40 Illustrations, +including a Frontispiece in Photogravure.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greek Art.</span> H. B. Walters. <i>Fourth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bookplates.</span> E. Almack.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Reynolds.</span> J. Sime. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Romney.</span> George Paston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Watts.</span> R. E. D. Sketchley.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Leighton.</span> Alice Corkran.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Velasquez.</span> Wilfrid Wilberforce and A. R. +Gilbert.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greuze and Boucher.</span> Eliza F. Pollard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Vandyck.</span> M. G. Smallwood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Turner.</span> Frances Tyrrell-Gill.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dürer.</span> Jessie Allen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Holbein.</span> Mrs. G. Fortescue.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Burne-Jones.</span> Fortunée de Lisle. <i>Third +Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hoppner.</span> H. P. K. Skipton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rembrandt.</span> Mrs. E. A. Sharp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Corot.</span> Alice Pollard and Ethel Birnstingl.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Raphael.</span> A. R. Dryhurst.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Millet.</span> Netta Peacock.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Illuminated MSS.</span> J. W. Bradley.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Christ in Art.</span> Mrs. Henry Jenner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jewellery.</span> Cyril Davenport.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Claude.</span> E. Dillon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Arts of Japan.</span> E. Dillon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Enamels.</span> Mrs. Nelson Dawson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miniatures.</span> C. Davenport.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Constable.</span> H. W. Tompkins.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Our Lady in Art.</span> Mrs. H. L. Jenner.</p> + +<h4>The Little Galleries</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Demy 16mo. 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="center">Each volume contains 20 plates in Photogravure, together with a short outline of +the life and work of the master to whom the book is devoted.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Gallery of Reynolds.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Gallery of Romney.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Gallery of Hoppner.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Gallery of Millais.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Little Gallery of English Ports.</span></p> + +<h4>The Little Guides</h4> + +<p class="center">With many Illustrations by <span class="smcap">E. H. New</span> and other artists, and from photographs.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Small Pott 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. net.; leather, 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p class="center">The main features of these Guides are (1) a handy and charming form; (2) illustrations +from photographs and by well-known artists; (3) good plans and maps; (4) an +<span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_29">[29]</span>adequate but compact presentation of everything that is interesting in the natural +features, history, archæology, and architecture of the town or district treated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cambridge and its Colleges.</span> By A. +Hamilton Thompson. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oxford and its Colleges.</span> By J. Wells, +M.A. <i>Eighth Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">St. Paul’s Cathedral.</span> By George Clinch.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Westminster Abbey.</span> By G. E. Troutbeck. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The English Lakes.</span> By F. G. Brabant, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Malvern Country.</span> By B. C. A. +Windle, D.Sc., F.R.S.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shakespeare’s Country.</span> By B. C. A. +Windle, D.Sc., F.R.S. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">North Wales.</span> By A. T. Story.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Buckinghamshire.</span> By E. S. Roscoe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cheshire.</span> By W. M. Gallichan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cornwall.</span> By A. L. Salmon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Derbyshire.</span> By J. Charles Cox, LL.D., +F.S.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Devon.</span> By S. Baring-Gould.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dorset.</span> By Frank R. Heath. <i>Second Ed.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hampshire.</span> By J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hertfordshire.</span> By H. W. Tompkins, +F.R.H.S.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Isle of Wight.</span> By G. Clinch.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kent.</span> By G. Clinch.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kerry.</span> By C. P. Crane.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Middlesex.</span> By John B. Firth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Norfolk.</span> By W. A. Dutt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Northamptonshire.</span> By Wakeling Dry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oxfordshire.</span> By F. G. Brabant, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Somerset.</span> By G. W. and J. H. Wade.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Suffolk.</span> By W. A. Dutt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Surrey.</span> By F. A. H. Lambert.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sussex.</span> By F. G. Brabant, M.A. <i>Second +Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The East Riding of Yorkshire.</span> By J. E. +Morris.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The North Riding of Yorkshire.</span> By J. E. +Morris.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brittany.</span> By S. Baring-Gould.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Normandy.</span> By C. Scudamore.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rome.</span> By C. G. Ellaby.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sicily.</span> By F. Hamilton Jackson.</p> + +<h4>The Little Library</h4> + +<p class="center">With Introductions, Notes, and Photogravure Frontispieces.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Small Pott 8vo. Each Volume, cloth, 1s. 6d. net; leather, 2s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><b>Anon.</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH LYRICS.</p> + +<p><b>Austen (Jane).</b> PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. +Edited by <span class="smcap">E. V. Lucas</span>. <i>Two Vols.</i></p> + +<p>NORTHANGER ABBEY. Edited by <span class="smcap">E. V. +Lucas</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Bacon (Francis).</b> THE ESSAYS OF LORD +BACON. Edited by <span class="smcap">Edward Wright</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Barham (R. H.).</b> THE INGOLDSBY +LEGENDS. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. B. Atlay</span>. +<i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barnett (Mrs. P. A.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK +OF ENGLISH PROSE. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><b>Beckford (William).</b> THE HISTORY +OF THE CALIPH VATHEK. Edited +by <span class="smcap">E. Denison Ross</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Blake (William).</b> SELECTIONS FROM +WILLIAM BLAKE. Edited by <span class="smcap">M. +Perugini</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Borrow (George).</b> LAVENGRO. Edited +by <span class="smcap">F. Hindes Groome</span>. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p>THE ROMANY RYE. Edited by <span class="smcap">John +Sampson</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Browning (Robert).</b> SELECTIONS +FROM THE EARLY POEMS OF +ROBERT BROWNING. Edited by <span class="smcap">W. +Hall Griffin</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p><b>Canning (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM +THE ANTI-JACOBIN: with <span class="smcap">George +Canning’s</span> additional Poems. Edited by +<span class="smcap">Lloyd Sanders</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Cowley (Abraham).</b> THE ESSAYS OF +ABRAHAM COWLEY. Edited by <span class="smcap">H. C. +Minchin</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Crabbe (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM +GEORGE CRABBE. Edited by <span class="smcap">A. C. +Deane</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Craik (Mrs.).</b> JOHN HALIFAX, +GENTLEMAN. Edited by <span class="smcap">Annie +Matheson</span>. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crashaw (Richard).</b> THE ENGLISH +POEMS OF RICHARD CRASHAW. +Edited by <span class="smcap">Edward Hutton</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Dante (Alighieri).</b> THE INFERNO OF +DANTE. Translated by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>. +Edited by <span class="smcap">Paget Toynbee</span>, M.A., D.Litt.</p> + +<p>THE PURGATORIO OF DANTE. Translated +by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">Paget +Toynbee</span>, M.A., D.Litt.</p> + +<p>THE PARADISO OF DANTE. Translated +by <span class="smcap">H. F. Cary</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">Paget +Toynbee</span>, M.A., D.Litt.</p> + +<p><b>Darley (George).</b> SELECTIONS FROM +THE POEMS OF GEORGE DARLEY. +Edited by <span class="smcap">R. A. Streatfeild</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Deane (A. C.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF +LIGHT VERSE.</p> + +<p><b>Dickens (Charles).</b> CHRISTMAS BOOKS. +<i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ferrier (Susan).</b> MARRIAGE. Edited +by <span class="smcap">A. Goodrich-Freer</span> and <span class="smcap">Lord +Iddesleigh</span>. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p>THE INHERITANCE. <i>Two Volumes.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gaskell (Mrs.).</b> CRANFORD. Edited by +<span class="smcap">E. V. Lucas</span>. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hawthorne (Nathaniel).</b> THE SCARLET +LETTER. Edited by <span class="smcap">Percy Dearmer</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Henderson (T. F.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK +OF SCOTTISH VERSE.</p> + +<p><b>Keats (John).</b> POEMS. With an Introduction +by <span class="smcap">L. Binyon</span>, and Notes by <span class="smcap">J. Masefield</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Kinglake (A. W.).</b> EOTHEN. With an +Introduction and Notes. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_30">[30]</span></p> + +<p><b>Lamb (Charles).</b> ELIA, AND THE +LAST ESSAYS OF ELIA. Edited by +<span class="smcap">E. V. Lucas</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Locker (F.).</b> LONDON LYRICS. Edited +by <span class="smcap">A. D. Godley</span>, M.A. A reprint of the +First Edition.</p> + +<p><b>Longfellow (H. W.).</b> SELECTIONS +FROM LONGFELLOW. Edited by +<span class="smcap">L. M. Faithfull</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Marvell (Andrew).</b> THE POEMS OF +ANDREW MARVELL. Edited by <span class="smcap">E. +Wright</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Milton (John).</b> THE MINOR POEMS +OF JOHN MILTON. Edited by <span class="smcap">H. C. +Beeching</span>, M.A., Canon of Westminster.</p> + +<p><b>Moir (D. M.).</b> MANSIE WAUCH. Edited +by <span class="smcap">T. F. Henderson</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Nichols (J. B. B.).</b> A LITTLE BOOK OF +ENGLISH SONNETS.</p> + +<p><b>Rochefoucauld (La).</b> THE MAXIMS OF +LA ROCHEFOUCAULD. Translated +by Dean <span class="smcap">Stanhope</span>. Edited by <span class="smcap">G. H. +Powell</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Smith (Horace and James).</b> REJECTED +ADDRESSES. Edited by <span class="smcap">A. D. Godley</span>, +M.A.</p> + +<p><b>Sterne (Laurence).</b> A SENTIMENTAL +JOURNEY. Edited by <span class="smcap">H. W. Paul</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Tennyson (Alfred, Lord).</b> THE EARLY +POEMS OF ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON. +Edited by <span class="smcap">J. Churton Collins</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>IN MEMORIAM. Edited by Canon +<span class="smcap">H. C. Beeching</span>, M.A.</p> + +<p>THE PRINCESS. Edited by <span class="smcap">Elizabeth +Wordsworth</span>.</p> + +<p>MAUD. Edited by <span class="smcap">Elizabeth Wordsworth</span>.</p> + +<p><b>Thackeray (W. M.).</b> VANITY FAIR. +Edited by <span class="smcap">S. Gwynn</span>. <i>Three Volumes.</i></p> + +<p>PENDENNIS. Edited by <span class="smcap">S. Gwynn</span>. +<i>Three Volumes.</i></p> + +<p>ESMOND. Edited by <span class="smcap">S. 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Leather, price 1s. net each volume. +Mahogany Revolving Book Case. 10s. net.</i></p> + +<h4>Miniature Library</h4> + +<p class="center">Reprints in miniature of a few interesting books which have qualities of +humanity, devotion, or literary genius.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Euphranor</span>: A Dialogue on Youth. By +Edward FitzGerald. From the edition published +by W. Pickering in 1851. <i>Demy +32mo. Leather, 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Polonius</span>: or Wise Saws and Modern Instances. +By Edward FitzGerald. From +the edition published by W. Pickering in +1852. <i>Demy 32mo. Leather, 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám.</span> By +Edward FitzGerald. From the 1st edition +of 1859, <i>Fourth Edition. Leather, 1s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life of Edward, Lord Herbert of +Cherbury.</span> Written by himself. From the +edition printed at Strawberry Hill in the +year 1764. <i>Demy 32mo. Leather, 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Visions of Dom Francisco Quevedo +Villegas</span>, Knight of the Order of St. +James. Made English by R. L. From the +edition printed for H. Herringman, 1668. +<i>Leather. 2s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poems.</span> By Dora Greenwell. From the edition +of 1848. <i>Leather, 2s. net.</i></p> + +<h4>Oxford Biographies</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Fcap. 8vo. Each volume, cloth, 2s. 6d. net; leather, 3s. 6d. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dante Alighieri.</span> By Paget Toynbee, M.A., +D.Litt. With 12 Illustrations. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Girolamo Savonarola.</span> By E. L. S. Horsburgh, +M.A. With 12 Illustrations. <i>Second +Edition</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Howard.</span> By E. C. S. Gibson, D.D., +Bishop of Gloucester. With 12 Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alfred Tennyson.</span> By <span class="smcap">A. C. 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With 16 Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">François Fenelon.</span> By Viscount St. Cyres. +With 12 Illustrations.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_31">[31]</span></p> + +<h4>School Examination Series</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by A. M. M. STEDMAN, M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">French Examination Papers.</span> By A. M. +M. Stedman, M.A. <i>Fourteenth Edition.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><span class="smcap">Key.</span> <i>Sixth Edition. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Latin Examination Papers.</span> By A. M. M. +Stedman, M.A. <i>Thirteenth Edition.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><span class="smcap">Key.</span> <i>Sixth Edition. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Greek Examination Papers.</span> By A. M. M. +Stedman, M.A. <i>Ninth Edition.</i></p> + +<p class="note"><span class="smcap">Key.</span> <i>Fourth Edition. 6s. net.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">German Examination Papers.</span> By R. 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Windle, D.Sc., F.R.S.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A School History of Somerset.</span> By +Walter Raymond. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A School History of Lancashire.</span> By +W. E. Rhodes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A School History of Surrey.</span> By H. E. +Malden, M.A.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A School History of Middlesex.</span> By V. +Plarr and F. W. Walton.</p> + +<h4>Methuen’s Simplified French Texts</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by T. R. N. CROFTS, M.A.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>One Shilling each.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">L’Histoire d’une Tulipe.</span> Adapted by T. R. +N. Crofts, M.A. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Abdallah.</span> Adapted by J. A. Wilson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Le Docteur Mathéus.</span> Adapted by W. P. +Fuller.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">La Bouillie au Miel.</span> Adapted by P. B. +Ingham.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jean Valjean.</span> Adapted by F. W. M. 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The text collated by +A. R. Waller.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Pilgrim’s Progress.</span> John Bunyan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Reflections on the French Revolution.</span> +Edmund Burke.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Poems and Songs of Robert Burns.</span> +Double Volume.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Analogy of Religion, Natural and +Revealed.</span> Joseph Butler.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous Poems. T. Chatterton.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tom Jones.</span> Henry Fielding. Treble Vol.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cranford.</span> Mrs. Gaskell.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The History of the Decline and Fall of +the Roman Empire.</span> E. Gibbon. +Text and Notes revised by J. B. Bury. +Seven double volumes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Case is Altered.</span> <span class="smcap">Every Man in +His Humour.</span> <span class="smcap">Every Man Out of His +Humour.</span> Ben Jonson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Poems and Plays of Oliver Goldsmith.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Cynthia’s Revels.</span> <span class="smcap">Poetaster.</span> Ben +Jonson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Poems of John Keats.</span> Double volume. +The Text has been collated by E. de +Sélincourt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">On the Imitation of Christ.</span> By Thomas +à Kempis. Translation by C. Bigg.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy +Life.</span> W. Law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paradise Lost.</span> John Milton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eikonoklastes and the Tenure of Kings +and Magistrates.</span> John Milton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Utopia and Poems.</span> Sir Thomas More.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Republic of Plato.</span> Translated by +Sydenham and Taylor. Double Volume. +Translation revised by W. H. D. Rouse.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Little Flowers of St. Francis.</span> +Translated by W. Heywood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Works of William Shakespeare.</span> In +10 volumes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Principal Poems, 1815-1818.</span> Percy Bysshe +Shelley. With an Introduction by C. D. +Locock.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Life of Nelson.</span> Robert Southey.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Natural History and Antiquities of +Selborne.</span> Gilbert White.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_32">[32]</span></p> + +<h4>Textbooks of Science</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by G. F. GOODCHILD, M.A., B.Sc., and G. R. MILLS, M.A.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Fully Illustrated.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Practical Mechanics.</span> S. H. Wells. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Practical Chemistry.</span> Part <span class="allsmcap">I</span>. W. French, +M.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. Fourth Edition. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Practical Chemistry.</span> Part <span class="allsmcap">II</span>. W. French +and T. H. Boardman. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Examples in Physics.</span> By C. E. Jackson, +B.A. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Technical Arithmetic and Geometry.</span> +By C. T. Millis, M.I.M.E. <i>Cr. 8vo. +3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Plant Life</span>, Studies in Garden and School. +By Horace F. Jones, F.C.S. With 320 +Diagrams. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Complete School Chemistry.</span> By F. +M. Oldham, B.A. With 126 Illustrations. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elementary Science for Pupil Teachers. +Physics Section.</span> By W. T. Clough, +A.R.C.S. (Lond.), F.C.S. <span class="smcap">Chemistry +Section.</span> By A. E. Dunstan, B.Sc. (Lond.), +F.C.S. With 2 Plates and 10 Diagrams. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Examples in Elementary Mechanics</span>, +Practical, Graphical, and Theoretical. By +W. J. Dobbs, M.A. With 51 Diagrams. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 5s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Physical Chemistry.</span> By +George Senter, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. With +many Diagrams. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Organic Chemistry for Schools and +Technical Institutes.</span> By A. E. Dunstan. +B.Sc. (Lond.), F.C.S. With many +Illustrations. <i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">First Year Physics.</span> By C. E. Jackson, M.A. +With 51 diagrams. <i>Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<h4>Textbooks of Technology</h4> + +<p class="center">Edited by G. F. GOODCHILD, M.A., B.Sc., and G. R. MILLS, M.A.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Fully Illustrated.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">How to Make a Dress.</span> By J. A. E. Wood. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 1s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Carpentry and Joinery.</span> By F. C. Webber. +<i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Millinery, Theoretical and Practical.</span> +By Clare Hill. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 2s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Instruction in Cookery.</span> A. P. Thomson. +<i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to the Study of Textile +Design.</span> By Aldred F. Barker. <i>Demy +8vo. 7s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Builders’ Quantities.</span> By H. C. Grubb. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Répoussé Metal Work.</span> By A. C. Horth. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Electric Light and Power</span>: An Introduction +to the Study of Electrical Engineering. +By E. E. Brooks, B.Sc. (Lond.). +and W. H. N. James, A.R.C.S., A.I.E.E. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 4s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Engineering Workshop Practice.</span> By +C. C. Allen. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<h4>Handbooks of Theology</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The XXXIX. Articles of the Church of +England.</span> Edited by E. C. S. Gibson, +D.D. <i>Sixth Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">An Introduction to the History of +Religion.</span> By F. B. 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Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Book of Job.</span> Edited by E. C. S. Gibson, +D.D. <i>Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Acts of the Apostles.</span> Edited by R. +B. Rackham, M.A. <i>Demy 8vo. Third +Edition. 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The First Epistle of Paul the Apostle +to the Corinthians.</span> Edited by H. L. +Goudge, M.A. <i>Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Epistle of St. James.</span> Edited with Introduction +and Notes by R. J. Knowling, +D.D. <i>Demy 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Book of Ezekiel.</span> Edited H. A. Redpath, +M.A., D.Litt. <i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Commentary on Exodus.</span> By A. H. +M’Neile, B.D. With a Map and 3 Plans. +<i>Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_33">[33]</span></p> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Part II.—Fiction</span></h3> + +<p><b>Albanesi (E. Maria).</b> SUSANNAH AND +ONE OTHER. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BLUNDER OF AN INNOCENT. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>CAPRICIOUS CAROLINE. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>LOVE AND LOUISA. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>PETER, A PARASITE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BROWN EYES OF MARY. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>I KNOW A MAIDEN. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Austen (Jane).</b> PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagot (Richard).</b> A ROMAN MYSTERY. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium +8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE PASSPORT. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>TEMPTATION. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p>LOVE’S PROXY. <i>A New Edition. Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p>DONNA DIANA. <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>CASTING OF NETS. <i>Twelfth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Balfour (Andrew).</b> BY STROKE OF +SWORD. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould (S.).</b> ARMINELL. <i>Fifth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>URITH. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA. <i>Seventh +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>MARGERY OF QUETHER. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE QUEEN OF LOVE. <i>Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>JACQUETTA. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>KITTY ALONE. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>NOÉMI. Illustrated. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE BROOM-SQUIRE. Illustrated. +<i>Fifth Edition. 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Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Corbett (Julian).</b> A BUSINESS IN +GREAT WATERS. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Corelli (Marie).</b> A ROMANCE OF TWO +WORLDS. <i>Twenty-Ninth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>VENDETTA. <i>Twenty-Sixth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THELMA. <i>Thirty-Eighth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>ARDATH: THE STORY OF A DEAD +SELF. <i>Eighteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE SOUL OF LILITH. <i>Fifteenth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>WORMWOOD. <i>Sixteenth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>BARABBAS: A DREAM OF THE +WORLD’S TRAGEDY. <i>Forty-Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE SORROWS OF SATAN. <i>Fifty-Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE MASTER CHRISTIAN. <i>Eleventh +Edition. 174th Thousand. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>TEMPORAL POWER: A STUDY IN +SUPREMACY. <i>150th Thousand. 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Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Harrod (F.) (Frances Forbes Robertson).</b> +THE TAMING OF THE BRUTE. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Herbertson (Agnes G.).</b> PATIENCE +DEAN. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hichens (Robert).</b> THE PROPHET OF +BERKELEY SQUARE. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>TONGUES OF CONSCIENCE. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>FELIX. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE WOMAN WITH THE FAN. <i>Sixth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>BYEWAYS. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE GARDEN OF ALLAH. <i>Sixteenth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BLACK SPANIEL. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CALL OF THE BLOOD. <i>Seventh +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hope (Anthony).</b> THE GOD IN THE +CAR. <i>Tenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A CHANGE OF AIR. <i>Sixth Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> +Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>A MAN OF MARK. <i>Fifth Ed. 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Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Will +Owen</span> and Others. <i>Seventh Edition. Cr. +8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE SKIPPER’S WOOING. <i>Ninth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>AT SUNWICH PORT. Illustrated by +<span class="smcap">Will Owen</span>. <i>Ninth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>DIALSTONE LANE. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Will +Owen</span>. <i>Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>ODD CRAFT. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Will Owen</span>. +<i>Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE LADY OF THE BARGE. <i>Eighth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>James (Henry).</b> THE SOFT SIDE. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BETTER SORT. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE AMBASSADORS. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE GOLDEN BOWL. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Keays (H. A. 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Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morrison (Arthur).</b> TALES OF MEAN +STREETS. <i>Seventh Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A CHILD OF THE JAGO. <i>Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>CUNNING MURRELL. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE HOLE IN THE WALL. <i>Fourth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>DIVERS VANITIES. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Nesbit (E.).</b> (Mrs. H. Bland). THE RED +HOUSE. Illustrated. <i>Fourth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Norris (W. E.).</b> HARRY AND URSULA: +<span class="smcap">A Story with two Sides to it</span>. <i>Second +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>HIS GRACE. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>GILES INGILBY. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>MATTHEW AUSTIN. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>CLARISSA FURIOSA. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oliphant (Mrs.).</b> THE LADY’S WALK. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE. <i>Medium +8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE PRODIGALS. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE TWO MARYS. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ollivant (Alfred).</b> OWD BOB, THE +GREY DOG OF KENMUIR. With a +Frontispiece. <i>Eleventh Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oppenheim (E. Phillips).</b> MASTER OF +MEN. <i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oxenham (John).</b> A WEAVER OF WEBS. +With 8 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">Maurice Greiffenhagen</span>. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE GATE OF THE DESERT. With +a Frontispiece in Photogravure by <span class="smcap">Harold +Copping</span>. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>PROFIT AND LOSS. With a Frontispiece +in photogravure by <span class="smcap">Harold Copping</span>. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE LONG ROAD. With a Frontispiece +in Photogravure by <span class="smcap">Harold Copping</span>. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pain (Barry).</b> LINDLEY KAYS. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parker (Gilbert).</b> PIERRE AND HIS +PEOPLE. <i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>MRS. FALCHION. <i>Fifth Edition. Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE TRANSLATION OF A SAVAGE. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD. Illustrated. +<i>Ninth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC: +The Story of a Lost Napoleon. <i>Sixth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>AN ADVENTURER OF THE NORTH. +The Last Adventures of ‘Pretty Pierre.’ +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE SEATS OF THE MIGHTY. Illustrated. +<i>Fifteenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BATTLE OF THE STRONG: +a Romance of Two Kingdoms. Illustrated. +<i>Sixth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE POMP OF THE LAVILETTES. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pemberton (Max).</b> THE FOOTSTEPS +OF A THRONE. Illustrated. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>I CROWN THEE KING. With Illustrations +by Frank Dadd and A. Forrestier. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phillpotts (Eden).</b> LYING PROPHETS. +<i>Third Edition. 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Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE PASSION OF PAUL MARILLIER. +<i>Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE QUEST OF GEOFFREY +DARRELL. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE COMING OF THE RANDOLPHS. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE PROGRESS OF RACHAEL. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>BARBARA’S MONEY. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p class="note">Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE MASTER OF BEECHWOOD. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE YELLOW DIAMOND. <i>Second Ed. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME. <i>Medium +8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shannon (W. F.).</b> THE MESS DECK. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Shelley (Bertha).</b> ENDERBY. <i>Third Ed. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sidgwick (Mrs. Alfred).</b> THE KINSMAN. +With 8 Illustrations by <span class="smcap">C. E. +Brock</span>. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith (Dorothy V. Horace).</b> MISS +MONA. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sonnichsen (Albert).</b> DEEP-SEA VAGABONDS. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sunbury (George).</b> THE HA’PENNY +MILLIONAIRE. <i>Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Surtees (R. S.).</b> HANDLEY CROSS. +Illustrated. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>MR. SPONGE’S SPORTING TOUR. +Illustrated. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>ASK MAMMA. Illus. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Urquhart (M.).</b> A TRAGEDY IN COMMONPLACE. +<i>Second Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vorst (Marie Van).</b> THE SENTIMENTAL +ADVENTURES OF JIMMY BULSTRODE. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Waineman (Paul).</b> THE BAY OF +LILACS: A Romance from Finland. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE SONG OF THE FOREST. <i>Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walford (Mrs. L. B.).</b> MR. SMITH. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE BABY’S GRANDMOTHER. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>COUSINS. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wallace (General Lew).</b> BEN-HUR. +<i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p>THE FAIR GOD. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Watson (H. B. Marriott).</b> CAPTAIN +FORTUNE. <i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>TWISTED EGLANTINE. With 8 Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">Frank Craig</span>. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE HIGH TOBY: Being further Chapters +in the Life and Fortunes of Dick Ryder, +otherwise Galloping Dick, sometime Gentleman +of the Road. With a Frontispiece by +<span class="smcap">Claude Shepperson</span>. <i>Third Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A MIDSUMMER DAY’S DREAM. +<i>Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_39">[39]</span></p> + +<p>THE PRIVATEERS. With 8 Illustrations +by <span class="smcap">Cyrus Cuneo</span>. <i>Second Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A POPPY SHOW: <span class="smcap">Being Divers and +Diverse Tales</span>. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE ADVENTURERS. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Weekes (A. B.).</b> THE PRISONERS OF +WAR. <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wells (H. G.).</b> THE SEA LADY. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i> Also <i>Medium 8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Weyman (Stanley)</b>. UNDER THE RED +ROBE. With Illustrations by <span class="smcap">R. C. Woodville</span>. +<i>Twenty-First Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>White (Percy).</b> THE SYSTEM. <i>Third +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>A PASSIONATE PILGRIM. <i>Medium +8vo. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><b>Williams (Margery).</b> THE BAR. <i>Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Williamson (Mrs. C. N.).</b> THE ADVENTURE +OF PRINCESS SYLVIA. +<i>Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE WOMAN WHO DARED. <i>Cr. 8vo. +6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE SEA COULD TELL. <i>Second Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CASTLE OF THE SHADOWS. +<i>Third Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>PAPA. <i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Williamson (C. N. and A. M.).</b> THE +LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR: The +Strange Adventures of a Motor Car. With +16 Illustrations. <i>Seventeenth Edition. Cr. +8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE PRINCESS PASSES: A Romance +of a Motor. With 16 Illustrations. <i>Ninth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>MY FRIEND THE CHAUFFEUR. With +16 Illustrations. <i>Ninth Edit. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>LADY BETTY ACROSS THE WATER. +<i>Tenth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE CAR OF DESTINY AND ITS +ERRAND IN SPAIN. With 17 Illustrations. +<i>Fourth Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>THE BOTOR CHAPERON. With a Frontispiece +in Colour by <span class="smcap">A. H. Buckland</span>, 16 +other Illustrations, and a Map. <i>Fifth Edition. +Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p>SCARLET RUNNER. With a Frontispiece +in Colour by <span class="smcap">A. H. Buckland</span>, and 8 other +Illustrations. <i>Third Ed. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wyllarde (Dolf).</b> THE PATHWAY OF +THE PIONEER (Nous Autres). <i>Fourth +Edition. Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<p><b>Yeldham (C. C).</b> DURHAM’S FARM. +<i>Cr. 8vo. 6s.</i></p> + +<h4>Books for Boys and Girls</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Getting Well of Dorothy.</span> By Mrs. +W. K. Clifford. <i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Only a Guard-Room Dog.</span> By Edith E. +Cuthell.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Master Rockafellar’s Voyage.</span> By W. +Clark Russell. <i>Third Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Syd Belton</span>: Or, the Boy who would not go +to Sea. By G. Manville Fenn. <i>Second Ed.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Red Grange.</span> By Mrs. Molesworth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">A Girl of the People.</span> By L. T. Meade. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hepsy Gipsy.</span> By L. T. Meade. <i>2s. 6d.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Honourable Miss.</span> By L. T. Meade. +<i>Second Edition.</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">There was once a Prince.</span> By Mrs. M. E. +Mann.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">When Arnold comes Home.</span> By Mrs. M. E. +Mann.</p> + +<h4>The Novels of Alexandre Dumas</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Medium 8vo. Price 6d. Double Volumes, 1s.</i></p> + +<p class="center">COMPLETE LIST ON APPLICATION.</p> + +<h4>Methuen’s Sixpenny Books</h4> + +<p class="center"><i>Medium 8vo.</i></p> + +<p><b>Albanesi (E. Maria).</b> LOVE AND +LOUISA.</p> + +<p>I KNOW A MAIDEN.</p> + +<p><b>Austen (J.).</b> PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.</p> + +<p><b>Bagot (Richard).</b> A ROMAN MYSTERY.</p> + +<p>CASTING OF NETS.</p> + +<p><b>Balfour (Andrew).</b> BY STROKE OF +SWORD.</p> + +<p><b>Baring-Gould (S.).</b> FURZE BLOOM.</p> + +<p>CHEAP JACK ZITA.</p> + +<p>KITTY ALONE.</p> + +<p>URITH.</p> + +<p>THE BROOM SQUIRE.</p> + +<p>IN THE ROAR OF THE SEA.</p> + +<p>NOÉMI.</p> + +<p>A BOOK OF FAIRY TALES. Illustrated.</p> + +<p>LITTLE TU’PENNY.</p> + +<p>WINEFRED.</p> + +<p>THE FROBISHERS.</p> + +<p>THE QUEEN OF LOVE.</p> + +<p><b>Barr (Robert).</b> JENNIE BAXTER.</p> + +<p>IN THE MIDST OF ALARMS.</p> + +<p>THE COUNTESS TEKLA.</p> + +<p>THE MUTABLE MANY.</p> + +<p><b>Benson (E. F.).</b> DODO.</p> + +<p>THE VINTAGE.</p> + +<p><b>Brontë (Charlotte).</b> SHIRLEY.</p> + +<p><b>Brownell (C. L.).</b> THE HEART OF +JAPAN.</p> + +<p><b>Burton (J. Bloundelle).</b> ACROSS THE +SALT SEAS.</p> + +<p><b>Caffyn (Mrs.).</b> ANNE MAULEVERER.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Ad_Page_40">[40]</span></p> + +<p><b>Capes (Bernard).</b> THE LAKE OF +WINE.</p> + +<p><b>Clifford (Mrs. W. K.).</b> A FLASH OF +SUMMER.</p> + +<p>MRS. KEITH’S CRIME.</p> + +<p><b>Corbett (Julian).</b> A BUSINESS IN +GREAT WATERS.</p> + +<p><b>Croker (Mrs. B. M.).</b> ANGEL.</p> + +<p>A STATE SECRET.</p> + +<p>PEGGY OF THE BARTONS.</p> + +<p>JOHANNA.</p> + +<p><b>Dante (Alighieri).</b> THE DIVINE +COMEDY (Cary).</p> + +<p><b>Doyle (A. Conan).</b> ROUND THE RED +LAMP.</p> + +<p><b>Duncan (Sara Jeannette).</b> A VOYAGE +OF CONSOLATION.</p> + +<p>THOSE DELIGHTFUL AMERICANS.</p> + +<p><b>Eliot (George).</b> THE MILL ON THE +FLOSS.</p> + +<p><b>Findlater (Jane H.).</b> THE GREEN +GRAVES OF BALGOWRIE.</p> + +<p><b>Gallon (Tom).</b> RICKERBY’S FOLLY.</p> + +<p><b>Gaskell (Mrs.).</b> CRANFORD.</p> + +<p>MARY BARTON.</p> + +<p>NORTH AND SOUTH.</p> + +<p><b>Gerard (Dorothea).</b> HOLY MATRIMONY.</p> + +<p>THE CONQUEST OF LONDON.</p> + +<p>MADE OF MONEY.</p> + +<p><b>Gissing (G).</b> THE TOWN TRAVELLER.</p> + +<p>THE CROWN OF LIFE.</p> + +<p><b>Glanville (Ernest).</b> THE INCA’S +TREASURE.</p> + +<p>THE KLOOF BRIDE.</p> + +<p><b>Gleig (Charles).</b> BUNTER’S CRUISE.</p> + +<p><b>Grimm (The Brothers).</b> GRIMM’S +FAIRY TALES.</p> + +<p><b>Hope (Anthony).</b> A MAN OF MARK.</p> + +<p>A CHANGE OF AIR.</p> + +<p>THE CHRONICLES OF COUNT +ANTONIO.</p> + +<p>PHROSO.</p> + +<p>THE DOLLY DIALOGUES.</p> + +<p><b>Hornung (E. W.).</b> DEAD MEN TELL +NO TALES.</p> + +<p><b>Ingraham (J. H.).</b> THE THRONE OF +DAVID.</p> + +<p><b>Le Queux (W.).</b> THE HUNCHBACK OF +WESTMINSTER.</p> + +<p><b>Levett-Yeats (S. K.).</b> THE TRAITOR’S +WAY.</p> + +<p><b>Linton (E. Lynn).</b> THE TRUE HISTORY +OF JOSHUA DAVIDSON.</p> + +<p><b>Lyall (Edna).</b> DERRICK VAUGHAN.</p> + +<p><b>Malet (Lucas).</b> THE CARISSIMA.</p> + +<p>A COUNSEL OF PERFECTION.</p> + +<p><b>Mann (Mrs.).</b> MRS. PETER HOWARD.</p> + +<p>A LOST ESTATE.</p> + +<p>THE CEDAR STAR.</p> + +<p>ONE ANOTHER’S BURDENS.</p> + +<p><b>Marchmont (A. W.).</b> MISER HOADLEY’S +SECRET.</p> + +<p>A MOMENT’S ERROR.</p> + +<p><b>Marryat (Captain).</b> PETER SIMPLE.</p> + +<p>JACOB FAITHFUL.</p> + +<p><b>Marsh (Richard).</b> A METAMORPHOSIS.</p> + +<p>THE TWICKENHAM PEERAGE.</p> + +<p>THE GODDESS.</p> + +<p>THE JOSS.</p> + +<p><b>Mason (A. E. W.).</b> CLEMENTINA.</p> + +<p><b>Mathers (Helen).</b> HONEY.</p> + +<p>GRIFF OF GRIFFITHS COURT.</p> + +<p>SAM’S SWEETHEART.</p> + +<p><b>Meade (Mrs. L. T.).</b> DRIFT.</p> + +<p><b>Mitford (Bertram).</b> THE SIGN OF THE +SPIDER.</p> + +<p><b>Montresor (F. F.).</b> THE ALIEN.</p> + +<p><b>Morrison (Arthur).</b> THE HOLE IN +THE WALL.</p> + +<p><b>Nesbit (E.).</b> THE RED HOUSE.</p> + +<p><b>Norris (W. E.).</b> HIS GRACE.</p> + +<p>GILES INGILBY.</p> + +<p>THE CREDIT OF THE COUNTY.</p> + +<p>LORD LEONARD THE LUCKLESS.</p> + +<p>MATTHEW AUSTIN.</p> + +<p>CLARISSA FURIOSA.</p> + +<p><b>Oliphant (Mrs.).</b> THE LADY’S WALK.</p> + +<p>SIR ROBERT’S FORTUNE.</p> + +<p>THE PRODIGALS.</p> + +<p>THE TWO MARYS.</p> + +<p><b>Oppenheim (E. P.).</b> MASTER OF MEN.</p> + +<p><b>Parker (Gilbert).</b> THE POMP OF THE +LAVILETTES.</p> + +<p>WHEN VALMOND CAME TO PONTIAC.</p> + +<p>THE TRAIL OF THE SWORD.</p> + +<p><b>Pemberton (Max).</b> THE FOOTSTEPS +OF A THRONE.</p> + +<p>I CROWN THEE KING.</p> + +<p><b>Phillpotts (Eden).</b> THE HUMAN BOY.</p> + +<p>CHILDREN OF THE MIST.</p> + +<p>THE POACHER’S WIFE.</p> + +<p>THE RIVER.</p> + +<p><b>‘Q’ (A. T. Quiller Couch).</b> THE +WHITE WOLF.</p> + +<p><b>Ridge (W. Pett).</b> A SON OF THE STATE.</p> + +<p>LOST PROPERTY.</p> + +<p>GEORGE and THE GENERAL.</p> + +<p><b>Russell (W. Clark).</b> ABANDONED.</p> + +<p>A MARRIAGE AT SEA.</p> + +<p>MY DANISH SWEETHEART.</p> + +<p>HIS ISLAND PRINCESS.</p> + +<p><b>Sergeant (Adeline).</b> THE MASTER OF +BEECHWOOD.</p> + +<p>BARBARA’S MONEY.</p> + +<p>THE YELLOW DIAMOND.</p> + +<p>THE LOVE THAT OVERCAME.</p> + +<p><b>Surtees (R. S.).</b> HANDLEY CROSS.</p> + +<p>MR. SPONGE’S SPORTING TOUR.</p> + +<p>ASK MAMMA.</p> + +<p><b>Walford (Mrs. L. B.).</b> MR. SMITH.</p> + +<p>COUSINS.</p> + +<p>THE BABY’S GRANDMOTHER.</p> + +<p><b>Wallace (General Lew).</b> BEN-HUR.</p> + +<p>THE FAIR GOD.</p> + +<p><b>Watson (H. B. Marriott).</b> THE ADVENTURERS.</p> + +<p><b>Weekes (A. B.).</b> PRISONERS OF WAR.</p> + +<p><b>Wells (H. G.).</b> THE SEA LADY.</p> + +<p><b>White (Percy).</b> A PASSIONATE +PILGRIM.</p> + +</div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78669 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78669-h/images/chart.jpg b/78669-h/images/chart.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..71bc796 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/chart.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/cover.jpg b/78669-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..2205799 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/illus1.jpg b/78669-h/images/illus1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b1d69a --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/illus1.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/illus2.jpg b/78669-h/images/illus2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b746a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/illus2.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/illus3.jpg b/78669-h/images/illus3.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..5a3634c --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/illus3.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/illus4.jpg b/78669-h/images/illus4.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9bf5027 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/illus4.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/illus5.jpg b/78669-h/images/illus5.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e0a629 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/illus5.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/portrait1.jpg b/78669-h/images/portrait1.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9565860 --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/portrait1.jpg diff --git a/78669-h/images/portrait2.jpg b/78669-h/images/portrait2.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e614fdb --- /dev/null +++ b/78669-h/images/portrait2.jpg |
